PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEORGIA STATE W otz tse tear isss VOLUME XIV J T HENDERSON COMMISSIONER THE GENERALUBRARY THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA STATE LIBRARY GIFT 1938 X ATLANTA GA CONSTITUTION BOOK AND JOB OFFICE W J CAMPBELL STATE PRINTER 1889 THE GENERAL LIBRARY THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS GEORGIAun intro mmmny T03 iV C0R1 VOLUME XIV tioofTDVOlUr the Utle lmports embraces 11 of the publica theyel of Agriculture of every character issuedur Jti endof the but j stemad0Pted at the inauguration of the DeDartrnpiif ZdS thr 7 l PUbliCation dtag questions senuoe pondents the replies to which constitute the basis of the crop reports are filed in the office for binding at the end of the year thesnetldthadPted exPainsay apparent want of uniformity in the style and mechanical execution and in the quality of the paper For the convenience of indexing each publication is doublTZaed the usual margmal figures denoting the page of the Circular while fheconsec u ive pagmg for the volume and to which the figures in the nl X will be found on the lower margin of the pages ERRATA istssssss size r f AMffg f949CONTENTS OF VOL XIV CIRCULARS Circular No 101Amendment of Rules and Regulations 1 102Analyses of Fertilizers 103Analyses of Fertilizers 104Crop Report for May 43 105Crop Report for June 7 106Crop Report for July j 107Crop Report for August 108Crop Report for September1 109Crop Report for October7 110Rules and Regulations for Inspectionlj IllProceedings of State Horticultural Society Appendix 112Amendment of Rules and Regulations 201 113Supplemental Crop Report 23 Biennial Report of CommissionerAppendix Special Circular No 69Questions for May Crop Report 39 70Questions for June Crop Report 71Questions for July Crop Report 72Questions for August Crop Report129 73Questions for September Crop Report 159 74Questions for October Crop Report176 THE GENERAL LIBRARY THE UNIVERSITY OF GE9R6IA STATE LIBRARY IFfJ E THE GENERAL LIBRARY THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS GEORGIAGENERAL INDEX NOTEThe consecutive paging to whicli this index refers will be found on the lower margin of the pages Address of Commissioner at Waycross Analyses of Fertilizers Appendix 3 A Short Talk to the Farmers of Georgia August Crop Report 27 137 207 131 Bagging Question The Biennial Report for 188788 Buckwheat See Appendix 173 81 c Cash and Credit Chemical Fertilizers The Doctrine of Cholera Hog 178 235 219 lii 204 181 224 82 Commercial Values Relative Theory of Composts Formulas for 61 125 126 127 Condition of Farmers Cotton Caterpillars Cotton Seed in various Forms i Composts Crop Report for May Crop Report for June Irop Report for July Crop Report for August Crop Report for September Crop Report for October 161 Crop Report Supplemental 177 17 205 136 17 43 75 109 131 D Distribution of Seeds 203 36 Errata Experiment Station The Georgia 4 192X k GENERAL INDEX v F Farmers Alliance50 218 Farmers of Georgia A Short Talk to 207 Fertilizers Analyses of3 137 Formulas for Composts I7 G Georgia Experiment Station229 H Hog Cholera 82 Holland Pasturage and Dairying in 69 Homemade Fertilizers and Composts I7 Horticultural Society Proceedings of235 How Inspections are Made in Georgia10 34 I Immigration Movement The 5 Immigration to GeorgiaI25 Inspection of Fertilizers Rules and Regulations for3 10 193 J Johnson Grass 218 July Crop Report 19 June Crop Report 75 M Market Values of Elements of Fertilizers 5 May Crop Report 43 Melon Crop Comparative Profits of for three years 134 O October Crop ReportI77 P Pasturage and Dairying in Holland 69 Potash on Light Soils222 Proceedings of State Horticultural SocietySee Appendix235 R Relative Commercial Values5 19 26 31 137 Report Biennial of CommissionerSee Appendix235 Report Final of Chemist139 Rescue GrassI70 Rules and Regulation for Inspection of Fertilizers3 10 193 201 Rust in CottonI75 682 GENERAL INDEX S Schatzman Prof September Crop Report 69 Special Instructions to Inspectors iq oq Standard of Fertilizers State Horticultural Society Proceedings oflsee Appendix 235 Statistics of Fertilizers 77 Sugar Cane Syrup in Rockdale county 223 T Tables of Analyses Theory of Relative Commercial Values of tJX V Villes George Lecture on Chemical Fertilizers 166 181 224 W Wheat Best for Georgia 176New Series j Circular No 101 j DEpARTMENT 0F AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga Jan 10 1888 Satisfactory arrangements have been made with the authorities of the Richmond Danville Railroad providing for the detention of cars loaded with fertilizers at Toccoa for the purpose of inspecting and taggng It is therefore ordered that Paragraph 2 of Rule VI Rules and Regulations for the season of t8878 Circular No 98 Dec r887 be amended so as to include the City of Toccoa so that the amended section will read as follows All fertilizers entering the State at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa intended for sale and shipped on through bills of lading to points in the interior must be inspected and tagged before leaving said cities of Augusta Savannah and Toccoa For the purpose of such inspection and in accordance with an agreement made with the railroads leading into the interior of the State from the said cities cars loaded with fertil izers will be detained long enough to permit a thorough inspection and tne application of tags under the personal supervision of an inspector The explanatory directions contained in Circular No 99 New Series will apply to Toccoa also 2 Mr A F Woollev Inspector will be stationed at Toccoa and all original requests for inspection of fertilizers entering the State at Toccoa sdould be addressed to him accordingly 3 This amended Rule shall take effect and be opperated on and after I T Henderson Jan 18 1888 Commissioner Circular No 102 New Series j SEASON OK 188788 Analyses and Commercial Values OF Commercial Fertilizers AND CHEMICALS INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA DURING THE SEASON OF 188788 TO THE 23d JANUARY 1888 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OP THE STATE OF GEORGIA ATLANTA GA CONSTITUTION PUBLISHING CO 1888HCircular No 102 New Series ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OF COM CIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188788 to January 23 1888 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga January 24 1888 EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES The tables commencing on a succeeding page give the analyses and the calcula ted Relative Commercial Values of all fertilizers and Chemicals inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in this State during the season of 188788 to Jan uary 23 RELATIVE commercial values The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has been the uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer bulletin was published in June 1875 Circular No 12 Old Series It was not the intention of the Commissioner to indicate by the publication of these values the absolute prices at which fertilizers should be sold to the farmer but simply to enable the farmer to compare the commercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different brands with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24th 1880 If each fertilixer contained but one valuable ingredient the percentages of that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value of the fertilizers But as a large majority of the brands contain two or more ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commercial value and in the percentages in which they enter into the composition it is found very convenient to add together the calculated commercial value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of comparison and a guide to the purchaser Early in each season by correspondance and otherwise the Commissioner ascertains the cash prices at which the different materials which enter into the manufacture of fertilizers may be purchased at the port of Savannah as well as the prices of standard acid phosphates and manipulated fertilizers From these prices the commercial or market values of the three valuable elements ammonia phosphoric acid and potash are deducedmaking a fair allowance for cost of manipulation and handling and the Belative Commercial Values in the table are based on these elemental values and approximate the cash value of a single ton of the fertilizers in Savannah Ga In the course of trade and sharp competition especially near theclose ot the business seasonthe ruling prices of fertilizers often vary considerably from those of the opening of the season But itis im practicable to change the prices of elements fixed at the commencement of the season as explained without confusion and conflict between the successive fertili zer bulletins of the same season As a consequence of the competition of trade and the reduction of prices of fertilizers in the course of the same season such prices will sometime be materially lower than the published Relative Commer cial Values as occurred towards the close of the season of 187778 The usual correspondence and inquiry has resulted in fixing the following ai the estimated cash market values of the three elements as they are found in a single ton of average fertilizer bagged and delivered on board cars at Savannah Available Phosphoric Acid6 cents per pound Ammonia14 Potash K O5 The Relative Commercial Values in the tables which follow are calculated on the basis of these elemental values which will be maintained throughout the present seasonTABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analysed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188788 to January 28 1888 TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphate of Lime W SI s w C 2 o t H C c K HAME OF BRAND Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Oi Ashepoo Fertilizer Ammoniated Soluble Phos aAmmoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate Adairs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Bates Georgia Standard Guano Bradleys Patent Fertilizer Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer Buffalo Bone Guano 5 Baldwin Cos Am Dissolved Bone eClarke Soluble Guano Chappells Champion Superphosphate Crown Guano Capitol Cotton Fertilizer 7 ntton Food Guano Cairo Guano Doubly Am Truck Farmers Special Dixie Guano Davy Crockett Guano f Empire Guano Eddystone Guano Excellent Georgia Standard Guano aE Frank Coes Am Bone Superphosphate dExeelsior Guano Phosphoric Acid J3 08 a3 o u OJ 3 ofl aj O v 0J rs 3 a 3 0J O a S O 1225 a 210 7 15 o H 985 a 215 270 210 1994 12 fiO 225 815 190 1005 245 27o 2167 1250 185 950 180 11 30 280 22o 2365 015 215 7 15 335 10 50 2 20 150 2024 915 2 25 850 190 1040 250 215 2168 11 75 250 810 225 1035 255 220 2176 910 230 7 75 325 11 00 240 210 2202 10 50 07 10 25 200 12 25 255 2184 8 75 100 850 230 1080 22o iiti 2036 1250 250 820 245 1065 250 130 2108 875 225 810 265 1075 225 240 2160 1210 130 705 285 990 240 380 2240 1550 210 8 55 220 1075 240 2 10 2172 1000 280 815 270 1085 250 140 2202 920 210 820 1 95 1015 270 280 2254 845 3 40 630 340 10 20 260 225 2177 8 50 125 580 425 1005 27b 300 2276 14 n 210 730 2 80 1010 240 200 2084 10 80 230 500 560 1060 280 230 2286 970 100 720 295 1015 705 380 3572 10 80 2 30 500 560 1060 280 230 2286 825 110 875 1 70 1045 260 125 2107 10 80 230 500 560 1060 280 230 22 86 is on 320 fi 30 395 1026 2 50 200 2130 950 1 00 8 00 240 10 40 215 151 2000 915 225 850 190 1040 2o0 215 2163 1420 210 730 280 1010 240 200 2085 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah RobertsonTaylor WilliamsCh n Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Jno Merryman it Co Baltimore Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Grillin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Juo D Weld Savannah Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Southern Phos Co Atlanta P S Chappell Son Baltimore Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta S W Travers Co Richmond Savannah Guano Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore J M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore J M Green Atlanta Ga Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Tno Merryman Co Savannah Guano Co Savannah BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Jno Merryman Co Barren I N Y Jno Merryman Co Barren I N Y Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bradley Eertilizer Co Boston Maps llowker Fertilizer Co Elizabethport Furman Farm Impt Co East Point Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Southern Phospate Co Atlanta P S Chappell Son Baltimore Walton Whann Co Charleston S W Travers Co Richmond Va Savannah Guano Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Wilcox it Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore J M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Clark Cove Guano Co New Bedford Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah K Frank Coe Barren I N Y Savannah Guano Co SavannahFarmers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Furmans High Grade Guano Giant Guano Georgia Test Guano Gossypium Phospho Gairdner Arnolds High Grade Fertilizer Mieorgia State Grange Fertilizer cGeorgia State Stand Am Superphosphate Golden Grain Guano Hope Guano Home Mixture Hopes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone HHit CosPure Anl BHigh Grade eg Fer Homestead Guano Imperial Guano Jonahs Gourd Guano Jackson High Grade Ammd Fertilizer King Guano Lowes Georgia Formula Mastodon Ammd Sol Phosphate Navassa Ammd Cotton Fertilizer Nassau Guano cOglethorpe Ammoniated Diss Bone Olympic Guano dOur Own Guano 11475 11020 1080 1150 1250 25 1550 1500 1220 1080 1120 750 1210 1020 820 1050 1125 1080 950 1150 1210 1150 1500 1020 1420 140 075 280 218 180 125 210 250 125 230 160 1 225 065 210 105 105 230 225 1005 2S0ll000 950 870 5u0 755 685 870 855 820 695 500 960 695 725 1035 8 05 8 86 890 500 ePort Royal Cotton Fertilizer ePotent Pacific Guano Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate Powhattan Raw Bone Patapsco Ammoniated Sol Phosphate Reliance Ammoniated Superphosphate Rockdale Standard Guano Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Soluble Animoaiated Superphos of Lime Slingluffi Dissolved Bone Special Cotton Fertilizer Standard Ammoniated Bone Soluble Sea Island Guano South American Guano Sea Fowl Guano 1500 1000 850 1250 1125 910 1120 1225 1015 925 785 1350 1080 1080 1120 188 280 5 CO 255 345 190 220 155 290 560 070 335 190 185 260 151 156 1115 1150 10 60 1010 1030 10 60 1075 9 935 10 60 1030 1010 915 12 20 10 65 1040 1045 6O1IO6O 210 1215 Truck Fanners Special Wilcox Gibbs Manipulated Guano Zells Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate 1025 1250 1325 305 220 250 125 210 250 280 350 320 275 300 075 220 375 2 120 200 230 230 220 125 1 215 50 750 820 810 730 820 815 681 720 705 680 760 780 880 1220 730 750 500 500 850 810 620 750 210 330 330 155 240 280 151 270 340 280 380 400 250 255 200 200 310 280 560 560 210 265 340 260 1210 1080 1080 975 1050 1010 9 1085 10 25 1000 1085 1080 1010 1035 1080 1480 1040 1030 1060 1060 1060 10 75 960 980 216 275 280 230 305 225 240 210 245 280 295 305 670 260 235 2J 280 280 250 250 23 270 210 250 240 210 250 255 220 245 215 225 200 235 250 220 275 280 280 200 2202160 275 2365 230 2286 2802156 21012300 175 207 210 250 375 230 310 230 610 L80 320 325 2 185 210 230 160 250 195 200 2172 2385 2213 2286 2372 2296 3584 2192 2116 2366 2363 2286 5343 2348 5184 2212 2385 2155 2084 Hammond Hull t Co Savannah Pt RoyalFertilizer CoPt Royal ftC Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga rman Fairo Impt Co Eastloint Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore fSS MSd Geo W Scott Co Atlanta G Flberton Ga Port Royal Pt HoyalSC 450 2 250 250 140 2 210 080 210 1 215 235 Jno Merrvman Co Baltimore Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga Gairdner Arnold Elberton Baldwin Fertiliser Co Savannah Harrfmond Hull Co Savannah Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Columbus Fert Co Columbus R V Bowen Hawkinsville Hammond Hull Co Savannah Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Atlsnta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Butler Turner Camilla Almond Moon Jackson Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Pope Fleming Augusta Jno I Weld Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah J O Jelks A Co Hawkinsville Savannah Guano Co Savannah Gairdner A Arnold Hhldwin Fertilizer Co Hammond Hull Co 335 160 230 230 100 260 215 2385 2142 2164 2026 2068 2108 201 2017 2189 2404 2199 2166 2286 2286 2100 2930 2183 2007 Hammond Hull it Co Savannah Southern Phos Co Atlanta Walton Whann Co Wilmington Loreutz it Rittler Baltimore Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Walton Whann Co Wilmington Convers Oil Fer Co Conyers Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Bovkin Carmer t Co Baltimore P S Chappell Son Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savaunah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Zell Guano Co Baltimore Furman Farm Impt Co East Point Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus R V Bowen Hawkinsville Hammond Hull t Co Port Royal Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Bntler Turner Camilla Ga Almond it Moon Jackson Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N U Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J Hammond Hull Co Port Royal J O Jelks Co Hawkinsville Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal SC Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Walton Whann it Co Wilmingt nNC Loreutz it Rittler Baltimore Md Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Walton Whann itCoWilmgton Del Conycrs Oil it Fer Co Conyers Ga Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore Md Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md P S Chappell it Son Baltimore Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Wilcox it Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Zcll Guano Co Baltimore Md ble t Rawboue or bone m eal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated S Duplicate Bkands larc sold under different names Such brands are indicated in to thmtabl Wng identical are sacked and shipped from the same bulk theforegoing tables by letters a The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore sported as InBolti A good finely ground bone meal is worth about S40 1 front the same bulkbeing in every respect identi prefixed to the same those having the same letter F 4 jj hi j o d a c g 5 fed o II fed fed H N HITABLE IT Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bones Natural Guanos Chemicals Etc NAME OF BRAND Atlantic Acid Phosnhate Ailantic Dissolved S Bone Ashepoo Dissolved Bone Atlanta Soluble Bone Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate without Potash Acid Phosphate with Potash c Acid Phosphate Atlanta Soluble Bone ftAdars Acid Phosphate Bone and Potash Bates Acid Phwphats Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate Bales Phosphate Guano Branuons Soluble Guano Chatham Acid Phosphate Charleston Acid Phosphate Dissolved So a Bone Phosphate DeLeons Dissolved Bone Phosphate Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime Diamond Soluble Bone Etiwan Acid Phosphate Edisto Acidulated Rock Etiwan Dissolved Bine Eutaw Acid Phosphate Furmans Ammouiated Soluble Bone Wurmans Acid Phosphate Farish Furmans Formula Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate Georgia State Staudard Acid Phosphate Phosphoric Acid 1350 150 1340 125 1400 025 1250 950 1350 1520 1550 1250 1250 17 1120 1310 1020 915 1350 1050 1220 1510 1410 1350 1550 1500 1050 1025 1150 1250 1120 1325 1450 1050 12 20 1470 150 1210 185 850 110 090 200 250 125 0 085 150 080 125 140 305 185 1 235 275 135 050 100 055 080 125 oo 0 275 445 250 lGO 1495 1470 16 a 250l460 7701680 12VI 390 1640 11 75 330 15 05 1250 200 II 50 1080 1150 1140 1325 10 50 8 55 9 25 10 55 9 50 11 71 11 65 10 1110 10 75 1380 11 10 10 50 8 50 1150 9 45 1115 1200 375 14 V 370 1520 250 305 315 250 435 170 315 1350 1575 1355 1170 1175 1490 1420 1515 300114 65 435l1490 3401450 355 14 30 240 1620 310 14 20 2401310 295 11 45 370 1520 315 1260 300 1415 2101410 CJ 3 rf a w a FOR WHOM INSPECTED 100 155 375 L80 1794 1704 1956 1752 1944 1908 1961 1740 1740 1824 1995 1890 1806 280 115 175 180 310 BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Jno D Weld Savannah Ga Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC Robertson Taylor Williams Charleston 8 C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Hartshorne Huger Savannah Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Georgia chemical Works Augusta Clifton Chem Phos Co Atlanta Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros k Co Atlanla Ga 200 1884 J A Bale Rome Ga 25o 2099 National Fertilizer Co Nashville 1788 Commercial Guano Co Savannah 1984 Stono Phos Co Charleston S C 1818 G Ober Sous Co Baltimore 1758 Hartshorne ifc Huger Savannah 1788 J O Mathewson Co Augusta 1740 Walton Whann Co Wimgtn Dei 18311 Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston 1944 Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston 1704 Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston I1A1 Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston 1848 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga 1824 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga 1820 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga 1098 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah 1692 Hammond Hull Co Savannah Atlantic PhosphteCo Charleston S C Atlantic PhosphteCo Chaileston S C Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Impd by Hartshorne it Huger Savan nah Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Clifton Chemical Phos Co Atlanta Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Furman Farm Impt Co EastPt Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bowker Fertilizer Co Elizabethport J A Bale Rome Ga National Fertilizer Co Nashville Commercial Guano Co Savannah Stono Phosphate Co Charli ston S C G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Ashepoo phosph te Co Charleston Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga lurnian Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Jurman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Sc H tag C W Q d d Jo M I c w Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate dGeorgia State Standard Diss Bone Phos Home Fertilizer Chemicals High Grade Acid Phosphate Heaths Soluble Bone 1300 1300 Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit 1050 920 Merrymans High Grade Acid Phosphate aMagnolia Acid Phosphate Navassa Acid Phosphate Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate dOglethorpe Acid Phosphate dOglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate Port Royal Dissolved Bone Pure Dissolved So Ca Bone Pure English Acid Phosphate oPatapsco Guano Co Acid Phosphate Pure Raw Ground Bone dPort Royal Acid Phosphate dPort Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate Rainbow Soluble Phosphate Soluble Bone cStono Acid Phosphate Sunny South Acid Phosphate Southern Acid Phosphate Slingluff8 High Grade Acid Phosphate Wando Acid Phosphate Wilcox Gibbs Cos Superphosphate X X Acid Phosphate 085 105 100 1150 1175 950 1015 1520 1375 1350 1300 1300 1275 1550 1280 1520 1300 1300 925 1350 1050 1275 250 OIO 130 0S5 085 085 0 150 065 090 2215 085 085 300 120 305 250 10 55 1175 1075 11 15 1150 11 50 1120 1035 1250 11 270 270 1420 1420 305 375 5 40 1275 395 3 245 305 270 270 365 400 260 1275 335 1165 250 1820 075 1051 125 1350 175 1150 1150 805 1210 950 1115 1050 875 1105 700 1180 270 270 370 300 470 325 365 510 405 7 280 1415 1385 1510 14 1460 300 1275 1245 1340 1350 1280 1310 475 075 155 155 155 1704 01 2817 1848 1830 1275 1215 1340 1350 1280 1310 1740 1961 1739 1776 1704 1704 1782 1722 1812 1961 375 280 Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston Savannah Guano Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Cheml Co of Canton Baltimore Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore B R Legg Marietta Ga 1704 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 17 01 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 2060 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 1812 Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus 1984 Stono Phosphate Co Charleston 1728 Jno M Green Atlanta Ga 275 1698 1704 1812 2051 1752 Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Slingluff Co Baltimore Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Walton Whann Co Wilmington Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Point Impd bv Jno Merryman Co Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston S C Impd by Savannah Guano Co Impd bv Baldwin Fertilizer Co Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Impd by Furman Farm Impt Co East Point Jno Merryman Co Barren Island Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Sterns Fer Chem Mfg Co N 0La Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Columbus Fertilizer Co ColumbusGa Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford Mass Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Slingluff Co Baltimore Md Wando Phosphate Co Charleston SC Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Walton Whann Co WilmingtonDel k gq fed 00 c a c fed w a M f fed W N fed W ooHOW INSPECTIONS ARE MADE IN GEORGIA For the batter information of all concerned the Rules and Regulations for th Iapectioa of Fertilizer for the Season of 188788 are appended as originally publihe im Circular No 98 and amended by Circular No 101 with Explanatory Diretiom ai published in Circular No 99 RULES AND REGULATIONS Season ok i887s New Skrim 1 Circular N 98 j Department of Agriculture Atlanta December 1 1887 The CMiaioer pretences the following Rules and Regulations for the lnpctioa of Fertilizers for the season of 188788 I Eyery package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same or for competing mtned for ale or dissribution within the State f Georgia shall hay th maaufacturer guaranteed analyiis placed upon or securlv attached to eaeh package by the Manufacturer If the fertilizer is in bag it shall be dis tinctly branded tampd or printed upon each sack If in barrels it may b either brned tamped or printed upon the head of each barrel or distinctly painted upo goo paper and seeurely pasted upon the head of each barrel or apon a hipping or other tag and securely attached to the head of each barrel in yry cas it b iitini This manufacturers guaranteed anlysi shall show th following etermidation yiz Moitore at J12 T per cent iMolubl Fkopkric Acid cent Availabl Fkpkoric Acid cent Amaoia atal and potential Fotask KO P i J per can t nJZtTTT the W hJl include such HalLiuVr wH T 11 r Ch6miCal iS laimed to ntota t wi bstan toSTSttti t I Und Reslations So jndicial decisions eem to indicat tkat tai aratraph must be literally complied withthat the full list of irnmxH rr Aertocruared Auiiysis ven if ne m mre f zt uif Mtter011 would be well for manufacturers to comply literally wtththlawltkirepeot The Commissioner will not change his ruling on th s point until onStranetd so b7 express judicial opinion or Legislative enactment 10ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788 9 If nitrogen in the form of nitrate i claimed the fact must be stated in th Reqnest for inspection II To facilitate the transacts of businss any manufacturer dealer agent or other person who procure the inspection of a fertilizer after t inspected and has hYnp ctors tag attached in complinc with law may proceed to make sale J I the official analysis is completed Provided he gires a written obli lat nI ac al lu es in L the fertilizer is condemned by the Commoner ff AerTcu e This obligation is embraced in the Request for Inspection whitm also set forth th guaranteed analysis according to the form therein criWanraddrled to proper Inspector Th mut b made out and signed in duplicate and one copy sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture by the prson requesting the inspection Ill Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to b attached to any fertil izer tpermit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless th manufacturer granteed analysis i pWnly piaced upon each parcel or PJt the same for sale or distribution claiming in th case of any Ammoniated Super locate that it contains at least ight per cent of available Phosphoric Acid Ed Lo per cent of Ammonia and of any Acid Phosphetor that it contain at least ten per cent of available Phosphoric Acid Neither sum Iny ucl tag or device be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that s in a dam aged or unmerchantable condition IV Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking sample shall have ftD Jed uX th ir pronal supervision when practicablef Inpector tags one S ach package of fertilizer before the same is effred fer sale or distribution Insp 2 tag will have printed upon each th wrds and figure IRSnGeorlia also a foe rimile of the signature of the Commoner of Ag It Whenever it i found to be impracticable for Inspector to personal T supervise the application of tag they may be delivered to the order of the person pro uringtheipection In such cae Inspectors mut ava 1 themelve o all Tractcabl mean to aatifr themelve that the tag so dlivred have ben prop erly applied to good that hav been regularly inpected during the seasoning Tag brought over from any prviou seaon cannot be applied to new good nor cam they be redeemed by thi Departmet V The Inptor tag when attached or applied in compliance with law ia recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has th conertof the Com misLer of Agriculture to go t ale nndr th conditon preserbd in Rule and II above recited VI All inspections must be made within the limits ef this State All fertilizer manufactured in thi State fer ale or distribution in this State J1 be iUted and tagged and the fee paid before leaving the mill or factory All fertilizer entering th State at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa intended for sale and nipped on through bill of lading to point in the interior mut be npeted and tegged before leaving said citie of Augusta Savannah and Toccoa Fe purpose of such inspection and in accordance with an agreement mad with the rUroads leading into the interior of the State from the said cities car loadea with fertilizer wifl be detained long enough to permit a thorough inspec tion and the application of tags under the pronal supervision of an inspector 1110 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA of TS 88 Thpflf T enlS f inSpeCtrS haVe been made fOT t season nspecto TL p rm P T g 6aCh Dame the CaI ffice of such dX the r T Mm PlaCJ Wi b6 the PStoffice address ad Post of duty during the active business season y LOCATION J W MurpheyColumbus i H PateBrunswick Randolph RidgeleyWaynesbo o f A P Woolley Kir AuSusta W B Jones La M D Irwin mgston P O ADDRESS Savannah Toccoa onGeranSeAtlanta Atlanta point may perform any official duty at any point in the State whtTeisnarvCanbute fmale Ge1 thaD thSe named ove at 1 pot or station h f6 8ha haVe Come the State anv port or station where there is an Inspector the necessary expenses of the l7zirt7ke 7h inspections and cris uuiy must be paid by the parties procuring such inspections VIII In all cases o inspections in bulk at the factory the manufacturer hi agent 0r the person shipping the fertile will be requir d to rep rt to t e Com rnssoner of Agriculture on the first tenth and twentieth of each non h the sh Drand number of tons the name and address of consignee date of shipment nam of Inspector who inspected the bulk from which shipments were made nd he inspection number of the inspection covering said bulk The olZTof tht xendto enable the inspector to hJ thr packageanflZ f fl mplers as will penetrate to the center of the package and samples must be taken from a sufficient number to fairly represent not 711 eZTn netenth f the Packae in ts of ten tons or over and not less than onefifth of the packages in lots of less than ten tons fertilizers before making each shipment of Agriculture directly and tTZ he same s to enter the State in writing of each shipment giving tne name of the vessel or railroad on which shipped the name of each d stinct brlnd ad the name and place of the consignee and accompany this information by a request for mspecton accordance with blank forms to be furnished bv the rlT nnfalVf bn0tiCebetimeyt bth the rnuZtlXTlZ It will facihtate business and result in advantage to those who give such Ely nlaL1 t T P0S8ible a f6rtiliZerS mU8t be insPected at the port of entry or X Manufacturers and dealers fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distributionANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788 11 nearest the point where they enter the State and must be prepared to furnish the Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obligations and to pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer arrives All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or have fertilizers shipped to them during the coming season for sale or distribution will please take due notice and make all necessary arrangements to meet the requirements of law promptly when the fertilizer reaches the State and thus save delay and embarrassment The law must be enforced and parties interested will greatly oblige by taking such timely steps as will insure its easy execution without annoyance to them selves or others XII An act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from impo sition in the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1875 provides in section I That from and after the passage of this act it shall not be lawful to sell or offer for sale any fertilizer manufactured in this State or to bring into the State for sale and distribution any fertilizer manufactured beyond the limits of the State unless before offering for sale or the sale or distribution ot the same there shall be an inspection and an analysis made of it etc Section III of the same Act provides for the punishment according to section 4310 of the Code ol 1882 of any person selling fertilizers without inspection An Act to render more efficient and economical the inspection and analysis ot fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1877 provides that Any manufacturer dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same for sale or distribution in this State without having a brand tag or such other device as the Commissioner of Agriculture may require showing the analy sis thereof shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1873 Section VI of the above cited Act approved February 28 1874 requires the Inspectors to prosecute violators of the laws The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict performance of their duties XIII The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from October 1st to Septem ber 30th XIV The method of analysis recommended by the recent Convention ot Agri cultural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 28th of July 1880 with such modifications as were adopted by the Atlanta Convention of May 15th 1884 and eubsequent conventions of the same Association will continue to be employed by the Chemist of the Department in the analysis of all commercial fertilizers SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS It is of the utmost importance to the planters and peopleof Georgiato yourself and the Department of Agriculturethat your duties be well and faithfully per formed You are placed as a sentinel to see that the interests of the farmers of Georgia are well guarded in their purchase of commercial fertilizers that they are protected from imposition in every purchase that they make and that the laws defining your duties and the regulations of the Department are rigidly exeouted in every case You are in your official acts to render full justee to a11 parties The strict execution of the law and full protection from imposition to all farmers will not work injustice to any manufacturer or dealer 1312 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA In the discharge of your duty in addition to the foregoing Rules and Regula tions you are to be governed by the following pecial instructions giving some details which could not be well get forth elsewhtre viz 1 Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer in Geor gia for his own ue and not for sale or distributibution shall be permitted to pass without inspection if the purchaser desire it provided it is sent directly to aid purchaser addresed or consigned to him perionally and not directed to or pass ing through the hands of a commission merchant or third party You must as far as practicable report all such hipments to the Commissioner of Agriculture giving the names of brands the names and place of consignees and the number of tons and enter the same in your official record 2 You must not inspect any fertilizer till the prson or firm desiring insnec pon has y a Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 50 cents per ton for every ton to be i2TflnilYylhyoumutisn and a m b P ace the exact name in full ot the fertilizer to be inspected and the guar anteed analysis ot the same upon each package c Tendered you a Request for Inspection on the blank furnished for that purpose embracing an obligation io cancel and make null aU sales which may be made of said fertilizer before th official analysis thereof is made if after being analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall in pursuance flaw prohibit its sale The request must also cntain the guaranteed analysis corresponding to that placed upon the package You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum percentage of any of the valuable ingredient named in the guaranteed analysis less than that required by law viz 8 per eent of available phosphoric acid and 2 per cent of ammonia in ammomted superphosphate or 10 per cent of available phosphoric acid in acid phosphate or disolved bone Natural guano and fertilizers that have not been treated with sulphuric acid are not subject to this standard 8 You must require in each bulk inspection the names of each brand proposed to be shipped from such bulk and in every case you must report the names of brands and number with which the goods therein reported are identical in com position 4 Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer i the manner described in Rue IX of the Rules and Regulations they must be tLrougkly miZ but not triturated or ground in a mortar or otherwise When samples are for warded to the department for analyi they must be in the same mechanical con dxhon n whch they are offered for ale to the planters in the State After the samples are thu thoroughly mixed you will from th mixture fill two glass bot ties common quinine bottles securely seal them with wax stamp your official seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly label themone with a label showing the inspection number name of the fertilizer inspected the place at for whom inspected and th date of inspection and the other with a label showing the number ef inspection You must then deliver both in person to the Commis sioner or carefully box and ship them to him by express 5 You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or minute of every official act performed by you embracing in the record of each inspection ihe number and date of mention name of the fertilizer er chemical by whom and where manufactured person requesting and place to whom cnigned and where where mspected number of ton inspected amount of fees received 14ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1887S 13 JiIfLoTd dg fe prvi btok fuW ou for and stationary for officialcorresponderce rpnuisitions freight prepaid General may prescribe and you must sate ite Commoner satisfactorily accounted for aTlv rime Instructions will rjrarbobJ are in doubt o tp reauired of them by Inspectors will be held to a stnct performance of a1 dute s requ the law and the rules dutfes11tolerated and neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their duties wii perfect sobriety at all times is strictly enjoined HENDERSoN Commissioner of Agriculture 1514 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUKEGEORG1 A New Series Circular JVo 99 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga December 20 1887 It has been found desirable and necessary to formulate and nnMil nformation of all concerned detailed directLs for shP nglrtiH e nt Geo ga and pouring the inspection of the same in accordance wi h law and 1 Rules and Regulations of this Department e obse10 eXPlanatOTy direCtinS therrf0re Pibed and will b9 1 In case of shipments by railroad into tho tjtt HPm iK i0Ilp atoootA avakib Tor rs i itrKrsas re vg nj tw b d in of wb1 bags on end with the lues up In nnr r uJL Capacty b Pacing the inB the tag n i 1512 t to pi h Lpectnt S rreiTi08 AUB St same details as if the shipments oririnSl T should confo to the railroad points The sh pTrtnTff or f Port M or other railroada t Ztl compliance will save embarrassment del fZZT S with fertilizers should nass th a 7 I ePense in case cars loaded inspection through no fauTof oT WithUl 16ANALYSES OF COMMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788 15 HOMEMADE FERTILIZERS AND COMPOSTS The Commissioner has frequent inquiries for the hest formulae for making com posts on the farm To meet these inquiries an article which originally appeared in Circular 38 of this Department issued Fehruary 16 1883 is here reproduced in part with some additional suggestions FORMULAE FOR COMPOSTS If the stable manure and cotton seed have been protected from waste by expos ure to rain and sun the following formula isecommended Stable Manure650 Pds Green Cotton Seed50 Superphosphate00 Making a ton of2000 Pounds If the compost is intended for use on soils particulary deficient in potash the proportion of cotton seed and stable manure may be reduced 50 pounds each and 100 pounds of Kainit used instead The formula would then be Stable Manure600 pounds Cotton Seed green600 pounds Supephosphate700 pounds KainitOOpounds Making a ton of2000 pounds These ingredients may be varied in proportions to adapt the resulting composts to different soils or crops but either of the above will be found to give satisfactory results in every class of soils and on all of our cultivated crops To the above it may be added that if the quantity of stable manure available for composting is either relatively greater or less than the proportions indicated in the above formula the proportions may be disregarded without detriment to the value of the practical results The point to be kept in view is to preserve approximately the relative propor tioning of the three elements ammonia phosphoric acid and potash This may be substantially accomplished by preserving the relative quantities of cotton seed acid phosphate and kanit as given in the second formula This would give about one per cent of ammonia and threefourths of one per cent of potash for every five per cent of phosphoric acid The addition of stable or lot manure in what ever quantities would not materially alter these relative percentages but would simply reduce each in about the same ratio and to the extent of such addition If decorticated cotton seed the kernels of the seed be used instead of the whol seed use half the quantity If the meal be used reduce the quantity to onethird of the weight of cotton seed in the formulae given These substitutions in the quantities suggested will not materially alter the relative proportions of the three elements but will make a more concsntrated fertilizer If the proportion of stable manure be greater or less than stated in the formulae Increase or diminish the quantity applied per acre accordingly Farmers can save much of the immediate profits on sales of fertilizers if they will club together and buy from first hands in twentyton lots and upwards the ingredients required towit acid phosphate cottonseed meal and potash salts If purchased in bulk that is unsacked the saving will be one dollar per ton on16 DEPAETMENT OP AGRICULTUEEGEOEGIA account of sacks There is no mystery whatever in mixing or manipulating fer tilizers A farmer can mix the ingredients substantially as well as the manu facturer A single ton of acid phosphate containing 13 to 14 per cent available phosphoric acid should not cost delivered at any depot in Georgia more than 1400 cash and freight from Savannah Charleston or Port Koyal In larger lota the price would be proportionately less A single ton of cotton seed meal can be purchased at the oil mill for 20 to 22 or less and carload lots for still lower prices Kainit is worth by the single ton at the ports 12 to 14 etc Suppose the following Acid phosphate 1400 pounds900 at ports Cotton seed meal 450 pounds S40 at mill Kainit 150 pounds 100 at ports Total 2000 pounds1540 Now add freight from Savannah and the cost will rum up from 18 to 20 per ton Such a fertilizer would analyze about Available phosphoric acid900 per cent Ammonia j gQ 1 Potashj 00 18Circular No 103 1 New Seeies j ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OF COMMER CIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188788fo February 22 1888 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga February 28 1888 EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES ANALYSES The tables commencing on a succeeding page give the analyses and the calcula ted Relative Commercial Values of all fertilizers and Chemicals inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in this State during the season of 188788 to Jan uary 23 RELATIVE commercial values The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has been the uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer bulletin was published in June 1885 Circular No 12 Old Series It was not the intention of the Commissioner to indicate by the publication of these values the absolute price at whch fertilizers should be sold to the farmer but simply to enable the farmer to compare the commercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different brands with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24th 1880 If each fertilizer contained but one vluable ingredient the percentages of that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value of the fertilizers But as a large majority of the brands contain two or more ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commercial value and in the percentages which they enter into the composition it is found very convenient to add together the calculated commercial value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of comparison and a guide to the purchaser Early in each season by correspondence and otherwise the Commissioner ascertains the cash prices at which the different materials which enter into the manufacture of fertilizers may be purchased at the port of Savannah as well as the prices of standard acid phosphates and manipulated fertilizers Prom these prices the commercial or market values of the three valuable elements ammonia Phosphoric acid and potash are deducedmaking a fair allowance for cost of manipulation and handling and the Relative Commercial Values in the table are based on these elemental values and approximate the cash value of a single ton of CONCLUDKD ON PAGE 8 19TABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188788 to February 22 1888 TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphate of Lime NAME OP BRAND Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ashepoo Fertilizer Ammoniated Soluble Plios oAmmoniated Dissolved Hone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate Adairs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Acme Fertilizer Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Phos Americufi Guano aAlkaline Guano tfAcme Ammoniated Dissolved Bone eAurora Ammoniated Phospho Bates Georgia Standard Guano Bradleys Patent Fertilizer Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer Buffalo Bone iliano Baldwin Cos Am Dissolved Bone Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone eClarke Soluble Guano Chappells Champion Superphosphate Crown Guano Capitol Cotton Fertilizer Cotton Food Guano Cairo Guano Cotton Fertilizer Ammoniated 1225 1250 1250 II1 915 11 910 1050 1250 1210 1410 1020 II 11 920 875 1250 75 1210 1550 1300 looo 920 845 850 1 120 1080 1350 Phosphoric Acid 210 225 185 215 2 2 250 2 07S 1 50 175 065 185 100 105 100 250 225 130 210 150 280 210 3 40 125 211 230 175 715 16 950 71 850 810 7 1025 815 8 25 8 35 605 760 8 50 850 820 810 7 05 855 810 81 820 GS0 580 730 500 G50 270 190 180 335 190 225 325 200 310 32 17 505 205 165 23 24 2G5 285 220 320 270 195 340 425 280 500 355 1005 1130 1050 1040 1035 11 00 1225 11 25 1150 1010 1110 1025 101 1080 1005 1071 90 1075 1130 1085 1015 1020 1005 1010 1000 10 05 215 245 280 2 20 250 255 240 255 310 225 235 225 211 230 225 250 225 240 240 240 250 270 200 2M 280 220 BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 210 275 225 150 215 220 210 330 260 185 225 1 245 110 180 240 380 2 10 150 140 280 225 3IK 201 230 1994 2167 2365 2020 2163 2176 2202 2184 2548 2270 2155 2187 207 2i o 21131 2108 2100 2210 2172 2178 2112 2254 217 2276 2084 2286 16611987 Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Robertson Taylor Williams Charleston Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Jno Merryman it Co Baltimore Inn Merryman A Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Acme Fert Co Wilmington NC G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore Williams Clark Co New York Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore M T II Mclntyre Savannah II C Fisher Secy Newnan Ga Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Jno D Weld Savannah Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Maddox Ruker Co Atlanta P S Chappell Son Baltimore Treadwell Abbott it Co Atlanta S W Travers Co Richmond Savannah Guano Co Savannah Kaisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Xavassa Gno Co WilmgtonNC Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga lno Merryman it o Barren I N Y Jno Merryman it Co Barren I N Y Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich Acme Fert Co Wilmington N C G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore Md Williams Clark Co New York Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd M T D 1 Mclntyre SavannahGa Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bradley Eertilizer Co Boston Mass Bowker Fertilizer Co Klizahethport Furman Farm Impt Co East Point Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Southern Phospate Co Atlanta P S Chappell Son Baltimore Walton whann Co Charleston S W Travers Co Richmond Va Savannah Guano Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Xavassa Guano Co Wilmington N C hi H O US tl d I o c w oCherokee Ammoiiiated Bone Chesapeake Guano Cumberland Bone Superphos Lime Coweta High Grade Guano Cotton Seed Compound Doubly Am Truck Farmers Special Dixie Guano Davy Crockett Guano Empire Guano Eddvstone Guano Excellent Georgia Standard Guano 6E Frank Coes Am Bone Superphosphate gExcelsior Guano Eutaw Fertilizer Farmers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Furmans High Grade Guano Farmers Favorite Guano AForest Citv Ammoniated Dissolved Bone iForest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Giant Guano Georgia Test Guano Gossypium Phospho Gairdner Arnolds High Grade Fertilizer dGeorgia state Grange Fertilizer Georgia State Stand Am Superphosphate j Golden Grain Guano Georgia Cotton Compound Georgia Pacific Guano AGeorgia State Standard Amd Superphos Hope Guano Home Mixture Hopes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone HH Cos Pure Anl BHigh Grade Veg Fj Homestead Guano Harvest Queen Guano Harmons Standard Amd Dis Bone Imperial Guano Jonahs Gourd Guano Jackson High Grade Ammd Fertilizer cJ T Hunts Favorite J S Wood Bro Ammoniated Dis Bone King Guano Lowes Georgia Formula L K Ammoniated Bone Listers Standard Phosphate Listers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Melon Raiser asMascott A D Bone Mastodon Ammd Sol Phosphate Navassa Ammd Cotton Fertilizer 1020 1350 11 10 1050 070 10 80 825 1080 1500 950 915 1120 107 1475 1020 1210 1250 1180 1080 1150 1250 025 1550 1500 1220 1210 1380 1250 10 1120 750 1210 1020 1050 1550 820 1050 1125 920 1220 1080 950 1485 1175 11 1250 1410 1150 1210 L30 200 2 10 080 075 loo 2 30 110 2 320 100 225 210 100 140 075 240 165 22 230 215 130 125 210 250 125 125 255 165 230 160 180 225 066 25 065 210 105 105 105 200 23 225 350 230 250 235 100 230 305 060 5 70 755 9 05 8 55 720 500 8 75 500 630 S00 850 730 910 9 50 870 9 00 8 511 905i 5u0 755 685 870 8 55 820 6 95 880 640 850 500 960 6 95 725 1035 820 780 805 885 890 850 605 500 1005 730 885 875 765 760 1000 750 110 525 281 215 250 295 500 1 70 560 305 210 190 280 250 165 280 210 255 105 560 255 345 190 220 155 200 215 440 255 500 070 335 190 185 270 250 260 155 156 165 440 560 210 390 150 210 245 265 210 330 1070 1095 1035 11 20 1085 1015 1060 1015 1000 1025 10 10 1040 1010 1100 11151 1150 1110 10 85 1010 10 00 1010 1030 10 00 1075 975 985 1075 10 80 1085 1060 10 30 1010 915 12 20 1090 1030 10 65 1040 1045 1015 10 45 1060 1215 1120 1035 1085 1010 1025 1210 1080 200 225 2237 Commercial Guano Co Savannah 250 185 2199 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore 220 230 2088 Charles Ellis Savannah Ga 220 255 2215 H C Fisher Secy Nevvnan Ga 215 280 2184 T M Swift Prest Elberton Ga 705 380 3572 Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh 280 230 2286 Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore 200 125 2107 1 M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga 280 230 22 86 Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore 2 50 200 2130 J M Green Atlanta Ga 215 150 2000 Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Sav h 250 215 2103 Fno Mcrrvman Co Baltimore 240 200 2081 Savannah Guano Co Savannah 240 185 2219 Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston 215 220 21 60 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 275 275 2425 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga 200 200 2320 Bradlev Fertilizer Co Boston 235 310 2300 Hammond Hull CoSavannah 215 330 2114 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 280 2302280 Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore 230 280 2130 Jno Merrvman A Co Baltimore 305 210 2300 Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga 225 175 2077 Gairdner Arnold Elberton 240 210 2172 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah 210 250 2008 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 245 375 2243 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga 240 245 2207 G Ober Sons Co Baltimore 200 200 2224 Jno M Green Atlanta 235 340 2300 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 280 230 2286 Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore 295 310 2372 Columbus Fert Co Columbus 305 230 2296 R V Bowen Hawkinsville 070 010 3584 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 2602192 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga 210 300 2196 Dwight L Roherts Savannah 220 180 2032 Savannah Guano Co Savannah 235 180 2116 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 285 320 2300 Butler Turner Camilla 280 325 2363 Almond Moon Jackson 230 245 207 H C Fisher Secy Newnan Ga 2E0 225 2103 J S Wood Bro Savannah 280 230 2286 Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore 250 185 2362 Georgia ChemicanVorks Augusta 225 285 2259 Lorentz Ritter Baltimore 320 250 2388 Dwight L Roberts Savannah 200 175 2205 Dwight L Roberts Savannah 305 275 2509 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah 240 175 2077 M T D J Mclntyre Savannah 250 210 2348 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta 235 2302184 Pope Fleming Augusta Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore For Charles Ellis New York Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Elbert County Fertilizer Co Elberton Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore J M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Clark Cove Guano Co New Bedford Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah E Frank Coe Barren I N Y Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston SC Pt Royal Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Furman Farm Impt Co East Point Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Iiio Merryman Co Barren Island Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga Gairdner Arnold Elberton Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Hammond Hull Co Pt RoyalSC Furman Farm Impt Co East Point G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Clarks Cove Guano Co N Bedford Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus R V Bowen Hawkinsville Hammond Hull Co Port Royal Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Butler Turner Camilla Ga Almond Moon Jackson Ga Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa Lorentz Ritter Baltimore Md Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C M T D J McTyre Savannah Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Ml oo 00 o O o w Q W H NTABLE IContinued NAME OF BRAND Phosphoric Acid v S 6 2 0 o w 7 50 330 8 20 155 810 240 730 280 750 375 8 50 300 8 50 235 9 05 105 8 20 155 815 270 li 85 340 720 280 703 380 851 225 0 85 225 1181 400 7fid 250 B 05 505 850 300 820 210 780 255 880 200 1220 200 7 80 310 7 50 280 5 00 500 5111 500 S 51 210 810 265 li 50 385 7 85 205 0 20 340 7 50 260 720 200 o 3 t3 p a oS 03 u O a i s a Cu M FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHKRF MANU FACTURED o a a o a H a I c o Nassau Guano jOglethorpe Ammoniated Olympic Guano Diss Bone qQut Own Guano Owl Brand Guauo fcOld Dominion Guano ZiOglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone iOglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone jPort Royal Cotton Fertilizer ePotent Pacific Guano Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate Powhattan Raw Bone to Patapsco Ammoniated Sol Phosphate Planters Soluble Bone Plow Boys Brand Reliance Ammoniated Superphosphate Roekdale Standard Guano aStonewall Guauo fcSamana Guano Star Brand Guano Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Soluble Ammoniated Superphos of Lime Slingluffs Dissolved Bone Special Cotton Fertilizer Standard Ammoniated Bone Soluble Sea Island Guano South American Guano Sea Fowl Guano Truck Fanners Special Yurnadoes Dissolved Ammoniated Bone Wando Soluble Guauo Wilcox Gibbs Manipulated Guano Zells Economizer Phosphate Zells Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate 1150 1500 1020 1120 1350 1320 1250 1180 1500 1000 850 1250 1125 1230 72 910 1120 1020 1320 1225 1225 1015 025 785 1350 1080 1080 1120 1025 1375 1225 1250 1320 1325 220 250 125 210 125 250 165 225 250 280 350 320 275 225 080 300 075 185 250 150 220 275 275 120 200 230 230 220 125 215 180 175 215 215 1080 270 075 210 1051 250 1010 240 11 25 225 11 50 270 1085 235 1010 215 9 75 210 10 85 250 1025 255 1000 220 108 245 1075 235 1210 225 1080 215 1010 225 11 10 225 11 50 270 1030 220 1035 200 1080 235 1420 250 1040 220 030 275 10 60 280 1060 280 1060 260 1075 450 035 260 1080 230 960 275 1010 225 980 225 160 250 195 200 2 225 340 330 250 140 220 210 080 225 325 210 175 225 225 160 215 235 Walton Whanu it Co WilmingtnDel Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Rogers Worsham Co Maeou Ga Walton Whaun CoWilmgton Del Conyers Oil Fer Co Conyers Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Southern Phos Co Atlanta Ga Allison it Addison Richmond Va Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Bovkin Carmer it Co Baltimore Md P S Chappell Son Baltimore Md Savannah iuano Co Savannah Ga Raisn Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md IlaiMii Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Wando Phos o iharleston S C Wilcox Gibbs Guauo Co Savannah The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md t Rawboue or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as Insolu ble though practically it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources A good finely ground bone meal is worth about 10 DUP1ICATE Brands In some instances fertilizers manufactured by the same formula and actually sacked from the same bulkbeing in every respect identi calare sold under different names Such brands are indicated in the foregoing tables by letters a b c etc prefixed to the same those having the same letter in the same table being identical are sacked and shipped from the same bulk 335 160 230 230 100 380 2212 2008 2155 2081 2255 2361 2300 2144 Jno D Weld Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah J 0 Jelks Co Hawkinsville Savannah Guano Co Savannah Davie Whittle Petersburg Va Maddox Rocker Co Atlanta Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah 20081 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 2142 2164 2026 2068 2173 240 2108 2017 2187 2361 2012 2017 2180 2404 2199 2166 2286 2286 2100 2030 Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J Hammond Hull Co Port Royal J O Jelks Co Hawkinsville Ga Savaunah Guano Co Savannah Ga Daivie it Whittle Petersburg Va Southern Phos Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval SC Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval SC 250 2220 155 2091 2602182 155 1997 22012011 Maddox Rucker Co Atlantai Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Walton Whann Co Wilmington Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Adair Bros Co Atlanta Rogers Worsham Co Macon Walton Whann Co Wilmington Conyers Oil Fer Co Conyers Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Maddox Rucker it Co Atlanta Allison A Addison RichmondVa Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore P S Chappell Son Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Chemical Co of Canton Balmore Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wilcox it Gibbs Guano Co Savh The Zell Guano Co Baltimore The Zell Guano Co BaltimoreTABLE IlAcm Phosphate Dissolve Bones Natural Guanos ChemicaEtc NAME OK BRAND Ashephoo Dis Bone with Am and Potash Acid Phospnate Ashepoo Bone Ash Ashepoo Acid Phosphate Avalon High Grade Acid Phosphate Atlantic Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Atlantic Dissolved S C Bone Ashepoo Dissolved Bone Atlanta Soluble Bone Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate without Potash aAcid Phophate with Potash Acid Pnosphate Atlanta Soluble Bone bAdairs Acid Phosphate Bone and Potash Bone and Potash Bates Acid Phosphate Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate Bales Phosphate Guano Brannonsjioluble Guano Chatham Acid Phosphate cCharleston Acid Phosphate Dissolved So Ca Bone Phosphate Del ns Dissolved Bone Phosphate Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime Diamond Soluble Bone DSolved Bone Phosphoric Acid 1425 1500 1420 1250 1156 1350 1020 1340 1400 11250 950 1350 1520 1550 1250 1250 250 120 000 055 200 150 110 125 025 150 l 25 20 15 10 01 05 10 0 1470J 160 1630 101 250U4 60 850 770 1080 850 S0I 10 10 10 25 1020 10 50 y50 1220 J75 360 405 285 440 445 360 250 110 1250 000 1175 2001250 25010 125 1150 1250 125 1735 075 1120 085 1310 l0 1020 915 1350 1050 1220 1510 1410 1350 1475 oso 125 140 305 185 155 235 1060 1140 1325 10 50 8 55 9 25 10 55 950 11 70 11 65 10 55 275 1110 390 330 210 375 370 310 210 250 305 16 40 15 05 14 50 1455 1520 1370 1350 15 75 l 55 210 210 190 200 i 240 155 S2 v a 1874 1674 I8SS 1772 1752 1949 1812 1764 1956 1752 1944 1968 1961 1740 I 1746 1824 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Jno Merriman cv Co Baltimore Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston bt Robertson Taylor Williams Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Hartshorne Huger Savannah BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 3151170 250 1175 4351490 470 14 20 315 1515 300 14 65 43511490 3401460 06512 15 3951610 325 375 200 255 1969 199 1890 1806 1884 2000 1788 1984 1818 175S 1788 1740 1932 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Clifton Cheni Phos Co Atlanta Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlania Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Jno D Weld Savannah Ga J A Bale Rome Ga National Fertilizer Co Nashville Commercial Guano Co Savannah Stono Phos Co Charleston S G G Ober Sous Co Baltimore Hartshorne Huger Savannah J O Mathewson Co Augusta Walton Whann Co WimgtnDel Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos Charleston 8 C Navassa Guano Co Wilmington NC Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston g C Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston SO Jno Merrvman Co B Island N Y Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C A tlantie Phosphte Co Chai leston C Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Impd by Hartshorne Huger Savan nah Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Clifton Chemical Phos Co Atlanta Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Ft Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal SC Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal b C Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bowker Fertilizer Co Elizabethport X J J A Bale Rome Ga Nationaf Fertilizer Co Nashville Commercial Guano Co Savannah Stono Phosphate Co Charleston SC G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Pacific Guano Co Charleston C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston f t CO SI CO o 4 a O a 4 si 3 N W coTABLE IfContinued NAME OF MR AND Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Etiwan Acid Phosphate Edisto Acidulated Rock Etiwan Dissolved Bone Eutaw Acid Phosphate Finmans Ammouiated Soluble Bone oFurmans Acid Ihosphate Farish Furmaus Formula Pltosphoric Add c a j D a K 905 1150 1550 1500 1050 1025 1150 1250 1120 1325 1450 2S5 10E 13c 150 485 1215 1075 1380 Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate to dGeorgia State Standard Acid Phosphate 13 00 dGeorgia State Standard Diss Bone Phos 13 00 Home Fertilizer Chemicals High Grade Acid Phosphate Heaths Soluble Bone Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Marietta Guano Co High Grade AcidTrios Merrymans High Grade Acid Phosphate aMagnolia Acid Phosphate Navassa Acid Phosphate Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate dOglethorpe Acid Phosphate dOglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate Pomona Acid Phosphate Potash Acid Phosphate Pioneer Acid Ihosphate Port Royal Dissolved Bone 1050 020 100 11 10 1155 111511 080 850 125 1 50 0951 045 08011115 275 1200 085 1150 085 11 50 105 1175 100 950 770 450 355 240 310 240 295 370 31 300 210 270 270 a 2 fT3 c c H as c an 1 FOR WHOM INSPECTED 365 575 12 1605 14 30 1620 1420 13 10 11 45 1520 1260 14 15 1410 1420 1420 1540 1275 310 2511 090 130 08 085 08 185 150 2 15 090 340 395 330 24 305 270 270 405 2011 530 365 14 55 I I 50 1505 13 20 1480 1420 14 1505 1165 1215 1485 105 330 iiS 765 675 1836 1998 1831 1944 1704 1747 1848 1824 1822 1698 1692 1704 1704 1 1848 30011830 175 1 SO 310 1275 1245 1340 1350 1280 1310 1260 1285 1205 155 1 320 165 1275 1215 1340 1350 1280 1310 1200 1285 1265 1746 1740 1961 1730 1770 1701 1704 1806 1718 1659 1782 Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Adair Bios Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga dm Merryman Co Baltimore Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston Savannah Guano Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co CharlestonSC Commercial Guano Co Savannah Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah M A Lowry Dawson Ga Lorentz Ritter Baltimore Md Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phosph ite Co Charleston Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Hammond Hull fc Co Pt Roval SC Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Hammond HulUfc Co Pt Royal S C Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Point Impd by Jno Merryman Co Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston S C Impd by Savannah Guano Co Impd by Baldwin Fertilizer Co Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Impd by Furman Farm Impt Co East Point Edisto Phos Co Charleston s C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Commercial Guano Co Savannah G Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Jno Merryman Co Barren Island Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Loreutz Rittlcr Baltimore Md Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal O Ed H O Q W M O d d to w I c w oPure Dissolved So Ca Bone Pure English Acid Phosphate oPatapsco Guano Co Acid Phosphate Pure Raw Ground Bone dPort Royal Acid Phosphate dPort Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate Rainbow Soluble Phosphate Soluble Bone cStono Acid Phosphate Sunny South Acid Phosphate Southern Acid Phosphate Slingluffs High Grade Acid Phosphate Wando Acid Phosphate Wilcox Gibbs Cos Superphosphate X X Acid Phosphate 1550 1280 1520 t3l66 1300 925 1350 1050 1275 1275 1166 1220 1050 1350 150 0G5 090 2215 085 085 300 120 305 250 335 250 075 125 175 10 35 12 50 1175 1150 1150 805 1210 950 1115 10 50 875 1105 700 1180 400 260 330 270 270 370 300 170 325 365 510 405 780 280 1435 1510 1505 1420 1420 11 75 1510 1420 1440 1415 13 85 1510 1480 1460 100 155 275 1722 1812 1961 ffoi 1704 2065 1812 1084 1728 1698 1704 1812 2051 1752 Cheml Co of Canton Baltimore Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore B R Legg Marietta Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus Stono Phosphate Co Charleston Jno M Green Atlanta Ga Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta Slingluff Co Baltimore Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wilcox A Gibbs Guano Co Savh Walton Whann Co Wilmington Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Sterns Fer Chem Mfg Co N 0La Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval S C Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Columbus Fertilizer Co ColumbusGa Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford Mass 50 uthern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga 51 iugluff Co Baltimore Md Wando Phosphate Co Charleston SC Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Walton Whann Co WilmingtonDel ft Kt CO fet Ul c 8 1st EO o lt t W tSJ at w8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA the fertilizers in Savannah Ga In the course of trade and sharp competition especially near the close of the business seasonthe rulling prices of fertilizers often vary considerably from those of the opening of the season But it is im practicable to chauge the prices of elements fixed at the commencement of the season as explained without confusion and conflict between the successive fertili zer bulletins of the same season As a consequence of the competition of trade and the reduction of prices of fertilizers in the course of the same season such prices will sometimes be materially lower than the published Relative Commer cial Values as occurred towards the clase of the season of 188687 Throughout the season of 188687 the valuations of the three elements which from the basis of the calculated commercial values were as follows Available Phosphoric Acid 7 cents per pound Ammonia16 cents per pound Potash K Oj 5 cents per pcund The usual correspondence and inquiry has resulted in fixing the following as the estimated cash market values of the three elements as they are found in a single ton of average fertilizer bagged and delivered on board cars at Savannah and the same are the basis of the calculations of Relative Commercial Values in in the tables which follow and will be maintained throughout the season of 188788 Available Phosphoric Acid6 cents per pound Ammonia14 cents per pound Potash K 05 cents per pound It will be seen that this is a reduction in the valuation of elements as compared with the basis of last season amounting to in available phosphoric acid one and onehalf cents ammonia two cents potash remaining the same This reduction will account for the lower Relative Commercial Values of many fnmiliar brands as compared with last year For instance An acid phosphate containing twelve per cent available phos phoric acid at a valuation of seven and onehalf cents per pound for this element would have been rated last season at 1800 per ton while at six cents the same would be rated at 1440 per ton A fertilizer containing 10 per cent of availa ble phosphoric acid and 3 per cent of ammonia would have been rated last sea son at 2460 per ton the present season the same fertilizer having precisely the same composition and the same agricultural value would be rated at 2040 26ADDRESS OF HON JOHN T HENDERSON COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE Before the Convention of the State Agricultural So ciety at Waycross Ga Feb 14 15 ii Mr President and Gentlemen of the Convention Those of you who were present at the Convention of the Society which was held in Americus just one year ago will remember that a resolution was then passed according to the Commissioner of Agri culture onehalf hour of the programme time of each semiannual session for the purpose of reporting the work of the Department for the preceding six months Under this resolution I had the honor to make my first appearance before you at Canton in August last I then opened my address with an expression of my thanks for the privilege thus accorded to me and my appreciation of the important and intimate relation which the Department of Agriculture bears to the State Agricultural Society I now desire to repeat and emphasize what I then said This Society was first and foremost in the conception of the idea and the expression of the conviction that the farmers of Georgia should have a permanent representation at the capital and a department of the State government especially charged with the development of agriculture the protection of its interests and the promotion of its aims and ends The Society itself is a freeandeasy body of representative farmers elected and com missioned by farmers alone bound by no party traditions free from partizan politics not held together by the cohesive power of per diem Some have thought that perhaps a little per diem might be beneficial in prolonging the session and keeping you together longer Your Society is a popular representative body and I undertake to say in the face of adverse criticism that you more directly and 27A DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA correctly represent the views and wishes of the intelligent farmers of Georgia and that you better understand the condition and wants of the agricultural masses than any body of men that assembles within the limits of the State Your influence is farreaching and potent for good or for evil ac cording as you shall on the one hand be controlled by Wisdom Justice and Moderation and guided by an eye single to the good of your calling or on the other hand be beguiled by the selfish schem ing of designing politicians It is but natural that those who have been prominent for ability and devotion to the interests of the farmers of Georgia and for their constant and active participation in the semiannual conventions of the society should become widely known and popular among the great masses of the voting farmers of the State It is proper and often expedient that such men be put forward in the councils of State or of the Nation as the exponents of the farmers faith and of the farmers demands Of course the charge will be made by politicians that your society is manipulated by politicians Strange that men should seek to degrade your dignity and destroy your influence by the stultifying charge that you are no better than they are Of those men who may be said to owe their prominence or ad vancement to high official position to a reputation for ability states manship and devotion to the interests of our agriculture achieved in their connection with the State Agricultural Society of Georgia none has betrayed the confidence reposed in him by the society and the farmers of Georgia You can point with pride to at least one illustrious individual now in the highest office within the gift of the people of Georgia who is an able and fearless exponent of your rights and promoter of your interests and who so long held the gavel on this platform The present Chief Magistrate of the State although not personally identified with the society is known to be warmly and especially concerned for the promotion of the prosperity and advancement of the farmers of Georgia He has repeatedly advised with me in re gard to your interests and the best means for promoting them As a result of one of such conferences the Interstate Convention of Farmers was called and held so successful and I trust fruitful a session in Atlanta on the 16th day of August last You have here among you now men who have manfully ably and successfully upheld your cause in the Legislature of the State and 28ADDRESS TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION other responsible official positions All honor to them for their fidelity to your cause I proceed now to give a rapid review of the work of the Depart ment since the last August meeting of this Convention At the last Convention the following resolution was passed Resolved That the prices fixed by the Commissioner of Agricul ture of Georgia for calculating the relative commercial values of the different fertilizers are too high and that the said Commissioner be requested to lower the prices by which he calculates said values Your Secretary was directed to furnish the Commissioner with a copy of the said resolution It is perhaps proper at this time to respond to the inquiry and in doing so it may be well to take the r solution for a text and give a general glance at the history of Relative Commercial Values of commercial fertilizers in Georgia In the early years of the De partments connection with the system of inspecting fertilizers the practice was inaugurated of publishing in the circulars of analysis of fertilizers the cash price credit price and the commercial value of every brand as for as practicable to ascertain the same In circular No 12 June 24 1875 which was the first fertilizer cir cular ever issued by the Department the prices of the elements as fixed by Commissioner Janes were Ammonia Available phosphoric acid Insoluble phosphoric acid Potash You observe that the phrae commercial value simply was used instead of relative commercial value You will also notice that insoluble phosphoric acid was then valued at 4 cents per pound In the midst of the general inexperience in the use of com mercial fertilizers and ignorance of the agricultural relations and commercial values of the different elements of fertilizers that then prevailed the citing of only a few instances of want of proper cor respondence between the selling prices of fertilizers and the com mercial values or actual cost prces of the elements which entered into their composition is required to show the importance of some system of valuations by means of which the farmer might compare one fertilizer with another For instance take the first brand in the first table of circular No 12 alluded to published in 1875 It is a fertilizer called Atlanta Cotton Compound made by Snowden Peters Baltimore Its analysis was Available 907 per cent In 29 I82C per pound 15JjC 4c 6c DElARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE iEORGIA soluble 453 Ammonia 204just within the present standard Its Commercial Value as calculated was 4064 itsCash Price 5500 its Time Price 1 000 Here the cash price is nearly 1500 more than the estimated value Other cases G E Whites Ammoniated Dissolved Bone has a commercial value of 4037 Cash Price 5800 Time Price 6500 Barrys Fertilizer commercal value 3586 cash price 6000 Barrys Compound Biphosphate commercial value 2150 cash price 4500 Dicksons Diamond A commercial value 3739 cash price 6000 These are only a few of a great many cases showing an excess of from fifty to one hundred per cent in the cash price ove r the com mercial value as calculated by the Department of Agriculture On the other hand we find Grange Mixture commercial value 4701 cash price 4750 nearly the same Pratts National Soluble Bone commercial value 48 24 cash price 4000 or 775 less Palmetto Acid Phosphate commer cial value 3804 cash price 3300 A few other cases might be cited in which the cash price was less than the calculated com mercial value These cases are given to show how wildly discordant were the selling prices of fertilizers in those days and the intimated commer cial values It would be interesting to inquire into the causes of this variance but it does not serve my present purpose Taking the whole table the average commercial values of all fer tilizers for the season of 18745 was 3668 the average cash values was 5038a difference 1370 per ton A careful examination will show that the relative commercial values and actual cash selling prices rapidly approached each other chiefly by a decrease in the selling prices partly by an increase in the quality and a consequent increase in their real value In 1876 the values of the elements was not changed The Com missioner stated in Circular No 26 June 30 1876 Though thee valuations are too high they answer for a comparison of the differ ent brands as well as for a comparison of the quality of the same brands during the two seasons 18745 and 18756 In examining the table of analyses I find a considerable reduction in cash prices and an increase in the number of brands that were sold for less than their calculated commercial values I observe however an in rease in the commercial values the average for the season of 18756c being 4483 an average increase of 615 per ton in quality com 30ADDRESS TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION pared with the previous year and at the same time there was a de crease of 373 per ton in the average cash prices For the season of 18767 the valuation of elements was changed as follows Available Phosphoric Acid 12 cents per lb Ammonia iscents per lb Potash 8 cents per lb This was a reduction of cen for ammonia and 3 cents for avail able phosphoric acidand an increase of If cents for potash and in soluble pnosphoric acid was no longer valued at all The table of analyses as given in Circular No 42 July 14 1877 shows a slight increase in the average commercial value notwithstanding the re duction in the prices of elements the elimination of insoluble phosphoric acid and a reduction in the selling price There were no changes made in the valuations of elements between 18767 and 18812 when the prices were fixed as follows Available Phosphoric Acid 12i cents Ammonia 2h cents Potah 6 cents In 18823 ammonia was reduced to 20 cents and phosphoric acid to 10 cents In 18834 ammonia was reduced to 18 cents and potash to 5 cents per pound In 18845 no change In 18856 ammonia was reduced to 16 cents and phosphoric acid to 1 cents per pound potash remaining the same In 18867 no change was made The present season I have fixed the valuation of the elements as follows Ammonia 14 cents Av Phosphoric Acid g cenfs Potash 5 cents It will be remembered that the Department especially since I have been in charge of it has uniformly sought to impress the idea that the calculation and publication of the commercial values was not intended to indicate the exact price at which fertilizers should be sold In order to still further prevent misapprehension I prefixed the word relative to the old phrase commercial value and made the following note in Circular No 25 new series February 201881 These Relative Commercial Values are a means of comparing the real agricultural values of fertilizers one with another It is more convenient to compare the aggregate values of all valuable ingredients in fertilizers in dollars and cents than otherwise They 31 THE GENERAL LIBRARY I I THE GENERAL library THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA UNIVERSITY OF GEORG ATHENS GEORGIA L STATE LIBRARY GIFT 1938b DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA represent approximately the true value of the several fertilizers at Savannah To illustrate Suppose two pieces of doth are offered a customer by a merchant If both pieces are all wool and ayard wide and the wool and weaving are of the same quality in each the weight of a yard of each piece of cloth would be a safe guide to its relative value In like manner if a farmer has offered to him two different brands of acid phosphateeach containing no element of value except phosphoric acidhe could easily determine the rel ative agricultural value of the two if he knows the analysis of each In such a case he would not need any further guide to enable him to decide which of the two would be the Cheaper at the prices demand ed Now to return to the cloth If one piece contains 10 per cent of good wool worth forty cents a pound 20 per cent of shoddy wool worth 8 cents a pound and 70 per cent of cotton worth 10 cents per pound while the other piece has 20 per cent of good wool 15 per cent of shoddy wool and 65 per cent of cotton the purchaser would be puzzled to know the relative value of the two pieces of cloth So of two fertilizers which contain very different relative percentages of the three valuable elements phosphoric acid ammonia and potash and these possessing very different commercial and agricultural values If in the case of the mixed cloth you calculate the separate value of each quality of wool and of the cotton in a yard of each kind of cloth at its respective value and add the whole together you have then a very accurate idea of the comparative value of each kind and at the same time an approximate idea of what each ought to be sold for So likewise he will be able to compare one complex fertilizer with another and determine which is the better or cheaper at the prices demanded So much for the practical value of the custom of calculating Rel ative Commercial Values Now for the objections It is my cus tom to ascertain by correspondence and observation of the markets the market prices of the staple sources of ammonia phosphoric acid and potash This investigation is made in the early part of each season and before any analyses of fertilizers are published With such information as I am thus able to gather I find by calculation and comparison the value per pound of each of the three elements Having once adopted the scale of prices and upon this scale based the calculated commercial values in the first circular which usually appears in January It is impracticable and inexpedient to change the scale or to endeavor to raise or lower the valuation according as 32ADDRESS TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION flu tuation may occur in the prices during the remainder of the sea son Hence it will sometimes happen that the calculated commer cial values will be higher or lower than the real selling prices of the fertilizers It may happen towards the close of the active business season that sharp competition of trade and the anxiety to get rid of heavy stocks on hand will result in a severe cutting of prices This occured in the spring of 1887 and the unusual discrepancy between com mercial values as calculated and published and the ruling prices of a number of brands gave occasion to the resolution of inquiry which your body adopted last August I hope that I have succeeded in explaining the confusion and contradiction to the satisfaction of this Convention I have not given this somewhat lengthy review of the subject solely for the purpose of meeting the inquiry involved in the resolution This I have done I trust in the last page or two But as intimated I have thought it a good occasion to review the whole subject for the purpose of making clear and plain to every farmer the object and use of relative commercial values I will now rapidly mention the changes that have been made in some details of the inspective system which have become necessary and at the same time practicable Prior to the present season it had been the uniform practice to send inspectors to Charleston and Port Royal S C for the purpose of inspecting fertilizers intended for shipment into Georgia for sale My predecessor went so far as to send inspectors to the factories in Baltimore New York and Rhode Island as well as to Richmond and Norfolk Va With the exception of a few trips to Wilmington N C I have limited outside inspections to Charleston and Port Royal 8 C and for the last two years without exception This practice was not forbidden by any provision of the inspection laws of Georgia and was considered necessary in view of the impracticability of stopping trains in transitu at Augusta for the purpose of inspecting their contents and the utter impossibility with the limited num ber of inspectors at command of following each car to its destination in the interior of the State Hardly a doubt of the legality of inspec tions made outside the State had entered my mind nor did I con sider such inspections less reliable and protective than if made in the State I was aware however that many purchasers of guano looked upon them with suspicion and disfavor For this reason I was extremely anxious to confine the work of inspection to the limits of the State So long as the work continued to be done out 338 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA side the State without formal objection or an adverse ruling of the courts on its legality it was impracticable to prevail on the rail road authorities to permit the stoppage and sidetracking of cars loaded with fertilizers at Augusta and Savannah As already intimated I had no doubt of the legality of inspection outside the State and I believed they were just as effective in pro tecting the purchasers of fertilizers from spurious goods as inspections made within the State Finally the Supreme Court came to my relief and decided in a case regularly brought before them at the instance of Hammond Hull Co of Savannah that the general laws of the State do not authorize officials in Georgia to perform their functions outside of its limits that the inspection law does not confer such authority and hence such inspections are illegal I had some months before been advised of the ruling of the court below in the case and had taken the precaution to lay the question before the AttorneyGeneral for his opinion pending the considera tion of the case by the Supreme Court That opinion was decidedly adverse to the legality of such inspections and I then considered it as a foregone conclusion that the Supreme Court would confirm the opinion of the law officer of the State and the ruling of the Supe rior Court I therefore began early in the fall to make arrange ments to comply with the law as it would doubtless be interpreted by the Supreme Court I called a meeting of the South Carolina manufacturers of fertilizers at Charleston which was promptly and fully attended and submitted to them apian of inspecting their goods which I thought would be free from legal objections and at the same time practicable and effective The manufacturers prompt ly accepted the plan and it was put in operation at once A short trial however convinced me that it was not practicable At this juncture early in November the Supreme Court rendered its decis ion as already in substance set forth I then determined to secure the consent of the railroad authorities to permit the stoppage of all trains loaded with fertilizers at Augusta for the purpose of inspec tion Under the circumstances I had no difficulty in securing their consent and full cooperation I subsequently made the same arrangement at Savannah regarding trains loaded with fertilizers coming into the State over the Savannah and Charleston Railroad In a very short time I found that it would be necessary to inspect at some one point the large and increasing amounts of fertilizers that were entering the State by way of the Richmond and Danville Railroad In preceding years under the old plan much of this was 34ADDRESS TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION 9 inspected at Charleston and shipped as now by way of Seneca City and Toccoa Shipments by this route from points further north had been permitted to go to their destination beiore inspection Adding now to these the shipments from Charleston that came uninspected made it utterly impracticable to follow up each car to its final desti nation I therefore appealed to the authorities of R D Railroad to permit all fertilizer cars to be sidetracked or delayed at Toccoa long enough to permit inspection and their consent was cheerfully given I accordingly permanently located an inspector at Toccoa The situation is now as briefly follows I have one active inspector constantly on duty at Augusta two at Savannah and one at Toccoa while two have their offices at Atlanta and are constantly employed in hunting up and running down stray shipments that enter the State by way of the E T V G and the W A railroads and by way of the railroads entering the State at West Point and Columbus Georgia and occasional shipments up the Chattahoochee River Each car load of fertilizers entering at Savannah Augusta or Toc coa must have a request for inspection attached to the waybill of such car On arrival of a train at either of the points named the cars containing fertilizers are stopped and if necessary sidetracked and the requests for inspection are turned over to the inspector who is always at hand or within easy reach No car is allowed to pass without inspection unless loaded with chemicals or ingredients for manipulating and subsequent in spection and consigned to some factory within the State or loaded with fertilizers and consigned directly to a farmer who has purchased the same outside the State If a car containing fertilizers subject to inspection is not accompanied by a formal request for inspection it is sidetracked and detained until such request is received At the request of the inspector the railroad agent opens each car and the inspector takes sample in person of the contents and an inspectors tag is at once attached to each sack The car is then closed and re sealed by the agent with a special carlock seal furnished by the Department and is permitted to proceed to its destination To the two inspectors who have their headquarters in Atlanta is assigned the arduous task of traveling over the State from one ex tremity to the other and inspecting each carload of fertilizers that comes into the State at unguarded points It is indeed an arduous work and demands the utmost efforts of these two officers to accom plish it It is impossible to be in two different places at the same 3510 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA time though near each other while their services are not unfre quently in requisition at several places often distant one hundred miles from each other at the same time Under the plan of inspection as now pursued every car load of fertilizers is inspected and with a few possible exceptions the tugs applied at the same time These exceptions may sometimes occur when one of the interioror traveling inspectors runs short of tags while away from his office when in such a case the tags will be sent forward by express to the consignee With the force of inspectors at my command which is limited by law to six and only one chemist I consider our system of inspection to be as nearly perfect as could be reasonably expected Even before the present plan was put into operation I am satisfied that our in spection system was more effective in protecting our farmers than that of any other State It should be remarked that the system as now executed involves a very great increase of labor on the part of the inspectors on aecount of the necessity of personally inspecting every car load when form erly large bulk lots had been inspected It also adds greatly to the labors of my fertilizer clerk by greatly increasing the number of re ports records samples labels etc DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS During the fall of 1887 I distributed only a few garden seeds I am now preparing and shipping chiefly to organized clubs through out the State the following varieties and qualities of seeds Peas American Wonder12 bus 3000 packages Beans Improved Valentine10 3000 Cabbage Early Winingstadt 47 lbs 3000 Buncombe Onions White47 3 000 Collards True Ga White47 3000 Tomatoes Livingstons Perfection47 3000 Cucumbers Kivia and Boston Pickling 47 3000 Mustard So Giant curled47 3000 Beets Eclipse94 3000 Okra White Velvet94 3 000 Turnips Early White Dutch94 3000 Pumpkins Cheese94 3000 Watermelon Jones Jumbo100 3500 36ADDRESS TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION 11 Cantaloupe Nutmeg94 lbs 3000 packages Kaffir Corn 5 bush 640 Spanish Peanuts25 800 Corn Tennessee White20 2560 Cotton Jones Improved Early Prolific Herlong 125 2500 Tobacco Sterling 5 lbs 400 Big Havana5 400 Yellow Oronoco 5 400 