Publications of the Georgia State Department of Agriculture for the year 1884 [vol. 10 (1884)]

PUBLICATIONS
GEORGIA STATE
POE THE TEIR 1884
VOLUME X
J T HENDERSON Commissioner
Or M A
libb aby
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Jas P Haekison Co Printers and Publishers
1885INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME X
The current volume and the nine preceding as the title imports embrace all
of the publications of the Department of Agriculture of every character issued
during the year
This volume was not printed in its entirety at the end of the year but in ac
cordance with the system adopted at the inauguration of the Department a
specified number of each publication including questions sent to correspondents
the replies to which constitute the basis of the Crop reports are filed in the office
for binding at the end of the year
The method thus adopted explains any apparent want of uniformity in the
style and mechanical execution and in the quality of the paper
For the convenience of indexing each publication is double paged the usual mar
ginal figures denoting the page of the Circular while the figures in brackets
denote the consecutive page of the Annual Volume The general Index refers to
the pages in brackets
The Annual Report has its appropriate Index and an Index to the Common
wealth of Georgia is separately embodied in the General Index
Some of the circulars are improperly paged but with the note of explanation at
the head of the General Index the reader will have no difficulty in finding the
subjects referred toCONTENTS OF VOLUME X
CIRCULARS
Circular No 51Analyses and Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers
admitted to sale to January 20 1
52Analyses and Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers admitted
to sale to February 22 H
53Crop Report for the month of April 29
54Oop Report for the month of May 81
55Analyses and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers and Chemicals ad
mitted to sale 18834 129
56Crop Report for the month of June 151
57Crop Report for the month of July 193
58 Crop Report for the month of August 162
59Rules and Regulations and Special Instructions to Inspectors for the
Inspection of Fertilizers 197
60Crop Report for the month of September 205
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture 221
61Suppemental Crop Report 283
Commonwealth of Georgia 277
62Soil Test of Fertilizers 385
SPECIAL CIRCULARS
Circular No 39Blank for Crop Report Returnable May 1 21
40Blank for Crop Report Returnable June 1 77
41Blank for Crop Report Returnable July 1 125
42Blank for Crop Report Returnable August 1 141
43Blank for Crop Report Returnable September 1 159
44 Blank for Crop Report Returnable October 1 191
45Questions for Supplemental Crop Report 177GENERAL INDEX
Note The consecutive pages of the volume will be found in brackets on the
inside margin These are duplicated in some of the circulars and whre this oc
curs the number of the circular if given and the number of the page marked with
the letter a
A
229 230231
Acid phosphate
Acreage of principal crops
in wheat and oatsCircular 61 225
Agriculture Thoughts on fromabroadijoo
Agricultural Experiments
indfviszzz36o362
ilK pr0daCtS 61 111
Albumen 2gl
Ammoniated Fertilizers
Ammonium Citrate
Analysis of Fertilizers3 13 129 2
Animal Substance
Animals and plants active principles common to
food substances required for 1
378
Area and population table of
Assistant Commissioner
Atlanta Inspector for T
Augusta Dam at
Inspector for
B
Bacon cash and time price for Circular 5M26a
Baird Hon S F254 256
Beef poor and fat compared
Boyce Ker 9
Bots in Horses prevention of
Brands of Fertilizers number of
Badworms
Brobson E SoilTest experiment ofa
Brook Trout
Brown Hon J ESt
Brunswick Inspector for
Bryan Mrs J W SoilTest experiment ofd88vnr
Cain Geo L SoilTe3t experiment of 392
Carbohydrates not exhausting the soil7ZZZ Zl89
arp45104 Circular 58 171a 226 253
Cary H H
Caseine
224
61
89
61
115
224
150
213
331
341
287
301
224
13 129
223
Caution a word of
Cellulose
Nutritive character of
Chemist State
Reports of
Chickens experience witb
Chronology of the Colonies
of Georgia
Climate of Georgia
Codes and Digests of Georgia
Columbus Inspector for
Commercial Fertilizers analyses of 3
receipts and expenditures relating to inspection of232
tons purchased compared to 1883 255
Commercial values of Chemicals and Fertilizers 3 12 130
Commissioner
Assistant
Commissioners Clerk
Commonwealth of Georgia
Complete Fertilizer
for wheat
for Irish potatoes 9q
Confederate States o20
Corn and Bacon cash and time prices forZZZZZZZriufisaa
price of May 1st 35
County and Towns comparative population of 390
County Names origin and significance ofZZ 329
Courts supreme and superior 299
Constitutions of Georgia consecutive 315
cttonzzzzzzzzzz362
CottonSeed and Cotton Seed Meal 9
Crop yield of principal 1884ZZZZZircular 61 233224
Crop Reports
for April 0
for May85
for June VfiB
orJulyZZZZZZZZZZZu4
for August
for September 206
Supplemental 283
224
224
224
279
264
218
Comfrey nutritive character of
155
D
DeWolf W S
223 224
Department of Agriculture United StatesZ 243IX
301
Digests of Georgia Laws
DistillerleB 241I245
35
Distribution of Seeds
Draining Carp Ponds
254
E
254
Edible Qualities of Carp224
Editing Clerk 29
Education
Egg composition of compared to grain
Elements of Animal Production
Ensilage a new method of storing
Euchocna Luxurians
Executive Department
Experiment Station
Experiments agricultural
SoilTest
suggested
Everett R W SoilTest experiments of
F
2
Farmers suggestions to
Pees Inspection
Fertilizer Clerk
Fertilizers Analyses of
Brands below standard
Comparative trade in
Formula for Composting
Statistics of
Values of
62
61
48
242
300
237 246249
411423
388410
Circular 61 227a
3 13
3 13
Fibrine
130
14
134
8
10
130
61
249
224
249
257
Fisheries
Superintendent of
Report of the
Circular 57 148a
FishSeaseof hearing in 049
Fisheries
30
Fishways
Food relative proportion to weight of animals
for fattening beeves
Forests
Franklin Benj
Freeman S A Soil Test experiment of
Fruit
118
288
315
392
34 89
Fruit Trees injury to by a new
insectCircular 58 176c
G
224
Geologist 287
GeologyZZZs
General Assembly 257
General View
279
Georgia General character of 284 372
Area ofOeorgia Boundary of 283
Chronology of332341
Climate OQ
Sol
Minerals of 00
Zot
Natural Divisions of 288
Outline view of 283
Population of 290
Topography of 284
Georgia System of Inspection 924
Grain composition of compared to egg g2
H
HandBookof Georgia 24
HarborsZZZZZZiZZ280
Hardin W P
Hawkins SamI
Henderson J T 224
Henderson W B
History of Georgia salient points inZ 314
sketch of 311
Hogs feed excusively on Irish potatoes 114
results of perfect and abundant food with 14
Hog Cholera remedies forCircular57l58am 212
Horses prevention of bots in n
Howard Miss E L o
39
Experiments of on
Howard T C
HowellW H ZZZZZZ223
I
InsectsHow to destroy
Inspection and Analyses of Fertilizers 224 237
mode of fi
Inspection Laws of Georgia w
Inspection of Oils
Inspectors of Fertilizers 9
Special instructions to oqo
Institutions of the State
Instruction for Experimental Plats 214
isandszrzzzzzz286
K
Kerosene as an Insecticide g5
L
Labor Supply 34
Land price of via
Lansford M D SoilTest experiment ofZZZZZ 393
Law in relation to Formula for Composting 8
Laws of Georgia the L
Lawton J SZZZ24XI
Lecture of Ville on Profits of Stock Raising 5l
Stock and Stock Raising in
Agricultural Industries 18
Soil Analysis by plants 259
What we gain with Barnyard manure aloneCircular 61 243a
296
Legislative Department
T rPower mim
Little Dr Geo 4
Livingston L Wi
Losses to the Soil from Crops sold
Losses by the War
M
Manual on Poultry
of Sheep husbandry
Manure heavily
Manufactures
Manufacturing Industries
McCutchen A R
McDonald Hatching Jar
Fish way
Meat Comparison of poor aud fat
ATpohnics
Meteorological Observations40 124 159 Circular 57 147a Circular 58 166a 210
281 Circular 61 232 233a
242
208 Circular 61 226a
287
244
245
Circular 61 250a
364
365
223224
252
250
120
368
Millo Maize
as a bread crop
Minerals
required in a soil
Mode of Inspection and Analysis
111
67
N
242
286
288
285
353
402
223 224
404
217
Natural Divisions of the State
Natural Products
Navigation
Negroes relative increase of
Nelson W K SoilTest experiment of
Newman J S
Newton J H soil test experiment of
Nitrogenous Matter action of in soil
Notes from Correspondents 96 160 168 211 234
0
407
J312 313
241
185
286
ZZ3i
223
283
256
Odom S P soilteit experiment of
Oglethorpe
Oils inspection of
Kerosene as an insect destroyer
Okefenokee Swamp
Orchard sites suggestion for selecton of
Organization of the Department
Outline View of Georgia
Overflow of PondsXII
Pate John H
Peat Formula for Composting
Peach Yellows
People the
Characteristics of the
Perdue G H SoilTest experiment of
Phosphoric Acid determination of 93624f
Pine use of and effects of growth on soil 18g
Plants beneficial tosoil
Population
R
Railroads
Effecs of en value of property
Powers as to
Receipts of fees for inspection
Redding R J
Relative increase of whites and blacks
Report of Chemist
Fish Commissioner
224
8
101
290
325
40
290
Prickley Comfrey lfig
Products agricultural
Table form
Productions grossZZZZZZswiW
Qet35g
Publication
Pyrethrum as a poison for insects
185
35G 365
366
298
234
224
342353
150 233 236
Commissioner of Agriculture221276
growing crops 87 153 Cicuar58 164a 207
r Seds tributedCircular 61 234241a
224
Rules and Regulations for Inspection and Analysis
199
Salmon California
Savannah inspector for
Scenery
256
224
286
Seeds distribution of
241953
suggested experiments withCirc
test of new41
Settlement of Georgia
227a
211 212 Circular 61 234241a
Shad
Sheep Husbandry manual of
Smut in Oats suggested prevention of
Soils
312
252
245
100
287
Circular 58 179a
Circular 58 177a
comparison of
elements
losses to from cropasold
plants beneficial to 122
Soil Analysis by Plants 37
259XIII
Soil Test of Fertilizers385423 Circular61 240
South Carolina Fish Commission of253 256
State Chemist reports of150233 236
Statistical Information33
Statistics of Fertilizers22
Stock of All Kinds
Stock and Stock Raising
Stock condition of in April 188434
Stock LawCircular 58 172a
Suggestions to Farmers
Supreme Court
T
Tabulated Reports of Crops38 92146 156 Circular 57 146a Circular 58 165a 228
Tags cost of232
Taxation
Teosinte 165 242 Circular 61 226a
Thomas E L 22
Time blue and red in Georgia32
25a
Trout
U
United States Department of Agriculture243
Fish Commissioner
V
Ville M Geo245 246 259
Lectures of51 111 187 214 58177a Circular 61 243a
W
War losses by322
Washington Method238
Water powerou
Wealth354
Weather Observers 258
Weather Reports 40 47 124 159 Circular 57147a Cir 58 166a 210 Cir 61 23233a
What we Gain with Barnyard Manure aloneCircular 51 243a
Wheat comparative yield
White Prof H C224 233 236
Agricultural Experiments of411423
Witcher C M SoilTest experimentof40J
Wooiclip89 Circular 61 232a
Y
Yield of Piincipal Crop 1884Circular 61 223a 225a 228a
Yellows in the Peach101Circular No 51
New Series

SEASON OF 188384
ANALYSES
COMMERCIAL YALUES
Commercial Fertilizers
CHEMICALS
INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA
TO THE 20TH OF JANUARY 1884
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA
ATLANTA GEORGIA
1884
Jas P Harrison Co Printers Atlanta GSUGGESTIONS TO FARMERS
reprint from circular no 40
Farmers are advised not to buy any fertilizer or chemical for compounding
or composting the same unless it has both the manufacturers guaranteed anal
ysis and the Inspectors tag upon or attached to it and all farmers are re
quested to inform the Commissioner of Agriculture of any case where a fertilizer
is sold or offered for sale without having both the guaranteed analysis and the
Inspectors tag attached
Any farmer who desires to do so can save a fair sample of any inspected
brand of fertilizer which he purchases and have it analyzed at the Department
Laboratory if the following conditions are complied with
1 The sample should be taken before any of the fertilizer is distributeda
small quantity from each package of the same brand or if a large quantity is
purchased from a sufficient number of packages to fairly represent the whole
lot
2 Then very thoroughly mix but not grind or triturate these small quan
tities taken from different packages and from the mixture fill a common
quinine bottle closely cork and seal it with wax
3 Attach a label to the bottle showing the correct name of the brand the
name of the manufacturer the guaranteed analysis as taken from the packages
and the name of the dealer from whom the fertilizer was purchased Also at
tach to the bottle one of the Inspectors tags found applied to the fertilizer
4 Let the above be done in the presence of witnesses and the sample be
placed in the hands of a disinterested party for safe keeping until wanted
Then after the crop is made if the farmer has reason to believe the fertilizer
was not such as it was represented to be let the sample be sent to this Depart
ment either by the hand of some reliable disinterested party or by express
prepaid and it will be analyzed without charge
The above precautions are considered necessary for the protection of the
dealer on the one hand and to give to the whole transaction that character of
fairness without which the analysis when made would be of little value to the
farmer
The Commissioner is not required by law to have samples analyzed for farm
ers and he trusts thai he will not ba expected to depart from the above rules in
any case where compliance with them on the part of the person seeking analy
sis Tiad been practicableCircular No 51
New Series
ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OF COMMER
CIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in
Season of 18884
Georgia to January 20
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Oa January 25th 1884
EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES
The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses and calculated
relative commercial values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected analyzed
and admitted to sale to January 20th 1884
In addition to the chemical determinations and commercial values a column
Las been added which shows the numbers of tons represented by the samples
whose analyses are given This information may sometimes be important to
farmers and other purchasers Analyses of samples from subsequent or future
inspections of a given brand may vary materially from those here given and
it is well to preserve copies of the circulars as issued from time to time and
note any such variations
RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES
After very extended correspondence and careful consideration it has been
thought proper to reduce the valuations of ammonia and phosphoric acid from
those of last season The following prices per pound of the valuable ingre
dients or elements of plantfood found in the fertilizers by analysis have been
adopted as a practical approximation to their true value at Savannah viz
Available Phosphoric Acid10 cents per pound
Ammonia18 cent8 per p0Und
rotasn5 cellts per pound
Last season the valuations were
Available Phosphoric Acid10 cents per pound
Ammonia20 cents per pound
Potash 6 cents per pound
It is ofien desirable to know the relative amounts paid by a farmer lor the
several valuable ingredients in a Ion of fertilizers The following is a simple
rule Multiply the per centage of ammonia as given in the tables by 36 that of
available phosphoric acid by 2 and that of potash by 1 and the respective re
sults will show the value in dollars and cents of each ingredient in a ton
Thus Suppose a fertilizer analyzes as follows
Available Phosphoric Acid 9 27 per cent
Ammonia 2l5 per cent
Pota8h 185 percent
Then
927 multiplied by 2 1854
1M ill
Total 2813
GL M J
LIBEARYTABLES of Analyses Relative Commercial Values and Statistics of Commercial Fertilisers Chemicals etc
inspected analysed and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 188384 to January 20 1884
TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphates of Lime
NAME OF BRAND
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Alkaline Guano
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
o Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
AmmM PhosOrescent Brand for Cotton
A P Wright Co s Solid Gnano
Baldwin Cos Ammd Dis Bone
Baldwin Cos Highly Ammoniated
Vegetable Fertilizer
Bradleys Ammd Dissolved Bone
Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer
Bakers Standard Guano
Chesapeake Guano
Chesapeake Guano
ColeB Georgia Cotton Fertilizer
h Columbia Guano
Cotton States Soluble Phosphate
Crescent Bone F rtilizer
DeLeons English Fertilizer
Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash
Etiwan Guano
Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer
g Farmers Friend Fertilizer
e Georgia Patapsco Ammd Dis Bone
e Ga hem Wrks Complete Grain Fer
Gossyplum PhosphoCotton Corn Fer
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
W B Seal Baltimore Md
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Adams Co Baltimore Md
Geo W Miles ACoMUfordConn
aldwin Co Savannah Ga
12m
1160
1575
1000
1175
1310
1150
1525
1075
1200
1210
1590 110 1041
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Pollard Robinson A Peid Augusta
Weld Hartshorne Savannah
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
W T Cole Griffin Ga
AlbertDeLeon Bro Baltimore
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga
G Ober Sons Co GaltimoieMd
Etiwan Guano Co Charleston S C
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Read Co New Yoik
ia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
M A Stovall Augusta Ja
Geo WScott A Co Atlanta Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
BY WHOM AND WHERE HATT
FACTURED
John Merryman Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
John Merryman A Co Baltimore Md
AdamsCo Baltimore Md
eo W Miles 4 Co MilfordConn
Baldwin Co Newatk N J
Baldwin A Co Newark N J
Bradley Fertilzer Co Boston Mass
Bowker Fertilizer Co N Y
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Chisapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Mass
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Baldwin Co Newark N J
I m ported
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Etiwan Guano Co Chaileston S C
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Head Co New York
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Au usta Ga
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Baldwin A Co Newark N J
O
H
a