Total 197 bushels and 867 pounds divided into 50200 packages I am more and more impressed with the value of the judicious purchase and distribution of seeds It is one of the features of the Department work which impresses its value at once on individuals It is not my idea to send out seeds simply as a gratuity or to turn my office into a free seed store With some few exceptions the seed selected are of choice new or improved varieties that are not yet generally sold in the seed stores The chiefbenefit is expected from the introduction and distribu tion of new species as well as varieties of field seeds I flatter myself that in this respect the Department has done a very valuable work for the farmers in the last four or five years It is especially gratifying to note the appreciation shown by farmers all over the State of the great value of Spanish peanuts not to mention Kaffir corn both of which were brought to their notice by distribution of the seed and the publication of results by this De partment The supplemental report of the Department published early in January is especially rich in reports of results of seeds tested If my time were not so limited and were I not fearful of weary ing your patience I might touch upon other subjects of general or special interest but I forbear I thank you for your patient hearing on this occasion and for the uniform encouragement and generous support you as a society have given me in the discharge of my duties lam quite sure my head and heart are entirely enlisted in the effort to aid you in every means in my power 3731Special Circular No 69 New Series QUESTIONS FOR MAY CROP REPORT 1 RETURNABLE MAY 1st 1888 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga April 18 1 Dear SiEPlease answer the following questions and mail promptly so as to reach this office by the first day of May AN AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus if the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or 10 per cent better than an average it should be reported as 110 m each case and if 10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never report 10 Per cent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 90 as the case maybe Avoid vague comparisons such as some better hardly so good above an average etc in making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as fa ta every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your oumfarm fa crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the character X If you Ze not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate lea the space blank 11 juu u Very respectfully 1 T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture County I For what county do you report II Your name III Your postoffice 39DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORCUA CORN Acreage compared to that of last year 2 Condition and prospect compared to an average of 5 year per cent per cent OATR 3 Acreage compared to that of last yearpercent 4 Condition and prospect compared to an average of 5 yearsper cent 5 What percent of the crop now standing was sown last fallper cent WHEAT G Acreage compared to that of last year 7 Condition and prospect compared to an average per cent per cent COTTON 8 Acreage compared to that of last year 9 Condition and prospect compared to an average of 5 years 10 How much earlier orlater than usual Earlierdays Later 11 What per cent of the crop is up 12 What is the stand compared to a good stand per cent percent days per cent per cent SUGAR CANE 13 Acreage compared to that of last year 14 Stand compared to an average of five years percent per cent RICE 15 Acreage in low land rice compared to that of last year 40 per centQUESTIONS FOR MAY CBP REPORT SQRGHUM 16 Acreage compared to that of last yearper cent CLOVER AND GRASSES 17 Acreage in clover and grasses compared to that of last yearper cent 18 Condition and prospects compared to au average of five yearsper cent FRUIT 19 What per cent of full crop of peaches has escaped frostper cent 20 What per cent of a full crop of apples has set per cent 21 What per cent of a full crop of pears has setpercent 22 What is the grape prospect compared to an averageper cent STOCK 23 Condition of sheep compared to lust yearper cent 21 Condition of work stock compared to last yearper cent 25 Number of hogs of all ages compared to last yearpercent 26 What diseases if any have affected stock this spring SUPPLIES 27 What is the cash price per bushel for corn May 1stcents 28 What is the credit price per bushel at the same datecents 29 What percent of a full supply of corn is now on handpercent 3J What per cent of a full supply of hay is now on handper cent 41DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA REMARKS Sign name here 42CIRCULAR No 104 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1888 SHOWING THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF MAY AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA Comraissioaer ATLANTA GEORGIA Constitution Publishing Company 1887 mCircular No 104 New Series CROP REPORT FOE THE MONTH OF MAY 1888 Returned to the Department op Agriculture May 1 1888 Department op Agriculture Atlanta Ga May 8 1888 GENERAL REMARKS The areas condition and prospect of crops and the general con dition of the farming interests of Georgia as herein given are based on reports from correspondents in nearly every county re turned to this office about May 1 Returns from counties having inferior mail facilities were gen erally made out and mailed during the last few days of April There have been no reports of changes in the weather condition however and this report therefore may be accepted as represent ing the general condition of the crops on the 1st day of May and even later in the month THE WEATHER CONDITIONS The rains during March and the early days of April were very heavy and damaging in their effect on the soil arresting and seriously delaying the work of preparation and planting of corn and leaving the land in bad condition for plowing After the heavy rains ceased dry weather set in and continued throughout the month of April Much of the land that had been prepared for planting required replowing Very soon the soil became so 454 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA hard from the heavy rains and succeeding drouth that it was almost impossible to properly prepare it and where planting was practicable the want of moisture has prevented germination A careful reading of the Notes from Correspondbnts will give a better idea of the general condition of the crops than can be imparted in a few general comments CORN An increase of one per cent in the State at large is reported as compared with the acreage last year every section showing a small increase excepting Southwest Georgia On account of the heavy rains in March succeeded by dry weather in April the condition of the plant is four per cent below an average there being but little difference in the condition throughout the State The stand is fully equal to an average and the crop needs only genial sunshine and rains to bring it up to a full average condi tion OATS A very small reduction in acreage is reported as compared with the acreage of the last crop the percentage of fall sown being 39 per cent of the whole against 32 per cent fall sown in 188687 and 16 per cent in 188586 The prospect is 5 per cent below an average with weather conditions very unfavorable on May 1 In some counties where the greater part of the crop is fall sown the prospect is much better than average WHEAT The acreage in wheat is gradually decreasing The condition of the crop is not so good as it was one month ago with few excep tions Eust is reported in many localities notwithstanding the dry cool weatherwhich is considered to be unfavorable to the development of this fungus Eain and warm weather now would probably greatly promote the spread of this pest COTTON There is no increase in the acreage devoted to cotton The conditions have been quite unfavorable for securing good stands and only fifty per cent of the area already planted and to be planted is now up Owing to bad weather the planting is 46MAY CROP REPORT1888 generally later than usual by several days taking the whole State though somewhat earlier in North Georgia This refers to the portion of the crop already planted much of which is yet to come up Practically it may be considered that but onehalf the crop was planted up to May 1 since fully onehalf was either not planted or the ground was too dry to germinate the seeds The reported general condition90 compared with an average con ditionmust be considered as higher than the truth and the dis crepancy will increase until more favorable seasons set in On the whole the condition and prospects of the cotton crop is unsat isfactory if not decidedly discouraging SUGAR CANE AND EICE A decided increase in the acreage of the sugar cane crop is re ported being 106 as compared with last year The area in North Georgia though an increase of 20 per cent is reported is still so small that it is not taken into the account in calculating the acre age for the State The condition of the crop is 99 as compared with an average Eice shows a reduction in acreage especially in the rice region proper This may be improved by later sowings as the high waters have greatly delayed operations in many places CLOVER AND GRASSES There is quite an awakening of interest in the subject of grass culture especially in Middle and Southwest Georgia This is manifested in a greater inquiry for information in regard to grasses suitable for permanent pastures and meadows Attention heretofore in the sections named has been chiefly directed to for age plants or those intended for green soiling purposes and usually planted in small rich lots around the barnyard A revival of in terest in lucerne or alfalfa is one of the results of its introduc tion of late years into the North Lucerne has been grown in a small way in all parts of the South for forty years and its value for green soiling and hay has been well known to most intelligent farmers for many years FRUIT The reports show that the peach crop will be almost a complete failure in many counties no section giving a higher condition 476 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA than 38 per cent of a crop The sections best adapted to peaches and which usually produce much the larger yields show the great est injury from the cold The young fruit continues to drop from the trees and it is probable that the yield of the entire State will be less than onefiith of a full crop Pears and apples are in much better condition the first promising possibly onethird of of a crop and the second onehalf a crop Grapes as usual are practically uninjured by cold as they bloom much later and give promise of a full crop though somewhat later than usual STOCK The general condition of work animals is rather better than usual the figures being 101 as compared with last year Cholera among hogs is reported in many counties but the disease is not so generally violent and the stock of hogs averages 100 in con dition and numbers SUPPLIES There is quite an increase in both the cash and credit prices of corn May 1 as compared with the same date last year In 1887 May 1 the average cash price throughout the State was 68 cents the credit price 92 cents May 1 1888 the cash price was 79 cents the credit price 98 cents Last year the credit price was 353 per cent greater than the cash price this year the credit price is 25 per cent greater than the cash price The average length of credit is about five months which gives 5 per centum per month or 60 per centum per annum as the price farmers pay for credit on one of the staple farm productions 48CONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT FOR MAY 1888BY SECTIONS SECTIONS c North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia Southeast Georgia Average for the State Oate 40 Wheat Be Cotton 9 2 5 CD so 03 s s s a s C 33 5 Sugar Cane Rice Sor gum ftOJ si 55 102 97 105 Clover and Grasses Fruit Stock Supplies c x3 Z p 101 5 c CO 5 S3 33 6 3 H O 0 D o3 aw p 105 95 99 102 97 100 85 97 101 105 101 98 a o W c K I8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA THE FARMERS ALLIANCE This new organization for the benefit of farmers is meeting with perhaps greater favor than any similar institution that has ever existed The rapid growth and immense popularity of the Alliance is evidence of an almost universal sentiment among farmers that some concerted action must be taken to reassert and maintain their independence and to defend themselves against monopoly and extortion As a means of disseminating informa tion encouraging home independence and selfreliance of resis tance to extortion and of concerted action in all matters of ffeneral interest to the agriculture of the country this organization prom ises to be of immense benefit In view of the past history of similar cooperative movements it behooves the intelligent lead ing members to steer as wide as possible of the dangers that beset all such efforts Farmers should remember that there is more promise of good results and practical benefit to themselves from changes that may be effected in their own systems and methods than from efforts made to change the methods of others It is true that farmers as a class have been for years between the upper and nether millstones and the pressure of the grinding has generally been severe It is hoping against hopeagainst uniform experienceagainst human natureto expect to reduce areas in one crop and increase areas in another by mere force of resolutions and pledges There must be a conviction upon the mind of each individual farmer that a particular plan of action or radical change of system is the best for himregardless of what others may do The safe and wise course for any farmer to pur sue is that which does not depend for success upon an unenforced and unenforcible cooperation on the part of others It will be the pleasure of the Commissioner to cooperate with the new organization in all practical efforts to advance the inter ests of our common agriculture and to build up anew the inde pendence and prosperity of the farmers of Georgia THE IMMIGRATION MOVEMENT The attention of farmers and real estate owners is invited to the efforts now being made to induce immigration into the State 50MAY CROP REPORT1888 The Central Railroad in connection with the State Agricultural Society has recently established a Bureau of Immigration for the purpose of disseminating throughout the North and West reliable information concerning the climate soil field crops min erals woods etc of Georgia The aim is to induce parties from those sections to visit our State purchase our unoccupied or sur plus lands and settle among us and aid in developing our resources and building up the material interests of the State Under the charge of Mr W L Glessner the Central Railroad Company about midsummer will send a special car loaded with illustrative samples and specimens of crops minerals woods etc to the saveral State and District Fairs of the North and West The car will be a miniature of Georgia as far as practicable During his trip Mr Glessner will organize excursion parties to visit our State Fair to which those who will have become interested by the necessarily partial and imcomplete car exhibits will come to see an enlarged edition of the objective illustration Arrangements will be made with the several railroads of the State to give merely nominal rates of transportation on farm products and samples of natural resources for exhibition at the State Fair in October Hon W J Northen President of the State Agricultural Society of Georgia has been very active and effective in his efforts thus far to secure the cooperation of the Central Railroad Company and will continue to devote a large part of his time and energies to the accomplishment of the objects in view The farmers of Georgia and the real estate owners generally will be the chief beneficiaries of this enterprise Its direct and only object is to build up the material interests of the State by increasing the demand for farms and enhancing their market value increasing our population and thereby adding new life and energy to our labors The farmers throughout the State should give their hearty and active cooperation as individuals and as organized clubs and County Societies to the enterprise Every one should feel that he has a duty to perform and resolve to perform it The time is propitious the occasion is opportune the enterprise is in the hands of those who are vitally and directly interested in pro moting the agricultural interests of Georgia Let every indi vidual at once formulate his plans for cooperative effort in this direction let every farmers club at once initiate and organize efforts to illustrate their section and county at the State Fair The Commissioner is in hearty sympathy with the movement and will give it all the aid in his power 5110 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA NOTES FEOM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA BanksFarmers are working harder fertilizing better and using better tools this spring than formerly and the idea seems to be prevalent that the farmer must and will get out of debt this year I hope they all will D H P Garrison Catoosa and WalkerI live on the line and cultivate land in both coun ties Dry for three weeks Very wet all the winter up to that time Oats at present very unpromising Too dry for corn or cotton to come up well Fruit almost a total failure The soil not in good plight for a full crop A I Lbkt CatoosaNo rain in parts of the county since the 9th of the month needing rain badly clover and grass will be short from present appearances as well as spring oats Three frosts in this monththe one on 18th unusually heavy for time of year Clover fields looked white with it John LS Henderson ChattoogaWe have three weeks drouth at present that has injured clover grass and oats I noticed some rust on the blades of the wheat although I have seen good wheat with the blades entirely destroyed by rust Cotton will not come up until it rains ground hard and some cannot be broken J J P Henry Cotton planting about over but too dry to come up well Corn planting not over yet Wheat looking well oats sorry Farmers are preparing their land better than usual This is one of the secrets of farmingprepare before planting No trouble to make a crop it the land is prepared well W F Tapp Too early yet to make any report on Rorghum The continued rains in early part of April have put cotton about ten days late Stock seems to be in good condition No sickness No corn is selling on time Everybody seems to be supplied D Wheeler DadeThe spring has opened very early and horses and cattle are living well on the range Farmers cheerful Hogs came through the winter in line condition Oats are suffering for want of rain Gardens were never more promising and there is a tendency to improved methods of gardening J W Bryan Farmers are rather late frost 27th and 28th The freshets the 9th and 10th of this month did considerable damage to bottom and hillside land I believe the farmers of Dade are in better condition to begin their crops than at any time for the last five years Stock in good condition and enough sup plies to make their crops and not much in debt G A R Bible 52MAY CROP REPORT1888 11 DawsonCrops of all kinds are at least ten days late owing largely to the effect of the heavy freshet especially on bottom lands Cotton is not up enough to tell with any degree of certainty as to the stands We have been having some frosts that would have injured it if it had been up P J Clarke FanninWe have had some very cold weather and it has killed most all of the peaches and over half of the apples Samuel Higdon Farmers are well up with their work and every kind of crop raised in this county bids fair to make an average crop W J Witt FloydI never saw wheat more promising The Grazing Oats are all right and a full stand on the ground The Rust Proof Oats were badly killed out by the cold and there is not a fourth left on the ground in some places nearly all killed out I am fully satisfied that the rust proof is not adapted to this chimate It will not stand cold or drouth What we want is a hardy oat No doubt there is an oat more prolific than the grazing oat and equally as hardy as the grazing oat if we knew where to get it What Georgia wants is a hardy prolific oat John H Dent Farmers are generally in better condition than for several years past Thos N Pinson Clover and grasses on uplands are very fine and but for the drowning out on river bottoms would have been increased 50 per cent more Felix Corput ForsythFrom all indications we will do well with our crops in this county this year The farmers are exerting all their energies and we think if seasons are favorable their efforts will be crowned with success We are much earlier getting through planting this year than common T L Sims FranklinConsidering how much it has rained this winter the farmers are progressing finely J B D MoWhorter All the early planted cotton was damaged by frost on the 20th and 21st of this month Some fields had to be planted over All that was up was badly damaged The corn crop is not materially hurt J R Sewell GilmerCorn is not yet up enough to say what the stand will be Wheat and rye is ten days earlier than average The February sowing of oats was badly frozen out Very little cotton planted in the county More grass sowed this spring than usual N L Osborn GordonUp to the heavy rains about the 1st of April wheat was unu sually fine Good stands On overflowed lands the heat was ruined The crop looked well until recently Rust has appeared on the blades if it attacks the staik at so early date the crop will be ruined O H Davis Fall oats badly hurt spring oats very small on account of dry weather Wheat looking unusually well on manured lands and is now blooming Some 53 12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA rust in flat places Some peach trees have as much fruit as they ought to have Pears apples and cherries and plums are short A Roff GwinnettA large average has been sown in oatsabove an averagea considerable amount of the February sowing haviDg beed killed out by freez ing the early and late sown have escaped and are looking well Farmers are buying more commercial fertilizers than ever before which is certainly a mis take Farmers should never purchase more fertilizers than they can judi ciously handle in an ordinary season J M Pool Last two weeks dry weather has been very favorable to fetch the crops Some farmers having neglected to break stalk lands cannot now plow on account of the land being so hard Hence they cant plant until it rains J W Baxter HabershamWe had a considerable frost on the night of the 20th and it is with uncertainty that I make the report of the fruit crop Beans and peas together with cotton that is up are looking very unsatisfactory on account of the recent cold snap Hogs are in the finest condition that I have ever seen them at this season of the year L J Btjsha HaralsonThere is some rust on wheat confined to the blade at present though it is feared that the crop will be seriously affected as it has made its appearance so early H T Reid We find cotton in this section does better not planted very early R D Latham There was but little wheat sown last fall The acreage in oats is greater by a considerable amount than last year but the cold has injured the uplands and the rains have almost ruined the lowlands J W Biqgers HartOwing to a freshet on the 8th of August all corn crops on lowlands were destroyed leaving the farms having bottom lands upon which the corn was principally made with not more than 25 per cent of the usual supply while the upland farms made fully 100 per cent B B Parker JacksonFarmers generally are better up with their work than usual in good spirits Had it not been for the freshet last August Jackson county would have been doubly supplied with corn Many farmers have gone to work to save their lands from washing which is one of the secrets of the future prosperity T S Johnson Negro labor becomes more uncertain every year which is very discourag ing to farmers White labor is better The Farmers Alliance has encouraged white labor and don much good by advocating intensive farming and making farms selfsustaining J T Rogers MadisonVery cool for the season some frost last week and killed some cotton that was up but time enough to plant over Wheat looks fine so do oatsboth spring and fall Farmers Alliance is rapidly taking in this county Hurrak for the farmers J T Patten 54MAY CROP REPORT1888 MurkayMuch of the cotton crop is not yet up nor is all yet planted early planting is well ud and looks promising There has not been a general rain during the month of April and the farmers are not done planting corn as much of the lowland is yet too hard for breaking H Heartsill PatjldingFarmers generally are in better condition than they have been for neveral years They are less in debt and buying but little on the credit system The Farmers Alliance is doing good in this county It encourages industry and economy among its members the raising of their own supplies and to keep out of debt T J Owen The farmers are more determined to keep out of debt this year than ever before While there is no material change in the area planted in corn and cotton we will owe less this fall than any fall in ten years Threefourths of the farmers have joined the Alliance and all seem to be hopeful of the future We are determined to make our farms selfsustaining and be a free people Beni T Dkakk The farmers are somewhat behind with their work not through planting yet The oat crop was badly damaged by the freezes and freshets The farmers are not going in debt as usual The peach crop seemed to suffer most on high open elevations on account of heavy winds P P McBrayer PickensAll crops except corn and cotton are suffering from three weeks drouth 1 Less of debt or store credit 2 Less of phosphates and more guano 3 A more than average supply of roughage saved last year and a better condition of stock than usual We want more spelling books and fewer shot guns more sheep and fewer dogs B F Reed This county is in good condition people in good spirits and county rising gradually L J Allrkd The spring has come on very early though we have had several white frosts from the middle of April up to the 24th day but with little damage to stuff E R Allred PolkTwo light irosts last week together with several very cool days and nights injured cottonto what extent I am unable to say Young vegetables potato slips etc were hurt not seriously except on high land The fruit crop will be an almost ttal failure Jno O Waddell RabunOwing to the very wet weather in March farmers are behind with their crops it will be the 10th of May before the majority will finish planting We have fine weather now and the farmers are making good use of the time We haye had light frosts for the last four mornings F A Bleckley TownsOwing to the heavy mast last fall our hogs are still fat in the mountains and the increase has been wonderful No disease among the hogs 55 14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA The hay and fodder will not near be consumed this season and we have a good deal of corn to spare yet M J Brown WalkerToo dry for oats and clover Too soon for other crops to be suf fering yet as corn and cotton is just earning up J J Broyles Early planted corn leoks well stand not very good Heavy rains the last of March have caused lands to bake very much No cotton up nr will be until we have rain Have had about three weeks drought and some are unable to finish planting cotton J A Clements The winter has been mild stock of all sorts come through in good condi tion The spring has been earlier than usual but heavy rains have retarded farming operations Cotton is not yet planted but will be in a few days Compost in larger quantities per acre has been more generally used than ever before J T Wood WhiteHardly any cotton up in White county some rust on wheat no rain for three weeks C H Kytle Hurds grass blue grass and red clover grows splendidly in this section I am trying Johnsons grass think it will do well For several years the winters have been too severe for fall sowing of oats and the man that sows wheat on good land from 15th of August to 10th of September is sure of an average crop Had no hog cholera for three years F L Densmore WhttfieldFor ten days too dry for breaking land This has prevented cotton and corn already planted from coming up Farm work much behind for the time of year MIDDLE GEORGIA BaldwinWe have had so many heavy rains this season that the ground is packed and farmers are ton days late It is very dry and windy at this time Rye is looking well but has the rust May wheat is headed out but very low and small heads and has the rust Since prohibition went into effect in this county hands work until Saturday night and their stock is greatly improved H C Vinson BiBisCondition of all crops is low from the want of rain Should seasons come in the course of ten days the estimate would immediately rise to an average in all plowed crops Threefourths of the oat crop is springsown and is just now beginning to boot and is suffering from the lack of moisture But as stated there is time enough yet Prospect generally favorable W D H Johnson The unusually havy rains of last March did great damage set us back in planting caused land to bake Stands of corn rather poor but looking well Would like to get a little flour corn seed if department has any on hand B T Rat No seeds of any kind on handCommr 56MAY CROP REPORT1888 15 ButtsWheat crop is looking promising Fall oats are a success this time Spring oats are looking well but need rain at this time Our farmers are economizing koth their time and means and trying to make their farms self sustaining All in all the farmers are at least twentyfive per cent better off than they were last year this time H C Thaxton ButtsWe all belong to the Alliance in this section and think it a good thing and will accomplish much good if we all dont get in too big a hurry open our doors too wide and mix too many things with it We still keep up our club also We ought to keep all designing men out of the Alliance if possible so do not be in too big a hurry for members brothers of the Alliance T G Preston CampbellThe unprecedented cold and rains caused farmers to be behind in preparing their land for planting A good deal not broke up yet and is now so hard it cant be plowed We have had no rain in part of the county for three weeks On the whole the prospects for all crops are exceedingly gloomy J s Dodd Crops both corn and cotton are in fine fix wheat looks well oats need rain stock generally in good condition Farmers cheerful and the Alliance booming p h Steed Farmers are generally behind with their work The spring so far has been very wet and unfavorable for farm work Cotton planting was earlier in con sequence of the bottoms not being in a condition to prepare for planting corn hence they had to devote their time to the cotton lands almost entirely The late cool weather has been injurious to cotton The present outlook is not Yery favorable J J Beall Farmers are generally worse behind than common on account of contin ued rains I think the farmers are taking more interest in raising their sup plies than formerly Here is a great point for the Farmers Alliance to con sider Raise their supplies at home and keep them on the farm Dont cut a stick for the merchant and then grumble because he cracks your head with it Henry N Cochran CarrollDry and injures that already up cool weather prevents cotton from coming up and Wheat is looking well Labor scarce H A McDaxiel ClarkeThe farmers are in the same rut but little change in area and in planting If they could hit one good crop hundreds would change their mode and style of planting but the load debt they are carrying prevents any change now R T Pittarb ClaytonI never knew cotton planting so late but the farmers have got their land in good condition before planting The oat crop is very promising wheat is good but not much sown The farmers are making a greater effort to raise plenty of home supplies W P Jones 57 16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ColumbiaLand so very dry cotton cannot come up and so hard that corn cannot be worked Prospect for farmers gloomy If it does not rain very soon oats and wheat will be a total failure S C Lamkin We are in the midst of a severe drought Many have not finished prepar ing land for cotton and bottom land for corn Uplands do not come up and oats are in a critical condition There is great depression among planters J A Walton It is unusually dry for this season of the year as it has been three weeks since rain with no prospect of any Cotton planted April first is up with a fair stand but not doing well as the nights have been very cold with three successive frosts The greater part ot the crop is not up and will not be until we have rain The crop of spring oats is a failure M I Branch CowktaThe prospects of the farming class are not to say very bright yet we live in hopes of a better time coming The farmers are organizing t protect themselves endeavoring to show to the world that we can work together to accomplish the ends we desire W A Smith DeKalbThe weather is quite dry at this writing May 2 and will very much endanger the prospect of a stand of late planted cotton we cannot get a stand on our late planting until it rains The early planting is up but the weather has been cold with slight frost and it is not looking well There is generally a good stand of corn Wheat and oats came through the winter without being injured but they are needing rain very much and this is a very critical time with them T J Flake The farmers are behind owing to so much rain in the early spring but they have about finished planting The cool mornings are making corn and cotton look badly but the stand is good There is some rust in wheat though not general yet W H Carter DouglasCotton planted late not much up yet The farmers are ten days later this spring than common But few of my neighbors have used any guano this year Wheat looking well oats looking well first sowing killed out some by the cold Peaches scattering apples very good prospect also grapes Prospects favorable Corn good stand up B H Phillips ElbertFruit of ail kinds doing well Never saw peaches as fine at this time of the year B H Heard It is very dry at present and if we dont get rain soon it will cut oft wheat and oats considerably especially spring oats There are a good many that have not finished planting cotton yet owing to the land getting so hard thejT cannot prepare it D M Carlton FayetteOwing to the wet spring farmers are generally behind with their farm work The cool weather prevents cotton from coming up well F D HlTKLL 68MAY CROP REPORTli 17 The present cold winds not very favorable to cotton coming up Corn looking well Spring oats doing very well on the whole outlook favorable for farming interests Labor scarce because of the demand for hands on rail road More attention given this spring to clover German millet Kaffir corn and the grasses IsAAC G WooLSEY GreeneRye is injured by the rust wheat has taken it oats are looking well and with suitable seasons a bountiful supply will be harvested We are needing rain No bottom land corn planted yet What was planted will be planted over owing to the heavy rains Aug N Asbury HancockRain greatly needed Oats will be injured materially if it does not come soon John Turner HarrisThe two conditions most essential to the quick germination and healthy growth of cropswarmth and moisturehave been absent during the greater part of April No rain having fallen here since the 10th hence the low percentage in the present condition and prospect of crops Pastures also are rapidly failing and with the stock law in force stock are suffering On a petition of a few individuals the last Legislature arbitrarily put the stock law in force in this Cataula and two adjoining districts regardless of the interests and wishes of a majority of the people benefiting to this extent the Chicago pork packers and lard refiners more than the common farmers of this section of the country Where such unjust and inopportune measures will benefit one inhabitant it will damage ten The stock law means no stock for the landless J B Pate The spring opened backward with us Then too much rain for a few days after which we have been very dry I think the peach and apple crops will be a complete failure Mr Cashley who is a dear lover of peach juice says he dont think we ever will have another good crop of fruit until the Infernal Revenue is taken off of peach brandy He may prove to be a prophet P H Jr HeardWe had a great deal of rain up to the 25th of March and it got the farmers behind Since dry weather they have pushed their work and now are fully up The weather is very dry and cotton cant come up until it rains J C Brewer HenryLight frost April 22d 23d and 25th on low lands but very little damage done to growing crops The stand of corn was never better no replant inS t0 ao Jas A C WYnn JonesCondition of all grain crops good except that we are needing rain The planting of cotton is at least ten days behind and much that is planted cannot come up until it rains j w Haskins Dry and red land too hard to plow Farmers are getting at a standstill without rain The hard dashing rains packed the land in the early part of 5918 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA April and it has continued so dry that the plow cannot he made availahle in such lands So serious damage yet if rain should come in a short time R T Ross LincolnIn consequence of excess of rain from January to April 10th farmers are generally backward in putting their crops in the ground Not more than 33 per cent of the cotton crop has been planted this 20th and but a small per cent of corn on bottom land We are needing rain at this time to enable us to prepare our lands and to bring up the seed J M Dill Cold rains of March and dry cold winds have retarded farming Ground now packed too hard to plow Peaches still continue to fall off but still much better prospect than last year All other fruit seems to be doing well though too cool and dry Strawberries especially are doing fine Commercial manures have been more in demand than usual especially those for composting which well Farmers are very hopeful though small grain is threatened with N A Crawford We are in the midst of a drouth of about four weeks Only Ten davs of cool nights have been damaging to argues rust planted The dry weather is inr McDuefie the early planted cotton up the young crops Spring sown oats are very poor and will bo a failure unless rain falls in a few days Much of the red lands hard and not prepared or Fall oats are good H McCorkle iproving the oat crop materially Prospects flatter ing forrain at this writing 30th More cotton yet to plant than I ever saw before at this season of the year A E Sturqis MonroeA drouth of five weeks has retarded the coming up of cotton and injured the oat crop Inconvenience in having wheat thrashed and ground has nearlv caused its abandonment in portions of the county In the last seven years 75 per cent of the peach trees have died of the yellow blight All san guine along the banks of the Ocmulgee K C Taylor The terrible rains in March delayed farmers two weeks and packed the ground making thorough plowing an impossibility Little or no cotton plant ed before loth of April caused by March floods All bottom corn gone four weeks without rain More attention given to stock and provision crops than heretofore GuY Taylok We are in the midst of the usual spring drought having had no rain since the freshet about April 1st Lands are becoming very hard and a number of farmers are behind and will be behind when Gabriel blows his horn E B Taylor MorganWhile there is fifteen or twenty per cent of peaches yet on the trees I dont think we will have but very little good fruit It will be faulty and lull of gum Farmers are buying less with the exception of guano and working harder than I ever saw them J T Newton 60MAT CROP REPORTU 19 Cotton has been damaged by cold very much in last ten days There is more or less rust in wheat G S Hanlietbr NewtonThe prospect for cotton has not been so bad since I began farm ing The very late spring and excessive rain has left the ground in a very bad condition The cotton does not come up and is quite unhealthy where up The continual rains seems to have damaged the stalk of wheat and many fields are heading out very low and yellow from ground up with very short heads Please urge the planting of wheat field in corn by cutting off the wheat when in the dough for the stock thus utilizing the poor wheat and increasing the bread crP L P Livingston A large crop of watermelons etc large crop of peanuts planted potatoe slips ready for planting when it rains gardens flourishing and all hands pushing More fertilizers by 25 to 30 per cent than I have ever known used ths season T A Walkek OolethorpeWheat has some rust The present drouth will no doubt check the rust but is otherwise injurious to small grain crops C A Stevens The fruit crop will probably be considerably affected by the cold spell about the last full moon The excessive rains in March and up to the middle of April threw the farmers back and made them look blue They are now about up and look cheerful jAMES j Gkm PikeJust at this time we are in the midst of what may prove a very serious drought Up to a few days ago the prospect for small grain was more flattering than for the last four years The wheat will be damaged bv the dry weather The oat crop will be almost a failure unless we have rain soon A great deal of the cotton will not come up without rain so that next months report may be very materially changed for the better or worse So far the corn has started off unusually promising Ground hard dry and cloddy E W Rose Our people have bught more guano than was ever known before giving money notes at from 25 to 28 dollars per ton All farmers seem to have plenty of hands who are doing well so far Our prospects are good in every way except we buy too much on time at ruinous prices The Alliance can not help we need a law to make men pay their debts and we would buy 3 S Williams RocKDALEThe condition of all crops planted so far is very good as our farmers have pushed their work and have their ground in fine tilth Oats have been killed more or less on all farms and the stand is not so good as it should be but at this time is looking well All Sand pears have been killed and I think they bloom too early for this section of the State Patrick H White The late preparation of cotton lands has been the main cause why cotton will not compare to an average with last year being too dry for it to come up 6120 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Reaches as well as other fruit will be light owing to the heavy frost while in John B Keen bloom Owing to the high winds that have been blowing for the last ten days and cold nights cotton is coming up very slow There being a crust foimed on the top the early crop will not come up till it rains Corn is looking well the wheat ciop looks fine where it was well prepared Frost on the morning of the 25th J S Albert TaliaferroFarming operations have been greatly retarded during the past week in consequence of the dry weather which has followed the excessive rains in March and April Wheat and oats are very promising but need rain Corn is looking well Cotton is very irregular seed planted last week will not germinate until it rains Light frost on 25th and 26th instant Stock of all kinds in normal condition Saml J Flynt The spring has been most unpropitious for planting The first week of March was cold but those who planted that week have fair stands of corn thouh during the following weeks there fell floods of rain There was not much chance to plant any more until after the first of April and the corn planted then has not come up well We are now having a season of very dry weather oats and wheat are suffering and it is impossible for cotton to come Hip The outlook is not at all encouraging L L Veay TalbotSo far the seasons are very unfavoiable this spring Cotton plant ing not yet finished on account of the hard land from dry weather cotton not yet all up Corn looks very well with good stands now receiving its first working but cant be done as it ought to be Oats are poor for want of rain t4 i t ot S A Freeman but not too late yet TR0UPVery little rain fell during April The entire rainfall during the month was only 125 inch Very little cotton has yet come up All small grains suffering for rain Stands of corn quite good H H Cary M D tjPSOnFall oats did well and are fine only ten per cent of a crop sown Too dry for the wheat after such hard beating rain with no April showers Cotton is also troubled from some causecant come through the crust caused by usino too much turn plows in spring Increased interest in sorghum suf fering very much for rain T J Middlebrooks WaltonNeeding rain to make cotton come up twothirds of crop can not come out until it does rain Heay rains since planting corn has caused land to bake and first working will necessarily be imperfect Rust has made its appearance on wheat though slightly as yet Farmers rather gloomy over the dry weather and cotton not up J M Gresham WarrenWe are in a three weeks drouth Oats are suftering for rain Cotton cannot come up until it rains The farms are almost at a stand still owine to dry weather and hard land Onethird of cotton crop not planted 6 D W Rogers 62MAY CROP REPORT1888 21 Most of the farmers are diversifying their crops The planters all go fpr cotton and guano Wheat nearly abandoned and putting in more oats Hog prospect good Horses and mules in good condition Very dry and cold Some frost and cotton is sick J A Shivers SOUTHWEST GEORGIA BakerCorn and cotton both later than last year on account of excessive rains Oats sown in the fall are very promising One more good rain in the course of a week would make them very heavy W L Curry BerrienOat crop finest I think I ever saw here corn backward but good stand and looking well where land not too low Fruit I think almost a failure in places at least it is so around this place J J Parish Our stock have all pulled through the winter in better condition than usual save hogs Cholera took ofi about half our stock hogs Pears dropped from the cold weather and very few are left peaches are all gone apples are now in full bloom never saw them so late H T Peeples BrooksNo rain since the first of April Oat crop almost ruined Good stands of corn generally also of cotton where planted early Cotton is look ing unusually well and the farmers are well up with their work as the spring has been favorable since the first of March T W Jones Farmers have had excellent seasons to work this spring We have had but very little bad weather and have not been too dry Farmers generally are better up with their work than usual for May 1st W W Wade CalhounWe have had no general rain in about three weeks and the late cotton is not well up Oats are needing rain badly Farmers generally well up with their work p p Griffin ChattahoocheeSevere rains on 26th and 27th of March since have had but little and land is hard and dry Impossible to break land now not having been broken before hard rains F V Schley ColquittThe LeConte pear set early in February and was killed out badly by the freeze in March Not more than 10 per cent of a full crop left F G Walker CrawfordWheat is badly rusted and spring oats will be a failure with out rain in a few days Cotton except early planting has failed to come up and that is dying out rapidly Stands of corn generally good on land not sub ject to the bud worm but the plant is very small J W Dickey DecaturThere has been purchased in this section more fertilizers than any year previous but on much better terms What is the remedy for fleas on chickens W B McDaniel Hen lice or mites are probably meant by fleas Clean out nests and roosting places and burn all litter Wash the poles and all places infested 6322 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA with kerosene oil Dust the fowls while on their roost with carbolic powder and Persian insect powderCommissioner Your formula for composting and mixing or making a complete Guano has done much good to farmers saving them money Compost is extensively used this spring and giving satisfaction Crops with compost under them are much better than those fertilized with commercial guano Farmers are look ing more to their interest in buying supplies I think with your valuable aid to farmers we will succeed E A J Rich DoolyThe heavy rains of March has thrown planters badly behind in their farm work The cold snap of the latter part of March destroyed all of the early varieties of peaches Cotton is looking very droopy from the recent cool weather Simon P Odom Our crops in this county both cotton and corn are better manured and stands of both are better than usual In fact our crops start off with very flattering prospects for this year Sugar cane stands fine and looking well S W Coney DoughertyOats that were sown in October and early in November are made and where fertilizers were used wintersown oats are very good and one more rain would secure a good yield Springsowed oats will be very poor unless we get plenty of rain at once Most of the county has been without rain for three weeks J L Doziers EarlyOur apples are now blooming and may set a good crop We are having a dry time although to the 19th of April the rain was more than plentiful but we have had no gentle showers and hence the ground is crusted and hard and makes crops look badly D M Wade HoustonIn the western part of the county there has not been as poor a prospect for apples and peaches in years Last year was a heavy apple crop and this a very light crop Wm J Anderson IrwinThere are good stands of corn and cotton on all the land that has been planted long enough to be up The peach crop is all killed or so nearly that it will fall off James Paulk LeeThe cotton crop would have been still more advanced than it is up to date but for the fact that for the past ten days the nights have been very cool with continuous high winds during the day Corn is looking fine some of it being plowed the second time it is now needing rain badly R P Johnson MaconThe corn prospect is not an average on account of the irregular stand The bud worm is killing out a great deal of the plants Cotton is about all planted but is not up We have had drought since 2d of April only a few partial showers in some sections of the county Where it was 64MAY CROP REPORT1888 23 planted before the heavy rains the stand is bad The general outlook is gloomy in the extreme Oats need rain Wheat fine but has the rust J B Murray MarionCorn is generally plentiful for farming purposes and some little to spare tor nonproducers that occupy our towns and cities and up to this time none has been imported More flour is consumed by white and black than usual as it is cheaper or fully as cheap as meal Wheat is rusting so is rye and oats needing rain Heavy rains have washed our lands and caused them to bake as it never rains but it pours Geo W 0 Munro MitchellThe quantity of rain that has fallen this season is in excess of any year for the last five or six Farming operations were in advance ot any year previous for several in preparation thoroughness etc but the unusual rainfall after the first of March and for several weeks after caused farmers to lose all that had been gained and are now a little late The several cool nights during the last fifteen days have caused cotton to look unhealthy Crops are generally in pretty fair condition Forward oats are extraordinary acres of choice land making from thirty to one hundred bushels Melons now as early as any previous year Acreage fifty per cent increase Condition of stock never better J B Twitty We have had an immense amount of rain during March up to 15th of April but are needing rain now to bring up late planted cotton and early planted field peasthe latter is being planted more extensively of late years for hogs Farm work of all kinds is moving on all right now labor abundant and working well Stock are in better condition than usual which we attrib ute to the absence of whisky T R Bennett MuscogkeThe early planted corn was damaged so badly by frost that most of it was plowed up and replanted Early cotton has full stands late planted is not up and needs rain Fall oats are good and a large acreage was sown Spring oats were planted late and it will require a moist May to make a fair crop B T Hatcher SchleyThe farmers of our section are gradually tending toward diversi fied farming More attention is given to stock raising and the tendency is toward improved stock Some few thoroughbred males have been introduced into our section and their services are very generally sought D W Rainey TaylorThe farming interests in this section are very much depressed but there seems to be a determination on the part of farmers to raise a plenty of hog and hominy this year I am running on fine stock grain and the grasses I have Crowned Grass Kingand the Holstein cowQueen A M Walker The small per cent of peaches that are left are much damaged The LeConte pear tree is blighting badly and I think it a failure in this section The Alliance movament is helping the farmers in this county J T Adams 6524 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ThomasFarmers as usual are still going down hill and never will build up much until there is some way for them to get money at low rates of inter est so that they can build their farms up and then they could turn over a new leaf The Farmers Alliance is doing good work L H Player Farmers well up with their work rain badly needed Oats will be cut off onehalf if we dont have good rains within a week Daniel A Horn WebsterWhile corn is higher this year than at the same time last year the farmers of this county have as a rule enough to run them until corn is ripe The peach crop is almost a total failure and no pears T J Stapleton WorthFarmers are badly behind on account of so much rain There is much land not planted yet Stands of corn poor on account of so many heavy rains The stands of cotton are good up to this time 50 per cent not up W A Hall EAST GEORGIA BullochThe seasons since March 25th has been unusually fine Best stands of cotton and corn I ever saw and crops to date April 27th in line condition Very cool U A Sorrier BurkeThere is a disposition to increase the acreage in cotton on account of the improved prices All crops that are up are doing well except oats which are small and threatened with rust The drouth now existing in this section and following the late heavy rains is retarding very much the coming up of the crop recently planted and has already much damaged the oat crop I B Jones DodgeCotton is late because of so much rain until April 10 and so dry since that the seed cannot germinate until it rains again Hogs more plenti ful than for several years Every one that has tried my remedy for hog cholera is pleased with the result As soon as a hog takes cholera kill it and burn the carcass and the disease will hardly ever spread The same is true of chicken cholera Nicholas Rawlins GlascockWe are having dry weather now which is doing much damage to the oat crp which looked very promising up to middle of April rather above an average especially the fallsown The drouth also prevents get ting a good stand ot cotton Seaborn Kitchens JeffersonA month since this whole county was inundated with water f the rains being very heavy washing the land breaking milldams washing bridges away etc At this time we are very dry Very little cotton up Oats badly cut off Corn looks well Wheat badly injured by rust A E Tarver There has no rain fallen since the last week in March with the exception ef one light showei Seventyfive per cent of the cotton crop is in the ground 66MAY CROP REPORT1888 25 and not more than 10 per cent taking the county over is up and it is now too dry for seed to germinate with no prospect for rain at this writing Thos Hardeman LaitrensWe are having a serious drouth preparation and planting cot ton considerably retarded Prepared lands badly packed by late March freshet Commercial manure used to an excess and as we think to a very serious loss to the farmers Horses mules meat flour and manures come lrom abroad Alas poor farmer d T Chappell MontgomeryHad no rain in most places this month Farmers are badly behind in getting their lands rebroken since the freshets also in getting their cotton planted J A Wooten Owing to dry weather very little cotton is planted yet It is too dry to finish planting corn The prospect of corn that is up is good Cool nights cause the drill worm to worry us very much T P Williams ScrevenWe are in the midst of a drouth Only about 25 per cent of cotton is up The farmers are up if they could plant A great effort is making to surpass former years in all products E B G TatnallOwing to the present continued cool spell it is not safe to cal culate on crops Should this weather continue five days longer cotton would have to be planted over in this county Corn is looking quite feeble from the effects of the cold J S Lanier TelfairThe excessive rains and cold in March and then dry and cold east winds through April has caused farmers to be late in planting crops of all kinds Many had to plant corn a second time to get a stand Very little cotton planted and up all are waiting for rain to plant Wm P Williams WashingtonCotton planting a little later than last year owing to its being too dry to finish planting The peach crop is almost a total failure again in consequence of the cold weather H N Hollifield At this writing April 25th the weather is cold and dry Young cotton just coming up is having a hard time That which has not come up will not until it rains W A Snelling WilkinsonCrops suffering for rain ground is so hard cannot be plowed Twentyfive per cent of cotton not planted what has been planted within the last ten days cannot come up until we have rain Andrew I Miller No rain since April 10th Cotton poor stand some not planted land not broken is too hard to plow hence poor stand Wheat has rust or mould some fields are total failures Oats suffering for rain cant make a full crop Jas A Mason 6726 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA SOUTHEAST GEORGIA BryanIt is exceedingly dry about 50 per cent of the cotton crop is yet to plant and it is now too dry to get it up without rain at an early day the cotton crop in this section will be very backward Corn is up and generally in good condition More guano has been bought this season than ever before P W Williams Every crop wants rain it is very dry There is fully onefifth or more of the land intended for cotton either not planted or the seed have failed to sprout for want of moisture Philip D Cory CharltonCotton needs rain Some complain of its dying owing to drouth Corn an average stand and looks well so far Oats if we do not get rain soon will be light A G Gowen ChathamThe season is backward cool nights with dry weather If it does not rain soon the trucking business will be a failure C A J Sweat CoffeeOwing to the dry spring the farmers are fully up with their work Some complaint of imperfect stands both in cotton and corn Oats though not so many sown are doing well Sugar cane though a perfect stand is not doing well on account of the dry weather The peach crop will be almost an entire failure Joseph Bailey EffinghamNights too cool for young plants to grow weather extremely dry fine time for a farmer to put his crop in good condition Frank R Tarver GlynnHogs have been dying in this neighborhood with a disease some what resembling cholera They become very weak and shiver and shake in the hot sunshine Cant some good old farmer give a receipt for same J R Doerflinger LibertyThe extreme dry weather has prevented a good stand of cotton so far A J Hendry Seeds have germinated unusually well crops generally well up and mostly worked once It is now very dry but we have great faith in the tra ditional rain first week in May Oats have been very fine now needing rain My rye sown from March to February very goodthe earliest much the best some barley planted as a test lor winter grazing seems to suffer most for want of rain Jas A M King The spring opened more favorable this year than usual and the farmers who planted cotton early got a full stand Cotton planted after the 10th of April almost failed to come up on account of the ground being too dry J O Davis Jr MoIntoshOur county has none of the large cotton plantations that are in other sections of the State but what is planted is on the intensive system 68MAT CROP REPORT1888 27 Rice is the principal product and it is almost too early to tell much about the crop as the planting has been retarded by a freshet in the Altamaha river Geo E Atwood PierceWe have good seasons here for the last few days fine prospects for a good crop A L R Avant WakeOur farmers have more life and are taking out all stumps from their fields moving out their fences and saving some money They pay cash for their guano and supplies Glenmore is building up with welltodo farmers to back it planting more truck and setting out pear trees J M Steger WayneOur farmers are doubling their energies and with good seasons and health there will be a good harvest The continued cold winds are hard on the cotton crop here W H Roberson PASTUKAGE AND DAIKYING IN HOLLAND By Prof Schatzmaxn Formerly Director of the Agricultural School at Krentzlingen Switzerland Translatedfrom the French by Miss E L Howard The great difference which exists in some respects between our pastures and those in Holland are due to difference in climate and soil The Dutchman true to his calculating nature does not spend his money in making costly barns to hold his forage but makes large hay stacks near his stables and thatches them with straw This light thatch is supported by four props which can be easily taken down or set up Each pasture has one or two vats filled every day with fresh water where the cattle can drink all they require On our Alps the cattle must go a long way twice a day to be milked at the chalet so they really do not have the rest they need In Holland the milkman rows in a light boat to the cows where they are at pasture It is believed that all cattle in Holland are descended from the Fresian race which is now considered the best stock They are white with reddish grayish greyblue and blackish spots The oldtime Dutch cow with a thin body long tail narrow chest and awkward limbs is disappearing The animals now are well built have round bodies and short legs Some of the peasants estimate the milk product at three gallons to the cow while Prof Hengereld shows in a work he published cows do not give as much milk now as they did formerly this he attributes mainly to the poor food given the calves But to judge by the general look of the cows they must milk well the rich pastures must have a great deal to do towards that result 6928 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Very seldom any cattle are kept all the year around in the stable In spite of the common origin of the cattle it is very easy to distinguish between those from each province It must be difference in soil climate food and manner of care which originated and kept these distinct markings A good many foreign cattle were introduced in the southern part of Holland but that has now stopped for they claim their own stock is easier to feed and keep better than young imported animals The Dutch stables are distinguished by remarkable cleanliness The ani mals are generally stabled in long lines with their heads turned towards each other Behind them is the usual trench for cleanliness Back of the trench or trough and the wall is an alley Between the heads there is sufficient room for carrying the food The young cattle have a separate stable the calves have an enclosure in the cow stable Instead of a bar a vertical post is placed in the ground at the head of each animal to which are attached ropes in such a way as to move up and down as it lies down or gets up The post is often furnished with an iron ring to which the cow is fastened The ring can move easily either up or down They are carefully curried every day and rubbed down Twice a week the tails are washed and the hair cut The tail of each cow is tied by a string which is fastened vertically to a rope running from one end of the stable to the other Twice a day the troughs of the stable are cleaned and washed out as well as the alley next the wall The food is given in the most methodical manner In winter a feed of twenty pounds of hay mixed with good straw is given twice a dayat 5 oclock in the morning and 4 oclock in the afternoon The animals are watered at a fountain in the same stable In sping summer and fall they are kept in the pasture and well cared for there In many of the countries where the climate is much milder than our Swiss climate the beasts are covered with a piece of coarse cloth running from the withers to the root of the tail this is kept in place by a rope passed under the stomach This it is claimed both increases the quantity of milk and steadiness of flow Where there are no trees in the pastures posts are planted for the cattle to rub against The fattening animals are always in the best pastures with plenty of rubbing posts Peasants who make a business of fattening always keep as many head as the pasture can bear and make money at this if they select animals with fine loose skin and hair The milk industry in Holland is in the hands of the peasantry and is practiced differently in different provinces Cheese making is the chief business with some and butter making most profitable with others The most striking point of the Dutch dairying is the excessive neatness in the buildings and in the vessels used They know their product cannot be brought to the highest point unless cleanliness is the very soul and govern ing principle of their industry The milking pails are brilliantly clean and could not be made brighter Im mediately after milking the milk is strained and carried to the dairy in various vessels in different wayssometimes in wooden barrels by boat and sometimes in pails hung on each end of a yoke across the shoulders As soon as received 70MAT CROP REPORT1888 29 At the house the milk is again strained and poured into receptacles for cooling The cooling of the milk is absolutely essential in butter making so both at the stables and at the farm are either reservoirs of water or basins of stone in which the milk vessels are placed until the foam has entirely disappeared and the milk has come to the same temperature as the water around the pails In this way the souring or turning of the milk is retarded and the separation of the cream is better done than in Switzerland where the milk is left without straining in the warm stable and in a close atmosphere where perhaps it has already taken all kinds of odors The dairy is generally on the north side of the house near the kitchen and and in a basement several feet lower than the kitchen and protected from the heat of the sun by trees planted near Nothing is allowed near this spot that can impart odors to the milk the flooring is of tile or brick and is kept scrup ulously clean as are the shelves and walls where the milk vessels are kept The latter vary in form or material according to the province The milk is generally kept twentyeight hours before the cream is taken off but at the end of twelve hours the first skimming is done The mistress of the dairy is particular to examine the cream if at the proper point for skimming rather than keeping exactly by the number of hours We must acknowledge that these dairy women in Sweden Denmark and Holstein understand their duties admirably and it would be well for us if we sent young persons from Switzerland to Holland to learn their methods of butter making The cream is kept in oaken casks furnished with covers which are kept on until the cream sours and so thickens that a spoon can stand straight up in it If this thickening does not occur soon enough in summer a little buttermilk is poured in or if in winter the cask of cream is warmed The milk is used in cheese making the buttermilk is consumed in the house or fed to pigs or sold in the village market The churns are generally shaped like a cask and furnished with upright dasher others with horizontal dasher furnished with rotary motion The tem perature of the cream is regulated in summer by putting the churn in fresh water and in winter by pouring in warm water The butter is taken out of the churn and put in a flat pan with a hole in it through which the butter milk runs off The butter is well salted and washed until the water runs off perfectly clear Then chopped with a knife made for the purpose somewhat like a sawthis chopping is to find any specks that might be in the butter This knife is called a butter saw Holland butter is sold in the market as from Denmark and Holstein The salt used is very fine and the proper quantity is tested by the taste and eye and not by weight The salting is done little by little and continued until the butter has a uniform color For retail the butter is done up in different forms but must have a cer tain weight to sell in the market For the general market it is put up in barrels of different sizes It is difficult to give the winter butter the summer color They u a sub stance called Orleans tied in a piece of cloth and dissolved in clear warmed 7130 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA butter This preparation is of a reddish brown To use it in coloring the but ter it must be warmed again and put in at the same time the salting is done the amount of coloring used is not measured but put in until the desired color is reached The Dutch make all kinds of cheese to suit the markets The white and red Edam cheese which has such a reputation is exported to England France Italy Spain and America Pour or five million pounds of this cheese are ex ported from the northern port of Alkmaar There is a permanent exposition in a building at Utrecht devoted exclusively to the implements of agriculture This exposition is different from others in that great attention to the agriculture in which their people are particularly devoted For example you find there an historic development of horticulture and the milk industry A grand salon is devoted to this where are gathered all such utensils and apparatus from the smallest to the largest These latter are represented by models The first thing strikes you what a great differ ence there is between the tools of the different provinces Take for example the milk vessels for setting milk The pans from Frise are made of a single piece of wood with a deep long oval cut to held the milk and copper pans of the same shape also Immense earthen pans from Rotterdam and the Hague are very tall narrowing rapidly to the bottom There are round pans from Chelderland like those we use in Switzerland North Holland shows very flat glass pans and Suthern Holland pans tolerably tall and made of tin We see from this that Holland like every other country differs on the ques tion as to depth of milk vessels in raising cream to the surface as well as best of which to make the vessels The difference between the churns is greater still The usual upright shape is always there but with various methods of facilitating the work Sometimes a spring at the bottom helps to push the dasher up and down or a lever acting on the dasher or a wheel whose votary motion gives the up and down move ment to the dasher A dog or horse is used as motive power according to the amount of cream used Churns with horizontal dasher furnished with paddles are also exhibited with other churns whose complicated machinery renders them practically useless Churns with the upright dasher or the hori zontal dasher are the only ones used Horsehair strainers are the only ones used The kind we use in Switzerland are not so perfect for they allow foreign bodies to pass through Metalic ones on exhibition in Paris are excellent and those with double bottoms are partic ularly to be recommended All must be washed every time they are used or the milk receives an odor as it passes through The tinlined copper and brass pails used in holding and carrying milk are elegant in shape and brilliantly clean These pales take a great deal of time to keep clean and I dont see they have any advantage over the much cheaper cylindrical tins used in France 72MAY CROP REPORT1888 31 The wooden moulds used to shape butter for the retail market are oval or bell shaped and make the butter very attractive looking in the market Each locality has its own particular form of mould for the retail market The exposition at Utrecht gives excellent and agreeable instruction to the agricultural population and is of practical value in this way that the machin ery is gratuitously kept in motion and open to all In that way keeping up the interest in the subject both for the people and the government There is a weekly butter sale at Delft where hundred and thousands of casks and barrels of butter are sold under public control and forwarded from there in every direction The butter is examined by running a butter gimlet two or three feet long longitudinally through the cask to judge of the character of its contents One is surprised to find the excellence and steady evenness of the butter sold there Nothing better can be desired in the neatness and pack ing One remarkable point is the severity of the laws regulating this indus try in Holland The dimensions and weight of barrel thickness of stave kind of wood used are points all minutely prescribed by law The casks are an nually remarked by legal commissioners These regulations are pushed too far in Holland but at the same time we must acknowledge they have greatly con tributed to the reputation this industry enjoys in Holland and greatly facili tates the sale of butter One cannot sufficiently admire the skill shown by the merchants commissioners and peasants in examining the products at the market in Delft 73Special Circular No 70 New Series QUESTIONS FOR JUNE CROP REPORT 1 RETURNABLE JUNE 1st 1888 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga May 15 1 Deae Sie Please answer the following questions and mail promptly so as to reach this office by the first day of June AN AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus if the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or 10 per cent better than an average it should be reported as 110 in each case and if 10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never report 10 percent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 90 as the case maybe Avoid vague comparisons such as some better hardly so good above an average etc In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture I For what county doyou reportCounty II Your name III Your postoffice 752 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 1 CoenCondition compared with an averageper cent 2 OatsYield or prospective yield if not harvested compared with an averageper cent 3 To what extent injured by rustper cent 4 WheatYield r prospective yield compared with an averageper cent 5 To what extent injured by rustper cent 6 CottonStand June 1 compared with a perfect standper cent 7 Condition compared with an averageper cent 8 SugarcaneStand compared with a perfect stand percent 9 Condition compared with an averagepercent 10 Potatoes IrishYield or prospective yield compared with an averageper cent 11 Potatoes sweetAcreage compared with an averageper cent 12 RiCECondition compared with an averageper cent 13 PeanutsAcreage compared with an averagepercent 14 MelonsCondition compared with an averageper cent 15 TobaccoAcreage compared with last yearipercent 16 PeachesPercentage of a full cropper cent 17 ApplesPercentage of a full cropper cent 18 PearsPercentage of a full croppercent 19 GrapesPercentage of a full croppercent SheepClip of wool compared with an average clippercent 7iQUESTIONS FOR JUNE CROP REPORT Please write very plainly REMARKS County Sign name hereCIRCULAR No 105 1 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1888 SHOWING THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF JUNE AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA Commissioner ATLANTA GEORGIA Constitution Publishinc Company 1888 7r7U 76 vCircular No 105 New Series j CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1888 Returned to the Department of Agriculture June 1 1888 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga June 8 1888 j GENERAL REMARKS The reports from correspondents are unusually full in number and in details of crop conditions and a careful reading of Notes from Correspondents from nearly every county in the State will give a very clear idea of the general condition of farm operations and crops THE WEATHER The drouth which set in after the heavy rains of March and the early part of April was brought to a close by copious rains which fell varying in the different sections of the State from the 12th to the 22d of May The seasons continued good until June 1 many correspondents complaining of too much rain which inter fered with the proper cultivation of crops The temperature throughout the greater part of May was rather too low for the healthy development of the cotton pant and this circumstance together with the too abundant rains has had a somewhat retarding effect on the crop The seasons and tempera tuie on the first day of June were all that could be desired in every section of the State 77 74 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA The reports of condition and prospects of the crops from North and Middle Georgia have rather a gloomy tinge In the lower three sectionsSouthwest East and Middle Georgiathe pros pects are generally very good and in many cases even flattering On the whole the condition of crops has advanced since last report and the indications are favorable for good yields provided the weather conditions continue good in the future CORN Stands of corn are good except in low lands where the bud worm and cut worm have been very destructive The stalk is rather small for the season but the color is good and the plants are healthy and vigorous and the fields in good state of cultiva tion OATS AND WHEAT The generous rains of the latter half of May resulted in a won derful improvement of the oat crop In some counties the yield is reported as the best since 1882 The crop is better in Southwest Georgia than elsewhere the yield being 95 compared with an average The yield of the State at large will be 87 compared with an average crop Wheat has been seriously injured by rust the extent of injury from this source being 20 per cent The evil appears to be most serious in North Georgia and Middle Georgia COTTON The condition of this crop on the first of the month was 91 compared with an average which is 7 points lower than the re ported condition June 1 1887 The stand is fairly good in every section averaging 93 compared with a perfect stand In this respect there is very little difference in the several sections The stand being so nearly perfect the cause of the comparatively low condition is found in the tact that a large part of the crop failed to germinate at the proper time on account of dry weather Hence although stands are now good the plants are small and the crop is backward some ten days on an average Compara tively few complaints of lice and other insects have been received 78IUNK CROP REPORTU In view of the favorable weather since June 1 now June 8 the condition of the cotton crop is not discouraging at this time FRUIT No change since May 1st is reported in the percentage of yield of peaches pears and grapes but apples have declined from 68 per cent of a full crop to 59 The repeated failures of the peach crop are having a discouraging effect on growers of this fruit Is it not true that the proportion of good peach years has grown much less in the last thirty years If true what is the cause Climatic conditions have undergone no change that is discover able by the observation of instruments Can it be attributed to the more general planting of grafted and budded trees than formerly SPANISH PEANUTS This variety of peanuts is becoming very popular with farmers They mature so quickly that two crops may be produced on the same land if desired in one season and some farmers are pleased with the plan of planting them in stubble fields in June It is one of the most promising acquisitions for years past THE EFFECT OF CROP REPORT PUBLICATIONS A correspondent from Campbell county says I find that a great many think it works an injury to the farmer to place before the speculator the condition of the crop Is it not a fact that such publication benefits the speculator more than the farmer In reply it may be admitted that if information of the condi tion of crops were given the speculators alone they would have greatly the advantage of the farmer But such is not the case nor is it the purpose of these reports to give information to the speculator or dealer in farm products The primary object is to inform the farmers themselves The dealers and speculators have their own machinery for gain ing information of crop prospects entirely independent of official publications It is to their interest to keep well posted in regard to these prospects and if such information were in their exclusive control they would use it to their own advantage and withhold the facts from farmers except when it suited their interests to 796 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA communicate them If no official crop publications were made it is plain that farmers would be at a disadvantage Speculators and dealers would be posted while the farmers would be in the dark Such publications are in the interest of truth and fair dealing Where the prospective yield of the wheat crop or the cotton crop is as well known to the producer as it is to the cotton or grain exchanges prices will be necessarily adjusted according to the law of supply and demand and no advantage can be taken of ignorancewhere all are equally informed If official reports of crop prospects should be abandoned then the producers would be compelled to rely for information on the speculators and the latter will be presumed to use their knowl edge for their own advantage INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS The same correspondent remarks that There is also a great deal of dissatisfaction about the way guano is placed upoti the market Please explain Our correspondent does not say in what respect the sale ot guano is unsatisfactory or whether the complaint is against the manner in which the inspection law is executed or the details of the law itself An attempt to explain without a more definite know ledge of the ground of complaint would not be likely to give sat isfaction The Commissioner is aware that the law is defective in some important respects but he can do no more than execute it as faithfully as possible with the means at his command This he claims to have done especially during the season just passed Nearly two hundred thousand tons were personally inspected and samples taken by the six inspectors and the tags applied to the bags under their personal direction and generally in their imme diate presence The work amounted to nearly twentyeight hundred distinct inspections Every car load of fertilizers enter ing the State for sale has been entered by an inspector in person either at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa or at its final destination Extraordinary diligence and care have been employed to prevent a single car load or bag of fertilizer from reaching the hands ot a farmer before being personally inspected by an inspector 80IUNE CROP REPORT1888 The greatly increased number of fertilizer factories within the limits of the State and the shipments entering the State at points where it was impracticable to station an inspector have required the whole timealmost day and nightot two of the six inspectors during the season The chemist has been overwhelmed with sev eral thousands of samples The Commissioner is confident that the law as it is has been faithfully executed The Commissioner has been informed that some instances have occurred towards the close of the season and where farmers were very urgent for the immediate delivery of their fertilizers where agents have delivered fertilizers to farmers without giving the inspector time to reach the point of delivery Several such cases by direction of the Commissioner have been reported to the pros ecuting officers of the circuits where the offenses occured to the end that the penalty of the law may be imposed Farmers who receive uninspected or untagged fertilizers have certainly no right to complain Every farmerevery good citizenshould feel in duty bound to discourage all such violations of law and to report the same to the Commissioner or one of the inspectors It has been the sincere desire and earnest purpose of the Commissioner to protect the farmer and prevent imposition The farmers them selves should cooperate with the commissioner and his inspectors in enforcing the law He invites snggestions from them in regard to changes in the law or in the details of execution BUCKWH EAT In reply to an inquiry from Mr J W Stroud of Crawford county the following information is given Backwheat from buckbeech and wheat socalled from the resemblance in shape of the grain to that of the beeh nut and the uses to which it is applied belongs to the Order Polygonacese and is botanically known as Fagopyrum esculentum The grain is black or gray threeangled and about the size of common wheat It will grow on even poor soils and has long been used as a soil improver but it gives better results on good land Sandy soils are best but it will grow on a great variety of soils Potash is the dominant fertilizing element required and hence wood ashes are a valuable fertilizer for buckwheat but any of the ordinary fertil 81 8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURKGEORGIA izers including stable manure will do Buckwheat is highly valued as a honey plant although the honey from its flowers is dark colored When sown for bees or for improving the soil it should be sown in April if for the grain August is the proper time to sow it in Georgia It commences to bloom as soon as six inches high and continues without intermission until killed by frost When the grain is the object the crop should be mown when the greatest number of seeds are ripe at one time Cut it while the dew is on with a grass blade or mower and when dry thresh with flails or run through a spike thresher and thoroughly dry the grain Sow broad cast if the land is pretty clean at the rate of half bushel of seed per acre and cover with a harrow Or the seed may be sown in three feet drills two quarts being suffi cient for an acre Forty bushels per acre is not an uncommon yield The grain is excellent for fowls of all kinds and for hogs It would doubtless be a good plan to sow stubble lands in buckwheat in June as a soil improver Two crops may be turned in on the same land the same season the second requiring no seeding The seed are worth 2M per bushel and may he had of Mark W Johnson Seed Co of Atlanta BOG CHOLERA Mr S P Odom asks for a remedy for hog cholera There are several forms of the disease popularly called hoy cholera and it may be safely said that no remedy or cure has yet been discovered Individual animals have been known to recover from an attack or at least survive and such recovery is attrib uted to remedies employed or the treatment given But it is doubtful if in any case the disease has yielded to treatment Care ful and longcontinued scientific investigations have been made and the general result is that it is practically useless to attempt to cure an animal that has been infected with the disease The most economical and expedient course to pursue is to kill every hog in which the disease has manifested itself and will not yield to treatment hum or bury deeply the carcasses and rely on pre venting the spread of the plague by the use of disinfectants Tf a specially valuable animal should become affected it may be well to attempt its cure but the sick should he at once widely sepa 8JUNE CROP REPORT1888 rated from the well The following prescription ha been used with supposed success 2 tbg flowers of sulphur 2 flbs sulphate of iron copperas 2 Ihs madder ft black antimony h lb nitrate of potash sulphur 2 oz arsenic Mix the above in 12 gallons of gruel for 100 hogs or give on pint doses to each daily Give to both sick and well where the latter have been exposed Not only should the sick be separated from the well animals but each class should be moved to new and clean quarters or pas tures Burn up the old beds sprinkle walls and floors of sheds or styes with a solution of one pint of pure carbolic acid to ten gal lons of soft soft water All discharges should be deeply buried or treated with a solution of one ounce of chloride of zinc to two gal lons of water The person who attends the sick should not have anything to do with the well hogs All food and water should be clean and pure If these directions are faithfully followed the disease may be stayed in its progress and stamped out Every farmer should see and inspect his hogs as well as all other ani mals every day and act promptly on the very first appearance of diseaseCONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT FOR JUNE 1888BY SECTIONS SECTIONS North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia Southeast Georgia Average for the State Corn Oats 2S op o2 98 92 91 92 103 84 85 92 85 1 Wheat Cotton re si t a C5 en f S M a 3 It 0 5 2 re a Ifl P c c re s a X a t H EC U 80 21 96 92 72 21 94 89 89 20 92 92 81 15 93 87 94 99 21 80 93 91 Sugar Cane Tobacco re B Fruit Sheep Peaches Apples Pears Crapes 97 91 100 99 100 42 21 27 31 68 71 45 50 60 64 50 50 39 36 48 95 97 94 95 98 85 91 96 98 90 hi S H c w c d t1 H d w I C JUNE CROP REPORT1888 11 NOTES OF COEEESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA BanksThe heavy rains have drowned out much lowland corn that will have to be planted over The wheat has the rust worse than in several years The oat crop never was better nor much more needed The continued wet weather is getting farmers somewhat behind with their work many are not done chop ping cotton and grass is growing rapidly W J Burgess A smart frost the loth and cold east rain for two days about the 20th set the cotton crop back badly causing a good deal of it to die Rust on the blades of the wheat will cause the grain to be light William M Ash Cotton is only about half as large as same time last year D H P Garrison More attention is being given to stock raising than heretofore which I think is a step in the proper direction Gbo W Wiley BartowMay 19 and 20 we are having a slow rain which will greatly benefit the growing crops Oats and clover were suffering from drouth W A Chann CatoosaEine seasons Outlook nattering Fertilizing corn with com post is a very common thing this year in Catoosa and the crops so fertilized are extra good Black rust on the wheat 26th May Jno B Henderson ChattoogaOwing to late cold weather and rain cotton is looking very badly Has a brown dead color and grows very slowly and is infected with a bug or flea that is sucking it badly Some spots were entirely killed by frost There has not been such a prospect for pears in several years as now What peaches and apples there are are large and healthy looking and unless some misfortune will be very choice The hog crop is better than it has been for years W P Poster Cotton commenced dying rapidly during the rain which commenced about May 19 but fortunately very little had been chopped to a stand so that it did no great damage Has stopped dying since the rain D Wheeler CherokeeFrost on the 15th inst killed cotton in several sections Since then we have had copious rains which has brought out the lingering plant to a pretty good stand Farmers are well up with their work J J A Sharp Wheat up to about the 15th of April promised a good crop About that time rust confined itself to the blades until the wheat commenced turning it then struck the stalk and my opinion is that the low flat hollows will not be worth culling High dry land is the place to make wheat in this country M S Paden 8512 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ConnThe damage to the oat crop was caused by the excessive cold weather during the first of the spring and the wheat crop is almost entirely ruined by rust Prospect for good crops is splendid and farmers are hard at work We have no loafers out in our part of the country J Y Alexander Farmers are beginning to see more plainly the need of clover and grasses and will soon grow more ot them J J Greer Farm rs are not near done chopping out yet On account of the cold rainy weather the cotton looks very baddont think any of it is killed Corn looks very well Wheat has some rust on the blade Joseph Martin DadkCorn is generally very small The late rains have increased pros pects in yield of oats considerably There is so little wheat sown that it is hardly noticeable Our farmers seem to be very hopeful and have renewed their energy Apples and peaches are dropping very badly A severe frost the fifteenth of last month did considerable damage G A R Bible North end county very dry G J Stokks The wheat has been looking very fine but the rust is striking it and if the wet weather continues will damage it considerably Jas R Allison Constant showers have kept our crops in fine order Gardens never morn promising The frost May 15th made a few apples drop but left a full crop Farmers making best use of homemade manures also much commercial fer tilizer used J W Bryan About onefourth the wheatfields has the rust on the bladewill damage the yield materially Corn cleannever looked better at this season of the year Oats thin on the ground but looking well G W Stewart Dawson Corn is somewhat backward as a great deal of it was bitten down to the ground on the night of the loth of May but that only sets it back for a time Cotton was also bitten down but with most of farmers there were enough seed to make a fair stand though it will be later in maturing Oats badly cut off by the cold dry weather P J Clarke The outlook for all crops is very Mattering Wheat will fall below an average owing to late seeding and rust Oats both fall and spring were never better Corn is fully up with an average in size and the stand was never better Cotton though small is growing A 1 Looan FanninFrom all indications we will do well this year The farmers are exerting all their energies and we think if seasons are favorable their efforts will be crowned with success Samuel Higdon Floyd Rust is damaging the wheat crop very badly cannot tell yet to what extent Cool nights and excessive rains have been a great drawback to cotton consequently it is very small and late There is a large crop of Spanish peanuts planted J P McConnell 86JUNK CROP REPORT1888 l The condition of corn has somewhat improvedit is generally clean and even where small is strong and healthy The late rains have improved the condition of the oat crop at least 20 per centrust only found in low places The wheat crop is generally much injured by rustnot over 75 per cent of a full crop can be made against 110 per cent prospectively reported for May The chilly damp weather ot the past week caused cotton to look badly for a few days but the hot weather has brought it out and now looks much better than before the rains Sweet potato vines are generally much injured by bugs Apples shedded badly and Shockleys are rusting to considerable extent The grape crop has never been more promising Sheep and wool industry a thing of the past in this county too much CUR dog Felix Cokitt Clover is being harvested and will average 110 The same may be said of Timothy orchard grass and Herds grass The weather now is very favorable for millet The weather has been throughout May too cold for melons and cotton 1 Lindsay Johnson ForsythHorses are afflicted in this vicinity with a disease of the skin similar to farcy seems to itch and causes them to lick themselves takes the hair off The eruption discharges a bloody water A small number have died Would like to know a remedy H N Sutton Farcy is a milder form of glanders but will eventually run into the latter There is no cure for it Every horse affected with suspicious symptoms should be entirely separated from all other animals and if certain that it is farcy or glanders he should be killed and his carcass burned Commissioner The prospect for corn cotton and oats is tolerably