s
a
Si
O
n

g
2
o
d
1
5Georgia Pacific Guano
Georgia Planters Favorite
Hardees Cotton Boll Amd Superphos
t Irwln Callan Cos Aromd Fer
J J Ammd Bone Superphosphate
Lowes Georgia Formula
Listers Standard Fertilizer
f hK C Ammoriatcd Dissolved Bone
e Mastodon Guano
g Matchless Cotton Grower
Oglethorpe Ammd Dissolved Bone
Patapsco AmmM Sol Phosphate
Plow Brand Raw tone Superphosphate
Plow Brand Guano
Patapsco Guano
Pendletons Ammd Superphosphate
Kamspeck Greens Ammonlatd Bone
Superphosphate
Eamspeck Greens Ammd Dis Bone
a St Georges Ammoniated Fertilizer
Sol Ammd Superphosphate of Lime
Sterns Ammd Haw Bone Superphos
Stonewall Guano
A Soluble Sea Island Guano
Universal Ammd Dissolved Bone
Wando Fertilizer
1690 186
1520 243
1726 245
1150 150
1275 085
1275 458
1K0O 105
1275 085
1215 440
1525 201
1280 082
1050 352
1050 320
1060 130
1150 410
1050 086
12K5 225
1300 220
1825 252
1400 225
1000 120
1240 400
1200 225
1430 2201
1350 2851
780
716
672
645
835
461
1035
885
4 48
456
735
565
600
621
5 84
652
621
690
506
825
620
525
520
700
705
180 960 225 120
275 990 265
282 904 280 145
335 980 255 155
131 966 213 255
501 962 263 114
08fi 1070 820 215
131 966 213 255
502 950 265 112
44 902 281 115
296 1031 240 296
379 944 26S 275
410 1010286 2 HI
339 960280 140
265 8 39 2 56 065
348 1000 320 200
884 1005 2 12
295 885 225
527 1033 260 130
172 997 2 65 76
465 985 301 i10
299 824 245 185
410 981 2Ml 240
31 1012 5i
229 984 261 160
28 50
27 81
30 33
29 54
29 65
35 07
29 54
29 66
27 51
32 22
31 28
32 46
30 68
26 65
33 52
27 73
25 80
31 32
81 28
33 64
27 15
80 00
29 42
29
70
31
60
50
150
100
112
50
100
50
200
5 o
200
234
100
70
35
15
20
20
5
50
12
lO
Turpin Ogden Macon Ga
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
N A Hardte Son Co Savannah
EdisoPhoe Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Ga hemicai Works Augusta Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
HammondHull Co Savannah
Ga Chemical Worts Augusta Ga
Kead Co New Yoik
Hammmid Hull Co Savannah
Patapsco Guano Co BaitimoreMd
V ait nWhann Co Wilmington
Walton Whann Co Macon Ga
Patapsco Guano Co BaltiruoreMd
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Eamspeck Green Atlanta Ga
Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ga
W B Seal Baltimore Md
G Oher Sons Baltimore Md
Winters Iegg Marieta Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer toBaltimoreMd
Williams Clark Co New York
Wando I hos Co Charleston S C
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Mass
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC
Port Royal Fertilizer Co PtRoyalSC
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull Co Port RoyalSC
Georgia Chemical Wotks Augusta Ga
Read Co New York
Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltirncre Md
WaltonWhann Co Wilmington Del
WaltonWhann CoWilmington Del
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
L Seldner Son Baltimore Md
L Seldner Son Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
G Ober Sons Baltimore Md
Sterns Fertilizer and Chemical Manu
facturing Co New Orleans La
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Wiliams Clark Co New York City
Wando Phos Co Charleston S CTABLE II Acid Phosphates Dissolved Boms Chemicals etc
NAME OP BRAND
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate for cotton
Acid Phosphate
I Acid Phosphate
J Acid Phos Patapsco Guano Cos
Acid Phosphate Standard No 1
Acidulated Rock
I AI Heaths Soluble Bone
m Baldwin Cos Acid Phosphat
n Barrys Acid Phosphate
Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate
I Boyds Acid Phosphate
p Chemical Co of Canton Pure Dis
Bolved S C Bone
I Coles Cotton Acid Phosphate
Cotton Plant Acid Phosphate
m Crown Acid Phosphate
Circle Bone and Potash
Curries Raw Bone Meal
Diamond Soluble Bone
I Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Liine
Dissolved S C Bone
i DeLeons Dissolved Bone
Edisto Acid Phosphate
Edisto Kainit
Etiwan Acid Phosphate
p Etiwan Dissolved Bone
q Excellenza Acid Phosphate
tn Ezells Dissolved Bone
G G K Genuine German Kainit
Genuine German Kainit
Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos
phate with Potash
u Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos
Pwspheric Acid
B

O
s
850
150
1470
1390
1560
960
1620
1175
1350
1325
1500
1175
1535
1175
1385
1350
i266
1390
1600
1325
1470
1260
253
085
035
030
275
308
120
005
120
265
116
095
064
095
205
120
1116
1860
175
030
332
200
035
200
QQ
1085
980
11 21
1465
00
1010
008
752
1184
891
1110
752
1162
752
891
1184
1560 275
1535 064
1350 186
1475 102
1410
1325
164
265
725
1465
1000
986
1121
590
K
451
187
134
169
2 76
305
3 35
623
250
417
211
623
379
621
417
250
00
1162
1000
1206
845
891
610
169
233
227
134
575
15
1167
1255
1634
10 76
1315
1343
1875
1434
138
1321
1375
1541
1375
1308
1434
276
379
275
214
667
417
1076
1641
1275
1419
1412
130S
110
080
iiio
68C
g
Is
3
080
110
1355
1634
1233
1213
1265
11651
280
391
125
20
1095
110
1185
1116
80 72
23 34
25 10
32 68
22 62
26 30
26 86
28 30
28 68
27 26
26 42
2880
30 82
28 80
27 26
28 68
t
t
26 70
32 68
24 66
24 26
25 10
24 50
10 95
22 62
30 8
25 50
28 38
11 85
11 15
152 29 76 50
110 27 26 50
SO
250
100
100
200
40
Do
5
200
60
100
10
200
10
50
100
io
180
50
200
10
20
10
10
100
300
50
10
10
50
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Ga Cheml Woiks Augusta Ga
W B Seal Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano CoSavannah
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Ga Chcm Min Co Atlanta
Edisto Phos Co Charleston 8C
Ga Chem MingCo Atlanta
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Ga Cheml Works Augusta Ga
Weld Hartshorne SavannahGa
Ga Cheml Mining Co Atlanta
Chemical Co of CantonBaltme
Ga Cheml Ming Co Atlanta
Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savanh
NAHardees Sons CoSavanh
ade White Marietta Ga
Walton Whann Co Macon Ga
Savannan Guano Co Savannah
Pacific Guano Co Chaaleston
Chem CooiCanton Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC
Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC
lEtiwan Phos CoCharlestonSC
Iltiwan Phos Co CharlestonSC
Long Dugdae Baltimore Md
IHammond Hull Co Savanh
Winters Legg Marietta Ga
iStono Phos Co Charleston 8 C
lS rvheTOrk6AngletaGa lGa Chemical Works AugustaGa
Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Imported by W B Seal
Imported
Imported
Etiwan Phosphate Co CharlestonSC
Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto 1 hosphate Co Charleston S C
Ga Chem MininaCo Atlanta Ga
Baldwin Co Poll Royal S C
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Weld A Hartshorne Savannah Ga
Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Ga Chcm Mining Co Atlanta Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Poit Royal Fertilizer Co Port Roval
Bradley For Co New WeymouthMass
Geo E Curried Co Cincinnati O
WaltonWhann Co WilmingtonDel
Imported
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Imported
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Impid by Edisto Phos Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga
Imptd by Stonolhos Co Charleston
Imptd by Stono Phos Co Charlestone Georgia PlanersFavolte Acid Phos
m Ga State Grange Acid Phosphate
Geo W Scott Cob Charleston Acid
phosphate
Ground Bone Meal
t Ground Bone Meal
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade cid Phosphate
t firmans Acid Phosphate
Irwin Callan Cos Acid Phosphate
Trwin Gailan Cos Acid Phosphate
t 3 W Harle Co s Dissolved Bone
i J W Harle Cos Soulh Sea Acid
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Pure German Kainit
I
1350
1350
150
1225
15M
910
135d
910
110
a it
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
a Lang Dngdales Acid Phosphate
L 0 Dissolved Fone Phosphate
Lockwot ds Acid Phosphate
Navassa Dissolved Bone Phosphate
m Oglethoipe Dissolved Bone Phos
Oriole Dissolved Bone
u Patapsco Acid Phosphate
Pendletons Phosphate for Composting
Pomona A cid Phosphate
m Port Royal Acid Phosphate
m PortRojal Dissolved Bone Phos
Pure Ground Animal Bone
Pure Ground Bore
0 StonoAcid Phosphate
i Stonewall English Acid
0 Walkers Dissolved Bone
Wando Acid Phosphate
Wando Dissolved Bone
XX Acid Phophate
186
120
180
1185
200
118
065
200
186
200
2 00
200
1000
11 84
1385
1154
882
1000
882
882
882
1350
1850
351
1350
147
1110
1326
1451
350
1475
143S
1410
1391
14 0
1301
1335
146
186
12
200
015
102
265
265
1 28
100
102
105
2086
2121
0 65
i 80
065
300
228
088
1000
1184
585
1146
1215
1045
89
905
1196
1205
1200
956
14 65
96
900
100
1120
275 1275
250 14 34
353
080
236
825
11H
2IK
325
225
1465
1390
1107
12 75
1107
1101
1107
275
2r0
575
1 66
214
33S
417
309
2 19
214
220
2
1011
284
265
391
140
12 7
1434
11611
1812
1419
13
13IS
1214
14li
1419
1421
1240
16 34
1240
11
1395
12 60
295
2S5
481
4 IS
200
100
roo
loo
100
11 60
220
1145
1225
1190
12 20
1185
1175
1110
1200
1120
lK
205
035
0
180
25 50 50 Long Dugdae Baltimore Md Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
28 08 2C0 Hammond H Co Savannah Hammond Hall 4 Co Port Royal SC
26 16
t
t
29 30
27 80
23 14
25 5
23 14
23 14
23 14
11 60
12 20
11 45
12 25
11 91
12 20
11 85
11 75
11 10
12 00
11 20
25 50
28 6S
24 50
26 24
28 38
27 56
27 26
6 33
28 SO
23 38
28 10
t
t
25 15
32 68
25 15
25 10
27 90
25 20
Geo W ScottCo AtlantaGa
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
M Dotris Douglasville Ga
John Merryman Co Baltimore
John Merryman Co Baltimore
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
Ediso Phos CoCharleston SC
Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
J W Hare Co Atlanta Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Edisto Phos Co CharlestonSC
Savannah Guano CoSavannah
Wando Phos CoCharleston S C
John Merryman Co Baltiuoie
Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga
Hammond H Co Savannah
Walton W o Maeon Ga
West Bros Savannah Ga
Li pmanBros Savannah Ga
WebsterDavis S Co Atlanta
Long Dugdale Baltimo e Md
Hammond H Co Savannah
Lockwood MctlintockNew Y
Weld v Hartshorne Savannah
Hammond H Co Savannah
Symnaton Co Baltimore Md
Ga him Works Augusta Ga
Pendlet n Guano Co AtlantaGa
P Try M DcLoon lav nnah Ga
Hammond H Co Savannah
Hammond11 Co Savannah
PendlelonGuanoCo Atlanta ia
Winters Lfgg Marietta Ga
Stono Phosphate Co r haileston
Hanoi Johnson Co Americas
Stono Phosphate Co harlcston
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Walton W o Macon Ga
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin Co Newark N J
John Merryman CO Port Royal S C
John Merryman Co Baltimore Md
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Edisto Pnosphate Co Charleston S C
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
Imported
Imported
j Imported
Importtd
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Impied by West Bros Savannah Ga
Imported
Imp rted
long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Hammoi d Hull Co Port Royal SC
Lockwo d McClintock New York
Imported
Hammond Hull Co Sevannah Ga
Symington Co Baltimore Md
Patapsco Acid Pho Co Augusta Ga
Pendleton Guano Co Atl nta Ga
Perty M DeLeon Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull 4 Co Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Stems Pert I hem Mnfg Co N O
StonoPh sphate Co Charleston S C
Im by Harrold JohnsonCo Amencus
tono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Wando Phosphate Co Chaileston SC
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Imported
Kawbone or bone meal contains no rfverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as insoluble
Jrtmctallj it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric aeid from other sources A good finelyground bone meal is worth about 40 00
ttXpuoaiSBkaWs In some instances fertilizers manufacture ry the same formula andaclua ly sacked ftvm the same bulkbeing in every respct identi
cal are sold under different names Such brands are indicafc d in the foregoing tables by leters a ft c etc prefixed to the same those havng the same letter In
the same table being identical or sacked and shipped from the same bulk
6
3
O
d
a
p
s
S
s
5

00
OO8
Department of agricultureGeorgia
8
PATENT FORMULA FOR COMPOSTING
The Act of December 9 1882 prescribes that
It shall not be lawful for any person to sell or offer for sale in this State
any formulas for composting fertilizers patent or otherwise unless the same
has been hrst submitted to the Commissioner of Agriculture and by him ap
proved and a certificate of approval by the Commissioner of Agriculture to be
presented by salesmen whenever offered for sale under penalty for violation
as prescribed in Section 4310 of the Code of 1873 The Act further provides
That the Commissioner of Agriculture after approving any formula shall
not make public the same but when the same is not approved shall make it
public
Under the above quoted Act Mr A 1 McCormic of Miller county Georgia
on December 12 1883 submitted certain formulas for my approval After care
ful examination of the same they were submitted to Prof H C White State
Chemist for his opinion The following is an extract from his reportunder
date of December 14 1883
These formula in my opinion are devoid of originality are entitled to no
money value and moreover are in some respects grossly incorrect scientif
ically
These views coincided with my own opinion and I therefore declined to
issue my certificate of approval and the formula are made public as the law
requires as follows
No 1
12 bushels cotton seed
12 bushels lot manure
12 bushels ashes or rich soil
8 pounds rock potash
1 bushel lime
i bushelsilt
10 pounds of saltpeter
Continue the bulk to any size
No 2
1600 pounds scrapings from under the house
1 sack salt
8 pounds rock potash
15 pounds saltpeter
No3
1600 pounds rich soil
30 bushtls cotton seed
1 barrel of lime
1 sack salt
8 pounds rock potash
20pounis saltpeter
Let stand 6 or 8 weeks before usiag either of the above formulae and cut
A J McCORMIC9 ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1884 9
COTTON SEED AND COTTON SEED MEAL
The Commissioner has had frequent inquiries from farmers and others for
information concerning the relative fertilizing value of cotton seedas usually
employed by farmersand cotton seed meal The desire for such information is
the result of the establishment of cotton seed oil mills in several places and the
consequent demand for cotton seed Farmers wish to know how many pounds
of meal they should receive in exchange for a given number of bushels or tons
of seed These inquiries have always been promptly answered and informa
tion on the subject has several times been published In order however to
present the comparison in a comprehensive and yet distinct form I requested
Prof White to prepare the following tables and they are here presented
1 100 pounds of green cotton seed will yield
Ammonia 350pounds
Phosphoric Acid lOOpounds
Potash 135pounds
2 100 pounds green cotton seed will yield
Lint linters 2 pounds
Oil If gallons 13 POds
Hulls 50 POU
Cotton Seed Meal 35 pounds
3 100 pounds cotton seed hulls will yield
Ammonia025 pou
Phosphoric Acid 025pounds
Potash 085 pounds
4 100 pounds cotton seed meal will yield
Ammonia 800 pounds
Phosphoric Acid 275 pounds
Potash150 pounds
5 100 pounds of ashes of hulls such as are usually obtained from oil mill
furnaces will yield
Phosphoric Acid OOOpounds
Potash2000pounds
6 100 pounds of cotton seed meal is equal in fertilizing value to about 250
pounds 8J bushels of cotton seed
The oil abstracted from the seed has practically no fertilizing value
The phosphoric acid in seed and meal may be regarded as all available
Based on the valuation of elements now adopted in this State for estimating
the relative commercial values of fertilizers one ton 2000 pounds of cotton
seed meal is worth about 4230
On the same basis one ton of seed would be worth about 1585 and one
bushel 30 pounds of seed about 23 cents
With cotton seed meal at 25 per ton seed should be worth fertilizing value
14 cents per bushel10
DEPARTMENT OF AGBICULTUBEGEORGIA
10
Says Prof White in conclusion
I may remark that the figures here given are the average for ordinary
seed and in the main are the results of analyses made in this Laboratory
where for several years past work has been in progress looking to an exhaust
ive study of the chemistry of the cotton plant
In the above presentation of the subject no suggestion is made of the price
per pound or per gallon the farmer should receive for the oil contained in the
seed sold which is expressed and sold by the mill owners That the farmer
should be paid a fair price for the oil which has no fertilizing value as well as
for the other contents of the seed which have such value admits of no ques
tion The law of supply and demand competition among mill owners the
profits of the business etc will all have their effect in regulating the price A
farmer should be certain that he gets the full value fertilizing of his seed in
the meal which he receives in exchange for his seedfree of all expense of
transportationand as much more as a fair competitive market will justifyCircular No J2
New Series
SEASON OF 188384
ANALYSIS
COMMERCIAL VALUES
Commercial Fertilizers
CHEMICALS
INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA
TO THE 22ND OF FEBRUARY 1884
UNDER THB SUPERVISION OP
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA
ATLANTA GEORGIA
1884
Jas P Harrison A Co Printers Atlanta Ga
Circular No 52
New Series
ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OF COMMER
CIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Bale in Georgia to February 22
Beaton of 18884
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga February 22 1884
EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES
The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses and calculated
relative commercial values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected analyzed
and admitted to sale to February 32 1884
In addition to tbe chemical determinations and commercial values a column
las been added which shows the nnmbers of tons represented by the samples
whoso analyses are given This information may sometimes be important to
farmers and other purchasers Analyses of samples from subsequent or future
inspections of a given brand may vary materially from those here given and
it is well to preserve copies of the circulars as issued from time to time and
note any such variations
RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES
After very extended correspondence and careful consideration it has been
thought proper to reduce the valuations of ammonia and phosphoric acid from
those of last seison The following prices per pound of the valuable ingre
dients or elements of plantfood found in the fertilizers by analysis have been
adopted as a practical approximation to their true value at Savannah viz
Available Phosphoric Acid10 cents per pound
Ammonia 18 cents per pound
PotashScents per pound
Last season the valuations were
Available Phosphoric Acid10 cent per pound
Ammonia20 cents per pound
Potash 6ceutsper pound
It is often desirable to know the relative amounts paid by a farmer for the
several valuable ingredients in a ton of fertilizers The following is a simple
rule Multiply the per cenlage of ammonia as given in the tables by 3 6 that of
available phosphoric acid by 2 and that of potash by 1 and the respective re
sults will show the value in dollars and cents of each ingredient in a ton
Thus Suppose a fertilizer analyzes as follows
Available Phosphoric Acid 927 per cent
Ammonia 215percent
Potash 185 percept
Then
927 multiplied by 8 Sl
21 88
1 1 vtriv 185
Total 38iaTABLES of Analyses Relative Commercial Values and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals etc
inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 188384 to January 20 1884
TABLE L Ahmokiatbd Supkkfhosphatm or Luna
k
NAME OF BRAND
Phosphoric Acid
Amsraiated Dissolved Bone 1075
Ammoniated Alkaline Guano 1215
AnHnoniated Bone Superphosphate 1800
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone1365
Ammoniated Dissol ved Bone1825
Auiiaoniatod Dissolved Bone 1085
Ammd PhosCrescent Brand for Cotton 1400
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1125
Ashepoo DisBone with Am and Potash 1160
Atlanta Amuirniated Fertilizer 1325
Ammd Dissolved Bone Fossiliferious n25
Ashley Soluhle nauo 1300
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1400
A P Wright Co s Solid Guano 15 75
Baldwin Cos Ammd Dis Bone1540
Baldwin Cos Highly Ammoniated
Vegetable Fertilizer1075
TO B A H Gnano ISlfi
Bradleys Ammd Dissolved Bone1300
Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer 1550
Bakers Standard Guano 1475
Buffalo Bone liuauo 1075
Bradleys Patent Superphos of Lime 1350
Chesapeake Guano1150
Chesapeake Guano1200
Coles Georgia Cotton Fertilizer 1635
A Columbia Guano 1200
Cotton States Soluble Phosphate 1180
Crescent Bone Fertilizer1575
204
254
200
350
262
06
408
220
340
215
320
160
124
220
104
014
254
180
192
820
065
210
371
30
045
2 25
289
110
805
613
5S6
712
506
725
512
725
793
685
555
800
7 40
786
1036
935
6 IS
930
9
6
810
818
452
38
826
374
294
402
203
527
360
303
303
267
167
310
124
260
148
031
131
294
152
086
202
205
214
536
552
194
1179 2
907 2
2
915
1033
1085
815
10 30
1060
8 52
865
92
10 00
934
1067
106G 3 52
907 2
520 410 930
730 2G5 95
108 085 1065
082
1062
832
10 15
1030
989
936
1020
295
200
210
215
245
255
255
215
860
25
31
185
160
116
180
26o
275
125
165
1251
1151
110
155
210
9
310
185
165
150
2 00
200
105
0S5
085
145
240
33 88
29 64
29 46
27 12
81 8
31 92
27 84
34
29 65
26 32
26 65
30 43
21 10
30 85
34 96
73
tls
cjj
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
500
oo
50
10
10
200
10
00
ro
20
150
50
100
20
325
BT WHOM AND WHERE MAMJ
FACTURED
37 09 90
29 64 50
83 91 104
29 94 4O0
26 20 inn
28 04 100
30 471 384
29 89 800
28 75 100
29 39 i 56
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
W B Seal Baltimore Md
Patapsoo Gnano Co Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Adams Co Baltimore Md
JnoMerryman 4 Co Barren Island
Ashepoo Phosphate CoCharleston
Cheml Co of Canton Baltimore
Pendloton Guano Co Atlanta
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
N W Fertilizer Co Ci icago 111
Geo W Miles Co MUford Conn
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
30 00
28 90
84 95
100
25
112
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Pollard Robinson 4 Reid Augusta
Weld Hartshorne Savannah
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Fur ans Farm Imp Co Atlanta
Langston 4 Crane Atlanta
Chesapeake Gunno Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
W T Cole Griffin Ga
Albert DeLeon Bro Baltimore
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
John Merryman Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
Patapsco Gnano Co Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
John Merryman 4 Co Baltimore Md
Adams Co Baltimore Md
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Ashepoo Phosphate Co CharlestonSC
DeLeon4 Bro Baltimore Md
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
A a Fletcher 4 Co Marietta Ga
eo W Miles 4 Co Milford Conn
Baldwin Co Newajk N J
Baldwin 4 Co Newark N J
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Bowker Fertilizer Co N Y
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Furmans Farm ImpCoEast PointGa
Bradley Fertilizer o Boston Mass
Chi sapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Mass
Albert DeLeon Bro Baltimore
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Baldwin Co Newark N J
O
M

3
a
W
O
s
a

p
n
a
w
O
M
O
W
aCumberlan 1 Bone Superphos of Lime
Crown Guano
Colgate Manure
DeLeons English Fertilizer
Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash
DeLeons Complete Fertilizer
Dngdales Ammoniated Superphos
Diamond Brand Cotton Food
Dissolved Bone Carolina
Dixe Ammd Bone Superphosphate
r Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
k Eiipire Guano
Etiwan Guano
Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer
Equitable Ammd SolubleSnperphos
E Frank Coes Am Bone Superphos
Eutaw Fertilizer
Eddystone Guano
Edisto Baw Bone
Esmeraldo Guano
j Flanriers Empire Ammd Compound
a Farmers Friend Fertilizer
Fairchilds Georgia Test
Farmers Ammoniated Dips Bone
e Georgia Patapsco Ammd Dis Bone
t Ga Tiem Wrks Complete Grain Fer
Gossypium PhosphoCotton Corn Fer
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Georgia Pacific Guano
Georgia Planters Favorite
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Georgia Cotton Compound
Hardees Cotton Boll Amd Superphos
Harle Co s Raw Bone Superphos
IrwinCallan A Cos Ammd Fer
Inmans Imperial Guano
J J Ammd Bone Superphosphate
Lowes Georgia Formula
Listers Standard Fertilizer
f L C Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
L R Guano
L Dis Bone with Am and Potash
e Mastodon Guano
g Matchless Cotton Grower
ivlartins Ammd Dissolved Bone
r Mathis Chemicals
Nassau Guano
Oglethorpe Ammd Dissolved Bone
Owl Brand Guano
Oriole High Grade
1525
1560
1250
1000
1175
1625
900
12 50
1340
1150
1650
1100
1310
1150
925
825
1100
1750
1250
1750
775
1525
800
1050
1075
1200
1210
1590
90
1520
1500
1250
1725
12 50
1150
1271
1275
1275
1600
1275
1350
1150
1215
1525
1235
1550
1520
1230
1250
875
1 00
055
420
105
175
225
380
035
125
056
325
850
160
150
255
385
845
230
250
850
315
238
455
2 25
887
455
11C
110
186
243
365
115
245
275
150
200
0B5
45S
105
086
230
385
4 K
2K
230
3 25
2 00
082
235
366
7101 405
805
618
600
754
604
740
900
815
840
560
600
735
645
590
7 40
662
740
500
015
460
664
685
800
482
450
715
1041
780
715
915
740
672
6 25
645
65C
8
461
1035
835
750
790
448
456
4 95
560
900
735
490
755
335
207
245
316
270
164
311
324
256
254
280
335
366
270
443
156
435
847
345
217
249
215
508
502
375
024
180
275
020
360
282
899
335
274
181
501
035
181
1
1115
1140
820
845
1084
920
1010
1064
1126
1164
815
854
1015
980
966
1010
11 05
895
935
S 02
8 05
871
934
1015
991
952
1090
1065
960
990
935
1100
904
1024
980
930
9
962
10 70
966
265
270
240
240
255
235
280
265
135
240
220
260
265
255
200
280
282
205
255
200
2 45
267
268
245
255
270
304
321
225
55
245
268
2
2 40
855
255
213
263
100
220
165
125
310
040
165
110
100
1
225
165
155
195
00
425
125
275
iias
o
162
115
210
215
120
i4o
155
145
100
155
075
255
114
84 984
27611066
502 95U
320 215
218 255
2101186
446
881
2 55
114
296
392
223
102
876
816
1014
1031
210
265
231
280
220
2 65
240
276
120
112
115
160
80
550
296
1 46
318J50
32 84
34 72
26 69
26 79
83 96
27 26
30 28
32 II
28 42
32 92
26 02
28 69
31 49
30 33
28 27
30 28
33 25
29 58
29 13
27 19
24 92
28 28
28 33
29 92
30 50
29 91
34 84
85 01
28 50
28 98
23 92
33 20
27 81
30 12
30 33
28 53
29 64
29 85
35 07
29 54
27 59
29 72
29 66
27 51
29 iq
26 02
35 32
82 22
29 03
33 51
300
30
20
50
1
50
36
100
50
500
30
200
100
50
10
300
200
100
100
15
125
10
200
60
200
100
100
224
70
31
500
60
60
50
50
100
150
100
112
50
10
ioo
100
50
10
20
50
200
50
Chas Ellis Savannah Ga
Weld 4 Hartshorne Savannah
Chemical Co of Canton
Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga
G Ober fe Sons Co BaltimoreMd
PM DeLeon Savannah Ga
Long Dugdale Baltimore
Savannah Gnano Co Savannah
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
Langston Crane Atlanta
Chemical Co of Canton
BaiBin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
M L Allbritton Georgetown Ga
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
John Stephens Atlanta
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
TateMuller MillichenBaltimore
L Seldner Son Baltimore
Read Co New York
John Merryman 4 Co Baltimore
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Turpln t Ogden Macon Ga
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Baldwin Co Savannah
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
N A Hardee Son Co Savannah
Georgia Chemical V orks Augusta
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
James W Harle Co Atlanta
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Ga Chemical Works Augusia Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
HammondHull Co Savannah
Lorentz 4 Rittler Baltimore
Langston Crane Atlanta
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Read Co New York
Martin Erwin Rome Ga
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Weld Hartshorn Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Davie Whittle Petersburg Va
Symington Bros Co Baltimore
Cumberland Bone Co Baltimore
Bowker Fer Co Elizaliethport N J
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Imported
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
P M DeLeon New York
Long Dugdale Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Michigan Carbon WorksDetroitMicn
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Equitable Fertilizer Co Baltimore
E Frank Coe Barren Island N Y
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Clark Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Kquitable Fertilizer Co Baltimore
L Seldner Son Baltimore
Read Co New York
J D Fairhild Barren Island N Y
HammondHull Co Port RoyalSO
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Baldwin Co Newark N J
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Willi ms Clark Co New York
Port Royal Fertilizer Co PtRoyaLSC
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Hammond Hull Co Port RoyalSC
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Bead Co New York
Martin Erwin R ime Ga
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J
Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga
Davie Whittle Pet rburg Va
Symington Bros Co Baltimore
Orif 819
oil UiwTABLE No IContinued
a
NAME OF BRAND
Our Own Ammoniated Bone
t Old Reliable
Patapsco Ammd Sol Phosphate
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
Plow Brand Guano
Patapseo Guano
Pendletons Ammd Superphosphate
Potent Pacific Guano
Ramspeck Greens Ammoniatd Bone
Superphosphate
Russell Coes Ammd Bone Superphos
Ramspeck 4 Greens Ammd Dis Bone
a St Georges Ammoniated Fertilizer
Sol Ammd Superphosphate of Lime
Sterns Ammd Raw Bone Superphos
Stonewall Guano
4 Soluble Sea Island Guano
Sterns Ammd Raw Bone Superphos
j Seldner Champion Cotton Grower
h Soluble Sea Island Guano
Soluble Pacific Guano
Star Brand Guano
Special Favorite
Sea Fowl Guano
Stokely McMahans Am B Superph
Standard Bone Superphosphate
Soluble Ammd Superphos of Lime
I San Domingo Guano
Trinmph Ammd Dissolved Bone
I Universal Ammd Dissolved Bone
I Victor Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Wnndo Fertilizer
Walkers Geld Dust
Zell8 Ammd Bone Superphosphate
Phosplwrw Add
1240
1050
1050
1050
1050
1150
1050
1675
1265
1750
1300
1825
1400
1000
0 65
225
362
320
130
410
086
210
2 25
051
220
252
225
120
1240 400
1200 225
750 220
775
1100
1000
13 00
1540
1300
750
325
1075
1431
1825
1430
1430
13 BO
1085
125C
315
350
370
2 20
215
225
450
150
22
220
060
220
2 20
285
140
452
j
85H
800
565
60ij
621
5 84
6 52
620
621
H3I
690
56
825
620
525
520
692
460
600
73
6S5
6 52
776
710
790
76
700
615
700
700
705
164
65S
I

M
170
215
379
410
339
265
348
332
384
3 22
29
527
172
465
29
410
486
345
254
275
299
184
254
220
260
128
312
385
312
312
229
218
316
1025
1015
944
10 10
960
8 39
1000
952
243 315
2 45 080
268275
285J200
280140
2 56065
320 200
240 130
1005 212
959 298175
180
176
310
885 225
1033 2 60
997 2 65
985 301
824 245
931 2f0
1178 245
8 05 245
851 260
1010 27
984 2 42
8 36 2 a
1030 250
93o 272
10 50 200
8t 290
012 256
01 265
012 255
012 255
9 31 61
882 275
968 2 06
185
2I0
30
225
146
300
145
100
i 26
176
ias
160
100
1 15
3
32 39
29 92
31 28
32 46
30 68
26 65
33 52
28 98
27 73
30 74
25 80
31 32
31 28
33 64
27 15
30 00
35 38
24 92
28 68
31 55
31 39
27 21
SO 60
28 39
29 45
21 95
29 42
80 45
29 42
29 42
29 68
28 54
27 93
p
CO CO

a
O p J
O w
500
50
500
200
234
100
70
70
35
478
15
20
20
5
BO
12
410
417
200
111
50
100
100
50
50
545
80
50
100
20
100
fO
20
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Patapseo Guano Co BaltimoreMd
WaltonWhann Co Wilmington
Walton Whann Co Macon Ga
Patapseo Guano Co BaltimoreMd
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Webster Davis Co Atlanta
Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ga
J F Wheaton Son Savannah
Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ga
W B Seal Baltimore Md
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Winters A Legg Marietta Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Raisin FertilizerCoBaltimore
Winters Legg Marietta Ga
L Seldnev Son Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Adair Bros Co Atlanta
Allison Addison Richmond
West Bros Savannah
N A Hardees Son Co Savannah
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
Q Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Williams Clark Co New York
N A Hardees Son CoSavannah
Williams Clark Co New York
Williams Clark Co New York
Wando Phos Co Charleston 8 C
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Port RoyalSC
Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md
WaltonWhann Co Wilmington Del
Walton Whann Co Wilmington Del
Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Webster Davis Co Atlanta
L Seldner Son Baltimore Md
Russell Co Linden N J
L Seldner Son Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Sterns Fertilizer and Chemical Manu
facturing Co New Orleans La
Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Stems Fertilizer and Chemical Manu
facturing Co New O leins La
L Seldner Son Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Pacific Guano Co Woods Hole Mass
Allison Addison Richmond Va
Russell Coe New York
Bradley Fer Co N Weymouth Mass
Jno Merryman CoBarren IslandNY
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S O
G Ober Soni Co Baltimore Md
Williams Clark Co New York
Williams Clark Co New York
Williams Clark Co New York
Williams Clark Co New York
Wando Fhos Co Charleston 8 C
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
The Zell Gutno Co Bultmvre MdDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
224
The crop may be regarded as about an average for the State It vanes
greatly however in the sections and even in the same county some cor
respondents reporting the crop much above and others below an average
The yield per acre 106 bushels in comparison with the yield of 112
given as the general average for the State would indicate however that
the crop falls about 5 per cent below an average
The average price per bushel Dec 1st is 63 cents in North Georgia
74 in Middle Georgia 65 in Southwest Georgia 71 in East Georgia and
80 in Southeast Georga The average price for the State ia 71 cents
OATS
The yield in comparison with an average in North Georgia 76 Mid
dle Georgia 62 Southwest Georgia 75 East Georgia 73 Southeast
Georgia 87 aid in the whole State 75
The yield per acre in North Georgia is 16 bushel in Middle Southwest
and Southeast Georgia 11 in East Georgia 12 and in the hole State
1202 bushels
The average price per bushel December 1st in North Georgia 49 cents
in Middle Georgia 58 in Southwest Georgia 59 in East Georgia 66 aud
in Southeast Georgia 72 The average price in the State at this date 71
cents per bushel
About 56 per cent of the crop as shown by the April crop report was
sown in the fall and about half of this was winterkilled In some lo
calities the entire fall sowing was lost and a large part of this area was
reseeded in the spring The area for the entire crop as reported for the
month of April was 98only two points below that of the last year
The yield of the crop of the census year 1879 was 5544161 bushels
and the yield per acre as reported by the correspondents of this depart
ment was 12 5 bushels With this as data for an estimate of produc
tion together with the reported increase of 18 per cent in the acreage
since that date and the average yield of 116 bushels for 1884 the total
yield appears to be about 6385000 bushels
WHEAT
The yield in North Georgia 98 Middle Georgia 84 Southwest
Georgia 80 East Georgia 85 and in the whole State 87
The yield per acre in North Georgia 8 bushel in Midde and South
west Georgia 7 bushels in East Georgia 6 bushels and the average yield
for the State 7 bushels
The avergi price per bushel December 1st was 71 cents
MISCELLAN EOUS CEOPS
Sugar Cane The acreage owing to the scarcity of seed is nearly one
third less than thai A 1883 The total yield compared to an average isIt
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
FARM SUPPLIES
226
The amount of farm supplies purchased in comparison with last year
in North Georgia 101 Middle Georgia 93 Southwest Georgia 88 East
Georgia 89 Southeast Georgia 100 and the average for the State 94
CASH AND TIME PRICES FOR CORN AND BACON
The average cash price for corn in North Georgia 80 cents Middle Geor
gia 86 cents Southwest and East Georgia 88 cents Southwest Georgia 95
and the average for the State 88 cents
The difference between the cash price and the time price payable No
vember 1st in North Georgia is 28 cents in Middle Georgia 25 cents in
Southern Georgia 29 cents in East Georgia 28 cents in Southeast Geor
gia 20 cents and the average for the State 25 cents
The average cash price for bacon for the sections in North Georgia 11
cents Middle Georgia 10J cents Southwest Georgia 11J cents East and
Southeast Georgia 11 cents and the average for the State 11 cents The
time prices in the sections are 14 13 14 14 and 15 cents and the av
erage for the State 14 cents
These prices show an average of about 28 per cent on ccrn and nearly
80 per cent on bacon for less than six months timeequivalent to 56 and
60 per cent per annum
MILLO MAIZE