good Wheat is very sorry Thomas L Dims FranklinIn some localities peaches are plentiful Apples are generally plentiful Wheat is going lo be pretty fair not injured verv much by rust yet The farmers are generally behind J B D McWhortek Corn on upland looking well too much rain for bottoms A large per cent not planted yet The cotton crop is not looking well was damaged by frost on the 15th of May Wheat has the rust very badly Oats are fine better than they have been tor years John K Sewell GilmerTheearly sown oats were injured by the March freeze Red mold on the blade of wheatI dont think it hurts the wheatno rust on stalk yet Some apple trees are full and others have very few on them N L Oshorn GordonCorn and cotton small for the season First too cool and dry then excess o rain Cotton is not doing well If the summer is not very favor able a full crop cannot be made O H Davis All crops looking well now Cotton strong and healthy looking Wheat has rust that may injure it Some of it has passed that period but may fall down There will be peaches and apples for home use but I have seen no pears S Roek 8714 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA If rust does not out it short we are expecting an average crop It is on the blade now and may strike the stalk and injure it seriously Tobacco plant beds have been injured and in some instances ruined by bugs and planters say they cannot make over half a crop for want of plants We have had too much rain this month to get crops in good shape J G B Erwin GwinnettThe continuous rains of last week were very damaging to cotton causing much of it to die and injuring the stand materially That which survived looks poor and unpromising A full crop can hardly be hoped from the present outlook Corn is more promising and with favorable seasons may give an average yield R D Winn HabershamCorn in this section of the county is at least ten days later than it was at this time last year Farmers very badly behind with their crops on account of so much rain in May Some of the farmers are beginning to awake to the fact that less cotton and more grass and grain is the only hope for the men living on the wornout lands of northeast Georgia S 1 Busha The wheat crop does not show any damage from the late frost yet Ap ples are dropping off very bad at this time Almond Hulsey HallUpland corn is looking well and is well worked owing to the cotton being so late and irregular in coming up Killing frost in low lands 15th of this month W F Wallib Both corn and cotton are small owing to the recent cold snap Farmers are nearer up with their work and in better spirits than usual Live stock and particularly hogs are more plentiful and in better condition than usual Farm ers are less in debt than they have been for the past five or ix years A R Smith HaralsonWheat is seriously injured by rust Forward sowing will do to cut in a few days and will to a great extent escape injury but late sowing will hardly be worth cutting Oats are very thin on the land but if not injured by rust will make a lair yield Having fine rains at this time H T Reid Corn is in fine condition and growing rapidly Cotton growing slowly on account of late frost and recent continued rains Wheat nearly a failure seriously injured by rust Oats have no rust as yet Farmers are well up with their work j w Biooers JacksonWe are having continuous rains Wheat has rust which may yet lower the prospective yield Have heard of no rust in oats Our cotton is about fifteen days late with gloomy prospect General complaint about failure to get a stand of melons Many of us have planted three timesthe green bug the cause Any remedy C B Irwin Try spraying the vines with a solution of one pound London Purple to 80 gallons of waterCommissioner 88JUNE CROP REPORT1888 in Wheat not a good stand in many G M D Moon Upland corn fully equal to an average places and cut off fully onethird by rust The oat crop promises to be good There is some rust in wheat and the crop is not so far advanced but that it may be much injured Present prospect very favorable for cotton and corn Jefferson Jennings The late wheat is almost a failure It is worse rusted than I remember overseeing it Many farmers are cutting now though it lacks at least ten days of being ripe The velvet head wheat a forward variety has been harvested with but little damage by rust I have not heard of any rust in oats We sow rust proof almost entirely in our section We saw some Burt oats they are almost ready to harvest J L Smith MiltonThe farmers are getting behind on account of rain The grass is taking cotton Oats are very fine Wheat is injured by rust Young corn is doing well John B McCollum MurrayFarmers are somewhat behind with their work owing to wet weather I never saw better stands of cotton and corn The prospects are flattering if the rains do not prevent farmers from cleaning their crops Some rust on wheat R L Beck Wheat has rust on the blade Cotton is promising All crops are doing well though late The condition in the county is above an average G Jackson PauldinqCorn looks promising Cotton is somewhat backward and the stand is not very good owing to frost in early May Wheat badly injured by rust It attacked the blade before it got its growth and it is now on the stalk P P McBrayer We have a very good corn crop Cotton is very small but good Stand generally injured by frost No peaches apples about half C C Embry We are still hopeful Most all the farmers have joined the Alliance and are staying at their farms closer than I ever saw them We believe there is a good time ahead tor the mother of the country The children are grumbling but we cant help it Benj T Drake PickensThe drouth has ended We now have a fine season in the ground The 15th of May we had a white frost which damaged garden vege tables greatly and killed the cotton on low land below a stand Rust on the blades of wheat is cutting the per cent down The dry weather injured the oat crop The farmers are now in high spirits E R Alred PolkThe four days of rain accompanied by cold nights while it brought out oats wonderfully caused cotton to die out and the bud worm to badlv injure bottom corn Hence the stands of neither are as good as they should be John 0 Waddell 89IS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA RahunWe had a killing frost on the 15th which nipped the most of the orn beans etc May has been up to the 22nd too wet and cold for our corn crop but we have a fair stand and it is growing finely for the last ten days The wheat is filling well and bids fair to yield an average crop The rye crop crop up to this time has never been better April was too dry for the oat crop but the rains in May has greatly improved them 1 ust now they are beginning to head F A Blecklky TownsOur fruit crops will be almost a total failure on account of the late frost I fear that some corn on low lands is badly injured by the frost No rust on wheat at this writing 1 N Gikson Corn has a very sorry stand It has rained for the last four days continu ously which will make oats and wheat if it will quit soon Old corn plenty in the countywill not sell for 40 cents cash W R MConneli We had a considerable frost on the morning of the 15th which bit our potatoes and corn Wheat is heading very low and I fear the crop will be short If J Brown WalkkbCotton is a good stand and looks well Corn is small but is growing well Oats better than usual Wheat is now taking rust on the straw and may be cut very short Other crops look well Crops all well worked J Y Wood Weather very favorable on cotton and corn Since the 20th of May cot ton is ten days behind Too much rain now F M Toumi WhiteOur crops are looking fine and are in good fix T A Oakes On the 15th of May we had a frost that damaged the growing crops to some extent The prospect for wheat is now better than it has been in five years Stock generally is in good condition hogs are doing well in the moun tains on last years mast V L Densmore WhitfieldCorn backwardgood stand and now grassy Wheat struck with rusf and scabbing with two weeks nearly constant rain W C RlCBAKDSON MIDDLE GEORGIA BaldwinWe have had good seasons and farmers are looking more cheer ful Corn is small but if seasonable will make a good crop Spring oats have improved since the rain set in We have a tine rain at this time H C Vinson BumCrops are small for the seasoncased by cool rainy weather through out April and first part of May B T Ray The condition of all crops is below an average for the want of rain up to ten days ago at which time and since we have had a sufficiency While the erops are small the seasons are very favorable for their growth W D H Johnson 0JUNE CROP REPORT1888 17 ButtsConsiderable improvement in crops since the 21st when we had a general rain throughout the county Cotton is all up but two weeks late not more than half thinned out Corn is small but is growing fast and bids fair to make a good crop Spring oats will generally get high enough to cut but are injured by the drouth We belong to the Alliance but we must make our selves something individually before we can do much collectively If the brethren will not expect too much and go slow and stop buying we will be benefltted H C Thaxton Corn is looking better since the rain on the 20th cotton looks badly and is dying especially that which has come up since the rains it dont come up right I see some just gets at the top of the ground and dies But the old addage is A bad beginning makes a good ending The best cotton crops I ever made I had bad stands T G Preston CampbellToo much rain in May continuing up to present date 31st Wheat injured badly with rust bottom lands in bad condition oats good Farmers Alliance doing much good The farmers are determined to relieve themselves of the selfimposed tariff paid the West for corn and meat amount ing to millions of dollars annually instead of relying upon the promises of politicians for tariff reform etc This is right and by raising their own sup plies using economy and industry we will have a prosperous and happy country J J Beall The Commissioner heartily endorses the above spirit of determination and commends it to all farmers The crop of wheat is poor being badly injured by rust Oats where a good stand was obtained is tolerably good Corn looks well where it has had the proper amount of work Cotton is coming along finely and looks very promising Interest in stock raising on the increasework animals in better condition than usual Pastures larger and better Farmers generally cheer ful F H Steed Cotton small but growing finely corn looking well Farmers getting well up with their work The peach crop in this part of the county another failure Stock of all kinds in fine condition The general outlook much better than at last report J S Dodd The cold weather for the last few days with the rain has been very detri mental to crops of all kinds except oats Wheat badly damaged by rust The last planting of cotton up finely but the grass is predominant Farmers badly behind with their work but abreast with the Alliance J J Strickland I find that a great many think it works an injury to the farmer to place before the speculators the condition of the crop Is it not a fact that such publication benefits the speculator more than the farmer There is also a great deal of dissatisfaction about the way guano is placed on the market Please explain Henry N Cochran See article elsewhereCommissioner 9118 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA CarrollThe late rains have saved the oat crop and the yield will be much better than we thought a few weeks ago The frost in May hurt the cotton crop badly reducing the stand in many places Wheat nearly ruined with the rust Rust has just appeared upon the oats Bud worms were more destructive this spring than for many years M R Russell Cotton is much injured by cold nights and so much rain Wheat was prematurely ripened by the rustthe yield consequently much cut off Oats as yet not troubled with rust G A McDaniel ClarkeThe wheat harvest already commencedeight to ten days earlier than usual The new railroads in this section demoralizing labor R T PlTTARD ClaytonCorn is looking well and so far has been well cultivated Farm work is well advanced except in cases where there is an over croc A P Adamson Cotton is a little backward owing to the extreme cool nights through May the stand is a little defective caused by trost J C H Sneed Wheat is badly damaged by rustvery nearly a failure Oats are taking the rust some and will be somewhat damaged Farmers well up with their work W P Jones ColumbiaIt has been so very dry through the month of April could not plant the hard land Since the 10th of May it has been raining so much the low lands have never been dry enough to work I think the prospect for a cotton crop as poor as I ever saw Thirty days later than usual All the moist lands are very grassy and too wet to work S C Lamkin Planters are behind with their work The dry weather and hard ground retarded many and stopped some entirely from preparation and planting many not finishing planting before the 15th or 18th of May Corn on bottoms is not promisingfirst too dry and cloddy to plow and plant now too wet to work The outlook not very cheering but genial sunshine frequent showers and elbow grease will accomplish wonders J A Walton Splendid rains have fallen since May 1st and crops of corn and cotton have been greatly benefitted Late cotton has come up and the stand is almost perfect Oats have been greatly benefitted and fall oats will give a fair yield J Q Spines CowetaCotton is all of two weeks late and many farmers did not get a stand until after the recent rains The condition of the crop is at least fifteen per cent off as a very large part of the crop is not yet chopped out owing to the excessive rains and scarcity of extra labor With the exception of wheat the prospect is at this time very flattering Apples pears and grapes an abundant crop A W Stokes 92JUNE CROP REPORT1888 19 The prospect in general is somewhat flattering The seasons have been very propitious and the farmers generally are in better spirits hoping hy their united efforts they will accomplish much to their benefit in the reduction in price of all supplies and increase of value in those things they make to sell In other words we expect to buy so little that we can say to the cotton mer chant this is our cotton and unless you give us our price you cant get it for we have meat and bread at home W A Smith The above has the ring of genuine independenceCommissioner DeKalb The rains of the 19th and 20th of May were general and a per fect stand of cotton soon appeared The plant appears to be healthy and grow ing but late rains have been excessive work is retarded and the prospects are that injury will result trom grass and want of thinning T J Flake DouglasCorn prospect fine Cotton looks well to be planted so late Rut little rust on wheat and none on oats Oats are too thin on the ground to make a full crop The Farmers Alliance is moving harmoniously Every good farmer should become a member and help battle for home and rightsfor pro tection to ourselves and posterity May all join us in the battle against oppres sion B IT Phillips The nortwestern portion of this county was visited with the most destruc tive hail storm on the 23d instant that has ever been known by the oldest inhabitants of that portion of the county I suppose there is half a stand of cotton left where it was not chopped out Corn and oats damaged consid erably Jno G Maxwell ElbertToo much cold and wet for cotton and melons Half the cotton crop is not thinned out It is very grassy and too wet to clean it Spring oats are getting to be fine as well as fall oats My Burt oats that you sent me several years ago are very fine both fall and spring sowings D M Carlton Fayette Wheat is badly injured by rust and fly Should the rains con tinue three or four days the wheat uncut would be virtually lost as the straw is so tender from rust it will fall down Corn and cotton small for this time of yeartoo much wet cool weather General outlook gloomy J G Posey The late rains have very much improved the condition of spring oats There is also an average stand of cotton The corn prospect is very good On the whole farmers have the prospect of being amply rewarded for their toil Isaac G Woolsey Owing to the cool weather of April and rain in May cotton on sandy land is a poor stand Red mole in wheat has injured it Farmers are behind with their work in this county p J Hewell 9320 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Corn is doing well The late rains have improved oats wonderfully If no disaster befall them there will be a good crop harvested The wheat crop is poor injured by rust Stands of cotton generally good Chopping nearly completed The other crops do not receive the attention they are entitled to tmt are in fair condition Q C Grick EultonCrops in this section look well since the rains of last week and farmers are very busy Many of them are sowing German millet much more than heretofore More corn and peas are being planted this year than ever before G M Fishback GreenA good deal of bottom land unplanted yet Owing to excessive rains farm work is behind Aug N Asbury HancockWe have had heavy rains this week and grass is getting a good headway as most of the labor has been in the harvest field The fall oats are good and the spring crop is going to turn out pretty well The wheat is uni versally poorall injured by rust J W Cawthon Good seasons have pushed the crops well up In the midst of a wet spell now and grass promisingbut hoeing not behind so far Will have more peaches than once believed though some orchards are bare Spring oats im provedbut few sown in fall H L Middlebrooks Corn and cotton both stunted on account of cool days and nights Have had but few nights of cotton growing weather John Turner HarrisThe drouth continued here to the 8th of May up to which date the oat prospect was indeed gloomy Since that date bountiful rains have fallen improving the oat crop wonderfully and bringing up the belated cotton The prospect for corn is much better at this date May 28 than the same date last year Cotton is badly in the grass both having come up together J B Pate Would it add much to the expense account of the Department to print about once a year a list of the names of your correspondents giving postoffice address of each This would doubtless lead to an interchange of letters be tween your correspondents in the interest of agriculture Plynn Harqett Jr What do other reporters think of the suggestion If generally desired the Commissioner will either publish a list of names and postoffice addresses of crop reporters or append the postoffice of each to his notesCOMMissioNER Corn is quite small for this time of year May 20th we had one of the most destructive floods for several years which has damaged bottom land severely The weather is now warm crops are growing finely and everybody is feeling good W D Cook HeardThe recent rains and cool weather have retarded the cotton but 94JUNE CROP REPORT1888 21 the last few warm days and nights have improved it very much The oat crop is not high but the heads are very fine and the yield will be good G B Ward It has been almost a continuous rain during May40 per cent of the crop not chopped yet Corn has been well worked and is very fine J C Brkwkr HenryCorn cotton and grass are all on a boom Thos H Stallworth Since the rain commenced all vegetation has new life Corn cotton pota toes grass and in fact everything is flourishing Oats have come out beyond all expectations The prospect now is flattering for a good crop of corn and cotton J A C Wynn The seasons have been good on cotton except cool weather which caused it to die out some Corn good and oats better than an average of five years The Burt rust proof variety matures at least two weeks earlier than others and with the same chance makes about as good oats ripening by the first of June Merrkl C Lowe JonesCorn while checked by the drouth is in good condition and prom ises a fuli crop Early cotton is good but the bulk of the crop did not come up until the recent rains and consequently the crop as a whole may be put at three weeks late By persistent effort and proper push on the part of the planter there is no reason a full crop should not be made R F Ross LincolnWe have had excess of rain during the month which has been detrimental to the young cotton especially on gray lands Bottom land corn has also suffered from excess of moisture Much of the bottom lands are yet unplanted The corn crop generally is from ten to fifteen days late The late rains were very beneficial to spring oats bringing them up to a full crop Wheat generally has the blade rust and will be damaged from this cause 40 per cent J M Dill Cotton getting grassy Oats doing fine The cotton crop is about two weeks later than usual A large acreage in corn and a good oat crop assured N A Crawford MeriwetherMuch rain has caused peaches to rot and fall off We have had rain in excess for two weeks and grss in cotton is plentiful B S Clements Wheat in this county has ceased to enlist the interest of the farmers Elour is cheap and they say we can buy it cheaper than they can make it The lands have been run in cotton so long and stimulated with guano to such an extent that unless we manure highly the yield is very unsatisfactory J H Williams 9S22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Oats that were sown in the fall are fine Spring oats need rain very badly and will yield very little unless it will rain soon R M McCaslan MonroeFine rains have secured good stands of cottonthough two weeks lateand advanced its condition from last report Corn small but good color Work very well advanced Guy Taylor Corn and cotton growing nicely and grass is booming but the farmer has his sleeves pushed up K C Taylor McDuffieTen inches of rain with northeast winds this month killed out the stands of cotton and caused the bud worm to kill the corn in the bottoms and all lands not thoroughly drained A E Sturgis MorganCotton is late for the season a good portion of the crop not chopped but the condition is good Corn is also late We have had tine rains lately and with fair weather now the crop can be easily managed G D Perry Cotton has not been seriously injured by the drouth and cold though dwarfed Corn prospect is promising Farmers are working harder than I ever saw them before An Alliance has been organized in the county with much opposition G S Hanleiter The warm weather since the fine rain of May 20 is doing much to reclaim the crops from the effects of the former cool and dry weather and the mer chants as well as most other classes cant help feeling a little more serene J H Gaissert NewtonNo rain in this part of our county to do any good until 20th May then 24 hours washing lands badly All cotton chopped had to be rechopped We had a fine time to finish in and I do not remember any year when all the crop was so nearly finished chopping in May All crops are now in fine grow ing condition T A Walker OglethorpeThe percentage of Spanish peanuts planted in this county this year excels by far anything ever known before James J Green All crops now promise fair Some cotton not chopped out but generally in fair condition Corn and peas promise well and grass is fine Corn has suddenly advanced to nearly one dollar cash per bushel and the farmer is indulging in his annual wail and making his annual resolve I will make my own corn hearafter but alas how treacherous is the memory of the farmer c A Stevens PikeFarmers are backward in chopping cotton because it was late in coming Corn though small has a good color and is growing nicely E W Rose Corn and cotton look fine good stands of both stand and is fine 96 Cotton nearly all to a C R WatsonJUNE CROP REPORT1888 2S PutnamProspect for all spring crops is good Corn where well worked is well advanced and is fine Cotton stands good and it looks well Pall oat crop poor spring oats on good land fine The outlook today for a good crop is brighter than we have had for several years J L Dennis RockdaleThe recent rains have brought up good stands of cotton and the prospect is fair for an average crop W L Peek Generally the prospect is good at this time for corn and oats cotton not being far enough advanced to form any estimate yet P H White I fear the wheat will fall to 50 per cent Rust has killed the bade and is attacking the stalk Cotton has been damaged by hail and frost Oats dam Aged by frost No tobacco worth naming J P Rowein TaliaeerroThe month of May was very wet Por fully a fourth of the time the ground has been too wet to plow As a consequence grass is growing At a fearful rate and the farm work is much behind Cotton has come up as well as could be wished and corn though small is looking well L L Veazy Too much rain during month for most crops Plows have not run much over half the time Cold weather up to 16th May has checked the growth of cotton excessive rains since that date have prevented the rapid cultivation necessary to give the young crop a good send off Farmers are making a more general effort than ever before to make full food crops D N Sanders TalbotCrops of all kind are doing their best Farmers seem cheerful and hopeful are pushing their work with a vim and are determined to conquer General Green if possible The corn crops where properly worked in time are fine indeed S A Freeman A drouth of about six weeks duration up to the 20th inst has greatly re tarded the growth of corn and stands of cotton since which we have had abun dant seasons greatly reviving vegetation a continuance of which with the tendency of farmers to cut short expenses greatly aided and induced by the teachings of the Alliance I think will enable most of them to realize a brighter future D G Owen The seasons are very favorable and the prospects never more better The oat crop good Farming operations are moving on all right and farmers are in high spirits and better condition than for several years Twothirds of the farmers have joined the Alliance and are looking for brighter days in the future L B McCroney TroupAt present we are having too much rain Cotton on gray lands is poor and grassy Corn on good uplands is fine but on bottom lands is poor Grass has a fine start but with hot sun and good work I think we will conquer And pull through UpsonCorn small Cotton not a stand till after May 12th I have a few tfull blood Merino sheep which are not near so bad to jump and are better 9724 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA for wool If they continue so I think sheep will be kept more than they are now Thos J Middlebrooks WaltonBud worms have been very destructive to both upland and bot tom corn Late rains have just brought up a stand of cotton Forward chop ping will have to be done over Good seasons for the last ten days Grass growing rapidly and extra farm laborers scarce and exhorbitant wages asked Day laborers around towns are a curse to the farmers except the merchant farmer who can pay a days wages with 40 cents in goods and call it 65 cents J M Gresham The wheat crop badly damaged by rust Oat crop scattering Corn good stand Cotton ten days late stand good Crops all clean and land in fine tilth J E Nunnally WarrenApril too dry cotton failed to come up Rain May 9 very wet and cool ever since Cotton looks very badly Chopping at least two weeks late J L Matthews Cotton late stand poor chopping going on bravely Corn very small but in good condition Eall oats fine now cutting spring sown poor Fine sea sons warm and fine cotton weather All crops ten to fifteen days late James A Shivers The grain crop not flattering The cotton good stand but two weeks back ward and in bad ordergrassy The blackberry is just coming in and prom ises to be fine and there is a good deal depending on it Plenty of rain D W Rogers P SI wish you would send me a good pen WilkesWheat almost ruined by rust During the past month too wet and cool for cotton melons and such like crops The rains have saved the oat crop without which it would have been a total failure John T Winofield All crops in this county are in a fair condition except cotton which is fully three weeks late with only a tolerable stand Farmers are just beginning to chop out and recent heavy rains and cold weather makes the plant look very badly W A Pope SOUTHWEST GEORGIA BakerOwing to cool weather cotton has lost ten points since last report but as the seasons have been favorable for corn it has gained ten points Reuben Jones In making out estimates it is well to keep in mind one fact which can not be reported in these returns towit that the heavy and continuous rains of February and March prevented the planting of much land that had been pre pared It is probable that every farmer failed to plant much of his best spots from this cause This fact will affect the corn crop ot this section considerably and to some extent the cotton W L Curry WJUNE CROP REPORT1888 26 BerrienMy figures are very high and flattering so is our general crop better I think than I ever saw it and in better condition Our fruit crop is a failure save grapes which promise a fair yield We are beginning to hus band our blackberries in good earnest which are now ripening and the fruit jars of last year are being brought into requisition H T Peeples Attention to such smaller resources of the farm as blackberries is a favora ble indicationCommissioner Too much ram but crops are doing well nevertheless J E Williams Crops are looking finely Rain plentiful Jas Htjtchinson Oat crops fine and about harvested Corn crops very good Cotton look ing fine and continued good seasons Fruit unfavorable with the exception of the LeConte pear which promises a fair crop H J Parrish We are now having too much rain for cotton though I think late oats which will do to harvest in June are benefitted by constant showers Hogs dying in many places in this county with cholerasocalled J J Parish BrooksRain came in time to benefit the oat crop but too late to make a full crop Has been raining more or less for two weeks Corn crop good cotton clean and looking well Less hog cholera than usual and more hogs than for several years J W Tony After a long drouth we now have too much rain Twenty per cent cotton has come up since rains and grass in the young cotton is troubling farmers Hogs fine and generally healthy Stock of all kinds in good condition There is plenty of corn and oats for all purposes and some being shipped to other points Quite a good deal sold in carload lots Will ship 600 to 800 cars melons R I Denmark We are having fine seasons for crops to grow and they are in good clean condition up to date J W Haddock CalhounFall oats were much better than usual Spring oats not so good The weather during the month of May was favorable for cleaning the crops and rain enough to keep them growing finely The outlook for all crops is good and farmers generally in good spirits Frank P Griffin ChattahoocheeAll crops are looking very well Oats fine Farmers are giving special attention to their corn crops W P Fielder Clay We are having fine rains now and crops are very promising Full crop of oats W T Credille The late frost and hail storm damaged our corn and cotton Only quite recently had rain enough to bring up late cotton The drill worm has dam aged corn considerably on all bottom lands T M Killinqsworth CrawfordAt one time our prospects were very gloomy but late rains have revived everything Cotton that was planted late failed to come up as 99DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA the ground was dry but after chopping and siding was over the rains set in and just such a stand of cotton you seldom ever saw Corn is small but looks well is of good color and is growing fast I just never saw such a come out as there has been in the Spring oat crop Fall oats are fine but there were but few sown No peachesare tempted to destroy orchards Applesfair crop LeConte pears dead Where can I find the Pink Eye potatoe Can you tell me anything about buckwheat its nature when to sow and how much per acre Sent to Macon after a dollars worth of seed and the gentlemen brought me two sacks of flour I wish to sow for bees My honey crop is fine up to date Am doing my best with about twenty stands of Italians will report net proceeds I have about four acres planted in Spanish peanutsthey are the idea for hogs J W Stroud Corn inferior stand and small for the time of year Cotton is looking well now since the recent rains but very small and irregular stand Wheat is very poor all cut but none threshed Oats are ordinary Farmers are working with a vim James W Dickey DecaturCholera among our hogs ergot among our cattle and the Farm ers Alliance among our farmers We thank you in behalf of our organiza tion for your suggestion of our noble organization This county now has a county organization and much good can and will be derived from it by the farmers W B McDaniel DoolyGenerally dry up to 15th of May but seasonable rains since then Both cotton and corn are in better condition than usual S W Coney The recent rains and warm weather have produced quite a favorable change in crops Oats will be much better than was anticipated The hog cholera has made its appearance and is doing considerable damage We want a remedy for the cure ot the disease Who can give us one Simon P Odom DoughertyPlenty of rain since the 7th inst Corn has improved rapidly but is generally small yet and will require good seasons to bring the crop up to an average The fall sowing of oats is harvested and the yield is the best since 1882 A W Cosby Cotton two weeks late and very small Some fields that were highly fer tilized and rich lands planted in March are fine and blooming but the bulk of the crop is small Best oat crop since 1882 Corn very promising and in good condition The farmers in Southwest Georgia are hard down to work and using economy With favorable seasons for three months Southwest Geor gia will be in better condition than for ten years past J L Dozier EarlyCrops are much improved in appearance since our last report Corn has a fine appearance and is in good condition Rains have been quite gen eral but much heavier in some places than in others Cottonstand fair and condition good Yield of fall sown oats very fine and all housed safely Spring sown much improved by late rains R H Lanier 100JUNE CROP REPORT1888 UBRAP 2T of qeo Corn is small but has a fine color now Cut worms have m the stand of cotton since it was chopped J B Hobbs HoustonThere is not more than from 10 to 20 per cent of a crop of peaches apples and pears raised in this part of the county Grapes of all kinds a full crop Cotton late but near a full stand I believe that two crops of chufas may be grown in one year the second for seed of the first I am trying it and if I succeed will write you Wm J Anderson LeeWe have had fine seasons which have been very propitious for the annihilation of the young grass and May Pops Farmers seem to be pretty well up with their work Melons are looking well and are growing rapidly we have three hundred acres planted in a radius of four miles R P Johnson MaconPlenty of rain and farmers are now more cheerful The oat crop has improved wonderfully Corn is small but healthy and vigorous Cotton that was planted early is looking well The wheat crop is the best in several years J B Mltrray MarionToo much rain Bottom land wet and late Too cool for cotton and it looks badly B T Peacock Rain more frequent and showers heavier and land washed more this than any season I can recollect for the last 30 years consequently there is a great deal more grass than usual and cultivation is farther behind than usual Both corn and cotton small the latter fully ten per cent not chopped out and the former stalks spindling and color somewhat yellow in many fields Geo W C Mitnro MillerCorn and cotton is two weeks late Sugar cane a good stand and looking well Fall oats a fine crop Spring oats light Peaches almost a failure Apples about half crop Hardy Strickland Cotton ten days late on account of excessive rains in spring but in fine condition cut worms have injured the stand to some extent Bud worms in corn Condition of crops very good I S Clifton MitchellThe ravages of the dreaded pear blight at one time was really discouraging but there has been a reaction and the fruit growers are now much more hopeful of final success All kinds of stock are in good condition We have had but little cholera Our farmers are hopeful notwithstanding the present backwardness of crops generally T R Bennett This has been an extreme year The winter and early spring rains were excessive then came some weeks of dry and cool weather especially nights which injured the stands of early planting During the latter part of April and the first days of May we had some very hard and damaging rains The weather now is propitioushad recently the very finest of seasons The crop prospects improving now J B Twitty 10128 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA MuscogebThere were the finest stands of cotton up to a week ago I ever saw but the extreme cold nights and continued rains have caused the lice to be worse than I ever saw them causing the stand to be badly broken on the gray and sandy lands The plant is quite small for the season Corn looks well but small but with good seasons will make good crops L F Humber Corn small but a good color Cotton is something later than last year Since the rain and the past few warm days cotton is looking much better Prospects good for threefourths of a full crop of oats C Oqletree SchleyTne seasons have been good to date and where the proper culture has been given the crops are fine Labor is somewhat demoralized and cant be relied onis growing worse year by year 1 hope to see the day when there will be more reliability in this essential to successful farming E S Baldwin StewartThe late rains have improved very much the prospects cf crop of spring sown oats Crops are looking well where they have been fertilized and cultivated W W Fitzgerald The late rains have brought spring oats up to a good crop But little wheat sown and that badly injured by rust Acreage in peanuts greatly in creased the Spanish variety planted mostly G W Ard TaylorField crops all seem to be backward on account of continued dry weather in April and May though a fine season came a week ago Many farmers are not through chopping Work stock in good condition As the stock law is agitated in many counties would a question in your reports touch ing the satisfaction given where tried be inappropriate It might be upon the information obtained other counties could act more advisedly I merely suggest J T Adams I was in Butler last week and found the price of white peas at the Alliance store to be 1 but another merchant one of the largest in the town asked me 150 for the same kind of peas So it seems that the Alliance is doing some good United we stand divided we fall In unity there is strength A M Walker All growing crops are forging ahead very rapidly and if seasons continue good for another month there will be a fine forage crop Edgar Stewart Corn is now growing rapidly and prospect good Cotton is very small but has commenced to grow Our farmers as a rule have adopted the motto Work hard economize and keep out of debt This will certainly bring scccess D e Brown TerrellThe seasons have been very unfavorable for the growing crop The cutworm and bowl worm have injured stands of corn and cotton in places badly Elijah Belflower Crop prospect very promising Oats are being harvested and are good 102JUNE CROP REPORT1888 Most of the farmers fertilize them well Seasons good and labor plenty Pros pects better than for years Stock are in good condition and feed is plenty E G Hill ThomasThe farmers are taking more pains in preparing their lands before planting Stock is better cared for than heretofore The hog cholera is not prevailing as bad as it has been heretofore Tell the correspondents to rub the chickens heads with coal tar it will kill the chigoes which he calls chicken fleas Chigoes will kill young chickens It is a new insect that has appeared in some parts of the country L H Player WebsterThe late rains are making spring oats look very well Pall oats are very good Negro labor becomes more uncertain every year which is very discouraging to farmers White labor is better The Farmers Alliance has encouraged white labor and done much good by advocating intensive farming and making farms selfsustaining T J Stapleton Seasons have been favorable for working crops labor plentiful and crops generally in good condition though a little backward R A Bell Wilcox As a general thing crops are being better cultivated this season than usual More attention is being given to fruit growing Better stock than the wire grass is talked of A B Cain Seasons fine Crops clean but small Prospects good for a fair crop D P McCrimmon WorthStands of cotton are badly broken on account of cut worms and lice Corn on low lands is all ruined by bud worms Oats are nearly all saved with a good yield W A Hall EAST GEORGIA BullockCrops in fine condition and much larger than last year at this time Oats light caused by April drouth C A Sanir BurkeIt is gratifying to see the gradual though yet small annual increas ing attentson to the enlarging of the provision crop which means increase in number and condition of all stock on the farm and this again means an im provement in all respects in the condition of the owner of the farm J B Jones DodgeCrops look very well and we have good stands of both corn and cotton James Bohannon Crops look better and growing finely Oats damaged by drouth to some extent The farming interest improving in this county and the prospect good for a greater improvement hereafter D M Btjchan EmanuelThere has been five weeks drought in some sections of thig county It made some of our farmers late in getting a stand of cotton E W Lane M D 1030 DEPARTMENT OP AGKICULTDREGEOKQIA GlascockEarly varieties of wheat escaped the rust and consequently gave a full average yield Fall sown oats were never better The stand of corn is very bad and consequently the crop is below par Seaborn Kitchens JeffersonThe long dry spell in April and May has caused all crops to be small for this season of the year but the good seasons now are brineins crops up finely A E TARV1fR While the spring has been unusually mild crops are very backward The long drought in the latter part of April and first of May has caused much late planting of cotton In many places it is just peeping thr jugh the ground S M Clark Owing to the protracted dry spell in April a large percentage of cotton did not com up until about two weeks ago While both cotton and corn are two weeks late both look healthy and are in first rate condition The outlook is favorable Pears almost a failure The LeConte a majestic fraud up here Henry L Battle JohnsonThe heavy rains early in spring filling the bottoms full of water and overflowing the same and the nights being cool the cotton prospect is not so good Corn looks well G W Tapley Crops are small but in very good fix j p Kennedy Laurens A dry April and a wet May portends a bad crop year PuU stands of cotton not up till 20th of May Early April plantings of cotton in good condition Corn small and spindling and far behind last year J T Chappell Corn very small Cotton about 20 days late and very small Oats are very poor except where manured Burt oats are doing better than rust proof WF Howard Crops greatly improved by recent rains Cotton planted after the drought in April seems to be doing better than old cotton T J Blackshear is MoNTGOMERYThe Prospect for cotton is not flattering about half the crop a e J C Clements Owing to drought cotton is just up Corn is looking very well and farm ers are hopeful TPWilliams Crops are in fine condition They were slightly damaged by heavy rains recently The fruit crop is almost an entire failure G M T McLeod ScrivenWe were four weeks without rain which retarded the growth of crops to some extent but I think crops have suffered more from cool nights than drought w c Bowl At present we have good seasons Farmers well up and the crops look well 1 he wool clipping is something better than usual E B Gross TatnallThe corn crop is exceptionally good and in good condition Cot ton planted in March is good and a good stand that planted in April is just now getting to a stand and as we plant black seed cotton here it cant make over a half crop Peaches and pears are all killed and will not have a half crop of apples Every farmer in the State should plant Spanish peanuts and Kaffir corn John Hughey 104JUNE CROP REPORT1888 31 Crops of all kinds are late but have improved wonderfully since the rains began J S Lanier Since last report seasons have been favorable for farming Cotton gen erally is in good condition and all other crops have greatly improved Fruit very near a failure Some hog cholera Wm F Williams warmth and showers has raised our crops and H L WlMBERLY its TwiggsMay with spirits The wool clip is good in weight and quality but the sheep are few in number and growing smaller on account of the stock law A large per cent of the cotton was not up until the recent rains since which it is growing finely Fred D Wimberly WashingtonCotton is not all up but looking well Labor plenty and doing finely Our prospects very good All farmers are behind with their work H N Hollifield but improving I A Mason WilkinsonFine rains Corn and cotton very small Outlook rather gloomy at this writing SOUTHEAST GEORGIA BryanCorn sweet potatoes sugar cane and rice are looking remarkably well Cottonstand poor but looks well The long staple variety is planted on the coast and it is rather late to remedy deficiency in stand The frosts used up the fruit set on LeConte pear trees I know of no other varitey planted Philip 1 Cory The corn crop fine Season good Cotton up and doing very well P W Williams CamdenThe recent rains have done the crops much good The oat crop has been cut off 25 per cent by the dry weather of April and May E A McWhorter CharltonHave had fine rains and vegetation of all kinds is growing nicely Robt Hatcher We have had good seasons for three weeks past The prospect for all crops is good Aaron Dowling Corn is better than usual Oats much better than anticipated A G Gowen ChathamCrops have all suffered from cold and drouth but the recent rains will no doubt bring everything forward rapidly except oats which was too far advanced to be benefitted much C A J Sweat ClinchWork is well up and crops promising Farmers have used more fertilizers this season than usual and are pleased with the result We are stumping the lands and tilling better than usual L C Mattox The prospect of a corn crop in this county was never better Cotton is later than usual The peach crop is about a failure and the pear crop will be very light The farmers are well up with their work Many of them are taking the stumps out of their land and gradually tending toward the inten sive system M Tomlinson CoffeeCotton is smaller than usual Corn and sweet potatoes are doing well Oats cut off by drought to some extent The apple and peach crops are almost entire failures Joseph Bailey 10532 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA EcholsCrops are growing as if by magic and though small for the season are looking well No fruit worth naming except pears Hogs in some locali ties are dying of ehslera We have now a new pest called chigoes or Texas fleas which are very fatal on young chickens etc G W Prime CoffeeThe seasons since May 1st have been remarkably fine Corn has improved twentyfive per cent Cotton that was up early is doing finely Good crops of peanuts will be made on stubble land Farmers are cutting their oats and planting peanuts as they do much better than common peas J B Pafford EffinghamCotton and corn both an imperfect stand from the long drought have been much injured from the cool nights and the cut worms but have improved since the rain 0 E Smith Weather cool Farmers up with their work Season dry Hog cholera prevailing Bud worms are bad F R Tarver GlynnThere will be but few Irish potatoes made in Glynn on account of the inferior tubers planted Potatoes which were purchased by planters of this county for Early Rose proved to be Godsknowswhat for I can not tell There has been a great swindle perpetrated upon the farmers this year in the purchase of their seed potatoes In the future I would advise all to procure their seed of a reliable seed house J R Doerflinger LibertySeasons are fine All crops are booming and the heart of the busy farmer is made glad But the great curse here is ignorance as to the elementary principle of the tradeso much waste of labor on undrained soils Beg the farmer to ditch ditch ditch Millions have been lost to this low country for want of drainage An excess of rain now would blight all our cropsjust for the want of some cheap ditches Alfred J Hendry All crops are above good averages and oats are made Jas A M King The dry spell has at last been broken and when rain came it found corn clean of grass and also what cotton came up early Chickens that are small are killed by fleassomething never known before My wife has lost 90 per cent of what were hatched Can some one suggest a remedy J O Davis Jr McInToshSince the recent rains set in the crops look more promising D R McIntosh All crops at this writing are very promising Geo E Atwood PierceWe have had a great deal of rain for the last two weeks Every thing is booming Fine crops and fine prospects H L R Avant WareWe have several farmers that have plowed their oat ground and planted corn and it bids fair for a good crop Some have planted rice after oats and it did well Our farmers are all in good heart Corn good oats good In fact this seems to bo a season for a good crop of everything We want more fanciers and breeders Our stock are all healthy and a good in crease J M Stiger Wayne Farmers here seem to be in better condition financially than they were last year The dry weather during the last of April and first of May checked the growth of crops but now the showers of rain have come and the crops grow and the farmers smile W H Roberson 106Special Circular No 711 New Series QUESTIONS FOR JULYCROP REPORT Returnable July 1st 1888 Wheatyield compared to averageper cent Wheataverage yield per acrebushels Oatsyield compared to averageper cent Oatsaverage yield per acrebushels Glover and Grassyield compared to avper cent Compared to an average condition and prospect of Cottonper cent Cornpercent Riceper cent Tobaccopercent Sweet Potatoesper cent Sugar Caneper cent Melonspercent Peachesper cent Applespercent Grapesper cent exiics Correspondents Name Postofflce County 07CIRCULAR No 106 New Series J CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1888 SHOWING THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CEOPS THE FIEST OF JULY AND OTHEE MATTEES EELATING TO AGEICULTUEE IN GEOEGIA T T HEITDEESOIT CoBunlseionei ATLANTA GEORGIA Constitution Publishing Company 0Circular No 106 j New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1888 RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JULY 1 1888 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga July 9 1888 GENERAL REMARKS The weather during the month was quite variable in its con ditions in different sections of the State It was generally dry String the first half the rains commencing in some sections about the 15th in others later until finally on the 26th and 27th pretty general rains occurred A review of the Notes from Corres pondents will disclose the fact that the crops are remarkably spotted throughout the State ranging in prospect and condi tion from one extreme to the other The condition of the crops Taries widely even in the different neighborhoods of a single onnty wheat and oats The yield of wheat was not so good as was anticipated in last report the actual yield compared to an average being only 65 in the State against a prospective yield of 80 on the first day of June Southwest and East Georgia report 93 and 85 respectively 1114 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA against 89 and 81 on the first of June but North and Middle Georgia show a great falling off from the prospective yield on June 1st the figures being now 55 and 54 respectively against 80 and 72 This reduction was due to the increased development of rust in these two sections the weather being favorable for its propagation while the crops in Southwest and East Georgia were forward enough to escape the fungus almost entirely The oat crop is about what was expected a month ago taking the State over the yield in South Georgia and Middle Georgia being considerably less and the sections fully maintaining the June expectations In the yield of both wheat and oats the unu sual spectacle is presented of North and Middle Georgia falling below Southwest and East Georgia CORN The condition and prospect of the corn crop has fallen from 95 on the first of June to 91 on the first of July in the State at large the reduction being chiefly due to a decrease in North Middle and Southeast Georgia Southwest and East Georgia holding their own The crop throughout the State is very uneven and variable The weather conditions however at date of this report are gen erally favorable throughout the State and with a continuance of the same until the middle of July there will probably be a suf ficiency of corn produced for home demands COTTON Like the corn crop cotton is also very spotted different cor respondents from the same county sometimes giving very widely different reports Drouth in some sections lice and cold winds in others too much rain in others are assigned as causes of the decadence of condi tion from 91 on June 1st to 88 July 1st As in the case of corn the conditions now are favorable and with a continuance of seasonable weather throughout July the prospect will rise very materially A good stand and clean healthful growing condition of the plants at this date is a good basis upon which to predicate a fair yield if the weather be rea sonably propitious until September 1st 112CONSOLIDATED CROP EEPOET FOR JULY 1888By Sections Wheat Oats and Condition and Prospect Compared to an Average Grass tp be at 1 3 M 3 to i il s bfi al 2 5 S 5 5 B M P fa S P e P 0 ai a 3 s 2 s p a o e 11 o P 0 1 s a P s g 2 P a o o o a N O o o A o V dq 0 OJD a en 00 a o o3 V f OJ 5 OJ ft a 55 5 O ee 55 40 79 140 92 90 93 91 94 93 91 40 68 92 54 44 80 120 91 86 87 89 95 96 86 24 73 92 93 72 92 127 105 91 92 93 90 94 98 88 33 49 95 85 60 86 140 77 90 98 99 98 102 86 33 50 91 90 150 94 95 89 86 95 99 91 35 71 92 65 45 85 135 94 88 91 92 91 1 95 98 88 1 33 62 92 t1 o O hd W c 13 IDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA NOTES EKOM COKEESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA BanksJune has been dry and a tine time to clear the crops of grass Good rains up to the 27th Wm M Ash Cotton fifteen days late Fine rains and farmers well up with their work W J Burokss Corn and cotton dont seem to grow this year as well as usual Crops are yet small and dont look thrifty Geo W Wiley BartowOwing to the cold and late spring cotton and melons are a little behind We have good seasons to date John P Jones Crops small for the time of year but in fine growing condition and farm ers well up with work W A Chann Catoosa and WalkerToo much rain wheat and oats rusted Grass fine clover tolerable AI Leet ChattoooaRust has injured oats very much Cotton had begun to growr but it is now raining with cold east wind W P Foster Rust struck wheat rather late but damaged it badly Cotton though small for the time of year is thrifty and growing Corn is very good Oats were damaged slightly by rust D Wheeler CherokeeRust appeared on what has been considered heretofore rust proof oats m S Pade BadeA windstorm on the 28th blew down corn and oats that had been cut badly G w Stewart Wheat not yet threshed out and oats not yet harvested G W Stokes Corn fine but badly blown down Grapes rotting badly Oats and wheat both injured by rust G A K Bible DawsonFine seasons now Corn good Wheat and oats are injured by rust and smut D E Smith Wheat has not been threshed but the yield will not exceed four bushels per acre Cotton is backward PJClarke FanninCorn is in fine condition and is growing rapidly Wheat nearly a failure on account of rust S Higdon FloydAll crops look well and are growing off finely Millet is very K0 J P McConnell 114JULY CROP REPORT1888 Corn is fine Cotton is good and growing very fast Fine seasons Got ten taking on fruit well and bids fair to make a good crop N C Sandbss Cotton and melons are much improved in the last ten days A heavy crop of clover has been harvested in good condition and the second crop i growing fast J Lindsay Johnson Cotton is in good growing condition but generally small Wheat was cut off by rust Sweet potatoes and melons injured by insects Felix Corput ForsythCotton and corn look well and are in fine condition Rust ia wheat and oats T L Sims FranklinCotton and corn are looking very well but we are very dry Crops are clean and with a good season we will be all right J B McWhortbr Corn good and looking well Cotton small but doing well John R Sewell GilmerCorn looks well on high land low lands are injured by too much rain Wheat was injured by rust Fruit crop very good Hogs dying of cholera L Tankersly Wheat was injured a few days before it was cut by rust Not yet threshed Some rust on oats N L Osborn GordonCorn is doing very well and warm weather is improving cotton But little oats seeded but the yield is good J G B Erwin All cultivated crops have improved since last report but cotton is two weeks late O H Datis GwinnettCotton and corn small for the season but look thrifty About two weeks late indicating about twothirds of a crop J T Baxter Good seasons and clean crops are general Not so much indebtedness on the part of farmers M P King Corn cotton and all crops are very much improved since last report R D Winn HabershamCorn is small but all that could be wished in breadth of stalk and blade Peronapora almost universal with black rot on Isabella and kindred grapes Can any correspondent give me the name of a farmer who has made a success of tiledraining savannah or peaty land and at what ost Jas P Phillip Cotton and corn are late but growing finely Moses Walters Hogs are dying with cholera Rain plenty and labor is scarce Gras n 4oing fully as well as crop 8 J Buuba 115t DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA HallCannot tell the average per acre as wheat and oats have not yet been threshed A R Smith HakalsonCrops were badly damaged by a rain and wind storm which occurred yesterday J W Biggers HartPine seasons yesterday Crops are late but looking well having been well cultivated Alex White JacksonGood general rain on the 27th instant June Jefferson Jennins Cotton smaller than usual but generally in good condition Wheat was ruined by rust Prospect for corn and cotton good T S Johnson MurraySeasons were good during June and the prospect is good for fine crops of cotton corn and potatoes H Heartsill PauldinoWheat was generally ruined by rust Seasons have been good and cotton though small bids fair for an average yield P P McBrayer The farmers are in fine spirits We have never had a better prospect for a corn and cotton crop We will pay out of debt this fall and then be true Alliance men B T Drake PickensIt was quite dry until the 26th 27th and 28th when we had general rains The growing crops are in a flourishing condition and farmers are in fine spirits E R Allred Cotton in Northwest Georgia slim Corn excellent B P Reed Rust ruined wheat and oats Corn and cotton are late but looking well Needing rain at this time L J Allred RabtjnSince last report rust has taken both wheat and oats which has reduced the yield fully one half Pine seasons and the corn is good F A Bleckley TownsRust has injured wheat 40 or 50 per cent and there is some rust on oats but cant tell the extent of injury yet J N Gibson Wheat is cut short by rust but we have a fine crop of rye of which we raise a good deal M J Brown UnionThe rust has nearly ruined the wheat and oats E F Parks WalkerCotton has been backward but is now on a boom Rust ruined a good wheat prospect J J Broyles Weather very favorable since May 20th F M Young WhiteThe cold rains in the latter part of May caused the rust to attack wheat amd oats Budworms injured the bottom corn but the crop is good F L Dinsmore 116JULY CROP REPORTli Rain in gentle showers sufficient to make corn and potatoes look well J B West WhitfieldWheat ruined with rust and oats thinned by freezing Corn is late but looks well and seasons are good J P Groves Wheat rusted Oats blown down badly Too dry for grass W C Richardson W D H Johnson MIDDLE GEORGIA BibbHaving too much rain for all crops ButtsAll field crops are growing rapidly and looking well Plenty of rain W S Hunt CampbellRecent heavy rains have injured crops on low sand lands and uplands aTe badly washed I I Beall Corn is promising Oats fine but damaged by wet weather Cotton small but has good color F H Steed Two much rain at present Crops growing finely and farmers in fine spirits J J Strickland Rust ruined wheat and some of it will not be cut Some parts of the county have not had rain in three weeks J S Dodd ClarkeCotton is late in starting off Small grain again ruined by rust Crops are generally clean R T Pittard CarrollThe storm that has raged for the last week injured both corn and cotton I never saw crops grow faster M R Russell ClaytonWe are having splendid season and very promising Crops are in fine condition W P Jones ColumbiaCorn crop is very poor and the cotton prospect is not good The July crop will be very light M I Branch From some unknown cause the corn crop is far below an average Cotton is doing well but is two weeks late J I Spires Cotton is at least thirty days behind last year S C Lamkin CowetaWe have not suffered a single day for rain Early planted corn and cotton where they have been well worked look fine Let all the farmers rjlant less fertilize more and work better and no doubt we will all be better off Wm A Smith T1j rains have been excessive Cotton is small arid all of ten days late A W Stokes DuKaibWe are having fine rain and corn and cotton are doing finely though ten or fifteen days late W H Carter 11710 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA DouglasWheat killed by rust Oats rusty and blown down by the wind storm of the 27th Cotton is ten or twelve days late Up to the 27th corn would have averaged 100 but it was badly blown down and damaged by the wind on that date y jj Nalley Cotton is small and the corn has been damaged by wind B H Phillips ElbertMost too dry for crops to do well Cotton ten days late S D Elder The labor question is the question of the day Labor is becoming more and more unreliable j L Thornton FayetteThe ground is now thoroughly wet and forward corn will need but little more rain Q c Grre Heavy rains damaged cotton and wheat Corn is doing well F D Hewell GreeneToo much rain fields grassy and will probably continue so for some time n O M bANDERS Where well cultivated crops are looking very fine Aug N Asbury HancockToo much rain for grapes and they are rotting badly We have two or three showers per day Grass fine John Turner Plenty of rain grass under control and crops growing finely H L MlDDLEBROOKS We have had fine rains during the past few days and things look a little bnghter for farmers j w Cawth0N HarrisA heavy wind and rain storm on the 27th and 28th broke down 20 per cent of the corn w D CoOK Rains plentiful Crops free of grass and growing finely J B Pate HeardCo very much injured by heavy rains and winds on the 27th and 28th J B Wade Henry CholeraBefore the war I had cholera in my hogs every year In 1864 I lost sixteen in four days A friend told me to boil common poke root to a strong tea salt it well and give it to the hogs to drink I did so giving the tea in wheat bran to some ten or twelve trat were then iek All of them got well I havnt had cholera since using as a preventive occa sional dosing with poke root tea and giving plenty of salt and water all the time and keeping the lice off K j Harper Seasons are good and we have flattering prospects for all crops JA C Winn 118JULY CHOP REPORTIS 11 JonesCrops are small for the time but we are having good seasons and crops are thriving P T Ross LincolnMay too wet June too dry Cotton two weeks late corn small N A Crawford We are in the midst of a three weeks drouth Prospects of sill kinds gloomy Cotton twenty days late The stalk worm destroying corn J M Dill McDuffieCorn and cotton have improved rapidly for the last ten days Good rains the past week J H McCorkle Cotton one month behind former years Corn the poorest in twenty years A E Stcrgis MeriwetherThe rain and wind storm on the 27th was very heavy Cannot yet tell the damage to corn B S Clements MonroeContinuous rains since the 13th have given General Green quite the advantage More rain moretaters Kos C Taylor MorganCotton a little late but looking well Corn is very fine Dont think our county will buy much next year J T Newton Crops are comparatively clean Fine seasons today Corn is about made Cotton blooming G S Hanleitkr We have had abundant rains within the last week and grass is booming but with fair weather now we can hope for a fair crop G D Perry NewtonCorn small for the season but late rains have caused a fine pros pect for an average crop Cotton is fine and in good condition Larger pea crop than usual T A Walkkr Corn that was well fertilized and cultivated is good The yield and quality of wheat are very poor Can you not get us a better seed wheat L P Livingston OglethorpeCotton is very small but clean and with fair showers will make a good crop W T Nash Has been dry in places for three weeks but no injury has resulted Splendid rains in the last few days C A Stevens Weather now favorable to all crops John T Hurt PikeCorn and cotton are fine Very heavy rains and some grass but no danger if we have a few clays of dry weather C R Wilson Cotton is very small Having too much rain and many farmers are in the grass Some are not through chopping E W Ross Considerable rain for the past few weeks and grass is booming G A Williams 11912 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA PutnamFine seasons and prospects are good O W Reid Seasons good crops clean prospects fine J T Dennis RochdalePlenty of rain Cotton is small but looks healthy and the fields are generally clean Patrick H White Cotton two weeks late Corn injured by wind Grapes rotting very badly G F Rowan Seasons all that could be wished to date Melons injured by bugs Wm L Peek Seasons fine throughout June and prospect for a continuance Rust on oats for the first time caused by too high fertilizing J S Albert TaliaferroHeavy local rains during June and in those places there is much grass Other places have been dry First cotton bloom noticed on the 24th L L Veazy TalbotSeasons are good and grass in abundance hut the prospect is flat tering L B McCrort Very fine seasons to date and all crops in fine growing condition The early planted corn is nearly made Farmers are hopeful S A Freeman TroupWe have had rain and considerable wind which has injured corn Jas Patillo Cora is small and ten days late Cotton also ten days late Too much rain for the last few days H H Cart M D UbsonCotton had a hard time at the start and can never recover from bad stands and small size Seasons are good T J Middlebrooks WaltonPortions of the county very dry through June hence crops are small though in good condition to benefit by the good seasons now at hand J Gresham WarrenCotton small and late hut good stands and healthy Corn crops are poor Blackberry wine plenty tis good in sicknesseverybody sick Politics125 D W Rogers WilkesUpland corn is fine too wet for bottoms Cotton is two or three weeks late Oats good for the acreage Have heard of but two crops of wheat that are not affected by rust although many others sowed the same variety Jno T Winofield SOUTHWEST GORGIA BakerFine rains have fallen in the last few days W L Curry Too much rain for cotton Corn doing well Crops in fine condition Reubkn Jonbs BerriexFine seasons everything on a boom 120 H T PkeplesJULY CROP REPORT1888 IS Corn and cotton are now growing finely having had a good rain a few days ago J Parish BkooksJune has been dry and corn will be cut short Had good rain on the 27th Peaches a failure W W Wad CalhounPlenty of rain throughout the county at this time but some sections have been dry W T Perry Seasons have been very favorable for crops and where fertilized and well worked they are very good No room for complaint F P Griffin Chattahoochee Rains abundant since the 27th ult and crops are doing their best F V Schley Seasons are fine and crops are good wherever they have been properly worked W P Fielder ClayPine rains have fallen in the last ten days and corn cotton and all vegetation are doing finely T E Speight ColquittCotton has improved wonderfully within the last two weeks and with good seasons during July a good crop may yet be made F J Walker The seasons have been fine and the crops have been generally well worked J T Hammond M D CrawfordAbundance of rain now Cotton and corn are both small for the time of year and corn is about as spotted as I ever saw it The latter is shooting too low and is dodging to shoota bad sign but if the seasons con tinue good through July corn on good land and not so far advanced may prove to be unusually good J W Stroud DecaturWork stock are in better condition at this time than I have seen them in several years W B McDaniel Crops are clean Drouth cut off what was a promising oat crop Rains now general and plenty 0 J Munnerlyn DoolyIt has been rather too dry in many localities for the last three weeks and until yesterday when a fine rain occurred S P Odum Corn and cotton are clean and are doing finely Plenty of rain now S W Coney DoughertyThe corn crop is now assured and is the best since 1882 Frequent rains have caused a rapid and succulent growth of the cotton weed and the caterpillars have already made their appearance causing great appre hensions in the minds of farmers the crop being so late The cotton out look is not promising but corn peas and potatoes are fine and a large area has been planted J S Dozier Excessive rains for the last few days A W Crosby 121 14 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA EarlyThere were five and a half inches of rain during June and corn i on a boom Cotton is looking well but needs work D M Wade A continued drouth in a portion of the county is doing great damage D B Hobbs Since last report corn had declined ten points in many localities in conse quence of drouth but is recovering In other localities the crop is fully up to ayerage R H Lanikr IrwinSeasons good and crop prospects as good as they have been for years Jas Paulk LeeWe are now having fine seasons the first time the ground has been wet for forty days K P Johnson MarionCorn is tasseling low but has a good color Cotton is unusually small for the 1st of July but may come up in size as rains are abundant and frequent GB0 w C Mtjnro Corn has improved 20 per cent since the recent rains Too much rain for cotton Crops are clean B T Peacock MillerHaving fine rains Crops of all kinds looking well Farmers are well up with their work H Strickland Corn injured by drouth Cotton small but very full Seasons now goodr and corn will greatly improve J S Clifton MuscogeePlenty of rain and crops are doing well Cotton is small but well fruited The outlook is good C Oqletree Corn small and very poor The extremely cool spring made cotton back ward and small and bad stands G P Humbkr RandolphHog CholeraMr S P Odom wants a remedy for cholera I have had no cholera among my hogs in eighteen years I salt them regularly occasionally putting in a little assafoetida and give them lye soap R Filingim The crop prospect is very good excepting corn the stalk of which is small With plenty of rain it can make a tolerable fair ear The farmers of Randolph county are wideawake to stockraising but are still planting too much cotton James M Taylor SchleyThe seasons have been good in some parts of the county while ther parts have suffered for rain E S Baldwin StewartRecent rains have improved crops wonderfully G W Ard Cotton small and poor stands but is growing and looking well Corn large enough and of good color General rain on 27th J G PiNieTON 122JULY CROP REPORT1888 lfr June has been very dry and corn prospects are poor the plenty rain now has improved them somewhat W W Fitzgerald SumterSeason fine for corn but too much rain for cotton just at this time G W DlLLARD TaylorCotton ten days late Corn small but may ear well Plenty of rain J T Adams TerrellFine rains up to date and crops are very good E G Hill Dry weather has injured corn 25 per cent in places Cotton not so large as usual but is growing and taking on fruit Thomas We are having more than enough rain for crops E L Neei WebsterOwing to drouth corn is not so good as it should be Now rain ing Thos J Stapleton WorthFine seasons and everything looks promising EAST GEORGIA BullochCotton small but in fine condition We are having too much rain C A Sorrier DodgeCotton has improved since last report and now bids fair for an average crop Rain in abundance D M Btjchan M D The dry weather and cool nights and lice have nearly ruined the stands of cotton Jas Bohannon The seasons have been very favorable for the growing crops S B Coody GlascockExcessive rains have injured cotton and corn Seaborn Kitchens JeffersonCorn small cotton small The seasons fine and the abun dant rains may help the poor corn A E Tarver Both cotton and corn are poor but owing to recent rains we make our report 10 per cent better than we would have done ten days ago S M Clark LaurensFor three weeks past corn has greatly improved Cotton has just got under good headway growing J T Chappell M D Cotton greatly injured by continued rains Corn cane and potatoes are good Thos J Blackshear MontgomeryCrops are generally clean and they are splendid Plenty of rain and the prospects are good for the farmers G M T MoLeod PulaskiStands of cotton very much injured by cutworms and lice Plants dwarfed by cool nights and east winds J P Brown TwiggsRecent rains have improved corn very much The stalks are small but the ears are heavy Cotton small and grassy F D Wimberly 128i DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ScrevenGood seasons at present Corn and cotton are sorry on account of too much wet weather E B Gross TatnallCorn is laid by and is on a general boom Two weeks more of good weather and we will have plenty of corn for 1889 John Hughey WashingtonCrops all poor on account of cold spring and too much rain arly in the season J C Harman The peach crop is much better than was anticipated Cotton is small but clean and looks well Corn is not so good as usual and we fear the crop will be short H M Hollifield WilkinsonToo much rain for cotton but corn is doing well and potatoes and sugar cane are fine Grass is making headway but farmers are hard at work and have used more economy this year than customary J A Mason SOUTHEAST GEORGIA BryanCorn is good and seasons are fine Cotton is backward and unless seasons are late the yield will be short P W Williams All crops need rain Have had but few showers during the monthnot adequate to the wants of the crop Phillip D Cory CharltonThe corn crop was injured to some extent by a two weeks drouth A Dowling CoffeeVery dry for the past four weeks Joseph Baily EcholsSince last report drouth has damaged crops some especially corn G W Prine EffinghamThe spring and summer have been dry and crops are small but we are having fine rains now and crops will improve Amos P Rahn Seasons medium Crops are generally fair Hog cholera is bad in some portions of the county Frank Tarver LibertyGood idea to give the address of each correspondent Sulphur mixed with wet meal and fed to poultry will prevent and destroy chigoes and other parasites and without ill effects on the fowls Jas A M King We have had good seasons for the last few weeks and hope to catch up Cotton is growing fast J O Davis Jr McIntoshPlenty of rain and all crops are very promising Geo E Atwood WareAll our crops are good as we could ask Seasonable rains and good farming have prevailed this year J M Stiger WayneCrops are nearly all made and our farmers are almost jubilant over the prospect W H Roberson 124JULY CROP REPORT1888 IMMIGRATION TO GEORGIA 17 The attention of farmers and other citizens of the State is again called to the efforts being made by the Georgia Bureau of Immigration under the auspices of the State Agricultural Society and the Central Railroad of Georgia to illustrate the capacity and resources of our soil and climate and thereby to attract honest industrious homeseekers and induce them to settle in our healthful and hospitable climate One of the methods devised is unique in conception and will prove attractive and instructive A special car is being fitted up a Georgia on Wheels which will be filled with illustrative speci mens and samples of Georgia products and sent through the Northwest some time in August in charge of Commissioner Glessner and assistants The following is taken from the Southern Empire the organ of the Bureau In the car will be a representation of all the varied products and industries of Georgia From the mountains of North Georgia will come specimens of gold silver iron lead marble manganese graphite mica talc and other minerals together with grains and fruits Prom Middle Georgia will come samples of wheat rye oats corn barley cotton vegetables fruits butter honey and grasses Prom Southern Georgia will come rice sugar cane syrup sugar sea island cotton olives melons palmetto grey moss yams and all the products of that semitropical region Prom the forests will come specimens of yellow pine cedar cypress gum oaks hickory poplar turpentine rosin etc From the manufactories will come samples of cotton and woolen goods wooden ware iron and a long line of manufactured articles The Commissioner is sparing no pains to make the exhibit both complete and attractive and he has enlisted in his aid enterprising men in every section of the State He asks all who have any special products peculiar to their section manufactured articles or curiosities to send them to him without further invitation Articles of special value will be returned when so requested Mark all articles for exhibit W L Glessner Commissioner of Immigration Americus Ga and ship by 1st of August Label each article with name of specimen name of donor and county and notify Commissioner of its shipment Papers throughout the State are requested to copy this article and urge the people of their county to prepare and print a description of its resources and advantages for distribution throughout the North shipping them to the Com missioner not later than the 10th of August COTTON CATERPILLARS As the time is at hand for making proper arrangements for preventing the annual depredations of the caterpillar the Commissioner requested Dr L B Clifton recently appointed Entomologist of this departmeut to prepare a short article on the subject embodying much information and thfi latest practical 12518 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA methods of destruction as will enable farmers to protect their crops from these pests The subjoined article is therefore published for the benefit of farmers and the Commissioner urges that prompt action be taken especially in those counties in which this destructive enemy is mest likelv to appear In regard to the proper strength of the solution of London purple it is proper to state that the experiments ot Inspector O T Rogers made under the direction of the Commissioner on the farm of Mr B S Kittrell of Johnson county in 1883 indicated that a mixture of one pound of London purple to from 80 to 90 gallons was about the right proportion It is probable how ever that the London purple obtainod from different sources varies in purity and strength which may account for the different proportion recommended by Dr Clifton It would be well for each farmer to experiment with solutions of different strengths the aim being to secure a solution just below the strength that will injure the cotton foliage THE COTTON WORMAletia xylina OrderLepidoptera FamilyNoctuidce About all that is known of this insect together with the method of its destruction by poison may be stated in a few words The caterpillar comes from an egg deposited by the moth generally on the under side of the first or lower leaves of the cotton weed The eggs hatch in from two to eight days The caterpillars while small do very little damage They merely burrow into the under surface of the leaf leaving a trace of yel lowish stain These burrows may easily be distinguished on account of their form and color The worms make their appearance the first brood from May until July depending on the locality and season In Florida and Southern Georgia they may come as early as the first of May while in the northern part of the State they hardly ever show up until about the first of July There are in the lat itude of Macon from three to five generations of these caterpillars while on the Gulf there may be as many as seven or even eight generations in a single season In about three weeks the caterpillars complete their growth and spin a rude cocoon frequently using a rolled leaf for this purpose In another week the moth is released from the c coon and within twentyfour hours proceeds to deposit eggs for the second generation A single female moth may lay as many as eight hundred eggs and should they all go through the changes with out accident it would be possible for one moth to be the maternal ancestor of 20000000000 caterpillars in a single season Five or six full grown caterpil lars on a plant would endanger the cotton crop Now it is evident that war should be waged on the first or spring brood of caterpillars The cotton plants are then small and the worms are more easijy discovered It also takes much less fluid to spray the leaves at this time The 126JULY CROP REPORT1888 19 young caterpillars are more susceptible to the poison and the destruction of one worm at this early date may represent the destruction of eight hundred a month later and more than a million during the entire season The poison should be applied to the spot on which the caterpillars are feeding It would be possible to spray thousands of gallons of insecticide fluid on the tops of the leaves without destroying a single caterpillar while they are still young and feeding on the under side of the leaf It is extremely difficult to wet the under side of a leaf with flnid applied from above The pores through which the plant respires are generally on the under side of the leaf and nature has so provided as to protect them from being wetted from above Then the only effective method is to apply the spray to the under side of the leaves Here I must admit that no spraying apparatus with which I am acquainted is perfectly adapted for this work but it is to be hoped that the ingenuity of some of our inventive geniuses will contrive to supply this want As to the poisons to be used a large number have been suggested but the most effective as well as the cheapest seems to be some form of arsenic in solution An excellent fluid for the purpose may be made by any one of ordinary intelligence as follows Arsenic one pound Carbonate of soda four ounces Place these in a gallon of soft water and boil until dissolved This gallon of solution should then be diluted with 150 gallons of water and used as a spray applied to the under surfaces of the cotton leaves where the young caterpillars are feeding By carefully watching the underside of the leaves for the first appearance of the worms a small quantity of this fluid will destroy them Paris green may be used instead of the above One pound of Paris green to about fifty gallons of water and used in the same manner London purple may also be used but must be continually agitated to keep it suspended in the water One pound of London purple to one hundred gallons of water is about the right proportion All these substances are preparations of arsenic To summarise Commence war on the caterpillars as soon as you discover their presence Destroy the first generation if possible They are not the ones that do the greatest damage but their descendants of the next and succeeding generations do the injury and the easiest way is to destroy the first arrivals After the worms reach nearly their full growth they eat so ravenously and rapidly that little can be done Examine the under side of the lower leaves carefully and often Remember the caterpillars are very small when first hatched and a lens will very much facilitate an examination Look carefully for the yellowish cresoentshaped markings left by the worm where it has tunnelled the under surface of the leaf If you find these you may be sure the oaterpillars are on the plant somewhere and you should look until you find them and at once apply the remedy L B Clittoit Entomologist 12720 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA AGEICULTTJKAL EXHIBITS In addition to the Annual State Eair of the State Agricultural Society of Georgia several other expositions and fairs will be held during the coming fall as follows Georgia State Fair Macon Ga October 10th and continuing 10 days Augusta National Exposition Augusta Ga October to November 1st Ohattahoochee Valley Exposition Columbus Ga October 4th to October 13th Northeastern Fair Athens Ga October 1st To visitors from other States and especially to those from the North and West of this Union nothing is more gratifying and instructive than collective and classified exhibits of the peculiar products of our State When brought from the several counties to one central point and attractively and conven iently displayed for examination the time and expense of visiting every sec tion is saved and the necessity for a preliminary exploration of the State by those who contemplate settling among us is removed Farmers and owners of mineral properties timber lands waterpowers etc should avail themselves of these opportunities to advertise these attractions and resources Seeing is believing and ocular proofso easily afforded at an expositionof the pos session of productive soils rich mines and ore beds and of the adaptation of our soils and climate and individual farms to the production of the finest and best specimens of cattle horses sheep poultry grain cotton etc is the most convincing and the best calculated to arouse interest and suggest land purchases and locations Every citizen who feels an interest in the develop ment of his State ought to contribute in some way to the success of those expo sitions at least to that of the one most convenient Let each for himself or let Agricultural Clubs Alliances or Granges join together in making exhaus tive exhibits of the productions of their counties and neighborhoods and thus illustrate our resources 128siei iai Circular No 72 New Series Questions for August Crop Report fiTo be returned to the Office of the Depart ment of Agriculture by August 1st 1888 What is the condition and prospects of 1 Cotton compared to an average 2 Corn compared to an average Rice compared to an average 4 Sugar Cane compared to an average 5 Sweet Potatoes comp to an average 6 Tobacco compared to an average 7 What are the profits of the Melon crop compared to last year 8 Give date of first appearance Cotton Catterpillar 9 Period of excessive wet weather from July to 10 Period of drouth from Julyto per cent NAME POST OFFICE COUNTYCIRCULAR No 107 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1888 AM FINAL REPOBT OF INSPECTIONS ANALYSES AND STATISTICS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS Koi THE SEASON OF 188788 j t xaE3NriDiRso3sr Ccraraissioner atlanta georgia Constitution Publishing Company 1888 1ACROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1888 Returned to the Department op Agriculture August 1 1888 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga August 9 1888 j GENERAL REMARKS The weather and general conditions affecting crops during the month of July have been unusually free from incident worthy of remark except that at no time were the prevailing conditions the same throughout the State During the first half to twothirds of the month rains were rather excessive in many counties moderately abundant elsewhere and rather dry throughout the whole month in a few counties notably in eastern Middle Georgia At the close of the month the condition of the State as to seasons was what is usually called spotted the rains of the last week being abundant in some localities and very light or entirely wanting in others This crop has a little more than maintained the condition and prospects reported for July 1st In North Georgia the condition is 92 against 90 one month ago Middle Georgia 87 against 86 Southwest Georgia 93 against 91 East Georgia 80 against 77 while Southeast Georgia has fallen to 92 against 94 The general average of the State is 89 against 88 The average condition of the crop for the State August 1st 1887 was 101 and this figure was thought to be too low at the time but the remarkably severe storm of August 4 1887 reduced the condition at once to 90 The condition of the crop may therefore be described as one point less promising than thai of the crop of 1887 on Au gust 5th or after the storm alluded to 1314 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Very few fields had sustained any decided injury from want of rain up to the 1st of August though rain was much needed in many counties Rust is doing considerahle damage on white sand soils chiefly in Southwest and East Georgia Intelligent observing farmers however say that rust always strikes the crop on such lands so soon as the plants become loaded with bolls The condition of the corn crop has materially improved since last report the advance being mainly in North and Middle Georgia and Southwest Georgia The comparative condition is thus represented in figures In North Georgia 97 against 93 Middle Georgia 94 against 87 Southwest Georgia 100 against 92 East Georgia 87 against 90 Southeast Georgia 96 against 95 in the State at large 95 against 91 This shows a general improvement of 4 points since July 1st MELONS The question was asked of correspondents What have been the profits of the melon crop as compared to last year The same question was asked in the questions for the August crop report of 1887 A parallel statement of the answers for each of the sections for the two years is interesting The numbers given indicate the profits as compared with the year next preceding the latter being assumed as 100 COMPARATIVE PROFITS OF MELON CROP FOR THREE YEARS North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia Southeast Georgia The State 1887 Compared with 1886 100 97 127 97 70 1888 Compared with 1887 98 87 79 i i 81 81 81 The table shows at a glance that the profits of the business of growing mel ons has fallen off considerably since last year It is a fact that melon growers are discouraged by the unexpected meagerness of returns This result is due to three causes each of which may be removed or modified 1 The want of information by the grower and shipper of the state of the markets at different points as to supply and the consequent glutting of some markets and insufficient supply of others This may be remedied by concert J 32AUGUST CROP REPORT1888 of action and the establishment of a melon exchange at some convenient point for distribution 2 Want of care in rejecting overripe and undersized melons A very few melons of small size or uninviting appearance or overripe condition will frequently reduce the salable price of a carload to less than cost of freight and commissions The orange and lemon growers of Florida have learned this les son and never ship culls with good fruit 3 Probably too high rates of freight It would certainly be to the future interest of the railroads to aid in developing and perpetuating this source of freight income by as low a tariff as possible Carrying at a loss now may aid in the establishment of melon growing as one ot the permanent industries ot the South and a reliable and remunerative source of income to the railroads While it is true that instances have occurred in which the sales of shipments did not cover freights and commissions yet on the whole there is reason to believe that the business of growing melons has been fairly profitable to the most skillful growers and shippers and that it will become more reliable in the future It is comparatively a new business and there is much to learn by the farmer who has never before planted more than a mere patch for family use CONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT EOR AUGUST 1888By Sections Condition and Prospects compared with an average Profits of Melon crop compared with last year Sections B o o Q a u o O 2 a os O OS M 3 DD 5 03 O Pi is 0D o o o OS 0 o H North Georgia 92 87 93 80 92 97 94 100 87 96 75 90 90 91 97 96 100 98 94 96 96 98 91 93 91 84 86 96 100 87 79 77 81 81 Average for the State 89 95 86 99 95 91 81 1336 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA THE OLD BEMEDY AGAINST COTTON CATEEPILLAES The planters who farmed on the Chaltahoochee River lands and in those sections of Georgia where the soils were rich and fresh and on which the cotton grew tall and luxuriant used to practice a very simple but effective remedy against the cotton caterpillar That was some fortv or fifty years ac When the worms made their first appearance a day was appointed by the common consent of the farmers in a neighborhood when each farmer on his own farm would make diligent search and destroy every worm that couVl be found This was repeated at a proper time The result was the worms were so thinned out that no serious damage was done Three years ago a neighbor of mine had four or five acres of very fine cotton on which the caterpillars appeared in large numbers although very few observed elsewhere in the neighborhood Neglecting any effort to destroy them the worms spread over the neighborhood Some few persons destroy the first that appear and all they can afterwards but it is indispensable that all act in concert and destroy them on every farm I believe if farmers would act together in this way they would not be troubled much by the caterpillars I am satisfied that the subject and the suggestions herein offered are of suffi cient importance to justify you in calling attention to it in your August Crop J r W J Anderson Port Valley 184FERTILIZER REPORT ANALYSES COMMERCIAL VALUES AND STATISTICS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188788 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga August 10 1888 EXPLANATION OP THE TABLES OP ANALYSES The tables commencing on a succeeding page give the analyses and the calcu ated Relative Commercial Values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in this State during the season of 188788 RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES Extract from Circular No 103 The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has heen the uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer bulletin was published in June 1885 Circular No 12 Old Series It was not the intention of the Commissioner to indicate by the publication of these values the absolute prices at which fertilizers should be sold to the farmer but simply to enable the farmer to compare the commercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different 137 10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA brands with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24th 1880 If each fertilizer contained but one valuable ingredient the percentages of that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value of the fertilizers But as the large majorit of the brands contain two or more ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commercial value and in the percentages in which they enter into the composition it is found very convenient to add together the calculated commercial value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of comparison and a guide to the purchaser Early in each season by correspondence and otherwise the Commissioner ascertains the cash prices at which the different materials which enter into the manufacture of fertilizers may be purchased at the port of Savannah as well as the prices of standard acid phosphates and manipulated fertilizers From these prices the commercial or market values of the three valuable elements ammonia phosphoric acid and potash are deducedmaking a fair allowance for cost of manipulation and handling and the Relative Commercial Values in the table are based on these elemental values and approximate the cash value of a single ton of the fertilizers in Savannah Ga In the course of trade and sharp competi