Nearly all tLe correspondents to whom seeds have been distributed re
port favorably of this cereal The grain is about equal in nutritive char
acter to that of wheat and it is a much more certain crop in this climate
than either wheat or corn as it endures better the excesses of either wet or
dry weather The cultivation lequired is about equal to that of corn and
the yield per acre much greater The grain is relished by stock of all
kinds and when ground into meal makes a very fair article of bread
TEOSINTE
Thie plant is said to be a native of Central America and being accus
tomed to the long growing season of a tropical climate it has failed except
in one known instance to mature seed in our latitude Mr Chas Pratt
of Decatur succeeded in getting matured seed from one plant the present
season the larger number of stocks from seeds with the same treatment
failing to show signs of blooming It is believed that with care and
proper selection from such seeds as mature earliest it may be accli
mated and become a valuable addition to cur list of forage plantsTABLE No LCONSOLIDATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORTS FOR 1884
NORTH GEORGIA
COUNTIES
Banks
Bartow
Catoosa
Chattooga
Cherokee
Cobb
Dade
Dawson
Fannin
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
Gilmer
Gordon
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hall
Haralson
Hart
iackson
umpkin
Madison
Milton
Murray
Pauldiag
Pickens

Yield Compared to
an Average of
Average Yield per
Acre in 1884
180 13
1
Average price
cember 1st
De

V c V
JS s 43
3


0 ex
a r a
0 c V
0 U 0 U n O
9 75 roo 60
9tt 60 8c 40
5 75 35
10 75 95 5
9 6s 90 50
9i 75 go 60
9 S go
9 60 I 00 S
SO 1 00 4
66 t 00 4
62 2 50
9 80 go 65
50 go 5
IO 55 75 4
9 75 QO 5
9lA 6a 82 55
9 80 I 02 62
9 75 05 62
9y 60 1 00 5
65 80 35
9 S 85 5
9H fc 100 So
A verage Yield per
Acre for a peri
od of 10 Years
MISCELLANEOUS
2
XI V
o
d
C Q
3 e
2o
B o

a
O
2
5
115 IOO
75 9

ji i
IOO 90
lOO1 IOO
100 75

B
IOO IOO
IOO IOO
135 IOO
971 IOO
no 98
100 102
v

8
IOO
5
OX
130
no 90
100 IOO
IOO
H5 90
IOO 98
no 120
5 no
5 IOO
120 IOO
IOO
o
g o
o
1
12
I2W
128
X
io
15
1
7
14
13
14
5
15
M
M
M
M
t4M

95 1
701
5
801
70 I
89 I
80
Co
75
80
7s
92
80
I 00
80
75
80
1 22
116
1 25
i 00
1 00
I 10
Oct 20
Oct o
Oct 15
Oct 3
Oct 24
Oct 23
Oct 22
Oct 24
Oct 22
Oct 16
Nov 5
Nov 1
Oct 4
Oct 26
Nov 6
Oct 15
Oct 28
Nov 1
Oct 20 Cli
o
M

H
S
w
55
H
O

o
o
G
f
H
c
o
w
o
oTABLE No IContinued
SOUTHTTEST GEORGIA
Yield compared to Arcraae vfcM per Xrwane rrrict Df i a rage Yiec per MISCELLANEOUS
on average of aren884 cember let od of 10 years V rt O 0 V X si 11 to 60 100 70 30 S 0 Is s Sis 0 SI t S 0 0 200 70 50 101 81 30 20 125 V 3 w a 0 u a c a E u 97 102 95 150 102 400 90 80 100 luj 95 100 98 85 75 110 110 105 120 s 0 u O x o 2 g 3 D Z 9 83 9 2 0 103 120 85 90 100 102 107 100 100 82 80 ro 112 12 0 J a 0 3 8 3 of U a u 0 32 75 0 75 58 40 75 4 85 2 45 20 85 22 60 50 30 1 a S 8 a a V 0 xi JE 12 SB 100 9i 75 110 1011 95 102 120 100 98 100 50 120 100 85 v rt c 0 rt a i 3 O 0 0 100 91 100 125 80 70 111 0 95 75 9 0 10 85 80 125 1C0 100 70 y is IS si 7P 108 90 75 l2 10 9u 10 95 90 105 70 102 90 120 75 106 85 S 0 u tn O V 3 n g fa V i a a 10 1112 100 lO 81 HO 105 100 95 91 115 90 10 100 125 100 105 125 90 lfO u y is fi a 8 3 C 3 O a s a V y t ft X an rt c 0 8 a a U J O a O Z c 05 U V Ex v 0 2 3 v a u Q xu SI x 2 O M P u a rt u O
COUNTIES a o o u a c 0 0 0 X 60 110 5 0 90 68 60 101 60 85 K m 70 65 75 fO 80 75 60 75 67 66 60 50 80 5 7 a c 0 U 110 200 141 150 100 ion 125 15 75 1C5 112 125 175 100 150 160 180 150 110 166 16 J3 V X V 3 X 1 c u 0 U 9 9 8 12 7 8 12 s 10 7 9 6 12 9 10 7 11 11 8 5 9 V X Ul S 1 6 7 5 4 11 IV 7 5 2 2 x 1 x 1 O 9 11 9 15 7 12 JO 15 9 9 8 10 10 10 7 15 12 9 1 X V 0 B 0 0 0 yk 6 x 9 8K G 9 9 8 0 9M 9 v X en 3 v 8 C u O u f 92 8 5 7 80 75 80 60 75 60 75 1 02 61 75 65 62 6 60 75 60 76 X lI 3 X u a a rt G X j 90 125 l25 125 13 100 110 100 100 3 A d X h V a O 68 75 44 fO 52 50 50 76 65 65 75 62 60 00 0 0 0 60 66 a 3 X c 0 0 CJ 116 158 17n 150 151 121 16 20C 9f 15 11 151 200 116 133 151 175 200 150 150 X tfi 3 X e c 0 u 8 9 9 ll 7 10 13 10 10 8 9 7 11 8 8 6 9 10 8 0 X 3 X rt X s 3 6 7 7 6 m V X Ji 3 X O 10 17 12 12 10 21 12 22 11 10 11 s u a 2 2 0 1
Baker Chattahoochee Clay 3 103 78 85 65 75 75 75 92 95 00 1 90 90 95 fO 95 8 1011 75 97 12 80 125 75 9 96 125 100 100 50 90 85 75 OH 12 11 11 10 12 UH 11 10 11 12 1 Ill 14H 16 12 15 13 15 14 19 14 14 15 15 14 78 1 00 72 7ii 80 80 1 00 1 10 98 88 90 85 1 0 95 90 1 00 83 65 85 00 1 15 I 24 81 25 1 0 1 26 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 15 I 22 1 30 I 12 1 20 1 25 Nov 8 Nov 24 Noz 21 Nv 8 Nov 1
Colquitt Nov 25 Oct 18
Dougherty 75 74 90 70 120 70 7S 100 72 95 6i 75 75 100 87 115 70 10 105 90 85 110 10 9 85 nr 70 65 100 80 85 60 90 Nov 12 Nov 15

76 7 10 8 7 70 70 30 12 12 7 15 20 11 12 102 Nov 8
10 VM
100 50 bo 33 110 75 20 SO 60 35 110 10 3 9 11 12 16 12 12 12 14 Nov 8

1 30 1 15 1 00 1 10 1 16 Nov 6 Nov 8 Nov 22

Taylor

w

H
S
w
z

c
2
c
r

a

012
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
1232
Summary of meteorological observations taken by Georgia voluntary State
observers for November 1884
NORTH GEOKGIA
COUNTY OBSERVERS NAME Temperature lrrilall
STATIONS 07 03 6 TO a 1 d s a 1
RabunGap Rome 2S 84 80 26 5II1H 4012 4366 480U M
Iiimpkln 248 8
115 8
Floyd 4

herukec
Moans

BB7S lUfO 477 H4S
M IDIHK CEORGI
Atlanta
rarrollton
Lairange
Oxford
Thomson
Ellerslie
Miiledgeville
Sandersville
Athens
i Fulton
Troup
ewton
McDufllo
Harris
Baldwin
Washington
Clarke
It J Heading
S J Btown
rr II II tary
Mis Emma Stewart
A E Stumis
T W Kryan
Prof I H Hill Ir
Dr W II Whitaker
Prof L H Charbounier
Mean
1101 413 MI70 2Hi
6il 22 4IH1 1 70i
7 28 5030 26 J
75 30 6300 29s
78 20 5221 1 55
63 30 43UO 150J
76 28 5M2 irA
70 24 4914 3d
7075 2862 5677 271

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Fort Valley Amerirus Quitrran W J Anderson John A Cobb 78 81 81 800 82 38 a 5710 16 1 6200 I4 5700 271
Brooks 2
W T Gnulden Prof K T Hunter i

Hawkinsville
It Sanders Means

3361 5S83 19
EAST GEORGIA
Hcrndon lurkts W K Nelson Dr W B Joue8 76 80 28 32 54 V rSOO 56 0 1 45 25 19 4 1
Means
7100 300i
1

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Giynn Camden 75 78 76 38 36 46 65 CO 678 610 3 Nil 210 465 6
E A McWhoi ter 7
Means Means for the State
7633 4001 6036 843
7136 3035 5615 229
The following Stations report frost and ice
Atlanta on the 8 st first goneial killing fro t Carrollton ice on 5th and 6th EllersR ice on
7th Athens rost on 1st to 12ch inclusive 17tn 21 24th 2ith 27th 29th 3 th ice ou tjth to 10th
inclusive and 2oth Walthourviile frost on 24th 8 th St Marys frost on 25th
The following report snow Kabuu Jap on the 30th
The followingreport high wind Athens on 2th Tuouison ou 28th Ellersle on 26tk
The following report thunder storms St Marys on 26th
Notk to Orsccvkks The instruments have ai btrn expressed to the new observors If Ot
received by tltem they wll notify CornimsRionsr J T Henderson at Atlanta It is desirable that
all observers should fill out notesof frost ice suov high win Is or storms and other paenuaioni
in order that the record my bo completeTABLE IIAcid Phosphates Dissolved Bones Chemicals etc
NAME OF BRAND
w Ashepoo Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate for cotton
Acid Phosphate
t Acid Phosphate
Acid Phos Patapsco Guano Co8
Acid Phosphate Standard No 1
Acidulated Rock
1 A T Heaths Soluble Bone
Ashley Acid Phosphate
Ashley Dissolved Hone
Atlantic Acid Phophate
2 Aocabee Acid Phosphate
Acorn Acid Phosphate
Ashepoo Bone Ash
Acid Phosphate
m Baldwin Cos Acid Phosphate
n Barrys Acid Phosphate
Bowker s Dissolved Bone Phosphate
I Boyds Acid Phosphate
p Chemical Co of Canton Pure Dis
solved S C Bone
I Coles Cotton Acid Phosphate
n Cotton Plant Acid Phosphate
m Crown Acid Phosphate
Circle Bone and Potash
Carries Raw Bone Meal
C F Sasseen Acid Phosphate
Diamond Soluble Bone
t Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime
Dissolved S C Bone
i DeLeons Dissolved Bone
Dobbs Chemioals
Edisto Acid Phosphate
1100
1850
1500
1470
1890
1560
950
1620
1175
1300
1400
1280
950
1150
1000
1350
1350
1325
1500
1175
1535
1175
1325
18 M
1275
1200
1390
1600
1325
1470
1225
1260
Phosplwric Acid
065
258
085
035
030
275
308
120
095
280
300
300
3 O
200
320
160
120
265
116
095
064
095
268
180
1116
1860
350
175
0
332
260
036
135
200
QQ
1021
1085
980
1121
1465
800
1010
1008
752
715
1020
50
775
9 80
7
1085
1184
891
uio
752
1162
752
891
1184
750
725
1465
1000
9S6
1121
608
590
M
540
451
187
1S4
169
276
805
885
6H
31
195
446
4
316
365
257
250
417
211
623
379
623
417
250
2 80
610
169
233
227
134
577
575
1560
1536
1167
1256
1634
10 76
1315
1343
1875
1025
1215
1026
1252
1296
1145
l42
1434
138
1321
1375
1541
1375
1308
1434
10SS
1355
1634
1233
1213
1255
1185
1165
280
391
110
080
150
260
100
p
5 hi
o S S2
o a
d
15

110
0f
80 82
080 28 30
10j 27 26
28 68
t
t
11 95
26 70
32 68
24 66
24
25 10
24 50
24 50
125
125
080
120
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
100 Ashepoo Phos oCharlestonSC
50 Ga Cheml WoikB Augusta Ga
250 W B Seal Baltimore Md
100 Savannah Guano CoSavannah
100 Savannah Guano Co Savannah
200 Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
40 Ga Chem Min Co Atlanta
50 Edisto Phos Co Charleston 8C
5 Ga Chem MingCo Atlanta
100 Ashley Phos CoCharleeton8C
SO Ashley Phos CoCharleston8C
SOO Atlantic PhosCo CharlestonSC
50 Ash epooPhosCoCharlestonriC
50 N A Hardees Song A CoSavanh
20 Ashepoo PhosCoCharlestonS
200 Savannah Guano Co Savannah
200 Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
60 Ga Cheml Works AugUBta Ga
100 Weld A Hartshorne SavannahGa
10 Ga Cheml Mining Co Atlanta
200 Chemical Co of CantonBaltme
10 Ga Cheml Ming Co Atlanta
50 Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga
100 Hammond Hull Co Savanh
NAHardees Sons CoSavanb
10 I Wade White Marietta Ga
20 G Ober t Sons Co Baltimore
180 Walton Whann A Co Macon Ga
50 Savannah Guano Co Savannah
200 Pacific GuanoCo Chaaleston
10 IChem CoolCanton Baltimore
20 Savannah Guano Co Savannah
100 8 C Dobbs Athens
10 lEdisto Phos Co CharlestonSC
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston 8 C
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Imported by W B Beal
Imported
Imported
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston 8 C
Ga Chem A Mining Co Atlanta Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos CoCharleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
WilliamsClark Co New York
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Savannah Guano Co Havannah
Baldwin Co Porl Royal 8 C
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Weld Hartshorne Savannah Ga
Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Ga Chem Mining Co A tlanta Ga
a Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Port Royal Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Bradley Fer Co New WeymonthjMtSfl
Geo E Currie A Co Cincinnati O
G Ober Hons Co Balttmore
Walton Whann 4 Co WilmingtonDel
Imported
Pacific Gnano Co Charleston S C
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Imported
he Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
i
o
o
K
2
M
W
Q

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00TABLE No IIContinued
NAME OF BRAND
Kdisto Kainit
Etiwan Acid Phosphate
Etiwan Dissolved Bone
p Excellonza Acid Phosphate
m Kzells Dissolved Bone
w Butaw Acid Phosphate
Furmans Formula
G G K Genuine German Kainit
Genuine German Kainit
Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos
phate with Potash
Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos
q Georgia Planters Favorite Acid Phos
m Ga State Grange Acid Phosphate
Geo W Scott Cos Charleston Acid
Phosphate
Ground Bone Meal
Ground Bone Meal
Genuine Leopaldshell Kainit
t Georgia State Grange Dlssold Bone
Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phoi
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
t Inmans Acid Phosphate
ff Irwin Callan Cos Acid Phosphate
I IrwinCallan Cos Acid Phosphate
t J W Harle Cos Dissolved Bone
J W Harle Cos South Sea Acid
Kainit
1560
1535
1350
1475
1100
1225
PkA lotuj Acid
375
0 64
1
102
065
100
1410
1325
1350
1350
1450
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit s
fare Getman Kainit
1425
355
1225
1525
1560
910
1350
810
J10
SUO
164
265
186
120
180
1185
1200
800
1162
1000
1205
1020
805
276
379
275
214
640
2 57
155
221
115
065
325
200
186
200
200
200
846
891
1000
1184
160
1110
12 40
1386
1154
1080
882
1000
882
882
882
667
417
2
1076
1641
1275
1419
1560
1662
1412
1308
1275
2601434
353
2
146
080
236
186
221
275
225
2
1208
1340
1586
1465
1390
1215
1107
1275
1107
1107
1107
1095
110
25
2S5
325
118
1116
152
110
200
1215
3
a S
O i
100
100
100
100
1160
1220
1145
1225
1190
10 95
22 62
30 82
25 50
28 38
31 20
24 49
11 85
11 15
29 76
27 26
26 60
28 68
26 16
t
t
12 15
26 80
SI 72
29 30
27 80
24 30
23 14
25 50
33 14
23 14
23 14
11 60
12 20
11 45
13 26
11 90J
10
1011
300
50
10
200
400
10
50
50
60
60
200
50
12
12
50
100
50
S00
10
28
60
10
16
60
50
oo
10
100
100
2
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC
Etiwan Fhoj CoCharlestonSC
Ktiwan Phos Co CharlestonSO
Long A Dugdale Baltmore Md
Hammond Hull Co Savanh
Ashepoo PhosCo Charleston S C
Furiuans Farm Imp Co Atlanta
Winters Legs Marietta Ga
Stono Phos Co Charleston 8 C
Ga Chem Works Angu9ta Ga
Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Hammond H Co Savannah
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Iraptd by Edisto Phos Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston 8C
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Funnans Farm Imp Co East PtGa
Imptd by Stono Phos Co Charleston
Imptd by Stono Phos Co Charleston
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Hammond Hull Jt Co Port Royal S C
Gco W ScottCo AtlantaGa
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
M Dorris Pouglasville Ga
J H Jones Sons Elberton
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Ga Cnemlcal Works Augusta Ga
John Merryman Co Baltimore
John Merry man A Co Baltimore
John Merryman Co Baltimore
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phos CoCharleston SC
Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
J W narle Co Atlanla Ga
Baldwin Co savannah Ga
Edisto Phos CoCharlestonSC
Savannah Gnano CoSavannah
Wando Phos Co Charleston SC
John Merryman A Co Baltimore
Geo W Scott A Co Atlanta Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Imp by J L Middleton Baltimore
Hammond Hull 4 Co Port Royal SO
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
John Merryman Co Port Royal S C
John Merryman Co Baltimore Md
John Mrryman Co Baltimore Md
J W Harn Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston 8 C
Edisto Pnosphate Co Charleston S C
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
ImportedKainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Long 4 Dugdales Acid Phosphate
C Dissolved Eone Phosphate
Lockwoc ds Acid Phosphate
Martins Potash Phosphate
Naussau Dissolved Eone Phosphate
m Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phos
Oriole Dissolved Bone
2Owl Brand Phosphate
v Patapsco Acid Phosphate
Pendletons Phosphate for Composting
Pomona A cid Phosphate
m roit Royal Acid Phosphate
m PoitRoyal Dissolved Bone Phoe
Pure Ground Animal Bone
Pure Ground Bone
Pioneer Acid Phosphate
Pure Pine Ground Bone
z Palmetto Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Pure Dissolved Bone
0 Stono Acid Phosphate
i Stonewall English Acid
Echaefers Acid Phosphate
0 Walkers Dissolved Bone
Wando Acid Phosphate
Wando Dissolved Bone
XX Acid Phosphate
1350
3E0
1260
1875
1360
1475
noo
1500
1325
1450
1350
1475
1436
1280
950
1425
1400
1890
1225
1400
1800
1836
14 65
1861000
1201184
200 685
810 910
0161146
102 1206
285
200
266
126
100
102
105
5086
2123
800
2274
365
155
065
0 80
200
065
800
225
038
1045
885
891
906
1196
1205
1200
585
776
11 10
956
1465
S85
956
900
1005
1120
276
250
675
286
166
214
883
285
417
809
219
214
220
485
i77
280
284
169
290
284
266
890
140
1275
1434
1160
1145
1812
1419
1878
1120
1308
1214
1415
1419
1420
1010
1262
1840
1240
1684
12 75
1240
1165
1395
12 60
1220
1185
1175
1110
1200
1120
1180
1175
1200
1180
1840
li
140
461
41
406
095
110
205
225
ioo
oii
085
180
12 20
11 86
11 76
11 10
12 00
11 20
11 80
11 15
12 00
11 80
13 40
25 60
28 68
24 60
24 SO
26 24
28 38
27 56
23 86
27 26
26
28 SO
23 88
28 40

t
22 65
2604
26 80
25 15
82 68
60
25 16
2 10
27 90
25 20
60 Perry MDeLeon Savannah Ga
60 Hammond H Co Savannah
800 Walton W Co Waeon Ga
50 Weet Bros Savannah Ga
50 LljpmanBros Savannah Ga
60 Webster Davis 4 Co Atlanta
100 Weld 4 Hartshorne Savannah
60 Ashepoo Phos Co ChariestonSC
100 H M Comer 4 Co Savannah
72 Adair Bro Atlanta Ga
100 Ashley Phe Co CharlestonSC
50 Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
50 Hammond H CoSavannah
100 Lockwood NcClintockNew T
10 Mortin Erwin Kome Ga
60 Weld Hartshorne Savannah
110 Hammond H Co Savannah
25 Symington BroeCoBaltimore
50 Lavie Whittle Petersburg Ya
200 Ga Chem Woiks Augusta Ga
36 Pendleton Guano Co AtlantaGa
60 Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga
220 Hammond H Co Savannah
200 Hammond H Co Savannah
60 PendletonGuanoCo Atlanta Ga
62 Winters Legg Marietta Ga
200 Ashley Phos Co Charleston SC
12 McKenzie Warren Marietta
50 Ashepoo Phos Co thsilestou
100 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
00 Stono Phosphate Co harleston
100 Harrold Johnson Co Americus
50 Hammond Hull 4 Co Savannah
100 Stono Phosphate Co harleston
ISO Wando Photphate Co Charleston
00 W ando Phosphate Co Charleston
450 I Walton W Co Macon Ga
Imported
Imported
Imported
Iropted by West Bros Savannah Ga
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Bammond Hull Co Port Boyal SC
Lockwocd McClintock New York
Martin Ernin Rome Oa
Imported
Hammond Hull 4 Co Sevannah Ga
Symington Bros A Co Baltimore Md
Davie Whittle Petersburg Va
Georgia Chemical Works Atlanta
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Pony M DeLeon Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull 4 Co Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Sterns Fert Chem MnIg Co N O
Ashley Phos Co Charleston 8 C
Chemical Co f Canton Baltimore
I Ashepoo Phos Co Charteston S C
Hammond Hull Co Port BoyalSC
Stono PhcBpbate Co Charleston S C
Im by Hanold JohnsonCoAmericus
Port Royal Fertilizer Co Pt RylSC
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston 8 C
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Impoited
t Rawbone or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated Tto whole ofthe phosphor icacidto insoluble
though practically it is much more available as plant fcocf than phosphoric aeid from tbfA Yct identi
Ctjplioatk BBANDSInsome instances fertilizers manufactured ny the same formula and actually sackedfrom the tae J h hn thi same letter in
calarJsold under different names Such brands are indicated in the foregoing table by letters a b e etc prefixed to the same those having the same letter in
t he same table being identical or Backed and shipped from the same bulk
ss
1
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Special Circular No 39
New Series
REPORT OF THE AVERAGE CONDITION OF CROPS
IN GEORGIA MAY 1ST 1884
RETURNABLE MAY 1st 1884
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga April 10 1884
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the first day oj May or as early as possi
ble after that date and mail promptly Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers
indicating per cent
AN AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything
with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus it
the corn crop at any time is IO per cent better than last year or IO
per eent better than an average it should be reported as 110 in
each case and it 10 per cent below these standards it should be
90 Never reportIO per cent better or 10 per cent worse but
110 or 90 as the case may be So avoid vague comparisons such
as some better hardly so good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far
in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your ovmfarm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the character X
If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank
BCorrespondents will please file a copy of the last Supplemental Report for reference and
comparison in making out their reports of areas and yield The census returns give a fixed and
definite basis of comparison which they can use to advantage
Correspondents will please also give their nearest express office in order that seeds may be
shipped direct to them in future
The Commissioner takes this occasion to return his thanks to the crop correspondents for the
valuable aid which they have rendered the Department in its efforts to advance the interests of
the farmers and planters of Georgia He feels that they are entitled to his especial consideration
and to a participation in all advantages to be derived from the work of the Department
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report county
II Your name
111 Your postofficeDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 22
CORN
Acreage compared to last yearPer cent
Preparation of soil compared to last year
Date of planting compared to last year State how many days earlier or later
Stand compared to a good stand Per cent
What casualties have affected the cropsuch as storms insects etc and to what
extent injured by each
OATS
Acreage compared to last yearPr cent
What per cent of the crp was sown last fall
What per cent of the crop is sown with rustproof varieties
Condition and prospect of fall sown compared to an average
To what extent winterkilled
Condition and prospect of spring sown compared to an average
Condition and prospect of whole crop compared to an average
WHEAT
Acreage compared to last yearper cent
What casualties have affected the wheat and to what extent injured by them
Condition and prospects compared to an average per cent
COTTON
Acreage compard to last yearper cent
Acreage time of planting compared to last year
Earlierdays
Laterdays
Amount of commercial fertilizers used on cotton in your county compared to last year 231 QUESTIONS FOR APRIL CROP REPORT 3
19 What per cent of the total area in cotton in your county is manured with either
commercial fertilizers home manures or composts percent
ao What per cent of these was home manure or compost
at What per cent of the crop is up
32 Where up what is the stand compared to a good stand
23 Condition of plants compared to an average
24 Compared to the whole area in grain cropscorn oats and wheat 100 representing
such area what is the area in cotton in your county
SUwAK CANE
25 Area compared to last year Per ccnt
Stand compared to an average
RICE
37 Area in low land rice compared to last yearPer cent
38 Area in upland rice compared to last year
SORGHUM
29 Area compared to last year
CLOVER AND GRASSES
30 Area in clover and cultivated grasses compared to last year per cent
31 Condition and prospects compared to an average
FRUIT
33 What per cent of a full crop of peaches has escaped frostpercent
33 What percent of a full crop of apples have set
34 What percent of a full crop of pears have set
35 What is the grape prospect compared to an average
36 How many acres are planted in orchards in your county
37 How many in vineyards iirrvi4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTORKGEORGIA 24
STOCK
38 Condition of sheep compared to an average per cent
39 Drop of lambs to number of ewes kept
40 Condition of work stock compared to an average at this season
41 Stock of hogs all ages compared to last year M
42 What diseases if any have affected stock this spring Describe the diseases and state
the remedies used with results
L BOR SUPPLIES ETC
43 Supply of labor compared to last year per cent
44 Wages paid compared to last year
If higher what per cent
If lower what per cnt
45 What per cent of the farm labor is hired for wages
46 What per cent of the farm labor is hired on shares
47 What per cent of the farm labor works as renters
48 What wages with board are paid full hands
49 What is the cash price per bushel at which corn sells in your county May ist cents
50 What is the credit price paid per bushel at the same date8
51 Quantity purchased compared to last yearper cent
5a Quantity of hay being purchased compared to last year M25 QUESTIONS FOB APRIL CROP REPORT O
53 Tons of commercial fertilizers purchased in your county compared to last year per cent
54 Price paid compared to last year
55 Average cotton option price in lint cotton for ammoniated superphosphate pounds
56 Average cotton option price in lint cotton paid for nonammoniated superphos
FISH
57 How have the carp introduced into ponds in your county succeeded
TIMBER LANDS
58 What per cent of timber belonging to farms on grounds reserved for timber has been
removed for all purposesPer cent
59 What percent of the timber used on farms is for fencing purposes
60 What is the annual expense of fencing in your county for each plow run
61 Name each of the most common timbers of your county in the order of prevalence
beginning with the kinds found in greatest abundance If sections of your
county differ in forest growth slate the character and limits of such forest areasDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
26CIRCULAR No 53
New Series J
CROP REPORT
For the Month of April 1884
SHOWING
AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO
AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
x i xsEtriDEiEsoaT
Commissioner
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Jas P Harrison Co Printers Binders andElectrotypers
1884Criculcw No 53
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL 1884
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MAY 1 1884
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga May 12 1884 y
CORN
Correspondents report the area in corn the same as that of last year The
area in North Georgia compared to 1883 is 99 in Middle Georgia 100 in South
west Georgia 102 in East Georgia 96 and in Southeast Georgia 102
The preparation of the soil for this crop over a large part of the State owing
to the unfavorable fall and spring is much below an average This is espe
cially true of Northern Georgia where the lands are commonly turned for this
crop in the fall or winter In Northern Georgia the preparation of soil com
pared with that of 1883 is reported 73 in Middle Georgia 90 in Southwest
Georgia 100 in East Georgia 100 and in Southeast Georgia 105
The average time of planting is 7 days later than that of last year North Geor
gia is reported 13 days later Middle Georgia 13 days later Southwest Georgia
1 day later East Georgia 6 days later and Southeast Georgia 5 days later
The stand in the whole State compared to a good stand is reported 93 In
North Georgia 92 in Middle Georgia 95 in Southwest Georgia 96 in East
Georgia 100 and in Southeast Georgia 105 The stand has been injured by
hard rain storms in nearly every part of the State and by bud worms in some
sections
The general condition of the crop is reported as impaired by casualties such
as storms insects etc in the whole State 7 per cent In North Georgia 9 per
cent in Middle Georgia 4 per cent in Southwest Georgia 6 per cent in East
Georgia 7 per cent and in Southeast Georgia 5 per cent
OATS
The acreage in comparison with the crop of last year is reported for the whole
State at 98 In North Georgia 95 in Middle Georgia 91 in Southwest Geor
gia 86 in East Georgia 98 and in Southeast Georgia 119DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
32
Fiftysix per cent of the crop was sown last fall and 53 per cent of this sowing
was winter killed In North Georgia 47 per cent of the crop was sown in the fall
and 65 per cent was winterkilled in Middle Georgia 63 per cent was sown and
61 per cent killed in Southwest Georgia 37 per cent was sown and 59
per cent killed in East Georgia 70 per cent was sown and 46 per cent killed
in Southeast Georgia 66 per cent was sown and 34 per cent killed Some
correspondents report all the fall sowing killed and a large part of this area in
some sections was reseeded in the spring
The area in this crop would probably have exceeded that of any previous
year except for this disaster and the consequent scarcity of seed coupled with
the unfavorable spring for resowing Corroborative of this it will be observed
that the area exceeds that of last year by 19 per cent in Southeast Georgia
where the fall crop sustained comparatively little injury from frosts
The condition and prospects of the fall sown compared to an average is 59
and that of the spring 89
The condition and prospect of the whole crop compared to an average in
the whole Slate 79 In North Georgia 74 in Middle Georgia 69 in Southwest
Georgia 80 in Eist Georgia 79 and in Southeast Georgia 95
WHEAT
The acreage in wheat compared with last year in North Georgia is 103 in
Middle Georgia 93 in Southwest Georgia 85 in East Georgia 96 and in the
whole State 94
The condition and prospect compared to an average in North Georgia 86 ill
Middle Georgia 84 in Southwest Georgia 82 in East Georgia 93 and the whole
State 86
The crop is reported as injured by winter killing and other casualties in North
Georgia 14 per cent in Middle Georgia 20 percent and in Southwest Georgia
12 per cent
COTTON
The area devoted to cotton is reported one per cent less than that of last
year in the whole State In North Geoigia the acreage compared to that of
last year is 94 in Middle Georgia 100 in Southwest Georgia 99 in East Georgia
101 and in Southeast Georgia 102
The average time f planting is reported in the whole State seven days later
than that of last year In North Georgia twelve days later Middle Georgia
twelve days Southwest Georgia four days East Georgia four days and in
Southeast Georgia two days
The amount of commercial fertilizers used on cotton compared to last year
is reported in North Georgia 97 in Middle Georgia 107 in Southwest Georgia
100 in East Georgia 98 in Southeast Georgia 77 and in the whole State 96
Eighty per cent of the cotton crop of the State is manured with commercial
fertilizers or home manures In North Georgia 94 per cent in Middle Georgia
84 ptr cent in Southwest Georgia 79 per cent in East Georgia 80 per cent
and in Southeast Georgia 67 per cent88
CROP EEPOET1884
In North Georgia home manures or composts are reported as constituting 33
per cent of the fertilizers used on this crop in Middle Georgia 29 per cent in
Southwest Georgia 33 per cent in East Georgia 25 per cent in Southeast Geor
gia 54 per cent and in the entire State 35 per cent
In North Georgia 5 per cent of the crop was up May 1st in Middle Georgia
14 per cent in Southwest Georgia 72 per cent in Bast Georgia 46 per cent
and in Southeast Georgia 82 per cent
In some portions of North Georgia the crop was not all planted at this date
The stand where the cotton is up compared to a good stand is 90 in North
Georgia 86 in Middle Georgia 97 in Southwest Georgia 91 in East Georgia
97 in Southeast Georgia and 92 in the whole State
The condition of the plant compared to an average is 93 in Nc fVl Georgia
84 in Middle Georgia 97 in Southwest Georgia 91 in Eas George
Southeast Georgia and 93 in the whole Stale
Compared to the whole area in grain crops 100 representing such area the
cotton in North Georgia is reported 36 in Middle Georgia 62 in
Southwest Georgia 63 in East Georgia 14 and in the whole State 43 The
proportional area in cotton is reported less by 11 acres than in 1883 It was
then reported 4 per cent more than half of grain crops and for the present
year 7 per cent less than half the grain area