tionespecially near the close of the business seasonthe ruling prices of fertili zers often vary considerably from those of the opening of the season But it is impracticable to change the prices of elements fixed at the commencement of the season as explained withiut confusion and conflict between the successive fertili zer bulletins of the same season Asa consequence of the competition of trade and the reduction of prices of fertilizers in the course of the same season such prices will sometimes be materially lower than the published Relative Commer cial Values as occurred towards the close of the season of 188687 Throughout the season of 188687 the valuations of the three elements which form the basis of the calculated commercial values were as follows Available Phosphoric Acid7 cents per pound Ammonia 16 cents par pound Potash K O5 cents per pound The usual correspondence and inquiry has resulted in fixing the following as the estimated cash market values of the three elements as they are found in a single ton of average fertilizer bagged and delivered on board cars at Savannah and the same are the basis of the calculations of Relative Commercial Values in the tables which follow and will be maintained throughout the season of 188788 Available Phosphoric Acid6 cents per pound Ammonia 14 cents per pound Potash K O5 cents per pound It will be seen that this is a reduction in the valuation of elements as compared with the basis of last season amounting to in available phosphoric acid one and onehalf cents ammonia two cents potash remaining the same This reduction will account lor the lower Relative Commercial Values of many familiar brandg as compared with last year For instance An acid phosphate containing twelve per cent available phos phoric acid at a valuation of seven and onehalf cents per pound for this element would have been rated last season at 1800 per ton while at six cents the sam 138ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788 11 would be rated a 1440 per ton A fertilizer containing ten per cent of available phosphoric acid and three per cent of ammonia would have been rated last season at 2460 per ton the present season the same fertilizer having precisely the same composition and the same agricultural value would be rated at 2040 FINAL REPORT OF THE CHEMIST UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Chemical Laboratory Athens Ga July 14 1888 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear Sir I have the honor to report that during the present season there have been analyzed in this laboratory 413 official samples of commercial fertili zers These were as follows Regular samples 377 Special samples for farmers 30 Duplicates 6 413 These consisted as follow Complete Fertilizers 276 Aeid Phosphates 69 Acid Phosphates with Potash 46 Acid Phosphates with Ammonia 4 Chemicals 18 413 The following additional analyses have been made by your directions Artesian and Mineral Waters 11 Minerals Ores etc 7 18 Total number of analyses431 Thanking you and the gentlemen ol vour office for many courtesies during the season I have the honor t be Very respectfully yours H C White 13tTABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188788 TABLE IAmmoniatkd Superphosphate of Lime 6 3 O Plwspht ric Acid NAME OF BRAND 4 o X a 210 225 185 215 2 25 250 230 117 150 175 065 185 100 105 285 200 075 310 200 150 145 115 90 125 100 250 225 5 o CO 0 M 270 190 180 335 190 225 325 200 310 325 175 505 265 165 070 305 140 410 225 240 575 275 190 2 15 230 245 205 6 3 3 o Eh 985 1005 1130 1050 1040 1035 11 00 1225 11 25 11 50 1010 11 10 1025 1015 1C20 10115 1055 1020 10 25 9 90 II 85 10 20 1170 1070 10 80 10 65 075 1225 1250 1250 915 915 1175 910 1050 1250 1210 1410 1020 14 10 920 1250 12211 1875 1150 1075 1010 1200 1040 1170 875 1250 S75 715 815 950 715 850 810 775 1025 815 825 835 6 05 760 850 350 700 9 15 610 800 750 410 745 980 7 75 850 820 810 o Ammouiated Soluble Phos oAmmoniated Dissolved Bone Adairs Ammouiated Dissolved Hone Acme Fertilizer Ammouiated Dissolved Bone Phos Americus Guano Ashley Soluble Guano mAmmoniated Alkaline Phosphate Bradleys Patent Fertilizer Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer s 215 245 280 2 20 250 255 240 255 310 225 235 225 21H 2 251 2111 2511 225 250 270 210 210 220 20S 225 251 225 5 O X o H 210 1994 275 2167 225 2365 150 215 220 210 336 260 185 22i 175 245 1 40 150 200 175 lKi 225 175 1 05 127 130 110 18Q 2120 2163 2176 2202 2184 2548 2270 2155 2187 2077 2107 21101 Pill 2100 2029 2170 2109 2029 2061 2140 1996 2036 2108 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Robertson Taylor Williams Charleston A tlanla Guano Co Atlanta Ga Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlauta Ga Acme Fort Co Wilmington NC G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Williams Clark Co New York Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore M T D J Mclntyre Savannah II C Fisher Seey Newnan Ga Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore US Miller Co Baltimore Peudleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Slingluff Co Baltimore Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Americus Guano Co Americus B R LeggBro Marietta Ga Atkinson Read Co Augusta Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Jno D Weld Savannah GaI BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Jno Merryman Co Barren I N Y Jno Merryman Co Barren I N Y Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich Acme Fert Co Wilmington N C G Ober Sous Co Baltimore Md Williams Clark Co New York Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd M T 1 J Mclntyre SavannahGa Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd H S Miller Co Baltimore Md Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Slingluffd Co Baltimore Md Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Americus Guano Co Americus Ga B R Iegg Bro Marietta Ga Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa Navassa Guano Co Wilmington NC Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Bowker Fertilizer Co Elizabethport O W H g H C 2 n p d IS I Q N C EC OBuffalo Bone Guano dBaldwin Cos Am Dissolved Bone Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Burke County Fertilizer Bone Compound Bakers Standard Guano Beef Bone and Blood Fertilizer Barrys Granger Barrys Chemieals Baltic Guano eClarke Soluble Guano Chappells Champion Superphosphate Crown Guano Capitol Cotton Fertilizer yCotton Food Guano Cairo Guano Cotton Fertilizer Ammoniated Cherokee Ammoniated Bone Chesapeake Guano Cumberland Bone Superphos Lime Coweta High Grade Guano Cotton Seed Compound mChesapeake Ammoniated Bone i1 mCotton Maker Cotton Seed Meal Mixture Colquitts Ga StandardGuano Chatham Guano Colgate Manure Colquitts Ga Standard Guano Cotton and Corn Fertilizer Clifton Complete Fertilizer Colquitts Ga Standard Guano Cresent Bone Fertilizer Carolina Fertilizer Crittendon Guano Chattahoochee Guano Crown Guano nCarwilds Eagle Ammd Bone Superphos oChatham Guano Cotton and Corn Compound Cranstons Ammd Dissolved Bone Cranstons Compound for Cotton and Corn Doubly Am Truck Fanners Special Dixie Guano Davy Crockett Guano 1 10 i an 7 05 285 990 240 380 2240 rn 2 in 8 55 220 1075 240 210 2172 in no 1 50 8 10 820 11 30 240 150 2178 1200 150 0 85 330 10 15 2UU 18b 1963 10 HO on 8 85 130 10 15 24n 275 2165 11 f 9 85 0 85 325 1010 2111 225 202a n on 950 7 no 305 1005 215 225 2033 in so 1 85 9 75 187 11 02 221 115 2126 10 fin 1 85 o 70 1 95 11 05 225 120 2110 nsn 1 87 9 70 190 11 00 218 120 2122 mon 2 8n 8 15 270 10 85 251 110 2112 o 90 210 8 0 195 10 15 270 28U 22 a4 845 in 0 30 340 10 20 260 22a 2177 s an 125 5 80 425 10 05 275 300 2276 u n 2 in 7 o 280 1010 240 200 21184 11811 280 5 00 560 1000 280 230 2280 IS 50 1 75 Pi 50 355 10 05 2 20 165 1987 in n 1811 6 fill 410 1070 200 225 2237 1R 50 2 on 57n 525 10 95 2n 181 2199 11 75 111 7 55 280 1085 221 230 21188 10 75 081 0 05 215 11 20 221 2 22 la 10 50 11 75 8 55 230 10 85 215 280 21M IW 200 7 no 305 10 05 2 in 101 1011 1220 2nn 7 no 315 1U 05 210 1 aO 1944 15 111 095 22i in no 220 160 196 8 215 6 55 310 975 2U0 27a 200a lfi 20 150 fi Na 280 965 220 200 10 1 1125 50 r 8ii 805 9 811 215 175 1959 8 20 7 an 800 1080 280 215 209a li no 1 50 s no 310 1110 210 178 209a 11 5 0 A 15 495 liin 240 175 2179 9 25 1 50 7 95 300 10 25 2U0 12a 191a 142n 175 SOO 210 10111 220 175 2003 11 75 10 7 85 240 1025 275 200 2200 in 15 200 i 50 275 921 310 17a 2153 875 055 6 35 445 10 80 275 260 2320 850 250 7 60 350 1110 275 250 2353 in on 185 5 15 405 920 220 160 1880 15 9 35 5 00 IOi 1025 220 118 20U1 lio 1 111 6 5 279 904 212 178 ISall 1050 185 10 00 130 1180 242 176 2209 in4n 125 795 280 in 75 242 152 2119 9 70 i no 7 0 295 in15 705 380 3572 in so 280 5 no 500 inon 280 230 2286 825 110 875 170 in 45 60 12a 2107 AdairBros Co Atlanta Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Bradlev Fertilizer Co Boston WilkiusNeely JonesWaynsboro W t II M Colliding Baltimore Chemical Co of CantonBaltimore S W Travers it Co RichmondVa E Barry Augusta Ga E Barrv Augusta Ga Battev Hamilton Rome Ga Maddox Rueker Co Atlanta P S Chappell t Son Baltimore Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta S W Traverse Co Richmond Savannah Guano Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Navassa Gno Co Wilmgton X C Commercial Guano Co Savannah Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Charles Ellis Savannah Ga II Fisher SecV Vownan Ga T M Swift Prest Elberton Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Georgia Chemical Works Augusta J H Carlton Union Point Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Chemical Co of Canton Balmore T 1 Lowe Hemphill Ga F H MeGintv Norwood Ga Clifton Client Phos Co Atlanta J E it H J Randolph Jefferson Hammond Hull Co Savannah Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass Hartshorne Huger Savannah LaGrange Oil MilUt MfgCo La Grange Ga Treadwell Abbott to Atlanta Z W Carwild Jr Savannah Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ashley Phos Co Charleston Cranston Alexander Augusta Crauston Alexander Augusta Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore J M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga Furman Farm Impt Co Fast Point Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Bradlev Fertilizer Co Boston Waynesboro Oil Mill Fertilizer Co Waynesboro W H M Goulding Baltimore Md Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore S W Travers Co Richmond Va Mfd for E Barry Augusta Ga Mf1 for E Barry Augusta Ga Mfd for Battev Hamilton Augusta Southern Phos Co Atlanta Ga P S Chappell Son Baltimore Md Walton Wlninn Co CharlestonSC S W Travers Co Richmond Va Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C tommercial Guano Co SavannahGa Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore For Charles Ellis New York Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Elbert County Fertilizer Co Elberton Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa The Green Fertilizer Co Union Point Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore T 1 Iowe Hemphill Ga F 11 MeGintv Norwood Ga Clifton Chem Phos Co Clifton 1 F t II 1 Randolph Jefferson Ga Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa LaGrange Oil Mill Manfactring Co LaGrange Ga Mfd for Treadwell Abbott Co At lanta Ga Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Mfd for Cranston Alexander Au gusta Ga Mfd for Crauston it Alexander Au gusta Ga Wilcox Gibbs Guano CoSavannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore J M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga a o w c W H IS IsTABLE I Continued NAME OF BRAND Phosphoric Acid Dobba Animd Cotton Fertilizer 11125 Dissolved Ammd Bone and Potash Davy Crockett Guano Empire Guano Eddystone Guano Excellent Georgia Standard Guano bE frank Coes Am Bone Superphosphate aExeelsior Guano Eutaw Fertilizer Etiwan f I tin no Eddystone Soluble Guano Fdisto Ammd Superphos Eagle Ammd Dissolved Bone Empire Guano Eddystone Guano Farmers Ammoniatcd Dissolved Bone Furmans High Grade Guano Farmers Favorite Guano AForest City Ammoniatcd Dissolved Bone iForest City Ammoniatcd Dissolved Bone Farmers Friend Guauo Farmers Standard Phosphate Farmers standard Guano Giant Guano Georgia Test Guano Gossypium Phospho Gairdner Arnolds High Grade Fertilizer ciGeorgia state Grange Fertilizer jGeorgia State Stand Am Superphosphate Golden Grain Guano Georgia Cotton Compound Georgia Pacific Guano Georgia State Standard Amd Superphos Game Guano 1415 850 1080 1500 950 915 I 120 107 920 101E 1410 1350 1010 1350 1475 1020 1210 1250 1180 1160 121 1150 1080 1150 1250 25 1550 1500 1220 12ni 1380 12i i 1365 210 135 150 220 221 100 225 210 100 21 165 210 200 235 221 140 075 40 165 225 225 111 085 230 215 130 125 210 250 125 125 255 165 320 S a 810 s 31 500 630 800 8 50 720 910 800 1 95 775 710 525 500 9 50 S70 900 850 905 7 35 910 8 50 5 00 7 55 6 85 870 855 820 695 830 640 550 1751 2 250 170 500 3ft 2 Ill 190 280 250 310 185 260 350 580 185 FOR WHOM INSPECTED 1029 1000 1000 10 CO I 125 1040 1 Hi 1010 11 00 1111 980 103 1009 II 0E 85 165 1115 280 11 50 210 22 105 27 20E 150 560 25 34 1 190 220 155 290 245 Ilo 2351085 3001 9 75 11 11 1085 1010 10 10 1115 11110 1060 1019 11121 10 III 1075 975 9S5 11175 1080 220 240 2210 2SII 2511 215 250 240 a in 2 15 260 210 2111 225 2SO 21 275 2 Ill 225 215 215 2 Ill 200 280 2 205 22i 240 210 215 2 Ill 201 235 220 175 410 125 2 200 150 215 200 185 180 200 200 120 2IU 1211 22D 202 225 1 1909 2280 2121 2000 2102 2084 2219 2198 2101 211211 2222 2100 20 80 BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 2100 2125 200 2221 240 2211 1211 150 215 220 280 2111 171 210 250 27 2 i 200 2 10 2S5 2200 2111 2028 21011 2112 22M 2120 22110 20 2172 2008 22 12 2207 2221 2200 2071 Davie Whittle Petersburg Va G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md James M Smith Winterville Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Clark Cove Guano CoNew Bedford Wilcox Gibbs Guauo Co Savh Juo Merryman Co Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Etiwan Phos Co Charleston SC Jno M Green Atlanta Ga Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMsss Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Clark Cove Guano CoNew Bedford Mass Hammond Hull Co Savannah Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Hammond Hull ct Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah I a 1 4 Co New York G Ober Sons Co Baltimore G Ober Sous Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga Gairdner Arnold Elberton Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore ino M Greene Manager Atlanta Hammond Hull ct Co Pt Royal Baltimore Guano Co Baltimore Davie Whittle Petersburg Va G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md James M Smith Winterville Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore lark Cove Guano Co New Bedford Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah E Frank Coe Barren I N V Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C Mfd for Clark Cove Guauo Co New Bedford Mass FMisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Bradley Fertilizer Co Bostou Mass Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Clark Cove Guano Co New Bedford Mass Pt Royal Fertilizer Co Pt Roval S C Furman Farm Impt Co EastPoint Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal sc Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval SC Read i Co New York G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Jno Merryman Co Barren Island Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga Gairdner t Arnold Elberton Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Hammond Hull Co Pt RoyalSC Furman Farm Impt Co East Point G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Clark Cove Guano Co N Bedford Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval ic The Baltimore Guano Co Baltimore i3 W C O W M Q a t1 H n so I c c M Qp Georgia state Standard Superphos Gem Guano Good Luck Guano Gem Guano 8Georgia stale Standard Amnid Superphos sGarnett Stubbsit Co Amd Hone Superphos Gibbs Co High Grade Ammd Phos Jilt Edge Amnid Bone Guano Gaxrett Zellars Ammd Dis Bone Hope Guano Home Mixture Hopes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone HH Cos Pure Anl BHigh Grade Veg Per Homestead Guano Harvest Queen Guano Harmons Standard Amd Dis Bone p Hardees Cotton Ball Ammd Superphos pHightower it Cos Damascus Amd Dis Bone High Grade Ammd Fertilizer Harvest Queen Houghs Ammd Dis Bone Guano Horse Shoe Brand Ammd Dis Bone Hunts Favorite Home Compound Horse Shoe Ammd Bone co High Grade Ammd Fertilizer Highly Ammd Melon Raiser I X L Ammoniated Bone Imperial Guano Jonahs Gourd Guano Jackson High Grade Ammd Fertilizer cJ T Hunts Favorite J S Wood it Bro Ammoniated Dis Bone p J P Williams Co Standard Phos Jarrell Haire Co Formula Jacksons High Grade Guano J W Harle it Co Raw Bone Superphos J J Sparks Bone Soil Food iaek Thompsons Ammd Dissolve d Bom1 Kramers Patent Superphosphate King Cotton Guano King Guano Koton Guano Kramers Ammd Dissolved Bone King Guano Lowes Georgia Formula L it R Ammoniated Bone Listers Standard Phosphate Listers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Lees Ammoniated Phosphate 1510 1220 1 I oil 1025 1350 1350 1075 1050 850 1080 11Jii 50 1210 1020 1050 1550 1510 1510 1350 1350 925 825 820 1025 820 1450 1500 IB 10 820 11150 1126 920 12211 1510 1050 1200 1110 1000 1510 9911 950 1000 825 950 1080 950 14 1175 1180 550 210 775 200 700 215 025 215 710 2211 825 825 7 60 2211 17 115 155 230 160 180 225 015 22 065 210 210 085 080 210 300 2 lo 13 780 1 08l 220 210 III 10 10 2110 210 1 1 2 Ill 065 210 1 70 105 200 080 210 230 225 350 2 250 150 0 7 50 011 960 0 95 725 10 35 8 20 7Ml 7 75 775 915 9 715 6 011 7511 7115 185 920 900 li 50 8 05 8 890 850 60 775 741 810 785 775 7 75 5 15 X Ml 500 820 820 500 10 0E 7 38 885 875 735 205 305 380 330 2HI 2011 2 340 270 560 070 335 190 185 2 70 250 205 2i 205 085 395 115 260 310 331 190 0 7 300 260 1 1511 165 III 205 28 2411 295 185 255 481 150 520 305 305 560 210 300 151 210 275 1040 10 05 1015 1040 10 25 1025 1115 1015 1021 10DO 1030 1010 915 1220 10 90 1030 1010 1010 11211 1010 11 10 10 1010 101 820 11 9 75 950 10 1 1040 1045 1015 101 1040 1025 1050 1080 960 1040 111711 10 30 1020 1125 11 25 10 60 1215 1120 1115 10 1010 210 250 210 150 2H0 155 210 200 2 1 275 245 275 25 175 221 210 220 175 281 230 295 310 1105 230 671 610 2Dll 210 300 220 180 210 50 210 250 2 10 1511 325 310 200 511 275 180 161 2110 2511 285 oon 21111 175 210 490 230 100 2 180 285 320 2 80 325 Mill 2 15 231 2 5 210 2511 240 215 2111 227 225 085 250 5IXI 2 10 250 2111 1 011 271 1511 225 150 271 310 251 121 281 230 251 185 225 285 321 2511 26C 175 300 125 211si 1911 21 15 211111 2191 2191 2112 2lill 20115 22su 2H72 22 911 3584 2192 2196 2152 2086 2086 2101 2432 2142 22 Ill 2030 2112 17SI 2151 22111 1914 2110 211111 23iH 2107 21011 20811 2117 2185 21101 21152 2081 2035 2142 2011 2110 2101 2286 2112 2259 21188 2205 2177 Hammond Hull it Co Savannah Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Thos D 0 Ruth Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull it Co Savannah E J Powers Wilmington N C T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga Geo W Scott CoAtlanta Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Columbus Fert Co Columbus R V Bovven Hawkinsville Hammond Hull Co Savannah Adair Bros it Co Atlanta Ga Dwight L Roberts Savannah Savannah Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull it Co Savannah Hammond Hull it Co Savannah 11 11 Collier Albany Ga H S Miller it Co Baltimore Md Macon Oil it For Co Maeon Ga Anderson it Bro Marietta Ga Maddox Rucker it Co Atlanta A P Wright it Co Thomasville Rounsaville it Bro Rome Ga H H Collier Albany Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah 1 S Wood Bro Savannah Ga Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Butler it Turner Camilla Almond Moon Jackson H C Fisher Secy Newnan Ga 1 s Wood it Bro Savannah Hammond Hull it Co Savannah Jarrell Haire it Co Crawford Ga Almond it Moon Jackson Ga 1 W Hark it Co Atlanta Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Hammond Hull it Co Savannah Read Co New York Rawls it Perry Cuthbert Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Rome Oil Mill Fer Co Rome Ino Merryman it Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Lorentz Ritler Baltimore Dwight L Roberts Savannah Dwight L Roberts Savannah J D Lee Jonesboro Ga Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd Thos D C Ruth Baltimore Md Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Ml Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal SC Port Royal Fertilizer Co Pt Royal E J Powers Wilmington N C T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga Geo W Seott it Co Atlanta Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus R V Bowen Hawkinsville Hammond Hull it Co Port Royal Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal SC Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal SC Hume Bros Co Pt Royal S C H S Miller it Co Baltimore Md Macon Oil it Fertilizer Co Macon Ga Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chicago Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga South Ga Fertilizer Co Thomasville Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chicago Hume Bros it Co Pt Royal S C Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Savannah Guano Co Savannah Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Butler it Turner Camilla Ga Almond Moon Jackson Ga Covveta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S Jarrell Haire it Co Crawford Ga Almond it Moon Jackson Ga J W Harle it Co New York G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore Md Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal SC Read it Co New York Rawls Perry Cuthbert Ga The Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Rome Oil Mill Fer Co Rome Ga J Merryman it Co Barren IslandNY Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa Lorentz it Ritler Baltimore Md Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark J D Lee Jonesboro Ga F k 00 K 00 o o B tr1 W N 6S goTABLE I Continued NAME OF BRAND Lockwoods Cotton Grower L tt C Pis Bone with Ammonia and Potash Listers Corn Fertilizer Melon Raiser xMascott A D Bone Mastodon Ammd Sol Phosphate Matehless Cotton Grower Moores Fertilizer Miles I X L Ammd Superphosphate Melon Fertilizer Montgomerys Raw Bone Superphos Manning Lindleys High Grade Guano w Marietta High Grade Gnano Navassa Ammd Cotton Fertilizer Nassau Guano Oglethorpe Ammoniated Diss Bone Olympic Guano Our Own Guano Owl Brand Guano AOld Dominion Quauo AOglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone iOglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Old Hickory Guano Olympic Guano n Oriental Ammd Bone Superphosphate Old Reliable Our Best for Corn Oriental Ammd Bone Superphosphate 7Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer ePotent Pacific Guano Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate Powhattan Raw Bone Patapsco Ammoniated Sol Phosphate Planter Soluble Bone 1050 1130 1215 1250 1410 1150 li 1210 1125 1050 810 850 1100 1211 1150 1500 1020 1420 1S50 1320 1260 1180 1075 1125 1000 1250 10001 50 1500 1000 50 1251 1125 1230 Phosphoric Acid 2 2 090 235 100 231 250 100 250 005 310 240 150 305 220 250 12 210 12 250 165 22 115 lio 185 250 095 230 250 280 350 320 275 225 815 810 l HO 7 65 701 10 00 900 725 775 910 7 10 735 910 750 750 820 s10 730 7 50 S 50 850 9 05 700 810 515 8 10 S75 680 8 20 815 i 85 7 20 7051 850 3101125 320 1130 130 11 20 245 21 210 200 235 235 141 275 290 120 33 331 15 2 10 2S0 3 3111 235 105 290 22c 405 270 1 345 155 270 311 2S0 380 22 1010 10 1210 11 00 9 00 1010 10 1015 1025 1030 1080 10so 975 1050 1010 11 25 11 50 10 Si 1010 10 50 io 3 920 1080 1151 1025 975 1085 1025 1010 1085 1075 210 215 375 305 2 10 250 250 210 215 220 2 210 280 235 270 210 250 210 225 270 235 215 200 220 220 220 250 2 31 3111 2511 31 320 21 235 CP a a r j OS QJ K FOR WHOM INSPECTED 175 2113 Clarence Angler Atlanta Ga 125 2083 Langston Woodson AtlantaGa 350 2744 Listers Agl A Chem WksNewark N J 275 2509 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah 175 2077 M T fc D 1 Mclntyre Savannah 210 2348 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta 175 2195 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta 250 1990 L A Moore Sharon Ga 125 1931 Langston Woodson Atlantala 510 2392 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah 200 21ss Montgomery Co Rome Ga 1 Ill 1958 Manning Lindley Co P Sprgs 185 2205 Marietta Gnano Co Marietta Ga 231 i si Pope Fleming Augusta 160 22 12Jno I Weld Savannah 250 20os Hammond Hull Co Savannah 195 21 551 o lelks A Co llawkinsville 2iii 2084 Savannah Guano Co Savannah 275 2255 Davie A Whittle Petersburg Va 225 2361 Maddux Rucker Co Atlanta 3 in 2300 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 330 2111 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 200 2188 National Fertilizer Co Nashville 220 20781 O lelks a Co Hawkinsville Ion 1880 Z W Carwild Jr Savannah Ga 120 2032 Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Iso 2110 awls v Perry Cuthbert Ga 120 1911 Ashlev Phos Co Charleston C 250 2008 Hammond Hull Co Savannah i in 2112 Ma0 0ix RuckerCo Atlanta 235 2317 Walton Wliann A Co Wilmington 210 2020 LoreutzA Rittler Baltimore 080 2068 Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore 225 2173Adair Urns t Co Atlanta BY WHOM AND WHERE MAM FACTORED Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa Bower Fer Co Elizabethport N J Listers Agl A Chem Works Newark X 1 Baldwin Fertilizer Co 1t Royal S C M T 0 1 Mclntyre SavannahGa Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Mfd for Orr Hunter Athens Ga L A Moore Sharon Ga Mfd for Langston A Woodson Mil ford Conn Baldwin Fer Co Pt Royal S C Northwestern Fer Co Chicago 111 Manning Lindley A Co P SpngsGa Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Navassa Guano Co Wilmington X C Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J Hammond Hull A Co Port Royal 1 lelks Co llawkinsville la Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Daivie ii Whittle Petersburg Va Southern Phos Co Atlanta 4a Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal SC Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal SC National Fer Co Nashville Tenn J O lelks A Co llawkinsville Ga Tiie Wilcox A Gibbs Guano Co Savh Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal SC Rawle Perry Cuthbert Ga Mfd Z W Carwild Jr Charleston Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Walton Wliann A Co WilniiugtnDel Lorentz A Rittler Baltimore Md Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Adair Bros A Co Atlanta la 63 IS H C s 63 II O d f d 63 tel I Isl c 63 OFlow Boys Brand Pendletons Aramd Superphosphate Perkinson Spier Fowlers High G Guano Pure Gold Guano Patrons Ammd Dis Bone Palmetto Fertilizer Peruvian Dis Bone Guano Penguin Guano o Pomona Guano w Planters Pride Guano Potato Manure Reliance Ammoniated Superphosphate Roekdale Standard Guano Rock City Superphosphate Royal Guano Rock City Superphosphate Rabbit Foot Guano Roughtons Pet R C Little Cos Ammd Dis Bone oStonewall Guano fcSamana Guano Star Brand Guano Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone j Soluble Ammoniated Superphos of Lime g Slingluffs Dissolved Bone Special Cotton Fertilizer Standard Ammoniated Bone Soluble Sea Island Guano South American Guano Sea Fowl Guano m Seals Ammoniated Bone Sunny South Ammd Phosphate oStonewall Guano Sterling Guano Scholze Complete Fertilizer Standard Phosphate Soluble Guano Southern State Standard SLerns Ammd Raw Bone Superphosphate Stonewall Brand wSolid South Guano Standard Ammd Soluble Guano Soluble Pacific Guano Standard Bone Superphosphate Sibleys Ammd Dissolved Bone Stono Soluble Guano Truck Farmers Special 725 080 985 225 1210 225 325 2407 1250 130 080 320 10 00 350 325 2315 1125 200 810 315 1125 231 175 2171 530 220 800 210 1010 230 150 2006 1210 215 815 205 1120 215 150 2096 1125 085 900 220 11 20 230 150 2138 1150 120 790 220 1010 200 22C 2160 1150 110 795 210 10 05 260 225 2159 122 235 5 60 465 10 25 220 155 2001 1100 150 910 120 1030 280 185 2205 400 100 885 115 1000 575 490 32711 910 300 680 100 1080 215 210 2108 1120 075 7 60 251 1010 225 175 2017 950 110 7 25 325 1050 280 225 2269 1010 210 780 240 1020 210 281 2176 920 185 720 255 9 75 275 215 2155 1030 192 9 70 190 11 60 220 117 2126 1021 190 975 100 1165 218 120 2127 1051 100 8 00 190 990 200 122 1850 1020 185 605 505 1110 225 225 2187 1328 250 S 50 300 1150 270 225 2361 1225 150 820 210 L03I 220 161 2012 122 220 780 255 1035 200 215 2017 1015 275 880 200 1080 235 235 2189 025 275 1220 200 14 20 250 2101 785 120 730 310 10 40 221 3315 2109 1350 200 750 280 10 30 275 160 2106 1080 230 500 560 560 1060 10 60 280 280 230 230 2286 2286 1080 230 soo 1120 220 850 210 10 60 260 100 2100 1220 200 700 305 10 05 210 150 1014 1050 115 675 340 1015 220 210 2044 1225 235 5 60 465 1025 220 155 2001 1175 251 850 270 1120 240 150 2166 025 520 580 450 1030 210 075 1899 1410 085 020 095 1015 320 300 2414 1325 185 6 50 370 1020 215 150 1976 1250 180 605 105 1010 215 230 2011 1020 100 985 125 1110 250 175 2207 1120 250 700 300 1000 240 230 2102 2205 1100 150 910 120 1030 280 185 1050 075 9 75 145 11 20 235 135 2137 1610 250 605 450 1055 250 260 2226 1550 210 5 80 435 1015 225 150 1998 1050 185 080 187 1167 220 120 2138 1050 210 890 110 1000 248 120 2014 1025 125 810 265 1075 450 380 2930 Rogers Worsham Co Macon Pendleton Guano Co AtlantaGa Perkinson Spier it Fowler Wood stock Ga Manning Lindley Co P Springs Langston Woodson Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phos Co CharlestonSC R J Taylor Hawkinsville Ga T O Jelks Co HawklnsvilleGa Commercial Guano CoSavannah Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga II s Miller Co Baltimore Md Walton Whann Co Wilmington Olivers Oil Fer Co Conyers National Fertilizer Co Nashville Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston National Fertilizer Co Nashville Gray Bros Augusta Ga R E Roughton Augusta Ga Wando Phos Co Charleston S Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta Allison Addison RichmondVa Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Bojkin Catmer Co Baltimore P S Chappell Son Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga Commercial Guano CoSavannah Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga Scholze Bro Chattanooga Tenn H s Miller Co Baltimore Md Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston C L Montague Co Savannah Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co New Orleans James G Tinsly Co Richmond Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co New Orleans J O Mathewsou Co Augusta Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston R P G T Sibley Augusta Ga E II Frost Co Charleston S C Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Rogers Worsham Co Macon Ga Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Perkinson Spier Fowler Wood stock Ga Manning Lindley Co P Springs Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J Ashpoo Phos Co Charleston S C Joseph W Polhill Hawkinsville Ga J O Jelks ct Co Hawkinsville Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga H s Miller Co Baltimore Md Walton Whann CoWilmgton Del Conyers Oil Fer Co Conyers Ga National Fer Co Nashville Tenn Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass National Fer Co Nashville Tenn Mfd lor Gray Bros Augusta Ga MTd for R E Roughton Augusta Mfd RC Little Co Gainesville Ga Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd Southern Phospate Co Atlanta Ga Allison Addison Richmond Va Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga G OberA Sons Co Baltimore Md lioykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md I S Chappell Son Baltimore Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Scholze Bro Chattanooga Tenn H S Miller Co Baltimore Md Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co New Orleans JasG Tinsley Co Richmond Va Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co New Orleans Glidden Curtis Boston Mass Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah tr1 K CO El CO c 1 o o rs 3 11 i N ECTABLE Continued NAME OF BRAND oThe Complete Cotton Fertilizer The Complete Cotton Fertilizer Tennessee Superphosphate Vegetable Fertilizer Vegetable Grower Varnadoes Dissolved Ammoniated Bone Wando Soluble Guano Wilcox Gibbs Manipulated Guano Walton Guano W P Lane Bro Ammoniated Dis Bone Wando Soluble Guano rf Walton Guano 01 p Westons Ammoniated Dissolved Bone sWestous Ammoniated Dissolved Bone s W T Lane Bros Ammd Dissolved Bone Wilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guano Walkers Gold Dust Yows Ammd Dissolved Bone Zells Economizer Phosphate Zells Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate Zells Calvert Guano Average 1225 1275 950 12 1000 1375 1225 1250 1210 1375 820 1210 1510 1350 1350 820 1000 950 13 20 1325 1325 Jhosphoric Acid 235 305 075 070 090 215 180 175 175 200 220 065 210 220 220 200 150 250 215 215 310 w 560 450 805 775 800 650 785 6 20 810 800 820 820 775 825 825 425 980 625 750 720 810 465 430 a 225 325 385 295 340 210 1025 8 1080 1000 1125 1035 1080 960 1020 310111 10 190 155 265 200 200 475 178 485 260 260 220 1010 9 1040 10 25 10 25 900 1158 1110 1010 980 1030 220 240 250 360 300 260 235 275 200 210 250 220 210 245 245 260 256 210 225 225 230 1047 246 214 155 325 215 625 180 250 160 260 160 3 00 1911 2Id 2511 275 275 221 1911 180 155 2211 185 c Z K 2001 2053 2211 2833 2370 2220 2114 2182 1944 2220 2102 1986 2086 2191 2191 2028 2296 2072 1997 2011 2065 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Commercial Guano Co Savannah Commercial Guano Co Savannah National Fertilizer Co Nashville Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah National Fertilizer Co Nashville Chemical Co of Canton Balmore Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Walton Co Guano CoSocial Circle Hammond Hull Co Savannah Waudo Phos Co Charleston S C Jno M Green Atlanta Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston The Zell Guano Co Baltimore The Zell Guano Co Baltimore The Zell Guano Co Baltimore BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa Commercial Gnano Co SavannahGa National Fer Co Nashville Tenn Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga National Fer Co Nashville Tenn Chemical Co or Canton Baltimore Wando Phos Co Charleston s Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Walton Co Guano Co Social Circle Hammond Hull Co 1L Royal SC Wando Phos Co Charleston S C Walton Co Guano Co Social Circle Pt Royal Fertilizer Co Pt Royal SC Pt Royal Fertilizer Co Pt Royal SC Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md z EC Q d H w I o C Ed oTABLE IIAcid Phosphate Dissolved Bones Natural Guanos Chemicals Etc NAME OF BRAND Ashephoo Dis Bone with Am and Potash Acid Phosphate Ashepoo Bone Ash Ashepoo Aeid Phosphate Avalon High Grade Acid Phosphate Atlantic Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Atlantic Dissolved S C Bone i1 Ashepoo Dissolved Bone Atlanta Soluble Bone Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate without Potash aAcid Phosphate with Potash Acid Phosphate Atlanta Soluble Bone 6Adairs Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate and Potash Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Avalon Acid Phosphate Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate Acidulated Kock Ammoniated Fertilizer Ashepoo Bone Ash Alkaline Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Bone and Potash Bone and Potash Bates Acid Phosphate 1425 1500 1420 1250 1155 1350 1020 1340 1400 1250 950 1350 1520 1550 1250 1250 1150 1050 1160 1315 1420 1115 1410 1320 1250 1350 1360 1250 1735 1120 Phosphoric Acid 110 090 200 250 125 200 210 125 175 200 125 130 175 215 220 250 125 075 085 850 800 1010 1025 1020 10 50 950 12 20 1470 12 10 850 12 50 1175 1250 10 1150 925 920 1110 1120 1050 785 1120 825 1015 810 4 1060 1140 1325 175 360 405 285 440 445 300 1025 1220 1416 13 10 1460 14 95 1310 250 14 70 160 10JO 250 770 390 330 200 375 370 500 400 300 340 275 265 230 285 245 420 530 310 210 250 1460 1620 16 40 1505 1450 14 55 15 20 1425 1320 1410 1460 1325 1050 1350 1110 1260 1230 1010 1370 1350 1575 185 210 210 190 200 L55 240 220 175 165 210 175 220 220 325 375 If U o 1874 1674 1888 1772 1752 1949 1812 1764 1956 1752 1944 1968 1961 1740 1746 1824 1710 18 64 1912 1752 1765 1803 1K20 1948 16 1696 1852 1969 1995 1890 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC Robertson Taylor Williams Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Hartshorne Huger Savannah Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Clifton Chem Phos Co Atlanta Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Slingluff Co Baltimore Pendleton Guano Co AtlantaGa Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C W J Barn well Hawkinsville Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos Co CharlestonSC Slingluff Co Baltimore Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Ashepoo Phos Charleston S C Navassa Guano Co Wilmington NC Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Jno Merryman Co B Island N Y Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C AllanticPhosphtcCo Chaileston S C Ashepoo Phosphate Co CharlestonSC Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Impd by Hartshorne Huger Savan nah Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Clifton Chemical Phos Co Atlanta Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Furman Farm lmpt Co East Pt Ga Slingluff Co Baltimore Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Wappoo Mills Charleston S C Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Slingluff Co Baltimore Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port RoyalSC Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Ir1 CO co O Q C W Q W H N ft coTABLE No IIContinued NAME OF BRAND Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate Bales Phosphate Guano Brannous Soluble Guano Bales Phosphate Guano Baltimore Dissolved Bone Boyds Standard Acid Phosphate Boyds Standard Aeid Phosphate Baltimore Dissolved Bone with Potash B Cos Acid Phosphate Barrys Biphosphate X Barrys Acid Phosphate Chatham Acid Phosphate cCharleston Acid Phosphate Cotton Seed Guano Colquitts Ga Standard Guano Clifton Acid Phosphate Crown Acid Phosphate Cotton Brand High Grade Acid Phosphate Carroll High Grade Guano Cranstons Acid Phosphate Dissolved So Ca Bone Phosphate DeLeons Dissolved Bone Phosphate Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime Diamond Soluble Bone Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Dobbs Chemical Compound Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Etiwan Acid Phosphate Edisto Acidulated Rock Phosphoric Acid 1310 1020 915 850 925 1150 1250 1050 1 150 1450 1375 1350 1050 7 121 850 1010 1175 850 1570 1220 1510 11 in 1350 1475 965 1150 1250 1125 1015 1550 1500 150 1050 0S0 125 280 2511 185 125 225 110 ii 85 085 140 305 1111 115 320 310 220 110 095 185 155 235 275 06 235 105 110 2011 005 135 050 855 9 25 075 8in 1150 illIlll 7SO 10 50 1305 1315 950 800 SHI 1130 075 11 15 660 1100 1170 1165 10 55 11 10 1215 485 115 800 11 15 1255 1075 1380 305 1355 315 250 li 27 225 385 270 360 310 311 435 170 22 2211 1711 I 300 121 2711 3 15 300 435 3111 395 770 Ili 385 400 335 355 210 11 70 11 II 20 11 1 13 7 13S inu 11 10 1015 1020 14 90 14 20 10 25 10311 11 Oil 1150 I I 15 10 80 1070 1515 II 05 14 90 11 50 10lo 1255 111115 11 85 1575 1591 1430 1620 Iin 155 100 131 17 IMi a a 180 1800 200 255 200 IIlll 050 l 225 L30 1 isil 211 2111 105 113 531 115 1SSI 2009 1821 1862 1700 178 1933 1092 2068 2069 1788 1984 1930 1910 1080 1555 1698 1807 2117 1818 1758 1788 1740 932 1830 199s 11122 1890 1908 1831 1944 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Jno U Weld Savannah Ga I A Hale Rome Ga National Fertilizer Co Nashville 1 A Hale Rome Ga Slinglufl Co Baltimore 11 Bovd Griflin Ga 1 D Bcvl rilnn i Sltnglull it Co Baltimore Baldwin Fer Co Savannah Ga E Barry Augusta Ga E Barry Augusta Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Stono Phos Co Charleston s C Jarrell llairc A Co Crawford Ga I F Edwards Crawford Ga Clifton it Chemical PhosphateCo Atlanta Walton Whaim i Co Charleston E 1 Powers Wilmington X C Kramer Mandeville Carrollton Cranston Alexander Augusta Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Hartshorne linger Savannah J O Mathewson Co Augusta Walton Whann Co WimgtnDel Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Ashley Phos Co Charleston s c Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Walton Whann Co Charleston Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Standard Guano chem Mnfg Co New Orleans Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Bowker Fertilizer Co Elizabethport J A Bale Rome Ga National Fertilizer Co Nashville J A Bale Rome Ga Slingluff Co Baltimore Mnfl for 11 Bovd Griffin Ga Mnfl ImI I Boyd Griffin Ga Slingluff Co Baltimore Baldwin Ferlizer Co Port RovalS C Mnfd for E Barry Augusta Ga Mnfd for E Harry Augusta Ga i ommercial Guano Co Savannah Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S J Jarrell Haire Co Crawford Ga L F Edwards Crawford Ga Clifton ct Chemical Phos Co Atlanta Ga Walton Whann Co CharlestonSC E 1 Powers Wilmington N Kramer Mandeville CarrolltonGa Mnfd for Cranston Alexander Au gusta Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Commercial Guano Oe Savannah Ga Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston lOlislo Phosphate Co Charleston Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Mnfd forS C Dobbs Athens Ga Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Standard Guano Chem Mnfg Co New Orleans Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC to pS PS H C o Ed h1 Q d a PS I o PS c RJEtiwan Dissolved Bono Eutaw Acid Phosphate English Acid Phosphate 1650 1625 1410 Etiwan Ammoniated Dissolved Hone Ezells Dissolved Bone Enoree Acid Phosphate Eagle Acid Phosphate Furmans Ammoniated Soluble Bone 5Furmans Acid Phosphate Farisli Furmans Formula Franklin Acid Phosphate Forest City Acid Phosphate Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate Georgia state Standard Diss BonePhos Grays Bone Phosphate Grays Bone Phosphate Home Fertilizer Chemicals High Grade Acid Phosphate Heaths Soluble Bone High Grade Dissolved Bone H S Miller Co Standard Phosphate 1 Hardees Cotton Boll Acid Phosphate 5 H C H Cotton Plant Bone Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Lockwood Acid Phosphate Marietta Guano Co High Grade Acid Phos Merrymans High Grade Acid Phosphate oMagnolia Acid Phosphate Magnolia Acid Phosphate Nitrate of da National Fertilizer Co Aeid Phosphate 1510 1050 1015 1520 1450 020 100 055 120 210 lio 210 165 080 125 095 250 100 U80 275 086 085 150 1 40 1110 10 50 11 46 810 1150 915 1010 8 50 11 50 945 7 50 12 00 1115 12 00 1150 1150 10 1110 105 100 110 110 150 090 085 310 250 090 0 1175 950 11 80 11 50 1140 13 02 L225 1115 10 5 1175 1250 10 80 310 210 265 300 330 390 115 295 370 315 560 270 300 210 270 270 345 305 1420 1310 1410 365 375 395 175 391 30S 235 1 1 110 340 14 55 3115 330 185 1450 1505 It 35 105 F65 1760 150 115 180 1704 1747 1692 1952 1770 1716 1465 1848 1824 1822 1575 1764 lliIS 1692 1704 1704 1704 1698 281 1848 1830 1890 S418 1836 2061 1275 1245 1340 1350 1280 1310 1260 1285 1265 1220 1240 1310 12 450 2202 1746 1740 1961 1872 4928 1764 310 T32 1275 1245 1340 1350 1280 1310 1260 1285 1265 1220 1240 1310 1275 155 150 Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston The Wilcox Gibbs Guauo Co Savannah Etiwan Phos Co Charleston Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Ashley Phos Co Charleston Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Jo Atlanta Ga Ashley Phos Co Charleston Hammond Hull Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Baldwin Fer Co Savannah BaldwiuFer Co Savannah Boykln Carmer Co Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Pelzer Rodgers Co Charleston H S Miller Co Baltimore Hammond Hull Co Savannah Gray Bros Augusta Ga Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston Savannah Guano Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co CharlestonSC Commercial Guano Co Savannah Wando Phos Co Charleston Navassa Guano Co Wilmington John M Green Atlanta Ga E J Powers Wilmington N C Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga Atlantic Phos Co Charleston Nat Fertilizer Co Nashville Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston The Wilcox Gibbs Guano CoSavan nah Ga Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval SC Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval SC Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C Boykin Carmer fc Co Baltimore Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Point Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C H S Miller Baltimore Md Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Mnfd for Gray Bros Augusta Ga Impd by Jno Merryman o Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston S C Impd by Savannah Guano Co Impd by Baldwin Fertilizer Co Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Impd by Furman Farm Impt Co East Point Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Impd by Wando Phos Co Charles ton S C Impd by Navassa Guano Co Wil mington N C Impd by Jno M Green Atlanta Ga Impd E J Powers Wilmington N C Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Jno Merryman Co Barren Island Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Mnfd for Orr Hunter Athens Ga Impd by Atlantic Phos Co Charles ton S C National Fertilr Co NashvilleTenn f K Co PJ CO C S r C a is IS Q S IS N IS Ed COTABLE IiContinued NAME OF BRAND Navassa Acid Phosphate Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate eOglethorpe Acid Phosphate rfOglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate O K Dissolved Bone Orchilla Guano Our Dissolved Bone Phosphate Pomona Acid Phosphate Potash Acid Phosphate gj Pioneer Acid Phosphate Port Royal Dissolved Bone Pure Dissolved So Ca Bone Pure English Acid Phosphate aPatapseo Guano Co Acid Phosphate Pure Raw Ground Bone Port Royal Acid Phosphate dPort Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate Phosphate Potash and Ammonia Potasso Phospho Pioneer Acid Phosphate Palmetto Acid Phosphate Potash Acid Phosphate Raisins Acid Phosphate Raiubow Soluble Phosphate Soluble Bone cStono Acid Phosphate Sunny South Acid Phosphate Southern Acid Phosphate Slingluffs High Grade Acid Phosphate Sterling Acid Phosphate St J Ravenel Acid Phosphate Standard Acid Phosphate Stonewall Acid Phosphate Standard Acid Phosphate 1375 1350 1300 1300 1150 64S 1325 1100 1115 1010 12 1550 1280 1520 Phosphoric Acid I 130 085 085 085 160 12 10 75 1115 1150 11 50 010 1300 1300 1200 1030 1120 112 1 17 020 925 1350 1050 1275 1275 1165 1500 1250 1020 ll 1385J 125 11 185 10 150 8 245 7 090 150 065 090 2215 085 085 350 160 250 100 115 115 300 120 306 250 835 250 065 250 2211 135 210 M 1050 875 1235 1000 1205 1215 1085 245 305 270 270 200 550 455 405 290 530 305 1110 260 330 o 3 S flU PS o c y Tt H P 18 i 1480 1420 112 1110 550 16 05 15 05 11 65 1245 14 85 14 35 1510 15 05 FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 155 170 270 270 305 500 120 32 200 345 370 300 470 325 305 510 380 150 320 315 345 14 20 1420 1025 13 20 1220 13 11 60 1355 11 75 1510 1420 1440 1415 1385 015 1615 475 l25 025 100 320 165 155 14 50 1525 1530 1430 510 230 390 125 210 1020 1806 1718 1059 1782 1722 1812 10111 1739 Navassa Guano Co Wilmington 1776 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 1704 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 1704 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 1964 Orr Hunter Athens Ga S W Travers Co Richmond Commercial Guano Co Savanh M A Lowry Dawson Ga Lorcntz tt Ritter Baltimore Md Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Savannah Cheml Co of Canton Baltimore Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore 11 R Legg Marietta Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Geo W Scott Mnfg Co Atlanta Ashley Phos Co Charleston Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston John M Green Atlanta Raisins Fertilizer Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus Stono Phosphate Co Charleston Jno M Green Atlanta Ga 1704 1704 2120 1814 1854 177 150 1696 2005 1812 1984 1728 1698 1701 2018 1710 1830 1830 Maddox Rueker Co Atlanta Slinglurt Co Baltimore Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga Wappoo Mills Charleston Waudo Phosphate Co Charleston Commercial Guano Co Savannah 1716 Walton Whann Co Charleston Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Mnfd for Orr Hunter Athens Ga Impd by S W Travers Co Rich mond Va Commercial Guano Co Savannah Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co lt Royal chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md sterns Fer bem Mfg Co N OLa Hammond Hull A Co Pt Roval S C Hammond Hull Co lt Royal SC Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga ie W Scott Mnfg Co Atlanta Ga Ashley Phos Co Charleston S Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Americus Guano Co Americus Ga Raisins Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Columbus Fertilizer Co ColumbusGa Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S c Clark Cove Guano Co New Bedford Mass Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga SHngluffA Co Baltimore Md Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Wappoo Mills Chariestit S Wando Phos Co Charleston S Commercial Guano Co Savannah Mnfd Battey tt Hamilton Rome Ga H C 0 sa Q t1 d i 0 o 0Stono Acid Phosphate Stonewall Acid Phosphate Sunny South Acid Phosphate Scotts High Grade Acid Phosphae Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano The Sovereign Ammoniated Superphosphate Wando Acid Phosphate Wilcox Gihhs Gos Superphosphate Walton Whann Co Amd Dissolved Bone West Dissolved Bone Wando Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Wando Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Walkers Dissolved Bone X X Acid Phosphate Average 850 1475 1050 1025 50 1575 1220 1050 1125 1020 1100 1020 1375 1350 310 085 085 165 140 275 075 125 410 315 25 210 OIO 175 1075 1230 1040 1050 850 600 1105 700 630 10 15 810 920 14 60 1180 345 355 580 535 270 510 405 780 520 305 365 470 110 280 1420 15 85 1620 1585 1120 1110 1510 1480 1150 1410 1175 1390 1570 14 60 1381 135 075 125 000 125 170 250 180 l50 040 110 1829 1902 1944 1902 1892 1792 1812 2051 1980 1692 1910 1708 1994 1752 E H Forest Co Charleston Commercial Guano Co Savannah T K Ramspeck Decatur Ga Geo W Scott Mnfg Co Atlanta Geo W Scott Mufg Co Atlanta John M Green Atlanta Ga Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Walton Whann Co Charleston John R West Maeon Ga Wando Phos Co Charleston R B Jarvis Charleston Walker Son Augusta Ga Walton Whann Co Wilmington Stono Phos Co Charleston 8 C Commercial Guano Co Savannah T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga Geo W Scott Mnfg Co Atlanta Ga Geo W Scott Mnfg Co Atlanta Ga Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford MilSS WanioPhosphate Co Charleston SC Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Ga Walton Whann Co Charleston SC John R West Macon Ga Wando Phos Co Charleston S C Wando Phospho Co Charleston S C Mnfd for Walker Son Augusta Ga Walton Whann Co WilmingtonDel t Rawboue or bone meal contains no revertedI acidI proper as ithas j f n ble though practically it is much more available M planrfood WgSokedomthe same bulkbeing in eve JtSffi SdSlrotKlS by letters a bi etc prefixed to tl e same those havmg The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as Insolu A good finely ground bone meal is worth about W0 every respect identi ng the same letter in the same table being identical are sacked andjPPedtram WP derived frora natural guanos it speedily becomes available if from animal bone s JSMS foA fisiderable lelsthof time haveThereforo value in this connection if immediate results are not desired Natural guanos and bones t1 GO 00 c Q o te o r f B W H N IS GO24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA REMARKS During the season of 188788 there were inspected analyzed and admitted t sale in Georgia 20800739 tons of Commercial Fertilizers and Chemicals The following table shows the amount inspected by each inspector O T Rogers resigned December 31 529425 tons M A Stovall resigned October 31 90000 tons E KidSey6151000 tons J H Pate killed in railway accident March 162713060 tons R O Pate appointed March 26 302710 tons JW Murphy42l2465 tons A F Woolley 1441843 tons 210036 tons 00 tons W B Jones M D Irwin appointed January 128502 Total20800739 tons The following table shows the number of inspections made by each inspector during the season the average number of tons in each inspection the whole num ber of inspections made and the average amount of each Number of Inspections Average Amount of each Inspection O T Rogers M A Stovall R Ridgely J H Pate R O Pate J W Murphy A F Woolley W B Jones M D Irwin Total 152 83 63 tons 6 150 tons 558 110 tons 681 39 tons 99 30 tons 494 85 tons 328 44 tons 227 110 tons 349 81 tons 2825 74 tonsANALYSES OP COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1887 25 COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the last thirteen seasons There were inspected during the season of 187565531600 tons There were inspected during the season of 187677582400 tons There were inspected during the season of 18778 9317800 tons There were inspected during the season of 187898504900 tons There were inspected during the season of 18798011958300 tons There were inspected during the season of 1880115240400 tons There were inspected during the season of 1881212542700 tons There were inspected during the season of 1882312537700 tons There were inspected during the season of 1883415184900 tons There were inspected during the season of 1884517015300 tons There were inspected during the season of 1885616070500 tons There were inspected during the season of 18867166078 08 tons There were inspected during the season of 1887820800739 tons AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR ACID PHOSPHATES Of the whole amount of iertilizers placed upon the market during the past sea son 13621039 tons were Ammoniated Superphosphates and 67978 tons were Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones It is well to remark that those brands which con tain not less than eight per cent of available phosphoric acid and two per cent ot ammonia are classed as Ammoniated Superphosphates and those containing less than two per cent of ammonia and not less than ten per cent of available phos phoric acid are classed as Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones This classification is made without regard to the name of the brand as will be seen by reference to the tables The fertilizing materials which do not belong to either of the fore going are classed as Chemicals and Compounds other than Ammoniated Superphos phates and Dissolved Bones Of this class there were 3819 tons inspected and analyzed and are included in table No II The number of tons of Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bones inspected in Georgia during the past thirteen seasons is as follows For the season of 187566499 tons For the season ot 1876712842 tons For the season of 1877815332 tons For the season of 1878910291 tons For the season of 18798013906 tons For the season of 1880122036 tons For the season of 1881220602 tons For the season of 1882331017 tons Dor the season of 1883439154 tons For the season of 1884535012 tons For the season of 18856 37451 tons For the season of 1886740899 tons For the season of 1887867978 tons 15326 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phosphate for each season is as follows For 187561116 per cent For 187671282 per cent For 187781962 per cent For 187891222 per cent For 1879801163 per cent For 188011511 percent For 188121642 per cent For 188232473 per cent For 188342578 per cent For 188452055 per cent For 188562334 per cent For 188672462 per cent For 188783074 per cent The following averages for the past thirteen seasons will he found interesting GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 923 1094 1087 1143 1195 1024 1096 1088 1103 1082 1113 1101 1139 1166 265 517 253 249 252 275 279 223 270 166 258 133 253 141 248 147 253 150 247 155 224 144 243 165 245 194 246 212 These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phosphates for the seasons namd It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia and Potash are of those brands nly which are shown by analysis to contain these elements and not of the whole number of brands analyzed 154ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788 27 AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 Available Phosphoric Acid 873 1036 1051 1083 1152 953 1030 1020 1022 978 1036 1015 1030 1047 Ammonia 284 298 273 279 270 259 253 248 253 247 229 243 245 246 AVERAGE OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the seasen of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 155 Available Phosphoric Acid 1105 1199 1168 1310 1320 1244 1260 1248 1255 1259 1287 1262 1345 1381 Potash 531 279 243 225 164 135 145 258 148 157 151 164 196 214 Potash 385 464 454 216 163 128 130 105 156 148 130 168 185 207 28 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows Por the season of 18745HO brands Por the season of 18756101 brands Por the season of 18767125 brands For the season of 18778127 brands Por the season of 18789162 brands Por the season of 187980182 brands Por the season of 18801226 brands Por the season of 18812270 brands Por the season of 18823 354 brands Por the season of 18834336 brands Por the season of 18845369 brands Por the season of 18856345 brands For the season of 18867322 brands For the season of 18878377 brands These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or compost ing manures at homes The number of brands of ammoniated and nonammoniated fertilizers for each season is as follows Por the season ot 18745 Por the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 Por the season of 187980 Por the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 Por the season of 18823 Por the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 Por the season of 18878 Amoniated Nonammoniated 86 24 68 33 85 40 90 37 119 43 135 47 163 66 187 83 239 115 210 126 229 140 215 130 206 116 242 135 156ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788 29 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERSSEASON OF 188788 RECEIPTS Fees on 208007 39 tons at fifty cents per ton 10400368 EXPENSES OF INSPECTION 2108992 Inspectors tags at 2 per thousand 425399 Express charges on tags and samples drayage telegrams postage etc 25991 Bottles wax stationery etc 27896 Traveling expenses of Inspectors 129765 Net amount paid into the treasury 9791317 10400368 10400368 Total amount of fees paid into the Treasury 9791317 Drawn from treasury on account of salaries Inspectors salaries to October 1188813 months 939273 Chemistssalary to October 1 1888 13 months 325000 Total salaries13 months 1264273 Net balance in the treasury 8527044 9791317 9791317 The net balance in the treasury for the season of 187778 was 3590577 For the season of 187879 3126767 For the season of 187980 4643847 For the season of 188081 6406028 For the season ot 188182 5025132 For the season of 188283 5081090 For the season of 188384 6213392 For the season of 188485 7018375 For the season of 188586 6536137 For the season of 188687 6810735 For the season ot 188788 8527044 Increase compared with season of 188687 1716309 w5New Series Questions for September Crop Report girTo be returned to the Office of the Depart ment of Agriculture by Sept 1st 1888 What is the condition and prospects of 1 Cotton compared to an average 2 Corn compared to an average 3 Rice compared to an average 4 Sugar Cane compared to an average 5 Sweet Potatoes comp to an average 6 Tobacco compared to an average 7 What casualties have affected the cotton crop 8 Give date of first appearance Cotton Catterpillar 9 Number of stock hogs compared to last year 10 Condition of stock hogs compared with an average per cent percent per cent NoteIf you desire a reply to any practical question of interest to farmers put your inquiry in as few words as pos sible in a separate envelope The inquiry and answer will be published if of sufficient general interest NAME POST OFFICE COUNTY nCIRCULAR No 108 1 New Series f CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1888 SHOWING THE CONDITION AND PROSPECT OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF SEPTEMBER AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA 3 T XaE2NTI3EKSOiT Coaaazaaisslc ATLANTA GEORGIA Constitution Publishing Company 1MCircular No 103 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1888 Returned to the Department of Agriculture September 1 1888 Department op Agriculture Atlanta Ga September 6 1888 GENERAL KEMARKS The conditions during the month were rather unfavorable than otherwise for the crops not already matured The variable weather conditions that prevailed during the greater part of July and which were brought to a close by general rains during the last week of the month were again resumed early in August and prevailed as before until the last week in the latter month No widespread disaster of storm or flood has occurred yet the sea sons were not such as to cause any material and general improve ment in the prospects of either of the leading crops The effect of the heavy rains during the first part of this month remain to be seen COTTON The general average condition and prospect of this crop ha fallen from 89 on the first of August to 85 on the first of Septem ber a loss of four pointSi In North Georgia the reduction was 163 4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA from 92 to 87 Middle Georgia 87 to 8G Southwest Georgia 93 to 83 Bast Georgia 80 to 79 and in Southeast Georgia from 92 to 91 This shows that the condition of the crop in Southwest Georgia has declined more than the aggregate reduction of the other four sections This was due to the more general prevalence f rust and at the same time the depredations of caterpillars Drouth and rust are pretty generally assigned as the cause of injury throughout the State though too much rain is noted in a few counties On the whole the crop in the State at large was three points better than at the same date last year when it was 82 on the first of September The very heavy rains that have fallen throughout the State since the date September 1 to which these estimates refer will doubtless very seriously impair the quality of the cotton and somewhat reduce the final yield of the crop COEX The prospective yield of this crop is two points lower than the prospect one month ago The dry weather severely injured the late corn in North Georgia and to a limited extent in Middle Georgia The other sections show no change other than may be harged to a slight reduction of estimates after the fodder was pulled The average for the State93 is still higher than the estimate f July 1 when it was thought that the crop promised to yield nojugh for all home demands MLNOP CROPS Sugar Cane and Sweet Potatoes have yielded somewhat to the dry weather and show a reduction of condition and prospect of two points in the former and three in the latter as compared with August 1 Tobacco has somewhat improved showing an advance f three points STOCK HOGS The reports indicate a falling off in the number of stock hogs as compared with last year and their condition compared with an average at this season The farmers of Georgia made less pork last year than the year before and the probable supply the coming 164SEPTEMBER CROP REPORTU winter will be still less This means that the quantity of home raised pork produced this year in Georgia will be less than sixty per cent of what will be necessary next year CONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER 1888 BY SECTIONS Condition and Prospects Compared with an Av Stock erage of Hogs SECTIONS 6 O C 0 0 0 p 0 0 u s c 2 5 a o a 0 s 8s 0 2 0 II P U J 2 CB tj H fc 0 North Georgia 87 86 83 79 95 88 99 90 95 93 77 80 92 Sl 92 80 102 97 98 87 102 97 94 92 96 88 88 92 93 91 96 92 90 931 99 96 98 94 93 96 97 98 91 97 86 94 Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia Southeast Georgia Average for the State 85 165THE DOCTRINE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS By M Geo Ville Translated by Miss E L Howakd Before separating last month I promised to return to fully explain the doctrine or Chemical Fertilizers That this explanation may be useful and complete I place two prin ciple ideas in a strong light In the first place to show the fundamental truths of the doctrine in all their scientific severity your minds must be free from the prejudices they may have formed and indifferent to the objections which can he made or that have already been made In the second place to define what is from the point of view of our real knowledge the signification of the agricultural methods which the past has proved valuable in what the new agricultural doctrine is allied to or differs from these methods on what point they continue them and upon what other points they separate from them and how the present in its most advanced progress is connected to the traditions which the past has bequeathed to us As soon as we try to raise the veil which has so long concealed from us the mysteries of vegetation we find ourselves confronted by a fact which astonishes which seems at first to be inexplicable and which however must be explained The number of known plants is two hun dred thousand Poets sing about them botanists classify and describe them they teach us in what their organization resembles each other or how they differ and howthanks to their different characteristicsthe vegetal kingdom can be divided into groups like the provinces of a vast empire The chemist in his turn acts differently He neither sings nor describes he analyzes Forms are to him but an ephemeral mantle what preoccupies him and what he wishes to find is the substance of vegetation in its very essence Of what are plants formed of what ele ments and what is the exact number of them A strange and unexpected result the severest analysis answers that their composition is always the same Trees shrubs herbs mosses algae are all melted away in the crucible of the chemist into these 14 elements These we must class into two lists 106SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1888 Mineral elements f Carbon Organic elements Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Silicon Iron Manganese Calcium Magnesia Sodium Potassium Organic elements are those which are dissipated in vapor and smoke during the combustion of vegetation Mineral elements are those which remain in the form of ashes Thus two grand facts sum up this first part of our studies variety in form unity in substance Here the vegetal kingdom is defined in two words Twentyfive years ago gentlemen a young and very modest student richer in hope than in property full of ardor for the chemical sciences to which he had devoted himself conceived the ambition of solving this question To produce an entire plant with simple chemical compounds exactly as we produce soap glass litharge etc in a factory To accomplish this daring feat as others did not hesitate to call hardi hood bordering on folly it was necessary by previous studies of living plants to define the most available form of chemical compounds of which we must make use It is needful we make an explanation here V egetation contains as we have said phosphorus potassium chlorine nitrogen etc now as we cannot employ these bodies in an elementary state it was necessary for each one of them to search out and define the natural composition under which they would be apt to cooperate in vegetal life More than this the power to manipulate a new force had to be learned Life without which we cannot think of producing a living being and defining the methods under which one can associate the effects of this force with those of chemical affinities In the formation of a plant chemical affinity determines the combi nation between the powerful elements set at work Life regulates the effects of the affinities it guides and directs these evolutions as the rudder directs the ship What is the result of this longcontinued study which has cost me fifteen long years of efforts struggles sacrifices and often bitterness The doctrine of chemical fertilizers Ah let me show you the primitive conception of this capital demon strationthe fruit of labor lighted by my youth the honor of my mature life with the expectation that it may become a solace in the future 167 8 DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTUBBGEOBGLA The first point to be cleared before entering into the heart of the diffi SlLrll6 Lf fn WhlCh WUld reSPnd in ite Pical texture to all the needs of plant life and which could however furnish 1W d6ment f mfiti0n YU not 0eand no inhe slightest degree a nutrient My choice rested on sand calcined in a porcelain stove so as to deprive concentrS T CUM p098iblr COntain then ated by matter wl00 l Mve M traces of iro or rthy TdtunTed gtnfly hldS laStly wa8hed with distUled water and bnmed a second time Thus it became pure and insoluble silica hirti V tfteltht Smi W8S thus PrePared vessels suitable for holding had to be found Pots of biscuit china were used that as a piecau ion were coated with pure wax to prevent saline exudations cult vS UmVlrsal exPence of horticulturists proves that plants cultivated in a small space grow better if their roots are so placed that ntheghort WCTe 8 that there Were longitudinal slits with h n V tlK rtS Kpread themselves freely in a basin tilled with distilled water in which the pots were placed tYhl7Tat f T f moisture which the immediate contact of the of the Z Ule Sh6et f Water might produce the lo part POWsWWa inch deeP with fragments from the lining of a porodaln furnace that had been used for several years and subjected to a heat equal to heat like that in the crater of a volcano then the frag ments were broken with a hammer so the very centre ofeachpiefe watirTff ng T f then that of the distilled water and finally burned a second time Excuse the seemingly useless details This is a serious matter The EvervTw h VegtaI fe frm a11 determined elements Eve 3 detail that assisted in this was of essential value To omit a single precaution was to ruin the very foundation of the experiment methods hti0nS are valuabe y fr the exactness of ite thSubj2ilod you now klow We wU1 now go into the spirit ofthe Tn a soil thus prepared which could furnish no element of nutrition to a plant and was simply a mechanical support wheat was sown W hat was the result of this experiment The grains of wheat germinated then pushed stems above the soil that grew fifteen or twenty inches high and at last showed a resemblance lit 71 V6fgeS f grahl But what kind of vegetation It looked as if from the depth of Greenland The straw was not larger than a fine knittingneedle the head about an inch long and the grain reduced to the exterior skin was no larger than a millet seed s 168SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1888 VtesMlt Seed 1 gramme crop 6 grammes Thus in burnt sand all foreign matter excluded the plant having no other source of food but air and water gives vestiges of grain and an appreciable amount of straw Let us state clearly the first deductions from this point Analyze a cereal plant grown in such conditions and you find 45 to 59 per cent of carbon the soil contained not a trace of carbon It was then natural to ask if the addition of such a substance would affect the crop of wheat Carbon was added to the burnt sand and to have the carbon in an absolutely pure condition crystalized sugar most carefully purified and burnt in vases of platina hermetically sealed was used Now what was the result of this addition Absolutely none From burnt sand there were i grammes of crop With the addition of carbon to the sand the crop was 5 grammes It was easy to foresee thiscarbon being insoluble in waterbut we will interpret nothing and stick to facts only The intervention ofcar bon added nothing to the neutrality of the burnt sand Then it was asked what will happen if carbon in combination witli hydrogen and oxygen be added to the burnt sand This was tried in the most varied forms of hydrocarbonaceousmatterstraw cellulose gums starches oils etc These different substances never showed the slightest effect Lastly these same substances were tried after alteration by contact with the air had formed them into the blackish matter called humus to which the old traditions of agriculture had given so valued an office To get this humus in a pure state the result of the alteration of vege table matter I went to the Department of Landes and went into the old forests of sea pines where the needles falling every year produce by spontaneous alteration this black matter soluble in potash which is the essential characteristic of humus Then the sands along1 the shore as white as snow were used as a medium inert as burnt sand containing however humus which had not been formed by the use of any other chemical fertilizer Under these conditions what was the result Exactly the same as from burnt sand 6 grammes of crop You will see in all this gentlemen there is no question either of theory or of doctrine but simply authenticated experiments destined to con vert abstract conceptions into the testimony of parts Let us return to our conclusions In burnt sand free from all additions moistened with distilled water vegetation is languishing and precarious With substances composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen even in the form of humus the result is 16910 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA no better no appreciable effects However the three elements carbon hydrogen and oxygen in themselves represent 9o per cent of the weight of vegetation This brings us to the following capital conclusions 1st The elements which predominate in the substance of vegetation do not come from the soil 2nd These elements either isolated or combined with each other are destitute of all fertilizing action These conclusions thus presented to your minds we will continue our programme Besides carbon hydrogen and oxygen plants contain ten minerals and nitrogen What is the relative degree of importance of these two orders of min erals which form but a comparatively very small part of vegetable substance Let us first try the action of these ten minerals To do this add to burnt sand ashes from the burning of wheat including straw chaff and grain Sow and water What happens under these new conditions Exactly or very nearly that produced from burnt sand alone Eight grammes of crop instead of six The improvement is very little Let us see further The conclusion is not less unexpected than from the two preceding relative to the inertia of compounds formed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen Of the four organic elements of which vegetation is composed three exercise no fertilizing action The reunion of the ten mineral elements is not more efficacious Thus of the 14 elements found in vegetation thirteen have no appreciable action What will be that of the fourteenthnitrogen A new experiment in which we add nitrogen to the burnt sand under three different forms under the form of nitrogenous vegetable matter powdered lupines and in the most simple forms of salts of ammonia and of nitre The effect of this addition was immediate Until then wheat showed pale dwarfed languishing this time the foliage was a dark green For a short time I believed the secret of vegetation was at last found but this was alas but a hope soon undeceived After these first indications of activity followed again a feeble appearance The crop was nine grammes instead of six The most evident fact was the green coloring of the leaves Encouraged however by this result the idea came to me of associating nitrogen with the minerals Make the experiment yourself This time the effect was magical the plants were perfect They shot up as they grew Their leaves were of the deepest green showing a vitality which could not be checked Life flowed freely from this association and this just before inert and sterile sand lose sud denly to equality with the most fertile soil 170SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1888 11 Happy the day when this result burst upon my sight Impossible to deny itNature was sovereign in her proofs Every day the stalks of wheat gained in solidity and height They ended in beautiful heads from which I took grains of wheat comparable with those grown under the most favorable conditions Let me repeat it gentlemen that the whole secret of vegetation flowed from this experiment In a soil composed of inert elements offering the plants but the aid of a simple supportby the help of a little nitre or salts of ammonia and the ashes of wheat was grown 20 50 100 times the weight of the seed and in the crop was found the amount of carbon hydrogen and oxygen the addition of which to the burnt sand showed no effect What is the mysterious source from which the wheat has drawn these three bodies which form as we can not repeat too often 95 per cent of weight of its substance The answer is now very easy Ex perience says the carbon comes from the air it is therefore useless to give it to the soil The hydrogen and oxygen originate from the water with which the sand was moistened and nature holds the rain responsi ble for furnishing them to the plants But two conditions are absolutely necessary that vegetal activity can utilize the two inexhaustible sources which are always open to it the soil must receive nitrogen and the minerals Suppress this addition and air and water now so active and fruitful return to the category of inert and passive agents Here there is life and thereis death on one side abundance and on the otherinexorable poverty Now we will descend from these heights to the realities of practical life Take the first point Production in a soil in itself inert and passive of vegetation compara ble in all points with those coming from good soilby the aid of simple chemical products On this first point there is no possible dispute New conclusion Of the 100 parts of vegetal substance 95 come from air and water so we may say and without metaphor that vegetation is almost condensed air and water Practical rules Work in burnt sand and then minerals with nitrogenous matter are necessary but in natural soil nitrogenous matter and the three minerals phosphate of lime potash and lime are sufficient Make in whatever soil you will two parallel experiments one with ten minerals that you know and the other with the three onlythe nitrogenous matter equal in both casesand the crops are in all points equal Why ten minerals in burnt sand and only three in natural soil Because the natural soils always contain those whose suppression has 17112 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA been recognized as possible namely iron silica chlorine manganese magnesia and soda etc With minerals there occur the same that has been produced with car bon hydrogen and oxygen of which you know air and water are the real source they are excluded from the fertilizer because all soils even the poorest are superabundantly supplied with them In calling the chemical fertilizer complete fertilizer which contains nitrogen phosphate of lime and in saying this fertilizer is proper for fer tilizing all soils we advance two rigorous and legitimate propositions rust because experiment has formulated them and in the second place if the fertilizer did not contain all which the plant possesses we are per fectly easy knowing that air water and soil are so made as to supply all m which it is lacking If at first these two propositions appear paradoxical you see that in reality the paradox is but apparent We then repeat the chemical fertilizer does not contain all that the plant possesses but it does contain all that is needful to produce one because the natural elements inert and unavailable without its concurrence enter thanks to it into the grand current of vegetal life Thus you find lighted up and clearly shown the strange proposition that by the aid of a fertilizer composed of four bodies you can produce plants which in reality contains fourteen bodies But in a practical point of view there is another conclusion flowing from the preceding and which is of still greater importance Here is the conclusion With one of fertilizer you gain ten of crop with one hundred of fertilizer a thousand of crop with ten thousand one million How is this possible How with one of fertilizer make ten of crop But you have already answered The fertilizer has only one odd value m vegetal nutrition The ninetenths of the substance of vegetation monies from air and water In prescribing manure for the soil you do not say you give it the equivalent in substance and in weight of the crop which it produced Why should you give it carbon hydrogen and oxygen which the earth does not give the plant Why should you give it silica iron manganese etc of which it contains an inexhaustible supply When one speaks of manure and restitution to the soil it ought to be well understood hut it can be but a question of partial restitution From the point of view of vegetal nutrition the restitution is total from the point of weight and bulk it is not total and needs to be but partial And thus are explained and justified these two fundamental WbblHUTn Vr1 rStS f10 Whe eCOnomy ofsoil Production With the help of four substancesphosphate of lime potash lime 7 JE Plaits which contain fourteen differentelene V th 10 of fertilizer you produce 100 of crop Keep up this system mdehmtely and by its aid you improve the soil instead f exhausthtit to he continued 17213 SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1888 THE BAGGING QUESTION The recent action of the bagging trust a combination of the manufac turers of jute bagging in this country in arbitrarily advancing the price of bagging has aroused the just indignation of all farmers It is under stood that this advance is not based upon any of those causes which rdinarily justify an increase in the price of merchandizesuch as mm sual scarcity greater demand for consumption etc There is no serious claim of justice but a simple practical assertion of the merciless power of monopoly This robberlike demand occurring just at the opening of the cotton season places the planter in an embarrassing position He wes his merchant for supplies advanced upon the faith of a prompt delivery of sufficient cotton to liquidate these debts The merchant owes others who have extended him credit on the same basis The wheels of trade and commerce depend upon the usual unimpeded move ment of the cotton crop What shall the farmer do under these circum stances The question in part is simply and easily answered It is quite clear that every farmer should meet his maturing obligations that are based on promises to deliver cotton or to pay the money at the usual time If he cannot raise the money otherwise he ought to deliver or sell enough of his cotton crop to meet all demands of this character or make such other arrangements as will satisfy his creditors It seems equally clear that the cotton should be ginned and baled in the usual way or if covered with different material than the customary bagging that it shall be subject to the approval of a reasonable and gen erous creditor The advance in the price of jute bagging is not sufficient to amount to a serious tax on any individual farmer and even if it were much higher he would not be justified in permitting his creditors to seriously suffer while seeking to defeat the exactions of the bagging trust Those farmers who are out of debt are more fortunately situated But even they should exercise the same sound judgment anddiscretion which determines them whether to sell or hold their cotton for a better price If all or nearly all were in this condition of independence it would be a comparatively easy matter to whip the trust They could hold back the bulk of the crop in the seed until an inevitatable advance in the price of cotton and reduction in the price of bagging would cooperate to his advantage Would that the farmers weiie as they ought to be in this condition of independence This point settled it remains to discuss the problem more generallj How to defeat the unjust monopoly and how to prevent such combi nations in the future or if formed how to break them down are prac tical questions The first suggestion of course is the use of other mate rial than bagging made of imported jute and the first that occurs to the mind is cotton cloth Why not cover or wrap the raw material in a eoarse cloth made especially for the purpose and of the same material Why not cover it with gunny cloth or any other material that will answer the purpose of reasonable protection against waste fire or other damage The question of comparative cost of cotton cloth is one that concerns the farmer alone and it is for him alone to consider That it secures 173 14 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEOKGIA r can be made to afford better protection against fire than the ordinary jute bagging no reasonable man will deny What other objection can be urged Warehousemen and shippers say cotton cloth will not stand the hooks that are used to handle the bales The reply is what is the necessity for using hooks or why not use hooks with sev eral prongs Not one farmer in ten uses any kind of hooks and yet he must handle his cotton in loading it upon his wagon It would be quite as reasonable to object to the use of a material entirely acceptable in every respect except that it could not be cut with the cotton gimlet or sampling knife Must the farmers of the South be compelled to cloth their seven million bales of cotton to suit the peculiar shape and style of the insignificant cotton gimlet or the temper of the samplers knife Are there not millions of bales of cotton domestics blankets and other goods upon which the laconic legend Use no Hooks is obeyed and respected Would it not well to reduce the weight of cotton bales to two hundred pounds and adopt a uniform standard of dimensions The suggestion that cotton cloth will not stand the sharp edges of th grooved compress follower even if plausible might be met with sub stantially the same reply The staple industry of ten States of the Union is too immense in its importance the aggregate value is too great the number engaged in the labor and sweat of production is too large to permit the arbitrary dictation of those who live by merely handling and moving the crop from the farm to the factory It may also be urged as a reason for using cotton cloth for bagging that it will thereby create a new use for the raw material and therefore tend to enhance the price It would require probably not less than five pounds of cotton cloth to each bale or for a crop of 7000000 bales a total of 35000000 pounds of cotton This is equivalent to 78000 bales of cotton or rather more than one per cent of the whole crop The manufacture of this amount of cloth would give additional employment to our own cotton mills The entire cost of 45000000 yards of jute bagging now required for the crop of the South which at even ten cents a yard amounts to 4500000 would be kept in the South instead of being distributed all the wav from here to India The same considerations may be urged in favor of any other home material that might be substituted for India bagging May we not rely with confidence on the ingenuity and enterprise of our manufacturers to discover and utilize some of the crude textile resources of the South A few words on the question whether the farmer gets paid for his bagging The solution is easy and unquestionable If the bagging and ties covering a bale could be sold in the final market of the cotton for the same price paid for them by the farmer the latter would lose nothing except the commissions for selling the same In fact however the bagging and ties are worth just whatthey will bring in the mangled and torn condition in which they are finally removed from the bale at the factory In Liverpool the customary allowance of tare is twenty pounds per bale The Liverpool quotations of prices are for the net cotton This deduction for tare at Liverpool is anticipated probably unconsciouslv and discounted by the first buyer of the bale of cotton in the home market and follows it all the way to its destination The farmer loses the original cost of the bagging and ties less their market value as junk Mock The farmer who shrewdly uses more than the customary amount of bagging to cover a bale may steal a march on the unwarv buver 174 J SEPTEMBER CROP RREPOT1888 li and pocket a small present profit provided the price of cotton is higher than the price of bagging It may be added that the National Government has the power and the occasion certainly calls for its exercise to admit foreign made bag ging free of duty While this might not and probably would not give substantial immediate relief it would greatly relieve the situation and tend to an early if not immediate reduction of the price of bagging The newspapers of the South can do the farmers a great service by thoroughly ventilating the questions here briefly discussed and m assist ing them to maintain a determined resistance to the extortions of the bagging trust Discussion will stimulate the spirit of inquiry and inven tion lead to the adoption of new and better methods and to the discov ery and utilization of other materials The farmers are aroused to a sense of their vassalage to the trade of the world and need but to coop erate in the assertion of their rights and to avail themselves of their privileges and opportunities to emancipate themselves and their calling from every form of oppression and extortion The present occasion may furnish the inspiration towards the achievement of that independence prosperity and contentment for which they have so long but so passively yearned SOME INQUIRIES BUST IN COTTON As rust in cotton is prevailing in our neighborhood our Club have requested me to write you to ask if there is any remedy or means of stopping it Any information will be thankfully received Barnesville Ga J W Hanson Sec Mt ernon Agrl Club Reply No immediate remedy for rust in cotton has ever been tound Rust is believed to result from want of proper nutrition of the plant on account of the scarcity of potash in the soil This would indicate that soils on which cotton is predisposed to rust should be fertilized with potash manures or fertilizers which contain a liberal percentage of pot ash The application of hard wood ashes on such soils is a convenient means of testing whether potash is neededas potash is the principal active fertilizing ingredient of ashes Many experiments of this kind have been made and the general tenor of the results is in support of the theory that want of potash is the frequent cause of rust You know that common hens sometimes lay soft eggs or eggs without shells This is due to a deficiency of lime in their food and is easily proven and remedied by furnishing the hens with powdered oyster shells or limestone So in a somewhat analagous manner a deficiency ot pot ash in the soil is indicated by the appearance of rust You will proba bly have observed that rust usually appears first on soils that are ot a very light color and sandy texture generally thin pine lands or light grey soils Such soils are the ones on which experience has proved that potash is a necessary ingredient in a fertilizer to be applied to them Kainit is largely used as a source of potash and is about the cheapest form in which potash can be had Cotton seed hull ashes is unexcelled as a potash fertilizer but the supply is of course limited RESCUE GRASS Has the Texas Rescue Grass been tried in Georgia and is it a suc sess Have heard that it is a fine forage and grazing grass It it will do where can I get seed Banksmlte Ga 1 A EAIj 175 16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRfCULTUREGEOKGlA tiyManr yars ago General Alfred Iverson introduced into tins State a grass which he called the Rescue grass which presume is the kind referred to by you The botanical nlme of he C Rescue grass is Bromus uniloides It belongs to the same genus wh cliess or cheat and resembles the latter somewhat ItT a vev zood grass but has not been largely sown in Georgia I think you Zn Vet seed of it by applying to either the Atlanta Seed Co or the Mark W Atxdoticior the Aied i THE BEST WHEAT AND OATH FOR OEOR6IA wlmtkindt186 Wlee CaD g0t the best seed heat and oats and SfW Gl MARION PATMOK KEPLYMy own aonviction is that the old Blue Stem wheat is the most reliable variety we have ever had At least Uie Snorts fron it are more uniformly favorable from all sections than those 0t a v other varieties Most of the farmers who regularlv sow wheat sow the Blue stem Several years since I distributed the Dallas wTieat It gave good satisfaction in many places esneciallv in the lnJL The best oat heretofore introduced so far as I know with eerraintv hl ftUI pini22 that seed wheat grown in Minnesota or some South 8tate wmProd better than seed raised Sr Griffin 0a J RANSoa kPLJ X k experience has shown that the best results are not Lb rwfnter or iwheTO 7 Whfre the Seed elVafbeen grw as a wiuiei or tan wheat On the contrarv I am of the miininn tit seed from a more Southern locality than our oW1 would LosUikeh wheat from Maryland or Ohio or other nnvtheri tif i y f may llcltotoemIffffl t V1 T e8tions about farming as COMMISSIONERS HeSpecial Circular No 74 New Series Questions for Crop Report October 1888 To Be Returned to the Department by the First Day of October From present indications what will be the total yield in your County com pared with an average total yield of the following crops per cenl 1 Cotton per cen 2 Corn per cenl 3 Sugar Cane per cent 4 Rice per cen 5 Sweet Potatoes 3 Prospect for Pork compared with last yearP en 7 Average price per yard for jute cotton bagging in nearest market October 1st 1887 8 Average price per yard of jute cotton bagging in nearest market cent October 1st 1888 9 Average number of yards used per bale by the formers in your yard county 10 Market price of middling cotton October 1 1888 Your Name P O County OverInquiries and Answers Lnder th head correspondents may subrait cal nature n regard to agriculture ete If of sufficient general interest both aquiry and answer will appear in the next Crop ReportCircular No 109 I New Series j Crop Report and Monthly Bulletin FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 1888 State of Georgia Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga October 9 1888 GENERAL EEMAEKS The heavy storms of rain and wind which occurred during the first twelve days of September covering the entire State proved verj damaging to most crops not harvested but especially to cot ton and rice The storms were most violent and the rainfall greatest in the eastern and northeastern section of the State causing great floods in the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers almost without precedent in the history of the State By reference to the Consolidated Tabular Report which follows the reduction of the condition and prospect of the several crops as compared with September 1 will be seen in detail by sections COTTON The general reduction of the condition of the cotton cropan average of the Statewas 10 points or from 85 on September 1 to 75 October 1 This is duo almost entirely to the heavy storms already alluded to In North Georgia the damage was 11 points in Middle Georgia 14 in Southwest Georgia 3 in East Georgia 7 in Southeast Georgia 13 showing that the greatest injury occurred in the valleys of the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers The general average condition for the State is 3 points below that of October 1 1887 It is quite evident that the sober second thought of the farmers has reduced the first estimates of damage CORN The effects of the storms and floods are also seen in the reduction of the condition and prospective yield of corn from 93 on Sep tember 1 to 88 on October 1 The condition is now the same as that of October 1 1887 OTHER CROPS The Sugar Cane crop is reported but little under an average while in tact it is probably the best crop we have had for several years Rice is not damaged as much as was first estimated showing a reduction in Southeast Georgia where the bulk of the crop is produced of but 4 points since September 1 177DKIARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Sweet Potatoes have improved 3 points and give promise of a full crop MISCELLANEOUS The questions in regard to the prices of cotton bagging on the first day of October 1887 and the same date this yearthe average quantity used per bale and the price of cotton were intended to elicit facts which have a special interest at this time At 64 yards per bale it required 45000000 yards of bagging for the crop of 188788 At 89 cents per yard the prevailing price of last sea son the cost of the bagging for that crop was 4005000 Assum ing that the crop of the present year will equal that of last year the cost of covering it with jute bagging at 14 cents per yard will be 6300000 or an increase of 2295000 The Commissioner has presented some practical views on the subject of the Bagging Question elsewhere in this report CONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT FOR OCTOBER BY SECTIONS 1888 Condition and Pros pect Compared with an Average be 0 u hf 00 D D s ti c C 1 V z Q V 44 a oi go North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia Southeast Georgia Average for the State Average for the state Sept 1 Average for the State Oet 11887 83 89 135 L36 14 138 152 140 126 50 I OS 912 944 927 THE BAGGING QUESTION The Commissioner is reminded by thecontest being waged between the farmers on the one side and the Bagging Trust on the other of a conun drum often propounded by an old wag of a fellow who once lived in a neighboring village If an irresistable ball should strike an impene trable wall what would be the result The Trust it seems in this case is the irresistable ball and the Farmers Alliance the impenetrable wall The bagging trust has set its figures high even at the threshold of the season and accompanied these figures with threats of going still higher while the farmers in the capacity of agricultural clubs and Alliances have declared their unwillingness if not an avowed determi nation not to pay the original much less the further advanced prices that are threatened by the Trust Thus matters now stand and judging 178OCTOBER CROP REPORT1888 from appearances each is determined to hold his ground The Trust stands robberlike with lips compressed and cries your money or your life while the Alliance proclaims back again we will financially die ere we will submit longer to extortion and wrong The situation isaserious one What if wrought to desperation as a dernier resort the organized farmers should withhold their cotton from the market The extent of commercial troubles and disasters that would ensue would be incalcula ble Small dealers would topple and fall first then larger next and finally banks would succumb to so dire a calamity With a view to mitigate as far as possible the present embarrassing and threatening conditions the Commissioner has sought for informa from every available source First and foremost he has consulted the spinners of the neighboring mills to ascertain the chances of modifying their machinery in time to meet the demand for bagging which now goes up all over the country The reply is that it is impossible to make the necessary changes in time to meet the urgency of the case so little can be expected from that direction A ray of hope broke in from New Orleans and the public was tantalized for a while with samples of cotton bagging from the Lane Mills It was soon ascertained that these goods could only be furnished at the rate of 15000 yards per day which would not more than supply the local demand for bagging Again in casting about the Commissioner heard of the pine straw bagging manufactured in Wilmington N C and at once wrote the Acme Manufacturing Co at that place to give all the partiulars as to capacity price etc antl to inform him by return mail if relief could be hoped for in that direction Partial success may be met with in that direction but an answer has hardly had time to reach here as yet The Rosedale Manufacturing Co of West Point Ga produce daily 1500 yards of AntiTrust Cotton Bagging forty inches wide and weighing about thirteen ounces to the yard the price being 12J cents per yard Again a gentleman who has recently been corresponding with New York merchants concerning many kinds of woven goods that might answer for wrapping cotton ascertains that several lots of Dundee bag ging forty inches wide and two pounds in weight could be bought of E Myers Co 436 Produce Exchange New York also of Dunham Bucklev Co 340 Broadway From the same source I also learn that an article of burlaps weighing one pound to the yard forty inches wide can be purchased from Taylor Bros Cincinnati Ohio at 9 to 9J cents per yard An article of bagging can be had from Fearing Smith Co of Cincinnati Ohio This grade of goods weighs one and three quarter pounds to the yard is forty inches wide is cut in three yard pieces 100 pieces to the bale price 20 cents per piece This the correspondent thinks is superior to the Dundee bagging Now all the articles herein noted are eminently suited for bagging purposes The price of the pine straw bagging was not given but it is an excellent article weighing two and a half pounds to the yard and closely resembling jute bagging in every respect except as to color it being even darker than the straw as found in the forest In my opinion it is the future covering for cotton The material for its manu facture can be had for the gathering and the supply is inexhaustible The burlaps referred to is closely woven forty inches wide and weighs one pound to the yard This article would make handsome packages and stand the hook It is worth as before stated 9 to 9 cents per yard I presume all farmers are to some extent acquainted with the article known as Dundee It is I believe of usual bagging width very closely woven something like burlaps and sells in the New York market at 12 cents per yard All the articles referred to are such as would inspection in anv market 179 4 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA These samples and references are a few only which have been ascer tained as the result of a single enquiry after bagging No doubt if the markets of the West and North should be closely examined a sufficient quantity might be procured to partly supplement the meager supply that lias so far come to light But the farmer should duly consider the delay incident upon making purchases in distant markets None but a competent commercial man should be dispatched on such business and be should be prepared to pay tbe cash It occurs to the Commissioner that if some arrangement of the kind already indicated lias not been previously made by the Clubs and Alli ances the delay in effecting it will be so great as to seriously embarrass the commerce of the entire country It should be steadily borne in mind that this is now the 1st of October the day set for payment of matured obligations This much can be said in any event The agitation of the bagging question has not been without compensating good Had it not been for this agitation it would not have been generally known that such a thing as the Lane Mills existed in New Orleans and that it was turning out an article made from an inferior grade of cotton that answers per fectly for baling our better grades Thus several hundred thousand bales of inferior cotton may be properly used at home for bagging pur poses instead of sending it abroad for a competing article which in reality does not answer the purpose so well Thousands of our own people will be made happy when they learn that the pine straw which carpets the ground covered bv our illimita ble forests can be made into a bagging at a cost cheaper than jute and that the product in the judgment of others as well as the Commis sioner is quite as good and in some respects superior because less inflammable to the India product The adaptability of the waste cotton and the use of pine straw in the manufacture of bagging should satisfy the farmers that the intense agitation of the subject has not been in vain It is now believed that the saw palmetto which exists so abun dantly in the lower part of the State will afford an excellent substitute for jute in the manufacture of bagging This matter has already been enquired into and doubtless inventive ingenuity will soon devise the necessary machinery for successfully manufacturing the same Then farmers if you do no more you have already virtually whipped out yeur adversary Henceforth if you will lend encouragement to your home manufacturer you need no longer depend upon Bombay for the material with which to cover your peculiar staple The only question is why have we not thought of these things before Whyhave we spent mil lions of money annuallywhen we might have had a better thing forless money than we have been traversing the world to obtain With these few reflections the question is dismissed hoping that should you as a last extremity be driven to supplement with your coffee sacks and old rem nants of one kind and another that you have at least largely reduced the consumption and that hereafter you will remain inflexible in your determination to stick to Southern bagging manufactories and aid in developing an independent home supply of so necessary an article 180OCTOBER CROP REPORT1888 THE DOCTRINE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS By PftOF GEO VlLliE Translated by Miss E L Howard Continued from September Crop Report Circular No 108 Let us go back to the practical and follow from the point of view of the fanners interests the consequences of these facts of prime impor tance Suppose on the same soils you make four parallel experiments with four chemical fertilizers containing all the fourphosphate of lime potash lime and nitrogen Let all things be alike with these four fertilizers except the nitrogen which will increase in proportion as you go from the first to the fourth For example No 1 contains 17 pounds of nitrogen per acre No 2 contains 34 pounds of nitrogen per acre No 3 contains 54 pounds of nitrogen per acre No 4 contains 74 pounds of nitrogen per acre Sow wlieat on these four parcels and as the amount of nitrogen in creases in the fertilizer the return of crop itself increases in a corres ponding proportion Instead of wheat sow peas or beans no effect is shown the crops on the four parcels remain exactly the same With the wheat increase of nitrogenincrease of crop with the legumes under the same conditionsnothing absolutely nothing instead of varying the amount of nitrogen increase the amount of phosphate of lime On wheat the effect is absolutely nothing on the corn sugar cane and the turnip on the contrary it will show itself by an increase of crop Is it the potash that brings the increase On wheat and corn no sensible effect on peas beans and Irish potatoes you double the crop What say these experiments so simple in making them and which you can repeat at will What is their exact signification to me It is that of the four bodies of which the fertilizer is composed there are but three of themphosphate of lime potash and nitrogenwhich till by turns a subordinate or prepouderent function according to the nature of the plant Limeuseful to allshows on none in particular this predominant function Now the knowledge of this factthe variable subordination of the three terms of the fertilizeris you now know the most efficacious means of obtaining with economy the maximum of crop I call the dominant of a plant the term of the fertilizer which by preference affects the return of the crop Certainly these are the sim ple and fruitful laws as they are to which one cannot object for it is practical experience which formulates and fixes them Before following the consequences of these facts will you allow me gentlemen to show you a part of the practical proofs which are in a degree consecrated In 1868 Prof Duruy then minister of public instruction whose lib eral and deeply honest nature hesitated at no initiatory step concerning the public interest was so struck with the utility of these new ideas if spread through the country that he did not hesitate to order the foun dation of 1500 little experimental fields which were given in care of the teachers who were called upon to become the promoters of pro gress in a form the most elementary and yet the boldest Persuaded that to elevate the agricultural people it was not only necessary to teach them to handle the spade skillfully or to rake the ground smoothly 1816 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA but it was needful to open their minds to the most fruitful principle of science Prot Duruy proposed by these fields to seize the minds of the children and let them be imbued with these essential practical facts 1st I he possibility of obtaining beautiful crops with substances which were not manure and which though a thousand times less in weight showed themselves more effective 2d To demonstrate that among these bodies four in number there was one which regulated by preference the yield of the crop That this term in these cases had the privilege according to the nature of the plant to produce temporarily more effect than that of the three others united Do you not think gentlemen that the propositions announced and taught in the presence of the crops which proved them true were of a character to produce a powerful impression on yountr minds j Now let us return to the testimony of experience destined to justify this teaching Will you gentlemen cast your eves on this first table What does it say Of the first questionIs the chemical fertilizer more efficacious or not than manure 350 experiment fields planted in beets reply BEETS eft arr n r CROP PER ACRE 52800 lbs of Manure29808 lbs 1050 lbs of Chemical Fertilizer33305 lbs Second Question Does the dominant of the four terms of the Chemi cal Fertilizer if employed alone produce more or less effect than the three terms united Dominant nitrogen27 070 lbs Subordinate elements minerals 24464 lbs Soil without any fertilizer 19907 lbs And if instead of abstract figures the children are shown the pro ducts of the crops which they have followed step by step and day by day when growing do you not think gentlemen a precious srerm is deposited m their minds which time cannot fail to bring into fruit But let us leave the children at school and return to this capital point Is it perfectly certain that the Chemical Fertilizer is superior to manure lo the testimony of 350 fields cultivated in beets we add that of 505 others cultivated in Irish potatoes The advantage here is with the Chemical Fertilizer IRISH POTATOES connniu s n AVERAGE PEB Act 52000 lbs of Manure13 728 lbs 1056 lbs of Chemical Fertilizer 14520 lbs Finally the farm schools placed under the direct attention of the Minister of Agriculture showed results equally clear and decisive Of 34 experiments the general average was it ft Crop per Acre 45760 lbs of Manure O 0 lbs 1056 lbs of Chemical Fertilizer 33 520 lbs Soil without any fertilizer21190 lbs Do you wish added to these semiofficial results those given to us at favorable1 gUr6S WiU chaSe but the testimony is equally Ponder weigh the value and significance of these declarationswith out precedent m the history of the agricultural world BEETS190 KKSflTS crop per Acre 44000 lbs manure m 793 bs 1160 lbs chemical fertilizer 45V12 lbs 182OCTOBER OROU REPORT1888 IBISH POTATOES83 RESULTS 35010 His manure1683 lbs 889 lbs chemical fertilizer19631 10s WHEAT138 RESULTS 35000 lbs manure 27 bu 808 lbs chemical fertilizer 37 bu Practice and theory lead to the same conclusion that the conditions which regulate the production of vegetation are now exactly known the agents which vegetal life set at work are equally well known and the practical rules for their use are as precise as can be desired How raise a doubt in the face of the experiments made in burnt sand How deny the practical law when you understand the clear and fruitful idea of the dominant f For fourteen years practice has each season renewed its testimony at the experimental Farm of Vincennes For fourteen years from this poor soil we see hemp grow ten feet high and for fourteen years wheat has succeeded without diminution on the same spot But perhaps you say this is reversing all we know and practice a fatal condemnation of the practice of our forefathers Are you sure of that How is the doctrine of chemical fertilizers a fact without antece dent Who has the hardihood of saying that this doctrine is hostile to the past The truth is that in the past we find the royal testimony that she continues her traditions increased and fruetifyed by the sub stitution of the vigorous methods of science with its most recent pro gressfor the chance uncertainties of empiricism There is a very simple way of proving that the doctrine of chemical fertilizers is the enlarged continuation of the traditions which the past has handed down 1 have only to show you how she can on occasion ally herself while improving them to the old methods But first gen tlemen one point about manure Are you sure that you agree among yourselves and are certain to what its good effects are due Set prej udices aside I pray you The answer to this question which 1 again ask what is manure the answerweigh well the gravity and unex pectedness of this declaration 4sa neri inferior ohemioal fertilizer Here is the proof and demonstration In 100 parts of manure 80 are represented by moisture Now it is evident that this is not the source of the good effects of manure As far as this goes the least little rain is a thousand times more efficacious This moisture is even a great incon venience from the necessity it imposes of transporting and manipula ting 80 per cent of inert valueless matter First result One hundred parts of manure contain in reality but 20 parts of dry matter But are the 20 parts of dry matter the less active Far from that From these 20 parts we must deduct 13 parts represented by woody fibres which have resisted the work of animal digestion as well as the putre faction of the manure pit and in them analysis can show us nothing but carbon hydrogen and oxygen whose neutrality and complete iner tia was proved to us by the experiments in burnt sand You seem to doubt gentlemen Well try the action of chopped straw or sawdustwhich are both but carbon hydrogen and oxygen What will you get from the use of them Nothing absolutely nothing So the active part of 100 of manure is reduced to seven parts But whatdo we gain from these seven parts Nothing Analyze and you will find h parts represented by secondary mineralssilica iron soda etc of which we have proved that the poorest soils have an abundance There then remains as a final expression of the active parts of 100 of manure 16 parts consisting of Phosphoric Acid02 per cent Potash04 Lime06 Nitrogen 04 the four terms of the Chemical Fertilizer 183 DEPARTM ENT K AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Conclusion Manure owes its good effect to the same agents as the Chemical Fertilizer In reality it is a chemical fertilizer where a great deal of inert matter is accompanied by a very small quantity of useful products As I have many times said manure is to the chemical fertil izer what the bark cinchona is to the sulphate of quininewhat the crude mineral is to the metal Manure and chemical fertilizer act the the same it is very plain The chemical fertilizer has however the advantage througn its greater activity and certainty of action because it has not a mass of inert matter Every part of the chemical fertilizer is useful and active for it is all soluble and immediately assimilable by vegetation But here a new objection opposes You understand gen tlemen humus the old and respectable humus You remember what I said in the beginning Humus as an isolated product exercises no appreciable action Sand with four per cent of humus is no more fer tile than burnt sand There is one case however where humus shows a very useful concentrated effect that is when associated with carbon ate of lime How does humus act in this case Does it bring the plant any element of fertility proper to itself No it acts as agent in dis solving the element of lime and this is so true that if you replace car bonate of lime by sulphate of litne and better still by a mixture of sulphate of lime and nitrate of lime of which the nitrogen enters as one of the elements of the chemical fertilizer in pure burnt sand the crop is equally as good as when chemical fertilizer anil humus and carbonate arc all at once added to the sand But nitrate of lime was not a salt that could be used as it was too expensive and too soluble The idea of giving the chemical fertilizers an auxiliary in a mixture of sod and carbonate of lime was freely used at Vincennes on the experimental fields What was the result Prac tically nothing To get an appreciable effect 8800 lbs of turf were used per acre which made its use impracticable on account of its cost while it accorded very well with our small experiments forthesoil from the Leondes which I had made use of contained4 to percent black matter soluble in potash After such facts my decision was soon made Abandoning the idea of using humus I redoubled my efforts to perfect the chemical fertilizer I went further 1 made use of all my credit in the agricultural world to get experiments multiplied hi soils well known to be destitute of humus such as the chalky soils of our Champagne in the almost moving sands of the dunes of Holland and the sand none the less sterile of your Compeine and when sud denly the most reliable men tell you that 530 lbs of chemical fertilizer spread broadcast in the Spring was sufficient in the natural soil of Compeine to bring crops equally as good as those from soils worth 160 S240 320 per acre would you not believe the question of humus was singularly cleared and simplified This is the explanation of my apparent reticence I waited for the practical testimony of soils desti tute of hum us But we leave humus here and return to manure To the question what is manure I reply without hesitation a chemical fertilizer of in ferior quality and I justify this definition by new and essentially prac tical facts first fact Experiment has established that the composi tion of the fertilizer should vary according to the nature of the plant The beet rape and wheat require much nitrogen rye but little the legumes require none at all It is potash they need with a moderate quantity ot nitrogen Corn and sugarcane exact a large quantity of phosphate of lime How apply these rules with manure if used alone I take the legumes as a first example They require a large amount of potash and manure contains but little How are you to get it Use a large quantity of manure But then on legumes you lose entirely the nitrogen ol which they have no need Manure forming an indivisible 18JOCTOBER CROP REPORT1888 9 whole you can vary the quantity but not its composition Is not that exactly the point where the chemical fertilizer has the advantage Look at these five formulse prepared for beets Irish potatoes corn and legumes Apart from the fertilizer for the legumes which contains no nitrogen they arc all formed of the four terms which you knowphos phate of lime potash lime and nitrogen They differ from each other only in the respective amounts of these four terms They differ from each other only in the respective amounts of these four terms which are proportioned to the different needs of these various plants Manure cannot give these different weights and thisisoneof the main causes of its inferiority WHEAT COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 1 Per Acre Superphosphate of Lime 362 lbs Nitrate of Potash 176 lbs 1 Sulphate of Ammonia 220 lbs Sulphate of Lime 308 lbs nitrogen 76 lbs 1056 lbs BEETSCOMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 2 Superphosphate of Lime 352 lbs Nitrate of Potash 170 lbs t lu Nitrate of Soda 352 lbs nitrogen 75 lbs Sulphate of Lime 264 lbs 1144 lbs 1K1SH POTATOESCOMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 3 Superphosphate of Lime 352 lbs Nitrate of Potash 264 lbs Sulphate of Lime 264 lbs s Nitrogen 34 lbs 880 lbs Here the nitrogen is lessened lu quantity but the amount of potash is increased to 41 pounds CORNCOMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 4 Superphosphate of Lime 528 lbs Nitrate of Potash 176 lbs 1 w Sulphate of Lime 352 lbs NltpBn 16 lbs 1056 The proportion of nitrogen is lessened but that of superphosphate is carried from 352 to 528 lbs LEGUMESINCOMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 5 Superphosphate of Lime 352 lbs Chloride of Potassium 800176 lbs Nitrogen Sulphate of Lime 352 lbs j 000 880 This time no nitrogen If you wish to use rotation of crops the chemical has still the advan tage Suppose the following rotation used BEETSWHEATCLOVEROATS There are but two ways of using manureput it all on one year or repeat it several times In the first case there is it is true a good crop of beets but it is to the detriment of the crops following Divide the manure and the crop of beets is considerably reduced and as that crop is expensive the producer does not gain if he does not lose Matters 18510 DKIAKTMENT OF AGK1CU LTUREGEORGLA go quite differently with the chemical fertilizer give each plant in turn and in the required quantities the agents of fertility they take by pref erence But you say how will we use manure and when will we use it The answer is very simple Use the manure in reasonable amounts but always give it an auxiliarythe chemical elementwhich exercises the dominant function of the culture for the year We will be a little more exact Have you but a small amount of manure Complete it by a semiamount of chemical fertilizer which is a more active equivalent than an increase of manure If you have 8800 pounds of manure per acre per annum a simple addition of the dominant will be enough If you wish to grow peas add only potash to the manure If you grow corn add only phosphate of lime if beets use nitrate of soda or sul phate of ammonia Avoid giving a plant an excess of what it does not need and depriving it of what it does require Establish a true equation between the composition the amount of fertilizer and the importance of the crop which the nature and state of the soil will allow you to realize Do you wish me to throw a stronger light if possible on the practical bearing of these indications and make their usefulness more apparent Cast your eyes on the latter part of this table Look at the economic results from these new ideas see what increase of crop is gained solely by the use of a moderate amount of the dominant 1 use rape as an example Cbop per Ache Mineral fertilizer without nitrogen12 bu Mineral fertilizer with 52 lbs of nitrogen34 bu Consequently the gain by use of nitrogenous matter may be thus stated 52 lbs of nitrogen at 24c per lb12 48 26 bu rape more 166 per bu 43 16 Profit from the use of the nitrogen30 68 Have you any manure Nothing to prevent von from getting the same result To do that use the manure in the Fall when sowing or transplanting the rape and in the Spring at the first part of February give it 200 lbs of sulphate of ammonia If the manure was used alone the crop would be26 bu per acre with sulphate of ammonia it would be 37 to 52 bu per acre Under these conditions the effect is the same as with chemical fertilizer And how could it be otherwise since the manure owes its good effects to the same agents Those who accuse the chemical fertilizer with exhausting the soil talk nonsense and those who accuse the chemical fertilizer with proscribing the use of manure advance a proposition without foundation Bow can one pro scribe the use of manure without proscribing the use of chemical fertil isers themselves To BE CONCLUDED N NEXT CROP REPORT NOTES INQUIRIES AND ANSWERS D V Summervllle Kaffir corn did well on the upland but the same seed planted on bottom land failed to mature seed although the heads came out and gave every indication of having seed in them Do you know what caused it Not being on the spot we can only suggest that a severe storm of wind and rain occurring at the critical period of blooming might have pre Tented fertilization You need not discontinue planting it for forage i8tOCTOBER CROP REPORT1888 II 3 1 will 2 3 through apprehension that it will not perfect seed on bottom land If it pleases you plant it so long as you produce seed on suitable land M S P WoodstockCan there be a substitute for jute bagging procured in time to relieve the farmers this season See article on Bagging Question elsewhere G W 8 Rising FawnI want to compost this winter a quantity of oak leaves I have lime and stable manure How best to manage it Pile the leaves and sprinkle each layer with slaked lime at the rate of half bushel to a 2horse wagon load wetting thoroughly with water and treading the mass down compactly Haul and distribute in the bedding furrows in March or April for corn or cotton Apply your stable manure senarately or compost with acid phosphate No need of cover ing the piles of leaves simply make them wet but not leaching It should be done by the first of January or before Stable manure would not be benefited by mixing with the leaves P P McB Oval1 Will Johnson grass be troublesome on bottom land 2 Is it a good grass for pasture and hay Where can seed be purchased and at what price It is much more difficult to control or eradicate in bottom land and probably give trouble if you should ever wish to get rid of it It is a good grass for hay not so good fox grazing Any large seed dealer in Atlanta Augusta or Macon Dont know the price W A N ViiAA RicaIn 1884 the number of cotton factories in Georgia was looms 8843 spindles 340143 operatives 10000 bales of cotton consumed 100000 capital employed 13000000 There has been a considerable increase since then but the figures are not at hand W F S NEWNAN What economic and substantial crops will take the place of wheat and oats with least expense and least exhaustion to land Wheat and oats do not pay expenses in this section Clover and grasses W A 8 PowblIjVILLB 1 Why is it that we cannot raise wheat successfully as formerly 2 Cant we make a law by which the tillers may get a fair price for their products and do away with trusts monopolies anil impositions of banks by law 1 Under the same conditions of soil wheat will do as well as it ever did The opening up of the immense wheat fields of the Northwest and the great improvement in the means of transportation to market have increased the supply and reduced the relative market price of wheat and flour so that the production of wheat is not so profitable and necessary as it once was when our lands were fresher and the market prices higher 2 Direct legislation to accomplish such a result is impracticable It is the province of I lie statesmen of the country to legislate for the pro tection of the legal rights of all citizens It is claimed that the tariff laws of the country might be amended with great benefit to farmers and working men Universal education will do more than anything else to bring about equality of rights duties and burdens The best thing for a farmer to do is to keep out of debt and raise his own supplies i M DoUGIiASSVILIiEBest time and how to set Bermuda grass March or April Plow and get the ground in condition as if for plant ing corn Chop the jointed stems of the grass into pieces of two or three joints or drop pieces of the sod in shallow furrows three feet apart and cover with the foot Or sow the chopped stems broadcast and plow in as you would small grain B H H EliBERT CoI have raised the jute and find that it grows very well and makes the best of horse collars Can you tell me what it 18712 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA If you have any jute seed send me will cost to start a bagging factory some lute ami Ramie are both excellent for the purpose ami the latter in particular furnishes a very convenient resource for strings and cords tor farm use Do not know the cost of a bagging factory plant but presume it would he tar beyond the reach of an ordinary farmer INojute seed on band J B P Bayard it is believed that a deficiency of potash in some soils is the man cause of rust in cotton What per centum of potash m our standard guanos put down at the rate of 200 pounds per acre would supply the deficiency It would depend on the particular soil and its state of exhaustion or depletion of the element of potash Most soils when fresh contain a sufficiency of potash for cotton some will show a deficiency after a few years of cultivation while others last a lifetime without betraying any special lack Experiment on each soil or character of soil in a liven section alone can determine the question J H 8 Sandy Ridge1 have been farming in Henry county thirty two years and have never hauled a sack of corn or bale of hay from the railroad war times included My motto is pay as you go or gonotat alt Under the conditions that now prevailand with all the SPonhsfeeatagkfnT g him to get out of debt and The famous John Randolph once said I have found the philoso m n i 7 t i the best single motto that 5mfre ap adopt and they will never get out of debt and on their t tx m e h a otto is generally adopted and adhered to L lUivi lHst varietv of wheat time to sow 3 preparation ol soil 4 best fertilizers 1 The old blue st m or purple straw is most generally approved About the time of first killing frost say early in October in North Georgia latter part ol October in Middle Georgia November in East and Southwest Georgia 3 Land that lias been in cotton tobacco peas or clover is the best Plow close and deep and harrow line Putin with a drill if practicable or harrow m with one of the improved harrows 4 Any standard highly ammoniated fertilizer containing potash if the soil is old worn and gray land ftiNnhnFv ANOLArfa any test been made of Flour corn as a forage plant it being neb and succulent and the yield enormous a foraZ ol u trnd TV eaPecialy recommend the Flour corn as a forage plant It will probably prove an excellent ensilage crop W L 1 Conyers Farmers would like to know where the material ttonnfuUJ aggmg and bUrlap s s obtained Give informa Jute bagging India bagging Dundee bagging Gunny bagging Burlaps etc are names of different descriptions of cloth or bagging all made of the same material jute lute is one of the principal rops of India whence we get our supply The ordinary jute bagging is made F rirsi llis ofthe jute stalks technically caHed butts T VWtad VU1 bagging ready made from India and from SltSabcbterplacethemanufactureoftherawmate nal reached large proportions But most of the bagging used in baling our cotton is now made in the United States principally at St Lou sf of imported jute butts which are admitted at a very low rate of duty ririV1 I VmPorted Ju bagging is sufficiently high to prevent com ml V I1UVU focturers s tha we are constrained to look to out domestic bagging factories for our supply These have formed the evtoMn n M Ule Bagghg Trust lor the purpose of extorting from farmers an exorbitant price for their products 188la OCTUBEK CHOP REPORT1888 Jute is being successfully grown and manipulated in Louisiana but the industry has not yet developed into large proportions owing to difficulties in adapting machinery for decorticating the stalks The climate and sods that are suited to the production of tropical sugar cane are also well adapted to the production of jute and it is probable that iu a few years the industry will be firmly established J E N Walton CoCan Johnson Grass be eradicated after being once well set on land Is it harder to destroy than Bermuda It can lie eradicated only with considerable difficulty but it spreads r slowly if not permitted to mature seed It is probably more diffi very cult to subdue than Bermuda It is not advisable to set land in John son grass unless willing for its permanent occupation R J D QuitmanWill the sudden and excessive changes of tempera ture in South Georgia prevent the successful keeping of ensilage in silos No The keeping of ensilage is not a question of temperature but one ot exclusion of air Moreover the changes of temperature are less sudden and excessive in South Georgia but the extremes are higher in the scale than further North J W S Knoxville1 What is the gain or loss in selling cotton seed at 122 to 1 cents per bushel and buying c s meal at S2200 per ton 2 What is the standard weight per bushel of green cotton seed 1 Estimating by analysis for fertilizing purposes 100 pounds ot sound green cotton seed are equal to about 35 pounds of the best qual ity ot cotton seed meal A farmer can afford to sell his cotton seed at 12 cents per bushel if he can get the best meal at 2200 per tonprovi ded the exchange be made without any expense to him of handling hauling and freighting In other words if the mill will take the seed from the gin and deliver the meal in its place the above rates would leave the tanner about even he will not have gained or lost anything except the convenience of distributing the meal or composting it instead of the whole seed Or if he sells seed at 15 cents per bushel and buys meal at 2200 per ton he will make about 3 cents per bushel less the cost of handling etc 2 Thirty pounds is the legal weight of a bushel ot cotton seed in Georgia W B McD Faeeville1 Will 8foot corn rows make as much corn as 4foot rows by putting twice as many hills in each wide row as you would in the narrow rows 2 Would cotton make as much in 6foot rows putting twice the quantity of manure in each 6foot row as you would in a 3foot row and planting Spanish peanuts between the cotton rows 3 Where can I sell Spanish peanuts in quantities 4 What kind of sorghum is best for this Decatur county and wiiere can seed be had 5 Would you advise raising sorghum where sugar cane can be grown 6 Can sorghum syrup be made in the same kettle we use for sugar cane 7 Is there anything put in the juice to clarify it Do you or any reader know anything of Sims Preparation which he claims will pre vent syrup from fermenting 8 Would not fall sown rust proof seed that were grown north of here be better than homegrown If so where can seed be had 1 In our opinion eight or even seven feet is too great a distance for eorn rows where it is desired to get the greatest possible yield of com but if peas be planted in the middles at the second plowing it is proba ble that the aggregate production of corn and peas would exceed that of eorn alone planted at any distance Mr David Dicksons rule was seven feet 2 Answer above given will apply to this question It is probable that such a plan would often prove profitable since the demands made upon 189 14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA the soil by the two crops are not exactly the same and the peanuts would mature a crop in advance of the full maturity of the cotton The principle is the same as that involved in the close succession of crops practiced so successfully by the best market gardeners and truckers There is a limit of maximum width of corn or other rows with refer ence to largest yield which varies according to seasons soils etc We can only adopt such a medium width as experience tells us will give the best results on the average 3 You can sell Spanish peanuts for seed to any of the large seed deal ers in this city Atlanta and for confectionery purposes to the makers of candy etc 4 The most popular variety in North and Middle Georgia is what is known as Early Orange which closely resembles the old Imphee variety It will also probably suit your section The Early Amber is preferred for forage purposes aud where sugar is the object Seed can be had of the seedsmen of this city and we presume of others else where 5 Yes there is no conflict between the two crops and one will some times succeed when the other partially fails Moreover sorghum can be profitably grown on soils not fertile enough for sugar cane 6 Yes but greater care is required to make a good quality of syrup in an ordinary kettle from sorghum than from sugar cane 7 Lime is most generally used as a defecating or clarifying agent Know nothing of Sims Preparation 8 I see no reason why such seed should be better The red rustproof oat originated it is said in Mexico or Central America Almost uni versal experience with Northern varieties of seed oats is unfavorable R H L DamascusI have a horse that has been infested with lice the most of his life three years old I have tried sulphur lard and kerosene mixed as an ointment It will remove them for a time but the lice soon return Give a remedy Try the following infusion Steeptwo pounds of tobacco in three gal lons of water for two hours Sponge the animal thoroughly especially in the parts most infested once a week for three weeks The following to be used in the same way is also a good infusion Steep three pounds of quassia chips in one gallon of water for one hour Probably the trouble with your treatment is that you do not repeat the application until all the eggs or nits have hatched R P J SmithvilleIs it your candid opinion that there is any com mercial fertilizer equal to a good compost of solid stable manure and cot ton seed for corn It so how much in weight would be necessary to each hill against say to one pound of the compost and how and when applied A careful study of the lecture by Geo Ville now appearing in these reports will give you a complete answer to your question The efficacy of stable manure and cotton seed depends upon precisely the same elements as the active elements of commercial fertilizers But stable manure and cotton seed alone in compost is not advisable because they do not form a complete fertilizer You should have a large proportion of phosphoric acid which i3 always present in standard commercial fertilizers but of which stable manure and cotton seed contain but a small percentage not sufficient to balance the ammonia in these home materials The true policy for the farmer to pursue is to use all the stable manure and cotton seed he can collect and add acid phosphate to them in compost If still short of manure then buy fertilizers from the best sources Read the lecture carefully J B M Garden Valley1 Has the Alliance been of any benefit to the farmers of Georgia If so in what respect 2 Do themerchants as a rule charge more than a living profit for goods sold to farmers 3 190OCTOBER CROP REPORT1888 15 Is there any chance for farmers to borrow money for less than 18 per cent from banks 1 There is no doubt of the benefits of the Alliance to the farmers of the State The farmers have become more thoroughly aroused and better united in the determination to rind out the causes of their depression and to remove them In many places they have been able to purchase supplies on much more favorable terms than before The present intense agitation of the bagging trust is mainly due to the efforts that can be traced to the Alliance The organization may make mistakes but the general results must prove beneficial to farmers and their cause 2 The annual Supplements Reports of this department for many years past show that fanners are required to pay for credit at the rate of from fifty to seventyrive per cent per annum It is much cheaper or the farmer to pay the 18 per cent interest for money than to pay the usual credit prices of the merchants 3 We suppose farmers can borrow money from banks at as low rates as any other class provided they give the same character and quality of security The merchants get a somewhat doubtful security and charge high for credit the banker generally exacts a more available security and charges a correspondingly lower rate of interest As a rule farmers have no business to borrow money or to buy on a credit J B T CamillaIt is a fact as regards this section that the unfer tilized land age and wear considered will not produce as it did before commercial fertilizers were used Why is it 2 Or has the longcon tinued use of fertilizers made their use a necessity This theory is true as to the human system is it also true as to the soil and plants 1 It is because larger crops have been annually taken off the soil than if no fertilizers had I icon used The fertilizer added to the soil stimu lates the plant to appropriate and the soil to yield to the plant more of the elements of plant food contained in the soil naturally than if no fertilizer were applied If the fertilizer applied does not contain the elements of plant food in the proportions demanded by the invariable composition of the crops cultivated especially if the lacking element is the one in which the soil is most deficient the soil will soon become exhausted of the deficient element at least in an available form as plant food It will then no longer produce as good crops as formerly unless the deficiency be made up The element most commonly applied which exerts this socalled stimulating effect on the soil is ammonia which causes a vigorous growth of stem and foliage and thus demands an increased quantity of the elements already in the soil and returns a larger crop Of course the soil will soon exhibit signs of exhaustion under such treatment especially when it is remembered that more of the elements of fertility in the soil are annually washed away by the rains than are removed in the crops produced on the land 2 There is no doubt of the fact that the continued use of fertilizers becomes a necessity when we continue to cultivate the same land in clean crops like corn and cotton Precisely the same is true of the use of stable manure It was a necessity that first induced its use it does not become any more a necessity If an acre of soil contains the neces sary plant food mostly in unavailable form to produce one thousand bushels of corn before it will have become entirely exhausted and ordinary continuous cultivation in that crop without mai ure would reach the stage of exhaustion in one hundred years would it be bad policy to fertilize the land and cause it to yield the one thousand bushels of corn in twentyrfive yrears The soil cannot be likened to the human body in a comparison of the sort suggested it is the plant that sustains that relation The plant in the one case and the human body in the other are the objects to be supplied with food The theory has no such application 191IB UK PA RTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GKORGIA O C 8 AmericusWhat was the cost per ton of analyzing the com mercial fertilizers inspected in Georgia the past season also the total amount paid by consumers of commercial fertilizers for the year 1888 The total cost per ton for inspecting analyzing tagging publishing bulletins including salaries of inspectors chemist and one clerk in the office amount to about 114 cents per ton on the 208007 tons inspected for the season of 188788 I estimate that the average cash value of the above amount was20per ton which would give as the total amount paid by farmers4160000 E G H BromvoodWhat is the best proportion in which to mix acid phosphate cotton seed meal and kainit For general purposes the following is a good formula Acid phosphate1400 pounds Cotton seed meal 400 pounds Kainit200 pounds 2000 pounds These proportions may be varied very considerably using more kainit on old worn pine soils and less meal and less meal and kainit on low richer soils Exact proportions are not so important as many con sider L H Player Thomasville Ga wishes to know if any farmer has seed of the Rescue grass for sale A B C Dams MillIs pine sawdust as good an absorbent and retainer of urine droppings etc as pine straw No pine straw is more porous is a better absorbent and contains in itself more plant food than the saw dust Dr 1 T StephensvUleIs cotton seed meal worth as a manure as much as the seed pound for pound Pound for pound cotton seed meal of best quality is worth nearly three times as much as the whole seed Thirtyrive pounds of meal are about equal in fertilizing value to one hundred pounds of seed A J M IAghtfootWhen is the right time to sow Johnson Grass Seed Have you any grass seed for distribution September is the best time to sow in Middle and North Georgia and October in Lower Georgia but it may also be sown with perfectsuccsss in March and April on well prepared land and brushed or lightly har rowed in I have no grass seeds for distribution J R D Fancy Bluff Best mode of applying guano and how much to the acre for cabbage on sandy land My intention was to broadcast the same at the rate of four hundred pounds per acre and harrow in Of course it will depend entirely on the present condition of the land Even on land that is in high state of culture you may safely apply one ton on an acre for cabbage broadcast which is the proper way to manure when very large quantity is applied Four hundred pounds per acre would be a very moderate dose of fertilizer for a crop of cabbage You should use a highly ammoniated fertilizer say one thousand pounds of cotton seed meal with eight hundred pounds of acid phos phate and two hundred pounds of kainit ERRATUMFERTILIZER CIRCULAR 107 The analysis of Wando Ammoniated Dissolved Bone reported in Final Fertilizer Circular 107 page 23 is erroneous the sample from which it was made having been mixed by the Inspector through mis take with an acid phosphate The analysis referred to is the one requested by R B Jarvis Charleston S C J T HENDERSON Commissioner 192NEW SERIES Circular No no j SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS IN GEORGIA Prescribed by J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture FOR THE SEASON OF 1888 ATLANTA GEORGIA W J Campbell State Printer Constitution Jon Office 1888 193 RULES AND REGULATIONS Season of 188889 New Series Circular No 110 Department of Agriculture Atlanta October 10 1888 The Commissioner prescribes the following Rules and Regulations for the Inspection of Fertilizers hereby abrogating all previous Rules and Regula tions I Every package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same or for composting intended for sale or distribution within the State of Georgia shall have the manufacturers guaranteed analysis placed upon or securely attached to each package by the manufacturer If the fertilizer is in bags it shall be distinctly branded stamped or printed upon each sack If in barrels it may be either branded stamped or printed upon the bead of each barrel or distinctly printed upon good paper and securely pasted upon the head of each barrel or upon a shipping or other tag and securely attached to the head of each barrel In every case it must be distinct This manufacturers guaranteed analysis shall show the following determina tions viz Moisture at 212 per cent Insoluble Phosphoric Acidpercent Available Phosphoric Acidper cent Ammonia actual and potentialper cent Potash K20per cent If nitrogen in the form of nitrate is claimed the fact must be stated in the Request for Inspection II To facilitate the transaction of business any manufacturer dealer agent or other person who procures the inspection of a fertilizer after it is inspected and has the inspectors tag attached in compliance with law may proceed to make sales thereof before the official analysis is completed Provided he gives a written obligation to cancel all sales in case the fertili zer is condemned by the Commissioner of Agriculture This obligation is embraced in the Request for Inspection which must also set forth the guaranteed analysis according to the form therein prescribed and The Commissioner has uniformly held that it the guaranteed analysis shall Include such of these live Ingredients as the fertilizer or chemical is claimed to contain it will be a Substan tial compliance with the taw ami the Rules and Regulations Some judicial decisions seem to indicate that this paragraph must be literally complied withthai the full list of ingredi ents tuns appear in the Guaranteed Analysis even if one or more of them is net contained in thegoodB Asa matter of prudence it would he well lor manufacturers to comply literally with the law in this respect The Commissioner will not change his ruling on this point until constrained to do so by express judicial opinion or Legislative enactment 194SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS addressed to the proper Inspector The Request for Inspection must be made out and signed in duplicate and one copy sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture by the person requesting the inspection III Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to any fertilizer or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless the manu facturers guaranteed analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel or pack age before offering the same for sale or distribution claiming in the case of any Ammoniated Superphosphate that it contains at least eight per cent of available Phosphoric Acid and two per cent of Ammonia and of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone that it contains at least ten per cent of available Phosphoric Acid Neither shall any such tag or device be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that is in a damaged or unmer chantable condition IV If a fertilizer shall be offered for inspection and sale branded as an Ammoniated Superphosphate it must appear that the guaranteed analy sis claims not less than two per centum of ammonia otherwise it will not be admitted to inspection and sale under such brand V Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking samples shall have applied under their personal supervision unless absolutely impracti cable Inspectors tags one to each package of fertilizer before the same is offered for sale or distribution Inspectors tags will have printed upon each the words and figures Inspected18889Georgia also a fac simile of the signature of the Commissioner of Agriculture Whenever it is found to be absolutely impracticable for Inspectors to personally supervise the application of tags they may be delivered to the order of the person pro curing the inspection In such cases Inspectors must avail themselves of all practicable means to satisfy themselves that the tags so delivered have been properly applied to goods that have been regularly inspected during the season indicated Tags brought over from any previous season cannot be applied to new goods nor can they be redeemed by this Department VI The Inspectors tag when attached or applied in compliance with law is a recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has the con sent of the Commissioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the conditions prescribed in Rules I and II above recited VII All inspections must be made within the limits of this State All fertilizers manufactured in this State for sale or distribution in this State must be inspected and tagged and the fees paid before leaving the mill or factory All fertilizers entering the State at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa intended for sale and shipped on through bills of lading to points in the interior must be inspected and tagged before leaving said cities For the purpose of such inspection and in accordance with an agreement made with the railroads leading into the interior of the State from the said cities f it is desired to offer an acid phosphate or dissolved bone containing in addition to ten per centum of available phosphoric acid a quantity less than two per centum of ammonia the presence of the latter may be indicated by adding to the brand name the words with ammonia or words of like import 195DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ears loaded with fertilizers will be detained long enough to permit a thor ough inspection and the application of tags under the personal supervision of an inspector VIII The following appointments of inspectors have been made for the season of 1S889 and during the active business season they will be located as indicated and should be addressed accordingly A F Woolley Savannah Randolph Ridgely Augusta M D Irwin Toccoa W B Jones Atlanta 1 L Anderson Atlanta S R Murphey Atlanta Whenever it may become necessary to facilitate the business of inspect ing fertilizers and transportation of the same the Inspector or Inspectors on duty at one point may perform any official duty at any point in the State Inspections can be made at other points in Georgia than those named above when necessary but if in such cases the fertilizers shall have come into the State at any port or station where there is an Inspector and shall have escaped inspection through no fault of the Inspector at such station the necessary expenses of the Inspector in going to make such inspections and returning to his published post of duty must be paid by the parties procuring such inspections IX In all cases of inspections in bulk at the factory the manufacturer his agent or the person shipping the fertilizer will be required to report to the Commissioner of Agriculture on the first tenth and twentieth of each month the shipments of such fertilizer made during the previous period often days showing the brand number of tons the name and address of consignee date of shipment name of Inspector who inspected the bulk from which shipments were made and the date of the inspection covering said bulk The object of this requirement is to enable the Inspector to subsequently inspect the same goods wherever found X In all cases in making inspections samples must be taken by the Inspector inperaon He must provide such samplers as will penetrate to the center of the package and samples must be taken from a sufficient number to fairly represent the wholenot less than oneteuth of the pack ages in lots of ten tons or over and not less than onefifth of the packages in lots of less than ten tons XI 1 Manufacturers and dealers in fertilizers before making each ship ment o fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distribution are required to give timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture directly and also to the Inspector at the port or place where the same is to enter the State in writing of such shipment giving the name of the vessel or railroad on which shipped the name of each distinct brand and the number of tons of each I he number and kinds of packages and their weight and the name and place of the consignee Fertilizers sold by dealers outside this State direct to farmers or consumers in the State and consigned directly to the peihe ers and without the intervention of an agent within the State are 196SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS not subject to inspection In such cases the manufacturer or shipper must give the same notice as in the case of other shipments stating the addi tional facts 2 The shipper or his agent at the point where the cars are loaded must accompany the shipping instructions to the forwarding agent with a sep arate request for inspection for each car load This request will be attached to the freight bill of the car to which it refers The shipper must also mail to the Commissioner at Atlanta Ga a consolidated request for inspection covering the entire shipment and stating the brands number of tons of each and destination 3 Cars must be so loaded as to permit access to every bag of fertilizers without moving any This may be done in cars of small tonnage capacity by placing the bags on end with the lugs up In cars of larger capacity it may be done by placing the bags in tiers on each side the car leaving an alley way in the middle the lug ends to the middle This is an important detail and its observance will save time and labor to the Inspector and the taggers and extra expense to the shipper 4 On arrival at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa the train conductor will deliver the requests for inspection to the Agent appointed to receive them who will at once notify the Inspector at his post and deliver to him such requests The cars containing fertilizers will be detained long enough at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa to permit the Inspector to take samples and the shippers agent to attach tags 5 Shippers or the parties liable for the inspection fees must make satis factory arrangements with the Inspector for the prompt payment of the said fees either remitting by mail or authorizing the Inspector to draw sight drafts The labor necessary handling of bags in cars and attaching tags will be performed in behalf of the shippers by an agent appointed for that purpose to be paid by the shippers in monthly bills approved by the Commissioner 6 Shipments by sea through the ports of Charleston Port Royal or other ports outside this State and thence by railroad into Georgia should con form to the same details as if the shipments originated at Charleston Port Royal or other railroad points The shipper himself or his agent must furnish the railroad forwarding agent with the requests for inspection for each car etc 7 Manufacturers are earnestly enjoined to faithfully comply with the Rules and Regulations as contained in this Circular and the foregoing details Such compliance will save embarrassment delay and extra expense in case oars loaded with fertilizers should pass through Augusta Savannah or Toccoa without inspection through no fault of the Inspector XII As far as possible all fertilizers must be inspected at the port of entry or place where they come into the State Inspectors are required to be vigilant and see that none escapes Dealers in the interior of the State to whom fertilizers coming into the State at points where there are no inspectors are consigned must give timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture and to the Inspector at Atlanta and must be prepared to fur nish the Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obli 1976 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA gations and to pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer arrives All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or have fertilizers shipped to them during the coming season for sale or distribu tion will please take due notice and make all necessary arrangements to meet the requirements of law promptly when the fertilizer reaches the State and thus save delay and embarrassment The law must be enforced and parties interested will greatly oblige by taking such timely steps as will insure its easy execution without annoyance to themselves or others X111 An Act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from imposition m the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1875 provides in section I That from and after the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful to sell or offer for sale any fertilizer manufactured in this State or to bring into the State for sale and distribution any lertilizer manu factured beyond the limits of the State unless before offering for sale or the sale or distribution of the same there shall be an inspection andan analysis made of it etc Section III of the same Act provides for the punishment according to section 4310 of the Code of 1882 of any person selling fertilizers without inspection An Act to render more efficient and economical the inspection and analysis of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1877 provides that Any manufacturer dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same for sale or distribution in this State without having a brand tag or such other device as the Commissioner of Agriculture may require showing the analysis thereof shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall be punished as pre scribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1878 Section VI of the abovecited Act approved February 28th 1874 requires the Inspectors to prosecute violators of these laws The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict per formance of their duties XIV The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from October 1st to September 30th XV The method of analysis recommended by the Convention of Agricultural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 28th of July 1880 with such modifications as were adopted by the Atlanta Convention of May 15th 1884 and subsequent conventions of the same Association will continue to be employed by the Chemist of the Department in the analysis of all commercial fertilizers SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS It is of the utmost importance to the planters and people of Georgiato yourself and the Department of Agriculturethat your duties be well and faithfullyperformed You arc placed as a sentinel to sec that the interests of the farmers of Georgia are well guarded in their purchase of commer cial fertilizers that they arc protected from imposition in every purchase that they make and that the laws defining your duties and the regula tions of the Department are rigidly executed in every case You are in 198SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS your official acts to render full justice to all parties The strict execution of the law and full protection from imposition to all farmers will not work injustice to any manufacturer or dealer In the discharge of your duty in addition to the foregoing Rules and Regulations you are to be governed by the following special instructions giving some details which could not be well set forth elsewhere viz 1 Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer in Georgia for his own use and not for sale or distribution shall be permit ted to pass without inspection if the purchaser desires it provided it be sent directly to said purchaser addressed or consigned to him person ally and not directed to or passing through the hands of a commission merchant or third party You must as far as practicable report all such shipments to the Commissioner of Agriculture giving the names of brands the names and places of consignees and the number of tons and enter the same in your official record 2 You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desiring inspection has a Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 50 cents per ton for every ton to be inspected For which you must sign and deliver a printed receipt accord ing to blanks furnished you b Placed the exact name in full of the fertilizer to be inspected and the guaranteed analysis of the same upon each package c Tendered you a Request for Inspection on the blanks furnished lor that purpose embracing an obligation to cancel and make null all sales which may be made of said fertilizer before the official analysis thereof is made if after being analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall in pursuance of law prohibit its sale The request must also contain the guaranteed analysis corresponding to that placed upon the package You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum per centage of any of the valuable ingredients named in the guaranteed analysis is less than that required by law viz 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 2 per cent of ammonia in ammoniated superphosphates or 10 percent of avail able phosphoric acid in acid phosphates or dissolved bones Natural guano and fertilizers that have not been treated with sulphuric acid are not sub ject to this standard 3 You must require in each bulk inspection the names of each brand proposed to be shipped from such bulk and in every case you must report the names of brands and numbers with which the goods therein reported are identical in composition 4 Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer in the manner described in Rule IX of the Rules and Regulations they must be thoroughly mixed but not triturated or ground in a mortar or otherwise When samples are forwarded to the Department for analysis they must be in the same mechanical condition in which they are ottered for sale to the planters of the State After the samples are thus thoroughly mixed you will from the mixture till two glass bottles securely seal them with wax stamp your official seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly label themone with a label showing the inspection number name of the 199 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA fertilizer inspected the place at for whom inspected and the date of inspection and the other with a label showing the number of inspection You must then deliver both in person to the Commissioner or carefully box and ship them to him by express 5 You must make an Inspection Report ofeacli inspection of each brand of fertilizers on forms to be furnished you In cases where the same brand is loaded in more than one car of the same train or section of a train the whole being included in the same shipment the several car loads must be included in one consolidated report to which you must attach all the Bequests 6 You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or minute of every official act performed by you embracing in the record of each inspection the number and date of inspection name of the fertilizer or chemical by whom and where manufactured person requesting and place to whom consigned and where where inspected number of tons inspected amount of fees received number of tags delivered how and when sample was forwarded the inspection number of identical brands samples taken from same bulk and such other facts as may be necessary to a complete history of the inspection 7 You are required to make a full and complete report on the first day of each month of the work done dining the previous month on blanks furnished you for this purpose This report must show the actual state of your business on the last day of the month to which it refers 8 You are required to make daily deposits of inspection fees in the State Depository most convenient to the credit of the State Treasury reserving such amount upon notice of the Commissioner as may be required to pay for tags and other necessary expenses 9 You must remain constantly at your post of duty unless express leave of absence be granted you by the Commissioner Report promptly to the Commissioner any violation of law The book of records or minutes is the property of the Department and must be neatly and correctly kept It must be filed in the Department with your final report made at the end of the fertilizer season Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records entries and reports and stationery for official correspondence Inspectors tags will be supplied to you on your requisitions freight pre paid and you must retain the cost of the same and all charges from fees received and pay the amount to this office at the end of each month The Act of February 2ii 1S77 requires you to pay over to the Comptroller General on the first day of each month all moneys received for inspection fees during the preceding month This must be lone in whatever manner the Comptroller Jeneral may prescribe and you must satisfy the Commis sioner that this duty has been performed ljor n salary certificate will be issued in you You are specially required to guard against any misappropriation of Inspectors tags or any violation or evasion of the law or any attempts to do so and make full reports to the Department of Agriculture You will be required to render a strict account of all tags issued to you and held liable to the treasury for the amount of fees represented by any tags not satisfactorily accounted for Any information you may need will be given at any time Instructions will be given promptly in any case in which you may desire them or about which you are in doubt Inspectors will be held to a strict performance of all duties required of them by the law and the rules regulations ami instructions defining their duties No neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their duties will be tolerated anil perfect sobriety at all times is strictly enjoined J T HENDERSON Commissioner nf Agriculture 200Circular No 113 New Series Supplemental Crop Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1888 ALSO REPORT OF ANALYSIS AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OE COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale to January 5lh 1889 State op Georgia Department of Agriculture Atlanta January 10 1889 YIELD OF CROPS The total yields of the different crops of the State as compared with an average yield of each both for the several sections as well as for the State at large are given in detail in the table which follows these com ments In the absence of any effective machinery for collecting absolute sta tistics in bales of cotton bushels of grain etc the Commissioner is con strained to rely as usual upon the judgment of crop reporters The results though doubtless sometimes wide of the truth are as reliable and trustworthy as any similar estimates The movements of cotton receipts at the ports weekly deliveries from plantations socks on hand etc partake somewhat of the value of absolute statistics but are neces 203DKlAKTMKNT OK AGRICULTUREGEORGIA sarily later and to that extent of less practical value than estimates based on the judgment of intelligent farmers and merchants who arc familiar with the crop prospect and final yield in their respective coun ties These estimates show a yield of fifteen per cent less than an average production of cotton in the State against a yield often per cent less than an average in 1887 or a total yield in 1888 of rive and onehalf per cent less than the total yield of 1887 The average price December 1 1888 was 863 cents against 900 cents December 1 1887 The total product of corn is 93 compared with an average or two per cent less than the total product of 1887 While the total crop produced in the State the past year was practically equal to that of the preceeding year it is not so well distributed the eastern part of Middle Georgia having produced less than a supply A reference to the table will show the yield per acre of the principal and most of the minor crops of the State for the year Sugar cane is the only one of the lesser crops that shows a yield larger than an aver age It will be noticed that wheat oats and field peas were far below an average yield The area sown in wheat is 98 and that of fall oats 90 compared with last year This reduction is chargeable to the excessive rains in the fall which delayed the harvesting Qf the cotton cropalready late in matur ingand preventing the sowing of a larger area ASH AND CREDIT The reports show that the average cash price of bacon during the year was 971 cents per pound and the credit price payable November 1 was 123 The average cash price of corn was 77 cents the average credit price 98 cents Assuming as usual that the average time of indulgence given in time purchases of these two articles of prime necessity to have been four months it will be seen by simple calculation that the farmers who have bought bacon on a credit have been required to pay about 26 per cent over the cash price for the four months credit or 65 per cent per month or at the rate of 78 per cent per annum The buyer of corn has been made to pay 27 per cent over the cash price for four months which is 67 per cent per month or at the rate of 80 per cent per annum The previous year the time price of bacon was 75 per cent and the time price of corn 9 per cent per month over the cash prices respectively or 90 and 108 per cent per annum This reduction is probably one of the results of the efforts of the Farmers Alliance to reduce prices and to induce farmers to pay the cash The greater the number of cash buyers the lower the cash price and the smaller the number of credit buyers also the lower the credit price But the greatest loss to the farmer is not the amount paid for creditlarge as it is but it results from buying corn and bacon at all either for cash or on time The great loss is in not producing these 204SUPPLEMENTAL KOI REPORT1888 articles of prime necessity or some equivalent for them in abundance f bacon costs the farmer five cents per pound to produce it at home and he buys it at 9 cents cash he loses 4 cents on every pound if for 12 cents he loses 3 cents more a total of 7 cents per pound The same argument will apply with more or less force to corn flour lard butter etc A farmer who produces hisown bacon lard corn mules etc succeeds better than his neighbor of equal skill and judgment in other matters not because the first can make cotton cheaper but because he makes and saves more money in producing these supplies because there is more money in making these than in making cotton at present prices It is a grave and often a ruinous mistake to consider the production of cotton the chief aim of farming and the production of food supplies as mere drawbacks on cotton production Food shelter and the ordinary every day necessaries of life should be the prime consideration and the more direct the method of procuring them the more profitable will be the general results of farming CONDITION or FARMERS The general condition of farmers is not quite so good as it was a year ago the figures being 97 in comparison This is mainly due to the occur rence of destructive storms and floods in portions of Middle Georgia North Georgia and Southwest Georgia show a slight improvement The indebtedness of farmers is sixteen per cent less than a year ago being eighteen per cent less in North Georgia one per cent greater in Middle Georgia fifteen per cent less in Southwest Georgia two per cent less in East Georgia and fortyeight per cent less in Southeast Georgia It is again to be remarked that the indebtedness is less in those sections which are less devoted to cotton culture The amount of farm supplies purchased was twelve per cent less than the amount purchased in 1887 showing the greatest decrease in North and Southeast Georgia as before SEED TESTS The results of experiments in the planting of improved seeds distrib uted confirm previous opinions of the great value of this feature of the Department work The Spanish peanut and Kaffir corn have continued in favor and are almost universally accepted as valuable and timely acquisitions The Commissioner proposes to continue this feature to the extent that may be justified by the funds available 205TABLE Consolidation of Supplemental fVop ieo rt for 1888 ify Sections a Total Prodt compard to an average Average Yield Per Acre Average Price Miscellaneous December 118881 Miscellaneous H H f h tc t c u H 1 m w h a 05 S a 01 05 05 05 05 OJ St a 3 05 W 2 05 w H 3 p P a f Si SECTIONS a 3 g 1 Jjj CO 3 co CO 3 S3 CO s 3 co a o b oT p 3 H CO CO O O a 3 3 3 O a 05 a a S3 CO 3 P cu a S3 S3 05 a cy 3 CO 3 3 u 05 a CO 3 a 5 d 90 II Si OS p 0 d ga 3 0 si 0 CQ g It git a 0 8 a CD a Ss a 50 a Sg 2 8 X 05 33 oS 1 3 a 0J 4J aa oS A O w 3 ggJ ii co a asi 05 05 aS 05 ksi PS Cl 0 el aS la CO SB fl O t059 5 C H C a 11 c O a o O 65 o 05 S3 CO a o s bo 3 o o o a N O O o S3 CO a o i u 0 0 a z 0 a 3 z 0 3 s 0 0 O So 5 5 13 a EC 86 80 90 94 2 99 148 97 94 48 53 70 141 122 119 185 193 237 72 65 71 914 877 8 28 52 68 61 90 123 119 45 66 58 96 96 100 80 94 95 97 99 99 99 96 96 69 12 63 90 92 94 102 90 101 821 102 1011 94 85 105 98 101 83 91 84 991 904 954 122 112 126 5 7 75 84 97 100 87 102 37C 3 63 81 89 87 94 366 2 88 98 102 63 143 111 233 262 112 8 3 s 60 76 86 122 59 66 105 88 94 95 93 89 59 73 93 93 95 98 100 82 980 1025 124 131 81 84 106 102 J 52 91 ft 83 87 93350 114 111 56 90 127 121 237 178 78 75 803 900 68 66 109 107 57 58 98 93 90 77 97 94 95 98 01 62 92 88 97 98 81 85 98 101 88 85 971 889 123 116 77 72 98 98 Ee Average Jan 1 1888 95 350 Q SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 A SHORT TALK TO THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA The old year with its successes and failures its struggles and its disap pointments has passed away while the new year is upon you with its new demands its new opportunities and its new hopes Let the dead past bury its dead and recall only its memories that you may avoid its errors and its failures The whistle of the locomotive on new lines of railway the chatter of thousands of spindles and looms in new fac tories the blasts of new furnaces the growth of villages into towns and towns into citiesall proclaim the eve of a development and prosperity in all the departments of industry except farming that we have never before witnessed How is it with the farmers Have you been laggards in the race for prosperity wealth and happiness that springs from successful effort and enterprise Let us see for upon your success depends the continued success of all others or your enslave ment as the hewers of wood to all these other industries All these must draw their life blood from the food and material furnished by the toiling efforts of the farmers Without the cotton and grain the cattle upon a thousand hills the butter and cheese the fruit oil and wine of the husbandman all these industries must fail and cease You farmers of Georgia have made during the past year not far from one million bales of cotton worth fortyfive millions of dollars thirty million bushels of corn worth over twenty millions of dollars seven million bushels of oats worth four millions of dollars besides many millions worth of potatoes peas syrup and other minor products to say nothing of the new sources of production found in the growth of melons grapes pears etc All this notwithstanding unpropitious seasons and yet it is true that you are not in as prosperous condition as these figures would seem to indicate There has been progress and improvement but there is yet a demand for greater progress and there is still large room for im provement In the effort to retrieve losses and escape from embarrassments and oppression you have wisely sought the power and influence that comes from organized effort You are fast realizing the power of union and cooperationthe philosophers stone which may yet turn to gold the efforts of the future You are learning the reasons why you the pro ducers of wealth are not receiving the due rewards of industry and production In your investigations you have discovered that while the cause of your failures heretofore rests largely with yourselves yet there have been long existing combinations and customs trusts and exactions and Legislative indifference if not absolutely spoliations that have helped to turn the stream of wealth that has its fountain in your soil into other channels enriching others while you have been despoiled Let the good work continue Let farmers know and understand their wants their faults their rights and their remedies Temper your L07DEPARTMENT OF AGRICU LTUKEGEORGIA efforts with wisdom justice and moderation and while demanding what is due you be careful to give every man his due Be not cajoled by designing wolves in sheeps clothing or led by men whose real aim is their own advancement and aggrandizement I have from time to time for nine years past urged upon you the practical reforms in farming methods as well as advised and encouraged the cooperation now so happily and hopefully inaugurated The Farmers Alliance is upon the right line in urging upon farmers the spirit and practice of independence that independence that naturally belongs to the calling of a farmer Among all the sound maxims none is more peculiarly applicable to the business of farming than that of pay as you go It should be the aim of every one of you to reach that condition when you will owe no man nothing and will be able to pay the cash for every article that you buy Recent events illustrate the power of concerted action and wise intel ligent cooperation The increased appropriations for public schools the benefits of which will be chiefly enjoyed by you the establishment of a State experiment station and experimental farm and other measures pending are proofs of the influence that you are now exerting on the destinies of the State through your representatives But I am digressing from the line of thought I intended The present system of agriculture grown out of the poverty of the people is an abnormal one The practice of devoting all our energies to the production of a single cropcottonwhile all others have been con sidered as merely subsidiary is an unwise and ruinous policy In ante bellum days we had a system of rotation of crops imperfect as it may have been and the production of corn oats wheat bacon and other supplies was a much more prominent feature of our farming than it has been in the last twentyrive years Learned discussions were then had as to the best succession of crops and the best methods of reclaiming and preserving our lands If then when our soils were comparatively fresh how much more important now when our fields have been deprived of their humus and largely denuded of their original surface soil It is not my purpose now as time and space are wanting to map out in detail a plan of rotation and succession and soil recuperation But I am quite confident that you cannot permanently improve your lands without increasing the area in food crops and pasture for stock and giving more attention to the growing and fattening of stock horses and mules milch cows and beeves hogs poultry etc In the meantime the cowpea furnishes the cheapest and most convenient of renovating crops Suppose you divide your farms into two equal but shifting or alternating halves onehalf in corn and cotton the other half in small grain pasture and forage crops When the small grain comes off make a hay field of it in the fall and in the spring sow liber ally in peas In the fall save as much pea vine hay for consumption by horses mules and cattle at home as can be used and turn under the 208SUPPLEMENTAL CROP PvEPORT1838 7 remainder to aid in building up the soil and enriching it with humus and soluble plant food Plant peas in every acre of corn These are mere suggestions often made before but never yet generally adopted If some such system be adopted and generally followed the results would surprise those who have never tried it Rotation of crops natu rally tends to intensive farming it is in fact an essential part of such a system applied to general farming Too many successful illustrations of intensive farming have been brought to notice especially in the neigh borhood of large cities to doubt its superiority when compared by results with the extensive system that has so long prevailed If any farmer doubts let him try two cempetitive acres One under the usual scratching land and cropstarving plan and the other under the most approved style of high manuring deep plowing improved seeds im proved implements Try it on five acres extend it gradually and then more rapidly as proofs cumulate and doubts vanish Diversity of crops should also be a feature of the system Not such diversity as would take into the plan of the farm operations and the list of crops on an individual farm every crop grown in this country or even in the South A farmer should not undertake to produce every thing that he may by possibility produce on his farm but he should cease to rely on one crop alone for bis money crop one crop alone for his stock grain crop one crop alone for his bread crop one crop alone for hog food and lie should cease to rely on the merchant or on the West for any of those articles that he now produces sparingly The farmers of Georgia should produce all the corn and oats farm horses and mules beef milk and butter bacon lard flour poultry eggs mutton and wool fruits and vegetables required for use or consumption in Geor gia This is the very least that you should accomplish Of the above list there is hardly a farm in the State that will not profitably produce nine out of ten of the products named in abundance for home consumption and most of them in sufficient surplus to supply the wants of all the nonproducers in the State You cannot make cot ton at 81 or 9 cents per pound under the system that has been in vogue There is more money in almost any one of the articles enumerated in the long run than in cotton Another feature that belongs to the intensive system is the adoption and use of the very best implements for doing the work of the farm Still another item is the selection and planting of the best and most prolific varieties of farm plants Many of these details of change from old to new and better methods can be accomplished with but little cost and will more than repay the small outlay before the first years crop is marketed or harvested I might also very properly and confidently stress the importance of breeding mules and horses for the farm I am satisfied that there is no one article of the list heretofore habitually purchased by farmers that can be more profitably produced by the farmer at home than the mules and farm horses that he must have The farmer as a rule should keep mares instead of geldings and breed from them the mules needed One brood mare will keep a four plow farm well stocked in mules and do almost full work besides For any surplus there will always be a demand and ready sale at home until the supply outgrows the demand In large sections of the State even the best thoroughbreds and roadsters can be bred with as great a profit as on the high priced lands of Kentucky 2091 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA REPORTS ON SEEDS TESTED REMARKS OF CORRES PONDENTS ETC NORTH GEORGIA BanksThe Spanish ground pea did well as also the big Tennessee corn but the latter did not stand the wet fall as well as hardier varieties W J B Half probably more of our farmers cannot pay their current in debtedness this fall and some have nothing to go on another year A great number are leaving for the West o W W BabtowThe past crop made with less expense though the yield is less than an average and the farmers are in better condition than for several years More wheat sown and a larger area in grass and clover and less cotton will be planted next spring y a C ChattoogaThe Egyptian beet is hardy and a rapid grower but not otherwise extra Early WInningstadt cabbage is good and almost sure to head and comes early Cheese pumpkin a humbug so is the nutmeg melon Jumbo melon a good grower and sweet Big Tennes see corn not extra good General condition of farmers greatly im proved and improving for which we thank God D W Dont like Kaffir corn Farmers seem more determined to get out of debt but theres a hard road to travel y p t CherokeeThe Jumbo melon is splendid Spanish peanut very prolific and earlygood for stock j j A y The Herlong cotton is rather too late for this section requires high manuring to force it forward Impress on farmers to make their own supplies M g p CobbI think the farmers in my county are in better condition than at any time since the war Less provisions bought more attention to grasses and better stock J T L BadeThe Yellow Oronoco tobacco seed you sent me is the best variety ever introduced into this countyeasy to cure bright and yel low Big Havana is very large but requires very careful handling to cure well Owing to blight some say or other cause very few tobacco seeds have matured in this county Spanish peanut does not come up to the reports of its success in Middle and Southern Georgia Hog cholera has been very bad and large numbers of hogs have died G A R B PeasAmerican wondergood Beansearly Valentineearly 210SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 9 and good Okrawhite velvetpreferred to others Cornbig Ten nesseefine ears but more injured by early frost than smaller varieties Mrs J W B GilmerField peas an entire failure having been bitten by frost did not even make seed L T GordonMy experience with Kaffir corn is satisfactory made 18 to HO bushels per acre cutting stalks for stock feed O H D HbershamJumbo melon only ordinary Egyptian beet is fine and giant curled mustard is all that could be asked Spanish peanuts are a success M W Spanish ground peas did well yielding about 40 bushels per acre Kaffir corn is also good and will pay to raise for forage and for seed A H JacksonThe Jones Jumbo melon is not excelled by any J J LumpkinThe past year I made 180 bushels of corn on five acres without manure Great deal of hog cholera F V M MurrayOwing to unusuallv wet fall all crops are badly injured and wheat sowing cut short Twenty per cent of the cotton is yet in the field q j PauldingSpanish peanuts not so good as last year on account of drouth Tennessee big white corn did well Pickens There is no doubt your influence through the press and otherwise has held the farmer back from running into debt So far so good Now we ask you to lend your influence to the enactment of a dog law so as to encourage the sheep industry B F R PolkWe have thoroughly tested Jones and Hawkins cotton and find them all that was promised Hog Cholera RemedyOne tablespoonful of common soda mixed with bran mash to each hog given twice a day for three or four days will cure any case if the hog is not too far gone to eat J O W Rahun Kaffir corn did well The Spanish peanut was good The big Tennessee corn too late The Missouri Dent is a good corn for us The Cuban Mammoth Prolific corn has a big name but wont do here E S UnionHog cholera has been raging and fully fifty per cent of the hogs have died which will make bacon scarce Other stock are healthy as usual H L C See report from Polk county WalkerWe are nearly out of debt and there is a great disposition towards the improvement of our landsand the introduction of fine stock 21111 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA HabebshamLast year 1887 I planted Early Amber and Goose Neck side by side on uniform land The Amber made 160 and the Goose Neck 290 gallons of syrup per acre This year I planted Goose Neck alone on the same quality of land the yield was260 gallons Syrup from the Amber is very dark That from Goose Neck bright as honey The Amber is not worth planting J F G MIDDLK GEORGIA Baldwin 1 find the Spanish peanut to be all that is claimed for it Our ordinary corn better than the big Tennessee Everybody is bursted merchants and all H C V BibbSeeds sent did well especially Georgia collards Spanish pea nuts and Jones Herlong cotton The big Tennessee corn not so good as our old kinds T G P Oamtbekl The present distress amongst the agricultural class can not be easily accounted for Cotton it is true has fallen oft fifteen per cent of an average but prices has been something over for the last five years yet there is great distressamounting almost to a panicin money matters It dont seem possible that the farmers could have overtraded for nothing has been preached by them and to them but retrenchment and economy for the last twelvemonths yet the fact remains that collections are poorer than for years past J J B Cabboll Am glad to note that there 1ms been great improvement in stock of all kinds since the stock law went into effect two years ago h L McP The farmers generally are in much better ago having bought less and worked better Yavtiin Farmers not in quite as good condition to short cotton crop Ooweta The most intelligent farmers agree that on the whole farmers are worse oft financially than they were ten years ago In my own neighborhood say five miles square I know that they are grow ing poorer every year with increasing crops W F S Tennessee big white corn is a good variety The Spanish groundpea and Kaffir corn are both good The Kaffir solves the corn questionand with the Spanish peanut we can raise our pork cheaply 1 find the sor ghums the most economic feed I can raise for stock from July until Christmas y g DOUGLAS Tennessee white corn did well and is a good variety 1 cannot recommend groundpeas Farmers should plant less cotton more corn wheat and oats and raise their supplies at home It is easily done for I have not failed in twenty years W H V 212 condition than a year m it it last year owing A P ASUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 11 HANCOCK Farmers very much depressed Drouth and flood bad weather for harvesting crops short crops low prices have almost par alyzed the laboring class J W Farmers are better off because they arc living more at home 1 T HarrisHave any of your reporters experimented with the Peerless Cotton seed They are being advertized and boomed by a certain At lanta firm and if it is a better cotton than the Petertin Eureka and the Bob etc the farmers should know it F H Big Tennessee corn no better than the ordinary varieties Teosinthe proves to be an excellent summer forage easily cultivated and relished by all stock and yielding two cuttings It headed out about November lst but failed to mature seed J B P LincolnFarmers are in much worse condition than I have known them for years The trouble is they dont plant enough of food crops and plant too much cotton A C McDuffikThe worst year on farmers this county has ever experi enced Potatoes and peanuts are the only crops that have done well Floods of early fall smashed everything and farmers are despondent in consequence and all business more or less paralyzed We verily believe a revolution has begun and this years failure may prove a blessing We must abandon the old plans We would do well to study some of the ways of our fathers We can succeed if we will H McC The Peterkin cotton is well adapted to my county It is mite pro lific and 1350 pounds of seed cotton will yield 500 pounds of lint I made over 400 pounds of lint to the acre on eleven acres this year A E S MeriwethkrJones Herlong cotton the best lever planted Buck wheat made a poor yield and the birds and chickens were so fond of it that but little seed were saved B S C Spanish groundpeas a great success and a great many were raised B M McC MorganThe introduction of the two plantsKaffircorn