SUGAR CANE
The area compared to last year in sugar cane is in Middle Georgia 93 in
Southwest Georgia 67 in East Georgia 63 in Southeast Georgia 67 and in the
whole State 67
The stand compared to an average in Middle Georgia is 90 in Southwest
Georgia 82 in East Georgia 79 in Southeast Georgia 93 and in the whole
State 86
The area in this crop has been greatly reduced the present year by the scar
city of seed cane A large part of this was lost by the severe freeze in the
fall The reports in comparison with last year show a reduction of 33
per cent and leaving Middle Georgia where comparatively little of the crop
is planted out of the general average there is a reduction in acreage of 41 per
cent From the reduced area and the imperfect stand reported it is now proba
ble that with the most favorable conditions for the balance of the season that
the sugar cane will not exceed a half crop
RICE
The area in North Georgia in comparison with last year is reported 100 in
Middle Georgia 90 in Southwest Georgia 91 in Eist Georgia 103 in Southest
Georgia 92 and in the whole Slate 95
SORGHUM
The area in sorghum in North Georgia is 97 in Middle Georgia 96 in EoJth
west Georgia 103 in East Georgia 108 in Southeast Georgia 100 and in the6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
84
average for the State 101 The increased acreage is confined to the cane grow
ing sections of the State and designed to supply to some extent the deficiency
of that crop In 1883 the sorghum crop was not reported in Southeast Georgia
CLOVER AND GRASSES
The area in clover and grasses in North Georgia is reported 104 a
Middle Georgia 105
The condition compared o an average in North Georgia is 89 and in Mid
dle Georgia 93
FRUIT
Peaches are reported at 52 per cent of a full crop in North Georgia in Mid
dle Georgia 88 in Southwest Georgia 94 in East Georgia 92 in Southeast Geor
gia 92 and in the whole State 82
In North Georgia the fruit that escapes injury from frosts is situated in
nearly all instances on high groundseither upon hill tops or mountain slopes
A more general observance of this fact in the selection of orchard cites
would go far towards insuring to that section an unfailing peach crop
Altitudes of from two to six hundred feet above the general level of the
country have a certain immunity from late spring frosts that often save to such
localities a supply of peaches when they are entirely killed on the lower
grounds
ApplesThis crop in North Georgia is reported at 67 in Middle Georgia 72
Southwest Georgia 73 East Georgia 09 Southeast Georgia 99 and in the whole
State 76
Pears in North Georgia 61 in Middle Georgia 73 in Southwest Georgia 72
in East Georgia 67 in Southeast Georgia 97 and in the whole State 74
Orapes in North Georgia 88 in Middle Georgia 96 in Southwest Georgia 98
t Georgia 108 in Southeast Georgia 100 and in the whole State 100
STOCK
The condition of sheep is reported 92 in the State compared to last year
In North Georgia 88 Middle Georgia 91 Southwest Georgia 91 East Georgia
95 and Southeast Georgia 95 The average drop of lambs per one hundred
ewes is 74
The condition of work stock is 96 In North Georgia 94 in Middle Georgia
93 in Southwest Georgia 96 East Georgia 99 and Southeast Georgia 9ft
The stock f hogs compared to last year in North Georgia is 96 in Middle
Georgia in Southwest Georgia 100 in East Georgia 99 in Southeast Geor
gia 100 and in the average for the State is 97
Stock of all kinds are generally reported free from diseases A few corres
pondents report cholera among hogs and distemper among horses and mules
LABOR
supply of labor compared to last year is reported in North Georgia 99
in Middle Georgia 97 in Southwest Georgia 97 in East Georgia 96 in Sornth
east Georgia 103 and in the whole State 98185
CHOP REPORT1884
Thirtyfive per cent of the labor on farms is employed for wages 38 per
cent is hired on shares and 27 per cent work as renters
The average monthly wages paid full hands for farm work In North Georgia
is 995 in Middle Georgia 9 20 in Southwest Georgia 923 in East Georgia
920 in Southeast Georgia 1157 and the average for the State is 983
PRICE OF CORN
The average cash price of corn per bushel May 1st was 90 cents In North
Georgia 86 cents in Middle Georgia 86 cents in Southwest Georgia 89 cents in
East Georgia 93 cents and in Southeast Georgia 96 cents
The ime price for corn May 1st in North Georgia 109 in Middle Georgia
108 Southwest Georgia 118 in East Georgia 119 and in Southeast
Georgia 116 The average time price for the State is 114
The difference between the average time and cash price is 24 cents or nearly
27 per cent on the cash price
COMMMERCTAL FERTILIZERS
average number of tons of fertilizers purchased compared to last year
In he whole State is reported 100 In North Georgia 102 in Middle Georgia
108 in Southwest Georgia 97 in East Georgia 104 and in Southeast Georgia 91
The average cash price is one per cent lesp than last year and the average
cotton option price for ammoniated superphosphates is 424 pounds of Knt
cotton and for nonammoniated superphosphates 389 pounds TABLE No 1
CONSOLIDATION OF CROP REPORTS FOR APRIL 1884
NORTH GEORGIA
CORN OATS WHEAT COTTON SUGAR n o 3 a o P 100 B u et a S o o a a A wit S x 02 CLOT r a TRUIT STOCK LABOR SUPPLIES ETC
at o o c a e o u CU z 5 a 03 O T3 b et fi S Q 1 02 DU O o V i as a S O S o o is Po3 P P c c o rt T3 P B c 3 0 O 71 O TJ V h a a o u h BJ s S 110 oj j be O CO O 03 Bg O aj s 108 B a o a 3j s l 100 ajf Bg m 03 N a o ej o a j o c b o O aS 25 a a o a p o o oj B OH O B O h B P s o a s Si B Vs Be grasses 00 O a C 60 a V B 60 11 03 s PI 45 n B 01 O 100 s BE d bS p0 70 i p p 0 90 a 03 m 4 0 B c 0 70 0 w 05 Zl SB 0 i B B O O 75 0 B 0 103 B a 0 a 03 B 03 g 5 rr U s S a 0 11 S3 p u 0 V u 0 9 0 V a m 6 to 03 g a u 0 0 u 0 OJ 0 B 3 aj 5 eg t 03 03 B a u Pa g P 03 N oj u co V p 1 0 8 go 0 H a j
COUNTIES O M a o 3 3 i to 03 55 O B V u St B a o O it 100 iio 105 125 110 105 fi a flS O OJ a p100 il i a a 2S 0 9 fl s S otJ B SOD O B O a p si oS i5 B B a a 3 O g O rr f B a S U
103 80 88 75 95 S 1 16 n 2 65

Catoosa 100 100 100 100 96 100 105 108 100 103 100 100 105 88 80 86 90 92 110 ioo 95 100 100 60 90 80 100 95 90 90 15 105 108 85 120 110 1 0 45 85 75 77 82 80 70 58 80 96 100 95 100 108 100 10S 85 100 65 8C 75 81 85 80 100 70 95 85 10 100 100 76 105 90 107 100 103 40 95 126 102 85 100 90 100 107 116 01 07 05 90 95 100 10 100 100 95 100 101 80 10 64 50 66 28 50 60 60 95 55 85 61 75 83 85 85 05 28 50 100 55 85 40 ro 20 75 85 81 75 100 75 75 ioo 110 95 05 65 100 90 98 100 65 95 100 95 75 100 82 75 70 75 90 76 75 90 100 75 100 95 95 102 100 8 9 ll 80 90 J25 110 110 95 95 85 100 100 75 1100 12 00 8 00 75 100 80 82 78 1 00 1 25 1 00 1 0 1 01

Oobb 100 125 50 i66 Y66
Dade


Floyd 25 90 100 90 110 10 100 100 100 60 0i 33 30 65 85 10 00 10 00 10 00 io 00 10 00 9 00 80 87 98 78 80 90 1 01 1 12 1 25 90 1 00 1 25 88
ForByth
05 100 100 112 85 85 108 3 85 2 85
Habersbani 107 105 105 4 25 4 00 3 25 8 00
Hall
90 75 70 105 100 100 85 75 95 100 110 90 110 126 100 100 75 50 90 60 50 75 100 20 26 90 100 80 100 so 100 75 100 85 180 100 12 00 8 00 10 CO 90 80 90 1 30 1 25 1 20 115 12ft 100 3 00 4 00 3 80
Hart 2 ioo 3 50 2 90
Jackson
Milton ICO 100 100 ico ioo 100 80 ICO 90 101 100 ICO 75 100 60 90 100 125 110 90 110 75 95 75 75 SO 5 80 75 10 0 75 100 100 98 100 90 90 ion 100 100 100 105 95 20 10 75 90 100 80 100 115 100 1C0 105 85 102 70 50 60 IOO 80 100 ICO 60 lOO 85 166 110 1C0 100 104 100 8 00 10 00 1 00 90 1 15 1 00 100 105 8 90 4 00 2 75 3 00


Polk Babnn 100 100 150 125 115 100 90 100 75 85 75 110 98 ioo 06 ioo 100 IOO 100 90 100 100 100 110 80 100 100 HO 80 76 60 40 50 50 30 90 75 IOO 100 75 75 80 75 100 5 61 100 100 100 100 80 10 75 85 HO 90 75 90 76 150 100 60 90 100 100 100 96 80 100 75 100 76 105 60 12 50 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 80 85 90 1 CO 85 1 CO 1 10 1 20 iio 100 4 20 4 60 soo

100 100 1 00
Walker 100 100

bitfield 100 99 92 100 95 70 74 ltO 108 86 85 94 100 97 100 97 100 104 10b 89 10 52 85 67 61 100 68 95 88 9U 86 100 96 10 00 80 i 60 100
5 93 100
Average 94 96 9 95 86 1 09 10 8 92 8 71
o
w
a
w
i
H
O
0
Q
s
o
d
t1
d
1
o
w
o
W
o
03MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin
Bibb
Wtitts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Clayton
Columbia
Coweta
Dekab
Douglas
Elbcrt
Fayette
Fulton
Green
Hancock
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
McDuftte
Merriwether
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oijlethorpe
Pike
Putnam
Rockdale
Spalding
Taliaferro
Talbot
Troup
Upson
Walton
Warren
Wilkes
Average 100 95 91
95
100
1110
98
100
95
100
100
100
100
100
112
92
ino
100
113
90
115
110
105
108
95
97
100
111
IIP
100
lOi
100
102
100
80
100
ioo
100
90
110
10
100
95
105
90
100
75
80
90
95
100
80
00
80
100
75
85
9
95
92
100
105
95
90
100
95
95
100
95
90
100
90
100
100
99
110
85
80
IOO
85
95
100
9
110
75
S3
110
100
75
92
85
105
105
100
105
76
118
120
107
llli
120
130
100
112
85
05
95
50
lO
110
90
81
90
100
100
85
75
100
80
90
100
ICO
110
85
100
00
110
100
10
100
95
87
95
IO11
100
105
110
85
70
85
100
95
110
15
65
50
IOO
80
00
90
85
8
85
80
75
ioo
105
90
100
85
80
100
80
BO
75
95
100
98
110
95
100
92
100
95
100
90
110
80
105
100
11
100
110
100
100
115
95
95
100
no
100
no
95
120
100
110
110
100
105
10
105
i05
loo
100
100
ins
115
100
121
100
111
100
10
125
120
K5
11
110
110
176
15 100
40
96
100
100 125
100
lOoj 105
IOO 100
1001 100
1001 110
110
15 IOO
1O0 100
901 90
601
00
108
loO
69 93 811 100 107 14 81 93 9090 6105 9ct83 72J3 69l8l 395
100
100
100
100
90
85
85
75
95
MO
90
60
too
75
75
75
95
95
100
95
95
95
40
70
95
100
95
85
75
75
55
100
80
70
9i
75
50
100
50
85
75
75
90
100I
90
85
75
too
100
95
70
75
100
50
is
79
60
90
85

85
80
so
95
50
60
103
100
100
SO
75
90
100
100
100
100
95
110
80
85
10
100
100
IOO
85
85
90
loo
1111
100
100

100
10
101
100
10
100
100
100
ioo
100
85
100
851 75
1001
80 80
100 95
100 50
75
100
100
90
50
105
110
100
10
00
100
100
85
100
100
101
75
90
100
10
9
95
95
90
90
ioo
90
100
100
90
75
75
9
100
90
95
80
85
100
80
100
100
90
86
siio
8 00
9 00
10 00
10 00
8 OO
10 00
9 00
10 00
8 00
10 00
8 00
10 00
9 Oli
8 00
8 00
8 00
8 0
10 00
8 00
8 00
8 00
9
8 00
9 00
10 00
10 00
9 0
10 00
9 00
10 0
10 00
8 0
5 00
8 66
10 00
8 00
8 00
90
80
90
80
90
85
85
8
85
85
85
90
85
80
95
90
85
90
85
90
80
80
90
85
85
85
85
90
85
90
85
90
90
90
Si
85
1 00
85
85
1 15
1 00
1 15
1 00
1 10
1 15
1 10
95
1 00
1 0
1 00
1 10
1 05
1 00
1 10
1 10
1 05
1 05
1 10
1 15
i 05
1 05
1 05
1 10
1 10
1 1
1 10
1 05
1 1
1 00
1 10
1 05
1 15
1 15
1 10
1 20
1 10
1 15
86 1
95
1 00
1 13
1 00
1 83
1 00
95
1 00
1 05
90
1 10
1 05
1 20
4 00
4 50
3 95
3 90
3 90
4 00
3 90
3 65
4 00
4 00
1 15
1 15
1 00
1 12
1 10
1 02
Tio
100
110
4 00
3 90
3 00
4 00
3 00
3 50
3 00
3 25
2 50
2 65
3 00
3 25
4 35
4 00
4 35
4 25
3 90
4 12
i20
4 25
4 25
1 20
1 25
1 00
1 20
1 00
1 20
1 00
1 00
1 25
1 15
1 10
1 00
1 10
1 15
1 80
4 00
4 25
4 50
4 10
4 10
4 25
8 80
4 20
4 30
4 35
4 00
4 00
4 12
3 00
3 00
3 15
3 50
4 00
8 50
8 30
3 20
315
3 00
2 90
3 60
3 75
2 70
3 00
3 25
3 00
2 75
3 25
3 00
3 25
3 00
2 87
Q
w
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0
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M
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CO
GO
4 09 8 15TABLE No 1CONSOLIDATION OF CEOP REPORTS FOR APRIL 1884Continued
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
CORN OtTS WHEAT cottop SUGAR Q 3 33 5 a o a 33 73 a a o clovka FRUIT STOCK LABOR SUPPLIES KTC
70 33 O a 33 a Q3 o 73 O a 3 5 07 73 5I m CO 1 2 33 33 o T3 e o 2 o a a o a o a o o li 7 33 o a 03 o GRA O o a O o 9 a a a 14 1 u S O u o a V 33 a h 93 O to 7a 00 03 3 a S3 S a 3 2 03 a aj 7 a V a a 5 oi To a a 07 0 figjS a 33 a Sa
COUNTIES 3 a 3 o o Si hi a u 3 P 0t s3 a 3 o so 2 03 O a o u o o Sr afe o a w a 9 a oa 3 K 2 c g 3 03 u si 33 O 03 2 s 31 a a o D g 5 37 fe a Z o a o a o a 2 5 o fa n a 0J S3 a a o s a u Si 33 O e O 37 O tt 33 a S 3 3 s3 a O O 37 u a a a sr g s SS 5 T3 S3 a o u a rvOJ Is a a 5 a a o o u 05 V a3 o 33 77 ai a a 03 77 V g ss sS no S5 si a S Q 25 a 03 77 i 57 sg is o at O S3 C oIs a o y as ag 11 07 07 CJ 03 is 7 a o O u 07 U to a 77 o u o 07 O a o 07 N M C7 u 3 S3 a H a s 62 a 7a 0 77 a 0 fe 0 tr a 00 0 rr3 S62
70 o o a U l Z u Ph Ph O a M o CJ H O J
Baker 101 110 75 12 101 100 90 100 II 90 10O 150 10 10 100 100 50 50 101 76 mo 6 1 00 S 1 25 100 4 25 4 00
108 00 107 so 100 too 60 100 95 I0o 100 100 80 80 100 97 55 97 10 10 00 1 25 10 4 80
as 10 97 98 104 9S 100 103 50 100 97 30 30 8i 90 S7 10 30 90 1 10 4 15 3 50
CalhoaD
Chatiahoochee 98 95 RS 88 90 90 ioi 90 s 97 rs 90 97 95 90 97 ill 85 8 100 8 30 85 1 05 no 4 25 3 50
Clay lOo 10 95 87 90 100 05 105 85 100 37 80 85 130 HO 411 25 100 Do 77 10o 100 8 50 87 1 25 10 4 40 3 20
CVlqnitt llll 105 95 loo 90 75 90 50 100 75 SKI 100 100 105 85 50 95 95 110 50 100 75 10 SO 100 75 100 110 90 33 Si 80 9 no 9 00 9 00 1 25 1 25 100 110 4 50 4 25 3 50
80 3 CO