and Span ish peanuts alone would amply repay the State for maintaining the Department of Agriculture if farmers would cultivate them as they should One of my neighbors made at the rate of forty to fortyfive bushels per acre of the Kaffir which is much more than Indian corn will yield and the feeding value of Kaffir is nearly equal to the Indian Both Kaffir corn and Spanish peanuts may be successfully grown after wheat and oats in time to fatten pork if the land is in good heart 1 T N Oglkthorpe All seeds sent proved 213 rood The too much cotton and12 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA not enough corn and meat policy is showing its ruinous effects in a striking manner J J G PrKENow generally conceded that the Spanish peanut is a success I think farmers are more in debt now than at any time since the war The outlook for a large majority of them is not hopeful yet the indica tions are that less cotton will be planted next year than for years past E W R PutnamThe floods of 1887 destroying so much corn together with a crop of cotton this yeartwo hundred thousand dollars short of an averageleaves the farmers in worse condition than for years The Al liance is doing a good work in encouraging a spirit of economy and the planting of more graih and less cotton The Alliance cooperative store has been successful in every sense and it would be well for county alli ances to correspond with the executive committee in regard to its work ing J T Dennis Eatonton Ga PockdaleKaffir corn good for stock and poultry Tennessee big corn did well about ten days earlier than common com but isinclined more to rot J S A All seeds did well If a farmer expects to be short of feed in June and July I advise planting an early crop of whippoorwill peas TaliaferroSpanish peanuts fully sustain all claims made for them L E V Chufa seed should be soaked a full week before planting them in order to secure a good stand Planted in sandy soil 1 rind it a better crop for hogs than Spanish peanuts D N S Taibot Jones Improved cotton good Tennessee white corn not good too soft y h E Spanish peanut is destined to become a favorite The Farmers Alli ance has done a great deal of good by organization aud cooperation S A F TkoupAll seeds did well J P Upson As to wheat growing I suggest that a number of farmers next year plant one acre each during the last days of October merely scratching in the wheat well pulverizing the clods T J M SOUTHWEST GEORGIA BerrienSome corn and cotton tests made in this county this year resulted as follows Corn forty to sixty bushels per acre seed cotton 1200 to 1500 pounds per acre No extraordinary results from seeds received from the Department H T P None of the seeds sent by you did well this year on account of con tinued rains except early in the spring Many bales of cotton rotted in 214SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 13 the fields and potatoes almost a failure and what few were made taste sour J J P BrooksThe Alliance has already improved the condition of farm ers very much There has not been a time in twenty years when the farmers were more determined to buy less and to pay cash for what they do buy If the Alliance accomplishes no more than to stop the policy of buying on credit it will have done more than all other influences combined since the war The next best thing it can do will he to abol ish fences then our redemption will be complete T W J Grass and hay are growing in favor stock More grass more grass more R J D ColquittThe Spanish peanut planted deep and covered shallow and planted late say June 1st and dirt worked to the vine as it grows will make more hog feed than any crop except chufas The latter excel all crops for hogs They too should not be planted until the first of June One acre of chufas fertilized with one hundred and fifty pounds of guano will fatten ten hogs without a grain of corn or other food One peck will plant an acre Oat or wheat stubble is the place to plant them F J W WaltonThe price paid by oil mills for cotton seed and the low price at which flour has been sold this year together with short crops of wheat for three years have reduced the interest in growing wheat Hardly any fall oats sown for two years past Spanish chufas are a success and more will be planted Sweet potatoes rotting badly DoughertyMore oats put in last fall than in ten years J L D EarlyRailroads factories mills foundries are declaring good divi dends nearly every town is building up merchants with 1000 invest ed in business are beating 5000 invested in farming Where lies the trouble is puzzling my brain J B H Such a crop of sugar cane was never seen in this county before D M W HoustonThe Legislature should provide by law requiring each tax receiver to gather from each farmer returns of crops and stock It could be easily done There is already such a law on the statute book but it has long been a dead letter no compensation being provided for doing this extra workCommissioner IrwinTennessee big white corn will not do for this warm climate All other seeds did well except that Kaffir corn was cut short by a drouth Kolb gem melons did well one weighing 50 pounds J P S 21514 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA MaconOne hundred pounds of cotton seed meal sown on oats in February will do inore good than twentyfive bushels of cotton seed put on at fame of planting j g MitchellThe farmers have bought less on time but the short cropof cotton and the low price have disabled them from paying as large a percentage of their time purchases as last year On many farms com mercial fertilizers failed to be profitable and there will be less used next year The Alliance propose buying direct from the factories 1 B T MuscooeeThe great and important thing is to urge upon farmers to produce all their supplies at home j F H RandolphOur farmers are every year adding to the proportion of supplies made at home At our recent stock exhibit we had nearly one hundred head of horse and mule colts which will be worth 100 a head by next fall f F c This is encouraging Let every county do as well or better in this and other departments of true farming and the country will then be prosperous and the farmers cheerful and happyCommissioner TaylorThe farmers are in better condition than in several yeare Cotton has commanded a better price and the quality was good J T A ThomasGarden seeds have not done well Webster per acre Spanish peanuts are excellent I made L H P thirty bushels G W D The tax returns for 1888show considerable increase in aggregate value of property What proportion of this increase belongs to cities towns and railroads and how much to agriculture Cannot farmers make their vocation sufficiently remunerative and otherwise attractive to retain the boys and young men on the farm rather than see them drawn into professional pursuits j b W The Spanish Peanut is the salvation of the South T J S Our people are practicing more economy than last year Altogether the signs are favorable Big Tennessee corn produced well enough but the weevils destroyed it by the first of November Kaffir corn a failure in this climate R A B Kaffir corn ougln to succeed as well in Webster as in any part of the State with same quality of soil and same culture Commissioner WorthI consider our county is twentyfive per cent better oft on account of the improved seeds sent out by your department Our farm ers are in better condition than they have been in years They have but little money but are generally out of debt and nearly a years sup ply of provisions on band But one thing in the way and that is politics yy jj 216SUPPLEMENTAL CROP RKPORT1888 15 EAST GEORGIA In some C A S BuijLOOHToo wet to sow oats in lower half of county localities nearly all the stock hogs have died of cholera The Alliance is on a boom and I think will do much good if man aged rightly Spanish peanuts is a valuable acquisition B F L C BurkeMurrain has prevailed among cattle considerably in cer tain neighborhoods and there has been a prevailing fatal disease which is called cholera for the want of a better name But the only two or three cases in my own herd have appeared to be spinal rather than intestinal since remedies which act on the kidneys have proved most effective A few cases of glanders occurred among the horses of Mr Wadley but the disease was promptly stamped out under the direction of a veterinarian from Macon who caused every suspected animal to he killed and his body burned J B J Jefferson Farmers are beginning to appreciate the importance of saving hay and next years crop will quadruple that of this Rye is being largely sown for winter pasture and stock raising has acquired a healthy impetus H J B Another gratifying report ComR JohnsonIf the farmers can pull through next year I think they will practice more economy They are already bracing themselves to it and many say they will live on less if they half perish 1 H H No necessity to perish nor to suffer for any good thing Only cease to buy mules corn bacon lard butter etc and produce them in abun dance at homeCommissioner ScrevenThe Spanish peanut excels every new variety of seeds The Kaffir corn is destined to be a great help to farmers The worm is very bad on Indian corn in bottoms while the Kaffir does better on bottoms and is not troubled by the worms E B G Telfair The vegetable seeds proved to be excellent Jumbo melon very fine Dhurra corn does not pay to raise Is Kaffir meant Span ish peanut a success and Peterkin cotton very fine W F W INQUIRIES Under this head the Commissioner invites farmers to submit such practical questions as occur to them in the prosecution of their work If of general interest the answers will be published in the next report if of mere personal character a reply will be sent by mail Let inqui ries be short and pointed and relating to but one subject matter and do not wait until the end of the month to send them 21716 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA PINE STRAW UNDER COTTON Would like to have your opinion about putting pine straw under cotton Would it rot sufficiently if put in the furrows now in a wetcon dition I want to try it but think the straw should have ashes or lime Waleska Ga J J A R Ans Pine straw alone put in the furrows now would hardly rot suf ficiently in time to do the cotton much good in the early stages of growth It would be better to sprinkle lime along at the rate of a half bushel to each large two horse load of straw You could not afford to pay more than 5 a ton for lime for this purpose or ten cents per bushel for the air slacked lime The chief office the pine straw will perform will be to absorb and retain moisture It does not contain a large per centage of plant food and cannot be converted into a fertilizer proper in the true sense of the word FARMERS ALLIANCE What do you think of the Farmers Alliance Iron Rock Ga J B D Ans The Commissioner is in hearty sympathy with the avowed objects and aims of this new order and is a member of the organization There is no doubt of the fact that it has already accomplished a great deal of good Its tenets are wise and wholesome its objects praisewor thy in the highest degree and its methods in the main have been pru dent justifiable and effective By means of the Alliance other organi zations aiding the farmers are learning to appreciate their true relations to the public and to realize their power and influence for the good of their calling when exerted in the form of organized effort JOHNSON GRASS 1 Please tell us where we can get seed of the Johnson grass and whether it is valuable for hay and what kind of land suits it best 2 Also what kind of fertilizer is best lor corn and the best way to use it Ans 1 Johnson grass is very highly appreciated by perhaps a ma jority of the farmers who have tried it The chief objection to it is that it is difficult to eradicate when once it has taken possession of land especially if it be low lying or bottom land It will give good resulte on any land that will make good corn the richer the soil the better as is the case with all truly valuable crops Seed can be had of any of the large seed dealers as Mark W Johnson Seed Co and Atlanta Seed Co of this city and J H Alexander Seed Co of Augusta Ga 2 Corn should have a fertilizer with a good percentage of ammonia An ammoniated potash superphosphate or a fertilizer that contains am monia phosphoric acid and potash Any of the high grade or standard 218SUPPLEMENTAL CEOP REPORT1888 17 commercial fertilizers will do well on corn Vegetables generally require a larger percentage of ammonia and potash In your county you ought to produce a large quantity of stable manure which is good for all crops This you can do by raising cattle and feeding highsaving all the manure BUCKWHEAT We did not know what time to sow the buckwheat seed you sent us Many of us never saw it growing Please tell us when to sow and how to cultivate T G P Flovilla Ga Ans Buckwheat is sown for two distinct purposes viz As a honey plant and for the grain of which buckwheat flour is made If for bees sow about cotton planting time in rows three feet apart and about two or taree quarts of seed per acre covering as if cotton seed Cultivate as for cotton but without thinning the plants It commences to bloom as soon as a few inches high and blooms all summer If the object is grain then sow the latter part of July or early in August in the same way and cut and thresh when there appears to be the largest quantity of ripe seeds Or the seed may be sown broadcast about one bushel per acre and harrowed in on clean well plowed land You may scatter the seeds in the corn field at the last plowing and secure a good bee pastur age besides filling the soil with seed for future volunteer crops Buck wheat does not require the strongest land and the crop is a good land improver BEST TIME TO PLANT COTTON AND BEST PREPARATION OF LAND 1 When is the best time to plant cotton and what is the best prepa ration for land What the best fertilizer and what kind of seed is the best for planting 2 Is terracing better than hillside ditching 3 What is the cheapest and best feed for mules and horses V 4 Is lucerne better thanked clover for pasturage and hay Woolsey Ga j G w Ans 1 If you had asked one more question what is the best method of cotton culture a full answer would have required a trea tise or extended essay on the subject The time to plant the best prepa ration of the land the fertilizer to be used and even the variety of seed will in varying degrees depend on the character of the soil its peculiar topography or location and other conditions none of which you have named I might say in general terms that early planted cotton that is cotton planted in your county about the 10th to the 20th of April usually gives better results if fertilized than later planted I cannot undertake to say which brand of fertilizers is best even if I knew There are several varieties of cotton between which I would be troubled 21918 DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA to decide viz the Peterkin Peerless Jones Eureka Hawkins Improved Herlong etc Each of chese is good and there is no great difference between them in point of profitable results 2 Terracing is believed to better under most circumstances than hillside ditching 3 Oats and hay or fodder and good pasture witli plenty of lucerne peavines millet sorghum and corn 4 Lucerne is not good for pasture but is specially good for feeding green or wilted throughout spring and summer It makes a hay fully equal if not superior to clover hay STANDARD OF FERTILIZERS Would it not pay the farmer if the standard of commercial fertilizers were double what it now is F D H Milners Store Ans It would depend upon the price that the farmer would have to pay for a fertilizer of double the present standard The present law requires that a fertilizer shall contain not less than eight per centum of available phosphoric acid and two per centum of ammonia This gives a very fair fertilizer and the results from five dollars worth of it applied to an acre of land would be just as large as from the application of five dollars worth of a fertilizer that contains sixteen percent of phosphoric acid and four per cent of ammonia In the latter case your five dollars would purchase certainly not more than half as many pounds probably less of the higher grade as of the lower As a rule it costs more to make a ton of a very high grade fertilizer than it would cost to make two tons of a grade of just half the quality If the standard were raised to six teen per centum of phosphoric acid and four per centum of ammonia then a very large quantity of comparatively low grade materials such as cotton seed and cotton seed meal and some forms of phosphoric ma terial could not be utilized at all in the manufacture of commercial fer tilizers It would drive out of the trade all manufacturers who have been depending largely on the use of cotton seed meal The inevitable effect of raising the standard would be to increase the price and this increase would probably be greater in proportion than the improvement in the standard quality The limit of quality of acid phosphate made of the best quality of Charleston rock is about seventeen percent beyond which its manufacture cannot be profitably carried Cotton seed meal contains only eight per cent of ammonia and so on In point of fact manufacturers do not content themselves with barely coming up to the standard The average of all brands is nearly fifty per cent above the requirements of the law VOLUNTEER OATH Many farmers are depending on volunteer oats instead of sowing seed 220SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 19 Some good farmers say they will make others say not Please give your opinion j w H Popes Ferry Ans Volunteer oats are not always to be relied on for a crop If there is a good stand and the land is in good heart and not too much infested with the weeds which spring up in fall and early winter they will often make a better crop than if plowed up and resown in the spring A fairly safe judgement may be based on the apparent thriftiness of the plants and the stand A top dressing of one hundred pounds of cotton seed meal per acre about the middle or last of February would oreatly benefit the crop I will be obliged if farmers who shall try the experi ment will report the results to this Department for publication SWEET POTATO ROT Was it the warm wet fall that caused the rot in sweet potatoes If digging potatoes after ripening in dry weather then airing well for several days then covering well will not protect them then you will bestow a blessing by giving a recipe that will be proof against rot I had 100 bushels to rot in three weeks after digging K C T Popes Ferry Ga Ans Such a recipeone that is absolutely infalliblehas not yet been discovered and probably never will be The complaint of rot is remark ably generalalmost universal throughout the State Ripeness of the tubers at the time of digging which is nothing more than a dormant condition as to growth caused by dryness of the soil a uniform tem perature and dryness in the hill or bank digging about the time of first frost are points that pretty uniform experience agrees upon How these conditions are to be secured is a question about the details of which the best farmers differ It is possible that you may have covered your hills too thickly early in the winter or too early after digging The problem of how to keep potatoes with practically uniform certaintv has not yet been solved notwithstanding the occasional publication of a plan that never fails LABOR SAVING IMPLEMENTS Is there not a necessity for labor saving implements in making and handling a cotton crop in order to keep abreast of the times and to enable us to give better pay to labor Will not the south have to reduce areas enrich the soil and give better cultivation C A S Sandy Cross Ga Ans There is certainly room for the exercise of inventive skill in the production of labor saving implements for cotton culture Excepting the cotton planting machine nothing has been invented within the last thirty years that has met with anything like a general adoption and use There have been decided improvements in the shape and affectiveness 22120 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA of simple tools like sweeps scrapes aud hand hoes and a great reduc tion in their cost but no machine for ridging up the soil for plauting cultivating a row at a trip chopping to a stand or gathering the crop has yet been generally received and adopted Of course fewer acres higher fertilizing and better cultivation is a universally accepted theory but not yet an accomplished fact Farmers listen well they are often excellent advisers but it is often the case they do not practice what they preach to others The farmers of Georgia understand the principles of agriculture better than did their fathers but they are so straitened by circumstances that they find it difficult to get out of old ruts and follow the leadings of their own judgment AVERAGE PRODUCT OF CORN AND WHEAT FOR FIVE YEAKS Please tell us what has been the average product of wheat and corn for the past five years Panola Ga J F R Ans The average annual product of wheat aud corn in the United States for five years past was about as follows Wheat 450000000 bushels Corn 1000000000 of bushels The average yield per acre of the two crops in Georgia for five years was Wheat 625 bushels per acre Corn 1075 bushels per acre LAND TOO RICH FOR COTTON Can you make land too rich for cotton I have several acres around my barn and stables that produce a large weed but does not boll well The same land when in corn gives a large stalk but in some cases no ear What is the cause J A 8 Ans Your land is probably too highly supplied with ammonia from the constant use of stable manure Plant a small short jointed prolific variety of cotton like the old Dicksons select and give more distance Cannot conceive of land too rich for corn Possibly your variety of corn is not a good one Cease to use stable manure and apply acid phosphate alone POTASH ON LIGHT SOILS 1 Does potash benefit light lands By careful test it seems to do harm on mine 2 What is the cause of the advance in the price of fertilizers Montezuma Ga A J C Ans 1 Potash is oftener helpful on light sandy soils than on any other kind Possibly your soil does not require potash but a mod erate application would not be at all likely to do harm 222SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 2 It is due to the advance in the price some of the raw materials of which the fertilizers are compounded consequent upon the very large demand and consumption of fertilizers last year and in anticipation of a like demand for the coining crop COTTON SEED FOE HOUSES AND MULES Is there any mode of preparing cotton seed so that horses and mules will eat them A B C Davis Mill Ga Ans1 know of none The most practicable method is to feed the cotton seed meal mixed with chopped straw or other dry forage It is certainly a great waste either to feed cotton seed whole or use the seed or the meal directly as a fertilizer The meal is too valuable a food the oretically at least to be used for manure especially in view of the fact that the manure resulting from feeding the meal is almost as effective and valuable when used on a crop as the meal itself COTTON CULTURE AGAIN The farmers would be glad to know the best variety of cotton the time to plant and the best plan of cultivation E B G Buck Creek Ga Ans Please refer to answer to a similar inquiry elsewhere SUGAB CANE SYBUP IX ROCKDALE COUNTY The following is the substance of a report of the result of an experi ment in the culture of sugarcane by Hon W L Peek the same being verified by the gentleman himself One acre of loamy sandy bottom land was planted 1888 in ribbon cane The following is the result showing the cost of production yield etc Cb 576 gallons syrup 50 cents 288 00 Fifteen loads of fodder 15 00 303 00 Db Total cost 14 cents per gallon every expenseI 80 4 Net profit on one acre 222 36 The above is certainly a remarkable result especially when it is con sidered that it is only within a few years that it has been thought possi ble to produce cane so far north as Rockdale county The report closes as follows This beats cotton raising in fact it beats anything but ribbon cane Next year Colonel Peek will plant the same acre in cotton and see what 2222 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEDUGIA the difference is in the yield This syrup is superior to the average New Orleans syrup and sells readily in any market at 60 cents per gal lon retail The ground upon which the above was raised was a loamy sandy bottom land This year the cane matured six feet It will grow on rich land but is not so profitable With such a yield as this is what is the reason the farmers of this county cant raise a full supply for this county Is there any reason for sending off an immense quantity of money every year when we can keep it at home THE DOCTRINE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS BY PliOF GEORGE VIJlK Translated by Miss E L Hoivard Continued from October Crop Report Circular No 109 What does the new doctrine say Here it is If you have manure never use it alone complete and improve it in such a way as better to meet the requirements of the plant andthanks to this additionyou will certainly obtain an increase of crop without increase of risk or expense I say without increase of cost because thanks to the addition of one or two chemical productsyou can reduce the amount of manure without injury to the crop You see gentlemen if the agricultural doctrine took its point first from the artificial produc tion of plants by the aid of simple compounds in spite of all the tradi tions bequeathed by the past the moment this doctrine descending from the height of science enters into the practical region so far from proscribing the use of manure it says to the farmer Do not abuse too strong manuring but rectify complete the imperfect composition of manure which is a very different thing But in industrial questions it is not sufficient to formulate rules you must go further and inquire if it is possible to draw economic advan tages from them We thus come to the point which in industry is the touchstone without appeal viz the question of money Have you ever asked yourselves gentlemen whence come the profits in agricul ture and what are its true sources When the question is stated in such terms it is no longer a question of little matters of personal skill which in business language are called the tricks of the trade The question I state is higher more general it is the scientific theory of profit and instead of proceeding by abstract demonstration 1 will proceed by analogy and by comparison 224SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 28 Suppose a mill has the use of a large capital in setting up a hundred thousand spindles and is furnished otherwise with the most perfect machinery What will happen if these hundred thousand spindles be furnished with but half the cotton they could spin The effective work would be burdened with the frightful cost of fifty thousand empty spindles revolving Fuel supervision first cost of investment paying off general expenses will end in the dead loss of 50 per cent product from the mill In agriculture to produce but 18 or 20 bushels of wheat per acre when by an Increase of manure you could get 37 to 52 bushels is committing the same error as with the mill in question for the gen eral expenses labor and taxes remain the same and the crop is bur dened with the costs which would have produced the excess of 20 bush els of grain which were not produced To make still clearer the truth of this parallel between the source of profit in agriculture and in manufacturing industries it is only neces sary to recall the conditions regulating agricultural production These conditions are three in number 1st Heat and light which the sun furnishes and whose combined action forms one of the most salient features of climate 2nd The mechanical preparation of the soil plow ing harrowing etc to facilitate the absorption and drainage of rain water 3rd The amount of fertilizer To make a closer comparison between agricultural and industrial work we may say the plant is the machine the soil the foundation which supports it the fertilizer the first matter which it transforms and the sun the hearth which animates the whole system From this the justification of the three terms sun soil and fertilizer We can add nothing or next to nothing to what we receive from the sun its effects escaje our control but in the preparation of soil by machinery and its fertilization by fertilizers a new horizon and an almost limitless one is open to us To prove this I can show you all things equal as they say at school the profit is in proportion to the fertilizer given to the soil At the time when the revered Mathew de Dombasle directed the insti tute at Roville the cost of growing a bushel of wheat was 109 as is shown by the account published by the eminent agriculturist f Rent of land3 60 t General expenses4 26 Fixed expenses j Work of omtivation3 44 L Seeds3 68 14 98 r Manure5 92 anable costsHarvesting2 72 8 64 Total costs23 62 From which must be deducted for straw 4 00 There remains19 62 This puts the cost at 109 per bushel 22524 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE GEORGIA Well suppose at the time Mathewde Donibasles lived without chang ing the organization of the Institute of Roville to the 1560 of manure was added 960 worth of chemical fertilize per acre what would have been the result To bring the 18 bushels per acre up to 40 bushelsto reduce the cost of growing a bushelfrom 109 cents to 69 cents This is too serious a matter for us to be content with simple assertions We need figures that each one can control as he will 1 take up the proceeding account and introduce the new element of an increase of fertilizer Fixed costs in the first accountsl4 vs Variable costsManure15 52 Harvesting etc 4 gf Total costs135 From which deduct straw 7 60 S27 70 Costs 2770 instead of 1962 crop 40 bushels instead of 18 bushels which brings the cost per bushel to il cents The expenses of cultivation at the Institute of Roville have no anal ogy with yours but what matter The result that 1 wish to make clear to you would be the same in spite of the changes which you could make in this or that item of the amount provided the economy of the two accounts does not change You see the profit increases or diminishes according to the amount of fertilizer used The doctrine of chemical fertilizer then asserts as an axiom that lib eral fertilizing is necessary always and everywhere either with manure or with chemical fertilizer Whether stock raising and handling large amounts of manure is profitable or not depends on the profit from the animals but whither the amount of manure used is large or small there is always advantage to be gained by using chemical fertilizers as an auxiliary In other terms to cultivate profitably the soil must be highly manured that is provided all the fertilizing substance be used which the climate and local conditions will allow tin vegetation to utilize I also add Ibis That the system may be a permanently profitable one the soil must receive more phosphoric acid more potash ami more lime than the crops take from it As to nitrogen it is only necessary to give the soil the half which the crops require for the air makes up the balance These two rules in a measure sum up the whole of scientific agricul ture Observe and apply them no matter whether by the use of manure or chemical fertilizer There is here no question of principle or dogma but a question of fitness and cost of production In the past you were under an empire which ruled you You were forced to keep animals and meadows as an inflexible part of the great struggle to maintain be equilibrium between the agents of fertility the soil gained or lost This 226SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 25 process is lacking in these days It corresponds neither to the economic conditions of our time nor to the wants of consumption The price of land is too high the manual labor too dear and the changes of methods in agriculture are too great Besides where will you be with the panacea of the past in the regions where drouths make the growth of forages impossible In the regions where fruitgrowing is best where the vine occupies ninetenths of the soil how will you get manure enough Another point of view We are accused of proscribing the use of manure In reality the use of chemical fertilizers is the surest most rapid and most economical method of increasing production At Ro ville in the time of Mathew de Dombasks the crop of wheat was 18 bushels per acre and 2200 pounds of straw I have already said that an increase of chemical fertilizer worth 960 per acre will bring the grain to 40 bushels but what I did not say but which should have been added is that the amount of straw is also doubled it goes from 2200 pounds to 4400 pounds per acre Now what must be done with the excess Sell it Every where that it is yossible as in the neigh borhood of large cities I do not hesitate to advise the sale for no opportunity must be lost of making money But where the straw can not be sold there is no way of utilizing it but by turning it into manure As soon as chemical fertilizers are used on a farm the animals are better fed and the litter more abundant The manure pit has to be doubled Impossible to deny this for the evidence proves it Let us set vain objections aside and recognize the truth of this affir mation that chemical fertilizer give you power to command vegetal activity as oil gives you command of motive power This is neither a theory nor an opinion it is a fact firmly established by the testimony of practical results until now without precedent As I have already said and cannot too often repeat this is no question of theory or of doctrine but a question of fitness and profit Does manure cost lee s than the chemical fertilizer Then make it Does it cost moreis its price over 240 per ton If so substitute chemical fer tilizers In this age f free discussion one need not have the ambition to be believed by his word alone T have never sought this The faith which animates me is too deep to fear contradiction In exchange for the efforts I have made for twenty years to throw light on these grave and difficult problems I ask but one thing the renunciation of prejudice and a faithful belief in experience Although the season may be a little advanced consent gentlemen to make two parallel experiments one for wheat and the other for rye On two parcels of id feet square each selected in the middle of the poorest piece of wheat broadcast in the first 14 po mils of sulphate of ammonia previously mixed with an equal quantity of fine dry earth On the second parcel spread 53 pounds of complete fertilizer No 1 Make the same 22726 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA experiment for rye on two parallel parcels of 60 feet square each On the first spread 14 pounds of sulphate of ammonia and on the second 40 pounds of complete fertilizer No 1 taking care to mix first with equal quantity of fine dry earth to make sureit is easily and regularly spread If you consent gentlemen to listen to my request as I have listened to yours you will see how the situation will change since it is you who will give strong guarantees of the truth of my assertion Before seperating gentlemen look back a moment and make a sum mary in a few quick and exact propositions the most sciliant results of this meeting Four principal sources share in vegetal life and contribute to the pro duction of crops air rain soil and fertilizer Each one of these sources has its part marked out before hand and the art of producing economi cally is to give the fertilizer the part that is due to it and never mis understand this Contrary to the past belief that to keep up the fertility of the soil you must give it back pound for pound what the integral of all the substances contained in the crop it is only necessary to give it a little more phosphoric acid potash and lime and only the half of the nitrogen and its native fertility will not be diminished on the contrary It will be increased day by day The fertilizer is not and ought not to be in the work of agriculture merely a valuable addition used to complete what the plants find always in abundance in air and soil One point not less essential is the necessity of varying the composi tion of the fertilizer to suit the needs of each plant From this point of view farm manure is inferior to the most inferior fertilizer and great advantage is always received by completing it by the addition of chemi cal fertilizers We again say manure always heavily by the permanent use of other fertilizer than you grow on the farm Make use of rotation as much as you can for this allows you to speculate as you wish either in the pro duction of meat or sale of forages In other words instead of being ruled and enslaven by inflexible formulae use and enjoy the liberty of action gained by other methods Faithful to these teachings besides feeling the satisfaction of being master of your labor you will see your business prosper your profits increase andby extension of your own successyour country itself more prosperous and prepared to go safely and calmly through the formidable crisis which all the rest of Fjurope seem alas condemed to suffer 228SUPPLEMENTAL CHOP REPORT1888 27 GEORGIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION The Commissioner congratulates the farmers of Georgia on the pas sage at the ecent session of the General Assembly of an Act to establish an Agricultural Experiment Station for the investigation of questions of practical and vital importance to Agriculture For the information of the people the Act in full is herein published The Board of Directors provided for in the Act are also given and they will meet at the office of the Commissioner in Atlanta on February 4 for the purpose of organizing the Hoard and to initiate steps looking to the organization location and equipment of The Station and the Experimental Farm An Act to establish in this State an Experimental Station and an Experimental Farm to be known as the Georgia Experiment Station to provide for a Board of Directors for the location and management of the same to apply the annual donation made by the Federal Congress in the Acts approved March 2 1887 and July 18 1888 providing for the establishment in the several States of Agricultural Experiment Station of fifteen thousand dollars to the support and maintenance of the same to appro priate a sum of money to carry this Act into effect and for other purposes Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same That there shall be established in this State an Experiment Station and an Experi mental Farm to be known as the Georgia Experiment Station Sec II Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That within thirty days after the passage of this Act the Governor shall appoint a Board of Directors who shall be charged with the con trol and general management of the said Georgia Experiment Sta tion The Governor shall select one member of this Board from each Congressional District and the selection shall be made from the practical and successful farmers of said district respectively The Commissioner of Agriculture for the time being shall be ex officio the President the Chancellor of the University of Georgia for the time being if for any cause there be no Chancellor then the acting chairman of the University Faculty and a member of the Faculty of the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic28 DEPAKTMKNT OK AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Arts annually to be designated by the Governor shall be exofficio members of said Board of Directors Thirty days from the date of their appointment the members of said Board shall meet at the Capital on the call of the Governor and shall proceed to organize by electing one of their number as Secretary Thereupon they shall draw for their respective terms of office namely Two for a term of one year two for two years two for three years two for four years and two for five years Annually thereafter the Governor shall appoint two members for a term of five years Sec III Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That at its first meeting said Board of Directors shall give sixty days notice in not less than three newspapers of this State that said Board will receive bids or proposals from counties communities or persons to donate lands and buildings or lands or money for the purpose of inducing the establishing at a given point oisaid Georgia Ex periment Station In selecting a site for said station the Board shall have reference to the central portion of the State and the accessibility of the place offered the healthfulness of the locality and the adaptability of the land to represent the variety of soils in this State The said Board shall dispose of all questions involved in the proposals that may be made as their judgment may dictate to be for the best interests of the State The Boards choice of a site shall be communicated to the Governor and the necessary papers shall be executed and duly recorded and filed in the office of the Secretary of State The property which may come into the possession of the said Board under the terms of this Section shall be the property of the State of Georgia Sec IV Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That said Board of Directors shall be and the same is hereby consti tuted a body corporate with continued succession of members with power to purchase property for the purposes of this Act receive property by bequest or donation sell the products of said Georgia Experiment Station sue and be sued plead and be im pleaded in the name and for the benefit of this State In the event no acceptable response is made to the advertisement author ized by the provisions of Section III of this Act the Board shall proceed to purchase a site for said Georgia Experiment Station at some central point in this State Pioviaed that a purpose to pur chase receive or sell as authorized by this Act shall first have been formally made known in detail to the Governor and shall have received his endorsement and approval 280SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 29 Sec V Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That a minute record of all receipts and expenditures of money shall be kept by the Board and shall quarterly be submitted to the Governor for his inspection Sec VI Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That the specific object of said Georgia Experiment Station shall be to determine the capacity of new plants for acclimation the manurial value of fertilizers and composts making soil tests and testing the purity and vitality of seeds examining grasses and other plants investigating the growth requirements and compar ative value of different crops studying the economic production of milk and butter and of conducting such other tests and making such other investigations and experiments in the field as are suggested in An Act of the Federal Congress approved March 2 1887 entitled An Act to establish Agricultural Experiment Stations etc as may bear upon questions connected with either the science or the practice of Agriculture In carrying out the provisions of this Act the Board of Directors shall employ one Superintendent and such other employees as may be necessary for the proper conduct of said Georgia Experiment Station in its several branches or departments Sec VII Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That wherever located said Georgia Experiment S ation shall be regarded as connected with the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts established under An Act approved February 27 1875 and nothing in this Act shall be construed to prevent or forbid the Board of Directors of the Georgia Experiment Station locating the experimental farm at one point and the laboratory or scientific branch or department of the said Georgia Experiment Station at some other point Sec VIII Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That any and all purchases of apparatus etc made by the Trustees of the University of Georgia with the first Fifteen Thousand Dollars any moneys subsequently drawn which passed into their hands from the United States under the provisions of the Acts of Congress approved respectively March 2 1887 and July 18 1888 and by reason of an Executive order from the Governor of this State dated June 14 1888 shall be subject to the order of the Board of Directors hereinbefore provided for to be used by the latter in furtherance of the provisions of this Act 23130 DKPAKTMKNT OH AGRICHJLTUKKC KOKG1A Sec IX Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That all future annual appropriations under the Act of Congress ap proved March 2 1887 and July 18 1888 shall be drawn by the the Governor and held to the order of said Board of Directors to be used by them in the terms of Acts of Congress herein men tioned and of this Act Sec X Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That to carry into effect the provisions ot this Act the sum of Five Ihousand Dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary be and the same is hereby appropriated out of moneys arising from the inspection fees on guanos and said Five Thousand Dollars as aforesaid shall be set apart and applied as herein prescribed next after the general provision for the salary of the Commissioner of Agriculture and ol his clerk and superior to all other claims upon the fund arising from said inspection fees The said sum of Five Ihousand Dollars shall be paid to the Board of Directors on the warrant of the Governor based on the certified statement of said Board showing that the money is to be used in pursuance of the provisions of this Act Payments shall be made from time to time as the necessities of the case may demand Sec XI Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That said Board of Directors shall prescribe rules and regulations for its own government and for the government of all persons who may be employed at said station as aforesaid The said Board shall fix the salaries of the officers and employes of said station Bi ennially the said Board shall make through the Commissioner of Agriculture a full report to the Governor at the same time reports from State House officers are submitted and quarterly through the department of Agriculture said Board shall publish the results achieved at said Georgia Experiment Station on the line indicated in Section six of this Act Sec XII Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That the Board of Directors shall meet quarterly for the transaction of business The members shall be paid their necessary travelling expenses and board bills while in actual attendance upon the duties Of their office These expense statement of the individual mem bers shall be duly certified by themselves and must have the ap proval of the Commissioner of Agriculture Upon presentation of these statements the Governor shall draw his warrant on the State Treasurer for the necessary amount the same to be paid by the 1 reasurer out of any moneys not otherwise appropriated The Hoard shall not continue in session at the expense of the State a 232SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 31 longer time than two days at each quarterly meeting The Board shall fix from time to time its own place of meeting in the State Sec XIII Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF GEORGIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Hon J T Henderson Comr of Agri exofficio Presidt Atlanta Ga Rev W E Boggs DD Chancellor University exofficio Athens Ga Prof H C White Ph D State Agl and Mehl College Athens Ga Practical Farmers 1st DistG M Ryals Savannah 6th DistEden Taylor Forsyth 2nd DistJ M RushinBoston 7th DistF Corput Cave Springs 3rd DistW Brady Americus 8th DistJ B ParkJrGreensboro 4th DistJHMobley Hamilton 9th DistJ N Twitty Jefferson 5th DistW L Peek Conyers 10th DistP J Berckmans Augusta 238nfAPPENDIX Note The Proceedings of the Georgia State Horticultural Society is incorrectly paged and the Biennial Report of the Commissioner of Agri culture is not paged at bottom Hence these two pamphlets could not be referred to for the General Index and are therefore placed in this AppendixNEW SERIESCIRCULAR No 111 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Thirteenth Annual Meeting Georgia State Horticultural Society HELD IN THE City of Thomasville August 1st and 2nd 1888 CHARTERED July 14 1876 ORGANIZED August 16 1876 Reorganized Under New Charter Aug 1 1882 Published Jointly by the Society and the State Department of Agriculture ATLANTA GA W J Campbell State Printer Constitution Job Office 1888CONSTITUTION Article 1 The name of this Association shall be the Georgia State Horticultural Society Article 2 Its object shall be the advancement of the sciences of Pomo logy Floriculture Arboriculture and Kitchen Vegetable growing Article 3 Its members shall consist of annual and honorary members who shall be elected by ballot at the annual or semiannual sessions of the Society The annual fee shall be 200 Article 4 The meetings shall be held at such times and places as may be designated by the Society and special meetings may be convened at any time on the call of the President Article 5 Its officers shall consist of a President one VicePresident from each Congressional District of the State a Secretary and a Treasurer The President Secretary and Treasurer to be elected by ballot at the regu lar annual meeting and to serve until their successors are elected and inaugurated The VicePresidents all to be elected by ballot at this meet ting those representing districts having odd numbers to serve one year and those representing the districts having even numbers to serve two yearsonehalf to be elected each year thereafter to serve two years Article 6 This Constitution may be amended at any annual meeting by a twothirds vote of the members present 203BYLAWS 1st The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society call meet ings of the Executive Committee and under its direction have a general superintendence of the affairs of the Society and direction of the expendi tures of money He shall appoint all committees unless otherwise ordered 2nd In case of death or inability of the President his official duties shall devolve upon such one of the VicePresidents as may be elected by ballot 3rd The VicePresident shall by correspondence and personal inter course with the fruit growers and horticulturists of the various counties of their respective districts endeavor to organize local societies They shall appoint four members of their Congressional District and with their aid prepare and forward to the Secretary before or at every annual meeting of the Society such reports as have immediate connection with the condition of fruits progress in their culture new seeding fruits or any other topic relating to horticultural progress in their respective districts These reports to be condensed by the Secretary for publication 4th The Secretary shall attend to all the correspondence of the Society and with the aid of a reporter keep a record of the transactions of the meet ings and prepare these for publication subject to the approval of the Presi dent He shall file and preserve all papers and books belonging to the Society 5th The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all moneys belonging to the Society disburse the same on the written order of the President which he shall retain and file as vouchers He shall make an annual report to the Society of the receipts and disbursements which with the vouchers shall be referred to a special auditing committee appointed at the annual meeting Before entering upon his duties he shall give bond to the Society in the sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his duties such bond to be approved by the Executive Committee 6th The Executive Committee shall consist of the President VicePresi dents Secretary and Treasurer They shall subject to the direction of the Society manage all its affairs 7th The following Standing Committees shall be appointed by the Presi dent immediately after his election or so soon thereafter as practicable A Standing Fruit Committee consisting of rive members It shall be the duty of this committee to report annually on native and foreign Iruits to examine and before the close of the session report on all new seedling 204GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 5 fruits that may be exhibited and to make an ad interim report on those that were exhibited in an unripe condition at the meeting of the Society but had subsequently attained a state of maturity and on such other seed lings as may have been submitted to their inspection during the Societys vacation 8th A Standing Committee on Synonyms consisting of five members shall be appointed annually It shall be their duty to report annually to the Society at its regular meeting 9th Standing Committees to consist of two or more members each shall be appointed annually upon the following subjects viz Meteorology in its relation to Horticulture Entomology and Ornithology in their relations to Horticulture Ornamental and Useful Trees and Plants Ornamental Gardening Kitchen Vegetables Wine Making Packing and Shipping Fruits and Vegetables 10th A Standing Committee on Transportation to consist of five mem bers 11th Special Committees shall be appointed by the President immedi ately after the organization of the annual meeting on Peaches on exhibi tion during the session on Apples Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits on Grapes and Wines on Vegetables It shall be the duty of these committees to make a full and careful report upon each and every individual collection on exhibition noting their condition and special merits if any also any particular methods of cultivation by which improvements are made evi dent 12th No medal diploma or money shall be awarded by this Society as a testimonial of excellence for any fruit plant flower or vegetable offered for exhibition The verdict of the Special Committee shall be the highest commendation of the Society 13th Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the Chairman of each and in case of his death or inability to serve his place shall be supplied by the President of the Society 14th No person shall be a member or be allowed to participate in the deliberations of the Society who shall not have paid his fee in full before or at the beginning of the session of the Society 15th Honorary members shall consist of persons of distinguished merit in horticulture or natural science and nonresidents of Georgia They shall be entitled to all the privileges of the Society without the payment of annual fees except on questions of finance 16th These ByLaws may be altered by a twothirds vote of the mem bers present 205OFFICERS President P J BERCKMANSAugusta Ga VicePresidents 1st Congressional DistrictG W BENSONCumberland 2nd Congressional DistrictH H SANFORDThomasville 3rd Congressional DistrictS H RUMPHMarshallville 4th Congressional DistrictDr H H CARYLaGrange 5th Congressional DistrictDe SAMUEL HAPEHapeville 6th Congressional DistrictA J WILLIAMSTobler 7th Congressional DistrictCol GEO H WARINGCement 8th Congressional DistrictDe W L JONESAthens 9th Congressional DistrictGEO H JONESNorcross 10th Congressional DistrictDe J P H BROWNAugusta Secretary and Treasurer T L KINSEYSavannah STANDING COMMITTEES ON NEW FRUITS L A Berckmans Augusta H H Sanford Thomasville A J WilliamsTobler J D HustedPomona E R Anthony Maeon ON SYNONYMS Dr Samuel HapeHapeville David MilneMaeon Dr E H GreeneHapeville W K NelsonAugusta W W ThompsonSmithville 2078 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ON WINE John KellerMarshallville J C BucherAtlanta Felix CorputCave gpring Geo H WaringCement Dr Neil MclnnisAugusta ON ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL TREES It J ReddingAtlanta Mrs W E BrownFort Valley Geo H MillerRome W D BeatieAtlanta J D HustedPomona ON PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUIT Samuel H RumphMarshallville H F EmeryAtlanta T J GrizzardHapeville J A EverettFort Valley A H HansellThomasville ON METEOROLOGY Prof J S Newman Auburn Ala Prof W L JonesAthens ON ENTOMOLOGY Prof J E WillettMacon ON VEGETABLES Mrs J W BryanDillon Geo UhlAugusta V E LambertAtlanta C DecknerAtlanta G W Benson Cumberland ON TRANSPORTATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Dr H H CaryLaGrange H F EmeryAtlanta W E BrownFort Valley Geo UhlAugusta L L VarnadoeThomasville 208LIST OF MEMBERS GEORGIA STATE HORTI CULTURAL SOCIETY1888 Allen N LPowersville Ga Anthony E LMacon Ga Bachman 8 WTilton Ga Bailey D J JrGriffin Ga Baldwin E BMarshallville Ga Baldwin D FMarshallville Ga Bates M LGriffin Ga Beatty Griffin Ga Beatty MrsGriffin Ga Beattie W DAtlanta Ga Berckmans P JAugusta Ga Berckmans L AAugusta Ga Berckmans Robt CAugusta Ga Blackshear T EThomasville Ga Blair G HJacksonville Fla Blakely B R Griffin Ga Bonchelle L BThomasville Ga Boyd J DGriffin Ga Brown V EFort Valley Ga Brown Mrs W EFort Valley Ca Bryan Mrs J WDillon Ga Bryan HowardDillon Ga Bucher J CAtlanta Ga Bunch J W Hamburg S C Bunch G AClarks Hill S C Burr S B Thomasville Ga Camp E NPucketts Station Ga Cassels L MAtlanta Ga Carter L W Thomasville Ga Cary Dr H HLaGrange Ga Cleitt J H M Powersville Ga Cleitt O APowersville Ga Chumm W WPowersville Ga Corbin ChasWilloughby Hill Ga Cone W HIvanboe fa Corput FelixCave Springs Ga Crocker C APomona Ga Cureton F SPucketts Station Ga Cureton JasPucketts Station Ga Deckner ChasAtlanta Ga Deckner Miss LillaAtlanta Ga Denmark R LQuitman Ga DePass J PArcher Fla Douglass T LMarshallville Ga 209 10 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Edwards J AMarshallville Ga Emery H F Atlanta Ga Emery Mrs H FAtlanta Ga Everett J AFort Valley Ga Everett Miss L JFort Valley Ga Everhart Dr G MAtlanta Ga Farrior J OMarshallville Ga Farrior Mrs J OMarshallville Ga Fleming las LAugusta Ga Forrester J DChipley Fla Frederick J VMarshallville Ga Frederick D BMarshallville Ga Frederick T JMarshallville Ga Gailhard J DHome Ga Gibson T R Augusta Ga gape Dr SamlHapeville Ga gape Miss B RHapeville Ga Harwell W AAtlanta Ga Hasselkus H WGriffln Ga 5ays ASmithville Ga Hays Mrs OSmithville Ga Hays Miss ClaraSmithville Ga Houser J A Fort Valley Ga Houser Mrs J AFort Valley Ga Hopkins M HLouisville Ga Howell A BChattanooga Tenn gugies G L Sunny sik Ga Hughes Mrs G LSunnv Side Ga Husted J D Pomona Ga Husted Mrs J DPomona Ga James IB Fort Valley Ga Johnson RPSmithville la Jones W CAugusta Ga Jones G T Fort Valley Ga Jones Miss S LFort Valley Ga Jones Miss MFort Valley Ga Jones Dr W L Athens Ga Jones J B Herndon Ga Jonas Dr S J MThomasville Ga Keith JnoHGriffln Ga Kinsey T LSavannah Ga Keller Jno Marshallville Ga Keller Mrs J MMarshallville Ga Lambert V E Hlanta Ga LeHardy Dr J CSavannah Ga Manvilk A HJacksonville Fla Maule Geo ullsta Ga MitchelL Dr T J Griffln Ga Milne David Macon Ga filler G H 1lln Ga Mroml M HMilledgeville Ga McDonald KMSumter P Ga Me urns Dr NeilAugusta Ga McKinnon R M Thomasville Ga Moore B TMarshallville Ga Murph JFMarshallville Ga 210GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 11 Newman Prof 1 8Auburn Ala Neille E LThomasville Ga Nelson W K Augusta Ga Niles COMarshallville Ga Oetter RudolphVineyard Ga OConnor Prof WCave Springs Ga Parker E A Barnesville Ga Patterson Dr JnoQuitman Ga Piper A G Jamaica Ga Pharr E Z Forayth Ga Phelps Rev LymanSanford Fla Ive J C Pleasant Hill Ga Quarterman W FThomasville Ga Ramspeck G ADecatur Ga Reed H WWaycross Ga Redding R JAtlanta Ga Redding Mrs R JAtlanta Ga Reval JulesAugusta Ga Rice W HMarshallville Ga Rooks O PGardenia Fla Rose E W Barnesville Ga Rumph E M Marshallville Ga Rumph LAMarshallville Ga Rumph Li A JrMarshallville Ga Rumph S HMarshallville Ga Sanford H HThomasville Ga Simmons J MPerry a Smith diaries TPomona Ga Snow M F Fort Valley Ga Spangler S RSunny Side Ga Stafford J A Barnesville Ga Starnes H NMarietta Ga Sutherland JohnPomona Ga TaberGLGlen St Marys Fla Taylor E Smithville Ga Thomas J G Milledgeville Ga Thompson W WSmithville Ga Thompson Mrs W WSmithville Ga Chi George WAugusta Ga Varnadoe L LThomasville Ga Varnadoe L AThomasville Ga Van Dyke A GSunny Side Ga Van Dyke CM Sunny Side Ga Walker James WAugusta Ga Watkins J B Thomasville Ga Walker J FFori a Warder WmWilloughby Hill Ga Waring George HCement Ga Warren T DByron Ga Warren WEPowersville Ga Wayman S M Pomona Ga Wayman Mrs S MPomona Ga Willet Prof J E Macon Ga Williams A JTobler Ga Williams Miss N LTobler Ga Williams J C Thomaston Ga 21112 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Williams Miss MThomaston Ga Williams W FWarm Springs Ga Willingham T HByron Ga Williamson N JGoggansville Ga Williamson P JCollier Ga Woodruff W WCement Ga HONORARY MZMBERS Wilder Hon M PBoston Mass Crayton Hon B FAnderson S C Fumass Hon B WBrownville Neb Gray Prof AsaCambridge Mass Green Mrs C CClayton Ala Meehan ThomasPhiladelphia Pa Quinn P TNewark N J Sims Col B MCharleston S C Thurber Prof GeorgeNew York Hexamer Dr F M New York Deceased 212PROCEEDINGS Thomasville Ga August 1st 1888 The Thirteenth Annual Session of the Georgia Horticultural Society was called to order by President Berckmans at 11 a m in the courthouse at Thomasville Prayer was offered by the Eev Geo W Mathews of Cuthbert after which Mayor W H Hopkins introduced Judge Augustin H Hansell who in an eloquent and appropriate address welcomed the Convention to Thomasville and extended the freedom of the city President Berckmans then introduced Prof J E Willett of Macon who in behalf of the Society responded to the address of welcome paying a glowing tribute to the enthusiastic hospitality of Thomasville the immortal glories of the LeConte pear and the advantages of this climate as a winter resort The roll of delegates was then called and perfected by Secretary Kinsey and the Committees on Exhibits announced by the Presi dent as follows COMMITTEES ON EXHIBITS On PeachesDr H H Cary Chairman W E Brown W K Nelson H F Emery L L Varnadoe On Apples Pears and Miscellaneous FruitsA J Williams Chairman David Milner J C Bucher Wm Warden Geo L Taber On GrapesJ S Newman Chairman John Keller E A Parker Dr N Mclnnis J D Husted On WinesGeo H Waring Chairman Dr Samuel Hape Jules Reval Dr G A Bunch A H Hansell On Plants and FlowersMrs W E Brown Miss N L Williams Miss Belle R Hape Mrs R J Redding R C Berckmans On VegetablesGeorge Uhl T E Blackshear V E Lambert L A Rumph W W Thompson President Berckmans then delivered his annual address as fol lows PRESIDENT BERCKMANS ADDRESS Ladies and Gentlemen and Members of the Georgia State Horticultural Society The pursuit of Horticulture proves by the magnitude of this assembly which I have the pleasure to cordially greet as well as the honor to address 21314 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOEGIA that it combines the elements of progress and sociability united to intelli gence We come together because of a desire to lend our efforts towards the public good and also to meet with kindred spirits and strengthen the bonds of friendship which unite us The work before us is both important in its ultimate results and diversi fied in its extent We are honored with the presence of many eminent scientists who will address you upon topics bearing intimately upon pro gressive as well as advanced Horticulture and from whose teachings we will receive most valuable information It is not my intention to speculate upon theoretical schemes which might in the dim future enable us to reach ideal perfection but to call your atten tion to a few facts which come practically before you with the work of your association STATE AID For the past twelve years we have labored unceasingly and disinterest edly that our efforts might build up an organization from which nothing would emenate but good to every one How far these efforts have been successful may be evidenced from the increased interest which our most enlightened and progressive citizens have taken in our labors as well as from the higher standard of our Pomo logical and Vegetable products of each succeeding year Still our work is necessarily slow and partially barren in its aims so long as we shall have to depend upon the limited income derived from our annual membership fees Membership fees do not afford sufficient means to pay for the running expenses of the Society and the publication of elabo rate proceedings Every kindred organization of some years existence has recognized this fact and unless State aid was secured their work was beset with obstacles difficult to overcome Our finances have as you will see from the report of your treasurer been most economically managed The expenses of printing your proceedings for the past three years have generously been shared by our worthy Com missioner of Agriculture your excellent Secretary has generously given you his services for the past ten years without receiving any pecuniary compensation his labors in your behalf have been more arduous thaii many might suppose and often his private business interests have suffered in consequence The only item of salary has been that paid for reporting at your sessions with our present income we may increase the size of our proceedings and include therein additional useful information for those who cannot personally participate in our discussions I am aware that the difficulties connected in securing State aid are mani fold still I believe that by the judicious efforts of all our members some plan may be perfected that will eventually secure an appropriation from our State Government and thus enable you to publish such varied and detailed reports of your work as will favorably compare with the publica tions issued under the auspices of the Michigan Missouri and other socie ties subsidised by their several States THE POLICY OF THE SOCIETY which has for its standard article 2 of the Constitution viz Its object shall be the advancement of the sciences of Pomology Floriculture Arboriculture and Kitchen Vegetable Gardening should never deviate from the course adopted at the inception of this organization as in this lies its strength usefulness and longevity I cannot too earnestly urge you to hold these principles inviolate and guard them from ever being ignored 214GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 15 We again unite our personal knowledge of these sciences that we may through the honest expressions of our views and the disinterested discus sions arising therefrom reach such results as will commend our work to the respect of our fellowcitizens SESSIONS NOT TO BE LOCALIZED The past history of the Society proves the wisdom of not localizing its sessions Its work is missionary in a manner and its usefulness and life are increased by holding its meetings in different localities thereby draw ing continually new and active working material and diffusing increased information EXPERIMENT STATIONS One of the wisest Acts which were lately passed by Congress is the appro priation of 685000 for Agricultural Experiment Stations By the terms of this Act establishing a Station in every State this sum is to be added annually by the United States Government to the appropriation made by each State for that purpose While the term Agricultural Experiment Station is used there is no reason why the claims of Horticulture should be ignored Every progres sive agriculturist will admit that the crops having the highest money value can be produced only by the most skillful and scientific cultivators men who devote their time knowledge and financial resources to this end As a result lands that produce such crops which are mainly Horticultural are the most valuable and bear a heavier share of taxation than the aver age land devoted to the staple field crops It seems therefore just that whatever pursuit adds the most to the productive resources and revenue of the State should receive an adequate recognition in the work of the Sta tion I am aware that the work of organizing the Station at Athens is a most arduous task as everything is new and as there is little of past work to build upon the highest skill united to vast experience must be brought forth results must necessarily be slow for some time to come and ample time and opportunities given the Director in charge before the benefits which will flow from this source can become apparent That criticism will arise is to be expected but before this is made let the question first be answered as to whether the support of our progressive men has been such as would have secured a speedier and better result It is fortunate that a judicious selection has been made of a scientist who is fully competent to undertake the difficult task but unless he receives the hearty cooperation of every liberalminded and progressive Horticulturist in Georgia his work must be retarded and the anticipated good remain in the nebulous future Now is the long wishedfor opportunity for advanc ing Horticultural education by giving the Director all the aid within our power that his labors may be made to yield the best results in the shortest possible time We recognize that agricultural and consequently political economy must first be studied in the field upon the scene whence our productive wealth is evolved then with the aid of a systematic scientific couise in a well managed institution do we learn the true methods from which the power and wealth of a nation are derived Our annual reunions and Exhibitions of fruits and vegetables which may be termed free schools of Horticulture have afforded a few opportunities for that class of education which should have been provided by those who being selected as the peoples representatives in the State Councils thereby assume the responsibility of popular education 21516 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA NECROLOGY By the death of Professor Asa Gray of Cambridge Mass and one of your honorary members the scientific world has lost one of its most dis tinguished and eminent representatives His life was dedicated to the advancement of knowledge and human progress His universally known works upon Botany have popularized this knowledge throughout our land and will ever remain an indestructible monument to his memory Our earlier sessions seemed incomplete without the presence of our genial VicePresident E C Grier For some years past his duties as Secretary of the State Agricultural Society prevented his attendance at our annual reunions but his cordial cooperation in our work never failed us He has been removed from his earthly work but his memory will ever be revered by those of us who learned to appreciate his warm friendship and the good ness of his heart I desire to call your attention to the Horticultural Department of the forthcoming AUGUSTA NATIONAL EXPOSITION which is recognized by its Board of Directors as entitled to special preemi nence and in order to make the display of Fruits Flowers and Vegetables worthy of this great commonwealth a most liberal schedule of premiums is offered for competition Unusual attention has been paid in providing ample room for the exhibits as well as every convenience required for keeping these in good condition The Exhibition will open October 10th and continue until November 17th Premium lists and every information desired by exhibitors will be cheerfully given by the Secretary Mr J H Alexander Augusta Ga As Horticulture will be one of the most attractive features of the Expo sition I trust that every one of our members who has any fruit flowers or vegetables on hand will enroll his name among the exhibitors and thus add to the success of this part of the Exposition On February 6th 7th and 8th 1889 the AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY will hold its 22nd biennial session at Sanford Florida This with one exception when the Society held its session at Richmond Va in 1871 will be the first opportunity for Southern Pomologists to meet with the leading representatives of our pursuit from the Eastern Northern and Western States and British Provinces It is needless to say that this is the oldest largest and most influential organization of its kind in the world and its work is truly national in its scope We have with us a delegation from the Florida Horticultural Society which has met here with a special committee of the American Society and arranged a programme for the work of that session to which I most cordially invite every member of the Georgia State Horticultural Society to become a participant and make the forthcoming session one of the most important and useful within the history of that old society And now my friends and brother Horticulturists I will conclude these remarks by urging you to continue your work in lending your efforts to educate your sons and neighbors in a pursuit that brings pleasures com forts health and refinement At the conclusion of the Presidents address Dr H H Cary offered the following resolutions which were unanimously adopted Resolved That the city authorities of Thomasville be invited to seats in this Convention 216GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 17 Resolved That the officers and members of the Thomasville Horticul tural Society be invited to seats in this Convention and to participate in its discussions Resolved That the citizens generally and ladies particularly be invited to attend the meetings of this Convention and all are invited to examine the display of horticultural and floral products in the hall of the Masury building The report of Secretary and Treasurer Kinsey for the past year was read and adopted as follows Savannah June 30 1888 T L Kinsey Treasurer in Acct with Georgia State Horticultural Society 1887 Dr June 30 To balance from 1886 3 28 Aug 15 To annual dues tor 1887252 00255 28 Cr March 2 By paid expressage on Missouri Reports 2 00 March 10 By paid expressage on Iowa Reports 2 00 July 13 By paid Fretwell Nichols printing 6 25 July 29 By paid Jas L Gow printing 11 25 Aug 4 By paid H N Starnes reporting17 00 Aug 4 By paid Telegram 50 1888 By paid for stamps and envelopes 7 00 Feb 4 By paid Agricultural Department printing 82 50 March 15 By paid expressage on Michigan Reports 1 75 June 30 By paid postage and envelopes 6 00136 25 To balance 119 03 E O E Savannah June 30 1888 T L Kinsey Treas On motion of Dr Samuel Hape a recess of ten minutes was ordered for the purpose of permitting members who had not paid their dues to settle with the Secretary Upon reconvening the President announced the speakers for the afternoon session and stated that there would from this time on be instituted a Question Box into which any member who so de sired might drop such questions as he wished information upon These would be read at the conclusion of the regular programme and answers elicited The Society was then adjourned to 3 p m August 13 pm The Convention on reassembling proceeded to hear as follows an essay from Prof J E Willet of Macon on THE HIBERNATION OF INSECTS Reading the wars of Csesar when at school I was somewhat puzzled by the statement that such and such a legion went in hibernisinto winter 21718 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA quarters Our late civil war solved this with many other military myster ies When the winter rains soften the roads the roads become impassa ble and when winter blows snow and ice through all the air mortal man cannot face them day and night and live In war winter is the time of inactivity Sickness too has its winter quarters The death of the late Emperor William of Germany found his successor Frederick lan guishing in the winter resort San Remo in Italy whence he hurried to Berlin to wage the heroic but unequal contest of duty and disease for less than one hundred days And this beautiful city of Thomasville which has invited the Horticultural Society of Georgia to meet in her halls has be come the San Remo of Georgia and attracts by her genial climate thous ands of those who seek health and recreation from the unfriendly winters of the North and West If lordly man must have a winter refuge how does the tiny insect fare Has it a San Remo If I had said twenty years ago that some insects ac tually migrate from colder regions to subtropical lands to spend the winter and return to their original homes again in the spring to lay their eggs and to die the statement would have been received with incredulity And if I had said that some butterflies migrate and thus survive the winter it would have been pronounced impossible What a butterfly live three or four months Gay child of a few sunny days what magic could keep its tiny silver cord of life unbroken for so great an age This is a new subject of investigation and almost all about it is yet to be learned I only now state a few facts In the fall of 1878 I saw many large sulphuryellow butterflies passing Macon Ga from the Northwest to Southeast The flight continued for several weeks During that time one of my old students sent me by mail from Alabama tone of the same butterflies and mentioned the great num ber passing the point he was at That winter the wife of a distinguished judge of Southwestern Georgia then recently deceased told me that her husband had pointed out to her the migration of this butterfly twentysix years before that timesay in 1852 and that she had witnessed the migra tion every year of the twentysix I have now observed it for ten years making a period of observation running through thirtysix years In the spring of 1879 and every spring since I have seen the yellow butterflies returning in the reverse direction from Southeast to Northwest They were in diminished numbers and their gay wardrobes were seedy and travelstained They had wintered in Florida and were returning home weighed down with the infirmities of age to perform the last duty of nature and to resign their lives This was a complete migration back and forth As complete as that of the wild geese and ducks and pigeons and robins that come to South Geor gia and Florida from arctic and temperate lands to find food to sustain them during the winter which has cut off their proper food in their sum mer homes Besides this yellow butterfly called Callidryas Eubule I have seen pass ing Macon in the spring four or five other species returning from the South An additional fact is the assembling of some of these butterflies in great numbers on the trees in the fall in the Northern States as if pre paring for flight This resembles the similar assembling of our martins preparatory to their flight South This migration of butterflies and of other insects is best studied in the Southern States through which the swarms pass to their Southern limits But to return to the hibernation of most insects which remain in the places of their birth Insects are known in four stagesthe egg the larva or usually active stage the nymph or chrysalis the inactive stage and the 218GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 19 imago or mature stage These stages are seen in almost any wasp nest The small paper cells which are just begun contain eggs the first stage the cells half completed or nearly completed contain white larva or grubs with black heads the second stage When these larva or grubs attain their full growth the mother ceases to feed them and caps over the cells with paper the larvse cast off their white skins and assume a brown color and shape resembling in part the mother wasp this is the third or pupa or chrysalis stage And finally the imago or mature wasps cut through the paper caps and issue in the fourth stage Now insects hibernate or pass the winter in some one of these four stages I will illustrate by insects well known to the horticulturist And first I give as an example of insects hibernating in the egg stage the Apple Tree Tent Caterpillar Clisiocampa Americana It is more com mon in the Northern States than with us It is known by the unsightly webs of silk which the caterpillars weave between the limbs The cater pillars lie quiet in these silken houses most of the day issuing usually once in the forenoon and once in the afternoon in processions to feed on the leaves of the apple tree Their eggs are deposited in late summer or fall on the smaller twigs in ringlike clusters and composed of fifteen to twenty rows containing in all from two to three hundred The eggs are firmly cemented together and coated with a tough varnish The cater pillars issue the next spring Another species Clisiocampa sylvatica is very conspicuous on our wild cherry trees frequently denuding them entirely of their leaves Secondly I select as an example of insects hibernating in the larval or caterpillar stage the Twig Girdler Oncideres eingulatus which I described m a report to your body a few years ago It is the beetle which girdles the small twigs of the pear the pecan the English walnut the hickory the persimmon and other trees The ground under these trees is frequently littered in winter with the fallen twigs The proceedings of the twig girdler in providing a home and food for her young during winter are truly admirable Selecting a small twig she deposits with her piercer several eggs under the bark at different points near the extremity Descending the twig then a foot or two she neatly bites out the wood to form a trough which thoroughly girdles the limb The part of the limb above the girdle dies and is dislodged by some heavy wind and comes to the ground The young grub feeds upon the wood of the fallen twig and emerges a beetle the next summer If the fallen twigs of the persimmon which show the gnawed groove are kept damp by being covered with leaves until the next July the twigs on being split open will be found to contain the white grubs in the galleries which they have excavated length wise in the wood The habits of the oakpruner Stenocorus putator are no less remarkable but the grub here does the cunning girdling which is done by the mother just described and still more strange the grub girdles the oak twig on the inside instead of on the outside The fallen twigs under our large oaks will confirm what I now say The mother pruner deposits her eggs under the bark and leaves them The young grub mines through the wood to the pith and then excavates the wood upwards and downwards At the proper time it cuts away the wood out to the bark at the bottom of its mine and with a favorable wind the girdled twig comes to the ground The boring habits of the girdler and pruner grubs readily suggest to your minds that the grubs of most of the legion of borers that bore the wood of the apple the oak the hickory the pine the locust etc hibernate in these trees as larvse The wooden walls ward off the cold and at the same time furnish food for the imprisoned insects 219 20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Thirdly There are many examples of the hibernation of insects in the third or chrysalis stage Many years since I placed some grass worms in a bowl filled with soil and fed them with grass until they were fullgrown when they disap peared On digging into the earth in the bowl I found them but much changed They were no longer caterpillars but each had changed into a brown conical footless legless mouthless wriggling thing which could neither crawl nor eat They chose to simply lie still and wait for some thing to turn up In a few days their brown skins split asunder and a lot of drab colored moths turned out and then flew away as soon as their wings were dry These brown wrigglers are called pupse nymphs or chrysalids The grass worms of the last brood enter the earth and hiber nate as pupse Our cosmopolite boll worm which has a sweet tooth for corn cotton bolls tomatoes beans and almost every vegetable also takes his rest in the earth and hibernates as a pupa Ploughing or spading in the garden in the winter or spring turns up frequently great brown pupse three inches long and each with a curious appendage like the handle of a pitcher They are generally pupse of our great giant tomato worms which have thus passed the winter under ground Similar pupse ploughed up in sweet potato fields are the sweet potatoe sphinx and those ploughed up in tobacco patches are the tobacco worm They are three species of the same genus and very much alike the first is called MacroaUa Carolina the second Maorosila cingulata and the third Macrosila quinque maculata Their moths are among the largest and resemble humming birds as they fly from flower to flower in the twi light and are known as the humming bird moths Another interesting class of insects that hibernate in the nymph stage is the Bombycidce or cocoon spinners Our Chinese silk worm Bombyx mori spins its cocoon in which the pupa matures in a few days and issues as the cream colored moth The moth lays her eggs which remain until next April in this climate and then send forth the tiny silk worms But in many others the cocoon seems to be designed as a protection to the enclosed pupa from the cold of winter We have several notable moths of this class I call attention particularly to the cocoons found on the oak elm walnut hickory apple cherry plum and sassafras Those found on the apple cherry and plum arc fastened securely to the twigs and are seen dangling on the trees when every leaf has fallen Those found on the sas safras and wild cherry are enveloped in leaves but the leaves are tied to the twigs so that should the leaves detach themselves from the twigs thev do not fall to the ground Those on the oaks elms walnut and hickory are enveloped each in a leaf and go to the ground on the fall of the leaves These cocoons may be gathered in the winter or early spring and laid away in drawers when the moths will make their way out in May or June Nearly every spring there are brought to me from one to three species of these cocoon moths They are noble fellows with huge gorgeous wings from three to seven inches across They make grotesque attempts at fly ing aimlessly flopping their apparently overgrown wings This is by day But at night they soon escape into the air and sail away to And their mates They are nightflyers The most beautiful of theseto my taste is called Actias Luna or the Luna moth Its color is a delicate lightgreen with a transparent eyelike spot on each forewing and the hindwings ex tending back in a sort of tails The wings measure from four to five inches across The cocoons are found on walnut and hickory trees Then there are two rich brown moths called Emperormoths The largest called Platysamia Cecropia measures five to seven inches across the wings and is 220GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY 21 our giant moth The cocoon is found on the dead leaves of the apple cherry and plum I see examples nearly every spring The other Emper ormoth is called Callosamia Promethea and measures three to four inches across the wings The cocoons are said to be found on the sassafras and wild cherry enveloped in leaves tied to the twigs But the most interest ing of the four is called lelea Polyphemus Its wings are ochreyellow in color with transparent eyelike spots and measure five to six inches The cocoons are found on the oak and elm and the silk is fair in quality and unwinds very easily The caterpillars have been raised in quantities on small oaks and the hope is indulged that they may become valuable silk spinners The moth is called the American silkworm moth Finally insects hibernate also in the mature stage I will save two ex amples The survival of the winter by the female wasp will occur to every one As the time for frost approaches the wasps become annoying by congre gating m our houses especially in unused rooms and attics The first thought is to kill them out or to drive them out But there is no need of hostility There is no fight in them They are only trying to steal a warm dark crack somewhere in order to sleep through the winter I do not know whether the males are so farseeing or not But they do not survive the winter A sharp sister might say that it is a case of the survival of the fittest The proceedings of Mesdames Wasps when the warmth of spring has awaked them from their dreams may be given in a tew words Each mother wasp after selecting a place for the home of her family at taches the stem to its base of paper and fashioning very shallow cells of paper deposits in each cell an egg and rears around hera happy family as described just now My second example is that of the cottonworm It is an occasional vis itor in Middle Georgia and is contemplated there in the light of an insect curiosity But in Southern Georgia it is an important factor in determining the cotton crop The U S Government in the year 1878 established a commission of experts and local observers for the investiga tion of this insect Most of the necessary information was collected in the first and second years but one fact in the history of the insect its hiberna tion was not determined until the spring of the year 1882 Very divergent theories on the subject were entertained Some held that because brown chrysalids like those of the cottonworm were ploughed up in the winter these were chrysalids of the cottonworm and that the cottonworm hence hibernated in the ground in the chrysalid form But in the first place as the cottonworm spun its cocoon on the cotton stalk all summer to enter the ground in the late fall on the approach of cold would have been a departure from its usual habits Accordingly the local observers were instructed to notice carefully the habits of the last brood of worms I watched as the local observer for Georgia at Macon Georgia the cottonworm in its various stages during September and October 1878 There was no disposition to enter the earth no visible change in their habits Eggs caterpillars chrysalids webbed up on the stalks and moths were seen everv day Finally November 1 brought a killing frost and eggs caterpillars and chrysalids were swept away Only a few moths darted about for a few days and then every vestige of the race disappeared until the next fall In the second place on this point chrysalids similar to those of the cottonworm were collected from the earth ploughed up at various points during the winter and were submitted to entomological experts at Washington In no case was there found a chrysalid of the cottonworm but those sentand they were manywere all identified as the chrysalids of wellknown moths 22122 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Another theorythat of Prof A R Grotewas that the cottonworms in the Gulf States were all killed by the cold and that cottonmoths came by flight every spring from adjacent tropical landsas Cuba and Central Americato reestablish the race in this country Another theory which proved the true one was that the moth hiber nated as a moth in counties near the Gulf and that the first broods of spring moths migrated northward to stock the young cotton fields But it required much work to establish it I came to Thomasville and visited also Baconton during Christmas week 1878 in search of cotton moths but though several kinds of moths were found not a cottonworm moth rewarded the most careful search Other observers in the Gulf States made the same report And finally a trained observer traveled the cotton States from Texas to Florida and then crossed over to the Bahama Isles and returned to Washington without having found a single cottonworm moth 111 all the route But Prof C V Riley Entomologist of the Agri cultural Department felt so assured that the moth hibernated in the sub tropical portions of the Gulf States that lie kept up observations through agents from winter to winter until success came in 1882 In his own language taken from his report in the Agricultural Report 1881 We have during the past winter been able to obtain moths during everv month and have watched them in fact until the early part of March We have found the eggs deposited also in the early part of March just as the hibernating moths were disappearing and I found the worms of all sizes on bottom cotton during the latter part of that month And again in short there is nothing more fully established now than that the moth hibernates principally under the shelter of rank wiregrass in the more heavilytimbered portions of the South and these moths begin laying on the rattoon cotton when this is only one inch or so high My impression is that these moths were furnished Prof Riley from Archer Florida south ot the socalled frostline These cottonmoths may survive the winter then at any point where a killing frost does not reach them Any one who contemplates the propagation of the life of animals and plants will be astonished by the wonderful provision of instincts passions and mechanical appliances by which this great end is accomplished The provision for the preservation of this life through the blasting cold of win ter is equally admirable f Tme sdel thLsstin fche hibernation of insects and have seen that this feeblest folk of all the animal kingdom lives through the rigors of winter and Ins race is thus carried down the centuries as perfectly as are the lordly lion the ponderous elephant and the giant whale A few butterflies as we have seen hibernate by migrating from temperate to subtropical climes A study of this subject in the subtropical regions where many onus of life are seen in the winter which are unkown hi summer such as wild geese robins etc etc may enlarge the list of migrat ing insects Other insects attach their eggs to twigs and coverthem with an impervious varnish and the little sparks of life within fliose eggs are not extinguished by the cold of winter Other catt rpiUars boring in the bark and wood of trees are shielded from cold and survive the winter Many insects ream away the winter as insensate Pupa in the warm bosom of mother Earth And finally some mature insects as wasps defy the cold by the very force of life while others like the cottonwormmoth sur vive south ot the frostline and then by the wonderful powers of flight carry their race to the northern limit of the temperate zone Prof J S Newman of Auburn Ala was introduced by the Pres ident as not only a valued member of the Society but a distinguished GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 23 h I exGeorgian and a special zealous and devoted friend to Horticulture Prof Newman delivered an interesting impromptu address on THE SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE Beginning by showing the universality of Horticulture its broad dissem ination throughout the civilized world its elevating refining and ennob ling influence upon the physical mental and moral nature of man and m conclusionthe startling anddepressing ignorance of its first principles exist ing everywhere in our midst and the importance and necessity for dissem inating information regarding it Prof Newman proceeded to show the desirability of establishing for this purpose a proper course of technical study inour institutions of learning starting at first as an adjunct to the technological departments of our colleges and gradually being extended to the high schools This course should include a thorough training on an experimental farm located at each station for the purpose of explanation practice and illustration Technology embraces all the arts why not Agriculture and Horticul ture The mechanical population of the State of Georgia embraces 3 per cent of the population while the horticulturists amount to 8 per cent Therefore this industry should be entitled to recognition m this particu lar Prof Newman then concluded his address by an able exposition of his idea of what such a school and course should consist in detail Upon the conclusion of this excellent and well received effort Dr Samuel Hape of Fulton county read an essay on Apples in the South as follows APPLES IN THE SOUTH An idea prevails to a considerable extent among prominent fruit growers in all sections that apples cannot be successfully or profitably grown in the South If this idea is correct it should be known in order to protect the innocent novice in fruit growing from engaging in an unprofitable and unsatisfactory business If on the other hand however this somewhat prevalent idea is a mistake it should be corrected and an industry that promises so much and has so many possibilities ought to be enhanced alike by those engaged in fruit culture as a calling as well as those who simply desire a variety of fruit for family use and comfort An argument entered into here to show the value commercially as well as for home use and consumption of this popular fruit would be out of place and a reflec tion on the intelligence of such an audience as I am addressing It can however be truthfully asserted without doubt that no fruit grown can be put to so many uses or handled with the same advantage as the apple Its long list of varietiestaking in nearly the four seasons enabling the intelli gent and successful cultivator to have it on his table almost the year round is certainly a most desirable quality in any fruit As to the great value of the apple there can be not a single question or doubt The only question now is Can it be successfully and profitably grown A writer in a recent number of a Texas journal says the South can excel the North in winter apples but thousands would indignantly dispute this proposition as arro gant yet Mr A 1 Downing orchardist and nurseryman of Long Island N Y some fortv years ago published a work entitled Fruits and Fruit Trees of America in which he states The South is raising a superior winter apple to what is possible for the North to produce I am at a loss 22324 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA to account for this fact only on the hypothesis that the longer season at the South causes the juices to become more thoroughly elaborated He reiterates the same paragraph in lus second edition some twenty years ago Another writer says The apple is the most neglected though the most valuable fruit grown in the Southern States Nothing s nearly he says illustrates the neglect of this important fruit in the South as the fact that by lar the most valuable apple in a commercial point of view in this country or Europe either for the general market or stand or table use originated in Todd one of the southern counties of Kentucky Neglected in its native country it has been sought for in other fruit growing States Many of its producers have become wealthy from the proceeds of its sales It is the only apple in America that has been shipped extensively to Europe in packages as small as half barrels While it is not firstclass in flavor yet its large size and beautiful color causes it to sell tor fifty per cent more in Southern cities than any other variety That there are some difficulties in the way of apple culture is an admitted fact But let us inquire as to what fruit can be successfully cultivated without care or attention Are apples grown at the North without it Do our North ern friends escape the ravages of insects or effects of extreme cold Tn the extreme north and northwest the cold is so intense that a special com mission of intelligent fruit growers including such scientific and progres sive men as Prof Budd of Iowa and others from Canada went on a special mission to faroff Russia in order to secure such varieties as would withstand the extreme cold of those icy latitudes Yet these persevering and industrios people are rewarded They have not the long list of fruits to fall back on that blesses our sunny land and yet they propose to keep trying and experimenting until their list of fruits will be swelled and in creased so as to get from that cold rigid climate all that nature can permit to grow in that latitude That apples can be grown all over the South suc cessfully is shown by the fact that they do grow That exceptional cases exist in low flat sandy lands where many varieties would be out of season and not adapted at all to such soils is admitted In fact all fruits have to be grown intelligently if grown at all The points for us to determine however are soils location of orchard and varieties In the first place we do not want a poor soil of any kind A deep rich and rather moist soil suits the apple In fact it requires it The land should be well drained and rotting if possible And right here let it be stated that yon cannot reasonably expect success nor do you deserve it by starv ing your trees They will not endure it and if you persist in doing so failure will inevitable result No fruit grower should risk all on two or three varieties The present season lias shown the folly of such a course Some varietiesnotably the June appleswere full and commanded as much in the market or more than later varieties The apple with me has never proven an entire failure as the result of frosts While some varieties are a complete failure in the off year yet others are full and pay well Unlike other fruits you can plant with a view to specialties table cider drying or shipping An orchard of apple trees intelligently planted and properly cared for afterwards will no doubt pay handsomely A neighbor of mine who has 300 Yates apples in bearing realized over 900 last year Me will m my opinion lose both trees and crop within a few years unless he cuts away half of his trees having fallen into the very eommon error or planting the trees too close After removing the large crop of last vear a heavy dressing of fertilizer ashes or stable manure should have been given Ihe trees already show this neglect Another effort on the part of nature to mature a heavy crop next year may finish the career of a large number of these trees and the orchard will begin to decline 224GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 25 No apple tree in my opinion should be nearer to another than 30 feet It does not depend so much on the habits of different varieties so far as distance is concerned in planting as might be supposed Take 30 feet as the distance and plant an apple orchard and it is quite reasonable to sup pose that in the course of a few years at least the roots will extend fifteen feet each way Now if they do not exceed that distance the roots will interlace each other and it can be readily seen that one tree will rob another of both nourishment from the soil and moistureboth indispensa ble to the healthy growth of the tree and no more shortsighted suicidal and unprofitable policy can be pursued than to crowd your trees Is it not better to have ten vigorous healthy productive trees than twenty sickly starved specimens with some small insipid undeveloped fruit on them Then again your orchard if crowded will die soon disappointment in every respect will result from this course and yet from some inexplicable reason nine out of every ten people planting fall into this error The space allotted to this paper will not permit going into all the details of planting But on one point I will insist Do give your orchard an opportunity to reward you Do not expect your land to yield you corn oats rye etc and then a heavy crop of fine apples besides Under no cir cumstances sow small grain in your orchard One of the least objection able crops when you have first planted your orchard is either cotton or sweet potatoes Cowpeas too make an excellent crop for an orchard They feed largely from the atmosphere and shade the ground The culti vation necessary for a crop of sweet potatoes also shading the soil renders them a good crop for the purpose named Well informed entomologists estimate no less than 300 species of insects that prey on our orchards a large number of which can be successfully fought We should bear in mind however that a vigorous healthy tree will not be near so eay a prey to insects as a sickly starved tree with scarcely any vitality The small wormy fruit finds no purchasers whiie the sound ripe well grown attractive fruit is always sought for It is a question of profit too Is it not better to get 100 per bushel for nice attractive fruit than to pick up diseased illshaped fruit carelessly handled at fifty cents and go begging at that While the claim of this paper has been to no real originality yet its object and purpose was to call attention to what was believed to be a neg lected industry caused either from false impressions and prejudices or want of proper investigation of the subject and lack of practical experience Every thing therefore that adds to our resources increases ourwealth or enlarges our industries will add to our permanent prosperity ajid happi ness as a people With cold storage too the possibilities of the apple crop are still increased and the bright brilliant hues of the Red June may become a familiar object of interest at our Christmas feasts The Yellow June and Red Astrachan may add to the variety for the same purpose and the tastes of all gratified by preserving without regard to season your own special favorite The President then announced Dr Hape and other essayists ready to reply to any interrogatories the members of the Convention might see fit to put Dr Hape himself announced that he stood prepared to answer all questions as stated for it unable to give a suitable reply he had a friend at his elbow referring to the President who certainly was capable of supplying needed information 22526 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Mr Brown Do you fertilize your apples in the spring or fall and if in the fall do you plow in the fertilizer Dr Hape I fertilize in the fall in order that the copious winter rains may dissolve the plant food and carry it to the roots of the trees Col Bedding We are all convinced that one reason why we do not plant apples more extensively in this section is the long time that must elapse before we can hope to obtain adequate returns I therefore suggest that the trees be planted closer at first so as to double the crop at five years of age and afterwards as they grow larger thin out until they are reduced to the standard distance It will take nerve to do this I admit but it is the universal practice in arboriculture and among foresters in Europe and we must educate ourselves up to it I have myself pursued this plan successfully with scuppernongs Dr Hape The only objection to that would be the interlacing of the roots and the consequent retarding of the growth Therefore I incline to planting trees or vines in the first instance at the distance apart which they are eventually intended to occupy Mr Deckner There is no question but that close planting injures the trees more than it benefits them It is better to spread outthe land can be utilized for other crops A member inquired what remedy was most effective for the curculio Dr Hape The best remedy is to prevent their generation This can be done by keeping clean the ground under the trees removing decaying fruit and leaves Turning hogs into the orchard is an eco nomical way of affecting this Mr Deckner I haveseon airslacked lime used round the trees with good results Prof Willett We have good books and excellent authorities on the subject of insects and their ravages and their study will be productive of much permanent good The best entomological work I know for general use by the horticulturist is a most excellent treatise on insects and their habits by William Saunders of London Canada This work includes the insect enemies of all fruits is well illustrated with colored plates is published by Lippincott Co and costs only two dollars I would like to see it in the hands of every member of this Society 220GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 27 Before taking up the Catalogue for discussion it was proposed that Mr W L Glessner of Americus Commissioner of the Georgia Bu reau of Immigration under the auspices of the State Agricultural Society should be heard in explanation of his mission to the West Mr Glessner accordingly took the floor and explained that the Central Railroad has fitted out a car for an extended tour through the Northwest and the purpose of the Bureau was to fill this car with an extensive assortment of agricultural horticultural and manufac tured products secure space at certain of the great fairs and exposi tions to be held in the fall and to exhibit the contents of the car at these fairs as an illustration and advertisement of the resources of our State The plan of operations has been thoroughly matured and sys tematized but the Bureau still wanted certain horticultural products to make out the exhibits and especially a large assortment of apples which he begged the Society would assist him to procure In the West the idea was generally prevalent that it was prima facie evidence that malaria did not exist in a locality successfully pro ducing apples and hence their value as an advertising card The Catalogue was then taken up APPLES Astrachan RedVicePresident Williams This apple is very pro lific with me Not uniform but a good apple nevertheless The President The catalogue errs it should be described as not prolific when young Dr Hape I heard that Rumph was shipping them yet Mr B T Moore It is decidedly one of the most prolific apples we have at Marshallville Mr Clark I move that the word not be stricken and very substituted So ordered Ben DavisProf Newman Would like two stars for this excel lent apple in the middle region Ordered Hileys EurekaMr Clark I move to strike from the list The President I should regret to see this done I havo received fine specimens from Mr Rumph and they proved good keepers We should be very careful how we take adverse action on a good winter keeper 22728 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA With us it is a vigorous tree and bears and keeps I think its rating should stand as at present Mr Moore well Prof Newman So ordered JulianDr Hape This apple is not properly appreciated It hears well is good for table and cider cooks well and requires little sugar I regard it as one of the best summer apples we have Kansas QueenThe President Showy and prolific KittageskeeKr Kitmph Excellent flavor but rots Prof Newman I regard it good for preserving only It was moved and carried to strike one star from the middle region Kentucky Red StreakMr Snow A good bearer and 1 move two stars for middle region So ordered LanierDr Bunch Showy large and of good quality Moultries WinterProf Newman A poor apple not productive a straggling grower though a good keeperits only recommenda tion The President Individual experiences of course differ this apple has been highly recommended in the past I would like to ask Prof Newman the kind of soil he reports it from Prof Newman Canebrake prairie and I still think two stars overrate il I dont think its quality is even good Mr Nelson With me a shy bearer but of fair quality Eetained as at present Mrs BryanThe President A few years since some apples were sent to Macon to Dr Cary as Buncombe but attracted great attention on account of their remarkably fine appearance and quality They were Wallace Howard The next year Mrs Bryan was brought in with it equal if not superior and it has risen steadily in favor ever since Two stars ordered for mountains MckajackProf Newman My experience is that it isnt tit to eat A straggling grower and doesnt mature well VicePresident Waring It is good in the mountains Prof Newman I speak only for the middle region VicePresident Williams My experience coincides with Prof Newman On vote retained as at present 228GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 29 RomaniteDr Hape I think its rating too high Dr Cary Does President Berckmans know any difference between Romanite and Shockley The President They are very similar as to fruit but there is a difference in the growth and habit of the tree There is a Northern Romanite and a Southern one the latter being a synonym to Shock ley The Romanite is straggling in growth and fruit larger than Shockley but not so sweet Maj Williams The President has described Romanite precisely yet I dont think the words unsurpassed in quality should appear in the catalogue Would suggest good or even excellent I move therefore to substitute good for unsurpassed Col Waring Should say excellent for mountain region and strike unsurpassed Ordered changed as follows Good quality excellent in mountain region Simmons RedMr Thompson I would like two stars tor coast region The President The quality of the apple is not extraordinary but it boars continuously having on its branches blooms immature and ripe fruit at the same time One star was finally ordered for the coast and two for the middle region ShockleyCol Waring It is doing excellently in the mountains Dr Hape My trees are loaded Dr Cary My trees are badly affected by fungus and the fruit is speckled I noticed this fungus also on Shockleys yesterday at Fort Valley Col Waring We could never do without it in our section The President I think Dr Cary most gracefully apologized to the Shockley last year We should not again humiliate him by forcing another Summer QueenMr Bachman I would like two stars for moun tains It is an exception when it doesnt bear a full crop of fine showv fruit It certainly deserves the name of Never Fail It is a fine shipper and promising Ordered Striped JuneDr Hape Kills itself in bearing Too prolific Sweet BoughDr Hape A shy bearer TauntonKv Thompson Strictly a winter apple in middle region 22930 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Dr Have It is coming into market now in Atlanta and is nearly ripe with me eight miles off Mitchells CiderVice Pres Sanford I want two stars foij the coast It has been cultivated in this region for sixty years and is a fine apple So ordered No new apples being announced for trial the next head was taken up PEACHES AlexanderDr Hape Eots badly I have almost abandoned it Mr Moore Precisely so with me Col Waring We still want two stars for this peach in the moun tains It doesnt rot with me Prof Newman It rots badly with me The President Have suggested the use of sulphur and have my self adopted it this year sulphuring Alexander three times with the best resultsno rot to amount to anything It is best to sulphur with a bellows as soon as the fruit is well set This can be done at a cost of fifty cents per acre It is best to go through the orchard with the bellows from time to time as the process serves as a preventive of fungus in the first instance and afterwards destroys it if formed I have not only saved Alexander in this way but Hales also even when a steady rain was pouring at the time they were gathered and shipped The price obtained was 8 a bushel and I attribute it entirely to the use of the sulphur One or two puffs to a tree with a crooked nozzle bellows are sufficient I hope every member of the Society will be induced to sulphur next year It will certainly give satisfactory results PeenToThe President It was a question whether or not we should admit this peach to our catalogue as it was altogether unsuited to the climate of Georgia but in deference to our Florida friends it was catalogued It should be noticed that it is described as adapted to Florida only Mr Brown This should be sufficient to prevent its trial through ignorance in this State It does not fruit in Georgia but the descrip tion in the catalogue I regard as sufficiently cautionary Mr Taber I am within twelve miles of the Georgia line at Glen St Mary Fla and succeeded in getting a crop of PeenTo three years out of four It does exceedingly well with me 230GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 31 Mr Reed Have had one crop of firstclass peaches of this variety at Waycross in three years The first year the trees were too young the second year they bore well and this year the fruit was destroyed by frost NEW PEACHES Dr Gary A friend showed me two seedlings recently one a cling and the other a free stoneboth seedlings of Chinese cling He said they resisted cold remarkably and he had shipped over 500 boxes of them this year They bid fair to prove valuable Will keep an eye on them and report next year Dr Hape As for power to resist cold 1 have several varieties budded on same stock of which Elberta only stood the cold this year The President Were they all in the same stage of inflorescense Otherwise the deduction which naturally follows your statement is valueless Dr Hape I cannot say did not notice particularly Dr Cary I have always found Elberta quite sensitive to cold Prof Newman We have kept at our station in Alabama a careful record of some fifty varieties and have noticed that only those which bloomed after the 20th of March were saved while those in a more advanced stage of inflorescence having the calyx open prior to that date lost their fruit As a rule the earlier the maturity of the peach the later it blooms We will however continue this record and will doubtless obtain valuable deductions in course of time At this point on motion adjournment was ordered to 830 a m Aug 2nd Thomasvillb August 2 1888 The Convention reassembled at 850 A m and the discussion of the Catalogue was resumed Nectarines and Aprieots being passed without remark the next head taken up was NUTS The President The vast importance of the nut crop to this section seems still to be ignored though many varieties of nuts can be suc cessfully raised by us Among the most important stand Pecan I 23132 DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA know a party in Louisiana who received forty cents gross per pound for his cropsixty nuts to the poundand they retailed at one cent per nut This man obtained five or six bushels to the tree I feel that I must again urge our members t pay more attention to this important industry It will prove surprisingly profitable PEAKS LeConteThe President I am surprised that no one says any thing regarding the main crop of Thomas county and this section We came here in part hoping to learn something of LeConte Can not Mr Yarnodoe give us some points Mr Vaenadoe My experience has been pleasant It affords us a very fine income if we understand shipping but that is our weak point We must know when how where and to whom to ship The universal mistake lies in rushing into market as soon as the fruit turns instead of holding for better prices Where we have done this we have proved successful where we have ignored it we have failed There are some sections of this country where our shipments fare badly and where the dishonesty of the commission men is no torious On the whole JSTew York city and other eastern points prove the best markets I have this year sold the bulk of my crop well Some sixty or seventy crates that went in the wrong direction were of course stolen Mr Varnadoe thou proceeded to read his last account sales from New York showing that his LeContes brought from 550 to 800 per bushel or from 175 to 300 per crate Continuing he said One of the principal mistakes wo make in cultivation is that our trees are generally too crowded They should stand forty feet apart Eesults would then be different It is true the quality of the LeConte is only fair but they sell well which is of more importance I have sometimes noticed that the trees are affected by a parasite that stings the young buds and damages them considerably It is sometimes termed blight in this neighborhood The yield is simply enormous I can gather forty bushels on an average from old trees planted forty feet apart Some shipments I made east sold at nearly double the price of Bartletts The tree however has a tendency to break down by the weight of its fruit as it continually overbears Older trees ripen their fruit later but the younger trees bear larger fruit I have recently been consider 232GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 33 ably troubled with yellow leaves and shedding of foliage Can the l resident tell us what causes this The President J hall ask a gentleman who is well informed on tungi if his s not a species of fungus What do you say Prof Newman J Prof Newman 1 am notposted on this affection of the ZeConte The President It is evidently fungus and Prof Taylor of Wash ington will corroborate the assertion and name the species It is not caused by frozen sap as has been suggested Prof Newman Has Mr Varnadoe noticed an insect that attacks the twigs and branches boring into the limbs and producing rot SecKiNSEY This bug is found on Bartlett and Duchesse also Prof Newman I have only noticed it on the ZeConte family Keiffer etc J The President At the Barnesville session of the Society similarly injured twigs were exhibited and submitted to Prof Willett our entomologist who corresponded with Prof Eiley of Washington ad described the insect fully The twigs were not affected by zymotic blight but by the stings of the insectan importation from vrope I he remedy consists in burning the affected twigs to destroy the larvae The correspondence between Profs Eiley and Willett on the subject can be found in the proceedings of the Barnes ville Convention Secretary Kinsey The larvae are deposited in the twig just above the hole the beetle makes They do not cut the limb off but it dies gradually as described by Prof Willett in his essay KeifferMr Varnadoe Overbears from infancy The wood is more brittle than the LeConte and the excess of fruit causes the twi to take a downward set giving the tree eventually the appearance of a weepingwillow The President Thinning is the only remedy Mr Varnadoe Thats just where the shoe pinches it requires courage to do this and I for one lack the necessary nerve Chorus Me too GarberThe President There is a plate on exhibition by Mr Thompson of Smithville quite ripe and very showy Something should be said about it as it is not satisfactorily rated in the cata logue No response 233a 34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Smiths HybridThe President Hasnt yet borne for me though I have had it for years PLUMS Wild GooseDr Jones Has it sufficient pollen to fertilize itself The President It is generally considered defective in this particu lar The Blackmailis another notable instance of the Chickasaw type with this failing My experience is with crowded trees in a large orchard so I have had no trouble but isolated trees will not fertilize thoroughly Other fruits sometimes fail in this respect MariannaDr Bunch Has done well with me this year The President Not so large as Wild Goose nor as good nor as early but I am open to conviction if there is experience to the con trary Prof Newman Has any one had satisfactory results from the use of Marianna as a stock on which to bud peaches The President It strikes well from cuttings and therefore might be utilized for that purpose but as it is of recent introduction a de cision can scarcely have been reached so soon Mr Wayman I have had satisfactory results for one Mr Vandyke As a budding stock Marianna bears about the same relation to peaches as quince stocks do to pears RobinsonThe President This follows the Wild Goose it is not so large but similar in shape and quality and lasts for three weeks making a good succession with the former It will pay growers on this account 1 have also fruited another plumParis Belle from Texas The season of the Wild Goose with me extends from the last of May to June 25th followed by Robinson which lasts to July 20th when Paris Belle finishes the season by running three weeks longer I regard this as a good succession Newnans is a good plum but a slowT grower and liable to break off Prof Newman Hughes Columbia and Missouri are later varie ties and bear when Wild Goose and Weaver fail The President As far as the money value of the plum crop is con cerned mj experience has been that Wild Goose has averaged 800 in New York for ten years past this year 1000 Mr Rumph received about the same returns The advantage of Wild Goose is that it can be picked green or just as it is on the point of turning 234GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 35 By the time they reach market they are highly colored and attrac tive Robinson grows well but Newmans does not their fruit is similar 1 would like to see Robinson starred for middle region So ordered Kelseys JapanMr Eeed I had an excellent crop at Waycross last year on two trees One tree had 120 large plums While curcu lio attacks them it is repulsed and seldom gets through the skin This year they did not do so well The President I have seen Mr Tabers plantation of Kelseys at Glen St Mary Fla I introduced the fruit myself from California in 1883 I have fruited it three years They set their fruit in early March but this year the heavy March freeze destroyed all but a few I carried spec imens to Boston last year in September weighing 3 ounces This year 1 had one ripe weighing 4 ounces about 22nd July The diffi culty in raising them in Middle Georgia will always be their prema ture blooming but in the LeConte section I think they will do well The farther South we go the later it puts out I noticed this in Florida this year Generally the further South the later all decid uous plants seem to leaf and bloom in spring The Kelsey will not prove reliable in North Georgia Its quality is excellent the flesh meaty and solid its size wonderful and it dries well Rev Mr Phelps The past season in Florida was unusually mild and nevertheless Kelseys have failed to fruit They did not bloom until April We have been greatly disappointed in it Dr Hape What about size Mr Phelps From U to If or 2 inches long but this year they appear misshapen NEW PLUMS The President There are in Japan more than one Kelsey plum many of them are merely European varieties renamed But there are two distinct types one the Kelsey strain as Botan a red plum Ogon like the Imperial Gage very yellow round H by If inches ripened this year June 15 Early varieties of the Kelsey strain will likely do well with us as they like early peaches bloom the latest Quality of Ogon is only secondclass should call it good while Kelsey is very good 23536 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Again there is the Satsuma or blood plumpit small flesh firm dark red and of fine quality It is said tobloom later Ogon could be safely put on our list as promising well So ordered President Berckmans resumed Cumberland a seedling from the mountains is a good plum and should be on the list Ordered Mr Reed I would like more information regarding Botan I find it does as well as Ogon and Kelsey No response Mr Husted With regard to Marianna 1 fruited it last year and this but this year the fruit was smaller and inferior to the last crop The tree is a deep rooter and stands heat well It would make fine stock for building Mr Snow We have lost all our Wild Goose this year from dark brown spots What are they The President Some kind of fungusprecisely what 1 dont know GRAPES BrightonProf Newman Mildews ought not to be on the list Dr Hape Never mildews with me It is a good grapeone of the best we have The President It has an additional meritit is very prolific and with me free from rot GatawbaMr Everett Does well at Fort Valley should have two stars for the middle region Dr Gary Still doing well in Troup shows no indication of rot ting Mr Starnes Shows no signs of rot now in Cobb should have one star restored for mountains Col Waring Does not do well for me in Bartow Mr Starnes That is because your soil is limestone Mr GtAieliard It does well in Floyd and should be given one star for mountain region On vote so ordered but two for middle region refused DelawareThe President I here exhibit photographs of a Bel aware three years old grown by Felix Corput of Floyd It shows 107 bunches and is simply magnificent Mr Starnes An excellent grape with me and should have two 236GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 37 stars for mountains Am surprised that it has been this long with out them So ordered Mr Bucher I saw recently a Delaware grafted on Warren which the first year made a growth of some 60 feet the next year it made an immense yieldsome 1800 or 2000 bunchesand this year the bunches are too numerous to count Moores EarlyMr Husted Earlier than Concord and better Smaller bunches than either Worden or Concord but flavor good and berry large The President I do not like it and rate it half a grade below Concord1 Mr Husted It is certainly a whole grade better around Griffin The President Due entirely to difference of locality Dr Hape The Worden is the superior of both in my opinion NiagaraDr Hape Have fruited it two years It is promis ing and productive a good grower of good quality and handsome appearance but liable to rot When sacked it proves very successful The President I did not plant Niagara for some time on account of its being sold under restriction so have only fruited it two seas ons But Mr Satterthwaite of Aiken S C has been very success ful with it planting it largely and monopolizing the Augusta market obtaining 2i times the price brought by other grapes This year however it is a total failure and I learn Mr Satterthwaite will not market 2000 pounds from a vineyard of many acres Mr Reval It has proved a poor grape this year and would not bring a higher price than other grapes Generally however it does better The President Aiken is a high well drained ridge noted for its salubrity and fruitgrowing capacity therefore this failure is all the more significant WordenMr Husted Not so strong a grower as Concord but quality more delicate branches more uniform and is earlier sells readily WarrenThe President Mr Peed has St Augustine on exhibi tion it is supposed to be identical with Warren or Herbemont Mr Reed St Augustine is an immense bearer and successful in Florida which as its name indicates is its home I regard it as identical with Warren 23738 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Missouri RieslingMr Bucher An excellent grape I would like to see it doublestarred for middle region Ordered ThomasMr Starnes I see no reason why this should not be doublestarred for the mountains as well as Scuppernong It is equally as good a grower and as reliable a bearer while it is far superior for wine The President Yes and for the table as well Two stars ordered for mountains DuchessThe President Hardly promising has too much for eign blood Prof Newman The worse rotter out of 54 varieties at our sta tion Mr Bucher Rots badly but if bagged is preserved and retains its flavor a long time Dr IIape Does well for me only when sacked I suggest first quality but liable to rot So ordered Lady WashingtonMr Starnes Does well with me bunches fine and showy quality good no rot a slow grower its only fault Would like one star for mountains Ordered TriumphMr Starnes A splendid showy grape of superior quality bunches enormous and no rot It is growing in favor in my section and I ask for one star for mountains The President I endorse the Triumph in every respect it well deserves its name Two stars ordered for middle region and one for mountains Peter WylieThe President If it did not rot it would be the best white grape on the list NEW GRAPES Dr Hape I move that Empire State be added to our list it is a magnificent grape in appearance and quality and very promising Ordered The President A choice seedling of JBstivalis originated by Judge Joseph B Jones of Burke county has been reported to the American Pomological Society and rated and is here now on exhi bition This is Bertrand and equal to Delaware in every way as far as quality is concerned and ought to be catalogued After some discussion this was finally orderedGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY STRAWBERRIES Charles DowningProf Newman Tender and undesirable though of good flavor I move to strike from list The President It is one of the only four I grow largely It stands next to Wilson in point of value My soil suits it Prof Newmans may not I should be sorry to see it left out Retained One of the best berries that can be Would like to have it doubled starred I want two stars for this berry in the SharplessMr Starnes grown for a local market for the mountain region Ordered CrescentMr Gailliard mountains Ordered ManchesterMr Bucher Does well with me in DeKalb The President I have discarded it QalceronDr Hape Good grower but only medium in size Does well Neic BerriesThe President I would like the Hoffman added to the list I have fruited it two years It is a Charleston berry dissimilar to Nunans which is planted to sell not eat Hoffman is a decided improvement on Nitnans Secretary Kinsey 1 saw Hoffman two inches in diameter on exhibition in Savannah and I move one star for the coast The President I would like to have one star also for the mid dle region Both ordered Mr Bucher I would like Belmont rated as promising well it is equal to Sharpless colors well and is productive Ordered The President I have fruited Jewell two years Last year it bore indifferentlythis year better but it has a peculiar pinkish color and is soft It is only suited for amateur culture Dr Bunch I wish to know if any one has experimented with Jessie No replies RASPBERRIES CuthbertMr Gaillard Would like two stars for mountains 23940 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Mr Buciier I also would like two stars for the middle region Both ordered TurnerProf Newman I think it deserves two stars for middle region Ordered Golden QueenThe President II burns badly J would not recommend it Prof NEWMAN I consider it among the best of berriessuperior to anything I have out of twentyeight varieties Too little atten tion is paid to raspberries anyway by nurserymen They deserve warmer recognition I move Golden Queenbe catalogued The President If you can keep it from burning I agree with you I think however your praisfe too high But for this defect it would be very valuable Dr Hape None of the light varieties are as good as the black or red nor do they sell as well Ordered catalogued as promising well FlorenceProf Newman I would also like this yellow berry put on list as promising Ordered BLACKBERRIES Mr Buchee I move to add Early Harvest to the list The President This matures two weeks before any of the others is very productivesmall hut good for market Ordered Prof Newman How can rust in blackberries be prevented Dr Hape Did you ever try ashes Potash will prove a prevent ive Prof Newman have never used ashes High manuring seems to increase rust The President Do you really think high manuring will produce rust Prof Newman do I have frequently noticed it The President What kind of fertilizer have you thought most likely to produce rust Prof Newman Nitrogenous manures but potash and other alkalis will tend of course as Dr Hape says both to prevent and de stroy it LltGEORGI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 41 Mr Wayman My experience is that rust may also be cheeked by removing the affected parts Georgia MammothMr Bucher This is a new Atlanta berry and an excellent one Very promising MULBERRIES DowningDr Gary With me worthless except for shade This is all it is good for It is a poor bearer and I move to strike The President Oh I certainly hope not your soil cannot suit it It generally does well Retained StubbsMr Gailliard I want two stars for Stubbs in mountain region Ordered JAPAN PERSIMMONS The President The report of last years committee contains all le ii fruit the information we have been so far enabled to gather regarding this Having finished the catalogue the regular order of business was continued by the introduction of Dr W L Jones of Athens who proceeded to deliver an excellent impromptu address on the HISTORY PROGRESS AND SCOPE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL STATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Dr Jones stated in brief that the Georgia State Agricultural Col lege was established sixteen years ago by means of the share of this State in the National land fund To this it was soon found advisa ble to append an Agricultural Experimental Station 1 his led to another Act of Congress establishing the stations as adjuncts to the colleges created by the Land Script Act The scope of the station under the Act is broad and liberalnot limited to agriculture proper but embraces horticulture fruit and vegetable growing Therefore it is as much a horticultural as an agricultural station and as such should be regarded with peculiar interest by fruit growers The General Act establishing these stations was passed in March 1887 but Georgia did not receive her quota until June 1888 The whole of the first years appropriation of 15000 was thus left free to be employed in buildings and equipments including apparatus of every kind microscopic meteorological etc as well as an excellently chosen working library 24142 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOKGIA The old Bock College building three stories high in the suburbs of Athens and the University farm of sixty acres has been devoted to this purpose The staff has not yet been filled for instance the Botanist is still to be secured While thus thoroughly equipped the Station yet needs the cooper ation of the Horticultural Society by means of minute individual reports on any topic which are cordially invited When in full operation there will be quarterly bulletins issued from the Station and an annual report These will be published in circu lar form and in the papers and mailed to members of the Horticul tural Society It will be some time before the Station is in thorough working order as there is no need or wish to take precipitate action and everything will be managed so as to secure only substantial lasting results The cooperation of the Horticultural Society is agin urgently requested Pres Berckmans then briefly urged the members of the Conven tion to do their best to assist in this work of disseminating horticul tural knowledge universally throughout the State Mr J D Husted of Vineyard was then introduced who read an interesting essay on THE NEED OF BETTER VARIETIES OF FRUIT AND HOW TO OBTAIN AND MULTIPLY THEM It is well understood among fruit growers that of the many hundred varieties of fruit in cultivation only a few possess all the good qualities desired and fruit growers are now looking for other varieties better adapted to their special wants Quite distinct lists are needed to meet the varied purposes for which fruit is grown for home markets and near towns and cities the greatest excellence is desired with less regard for other qualities For culinary use still another character of fruit is required and for distant markets still anotherlarge size and beauty to appear attractive solidity of flesh and firmness ot skin to endure transportation longer time in maturing to ensure disposal hefore decay early medium and late ripening in order to furnish a supply as long as possible endurance in Southern latitudes resistance against changes of temperature against frosts and storms against mildews blight rot and insectsthese are a part of the necessities of the fruit Then again the same varieties do not succeed in all localities and a special list for the different latitudes and sections will be required A broad field is here presented in which the skill and patience of the originator may find employment for many years before the list of fruits for cultivation will be satisfactory Although valuable new varieties have been added to the list of fruits within the last few yearsthe ideal fruit has not yet been produced It would be a difficult task to select a dozen varieties from among the known sorts that would be free from objection and both producers and scientists are seeking for new varieties to sunnlv this common want 242GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 43 All standard varieties and high grade seedlings have been so improved and carried beyond the type from which they originated that there exists in the seedlings produced from them a strong tendency to revert back toward their primitive condition However a few varieties are known to perpetuate their kind from seed with little variation and some are quite persistent in thus producing nearly true from seed even when growing in contact with other varieties This result is supposed to be obtained from the peculiar structure of the pollen or the stigma or pistil or all these combined in some way resisting fertilization except by pollen from their own variety From these causes and other agencies of operation several types of fruit have been perpetu ated for many generations but these seedlings do not and probably never will produce fruit of the best quality They are not uniform in their time of ripening in appearance or in quantity and they will not endure trans portation equally well This varied character of the fruit produced from them is a great obstacle to their profitable cultivation These seedlings can be slowly improved by continued selections and planting of seed from the trees producing the finest fruit But there is a limit to the practical application of these means either for the highest improvement or for pro ducing fruit of a specific character for as as the fruit is by these selections improved beyond the original type the greater will be the tendency to reversion If the markets required fruit of only medium character then the best seedlings would be found most profitable because they are easier grown and are more productive but such is not the fact Neither the producer nor the consumer will remain satisfied with any production that comes short of the greatest excellence For reasons apparent to the practical fruit grower other methods should be adopted for the production of improved varieties and also a mode of propagation that will retain the excellencies of the original fruit without deterioration The fruit can best be accomplished by cross fertilization This may be effected by artificial means or from natural causes The latter plan though not as specific as the first offers to the originator a rapid means of obtaining new varieties This is done by growing the varieties desired to be crossed in contact or in close proximity to each other when many of the fruits will be fertilized by pollen from the adjoining trees Insects and especially honey bees are active and useful agents in this work Trees grown from seeds selected from such fruit will often produce fruit of an intermediate character and sometimes superior to either parent When the fixed habit of the original type is thus broken up the propagator is in possession of the very best material for further improvement Seedlings from these will be found to sport in different lines one or more distinct types may appear and each may be comprised of several members perhaps closely resembling each other and combining many of the best qualities of the parents Now by continued selections and plantings of seeds from one generation of fruit bearing age fo another and keeping in view the most important qualities of the fruit desired continued improvement may be obtained and although the ideal of the originator may not be fully reached yet in the succeeding generations of fruits produced varieties may be obtained possessing many and perhaps most of the good qualities so long sought for and in advance of or superior to any known variety Now comes the most difficult part of the problem to be solved After many years of toil and anxiety a single tree is produced bearing almost a perfect fruit and adapted to some particular use it almost supplies a long felt want The tree also is symmetrical and vigorous the leaves are thick and persistent and maintain a dark green color through the hottest weather 24344 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA and the most protracted drouth and all its excellences combined nearly reacli the object sought Its equal may not be produced again from seed in a lifetime The limit to further improvement has been approached and advancement from this point must necessarily be slow Even the seedlings will be more difficult to growand the tendency to reversion to the original type more pronounced The matter of greatest interest now is how can these improved fruits be multiplied in their purity Not from seedlings for they are uncertain but hold on to whatever you have gained by propagating from cuttings layers budding and grafting as the only reliable methods of dissemination In order to bring out or develop to its fullest extent the best points in any production it is imperative that con ditions be furnished most favorable for the perfect development of all its excellencies Turn a thoroughbred in to share with a lot of scrubs and it cannot reacli its best estate because it lacks needed material to build upon Reverse the order and turn a native in with thoroughbreds and it will not equal them because it is unable to assimilate the rations furnished The same holds true with the finest varieties of fruit placed where they starve or their cultivation is neglected and their latent energies remain unused and they attain only mediocrity Now give them all needful con ditions and they at once appropriate all the elements necessary for their full development and instead of being a puny dwarf become a lusty giant In growing seedlings for new varieties give them every possible advant age deepen the soil give ample fertilization a favorable location diligent and often repeated cultivation and heir energies will be quickened their full capacity for size and growth and quality will be developed and the cultivator will be enabled to rejoice becauseof the progress be has made Mr Piielps I would like to know how Mr Busted is sure he has succeeded in obtaining any specific crossfertilization unaffected by pollen accidentally introduced by the elements Mr HusrED Specific success can only be verified subsequently by results If the product resembles its parent it is evidently a suc cessful fertilization unaffected by chance admixture Mi Phelps It is an emperical process at best I get some remarkable crosses where I have been most careiul in my operations Insect life is a potent lactor in the distribution of pollen carrying it great distances The winds too largely assist Not even by emas culating adjacent stamens do I succeed in preventing cross fertiliza tion by the former agency I shall consider my life far from wasted if 1 can eventually introduce even one new fruit of sufficient merit to prove a benefit to humanity when 1 am gone Mr Hosted Apropos of insects I used to keep several stands of bees and 1 found that they were indeed a wonderful agency in cross fertilization Once from an orchard of 12110 trees 1 obtained fifty excellent varieties by crossing The President Your essay Mr Husted opens the door to a vast amount of thought discussion and experiment It is what 1 244GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 45 term the beginning of the progressive amelioration of fruits In Florida last year Mr Phelps and I together studied the causes of variation among the varieties in his orange groves and we found it opened a vast field for investigation Now I wantto ask Mr Husted what he has noticed as the immediate results of crossfertilization Some well informed horticulturists notably Peter Henderson of New York deny its efficacy and results I differ with them What do you say Mr Husted We certainly obtain an immediate result from mel ons but with other fruit as apples and peaches I have not found sufficient benefit accrue to warrant a pursuance of the work The President In Rochester at a meeting of the American Pomological Society in 1871 the difference between the varieties exhibited as originating from one tree was so slight as to be of no practical value Mr Husted I could never make any practical use of my at tempts The President 1 have nevertheless known of instances where the results obtained were valuablenotably in the case of strawber ries whose size and flavor were improved by crossfertilization As for large fruits Seveial years since I received a box of pears from Mr A Smith of Cobb countyVicar of Winkfieldfrom one tree containing many variations from the original type some resembling Seckel others Bartlett etc according to the adjacent variety whose pollen had affected the flavor of the respective samples of fruit I have found this true also with the citrus family Mr Phelps Yes I have myself noticed a cross fertilization be tween lemon and orange so damaging that I was forced to remove the varieties to a considerable distance from each other 1 wouldin passing like to know if mildew is a fungoid growth Mr Husted resuming previous topic In the case of the cross fertilization of strawberries I do not know whether the size only of crossed berries is increased by the complete fertilization of every seed and the consequent expansion or whether the quality was changed to correspond The President The flavor of the fertilizing berry is undoubtedly impressed upon the other changing its entire quality as well as size Dr Hape Many notwithstanding deny altogether the existence 24546 DEPA KTVI EXT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA of a difference but I think that results are often dependent upon the weather seasons insects etc in case of pistillate and staminate ber ries in juxtaposition Mr Rogers of X 1 maintains this and J have heard Judge Parry also ot N J substantiate his views espe cially as regards pears Col Redding Why should this result appear so incredible any way J Mr Husted For my part I do not consider it at all incredible I have simply never obtained sufficiently valuable results to induce me to continue the process Col Redding By analogy an immediate effect from crossfertili zation should clearly be inferred It is the case universally in agri cultureespecially with com whose character is entirely changed the tirst year There is no reason why this should not obtain with fruits as well Mr Thompson I have noticed it plainly evident in the case of Keiffer and LeConte pears The President You can see on the Exhibition tables instances of this immediate effect in the case of LeConte Mr Phelfs I think you will without doubt find by microscopic examination on these LeContes the cellular structure of the Keiffer The President This discussion tends immediately to this prac tical suggestion If you can color LeContes you render them more salable and this result is worth considerable experimenting Mr Thompson That is true undoubtedly the highest colored of my LeContes were iron that portion of the orchard adjoining the Keiffer and this affords valuable food lor thought Mr II W Reed of Waycross was then introduced and read an essay on SOUTHEAST GEORGIA ITS RELATIONS TO HORTICULTURE Mr President and Members of the Georgia Horticultural Society adaetCconvinf1lShnfrPeSin hnored me with invitation to aaaress mis Convention of Georgias representative horticulturists I lies tated in accepting what seemed to me an undertaking 1 eyem 1 m skil an 1 experience and accepted finally not with any hope of bringin before you any thing original nor of shedding a ray of horticultural light into he mind o any man whose life has been as most of yours a record of ton and triumph m the field of Natures loftiest conceptions but I Sted with the hope of more firmly identifying the horticultural terests ot Sou h east Georgia with this grand Society that since its mpeption ha been a 246GEORGIA STATK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 47 guiding star a beaconlight of safety to the youthful inexperienced mari ner on the sea of hortulan activity and with the still further desire of acknowledging the compliment extended through me to the young men of Wiregrass Georgia Twenty years ago what was there of horticulture in the section I repre sent Today what is there The contrast is written indelibly in the minds of those snowcapped veterans who have struggled empty handed against the tides of ignorance and indifference The New South is the subject of many a lofty imagination and many a startling oration pictur ingin glowingcolors the sunny skies balmy air and the wonderful wealth of forest field and mountain We have today a New South in horti culture particularly in that circumscribed yet ample section of our State frequently referred to with a gentle but pardonable essence of satire as the Wiregrass Region and this section offers to the young man especi ally a field of study and profit unsurpassed The Old South cleared away her magnificent wild orange groves and subordinated all other pro ducts to the demands of King Cotton It will be argued and not with out reason that with her limited and inaccessible markets what promise was there hi the cultivation of any other crop as a staple But the New South witnesses through the evolution of mechanical science a new order of tilings Rapid fitimportation both by land and sea has made it possible for the most sensitive fruits to be placed in distant markets in their natural perfection and this fact coupled with the assurance of a rap idly increasing consumption renders the subject of fruitgrowing one of great importance to every section and individual favored by position soil and climate and this belt of almost idle territory the emblem of which is the simple bunch of wiregrass is daily showing to the observant its adap tation to the development of a great fruitgrowing industry It will be the labor of the Pomologist to develop that industry and by careful selection adaptation and experiment to place within the reach of the fruitgrower those varieties that are best suited to his requirements The discovery of the LeConte pear its marvelous growth and bearing qualities its comparative freedom from disease and insect depredations and withal its fair quality have made it the basis and beginning of this development The very influences which seem exerted against the intro duction into our section of northern varieties of apples pears peaches and plums also seem to combine in stimulating the LeConte to results unprece dented elsewhere The question which has so frequently been the subject of controversy between our leading horticulturists as to whether the LeConte thrives best upon its own or foreign roots is one I think purely of locality Both are right the LeConte as it travels northward responds more readily to the influence of the stock which there thrives best although I doubt if it ever attains the results that are met with in Southern Geor gia and I know from several dollars worth of practical experience that neither the LeConte nor the Keiffer thrive well on foreign roots in this their natural habitat Moving southward into middle and soutii Florida I have seen LeConte trees of large size and beyond the usual bearing age entirely barren which shows conclusively that the LeConte zone extends not many degrees either way from the latitude of the southern belt of coun ties of the State of Georgia What this influence is that changes its char acteristics with a change of latitude is beyond my depth of understanding Leaving the Leconte which is a known factor in the calculation we must now embark upon a sea of speculation with few charts or landmarks to guide us respecting varieties and modes of culture and our further investi gation may be continued under five general heads FirstSelections of cions and stocks 24748 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Horticultural science teaches that stocks and cions bear a reciprocal influence but the measure of this influence must be determined in every separate case J The LeConte from its very vigorous healthy nature appears to possess qualities as a slock for apples and pears not to be overlooked I have Bart letts seven years old grafted on the LeConte that have grown every year nearly equal to the growth of the LeConte itself while the Bartletts on the foreign roots planted nearby at the same time scarcely grew at all and after three years were finally rooted out I have also the Duchess pear and Bed Astrachan apple three years old similarly grafted that have done nearly as well The Bartletts have borne a few good pears for two years 1 have also experimented with many other varieties for two years some having done quite well others however dying after the first year I learn on good authority that here are a few apples grafted on the LeConte in Thomas county that are said to bear good crops of fin fruit The fact that some varieties have failed however teaches us that we must proceed with caution 1 am also experimenting with native Japan pears as a stock but as these experiments have only been in progress one year I cannot speak in posi tive terms I am certain the French pear and Northern apple stocks as a rule will not suit our conditions In peaches I have observed little difference between northern and south ern grown peach stocks both seem to thrive except forth borer 1 am not troubled with the root knot For two years I have been experimenting with the Mariana plum as a stock for Doth peaches and plums and from my experience thus far I feel justified in announcing it worthy of extended trial and cultivation Our peaches and plums thus far this season have made fully fifty per cent better growth on this stock than on peach and other plums The advant ages of the Mariana may be summed up in a few words Perfect robust health a multitude of deep fibrous roots no suckers freedom from root knot and borers easily worked by budding or grafting unites promptly and firmly and keeps pace in girth with the most vigorous peach cion It readily grows from cuttings fully per cent of mine having lived this year s With Japanese persimmonsour native seedling is far superior to the native Japan for a stock there being hardly any comparison in the growth of the two for the past season on my place When this fruit is better understood and is grown upon native stock I look for it to become a staple product of southern Georgia With grapes I have known of remarkable instances of great improve ment in the growth and production of Labrusca and Riparia upon our southern Vulpina and Fstivalis and I see no reason why these isolated experiments should not be extended to indefinite proportions Our iEsti valis has as a stock for foreign grapes regenerated many of the renowned vineyards of France by its resistance of the inroads of the Phylloxera Vv by should it not be the source of our future viticultural success SecondAs to the selection of native chance seedlings the proverb a prophet is not without honor save in his own country cannot be more fittingly applied than to the customary neglect of the valuable native seed lings within our very doors This applies especially to peaches which are raised by our farmers from seed of what is known as the Spanish or the Indian Strain and many of these peaches are as fine as ever graced the stands of b ulton market I have seen superior thinshelled Pecans native 1 ersimmons of peculiar excellencesuited well for market production all unnamed and unknown seedlings awaiting the efforts of some enterprising 248GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 49 nurseryman to bring their good qualities to the attention of his fellow men These are but few of the instances i might mention where native chance seedlings may play an important part in the general development ThirdAn to the adaptation of alien or extraneous varieties By this I mean such varieties as are not indigenous to our section and are either from distant countries or from different parts of our own country This opens a field in which we have made the greatest progress For years Northern nursery agents have been Hooding the South with all kinds and conditions of fruit trees and from this torrent a few have survived by a process of natural selection and have adjusted themselves to their new surroundings A few miles from where I live are some apple trees that have borne for nearly thirty years tine crops of fine fruit and these trees I learn were brought from another section The names of these varieties were not preserved and T have not yet had an opportunity to classify them At Ochlochnee near here 1 once purchased some splendid peaches that had survived in the same manner 1ml from such isolated cases of pure accident we can expect to derive little real benefit We must pursue our experiments on a more intelligent plan From certain classes of fruit as the Persian strain of peaches pears and apples of Northern origin grapes of the foreign Vinifera class we can expect practically nothing as the experiments made with a few varieties have determined the late of the entire class We find however in the fruits of certain portions of Japan and the Islands of the West Pacific Ocean where the characteristics of climate are similar to ours some which succeed admirably with us and to these we can look confidently for a successful issue The remarkable PeenTo introduced by Mr Berckmaus from Australia with its numerous progenyseveral varieties of the plums of Japan and the Japan persimmon have all been firmly established as successful for general culture in our section Our experience with this class of fruit and with many beautiful ornamental plants from the same source notably the refined and unique Retinospora justifies our belief that no other country will contribute in an equal degree to our future prosperity and suggests practically a wide range of horticultural possibilities founded upon the flora of the orient FourthThe planting of seed from foreigu varieties This method has already been touched upon in referring to the PeenTo peach which is a production of seed sent to Mr Berckmans from Australia This is a method of chance that offers little inducement to the propagator but which may be resorted to with a possibility of success when his space and patience will permit It is however almost certain that the seedlings of foreign varieties which themselves are totally unsuited to us will hardly prove more satisfactory Only generations of successive reproduction will modify their characteristics and even then the result will hang in the balance of doubt I have tested seedlings of foreign grapes with uniform failure although I know of one case where a Malaga Grape seedling near Jesup produced fair crops of fruit In the order of natural progress we now arrive at the most refined of all methods of horticultural investigation which I have included under the fifth head viz The intelligent crossing of varieties bv artificial fertiliza tion and the rearing of seedlings which are the results of such crosses While this method has never been and perhaps may never be reduced to an exact science it has been demonstrated that the pollen of one variety has a marked though variable influence upon the fruit of another variety fertilized by it This is the explanation of the variable form and coloring of the fruit on certain PeenTo peach trees reported from Florida that 24050 DEPARTMKXT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA were undoubtedly planted In proximity to other varieties the artificial fertilization being performed by the wind by bees or other influences A correspondent from Oveido Fla also reports the marked influence of the Blood Peach upon his neighboring PeenTos as seen in the red streaks through the fruit of theatter This influence of the pollen extends in a more positive manner to the seeds of the flower thus fertilized and fre quently results in the production of a new distinct and superior variety which is at once indigenous to the soil and climate where it is grown From this source we may expect our most valuable additions to the flora of our country and the advanced propagator pursuing this line of investigation will carefully select the pollen of varieties strong in constitution and free from disease as a stockbreeder would select a strong healthy thoroughbred male to work up his inferior herd with a view of certain future satisfaction and profit I have thus in a very imperfect way drawn in faint outline the work that lies before the horticultural tyro and have attempted to picture in stronger detail what has been already accomplished for his guidance in Southeast Georgia As to our success with all varieties I have not dealt specifically as I assume that to be the work of your committee of the whole where the experience of the greatest number will be brought out as a more perfect substitute for the experience and observation of a single individual Suffice it to say that I have initiated experiments not only into tlie value of various fruits but also into the possibilities of a large range of ornamental plantsand trees and I have no doubt from my success thus far and from my observations of similar experiments made by others that many of the most desirable fruitsand ornamentals of other continents will swell the already large list of Southern flora that has made the South famous in song and story 1 cannot conclude without adding emphasis to a fact well known to theintelligent cuiturist regarding the great damage done to the cause of horticulture by the too hasty and indiscriminate intro duction and dissemination of varieties that succeed well elsewhere but are strangers to our soil and climate Much of this is the result of ignorance of the plainest principles of horticulture More is due to the financial designs of a few Northern nurserymen Let our people proceed cautiously experiment economically accepting only as final the plain results of actual experiment and the outcome will lie success The deductions 1 have been able to reach from my experiments thus far and from information obtained from our most reliable sources have led in some cases to unassignable generalities in others to convictions and in a few to knowledge but as the years roll on I shall hope to increase materially this class of knowl edge at the expense of the others I cannot pass without offering a merited tribute to those selfsacrificing leaders natures noblemen who have persistently delved into the mysteries of her wonderful economy to bring to the worldto usso complete a knowledge of her various ways that we can create in her marvelous labo ratory new forms combining all the grace beauty and color of the most beautiful flowers with the luscious nutritious properties of natures most perfect food To Darwin Gray Johnson Lisle Downing Wilder Fuller Berckmans and many others we owe a debt of gratitnde which we can never repay And though we in South Georgia are only in the primary grade of that school of nature we promise you that we will not always remain at the foot of the ladder but will keep climbing until we can show this Society and the world that not only our soil and climate anil geo graphical position but also our people possess inherent qualities that will advance us from the stage of mere posibilities and will entitle us to a place near the highest pinnacle of successful accomplishment 250GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 51 Dr Gary Have you noticed blight on any of your pears Mr Reed No I have bad no instance Dr Carv Are your Bartletts on LeConte stock doing badly Mr Reed Yes but they are not yet sufficiently old to predicate anything from UrOAuv I have noted with peculiar interest the remarks of Mr Keed m regard to the adaptation of the LeConte to certain zones It does no do well with me in South Floridaas it there becomes an evergreen or in Middle Georgia but between these two zones it flourishes and is reported to do well in Connecticut Mr Thompson True in Orange county Fla it does poorly It fads to harden up its wood sufficiently 1 do not think LeConte will ever be a success in extreme South Florida as a market fruitas far south as Orlando for instance vr1 pAHY Mj tVeeS are 8tiH further soutb and wont ear at all Mi Phelps Tins is my experience with LeConte in Florida it shows a disposition there to become an evergreen and bear littleor nothing COMMITTEE REPORTS The Reports of the various Committees on Fruits etc were then taken up and ordered spread on the minutes as follows Dr II If Gary of LaGrange Chairman of the Committee on reaches reported as follows REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PEACHES To the Georgia State Horticultural Society 7KCOmmitte be leave t0 submit the following renort We fmrt TePn nt6 Plate J peaches exhibited by John Ho user of Fort flS htf i hSe eaChfS are marked Lemon Cling they arvery large and W W oZsonofSmhf considerabfe defay52 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA being of best flavor We request that Mr Thompson make report again next year as we think them worthy of further trial John W Parramore of Thomas county exhibits a specimen of Chinese Clingone of four peaches on tree This peach weighs one pound size 12 inches in circumterence Respectfully submitted H H Caky Chairman W E Brown L L Vabnadoe H F Emery Committee Maj A J Williams of Tobler Chairman of the Committee on Apples Iears and Miscellaneous Fruits reported as follows REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON APPLES PEARS AND MISCEL LANEOUS FRUITS To h Georgia Stah Horticultural Society Your committee appointed to examine above named fruits make the fol lowing report S W Baehman has on exhibition of Apples 2 plates Horse1 plate Ham ilton 2 plates Jackson winter plate Golden lied 1 plate unknown Crab Of Pears 1 plate Seckel fine 2 plates Beurre Bosc 2 plates Bartlett 2 plates unknown 1 plate Baehman P J Berckmans exhibits of Pears 1 plate Onandaga 1 plate Lawrence 1 plate Vicar of Winkfield 1 plate Duchesse 1 plate Mikado 1 plate Man nings Elizabeth 1 plate Admiral Farragut 1 plate Henkel 1 plate Beurre Clairgeau Plums 1 plate Minor very good 1 plate Paris Belle 1 plate Cumberland am 1 plate European Medlar W W Thompson exhibits of Apples 1 plate Taunton 1 plate Shockley 1 plate Julian Of Pears 2 plates Garber very fine 3 plates LeConte 1 plate Souvenir du Congress 2 plates Keiffer good specimens 1 plate Seedling of Chinese Snow 1 plate Bartlett 1 plate Margaret 1 plate Beurre Clairgeau T S Dekle Bro exhibit fi plates LeConte pears R B Mardre Jr has on exhibition 3 clusters of LeConte pears L L Varnadoe Pears i plates LeConte fine 4 plates of fine Keiflers 1 plate Chinese Onince and 1 plate Pomegranates McKennon McKennon exhibit 9 plates LeConte and 3 plates Keiffer Pears R P Johnson 1 plate Elgin Pippin and 1 plate unknown Apples and of Pears 1 plate Duchesse 1 plate Vicar of Winkfield Dr McTyre 1 basket White Figs Dr 8 J Jones 4 plates LeConte Iears P S Heath Bros f plates Keiffer and 8 plates Leconte Pears W C Eason 1 plate LeConte Pears M C Da vies 3 plates Keiffer and 1 tray White Figs H H Sandford IS Keifler Pears on a limb 3 feet long 3 plates Keiffer 6 plates LeConte 4 plates Smiths Hybrid large and showy 1 plate Howell 1 plate Pomegranates F J Winn 16 plates LeConte Pears W K Nelson Apples 1 plate Stevensons Winter 1 plateN Y Pippin 1 plate Shockley 1 plate Oconee Greening 1 plate Taunton 1 plate Yopps 252GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 53 Favorite 1 plate Horse 1 plate Yates plate Buncombe 1 plate Fall Pip pin 1 plate Tuscaloosa 1 plate Carters Blue 1 plate Equinetelee 1 plate Holly 1 plate Cowan 1 plate Lanier 1 plate Ben Davis 1 plate July Queen 1 plate Oravenstein and 1 plate Faust David Milne Pears 1 plate Leeonte 1 plate Belle Lucrative 1 plate Howell 1 plate Bartlett 1 plate St Michael 1 plate Duchesse and 1 plate Vicar of Winkfield Dr L B Bronchelle 2 plates LeConte Mrs Bronchelle 1 plate very nice and sweet sun dried LeConte Pears Mrs L A Dreyer 1 basket containing 3 varieties Figs Brown Turkey Black Iscbia and Wbite Marsailles all good specimens H W Reed 3 specimens of 1 variety large Bet Apples beautiful Lynian Phelps 3 plates everbearing Sicily Lemons 1 plate Guava not named Miss Maggie Williams 6 glasses beautiful 1 bottle Ketchup Respectfully submitted transparent Apple Jelly and A J Williams Chairman 1 C Bucheb William Wabdee J Milne Geo L Tabob John Keller of Marsballville for J S Newman Chairman of the Committee on drapes reported as follows REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GRAPES To the Georgia State Horticultural Society P J Berckmans of Augusta Ga exhibits the following varieties of grapes Clinton Mary Wylie good in quality but not equal to Peter Wylic Triumph Concord Elvira Othello bunches very straggling Nor tons Virginia Eva Isabella Delaware Humbolt Cynthiana small for that variety Pocklington Uhland Warden Noah Black July Diana Martha Ives Goethe Louisiana Amber Maxatawny D Milne of Macon exhibits the following varieties Niagara Noah Mrs McLure Black Eagle Oatawba Agawam Diana Blue Favorite large compact and well shouldered Delaware Warren Nortons speci mens very fine Pauline W K Nelson of Augusta exhibits the following Lady Pocklington Perkins Concord Clinton Delaware Salem Bueher and Bidwell of Decatur exhibit the following varieties Tri umph specimen very fine Concord Prentiss affected very badly with rot Berckmans bunches not very good best quality Delaware pro tected by sacksthose in sacks ripening retarded berries extra large Clinton Perkins Ives bunches fine Nortons Virginia Pearl Goethe Black Defiance fine bunches Niagara sacked and not sacked the differ ence all in favor of sacks Salem Brighton Senasqua Lady Washington fine specimen Hartford Empire State fine specimen Duchess Diana good specimen Lutie unworthy of cultivation Iona Black Eagle good bunch Maxatawny GriersGolden Amber Mo Riesling Jefferson bunch small Elvira Uhland Highland Perkins Ives H W Reed of Waycross exhibits the following varieties Warren fine specimens St Augustine synonymous with Warren Elvira specially fine for that variety 25354 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA A P Rice of Griswoldville exhibits the Superb quality best bunches fine H H Sanford exhibits Concord Prof Newman exhibits several varieties to show the difference in bag ging and not bagging All do best when bagged excepting Delawarer which is inclined to rot in bags E R Anthony of Macon exhibits the following varieties Genevieve Black Pearl Perkins Masons Seedling Mo Reisling Chasselas du Fron tignacpurely foreign irregular in size quality best Belinda Keuka Tri umphbunches the finest on exhibition Lindleybunches unusually well rilled Maxatawnybunches fine berries unusually large Salem Trans parent Jonahbunches fine and berry large Eva Delaware Challenge Griers No 7 Ladyunusually good specimen Broctonsimilar in appearance to Lindley Concordbunches fine and well ripened Rogers No 2 Prentissquality best bunches small Peter Wykegood speci men quality good Pizarro Duchess extra tine specimens Jessica Elvira Amber Lutie a failure Cottage Niagarasuperb Crotonqual ity best Jeffersonbunches fine Noah Hartford Naomibunches tine quality good White Pearl Lenoir Buckhard ripens unevenly Bacchus Elsinburgh Empire Statequality good Black Eaglebunches fine Longbunches too compact Catawbagood specimens Black Julyfine bunches Herman Blue Favorite Dianagood specimens MooresEarly Warrenperfect A Seedlingbunches small quality good Griers No 4 Isabella Newton Scuppernonggood specimens Far West Porters Vir giniafine specimens Conqueror Lady Washington Sweet Blacksmall bunches large berry Vergennes Excelsior bunches large quality best Eumelan Irving Crevelingquality good Barry Allens Hybrid quality best Pauline Rices No 1 Highland bunches large vesfine speci mens Eldorado Secretary Worden Harwoodquality best One with out namebunches large berries extra large and black quality good We find on exhibition a new seedling grape from Mr J1S Jones of Herndon Ga named Bertrand bunch large berry medium loosely arranged but not scattering seems to belong to iEstivalis type tender juicy skin thin quality very good and promising as a table and wine grape Mr 1 I I lusted of Griffin exhibits bunches of Golden Chasselas grown out doors resembling Malaga very much in appearance and quality We are unwilling to close this subject without making special mention of Mr Anthonys exhibit notwithstanding the bad condition in which it arrived in consequence of being packed in large boxes His exhibit bears evidence of skillful and careful cultivation Taken as a whole it furnishes an object lesson to those interested in grape culture of excep tional value We commend it to the careful study of all members who are interested in grape culture either as amateurs or for commercial purposes Indeed Mr Anthony has been conducting an experiment station so tar as grape culture is concerned he has given his time and skilled labor to the work of testing the varieties of grapes a practical report of the results of which may be seen on his table in the hall Other grape growers can profit by his successes and failures Respect Cully submitted 1 S Newman Chairman N MclNNis John Keller 254GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 55 Col Goo H Waring of Bartow chairman of the Committee on Wines reported as follows REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX WINES To the Georgia State Horticultural Society Your committee have examined the only wine on exhibition but it is well worthy of notice It is only one year old It lias the bouquet of the Madeira and the farewell of the Scuppernong It is more like the Spanish wines We would advise the exhibitor to continue the manufac ture of this wine as we predict for him a great success The exhibitor E A Parker of Zebulon Ga assures us I hat he adds neither alcohol nor sugar Respectfully submitted Geo H Waring Chairman Sam Hape A H Hansele a A Bunch 1 Keval Mr GeorgeUhl of Augusta chairman of the Committee on Vege tables reported as follows REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES lo the Georgia State Horticultural Society We the Committee on Vegetables beg leave to submit the following report We find exhibited by McKinnon McKinnon of Thomas county two plates of fine Yam Potatoes By O C Cleveland Thomas county two plates fine Yam Potatoes and two very fine long Blood Beets By R P Johnson Smithville sample of a very superior White Corn By Dekle Brown of Thomas county one plate BullNose Pepper By L A Varnadoe of Thomas county one plate White Velvet Okra By L L Varnadoe one lot Bonnet Gourds By Miss Maggie Williams two fine long Blood Beets one plate very fine Velvet Okra By Mrs Sophronia Mitchell of Thomas county one lot superior Sweet Pepper By H H Sanford Thomasville one lot extra large Cashaw six fine Kolb Gem Melons three plates New York Egg Plants By F J Winn of Thomas county one Saracene Muskmelon one plate extra good New YTork Egg Plant By a colored man M C Davis of Thomas county one plate Bullnose Pepper All of which is respectfully submitted Geo Fiii Chairman T E Blackshear V E Lambert L A Rumph W W Thompson 25556 DEPARTMENT F AGRICULTUREGEORGIA The Committee on Plants and Flowers reported as follow REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS To the Georffia State Horticultural Soci Your Committee on Plants and Flowi 1y lS 111 leave to report as follows Mr H H Sanford makes a very line exhibit of 68 greenhouse plants consisting of 10 varieties of Palms varieties Crotons 3 varieties of Rex Begonias 13 varieties Calladiums Tradescantias Fettonias Achemanes Sarisevera Diefenbachia etc All the above plants show the effects of good care and cultivation Miss Mata Williamson exhibits 2 baskets of cut flowers Miss Maggie Williams exhibits 1 specimen of the mammoth Sunflower measuring inches in diameter Mks E Bbown Miss Belle R Hape Miss N L Williams Mks K J Redding Robt C Bebckmans Committee Col R J Redding of Atlanta chairman of the Committee on Ornamental and Useful Trees reported as follows REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL TREES To the Georgia State Horticultural Society In the range of ornamental trees much has been done by nurserymen since your last report from this committee but this activity is noticed principally in the discovery and introduction of different weeping trees such as the Weeping Mulberry the Weeping Dogwood and the Weeping Lilac all of which are beautiful in shape and succeed well in the South The most noteworthy of the recent introductions in ornamentals are te Japan Maples which if successful here we think will be valuable addi tions to our list of deciduous ornamentals In Japan there are some twenty two varieties of maples a description of which will be out of place here They are more properly shrubs than trees as they only grow about I welve or fourteen feet in height but this is no disadvantage for their brilliant colors lend beauty to any landscape They like a cool place and our South ern sun is too hot for them unless partially shaded We would advise planting in some low moist situation where they will be shaded from the afternoon sun We have no novelties in useful trees to report but we have some facts and some suggestions to present to this Convention It is a fact that the black walnut tree makes good lumber and also that walnut lumber is scarce and high priced now and is becoming more so every day Tl ere are lands in Georgia adapted to the growing of the walnut and for nothing else useful and we believe it would pay to plant these lands in black walnut trees Poplar lumber is also scarce and becoming scarcer and we believe it would pay to grow poplar for timber The Pauloionia Imperialis is a tree of many good points which have heretofore been overlooked Its growth is more rapid than that of any other timber tree growing when young often twelve to fifteen feet in one year and in five or six years if grown in 256GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTCRA L SOCIETY 57 rich moist soil it makes a tree six to eight inches in diameter and above thirty feet high As firewood when seasoned it is the equal of oldfield pine making a good slow fire and the lumber is light strong and about the texture and color of poplar it should never be cut for timber until about twelve inches in diameter as when smaller the center is pith but with age the trunk becomes as solid as a poplar If one has an old barren hillside on his place we believe the Paulownia planted there although the growth would not be rapid would still be a paying investment The lum ber of the Paulownia would readily take the place of poplar in the manu facture of boxes and light cabinet work Respect lull v submitted R J Redding Mrs W B Brown Geo H Miller W D liEATIE J D HUSTED Committee The Standing Committee on Xew Fruits through their chairman L A Berckmans reported as follows REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS To the Georgia Slate Horticultural Society Your committee beg to submit the following in the line of new fruits We find upon exhibition PLUMS Paris Belle a variety introduced by Dr W W Steele of Paris Texas size and color similar to Newman quality fair heavy producer fruit ripening through a space of six weeks not inclined to decay or sunburn Recommended for trial Exhibited by P J Berckmans CVAVAS Two new varieties yellow and red Exhibited by Rev Lyman Phelps Sanford Fla LEMONS Sicily Everbearing of large size and superior quality Exhibited by Rev Xyman Phelps Sanford Fla MISCELLANEOUS Phisalis AlkekengiCherry tomato said to be desirable for making pies Exhibited by Judge 1 B Jones Burke county Ga PEACHES Two seedlings of Chinese type Nos I and 2 No 1 white medium size quality good cling No 2 pink mottled size above medium very showy quality fair cling both said to be well adapted to Lee county Ga GRAPES Bertrand a most excellent variety bunches large compact shouldered berry medium black flesh dissolving juicy vinous quality best Pro duced and exhibited by Judge J B Jones Burke county Ga Superb bunches compact large berries large very sweet skin thick color blue black Exhibited by A F Rice Griswoldville Ga 25758 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Belinda bunch small berry large pulpy foxy quality poor Transparent bunch small berry medium sweet New fruits examined during the vacation of the Society PLUM OgonJapan type Synonym Yellow Nagate medium lxlf inches round with a deep suture golden yellow at full maturity flesh yellow firm sweet of good flavor freestone quality good maturity middle of Ju ne of UK APE Early VictorFrom J Burr Leavenworth Kansas Bunches above medium compact shouldered berry medium round blue black with bloom flesh pulpy but dissolving juicy vinous sweet and free from foxi ness quality very good maturity two weeks before Hartford and one week before Moores vine healthy Labrusca type the earliest variety to ripen so far and promises to be valuable for market TEAR IdahoFrom J A Evans Lewiston Idaho and said to belong to orien tal type Large to very large irregularly shaped round skin pale yellow or greenish yellow smooth flesh tine grained melting vinous juicy qual ity best specimens red October 7 1887 weighs 15J ounces L A Bebckmans H H Sanpobd A j Williams J D Histed E I Anthony Committee Dr II II Cary chairman of the Committee on reported as follows Transportation REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION To the Georgia State Horticultural Society Your committee beg leave to say that they have investigated the subject of I ransportation as fully as the means at their disposal would admit We nave had a full conference with the Middle Georgia Shippers Union an incorporated company under the laws of the State of Georgia From the officers of this company we have obtained very valuable information they having obtained the best possible rates from the various transportation companies We beg leave to submit the following as the result Rates by carload from Atlanta to Cincinnati by fast freight time 36 hours 60 per carload of 25000 pounds From Atlanta to Chicagotime 2 days about 80 per car of 26000 pounds by fast freight The sense of this com mittee is that because of the excessive high rate charged by direct lines of transportation to the East that shippers of fruits and vegetables be recom mended to use the lines of transportation to Cincinnati where the compe tition of the several express companies will enable them to reach Eastern markets at much less exorbitant rates than those charged by direct routes We also recommend that different societies or unions be formed through out the state to encourage one another and cooperate together to secure 258 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 59 better rates of freight quicker transportation and prevent too great ship ments at any one time to any one point All of which is respectfully submitted H H Caby Chairman W E Brown H F Emery Committee The reports of the various Congressional Districts were then read and ordered spread upon the Minutes in the following order FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT No report REPORT FOR SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT ThomasviIjLE Ga August 2nd 1888 To the Slate Horticultural Society In making this my annual report as vicePresident of the second district I have nothing in the way of new fruits and plants Apples peaches and plums have been almost a failure in most of this section This was owing to a late cold snap in March Grapes rigs and melons were a fair crop LeConte and Keiffer pears have been much better than we could have looked for after such extreme cold weather in March Many trees on my place were almost stripped of their entire crop of fruit This seemed to be much worse in some places than others Taken altogether I must say our pear crop has given us a nice return in the way of remuneration as many of the growers will attest The Japan persimmon was a failure owing to the cold snap before men tioned My trees had all of their limbs killed entirely back The Giant chestnut was badly damaged but it soon recuperated and put on the sec ond crop and now they are blooming for the third crop that will ripen in October Too much can not be said of the mammoth Japan chestnut The melon crop has been bountiful though many of our planters came out badly in their shipments from delays of transportation and excess charges made by railroads I am satisfied our shippers have much cause to com plain and I think this association should use every means in its power to give as much relief in this way as possible Field crops are very good wherever they have have good culture I am glad I can say at this time that our people seem to have made up their minds to take hold of fruit growing with a better understanding than at any time heretofore and I am satisfied there will be more trees of various kinds set out this coming fall than in any previous year since our Horticultural Society has been organized I feel now as if new life had been infused into a once dead peo ple on the subject of Horticulture Respectfully submitted H H Sanford VicePresident 2nd District REPORT FOR THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT To the Georgia State Horticultural Society This has certainly been the most disastrous year on all varieties of fruits in this District since 1876 The cold wave that visited us on March 23rd 25900 DEPARTMENT OF AtiKICU ITURKGEORGIA almost made a total destruction of all varieties that had bloomed up to that date At i a m the weal her was calm and fair and the thermometer registered 27 ice 2 inch thick white frost Peaches seem to have sustained a greater loss from this frost than any other class of fruit as the most of the varieties were in full bloom but some of the late blooming varieties and those planted on very high points where there was a sufficient current of air to prevent frost escaped and matured some fine fruit PlumsThe crop of the Wild Goose DeCaradeuc Kelseys Japan etc was about all killed but the few young trees of Marianna and Robinson planted here that were old enough to hear fruited nicely The Pear crop has been very good on the late blooming varieties but the early bloomers bore very few Blight so far has not been as perceptible as it was at this date last year The Strawberry crop for the past two years has been very light indeed and some of our growers seem to be weakening on them as a market fruit while there are others who still have great faith in them and are arrang ing to plant largely on such lands as can be successfully irrigated The early varieties of Apples matured a full crop of the finest fruit we have had for years and as a rule they sold at very remunerative prices This being the offyear for the Shockley the supply of home grown winter apples will not be so abundant as it was the past season Grapes have been injured less by cold than any of the leading market fruits and so far rot has not made its appearance to anv serious extent Respectfully submitted Samuel H Rumph Chairman Fruit Committee REPORT FOR FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT To the Georgia State Horticultural Society Your committee beg leave to make the following report for the Fourth Congressional District of Georgia All the small fruits in this district were fairly good The grape crop now ripening is fully up to an average The apple crop is quite good though not a full crop Pears were badly injured by the late frostsnot onefourth of a crop is being made I allude to the ordinary variety as the LeConte is but little cultivated in this district The same frosts that so badly injured the pear crop almost completely ruined the peach many orchards producing no fruit others only a tvw scattering peaches not over onetwentieth dive per cent ofacrop being made Mr 1 H Parnell being the largest grower in the district shared the same fate Mr Parnell however had two varieties that to a large extent escaped the frost These were seedlings of the Chinese Cling one being a cling the other being a clear seed both were quite showy and of tine qual ity All of which is respectfully submitted H H Cahy VicePresident REPORT FOR FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT 7b the Georgia State Horticultural Society The fruit crop in this district as far as can be ascertained has been good with the single exception of peaches This delicious fruit has been almost an utter failure a few favored localities alone being the exception To the usual spring frosts may be attributed this result and most complete has been the work of destruction The failure of the peach crop for quite a number of years has had the effect to greatly discourage fruit growers Let 200 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 61 us hope that we have reached the limit in this direction and another year will itliess abundant yields of this luscious summer fruit The strawberry crop was quite a large one and finer specimens are rarely seen in any locality than were seen on the market the present season The varieties shown were for the most purl of the old standard sorts and noth ing new or very startling was exhibited as far as could be learned The raspberry crop was the largest and the specimens the finest seen for years This was true especially of the red varieties the Turner and Cuth bert being cultivated most in this locality Blackberries were abundant anil the season favorable tor their full development and growth Of the cultivated varieties unusually tine specimens were shown The apple crop with most varieties has been very large 1 he striped and red June Shockley Julian etc were loaded ivithfruit Cherries have proven a failure Pears where blight has not affected the trees are a fair crop Grapes are exceptionally line and tree from disease and the crop just gathering is certainly a very large one From indications and observations based upon practical knowledge it would seem that the outlook for fruit growers is very flattering in this dis trict This is especially true of the small fruits of which a much larger acreage seems to be planted than ever before Increased facilities lor ship ping the grape have induced growers to plant largely and the hope is entertained that this industry will prove not only satisfactory but highly remunerative to the grower No new fruits of any special merit have been shown to or been examined by the writer Saml HAPE VicePresident REPORT FOE SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT To the Georgia State Horticultural Society We have had good growing seasons thisyear and as a result fruit bearing trees and plants have