110 8 75 75 90 80 105 Id 80 100 50 50 100 90 100 60 60 so li 10 10 no 8 00 7 1 10 100 4 27 3 00
Dougherty 105 9J 75 92 91 70 100 20 55 95 85 7 95 95 80 75 96 107 9 00 92 1 25 90 4 35 3 25
Early 10 9 01 90 97 SO HC 100 50 90 100 60 10 9 0 90 1 25 80 4 50 3 60
97 v 85 7 90 80 111 110 M 98 5 90 100 85 10 50 50 95 95 95 Kill 9 00 90 1 25 108 4 50 3 30
10 85 to 100 75 7 60 100 no 110 100 75 1l 95 100 20 20 90 60 I0D 40 10 100 75 100 100 100 85 100 25 80 100 100 loO 70 10 01 9 00 1 00 75 1 25 1 00
Lee 50 5 00 4 50
Iowndes
ioa 9 90 6 92 81 9S 105 70 97 85 70 10 ioo 100 60 60 100 ioo 70 95 11 8 9 30 88 1 15 no 4 35 3 40
Ma ion Hit 90 lo 75 70 8o ss ion 10 80 9J 100 100 90 100 100 loo 90 SO 90 110 9 0 1 15 4 25 3 00
Miller 101 11 o llll 75 811 111
17 ln2 70 75 10 no 75 105 110 75 80 70 105 100 75 100 loll 105 101 95 8 00 85 1 25 110 4 6 4 00
Mitchell 105 9 75 76 90 9f 10 75 95 108 10 10 i 100 125 100 90 66 50 100 95 50 90 110 9 5 1 30 4 50
105 loo 101 100 92 So 90 I11ft 0 95 9 95 110 75 50 91 90 65 50 90 lOo 120 llll 85 87 ino 100 100 ioo 105 SB 100 Si 80 90 95 110 105 10 00 9 00 80 SO 1 05 1 10 no no 4 00 4 5 3 10
60 75 3 00
101 05 7 75 91 lor 65 101 lid 101 75 75 50 100 100 ioo 9 00 86 100 100 4 50
in 111 HO 7 loo ioo 100 K 50 100 123 in 100 111 90 111 75
17 17 HO 75 00 73 75 75 90 80 75 ioo Kill 100 107 87 90 90 1 25 i25 1 25 110 97 25 4 3 i25 4 60 3 35
Taylor GO 8 ft 90 65 85 70 105 97 III 10 97 22 50 25 75 60 105 70 35 75 85 25 95 102 9 00 10 00
Terrell 105 97 3 25
Thomas 50
Webster 105 9 85 90 110 85 90 6 70 103 95 95 60 35 90 10 20 85 100 140 65 Si 75 Ml 80 95 80 45 io 9 50 9 50 75 95 1 25 95 95 4 25 4 61 3 20
3 60
Worth 10V 118 97 9 110 82 102 30 75 25 75 75 90 95 85 85 105 90 9 60 1 25 1 IS 125 4 50

109 90 tin St 85 8 99 inn 79 97 47 82 91 103 44 73 7 OS 91 68 40 100 9 23 Ml 07 i i 3 41

H
H
72
H
O
1
to
a
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si
H
d
M
o
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o
OEAST GEORGIA
AppJinj
Bryan
Caiuden
Charlton
Chatham
Clinch
Coffee
Echuls
Eflinham
Gljnn
Liberty
Melntoih
Pierce
Ware
Wayne
Average
107 105 103 if o 98 15 iio 100 105 J0O 100 100 C5 95 100 96 100 95 95 99 80 105 ios 90 99 100 102 81 100 90 95 88 130 91 70 166 88 100 110 100 106 ii2 110 100 90 75 98 82 87 56 90 63 ioo As 98 TO 80 73 65 70 79 100 88 105 80 100 98 100 100 90 107 95 103 100 65 150 70 30 ao llR 89 76 37 62 33 95 76 60 lit 15 98 100 100 75 86 91 80 9 100 117 115 87 87 95 100 65 60 62 92 95 95 87 96 110 10 00 9 00 9 00 95 87 1 06 S 1 26 1 22 1 28 1 00 70 1 75 J4 12 4 00 4 00 3 50 8 75