made good growth and are thrifty and healthy Apples are good as to quality and from a fair to a heavy crop except where trees bore a full crop last year The peach crop was almost entirely destroyed by frost there being only a few specimens left in orchards generally with here and there in favored localities enough for family use The same remarks apply to plums Pear blight has been so destructive to trees that many are abandoning the culture of this fruit The many trees of LeConte and other varieties planted during a revival of interest in pears a few years ago have arrived it seems at the age to be attacked by blight or it may be we are passing a period of unusual prevalence of this disease My observations for the last twenty years suggest to me that this disease may result from climatic influ ences Often we have severe cold after a full flow of sap in spring killing or diseasing the sap and sometimes we have in mid summer wet spells causing a luxuriant flow of sap followed by several days of sweltering warm sunshine scalding and coagulating the sap In either case sap sours and I think blight germ is originated This question having been a per plexing one for ages I scarcely hope for these suggestions to profit any The melon crops are short which is owing to drouth at planting time followed by too much rain Kitchenvegetables have been abundant and fine Respectfully submitted A 1 Williams VicePres Sixth Congressional District 26162 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA REPORT FOR SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT To the Members of the Horticultural Society Thomasville Qa My report for this district for the year is not very bright The fruit cron s been poor The peach crop is a total failure Plums bloomed welP Mhti5EtUh y flUit Th Pear 1 i8fave noticed no Wight rhe strawberry crop was moderate the fruit was good in some places they fruited well and were satisfactory The apple crop promises to gooXrrfe hir iItsvfailure 4pberries ne 8KM on moderate Blackberries very fine but cut short LeConte penis tailed Grapes poor The Cuthbert and Turner prove best with u of raspberries Attached to this is Mrs Bryans report for I ok u Vlou tarn Walker and Dade counties Ga Respectfully Gbo II Waring VicePresident Seventh District REPORT FOR LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN To the Georgia State Horticultural Society StrawberriesA full crop RaspberriesA full crop Peaches onetenth of a crop 4viklitolT R1 MargaretM j Promise of a full crop of fall and winter apples 1Vw i ery flue Bartletts now in perfection Wild Goose PlumCrop a failure this season A full crop was set but late freeze destroyed the young fruit P bJMay and MoreUo CherriesOnefourth crop finer varieties killed in VegetablesVery tine this season of every variety Grapes have not rotted and are now ripening Mes J W Bbyan No report No report EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT REPORT FOR TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT To the Georgia State Horticultural Society The apple crop has been a fair average and prices have been remme nnnaCliS WAT fulliV 8ixty 1 eent lelow an average and the quality verv poor The Alexander proved the best and bore the best fruit J Y Kssssr f For p pp 262GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 63 Strawberries were not up to an average either in quantity or quality but prices ruled well and the growers found a ready market for the crop Grapes not a full crop rotted badly The Concord proved the best Blackberries and Raspberries were a full average The Early Wilson bore a heavy crop of fine berries A number of new fruits are still on trial and it may take several seasons to fully test them The above is respectfully submitted J P H Brown Chairman Tenth District PRESENTATION TO SECRETARY KINSEY At this point Col Geo H Waring rose to a question of privilege requesting a suspension of the regular order of business in order to make a communication of considerable importance This was granted whereupon Dr Saml Hape appeared bearing a handsome silver and cutglass epergne and announcing himself as chairman of the Committee on the Relations ol the Horticultural Society to its Officers tendered the epergne in a neat though brief address to Secretary Kinsey as a testimonial of the regard and esteem enter tained for him by the Society and as a slight compensation for the very valuable services he lias for so long gratuitously rendered Great applause I Mr Kinsey though taken completely by surprise yet retained sufficient presence of mind to make a suitable response assuring the members of the Society that even without any other visible token of their affection and good will the hearty applause which had greeted the presentation of their beautiful gift was to him sufficient assur ance of their approbation His labors had been given fully and freely to the Society for the sake of the advancementof horticultural science and for the good of the profession of which he was an hum ble member Nevertheless lie could but feel encouraged by this evidence of their affectionate regard to persist in well doing and to labor henceforth more zealously than ever for the good of their com mon cause After this pleasant intermission the regular business was resumed ELECTION OF OFFICERS On motion of Dr Cary before proceeding with the election of VicePresidents in the several districts where their terms had expired a recess of five minutes was taken in order to enable the members of the different districts to consult and make nominations 263 64 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Those districts wore the Second Fourth Sixth Eighth and Tenth Upon reassembling VicePresident Hape took the chair Presi dent Berckmans retiring as the election of President was first in order On motion of Dr Cart the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot of the Society for President This was done the Secretary voting for Mr Berckmans who was thereupon declared electedand a committee consisting of Dr Oaky Mr Etcher and Col Waking appointed to notify Mr Berckmans of his reelection and escort him back to his seat This he resumed amidst great applause and with appropriate remarksfor the thirteenth consecutive time being call ed on to serve in this capacity The rules were again ordered suspended and the reporter was directed to cast the ballot of the house for Secretary This was done and Mr Kinsey reelected amidst further applause The lollowing gentlemen were nominatedand unanimously elected as VicePresidents from their respective districts Col II IP Sanford from the Second Dr II II Cary from the Fourth Maj A 1 Williams from the Sixth Dr W L Jones from the Eighth Dr J P A Brown from the Tenth AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY The President announced that the approaching session of the American Pomologieal Society at Sanford Florida in February next would be one of unusual importance and interest as it would bo the second Convention of that body ever held in the South That all railroad and hotel rates would be reduced to a minimum and the citizens of Sanford would royally entertain all guests having already determined on extending to the Convention the courtesy of several excursions to various points of interest in South Florida That the Secretary would now or hereafter fill out blank certificates for all members of the State Society who wished to attend and in conclu sion he hoped the number of Delegates from this body would be large in order to prove the deep interest our State took in horticul ture Dr Cary suggested that volunteers should be called on to enroll 264GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 65 their names as delegates This was done and forty odd names en rolled J A Everett of Forl Valley Rudolph Oetter of Griffin and W D Beatie of Atlanta were elected Delegates to the State Agri cultural Society for the coming year NEXT PLACE OF MEETING Under this head Mr 1 1 Husted of Vineyard Spalding county in the name and behalf o the citizens and City Council of Griffin nominated that city offering their unstinted hospitality This nomination was seconded by Col Geo H Waring and unanimously passed Dr Hape suggested that in the disposal of the fruit display in Masury Hall the Railroads and Express Company be courteously and substantially remembered Mr Sanpord suggested that the contractor of the building just approaching completion in which the display was exposed be in cluded in this arrangement as he had taken considerable trouble to prepare the Hall tor the exhibit The President proposed that the entire matter be left to the indi vidual exhibitors who could take such action as might seem best Dr Carv offered the following resolutions of thanks Be it resolved That the thanks of the Georgia State Horticultural Society are hereby tendered to the citizens of Thomasville for the very elegant hospitalities extended to us during our stay in their beautiful and progres sive city and that such refined courtesies will be long remembered Resolved further That our thanks are tendered to the Railroads for their continued courtesies in giving us free transportation to and from this con vention and to the Express Companies in giving us free transportation for the exhibits and to the Press for reporting our proceedings Resolved finally That our special thanks are tendered to President H H Sanford and his colaborers the city and county officials and the pro prietor of Masury Hall for making such complete arrangements for our accommodation and convenience These on motion of H N Starnes were adopted by a rising vote and unanimously QUESTION BOX This was now openedthe first set of Questions signed by J C Pye being as follows Q 1 What is the best preventive of Borer in Peach trees Mr Sanford Eemove the dirt and wrap newspapers around the bole of the tree close to the ground 26566 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Mr Thompson Use ashes in place of newspapers Mr Starnes In Cobb we use a wash made of soft lye soap coal tar and lime applied with a brush to the boles of the trees in March after first removing the dirt The President We remove the earth around the base and kill all grubs put ashes and then hill up aiain in March Q 2 What is the best time and age to bud Mr Sanford As for age oe year old for peaches and plums and two years for apples as Jor time any time from June as long as the sap will run Q 3 Is there any preventive for Yellows The President We must first establish the fact that there is such a disease as yellows in Georgia Dr IIape Yellows undoubtedly exists as a disease or condition It is caused by a failure of certain elements of plant foodnotably potash and muriate of potash applied liberally on the surface removes the condition and cures the disease Mr Sanford For all that I will be upheld when I assert that the grubbinghoe is the best and only remedy Mr Husted Without question yellows exists as a disease We had it in Michigan and I have seen it here attacking even strong trees Specific manuring may tend to prevent but my opinion is that the only cure is destruction The President So the best answer to this question appears to be The Grubbing Hoe Q 4 What three varieties of winter apples are most salable for Middle Georgia 1 Dr IIape Shockley Fates and Webbs Winter Mr Husted Shockley and Yates are the best two I would stop with them Mr B T Moore Shockley Yates and Stephensons Winter Q 5 Does variety of stock effect flavor of graft Prof Newman It is impossible to say with certainty Mr Husted Sometimes it has a marked influence I once grafted Crawfords Early on wild plum and obtained an astringent fruit clearly affected by the stock The President In the case of pears quince stock heightens color and hastens maturity but does not effect quality Pears on Haw stock noticeably deteriorate 266GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Major Williams I dont think the stock has any other effect on the graft than in making it thrifty or otherwise Have never known it to affect flavor Mr Sanpord Partly in this connection I would state that Dueh ess dont do well on pear stock al all Second Series signed by E W Rose Q 1 What are the varieties of Scuppernong The President There is but one variety of Scuppernong but there are several varieties of the Muscadine type Mr Sanford Nevertheless I have two kinds of Scuppernong one large brown and early the other smaller lighter and later The President That statement tends to produce confusion Only one of them should be ranked as Scuppernong The question properly stated should be What are the varieties of the Improved Muscadine Type The answer to this will be found on page 63 of last years catalogue Q 2 Which are freest from decay The President and Mr Sanford together None ever rot Q 4 Will it pay to raise grapes for market Mr Sanford That question can be better answered thirty days hence when the returns are in Q 4 Is there danger of overstocking the market Secretary Kinset Never with good fruit Q 5 How much can be relied on per acre as profit Naturally no answer Q 6 What distances apart should grapes be planted President Berckmans That depends on circumstances staked vines 8 to 10 feet square Mr Sanford 6x8 Mr Bucher 8x10 or even further Mr Starnes 8x8 or if land is no object 10x10 would be better Q 7 What is the cost of production per acre No answer Q 8 How can curculio be kept off Mr Husted I hardly know myself but the best plan is to keep the decayed fruit away from the trees I would also spray The President Any insecticide becomes effective when prop erly applied The breeding grounds must be broken up of course The United States government is looking into this matter through 26768 DEPARTMKNT OF AGRICULTUREGEOKUIA Prof Riley the government entomologist but do absolutely success ful plan has yet been recommended or adopted Mr Husted Plum trees sprayed with London purple have been benefitted and this is considered about the best known remedy for curculio Mr D B Frederick Had we not better otter a reward from our Society to any one discovering a perfect remedy Mr Husted That would be useless Other bodies have time and again offered greater premiums than we could afford and the gov ernment besides now has the matter in hand and will probe it to the bottom This ended the Question Box Dr Carv PUBLICATION OF PROCEEDINGS How about the publication of our Proceedings this year The President I think the arrangements made last year with the Agricultural Department to share half the expense can be again made this year On motion the Publication Committee of last year Drs Cary and Hape and Mr Bticher were reelected Secretary Kinsey then explained that onaccountof the negligence of the printer Mr Rumphs report on Peaches was omitted from last years published proceedings The copy had been sent on and returned as dead copy showing that the matter had been set up but somehow failed to get on the forms The copy after revision had been sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture and nothing more was seen of the pamphlet until printed President Berckmans confirmed this statement and went more into detail in explanation of the accident assuring the Society that every pains would be in future taken to prevent any recurrence of such a mishap Dr Hape I think it about time for the State of Georgia to take hold of the publication of our proceedings We have risen to such prominence that we certainly deserve it and I think we ought at least to give the State the opportunity of doing something tor us Michigan appropriates annually the sum of 1500 for the publication of the proceedings of her State Horticultural Society and Minnesota 1000 I therefore move a committee of five be appointed to memorialize the Legislature on this subject and that in accordance 268GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 69 herewith they prepare and mail a circular to every member of the Legislature as soon as elected Prof Newman Previous to the adoption of the new Constitution of Georgia the State Agricultural Society received annually 2500 which was declared unconstitutional afterwards and withdrawn The only way by which this thing can be worked is to get an increased appropriation from the Agricultural Department The President I am aware of the constitutional provision pre venting a direct appropriation of this character but there may be hidden pathsbyways and alleysby which we can attain our goal and Dr Hape seems well posted and familiar with them so I think that we might effect some good by appointing this committee to study the subject if nothing more and report at our next meeting This suggestion was made a motion and carriedthe President reserving his appointment MISCELLANEOUS Dr Hape We would do well to discuss more freely packages for shipment We could spend our time to great advantage in this dis cussion and much good would accrue from it Nevertheless there were no suggestions made The President announced that the Committee on Synonyms had nothing to report The Garber Pear action on which was yesterday postponed was at this juncture again brought forward and Mr Thompson called on for his opinion Mr Thompson The Garberis a prolific bearer a vigorous healthy grower and so like the Keiffer than only an expert could distinguish between them Its quality is not remarkable Would like one star for the coast Ordered Prof Newman invited all members of the Society to attend the approaching Convention of the Alabama Agricultural and Horticul tural Society at Huntsville assuring them a warm welcome and a trip worth taking into the great mineral region of the State President Berckmans after thanking the Society for their patience and courtesy during the sitting of the Convention announced the adjournment of the Thirteenth Annual Session P J BERCKMANS T L Kinsey Secretary President 26970 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA CATALOGUE OF FRUITS PLAN OF CATALOGUE To enable the Society to publish a full and reliable catalogue of fruits which are successfully cultivated in Georgia and in view of the vast differ ences which the climatic influence of the several sections of our State hag upon the same fruit cultivated upon the mountains or near the seacoast it has been deemed advisable to divide the State into three distinct sections 1 The Upper or Mountain Region embracing that section of Georgia between the 34th and 35th degrees of latitude N 2 The Middle Region between 32nd and 34th degrees and including the southwestern portion of the 32nd degree 3 The Loiver or Coast Region comprising the counties of Chatham Bryan Liberty Mclntosh Glynn and Camden The explanations of the columns will be found under each class of fruits The varieties named in the several lists are of recognized good quality inferior or rejected varieties being omitted Synonyms are given in a few instances only where it was deemed neces sary these are placed under the adopted name in italics One indicates that the varieties succeed well in the region named at the head of the column Two indicate the varieties most highlv recommended No indicates no report or that the variety is not suffi ciently tested A Dash indicates that the variety is unsuited APPLES Explanation of Columns Column 1stName of varieties Column 2ndSeason of maturity Column 3rdThe particular use for which it is best adapted Columns 4 5 and 6The regions for which the varieties are recom mended Column 7thRemarks Explanation of Aubkviatioxs Column 2ndasowsS summer A autumn W winter E early L late E S early summer L W late winter etc Column 3rd UseK designates varieties recommended only for the kitchen or cooking purposes D for drying C for those specially intended for cider M those most valued for market Varieties not marked nun be considered as table or dessert sorte 270GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY APPLES 71 NAME Ladv Syns Astrachan Red BenDavisiftnNev York Pippin Buncombe Syns Meigs Red Winter Pearmain Red Pall Pippin Black Warrior Carters Blue Syn Fitzpatrick Carolina Greening Green Crank Southern Greening Green Cheese Cannon Pearmain Carolina Watson Cullasaga Chattahoochee Disharoon Early Harvest Elgin Pippin Equinetelee Syns Bache lor Buckingham etc EtowahSn Coopers Red Pall Pippin Family Farrars Summer Syn Robinsons Superb Ferdinand Grimes Golden Pippin Gravonstein Homony Syns Summer Queen of KentuckySops of Wine Haleys Eureka Horse Hocketts Sweet Horn Julian Jewetts Best Kansas Queen Kittageskee Kentucky Red Streak Syn Bradfords Best Leever Lanier May Pippin Mamma i ES LW M A M M W LW s EW w A ES A A Y A M M A EW ES S LW S LW LW S s S L A A LW A ES A y K K REMARKS Profitable early market very prolific Second quality excellent keeper of bloom buds Excellent In some soils liable to blight Excellent tine keeper prolific fine splendid Large sugary very grower Excellent Second quality tine keeper Very large prolific profitable market Requires strong clay soil Excellent and fine keeper Good quality fine grower Universal favorite Large and very good to borer Very good needs strong soil subject Very good fi ne keeper Large and very good pie prolific Excellent and profitable summer ap Very good lasts from July to October Large good quality Very good in mountain region State Good in Middle and Western portion of Excellent prolific Late keeper lific lasts two months Superior for cooking and drying pro Prolific and good keeper Good keeper open grower fruit Productive excellent for cider showy Very large very good stout grower Very showy Very prolific small very good Pine grow er Second quality late keeper Showy fall apple good quality region Very early reliable in middle or westn Very good fine tree 27172 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA APPLES Continued NAME Mangum Mavericks Sweet Mitchells Cider Moultries Syn ndian Winter Mrs Bryan Neverfails Syn Rawles Janet NickajackrasSummer our Berry Wonder etc Nantahalee Syn Yell Stone Oconee Greening Palmer or Pear Apple Romanite Red June Syn Carolina Red June Rhodes range Simmons Red Shockley Santa Summer Cheese Summer Queen Stevensons Winter Striped dune Syn Early Red MargretoftheSoth E S Sweet Bough Syn Sweet Harvest Taunton Tetofski Webbs Winter Whites Winter Pearmain Wallace Howard Wine Sap Yates Yopps Favorite Yellow Transparent REMARKS M M Excellent prolific subject to moth Very good good keeper unreliable ix Promising well late summer Good and late keeper Showv and excellent Excellent in some sections of middle region unreliable apt to drop before atttaining full size soils ery good apt to rot at core in some Excellent Medium pery good prolific gion Good quality excellent in mountain re f Early prolific very good bears very I young profitable for market Excellent summer fruit Matures fruit from dune to October Reliable in every section profitable Verygood late keeper even on coast Large prolific excelt forcookg dryg Prolific and good market apple fing Unsurpassed in quality bearing keep Excellent tine grower and prolific Very good early sweet Large showy good quality fine for Dwarf excellent market open Good grower Good Very showy and excellent Quality very good Small very good prolific and bears Very good young desirable variety Promising well for trial LEADING VARIETIES OP APPLES FoITmTrkkT ORCHARDS JuHanMHootyraCban Jl K HrVeSt StriPed June Horse Autumn Buncombe Carters Blue Equinetelee Taunton Wntkk Ren Davis Chattahoochee Greening Etowah Hocketts Sweet Bdwarrior Ja Ki s Winter Yates S 272GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 73 PEACHES Explanation or Columns 1st Name of variety 2nd Classfreestone or clingstone 3rd Color of flesh 4th Season 5th Use Remaining columns denote the region etc Abbreviations ClassF freestone C clingstone FleshW white Y yellow R red SeasonE early V E very early M medium L late V L very late Very early ripens from end of May to June 20th earlyfrom June 20th to July 5th medium from July 5th to August loth late from August 10th to October 1st very late from October 1st to November 10th UseF for fam ily use only M the most valuable for market 1 tile most desirable for drying Varieties not marked may be considered good for home use a G CD So C N A M E M j REMARKS i U p 7 X r 5 2 c Q 03 t s AexSyn Amsden V w V E M Quality very good bright color very Amelia Syn Stro profitable mans Carolina F w E F Very large very good Austin C w V L Excellent October cling Beatrice F w V E M vr Excellent below medium size tine colorrequires rich soil and thinning Bustians October C w V L M An excellent very late cling Baldwins Late F w V L Good late freestone tChinese Cling C w E M X Excellent and large subject to rot R E Lee C w E M Earlier than its parent Chinese cling Church F w L M Very good September freestone Columbia Syns Indian Pace etc P Y M M I Excellent for all purposes variety Crawfords Early F Y E M Very good and standard market Crawfords Late P Y M Variable rots in some seasons Darby C W V L M An excellent October cling later Lemmings Septbr C V L Similar to Lemon clingripens month Duff Yellow c Y E M iiHis Very large early second quality Early Tillotson F R V E M Very desirable Eaton Golden c Y L D Superior cling for preserving Elberta F Y M M Very large and handsome Fruitland P W L D Good for its season Flewellen c R E Good early cling of Indian type Fleitas St John variety SynMay Beauty p Y V E M Very good early excellent market Foster F Y V E M Earlier than Early Crawford Grosse Mignonne F W M F Good but too tender for market Great Eastern V W M M Very large variable in quality Goodes October c R V L rf Very good late Indian cling General Taylor c R V E M Very good early cling Halos F W V E M Variable apt to rot in some localities Honey Syn Chi able for Florida nese Honej F W E F Very sweet blooms very early suit Heath White Syn White English C W L M r Excellent for preserving and market 27374 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 1 K A CHES Continued N A M E C Indian Blood Cling C LaGrange F Late Admirable P Lemon Cling Syn Pineapple C Louise Rivers F Mountain Rose j F Muscogee F Newington Cling Osceola F Old Mixin Freestoe F Old Mixon Cligstoe C PeenTo C Picquets Late P tRivers F Robinson Stump the World F Susquehanna F SnowY Scotts October C Tinsleys Oct Cling ThurberF Tuskena C R W W Y W w w w Y W w w Y W M L M M V E M M M L M M V E L V E M M M V L A L M Y E M M M Ml F O REMARKS M Very juicy and good Large pure white good Very goodtoo tender for market Superior Cling Very goodripens 1 wk after Beatrice Superior to Early York Whitefleshed Columbia Good Good freestone of Indian type Excellent market variety Excellent market variety Adapted to Florida only Best freestone of its season Of1est quality large size too ten der for market Seedling of Chinese cling Worthy of further trial Superior market variety Very large superior to late Crawfod Pure white gI for preserving Good late cling Good late cling Very large best quality Lemon cling June tScveral improved seedlings of Chinese to decay than the original The following of England are all inferior in quality to th season viz Early Alfred Early Albert E of Wales Cling have been introduced less liable new varieties originated by Mr Rivers e Mountain Rose which ripens at same irly Silver Magdala Dr Eogg Prince LEADING MARKET VARIETIES IX ORDER OF MATURITY Alexander Beatrice Louise Hah Early Tillotson Pleitas St John Tuskena General raylor Mountain Rose Foster Early Crawford Chinese OMk cos Tndi Tb lrEHl1n iV11 OTld rll1i Lemon glW M s SaSiftiffiSiSKfiChurchl White Heath Cling k5 LEADING VARIETIES lOK SHIPPING TO NORTHERN AN WESTERN MARKETS bSSJ5wVSST Crawford6 Kil Crawfords Ute 274GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 75 FOR FAMILY IMC Add to aboveEarly Rivers Hales Yellow St John Amelia Mountain Rose General Taylor Cling Duff Cling General Lee Stonewall Jackson Chinese Cling Thurber Lemon Cling Columbia Old Mixon Cling Picquets Osceola Baldwins Late Heath White Lemmings September Cling Eatons Golden Bustians October Austins Late Tinsleys October UECTEIITES Explanations and abbreviations same as Peaches NAME 53 5 hi o O o 73 02 0 So C 3 o o Sb CD a 0 So c OS O Q REMARKS Boston Downtown Early Newington Early Scarlet Early Violet p F C P P F C F F C C P Y R R R R R Y R R W R Y R W M M E E E M M M M E M M M Reports from every section Golden Cling Hardwicke Hunts Tawny New White Red Roman Stan wick liable owing to attacks of the curculio APRICOTS Explanations and abbreviations same as Peaches Breda Early Golden Hemskirke Large Early Large Red Moorpark Orange Peach Kaisha St Ambrose Royal Turkey Y Y R Y R R Y Y Y Y Y R Y R Y Trees are liable to be killed by spring frost Only desirable tor city gardens or where protected by surrounding buildings 27576 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL UORGIA NAME Large Sweet Acid Dwarf REMARKS The climate of mountain region is too cold to grow this plant Suitable for pot culture InTXTTS Pecan Madeira or English Walnut Cobnuts mid Filbert Japan Chestnuts Very prolific and desirable Succeeds well in Middle Georgia Pr omising well 276georgia state horticultural society 77 eers Explanation ov Columns1st name of variety 2nd season 3rd use 4th stock upon which the variety succeeds beat remainder the region in which the varieties arc recommended AbbreviationsSeason and Use Same as those for Apples StockQ quince S peat stock Where not marked the varieties thrive equally upon quince or pear NAME n Bartlett Belle Lucrative Buerre Bosc Buerre Clairgeau Buerre dAnjou Buerre Die Buerre Easter Buerre Giffard Buerre Langelier Buerre Superfine Buffum Clapps Favorite Doyenne dEte Doyenne Boussock Duehesse dAngleme Flemish Beauty Garher Bowel Keiffer Lawrence LouiseBonnede Jery LeConte Syn Chise Pear Onondaga Osbands Summer Ott Petite Marguerite St Michael Archgel Seekel Stevens Gcnessee Smiths Hybrid Winter Nellis M M M M S A S s s s ES S VE S s S M W REMARKS Good everywhere hut subject to blight Good for family use Variable as to soil Apt to lose its foliage Yer good Good A late keeper Very early poor grower Very line in mountain region Excellent hut rots at the core standard only Very good and tine color matures rapidly Good very early but small Slow bearer Most profitable of all on quince Good but liable to rot at core Oriental type good Very good Productive and valuable as a late pear Large and tine fine grower best on stand Variable as to quality ard table and market Valued in South Georgia very good for Vigorous grower good quality Small but excellent and productive Seedlin of Doyenne dEte and better Fine grower good fruit Slow bearer fruit best quality Promising well Best keeper Oriental type BEST VARIETIES FOR MARKET IN ORDER OF MATURIUY Ox QuinceBuerre Giffard St Michael Archangel Buerre Superfine Howell Duehesse dAngouleme Seekel Buerre dAnjou On StandardDoyenne dEte Clapps Favorite Bartlett Belle Lucrative LeConte Flemish Beauty Buerre Clairgeau Lawrence Keiffer Buerre Easter and Winter Nellis Oriental TypeDamio Mikado Garbers Mme Von Seibold Very pro ductive and valuable for canning and evaporating 27778 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ExPLIONOIfCoiN8lSt name of variety 2nd color 3d class whether r4tl th eSt Abbreviations red T yellow B blue G green P urnle As for peaches Otaw 0 clingstone K freestone NAME C Bradshaw Goes Golden Drop Columbia Cumberland Daiisn Sin Blue Damson Duanes Purple DeCaradetjc Green Gage Harpers I mperial Gage Eelseys Japan Lombard Mogul Syn Morocco Monroe Marianna Newnans Ogon Orleans SynSmiths Robinson Red Gage Washington Wild Goose Yellow Gage li P YR G R G P P I G i i REMARKS Promising well The curculio prevents this fruit from be ing raised to any extent Where spe cm eare is taken to destroy the insects the varieties marked are recommend ed The new varieties of the Chicka saw type are comparatively free from curculio and very prolific bearers arieties in small capitals belong to I nickasaw type Promising Promising well Pr omising well 278GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 79 ZHTTIVE GEAPES Explanation of Columns1st name 2nd variety 3rd season 4th use Remaining columns for regions etc A rmtKvi ations Color V white B blue or black R red PB pale blue Season E early maturing from beginning to end of July M medium maturing from end of July to Augustl5th L late maturing after middle of August VL very late maturing after middle of September UseM market T table W wine NAME Type Labrusca or Fox Orape Brighton Catawba Concord Delaware Diana Empire State Hartford ves Maxatawney Moores Niagara Perkins Prentiss Worden TypeFstivalis Turn mer Orape Black July SnDev ereux Bertrand Lenoir R R B P R P E W B B W B W II w B T Y M W T W T M Long JnCungham Nortons Va Warren yn Herbe mont Type Cordifolia Frost Orape Clinton Type Riparia River side Orape Elvira Missouri Riesling Noah lype Rotundifolia Muscadine Flowers Seuppernong Tenderpulp Thomas Eden P B B P B M M W M T M M M T M T W W w M W w M T W w M W B V L W W L W B L W T P B E T W B L T W w w w w 3 REMARKS Very good quality good bearer i ble to rot than formerly re gaining its old standard Among our best varieties Best talil varty reliable slowgrwr Good quality good bearer shipper Promising Good early variety for market Prolific and no rot Good variety shy hearer An early shipper Promises well Good hearer no rot second quality Suitable for amateur culture Larger than Concord Excellent shy bearer while young Promising Rots in middle region Excellent for wine Good but not productive Good for wine Apt to rot Excellent quality Oood for red wine Reliable in the upper middle region Promising well Better than Elvira for white wine The latest of the type Most certain bearer good wine Pulps dissolving grape An excellent early variety Promising well 27980 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA NATIVE GRAPES Continued N A M E Hybrid Varieties Berckmana Duchess Goethe Syn Rogers No 1 Lady Washington Lindley yn Rogers No 9 Meriinack Sun Rog ers No 19 Salem Triumph Wilder Stti Rogers No 4 rving Peter Wylie O II w gw w M E L M S t3 a H M T M B R W B W W M M M M M M M M T T T T REMARKS Vigorous better than Delaware First quality but liable to rot Good late Strong Good One of the best of Rogers Hybrids Good White showy Good and gaining in favor Promising well Best quality promising well third origin fourth Explanation ov Columns First name second use fifth season Remaining columns for regions etc Abbreviations SezP pistillate all others are hermaphrodite Oriciin E foreign A Amenean Us F family M market SeonV eaTi N A M E Belmont Charles Downing Crescent Galceron Hoffman Monarch of the West Manchester Nunans Sharpless Triomphe de Gaud Wilsons Albany 11 A P A M A E L V E I M K A I O REMARKS 280 Promising well Good variable as to oils Pistillated must he cultivated in al ternate rows with other varieties Promising well Promising well Promising well Worthless in twiddle region valua ble fin immediate coast Sjze large and quality good Very line where it does not burn Best every report favorableGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY ESPBERKIES 81 NAME 0 c bl o bC 3 o bSd as u 3 13 CO 0 Q s 3 REMARKS Class 1Cap Va rieties Gregg Mammoth Cluster Sehaffers 8pughegan Class IIAmeri can Red Varieties Cuthbcrt or Queen of the Market Turner Class 111Hybrid of Foreign and American Red aniline Golden Queen Florence Best of the black caps One of the best for midseason Late productive good shipper Very early Best and most reliable Good Good yellow productive Promising well Promising well Kittatinny Wilsons Early Early Harvest BLACKBEEEIES Downings Hicks Stubbs nvECTIEjIBrEIRIES Good flavor acid moderate bearer Inferior fruit very prolific recommended for Large very good poultry and hogs XjiivEoasriDS Princess Sultana Hardshell Blossoms are liable to be killed by spring frosts Reports are unfavorable from the middle and mountain regions 28182 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA FIGS Explanation of Columns1st name 2nd size 3rd color 4th season remaining columns for regions etc AbbreviationsSizeS small L large M medium ColorW white or yellow G green B hrown or reddish P purple or blue V violet Season E early M middle season E and L early and late r C QJ 0 NAME 3 c Fl REMARKS 0 v 03 x O m w c Angelique Syn Earlv Lemon S w K Small good early Brunswick Syns MadonnaConsple L p EL iB Very large and desirahle Black Genoa Al p M c Black Ischia M p M Good S V E B Small prolific and desirable Brown Turkey M B EL c Best of all for middle region Brown Smyrna M B M Very good and prolific Green Ischia Syns White Ischia Green Italian M G ML Very good Lemon M V M r Good Violet Round AI W M Nerii S W L Good M W M Rather dry but prolific CHEEEIES Explanations and abbreviations same as Figs except color R red A amlx D R dark red or nearly blaek Y yellow Y R yellow red c C NAME Sic Sc REMARKS Sh o c X X c Belle de Choisv Al D R Al Belle Magnifique M R Al Blk HeartWerders L D R E Black Tartarian L D R Al tfl Very earlv Black Eagle L D R 3 Carnation Al R M Cherries are uncertain in middle region Coes Transparent S A V Al except in a few localities where good Early s Richmond AL R Al 0 crops are sometimes produced the Mor May Duke 1 R K ello class being most desirable Trees English Morello Al K Al should all be grown on Mahaleb stock 282GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 83 CHERRIESContinued NAME G G o O d bC biD hr 3 K 0 aj d D tn u s r 0 O Y 0 n3 z REMARKS Napoleon Rockport Roine Hortense Governor Wood Baumans May Yellow Spanish L R M 9 L A R E L R M L R M L R E L Y M j QUI1TCES NAM K d rf d o o 0 S 60 60 I ft n a T3 j T3 3 O REMARKS Angers Chinese Orange or Apple Portugal Raes Mammoth Pine quality preserving Succeeds best in Southwest Georgia good for Most generally cultivated Large and line Quinces need strong clay soil They are unproductive in gray land Diospyros Kaki It is almost impossible to give an accurate nomenclature owing to the confusion which exists in the collections imported from Japan These col lections seldom contain more than twelve varieties yet when the trees bear fruit the same name is often found to apply to several distinct varie ties or one variety has several names The best and most distinct varieties have been included in this list and with such synonyms added thereto as have been ascertained after several years trial and while no claim is laid to strict accuracy the aim has been to reach this as nearly as possible All the varieties are hardy in the middle and coast regions and occasion ally in the mountain region 283 84 DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEOKG I A The fruit is usually of a bright orange red or vermillion the color being more or less intense according to variety and begins to color when half grown but should be allowed to hang upon the tree until just before frost is expected or in the case of early ripening varieties when fully soft If gathered before a frost there is a slight astringency next to the skin but this disappears after being kept in the house for a few days or weeks If allowed to be slightly touched by frost the flavor is much improved but it will then not keep many days It is therefore desirable to gather the fruit before frost if intended for keeping and then some varieties will keep Until January or February The flesh is soft rich and sweet and with a slight apricot flavor The fruit should be eaten with a spoon Some varieties are apt to overbear and should have the fruit thinned so soon as set in April Trees are propagated mainly by grafting upon the collar of the roots and upon the native species Seedlings vary in size shape and quality but as the largest proportion are male plants and those which are fruitful are apt to produce small and worthless fruit very little reliability can therefore be placed upon seedlings so far as yielding edible fruit AmongRound flattened deeply ribbed dark orange red 3 inches by 2 average weight 7 ounces although specimens weighing 16 ounces have been produced very sweet and is edible while still solid maturity from end of September to November nearly always seedless CostataOblong and with blunt apex diameter 21 by 3J inches long average weight 5 ounces light orange yellow keeps very late and is not in eating condition until November or December trees upright and rapid grower HachiyaSynonyms Yomato Imperial etcUsually oblong and acute apex 2J by 3 inches long perfectly globular specimens are however quite as numerous as the former keeps very late HyakumeSynonyms Pound DaiDaiMuru Tanenashi Seedless etc Large globular deep orange red average 3 inches in diameter weight 8 to 16 ounces keeps late nearly always seedless KurokumeVery large round somewhat flattened 3 by 3 inches aver age weight 10 ounces keeps late nearly always seedless MazelliSynonym MiyotanRound or slightly oblong slightly ribbed orange red average weight 51 ounces very prolific and of dwarf growth keeps late OKameSynonyms Oblong Hyakume Mikado etcLarge 2J by 3J inches oblong deep red nearly always seedless keeps late good grower ZingiThe smallest of the list nearly globular average 2 inches pulp quite dark very sweet and rich very productive matures during Octo ber growth dwarf KoTsuruOblong and with a very sharp apex 2 inches by 3 long very prolific keeps late 284REPORT OF THE Commissioner of Agriculture OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA EMBRACING THE YEARS 1887 AND 1888 J T HENDERSON COMMISSIONER ATLANTA GEORGIA W J Campbell State Printeb Constitution Job Office 1888 Circular No 1121 New Series j REPORT To His Excellency John B Gordon Governor Dear SirI have the honor tosubmit the following report of the operations of the Department of Agriculture for the two years ending September 30 1888 OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES The following changes have been made in organization of the Department since the date of the last report I had the honor to make two years ago On the twentythird day of November 1886 Mr L W Livingston tendered his resignation as Inspector of Fertilizers on account of declining health which was accepted to take effect at the close of that month In his stead Col Walters B Jones of the county of Troup was appointed and he entered on his duties December 1 1886 On March 17 1887 Inspector John H Pate while travelling in the discharge of his duty was instantly killed in the terrible rail way accident near Blackshear on the Savannah Florida and Western Railway Major Pate was a faithful and efficient officer and his loss is greatly regretted by all who knew him On the 26th of March 1887 I appointed Mr R O Pate to fill the unexpired term of his lamented father On October 1st 1887 Mr A F Woolley of Bartow county was appointed Inspector vice Dr James S Lawton resigned on November 1st 1887 Mr Randolph Ridgely of Burke county was appointed Inspector in place of Gen M A gtovall resigned on January 1st 1888 Mr Marcus D Irwin of the county of Rock dale was appointed Inspector vice O T Rogers resigned CAPTAIN AUGUSTUS R MCCUTCHEN On the twentieth day of November 1887 this Department suf fered an irreparable loss in the death of this mpst estimable gen tleman and learned scientist For a little more than four years he had uuder my appointment served the State and the country atlarge as Geologist and Mineralogist of this Department and a Editing Clerk It can be truly said of Captain McCutchen that no man was more highly valued for his varied and accurate scientific attain ments nor more esteemed for his many high qualities as shown in all relations of life He was doubtless better iuformed in regard to the geology and mineralogy of Georgia than any living man and his devotion to his lifelong profession and his ardent attach ment to his native State together with his habits of close observa tion and patient painstaking industry especially fitted him for the duties of the office he so worthily filled On the first day of January 1888 Dr N A Pratt a former chemist of this Department and well known as an agricultural and analytical chemist of long experience and high character as well as a practical mineralogist and mining expert having consented to devote a small portion of his time to the work was appointed Min eralogist of the Department at a nominal salary Finding it desirable to have the services of a gentleman who is familiar with the science of Entomology and prepared to give advice and information in regard to insects beneficial or injurious to vegetation on the 20th of June J888 I appointed Dr L B Clifton of Macon Georgia Entomologist of the Department as I was authorized to do under the organic law Dr Clifton serves without pay being actuated by his love of the science and his devo tion to the agricultural interests of the State and of the South The organization of the Department and of the Inspectors of Fertilizers is at present as follows J T HendersonCommissioner R J ReddingAssistant Commissioner W 8 DeWolfCommissioners Clerk N A PrattMineralogist W B HendersonFertilizer Clerk H C WhiteChemist A F WoolleyInspector at Savannah Randolph RidgelyInspector at Augusta M D IrwinInspector at Toccoa W B JonesInspector at Atlanta J L AndersonInspector at Atlanta S R MurpheyInspector at Atlanta H H CarySuperintendent of Fisheries L B CliftonEntomologistINSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS Prior to the past season it has been the uniform practice to send Inspectors outside of the State for the purpose of inspecting fertili zers intended lor shipment into Georgia for sale The practice was inaugurated by my predecessor in office and was continued by me with important limitations and such precautions as were judged to be necessary I have limited such extraterritorial inspections to the cities of Charleston and Port Royal with one or two excep tions in special cases at Wilmington N C This practice is not forbidden by any provision of the inspection laws of Georgia and was considered exceedingly convenient if not absolutely necessary in view of the impracticability of stopping trams m transitu at Augusta Savannah and latterly at Toccoa for the purpose of inspecting fertilizers loaded therein and the utter Pdty with the limited number of Inspectors at my command of follow ing each car to its destination in the interior of the State Not doubting in the least the legality of inspections made outside of the State I considered them fully as reliable and protective as if made in the State There is no solid practical reason why an inspection made in Port Royal would not be as protective in its results as one made in Savannah It is true however that some purchasers of fertilizers and others looked upon such inspections with suspicion and doubt and for this reason I was extreme y anxious to confine the operations of the Inspectors to State limits A the system however had continued so long without forma objection or an adverse ruling of the courts as to its legaltv it was impracticable to prevail on the manufacturers and the rail oad authorities to submit to the delay and expense that would be involved in the stopping and sidetracking for the purpose of inspection of trains and cars oaded with fertilizers as soon as they arrived within Finally the Supreme Court of this State in a case regularly brought before them for review at the instance of Messrs Hammond Hall Co of Savannah decided that the general laws of Georgia do not authorize Georgia officials to perform their functions outside its limits that the inspection law does not confer such authority nor empower the Commissioner of Agriculture to authorize t by rule or regulation and hence that such inspections were illegal In Mtoiption of such ruling which was justified by an opinion of the Attorney General I had already at the opening of the season made arrangements to conform the system of inspections thereto At a full meeting of the South Carolina manufacturers of fertilizers who alonewere affected by the decision called by me at Charles ton C I submitted to them a plan for inspecting their products which I thought would be free from legal objections and at the same time practical and effective The plan was promptly accepted with the promise of cordial cooperation on the part of the manufacturers It remained only to secure the consent of the railroad authorities to permit the stop page of all fertilizer trains at Augusta Savannah and Toccoa Under the circumstances I met with no difficulty in securing their cordial consent and full cooperation Under the modified system which resulted all trains entering the State at Savannah Augusta and roccoa loaded with lertilizers for sale in Georgia are stopped and necessary sidetracked long enough to permit the Inspector to go through the train take samples and supervise the application ot tags Every fertilizer car is opened and entered by an inspector and none s permitted to pass without inspection and the applica tion of tags unless shipped directly to a farmer who has purchased the fertilizer without the State or unless the car be loaded with chemicals or ingredients for manipulation and subsequent inspec tion and consigned to some factory within the State Under this change in the system the labors of the Inspectors have been considerably increased though confined mainly to the city hunts of the three cities respectively The numbers of inspec tions and samples have been very largely increased as will be read ily seen 1 he plan has not worked without some friction in matters ot detail but has probably commended itself to the approval of the mass ot purchasers and consumers of fertilizers in Georgia The past season there were two Inspectors constantly at Savannah one at Augusta and one at Toccoa while the remaining three were fully and actively employed almost day and night in inspecting fer tilizers entering at several other points into the State neither of which were of sufficient importance to justify the constant presence of an Inspector and in inspecting fertilizers made at upwards of forty domestic factories throughout the State It may well be ques tioned whether the change in the systemthe limiting ot inspections to within State limits and the inspection in cars instead of in bulk at the factoryhas added substantially to the degree of pro tection that had already been attained Under the former plan of inspecting large bulks at the factories the fact that the same goods were liable to a subsequent special inspection within the State in bags and often in the hands of the farmer was a substantial guarantee of good faith and honesty on the part of manufacturers The object of the Fertilizer Inspection Laws of this State is not only to protect farmers and other consumers against fraud and imposi tion but also to give them official and reliable information in regard to the composition of the fertilizers offered for sale and their adapta tion to the varying demands of the soils and crops The importance of the strict enforcement of such just yet liberal requirements as ex perience has shown to be necessary and effective in the accomplish ment of these objects cannot be easily overestimated The use of commercial fertilizers has become so general and their manufacture and consumption have so far exceeded the expectations of the farm ers of the original inspection law of 1874 and of the present Act of 1877 that it is well to inquire whether the system which was then adopted will merit the present demands and conditions The tables which are hereto appended show that the total amount of commercial fertilizers of all kinds inspected during the season of 187475 was 48648 tons During the season of 187778 when the present law went into effect the total amount inspected was 93 178 tons The increase has been very rapid since that time only two seasons188182 and 18856showing an actual decrease in the totals inpected as compared with the seasons immediately pre ceding During the season of 188788 just closed the total amount inspected was 208007 tons or nearly four times as great as the total amount inspected in 187475 the first season after the organization of the Department We may illustrate the magnitude of the pres ent fertilizer business by the cash value of the fertilizers mspected during the past season which amounted to little if any less than five million dollars 5000000 Illustrated by the amount of gross revenue collected from consumers by the imposition of the inspec tion fee of 50 cents per ton we have one hundred and four thous and and three 104003 dollars actually paid into the hands of the Inspectors and a total of of ninetyseven thousand nine hun dred and thirteen 97913 dollars actually paid into the StateTreasury an amount but little less than onethird of the annual rental of the States magnificent railroad property The present fertilizer law passed as we have seen in 1877 and with no material amendment or alteration since its passage provides tor the appointment of only one Chemist and not exceeding six inspectors With the comparatively small volume of business at that time and the much smaller number of distinct brands offered For inspection it was not a difficult matter to execute the law in accordance with the letter and spirit It was practicable not only to personally inspect all the fertilizers offered but also to analyze in the course of the season every sample taken by the Inspectors In 187778 there were only three fertilizer factories in the Stat nearly all of the fertilizers inspected coming from abroad during the past season the number of local or domestic factories had increased to fortythree These will annually increase in number until in a few years there will probably be an average of one fac tory to each of the cotton growing counties of the State The increase in the number of factories and in the number of separate and distinct brands each requiring a distinct inspection and analy sis has far outstripped even the increase in the aggregate amount of fertilizers requiring the greatesi activity on the part of the inspectorsstill limited to the original sixto meet all the demands upon them and most unremitting labor by the chemist until long after the active season has closed to analyze less than one sixth ot the samples taken by the Inspectors Moreover the demands for inspection are frequently very urgent for immediate attention I have thus called your attention to the rapid development of the home manufacture of fertilizers for a double purpose Because first It illustrates the growth of a spirit of selfreliancea depend ence upon our own skill in the development and utilization of our own resourceswhich must be gratifying to every citizen of the State Twelve years ago we did not manufacture more than a tenth o the 100000 tons of commercial fertilizers sold to our farm ers now we make at our home factories more than half of the two hundred thousand tons required to meet the annual demand a large part of which is sold to adjoining States Secondly Because this great present and prospective development calls for a correspond ing development of our system of inspection and analysis I trust that you may see proper to emphasize these general suggestions inyour communication to the General Assembly to the end that such legislation may be had as may be judged necessary after careful examination and consideration of the whole subject In addition to the foregoing suggestions I beg to renew the recommendations made in my biennial report for the years 18834 and repeated in my report to Gov H D McDaniel for the years 18856 on the subject of the standard analysis requred by the present law In my judgment based on the reasons set forth in the reports refened to greater latitude should be allowed to manu facturers of fertilizers in formulating their goods to meet the vary ing requirements of soils and crops This can easily be done with out necessarily permitting the sale of lower grade goods The requirement of the present law is that all amraoniated superphos phates of lime shall contain not less than eight per centum of avail able phosphoric acid and two per centum of ammonia and that all acid phosphates or dissolved bones shall contain not less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid No allowance is made for potash which is often a very important and necessary ingredient of a fertilizer There is no reason why such a fixed relation should be established between the percentages of the several elements of a fertilizer I have more than once referred to the great disproportion between the actual cost of inspecting a ton of fertilizers and the inspection fee of fifty cents imposed by the present law In order to arrive at the approximate average cost of inspecting fertilizers I will take the figures representing the volume of inspection for the past eleven seasons or the period during which thepresent law has been of force The total inspection in 11 yearsIlll The total fees collected in 11 years bam The expenses of inspection may be stated as follows 33150 Salaries of Chemist 11 years 73 029 Salaries of Inspectors 11 years Cost of Tags llyears 6632 Incidentals 11 years Total actual cost 11 years1476310 Now divide 14763800 which is the total actual cost of inspec tion for the eleven years by 1558171 the total number of tons inspected and we have nine and onehalf cents nearly as the cost of inspecting one ton The expenses above given are those which are actually taken either directly from the fees collected or paid out of the Treasury as salaries to the chemist and Inspectors It is proper however to consider that a large part of the time of myself and employes and the cost of printing and distributing the circulars containing the analyses of the fertilizers are properly chargeable to inspection account n any jst estimate of the real cost of inspection and analysis Adding 5000 per annum or 55000 for the eleven years for this account we find that the total cost of inspecting a ton of fertilizers for the period under consideration was a Httle more than thirteen cents Taking the last season by itself and estimating the cost of inspection on the same basis of allowance the average cost of inspection analysis publication etc was 11 4 cents per ton It is generally conceded that the farmer pays the inspection fees and it is pretty generally conceded that he ought to pay them though the equity of the last proposition may well be questioned Admitting however its propriety wherein is the equity of the requirement that he shall pay greatly more than the outside estimate of the actual cost of inspection During the eleven years just considered there have actually been paid into the ireasury on account of inspection fees the large sum of 736 863 all drawn from the pockets of the toiling farmers of Georgia It occurs to me that these facts and figures should be presented to your Excellency and through you to the General Assembly of the State and to the people at large I have no hesitation in saving that the inspection fee should either be greatly reduced or the excess of fees over the cost of inspection should be devoted to the development of the interests of that class of our citizens who are thus unequally taxed I have before recommended such reduction or the alternative suggested and now most heartily renew the same11 For ease and convenience of reference I beg to incorporate the following tabulated information in relation to the details of the inspection and analysis as taken from the records of my office TOTAL NUMBER OF TONS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS INSPECTED DURING THE SEASONS OF 188687 AND 188788 FRACTIONS OMITTED Inspectors and Stations Season of 188687 Tons O T Rogers Savannah O T Rogers Savannah resigned Dec 31 1887 M A Stovall Augusta M A Stovall Augusta resigned Oct 31 1887 R Ridgely Augusta appointed Nov 11888 1 H Pate Brunswick J H Pate Brunswick killed March 16 1888 R O Pate Brunswick appointed March 261888 J W Murphey Columbus L W Livingston Rome resigned Nov 30 1886 J S Lawton Atlanta W B Jones Atlanta M D Irwin Atlanta appointed Jan 1 1888 A F Woolley Toccoa 50350 37971 Season of 188788 Tons 294 19922 10475 3050 34421 9889 900 61510 27131 3027 42125 25100 28502 14418 166078 20800712 DUMBER OK INSPECTIONS MAD DURING EACH OP THE SEASONS OP 188687 AND 188788 AND THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OP EACH INSPECTION Season of 188687 Season of 188788 Inspectors No of Inspection Average amtof each Tons No of Inspection Average amtof each Tons O T Rogers M A Stovall 295 170 359 171 215 95 83 i 63 160 558 494 681 99 110 85 39 J W Murphey J H Pate 68 177 154 112 L W Livingston 12 145 254 68 A F Woolley 227 328 349 110 44 81 1232 134 2825 74 COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS laSffourhenseasonbsf f tonB insPected tor each of the There were inspected during the season of 18745 48 648 tons There were inspected during the season of 18756 55316 tons There were inspected during the season of 18767 75824 tons There were inspected during the season of 18778 93i78 tons There were inspected during the season of 18789 85 049 tons There were inspected during the season of 187980 119583 tons There were inspected during the season of 18801 152404 tons There were inspected during the season of 18812 125 427 tons There were inspected during the season of 18823 125 377 tons There were inspected during the season of 18834 151 Ufl tons There were inspected during the season of 18845 170153 tons 1 here were inspected during the season of 18856 160705 tons I here were inspected during the season of 18867 166 078 tons There were inspected during the season of 18878 mfim tons AveragetperlsreaZteen yearS1737598 tons Average per season 124114 tons13 COMPARATIVE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR ELEVEN W SEASONS Expenses Deduct d from Fees Re ceived SEASONS 18778 18789 187980 18801 18812 18823 18834 18845 18856 18867 18878 Total 31 93478 85049 1195831 1524641 125426 125377 151850 170154 160705 166078 208007 46739 42524 59791 75986 62713 62688 75915j 85072 80352 83039 104004 salaries of Cheui ist and In spectors drawn from the Treasury 436 65 434 50 459 41 600 14 778 10 881 60 315151116 35 42541836 52 I558r7lj7781823l342827l6154327 45131 40472 57210 72260 59397 60627 71534 1184 75560 78307 97913 3000 660 30001 6204 2900 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 325i oh 2 O S5 4871 5200 6146 68 6 6400 7000 7200 7200 9393 738J595U3JlJ0jnM30632J 35531 31268 49438 64060 50251 50811 62134 70184 65361 68107 85270 13 Months REPORTS OF THE STATE CHEMIST ti Final Renorts of Prof H C White giving a general statement ofe amounSeharacter of the analytical work done for the two years are consolidated as follows FERTILIZER ANALYSES 18g78 300 377 Regular samples 177 Special samples 18 30 Special samples for farmers 15 g Duplicates 35 Revisions 545 Total fertilizer analysis These were divided as follows 370 Complete fertilisers Guanos 1Q Acid phosphates with ammonia 54 Acid phosphate with potash 80 Acid phosphate simple 31 Chemicals etc MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES Artesian and mineral waters 3 Minerals ores etc 2 Other materials 413 276 4 46 69 18 11 T14 DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS Two years of continued experience in the distribution of seeds and observation of the benefits of the same have served to confirm my conviction before expressed of the great value and importance of this feature of Department work Aside from the occasional discovery or introduction of a valuable species of agricultural plant before unknown the improvement in quality and the increased yield of our ordinary crops must depend largely upon maintaining a high standard of purity vitality and productiveness of our seeds I he appreciation of the necessity for the best seeds of the best varieties of agricultural plants that is manifested by so large a pro portion of the farmers of the State is one of the most favorable indications of improvement and progress In my last report of two years ago inoticed the purchase and distribution of one hundred bushels of Spanish peanuts a new variety of a very familiar plant The first reports of results of its ac 0n T T t0 beHeVe th3t WUld Ve a Y valuable acqusfon I have contnued the distribution annually since the Spring of 1886 and have now to report that my strongest hopes have been confirmed The extreme earliness and great poductive Zd t t rt T PeT are the Pemarkabe qHties that com mend t to the farmer Two crops may be grown on the same land n one season f desired the second crop being planted of seed just harvested from the same ground J As a fattening crop for hogs the ordinary peanut has long held a high place on account o the ease and cheapness of production and adaptation to the end The new variety promises to aidvery greatly assuring a home supply of pork The new variety also makes an excellent and very nutritious forage probably equal in the latter quality to clover hay PnaDly equal n My only regret in connection with the work of distributing seeds the want of more funds for their purchase and distribution on a more extensive scale I am under renewed obligations to Senator Joseph E Brown for his kindness in furnishing this Department with seeds from h Gove nment Department for distribution to Georgia farmers rhe following shows the kind and quantities of seeds that have been purchased and distributed in the last two years15 LIST OF SEEDS DISTRIBUTED SPRING OF 1887 Package Quantity of each kind 2 500 20 bushels Kaffir Corn 9g0 4 Cuban Corn 2 200 10 Missouri Dent Corn 25 Dearings Small Seed Cotton 75 JonesImproved Cotton 25 HawkinsImproved Cotton 514 56 Spanish Peanuts jg00 75 pounds Melon Seed 2680 20 Tobacco Seed96q 30 Turnip Seed SPRING OF 1888 2 560 20 bushels Bis Tennessee Corn o jq7n 125 Jones Improved Herlong Cotton Seed350 25 Spanish Peanuts 64 5 Kaffir Corno a72 12 American Wonder Pea3072 12 Valentine Beans 3072 47 pounds Winningstadt Cabbage320 5 Buncombe Cabbage 09 47 White Skin Onions207 47 True Georgia Collards 47 Cucumbers n72 47 Livingston Perfection TomatoJjiVlf 47 S G Curled MustardQ 94 Eclipse Beets00 94 Flat Dutch Turnips3OOQ 94 OkraVoOO 94 Large Cheese Pumpkins200 100 JonesJumbo Melon 94 Netted Nutmeg Melonm 15 Tobacco 425f 266 7Top Turnips160 50 bushels Buckwheat 74914 Total in two years INSPECTION OF OILS The remarkabe decrease in the last few years in the number of accidents attributable to the use of low grade illuminating oils must be credited largely to the legislation of 1881 which resulted in the establishment of the present system of Oil Inspection and the elevation of the standard from 110 degrees fire test to 120 degrees It is comparatively rare to hear or read of an accident of this sort simply because the standard has been raised and the inspection law is more rigidly enforced than ever before The Act of 1881 provides that The said Inspectors oilj shall be appointed by the Commissioner of Agriculture one for each16 county in the State in which in his judgment the quantity of such oils sold renders the presence of an Inspector necessary Provided that in those counties in which Inspectors of Fertilizers are aopoint ed they shall be exofficio Inspectors of Oils and no other Inspec tors of Oils shall be appointed in said counties Under the Fer tilizer Inspection Law the Commissioner is authorized to appoint not exceeding six Inspectors of Fertilizers These six Inspectors of Fertilzers had been uniformly located one at each of the principal cities in the StateAtlanta Savannah Augusta Macon Bruns wick and Columbus Under the Oil Inspection law thev became at once exofficio Inspectors of Oils in the counties including these cities The course of the oil trade has concentrated the business of selling oils in these larger cities The result has been that the In spectors of Fertilizers in the capacity of exofficio Inspectors of Oils have inspected by far the greater part of the oils sold in the State and received a corresponding share of the inspection fees Havng no authority to reduce the fees for inspecting oils or power to change the course of trade my only resource was to practically separate the two offices by discontinuing the appointment of Inspec tors of Fertilizers in the counties including the cities just named ihe effect of this change has been practically to divert the business of inspecting oils and the fees arising therefrom from the Inspect ors of Fertilizers in the larger cities already named to the origi nally appointed Oil Inspectors17 The following statement shows the number of gallons of oil inspected by each of the Inspectors of Oils in the State the amount of fees received by each and the totals for the State lor each of the years ending respectively September 30 1887 and September 30 1888 REPORT OF OILS INSPECTED During the Years ending September 30 1887 and Sep tember 30 If INSPECTION DISTRICT Atlanta Savannah Augusta Macon Columbus Rome Athens Dalton Brunswick Milledgeville Thomasville Albany Americus Gainesville Totals SEASON 1886 87 Gallons 670311 650845 220250 288850 236992 66211 84377 35800 68934 2673 300 857 105 1123 2327628 Fees 3725 60 3413 71 1229 50 1633 50 1263 69 658 46 824 69 221 75 689 34 23 50 3 00 8 50 1 00 11 00 i13707 24 SEASON 1887 88 S Gallons 930365 552605 287500 381100 212858 54628 89610 14400 65965 9965 6000 3000 300 2608296 Fees 4857 03 3076 58 1495 00 1951 00 1113 76 545 77 895 59 98 00 659 65 98 00 60 00 30 00 3 00 14883 38 The following shows the total number of gallons of oil inspected and fees received for each year since the present law went into operation The law went into effect on January 1 1882 Nine months ending Sept 301882 Year ending Sept 30 1883 30 1884 30 1885 30 1886 30 1887 30 1888 Total Gallons Oil Inspected 1039560 1695962 1762113 1767020 2103317 2327678 2608296 Total for 6 years and 9 months13303896 Total Fees Received 6549 22 10719 02 11649 77 10576 27 12596 35 13707 24 14883 38 80691 2518 PUBLICATIONS The usual monthly Crop Reports and Fertilizer bulletins have been issued in about the same numbers as during the two years em braced in my last report and it is not necessary to make a detailed report of the number and character of each How to reach a much greater number of the reading farmers of the State with the publi cations of the Department has long been an interesting problem The means at my command having due regard to the demands of other features of Department work have not been sufficient to jus tify the printing of more than eight to ten thousand copies of the Monthly Crop Reports Moreover these reports have not been issued excepting for the months from April to October inclusive adding a Supplemental Report at the close of the year The Fertilizer Bulletins have been limited to from three to four issues during the active season of inspection of about ten thousand copies each My desire has been to devise some plan by which I could issue a monthly miblieation of fifty to one hundred thousand copies so as to supply at least a majority of the reading farmers of Geor gia with a copy each To this end I have secured the cooperation of eightytwo of the weekly newspapers of the State in a plan by which the Department will supply each of said papers monthly with a printed twopage Supplement in sufficient number tointerfold a copy to each county subscriber By this means the Depaitment will be relieved of the large expense of postage heretofore incurred in sending the Reports in pamphlet form through the mails as well as the labor of addressing the wrappers The newspapers named with one or two exceptions cheerfully agree to pay the small charges on the packages of Supplements sent to them by express No postage is required to be paid by newspaper publishers on cop ies of their issues including Supplements sent to subscribers within the county of publication So the only expense entailed on the newspapers entering into this plan is the express charges on the Supplements and the simple labor of interfolding the latter with the regular issue of their papers I have put the plan in operation only tentatively having printed and distributed about eighty thous and copies of the October Crop Report in the manner indicated The usual edition as heretofore issued in pamphlet form as I have already stated has been from eight to ten tnousand copies and has19 never iu any instance been greater than sixteen thousand copies The plan so far has worked satisfactorily and the newspaper pub lishersmany of themhave warmly endorsed and approved the scheme My object has been not so much to reduce the amount heretofore expended for printing as to make it go much farther by reaching a much larger number of farmers It will doubtless become more and more popular with the weekly papers of the State especially if the Supplements shall be supplied for each month in the year The possibilities of the scheme as a means of diffusing useful agricultural knowledge and official information pertaining to fertilizers etc among the masses are very great and I ardently trust that the printing fund of the Department will be increased by an additional appropriation if the benefits of the new feature shall require such increase FISHERIES The report of Dr H H Gary superintendent of fisheries covers the whole subject and is here respectfully submitted as a part of my report I beg to call your attention to the suggestions of the superintendent in regard to the establishment of a shad hatchery and the importance of an appropriation by the General Assembly for that purpose I heartily concur in tne views of Dr Cary as prescribed in his report There is no longer any doubt of the practicability of annually stocking our river with artificially hatched shad fry Indeed it is only by such means that we can expect to increase and perpetuate the supply of this universally popular fish and thus reduce their cost to within the reach of the masses of the people We need only to supply the rivers of the State with a tew mil lions of young shad fry every year and provide by law for fishways over or around artificial obstructions to the passage of milters and spawners to the headwaters of the rivers to insure an abundant supply of shad I beg also to call your attention to the suggestions contained in Dr Garys report in regard to the importance of developing the oyster fisheries of the State There appears no sufficient reason why Georgia and other southern States should not make an effort to develop this natural food resource20 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FISHERIES State of Georgia Department of Agriculture Office of Superintendent of Fisheries LaGrange Ga October 20 1888 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture I herewith submit my 5th Biennial Report covering the time since my last report dated October 16th 1886 The same regret is now as then ex pressed that the very limited appropriation at the disposal of the depart ment has limited and embarrassed this important work Still it is believed that the best possible use of these limited means lias steadily advanced the work of the Fish Commission and that fish culture now is no longer regarded as an experiment but a safe means of cheapen ing and increasing the food supply The work of the last few years has demonstrated these facts ShadThe success attending the artificial propagation of shad during the last decade has been simply remarkable Ten years ago no sbad were found in any river in this State except those emptying into the Atlantic ocean but by the artificial methods resorted to they are now found in all the rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico as well as those emptying into the Atlantic It has been mentioned in former reports that shad were not found in rivers emptying into the Gulf until artificially planted During the month of August 1887 Col M McDonald visited Georgia with a view of establishing a central hatching establishment for the purpose of hatch ing shad eggs Col McDonald now United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries was then chief of the distribution of the United States Fish Commission After a careful survey of the country Atlanta was selected as the site for the hatchery for the purpose of distribution to the differ ent points in the Southern States as the fact was well established that the eggs for certain distances could be more successfully transported than the young fry On the 5th day of May 1888 Mr J F Ellis of the United States Fish Commission arrived at Atlanta in charge of one of the cars of the Com mission bringing a large quantity of shad eggs for hatching He also had several thousand shad fry just hatched The process of hatching the eggs was at once commenced using the socalled Artesian water It was soon found that the vitality of the eggs was being destroyed Artesian water was then used as a change of water on the young fry previously hatched and they were all killed proving that this water when fresh from the well will not answer the purpose It is believed that the sulphuretted hydrogen gas contained in the water was the destructive agent While this was go ing on Mr C F Page also of the United States Fish Commission passed through Atlanta on his way to Washington Learning what was transpir ing he secured a jar of the Artesian water and carried it to Washington where young shad were introduced into it without apparent evil conse quences Col McDonald then directed Mr Page to return to Atlanta with his car with another lot of eggs and repeat the trial bringing the jar of21 Artesian water with the young fish in it they arriving in good condition Mr Page at once commenced the process of hatching using the Artesian water but his practiced eye soon saw the process was not proceeding fa vorably and anticipating the same result as in the other trial he changed from Artesian to river water As a result one million shad eggs were hatched and safely planted in the Chattahoochee River At the time that the hatching of these eggs was completed an alarm ot fire was sounded and the fire pressure was put on the water The hatching jars could not stand this increased pressure and were promptly disconnected When a recon nection was made in a few minutes Mr Page at once declared that an in creased quantity of alum was being used The result was that the balance of the eggs were destroyed Quite a quantity of the fry was still in some jars in the car and upon placing several hundred of them in fresh drawn Artesian water they were killed in a short time The obvious inference from the above is 1 that the Artesian water of Atlanta when fresh from the well will destroy shad eggs but if time be allowed for the sul phuretted hydrogen gas to escape the water would answer the purpose of hatching and 2 that the minimum quantity of alum used in the filtering of the city water would also be harmless It may be here remarked that of all fish eggs shad eggs are the most easily devitalized by unfavorable conditions The great importance of these experiments is my excuse for giving them so much in detail During the last two years by the aid of the United States Fish Commis sion we have been able to plant many millions of shad fry in the rivers of Georgia and there is now no difficulty in getting abundance of milters and spawners for the purpose of artificial propagation And as the artificial propagation of shad is no longer an experiment the Legislature is res pectfully asked to make an appropriation sufficient to establish a hatchery on a large scale at some point in the State We should annually plant twenty million of shad fry in the waters of Georgia and at an expense of onefourth of one cent to each inhabitant this can be done and it needs no argument to show that it would be the best possible investment to cheapen the food supply to the people of Georgia German CarpAn increased interest has been felt in the cultivation of this fish since my last report A large number of ponds had been established in the State previous to November 1887 During that month a large shipment was sent to Georgia to be planted in the open waters of the State under the direction of the Governor and the State Fish Commission His Excellency the Governor kindly delegated the selection of the waters to be stocked and the details of the work to the Fish Commission of the State Mr J F Ellis of the United States Fish Commission was the manager in charge of the fish car sent to Atlanta for the work It was decided to run three lines across the State striking as many rivers as possible in these places One line was run from Augusta to Chattanooga a second from Savannah to Columbus and a third from Savannah to Chattahoochee and a branch from the first line from Atlanta to West Point so that the Savannah and Chattahoochee Eivers both under the jurisdiction of the State of Georgia as well as every river in the State22 might receive its quota From fifteen to eighteen thousand of these young carp were thus planted In making these plants it became necessary for me to visit a large part of the State and it was found that carp were already in most of the streams Many of the badly constructed dams had given way and the carp had escaped out of the 5000 ponds scattered all over the State It was found that carp were being caught with hook and line of all sizes from a fryling up to sixteen pounds and the universal testimony seemed to be that these wild carp were of excellent table qualities One gentleman in this county reported to me that in a hole baited for suckers in one of our adjacent streams he had caught with hook and line during the winter one hundred pounds of carp It is believed that they are adapted for the open waters of the State and their great fecundity and rapid growth will certainly make them very desirable Numerous applications are on file in my office for young carp for stocking fish ponds and as complete drainage is indispensable for the successful culture of this fish in ponds I will take this occasion to again call attention to a drainage apparatus devised by myself and now used in my ponds as well as in many others in this and other States The great importance of the subject induces me to introduce the cut and description as heretofore published The wood cut represents this simple apparatus that is recommended a is a wooden box running crosswise through the dam from the lowest point m tiie kettle so that it will insure the complete emptving of the pond made of heart pine plank being twelve inches wide and two thick securely nailed together The upright part 6 is of the same material and size and joins it at right angles and of sufficient length to extend some distance above the water line This is made secure to the horizontal portion and it will be a great advantage to give the whole a dressing of coal tar The side of the upright next to the end is left open and narrow23 strips are nailed to the uprights on the inside to constitute grooves for the gate pieces c e c c d is a strainer of wire secured in a frame of the same Le as the gate pieces c When it is desired to empty the pond remove the highest gate piece c and substitute the strainer d When the water line is lowered to the next gate piece remove it and substitute the strainer for it as in the first instance and so on until the water is drawn down nearly to the collector then the mud can be removed from the collector the fish dispersing while this is being done The water can then be drawn oft until the fish are drawn into the collector or kettle when they can be readily removed with the dip net when the last gate piece can be taken out and the kettle completely emptied The only defect is in making the gates tiht If the water supply is abundant this is of no consequence as the leakage would not allow the small fish to pass out and still might constitute a part of the overflow But if the water supply is limited this might lower the pond at a time when you could not afford to lose any water Fortunately this defect can be easily remedied Prepare a plank of the size of the opening of the box a let it be green lumber so that it will not swell to prevent its being withdrawn pass this down along the side of the uright 6 so it will include the opening in a then b can be filled with sawdust for a foot or two and a little dirt if necessary which will entirely stop the leakage a4 It is hoped that the United States Fish Commission will furnish the State with sufficient young fry to supply all applicants Oystbk CuiTUREIn my last report this subject was alluded to and I beg to reproduce a paragraph from it I am not aware that any attention has been paid to the cultivation of oysters in this State but the possibilities of oyster culture along our coast are enormous The numerous estuaries and protected channels would Vield if put under culture immense revenues The State should at once take some action on the matter I suggest that a shell fish commission be established which might be done by enlarging the powers of the present Fish Commission or by the establishment oi a separate Commission bav ins jurisdiction over the matter I desire to particularly emphasize this subject as since the above para graph was written considerable attention has been devoted to oyster cul ture The plan adopted by some of the northern States that have made oyster culture a success is something like the following A survey is made by the authorities of the State plats are staked oft and privileges sold to applicants very much like the lands of the public domain and protection rendered to the purchasers This would yield a large revenue to the State and build up a very profitable industry California SALMONSome years ago as stated in my last report 160 000 small fry were planted in the headwaters of the Savannah River At the time of this planting doubts were entertained of its success as this fish spawns in the fall at which time the waters of the rivers as they enter the gulf or ocean are too warm to invite this fish to enter After careful inquiry I find that none of these fish have returned to the Savan24 nah River Nearly all the Atlantic States have made the same trial and as the reports of the different Commissions show with poor success except in the extreme northern States Fish Ways As has been stated in this report shad have been intro duced into all the rivers of the State and since many of the rivers have obstructions in the way of damsprecluding the possibility of the fish returning to their spawning groundsthe attention of the Legislature is respectfully called to this important subject Fish ways can be constructed over and around dams which will afford very efficient means for the pas sage of fish over these obstructions I beg leave to state that I have been under great obligations to the lamented Spencer F Baird late of the United States Fish Commission also to his efficient successor Col M McDonald and to the railroads of this and some of the adjoining States for their favors to the Fish Commis sion of Georgia and to the press for many courtesies Thanking you for courtesies extended in connection with official duties by yourself and the gentlemen in your office I am very respectfully H H CARY Superintendent List of Fish Commissioners and officers revised and corrected as taken from the Forest and Stream up to October 15th 1888 with the annual appropriations made in each State and the time of establishing the Commissions 8 The United States Col Marshall McDonald Washington D C Capt J W Collins Assistant in charge of Fish Division Pichard Rathborn Assistant in charge of Scientific Inquiry Alabama ol D R Hundley Madison Hon Charles S G Doster Prattville Commissioners first appointed 1881 Arizona J J Gosper Prescott Richard Rule Tombstone fH Taggart Business Manager Yuma ilWoU ommissioner first appointed April 1881 Arkansas It H Rottaken President Little Rock J W alloway Little Hock W B Worthen Little Rock Commissioners first appointed January 25 1870 California Joseph Routier President Sacramento J Dowme Harvey Los Angeles 5000Commissioners first appointed April 25 1870 Dominion ok Canada Prov1 x wTty Ministerf fisheries Ottawa Ont i ROMNCE of a ew Brunswick W H Yenning Inspector of Fisheries St John25 Province op Nova Scotia W H Rogers Inspector Amherst A C Bertram Assistant Inspector North Sydney Province op Prince Edward Island J H Duvar Inspector Alberton Province of Quebec W Wakeham Inspector Lower St Lawrence and Gull Division Gaspe Basin Province of British Columbia Thomas Mowat Inspector New Westminster Province of Manitoba and North West Territories Alexander McQueen Inspector Winnipeg Man S Wilmot Supt of Fishculture New Castle Ont Colorado G F Whitehead Denver 3250Commissioner first appointed February 7 1887 Connecticut Wm M Hudson Hartford Robert G Pike Middletown James A Bill Lyme 5000Commissioners first appointed September 11 1886 Delaware Charles Schubert Odessa Georgia Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Dr H H Cary Superintendent of Fisheries LaGrange Under the laws of the State these constitute the Board of Fish Commissioners By Legislative Act 1876 February 29 Illinois N K Fairbank President Chicago S P Bartlett Secretary Quiucy Maj George Breuning Centralia 2500Commissioners first appointed May 20 1875 Indiana Enos B Reed Indianapolis 1000Commissioner first appointed September 1881 Iowa E D Carlton Spirit Lake 3700Commissioner first appointed March 30 1874 Kansas S Fee Wamego Pottawatomie county 1000Commissioner first appointed March 10 1877 Kentucky Wm Griffith President Louisville P H Darby Princeton John B Walker Madisonville Hon C J Waltor Munfordville Hon John A Steele Midway W C Price Danville Hon J M Chambers Independence Kenton county A H Goble Catlettsburg J H Mallory Bowling Green 2500Commissioners first appointed January 1 186726 Maine Henry O StanleySfield Commissioners of Fish and Game B W Counce Thomaston Commissioner of Sea and Shore Fish eries 5000Commissioners first appointed January 1 1867 Maryland G W Delawder Oakland Dr E W Humphries Salisbnry 10000Commissioners first appointed April 1874 Massachusetts E A Brackett Winchester F W Putnam Cambridge E H Lathrop Springfield 5000Commissioners first appointed May 3 1865 Michigan Dr J C Parker Grand Rapids John H Bissell Detroit Herschel Whitaker Detroit W D Marks Supt Paris George D Massey Secretary Detroit Wm O Butler Jr Detroit 7500Commissioners first appointed April 25 1873 Minnesota Wm Bird Fairmount Niles Carpenter Rushford Robert Ormsby Sweeney President St Paul S S Watkins Supt Willow Brook St Paul Missouri H M Garlichs Chairman St Joseph J L Smith Jefferson City H C Wert St Louis A P Campbell Secretary St Joseph Superintendents Philip Cuflin Jr St Louis Elias Cottrell St Joseph Nebraska Wm L May Fremont R R Livingston Plattsmouth B E Kennedy Omaha M E OBrien Supt South Bend Nevada W M Gary Carson City 1000Commissioner first appointed August 30 1866 New Hampshire George W Riddle Manchester Elliott B Hodge Plymouth John H Kimball Marlborough Superintendent E B Hodge Plymouth 1000Commissioners first appointed August 30 1866 New Jersey J R Elkin Pennsgrove William Wright Newark F M Ward Newton 1000Commissioners first appointed March 29 1870Monroe A 27 New York C G Blackford President New York Gen R U Sherman New Hartford Wm H Bowman Rochester A S Joline Tottenville E G Blackford Shellfish Commissioner Superintendents Fred Mather Cold Spring Harbor Green Mumford James A Marks Bloomingdale 15000Commissioners first appointed April 22 1868 North Carolina Wm J Griffin Chairman Elizabeth City J B Watson Englehard Wm T Caho Bayboro Ohio T Hon C V Osborn President Dayton John Hofer Bellaire A C Williams Secretary Chagrin Falls John H Lair Cincinnati E D Potter Toledo 5000Commissioners first appointed May 3 1873 Oregon F C Reed President Clackamas E P Thompson Portland R C Campbell Ranier Pennsylvania Henry C Ford President 524 Walnut street Philadelphia James V Long 75 Fifth avenue Pittsburg H C Demuth Secretary Lancaster S B Stilwell Scranton A S Dickson Meadville W L Powell Harrisburg Superintendents John P Creveling Allentown William Butler 7500Commissioners first appointed April 16 1866 Rhode Island John H Barden Rockland Wm P Morton Johnson Henry T Root Providence 7500Commissioners first appointed in 1868 South Carolina Hon A P Butler Columbia 01Q0 Supt of Fisheries first appointed December 23 1878 Tennessee W W McDowell Memphis H H Sneed Chattanooga Edward D Hicks Nashville Commissioners first appointed January 10 181 Utah A Milton Musser Salt Lake City Vermont Hon Herbert Brainerd St Albans 1000Commissioners first appointed m 186528 Virginia Dr J T Wilkins Bridgetown 2500Commissioner first appointed April 1874 Washington Territory Albert T Stream North Cove Pacific county Commissioner first appointed November 9 1877 West Virginia C 8 White President Romney F J Baxter Treasurer Sutton James H Miller Secretary Hinton 500Commissioners first appointed January 1 1877 Wisconsin The Governor exofficio Philo Dunning President Madison C L Valentine Secretary and Treasurer Janesville Mark Douglas Melrose A V H Carpenter Milwaukee Calvert Spensley Mineral Point E S Miner Sturgeon Bay James Nevin Superintendent Madison S7000Commissioners first appointed March 20 1874 Wyoming Territory Louis Miller Laramie 750Commissioner first appointed in 1879 Dakota Florida Idaho Louisiana Mississippi and New Mexico haveno nsh commissioners 29 GENERAL VIEW My intimate relations with the farmers of the State and the con dition of our agriculture enable me to say with confidence that there are unmistakable evidences of continued improvement and progress towards independence and a condition of contentment and prosperity It were idle to claim unqualifiedly that the farmers of Georgia are in a prosperous condition It is gratifying to know that there is a steady improvement however that will evidently result in an assured and permanently prosperous condition For one I have never anticipated a rapid revival of agriculture in the South The progress and results of the civil war gave such a shock to our labor system as has rarely been experienced by the productive industries of any age or country Under all the circumstances the progress made in the recupera tion of our farming interests has been wonderful rather than other wise Our farmers are slowly but surely adopting a more rational sys tem of agriculture they have recovered from the dream of sudden recuperation by the production of cotton they are ceasing to plant and are learning to farm The average farmer of today is unquestionably better informed in regard to the principle of the science of agriculture than was the average planter of thirty years ago It is true that the tendency of the best intellect and enterprise of the day is to engage in manufacturing enterprizes railroad develop ment the learned professions Capital follows intellect and seeks investment in the same channels In the last analysis the burdens of taxationState and Nationalfall upon and must be borne by the agriculture of the country In the midst of these and other embarrassments the farmers are struggling manfully and hopefully for success They are not only improving in the methods and details of farm economy but by intelligent cooperation among themselves they are striving to resist unjust exactions and unrea sonable rates of interest and at the same time to take an intelli30 gent part in shaping the legislation of the country so that there may be a more equitable division of the results of industry and a more equal distribution of the burdens of taxation There is no doubt of the fact that the farmers themselves are largely to blame They have not been simply unfortunate they have made mistakes and have followed after a delusion But they are becoming alive to this fact while striving to rid themselves of the burdens imposed by other hands and I confidently predict that the next period of ten years will show a marked improvement in all that pertains to the rural industries of the State The immense strides made in the development of our manufactures mines rail roads etc cannot fail to exert a reflex influence for the develop ment of our agriculture IN CONCLUSION I desire to express my high appreciation of the efforts and labors of the officers and employes of the Department to whose industry and efficiency the people of Georgia are largely indebted for the measure of success that has been attained in the administration of this office In this expression of appreciation and gratitude I include the corps of correspondents and crop reporters throughout the State Finally I wish to thank you Governor for the active interest you have constantly manifested in the work of this Department and for your earnest and sympathizing cooperation in my effort to promote the prosperity and happiness of the farmers of Georgia I have never appealed to you in vain for advice and assistance in the discharge of the onerous and at times perplexing duties of my office All of which is respectfully submitted J T HENDERSON Commissioner of AgricultureA A4oo SI mb v l4r FOR DUE DATE INFORMATION CHECK MY ACCOUNT IN GIL httpsgilugaedu Returned MAY 5 2009 Returned MAY 7 2010iuWi3PillrYl flf 9SiPflGIA URAR1P 3 ElDfl QBTTb MDbat