Emamiel
80 96 100 75 100 95 100 100 91 100 IOO 110 97 120 20 43 10 75 75 50 15 90 2i 35 0 65 46 100 83 1U0 100 90 95 80 lfO 90 80 100 91 100 E6 501 49 80 100 75 ioo 100 100 150 100 100 120 87 60 75 25 100 65 25 75 100 100 100 110 100 86 92 82 30 50 10 97 100 80 80 96 120 95 8 00 9 CO 10 00 9 fO 8 CO 9 00 10 CO 10 00 9 CO 9 CO 9 CO 10 00 90 86 1 CO 1 02 90 78 1 0 1 00 1 co so 90 90 1 15 1 16 1 35 i io 1 5 92 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 10 1 15 1 20 1 0 93 1 25 1 00 1 0 1 05 80 1 00 90 1 02 1 00 1 20 4 00 4 00 3 00 3 10
120
Montgomery 9 ioo 4 40 400 4 80
100 105 1C0 16 85 102 105 100 101 101 80 76 90 100 no 100 105 98
75 80 40 50 90 60 50 63 90 60 75 10 98 75 79 100 105 100 103 78 90 liO 80 94 100 65 92 75 90 6 5i 65 65 45 60 60 75 60 60 75 65 67 ioo 101 100 ioo 100 102 HO KO 100 100 98 95 90 90 76 105 o 95 75 90 95 90 110 80 91 100 100 107 KO 110 90 102 105 90 2 60 4 CO
Tatnall
Telfair 4 30 4 30 4 05 4 00 4 00 3 00 3 25 3 00
Twiggs M atnington 88 IOS
Average 95 73 99l 99 9 20 93 1 19 1 01 4 16 3 32
CO
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
102 96 119
100
13 1
100
iio
100
75
ioo
260 00
100 80
95
1001
100 80
105
67 91
lOOl
HO
100 k
so
100 9
90
99 97 100
100
98 74
100
loo
KO 40
100
90 60
RECAPITULATION
Aorih Georgia
Middle Georgia
S W Georgia
East Georgia
S E Georgia
Aver State 1881 99 93 98 79 94 86 99
Aver State 1883 99 91 95 94 85 88 99
1 101 97
91 90 9il 90
47 82 91 103
63 79 103 108
67 93 92 100
67 86 95 mi
105 94 98 95
104
105
101
105
10 0
12 CO
i266
nix
io60
15 00
10 co
100 11 v
90
1 Olj
1 00
84
1 00
8
ift
1 CO
1 05
1 10
1 2
1 25
1 12
1 00
Tio
1 25
1 25
96 1 16
85
1 20
iio
80
0
1 00
4 25
4 50
91 4 3
9 95 86 1 09 1 02 8 92 3 92
9 20 r6 1 OS 1 OS 4 09 3 15
9 21 89 1 18 97 4 42 8 41
9 2l 91 1 19 1 04 4 16 3 32
11 67 9C 1 16 91 4 37
9 83 90 1 14 1 00 4 24 3 89
9 00 72 9 1 00 t
a
w
c
w
w12
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE No II
1401
Synopsis of Weather Reports from January 1 to April 30 1884
NORTH GEORGIA
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL
Temper Rainfall Tamper Rainfall Temper Rainfall Temper Kainfall
STATIONS i n a 5 5 M X s 60 511 64 60 lit S B a 5 1 5 6 a 5 53 366 361 343 340 352 u a hi 850 621 6 30 465 641 a p si B 6 13 14 9 5 li a B S s to 75 67 66 70 69 a 10 12 7 U 11 a 524 408 461 497 471 ja a 900 964 895 582 S35 93 SB O 10 17 10 8 11 a 11 M a s 75 11 77 17 76 a 79 22 176 15 53 529 560 491 540 530 V a 935 1399 1620 779 CO C3 a 14 15 14 12 14 a S X 86 86 S6 83 85 S B a a 2 34 26 3 32 B eC D s 586 582 533 580 570 a a i 711 54 697 6 49 j d
MossyCrkWhiteCo 12 9 5
8
r Means 1183 8
MIDDLE GEORGIA
1 57 S2 84 87 57 90 86 S3 35 32 41 37 34 35 554 607 5926 22 582 760 650 247 620 410 612 4 75 602520 18
62 64 65 65 65 64 1 7 5 10 4 356 349 379 386 388 372 454 465 217 315 236 337 6 5 3 4 8 5 74 75 77 76 76 75 12 506 5 81 810 200 292 395 456 10 7 6 7 6 7 78 78 SO 78 S2 79 25 22 27 25 24 25 540 551 587 540 572 55 8 989 1825 762 1050 900 1003 12 11 10 12 14 12 S
Carrollton 10 18 15 20 497 535 520 52 2 6 7
3 9
Me ns 15 51 6 8
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
70 70 70 14 16 15 443 120 431 210 420 315 6 7 75 80 79 24 29 26 580 640 61 225 485 S55 6 7 7 8u 85 82 28 37 32 630 680 655 950 400 6 75 9 5 7 88140 8449 86144 650 610 630 t80 485 407 6
mmMeans 5 5
EAST GEORGIA
Augusta
410
410
3051
3 051
510
51 0
355
355
81121
si ai
580
58 0
625
625
600
600
3
8 60
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Brunswick
Walthourville
Mean
Mean for State
1714801393
20 468
18474
lo408
320
353
391
58 0
552
566
535
297
265
381
466
36650
40
38
26
18
0 340
650 329
594i 7
667
667
514
285
286
4 44411
CROP REPORT1884
18
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks The prospect for a crop in this section is the poorest I have seen in years
owing to the heavy rains It matters not how favorable the seasons may be there
cannot be a full crop made as there has been so much rain that the land has not
been prepared and I think has been injured at least ten per cent by heavy rains
J K Sewell
CatoosaOwing to the incessant rains and cold waves farming has been greatly
retarded The peach crop in the valleys is a failureabout half crop on highlands
The apple crop like the peach and grape it not sufficiently anvanced to give results
Cotton all to plant yet and 75 per cent of the corn John B Henderson
ChattoogaThe farmers have just commenced planting cotton this 30th day of
April and if the weather will permit will soon get through planting It will
take about ten days to finish Prospects gloomy at presentrations shortbut
most of the people seem in good spirits W F Tapp
We are having agreat deal of wet weather at present which is putting the far
mers behind with their work None have touched their bottom lands yet and a
great many that have planted uplands run them off and planted without breaking
up
The only way we can make farming a success in North Georgia is to turn
in the fall the lands we expect to cultivate the next year then we could devote
time in the spring to harrowing to making and hauling out manure and in the im
provement of lands instead of wearing them out in trying to make cotton The
grain farmer is ahead of the cotton farmer and will always be in Chattooga
J J T Henry
Forsyth Tie season is late and the lands are very much injured by hard washing
rains Nearly as much wheat and oats destroyed by sand drifting on it as by freez
ing
Very little said about Carp this spring I presume we will hear of numbers of
ponds being broken by heavy rains
Sheep are not raised in sufficient numbers in this county to reportdogs have been
so numerous that it was almost impossible to keep sheep Mrs H M Sutton
Corn planting began fifteen days later than usual and but little of the crop is
upatthii date Owing to the smaller streams being higher this month than ever
known before bottom lands that were planted will have to be planted over and
the result is that a large per cent of such lands will be seeded in May
Among the varieties of oats sown in the fall Henderson Winter and Grazing or
Turf only stood the extreme cold
While the acreage in wheat is below lastyear at this date the plant is looking
very healthy The casualties affecting it heretofore have been the extreme cold
and overflow of low land A good per cent of the crop was manured and if favor
able up to time of maturing I think the crop will be above an average Owing to
late date of planting no cotton is up yet Threefourths of the crop will be planted
in May B H Brown14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
42
GordonWe have had the most remarkable seasons I think that ever came In
the winter season cold rain and stormy Now the spring is almost one continuous
rainy spell Less plowing has been done up to date than I ever knew Corn plant
ing is only on uplands and but little of that as we have nearly quit planting up
land in corn from repeated failures from drought cotton not more than three
fourths planted and but little up to date May 5th
Wheat has improved very much in appearance but according to past experience
will be a failure If rain continues rust is sure to take it
0 H Davis
At this date thers is not more than 25 per cent of the corn and cotton planted
in this county A good portion of our best farming lands are creek and river bot
tom lands all of which have been overflown several times this winter and spring On
all such lands the wheat is very materially injured and the oat crop ruined
J M Hablan
HarahnnHogs have died the past winter and spring from cholera and we notice
fewer pigs in the country than has been the case in several years
The ribbon cane is being planted on a small scale by a great many farmers and
it is thought that it will take the place of sorghum as soon as seed supply is ob
tained
The oat acreage is larger as stated but the fall sowing is a total failure and the
early spring sowing is short of a stand W C McBeyer
JacksonWe have had one of the worst years I ever saw It has rained nearly
ever since Christmas the farmers are the worst behind I ever knew them to be I
do not think there will be 10 per cent of the cotton crop planted by the 1st of May
and that will be in very poor condition We have had some of the worst wind
storms and cyclones Notwithstanding the farmers are all pushing
ahead The oat crop will be a failure in this county Wheat looks tolerably well
at this writing The land is the worst washed I ever saw in my life both bottom
and upland John G Wikr
Murray The spring has been unusually wet and cold causing a late spring
Everything is fully twenty days late we have had three days of warm growing
weather and prospects are now more encouraging G Jackson
Pickens Owing to so much rain large freshets and the destructive cyclone the
farmers are a great deal further behind with their work this spring than last and
there is prospects for the tightest year for the poor that has been experienced here
forseverat years E A Alired
Polk The flood about the middle of April did immense damage to lands fences
mill property bridges etc This is the cause of late planting of cotton Notwith
standing the severe winter and spring our people were nearly up when the flood
came Some planters will not finish panting cotton before the 10th
Jno 0 Waddell
Raoun Owing to the heavy rains in the latter part of the winter and early
spring our farmers are further behind than for ten years some not more than half
done planting Very little corn up yet We have fine weather now and farmers
are making good use of the time There has been but few Carp brought to our
county yet and they have not developed sufficient to make a definite report There
are a few farmers using fertilizers probably as much as one ton which is more
than ever used in the county before
There is a considerable excitement in this county over the mica business and
several mines 1 learn are paying good dividends P A Blecklet43
CROP REPORT1884
15
TownsCorn is the scarcestever known in this county since the war Farmers
very much back with their work Impossible to make a full crop for want of
provisions Thirtyfive miles travel to a railroad over the Blue Ridge and no
money to buy with will be a slow process to procure bread stuffs
W B McConnell
The peach crop is short but there will be a full crop of apples We have large
quantities of iron ore and micain this county and mica of good quality is mined
here The mountains are full of rich ores and there are fortunes in them in my
opinion if any men of capital would take hold of them Joseph M Rabun
WalkerThe rainfall has been the greatest I ever knew Farmers are farther
behind than at any period since I can remember Bottom lands are almost all to
be turned and planted yet It is now raining The weather is now warm and
vegetation is progressing rapidly Bat little corn is up yet Cotton planting ia
nowgoing on rapidly and will be finished in a few days J Y Wood
The winter was very severe with long excessive and continued rains In De
cember January February and March we did not and could not labor on the
farm No plowing was done The land was worse washed and gullied than ever
before The soil is not prepared or in a condition to bring a fair crop There are
an abundance of provisions of all kinds in this county to supply all home demands
but many farmers are buying in consequence of the drought of 1883
A I Leet
Whilfield The farmers are much dispiritedso far behind with their work No
chance for plowing and preparing land for crops since early in December last
Gardeningis also almost a failure seeds that were not lost in the mud but came
up were bitten by the frost and killed A fair prospect for fruit
W C Richafdso
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin The land owners are almost a unit for the Stock Law Two districts
have it now just begun cannot say how it will work
The finest prospect for peaches and plums for years
ButtsWe have but few fall sown oats There was a heavy crop sown last fall
but nearly all got killed by cold A great many farmers have sown over but many
could not get seed Those thatere sown in January are looking very promising
Wheat was killed out some by cold but a very good stand is left Very good
crops but ten days latejust commenced to head out
We have had so much rain that farmers are at least two weeks behind last year
We are having fine weather now and farmers are pushing ahead with renewed
energy H C Thaxton
Fall sown oats were veryearly all killed What escaped I consider at best
only 50 per cent of an average
CorrottI have never seen such depression in the farming interest as now First
the cold killed out all the fall oats and damaged the wheat crop then the destruc
tive rains have washed the hill lands badly and utterly ruined large quantities of
it and run over and washed the bottom lands to such an extent as I never saw be
fore The good that the winter freezes did seems to be all gonethe land is hard
baked and appears to be dead What the result will be I cannot tell but in my
past observation I have noticed that after so much wet the land looses its vitality
and refuses to produce Another drought like last years will ruin the farming16
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
44
interest of this county As an indication of the above I have never seen oafs look
10 badly and if we have a dry season many will hardly get their seed back 0n
unmanured lands oats are so poor that the fields look bare or nearly so at a
distance R H Springer
The oat crop is quite flattering Wheat is also lookirig finely
S C Candler
ClakeThe Henderson Winter oat received from the Department stood the hard
freezes of last winter as well as wheat It matures two weeks later than the Burt
oat and one week later than the Red Rustproof If it proves to be rustproof it is
a valuable oat
The Hawkins Hill oat was received too late to sow in the fall I sowed it in
February between the Burt oat and the Red Rustproof The oats were sown the
seme day and were coming up beautifully when the freezes about the 21st to 24th
of February caught them an killed 75 per cent of the Hawkins Hill oat and about
50 per cent of the Burt The Rustproof were not damaged more than 10 per cent
John S Linton
ColumbiaThe farmers are very much behind the continued rains have hindered
the plowing Cotton is usually planted here April 10th and up to date April 29th
verj few have planted and none are done Good stands of corn and looking well
J A Walton
CowetaThe prospect for the present is very gloomy indeed I dont remember
to have seen such a spring since I have been farming for 30 years so much rain
and cool weather in April Wm A Smith
DeKalbThe past winter has been the hardest that has been for half a century in
my judgment and the spring lains have been the most constant and hardest I ever
witnessed Lands are washed worse than they have been for years The prospect
for a crop the present year is unfavorable The last six days have been fine for
planting and farmers have made good use of the time If the month of May is not
too wet we hope for a half crop of wheat light rains in May will make half oat crop
if dry it will be short But a light crop of upland corn planted and this was badly
damaged by the rain storm 15th of April Bottom lands have been overflowed so
that little has been done on them After all the unfavorable spring to prepare and
start the crop we are hopeful that the present crop will be a good one Cotton
corn peas potatoes and a good crop of hay and other summer crops by good at
tention will supply the needs of the country G W Morris
ElbertThe wheat prospect is very promising though bottom land wheat is
somewhat damaged by overflow The lands are very badly washed and injured
both on uplands and bottoms The oat crop is looking well enough but is only in
bunches owing to the cold weather J D Goer
HarrisOur people are improving in their system of farming The Agricultural
Society in our county has done and is still doing great good We have monthly
meetings at the countysite and the various questions pertaining to agriculture are
systematically arranged and discussed Flynn Hargett Jr
Our county has had an unusually wet spring and farming operations have been
greatly retarded The lowlands have been badly injured by the heavy rains also
the uplands have been badly washed We have had some of the heaviest rainfalls
that the county has ever experienced so says the oldest settlers men who have
lived in the county for fifty years say that they have never experienced such ex
traordinary rains rains that have damaged the land at least one half of its actual
Talue D C Ccc45
CEOP REPORT1884
17
Oglethorpe The Southern people can never succeed until they become a manu
facturing as well as an agricultural people There is no money for us so long as we
buy everything nearly we use and expect cotton to settle all bills We need diver
sified industry improvement of our lands less acreage to the hand better judg
ment and better cultivation C A Stevens
PikeThe Carp is a complete success I put 208 in my pond on the 18th of April
1883 and one that was from four to six inches long and would not have weighed
more than two ounces On the 15th of April 1884 I caught one and weighed it
and it weighed five pounds good weight 0 R Wilson
Putnam The oat crop is very poor and wheat will not make over a half crop
Stands of all early corn are good and looking well A great deal of corn not planted
yet
Two very disastrous storms passed through our county this year doing serious
damage to stock buildings fences and timber Those not damaged have helped
those that were and have them now in a condition to make a crop
The weather has been very unfavorable for farm work therefore every kind of
farm work is very much behind J T Dennis
Rochdale The wheat crop is three weeks later than usual due to the extreme
cold in December and cold rains during the spring Bill Dallas was killed out worse
than the Parple Straw There will be a great deal of experimenting in heavy fer
tilizing this spring with corn and cotton Jno S Albert
Spa ding There is no doubt but what the fish industry should be encouraged to
the utmost extent It is incredible to tell how fast the Carp grow They grow
about an inch per month I think one acre in a Carp pond is worth 1000
Samuel P Gkay
TalbotThe fall sowing of oats was nearly all killed in this county
S A Freeman
This county has done away with fencing running the Stock Law which
seems to be working very well and all seem to be well pleased and satisfied So
much rain this spring has caused the planting to be behind about 25 days
S B McCray
Wilkes The fall sowing of oats is really but little account and badly killed out
The spring sowing is now the best prospect On my own place the order of winter
killing under exactly similar circumstances Hills from Department almost to
tally Rustproof badly Tennessee Turf not so badly whil j the Virginia oat
from TJ S A Department not at all Wheat in some localities is badly winter
killed John T Wingfield
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BrooksIt was so dry and the ground so hard that no fall oats were sown De
cember oats were badly hurt but spring oats work well C S Gaulden
ColquiltWe have had a wet spring Farm work much retarded in consequence
F J Walker
DoughertyAs most of the oat crop was sowed in January it will amount to but
little unless the rains continue through May While the stand of corn is good it
is very small but looks green and healthy and a good crop has been planted
Stands of cotton are very good 20 per cent of crop to plant yet Sugar cane was all
killed out last fall by the freezs and wet will probably raise seed for next year
J L Dyer18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
46
HoustonThe outlook not so promising this year for farmers to start with Many
of them are in debt from the short crop of cotton of last year But all seem hope
iul and are starting out expecting the seasons to be more favorable and crops more
remunerative
A few farmers are disposed to adopt the intensive system to some extent prepar
ing the land better manuring heavier removing stumps roots etc for the better
use of improved implements
There is a heavy drain on the fertility of our farm lands that is comparatively
overlooked the washing away of the soil by hard rains This has impoverished
more farms than all else combined A proper system of ditching or terracing and
the rows run on a perfect level according to the teachings of your circulars and the
Southern Cultivator will remedy this evil to a great extent J D T
MaoonThe sugar cane seed was nearly all killed by the sudden freeze on No
vember 3d and tbis very important crop will be almost a failure 25 per cent is too
much The farmers will do well to make seed Farmers generally are well up
with their farm work We are needing rain now to bring up cotton
We are planting an unusually large crop of ground peas and chufas If no dis
ease kills out the hogs we will not have to depend on the west for meat
J B Mukkay
MitchellTruck business not increased except as to watermelons Some three
hundred acres planted Melon stands good On Sunday evening 20th of April
we had in this neighborhood one of the hardest rains I ever saw fall Rainfall
eight inches equal to the April flood Seasons have been fr the most part
favorable Some little frost on 22d and 23d Plants thrown back Now pleasant
and farmers are hopeful
MuscogeeI am of the opinion that the oats that put out from the roots of the
oats after the freeze will be very poor as they are heading out from six to eight
inches high have a yellow color and appear to have very little sap in the stems
and the root is dry and has not run out to get food from the soil to support the
straw and by that means the grain will be very lght C Ogletuee
QuitmanRainfall for March 52inches Maximum temperature 79 Minimum
temperature 47 Mean temperature 58 The late cool spell caused the cotton to die
out some but the ample stands secured are not materially effected by it
J E Smith
RandolphThe wheat crop was a little late on account of the fall being so dry
and badly winter killed Chas Stubbs
SchleyHeavy rains have packed the ground and plowing is very difficult now
Wheat is free from disease and is promising Oats need rain We have had no
xain in 15 days J N Hudson
SumterWith cotton the stands were at first good but owing to recent heavy
rains followed by present dry weather the ground is very hard and the cotton is
dying extensively by reason of its having prized the ground up in cakes How
Jong this may last or what extent the damage may reach depends on when it will
in
Mo corn has been bought for farms yet but considerable must be before the
qrops are made M B Council
Winter oats nearly all killed The spring oats are not what we would desire
Thecold has kept them from growing nowit is warm and everything looks lovely
With the early planting of cotton the stand is good the later was caught by the147
CROP REPORT1884
19
recent cold while the seed were in the ground trying to come up and a hard crust
formed on top and the stand of late cotton is not so good
Chas C Shepherd
TerrellOwing to the protracted drought last fall grain could not be sown until
late in December Crops of small grain have been generally sown on good land and
are promising Sugar cane will be sorry Some seed was killed by the cold last
fall Peaches promise well Apples are not extensively grown in this locality
E G Hill
Owing to the very cold cloudy weather the cotton planted is dying out very
badly I fear the stand will be injured on white land The oat crop is badly
killedin places not a half stand Elisha Belfloweb
Thomas The season shave been very favorable for farming operations until the
last ten days On the 20th and 21st we had a 4inch rain followed by cold windy
weather nearly to the frost point But the last two or three days have been calm and
pleasant Corn and cotton that was up shows tve effects of the rain and cold but
a few more days such as the last three will set things all right
Stubble cane is almost an entire failure which will be a severe loss as nearly all
the seed cane is made from the stuble The seed cane having been damaged by
frost before banking the amount planted is less than usual and the stand will not
be so good Farmers generally are in good spirits and on the whole prospects are
favorable for a good crop David A Horn
WebsterThe unusually dry fall prevented the usual sowing of small grain and
90 per cent of that which was sown before the first of January was killed by cold
A continuance of cold and excessive rains have been unfavorable to spring sowing
The outlook is unfavorable There is still hope for improvement of the oat crop as
warm weather approaches Farmers are working with a will and labor is cheerful
and contented Jas P Walker
EAST GEORGIA
JeffersonOats were planted only in a limited quantity in the fall owing to the
extended dry waether When planted in December and January they were mostly
killed out We only have the February planting of course they are too late ever
to make much
Cotton does not look as vigorous as we have seen it at other times or years owing
I trust to the extreme late cold spring I think planting Is at least ten days later
than usual Commercial fertilizers have been used about the same as last year
but they have been a saving of 25 per cent to the farmer S M Clarke
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Glynn St Simonds IslandI have reported wheat 100 This is the first year it
has been planted We have three and a half acres and it looks very fine It is now
heading and if it turns out all right it will be largely planted next fall
James PostellDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
48
A NEW METHOD OF STOKING ENSILAGE
The following letter written by request gives the details of an interesting
and succesf ul experiment in storing uncut ensilage
Commissioner
T J Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
SIRIn reply to yours of the 5th inst it gives me great pleasure to give you
the following information
My silo is constructed as follows An excavation in the ground twentyfour
feet long eight feet wide and four feet deep from the bottom of that pit side
walls made of plank 2x12 not tongued and grooved were run up eight feet high
The posts upon which the walls were made extended on the rear side two an
front side four feet above the walls and upon them the roof was made The
spaces at the two ends and front were left open to place forage in while the
dirt that came out of the pit was banked up on the sides of the silo as high as
it could stand Along the front and ends of the silo I placed two steps to
enable any one to get in and out of the silo without disturbing the banked earth
The silo was divided in half and one half subdivided the divisions being made
of 2x6 plank held in place by strips nailed on the sides of the silo The silo
being built on a hillside I sank an underdrain on the upper side six inches
below the bottom of the pit but twelve inches would have been better
In July the forage corn was cut when it began to tassel and before the
stalks became hard the cutting was done with a common grass blade and
the forage hauled at once to the barn and thrown from the wagon into the silo
without being run through a chopper When a load of the forage came it was
spread as evenly as possible over the bottom of the pit which had been cover
ed with refuse plank until it was a foot deep when the tramping commenced
which continued until all the forage had been hauled each load having been
carefully spread before it was tramped When the pile had been tramped until
it would sink no more the board covers made of 2x12 inch plank cut two
inches shorter than the width of the pit were then laid on the corn as close to
each other as they would fit Rocks to the amount of 1000 pounds to the
square yard were then placed as evenly over them as possible and the job was
finished
One month from the day the forage was packed away I removed one plank
and found that my pit contained ensilage and not rotten stuff as had been
predicted would be the result In November I commenced to feed it and
when I removed the first plank which was the one next to the subdivision I
found that some of the ensilage had become entirely spoiled A close investi
gation of the cause revealed the fact that when the last plank was cut no
calculation was made for the division braces and the plank did not fit snugly
on the forage but was jammed on the braces for this reason more ail than wa49
CROP REPORT1884
21
expected got to the forage and decay was the result The loss however was
only fifty pounds the rest of the pit having kept perfectly sweet
I had commenced feeding from that portion of the pit that contained the
decayed forage and my cows at first did not eat it with a relish but would do
so if it was salted When the second plank was reached the ensilage was found
to be perfect and from that to the end of the silo the cows ate all that I would
give them either salted or unsalted
Finding that my cows and calves would eat it in preference to the best cured
hay I could purchase T determined to try feeding it to my horses At the end
of a trial of six weeks I would have continued longer but ensilage gave out
I found that not only the cows but the horses were in splendid condition much
better than I had ever seen them at that season of the year
The feed given the cows was twenty pounds of ensilage per day divided into
two feeds with four quarts of bran at a feed The horses had the same amount
of ensilage with four quarts of corn in the place of bran No hay was given
them during that period My impression is that chemical analysis shows that
one pound of hay is equal to two or two and onehalf pounds of ensilage as
food for horse or cow My belief now is that one pound of ensilage is a little
better than one pound of the best cured hay as food for either a cow or a
young calf My belief is based on the condition of my stock when fed on
ensilage as compared with their condition when fed on hay the other feed
given being the same
In October I filled two divisions of my silo with potato vines but that exper
iment proved a total failure the cause I think was the vines not having been
run through a chopper could not be pressed sufficiently close so as to exclude
theair Wherever the air can get into the silo there you will find rotten stuff and
not ensilage It has been suggested to me by Mr McCutchen of your depart
ment that if the vines were first run through a cane mill they could then be
pressed as close as forage corn If I had a cane mill I would try the plan for I
think it will answer the place of a chopper I will this summer try and keep
pea vines mixed with crab grass hay and will send you result of the experiment
Very respectfully yours
Atlanta Ga March 8 1884 W I Hey ward

22
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
50
THOUGHTS ON AGRICULTURE FROM ABROAD
It has long been felt as a most desirable help to our agriculture that we
should be placed in close correspondence as it weie with the leading States
abroad which have distinguished their history by the magnitude and value of
their achievements in the cultivation of the soil
While it may be that many methods pursued by foreign States may be inap
plicable to the wants of our people it is yet nevertheless true that in the leading
States in Europe agriculture has been carried to such a degree of advancement
as to invite our emulation and in a vast majority of processes practiced by
them ideas are suggested that would be invaluable to us It is not at all
wonderful that where for ages countless treasure and transcendent ability and
science have been utilized in advancing tillage that as young a nation as ours
should be in the rear There is no disparagement in this Blame will begin
to attach to us only when we refuse the help which better informed and more
successful people offer to us If upon a test of the public judgment in Geor
gia the effort shall be approved which we have begun to afford to the people
of Ibis State what aid may be accessible to us from abroad that effort shall be
continued The encouragement which foreign States have for a great period
of time been giving to the supporting industry of the world commands the
admiration of all true statesmanship and it does seem should provoke imitation
everywhere on earth where men are seeking to lay the prosperity of the Slate
on its surest foundations It proved to be a most difficult task to find one prop
erly qualified for the work of the translator who could present thebest product
of foreign agricultural practice in a popular and available shape This achieve
ment we are sanguine that we have made and the papers which we shall from
time to time be able to give to the farmers of Georgia developing the progress
of foreign tillage and its methods and economies may be depended on as ac
curate and full In our anxiety to benefit the tillers of Georgias soil we make
this venture and if approved and sustained in the effort by those to whom I
am responsible and who are directly interested I shall increase the effort to be
of service in this enterprise Commissioner51
CROP REPORT18S4
LECTURE BY GEORGE VEILLE
WE WILL NOW SPEAK OP STOCK OP ALL KINDS
Itakc up the subject where I left it last year when in reply to a farmer who
sked me for a system of farming I said ui
Fill your barns with hay and straw manure your meadows with chemicri
fertilizer and when you have plenty of stock food then thnk of buyng stock
Is stock indispensible to good farming orll
No since the introduction of chemicai fertilizers we know that barnyard
manure is no longer the only source of fertilization
Do chemic d fertilizers exhaust the soil
No for they give the soil more than the crops take from it
Is it true that we must have imeadow and arable land in equal proportions
to make farming certain and profitable
No this system is neither certain nor profitable for it exhausts the sol
Let me show you by the help of a few figures the place stock occupy on a
farm where only barnyard manure is used what part of the capital is invested
Them I what profit they give if any In other words let us fix exactly the
Place and part occupied by cattle in a system of farming founded oa the use of
barnvard manure alone
I take for example the celebrated f arm of Bechelbronn at the time it was
directed bv M Boussingault Of the two hundred and seveutyfive acres
which composed the farm one hundred and fifty were in meadow and
one hundred and twentyfive in cultivated land
125 acres
Arable land loOacres
Meadow
First if this system has a merit it certainly is not that of simplicity since to
keep up tbe fertility of 125 acres we have the burden of 150 acres of meadow
not to mention stables and stock
ire these disadvantages counterbalanced by the large profits from this
SyNofor from the capital of 700000 to 8000 00 invested we hardly get
660 oa profit This you will acknowledge a poor return This profit comes
from the sale of 270900 worth of vegetable food But to secure the continu
ant and permanence of this sale the presumed source of profit there must
be produced at the same time 285300 worth of animal food which figures m
the farm account as incidental expenses Consequently the greater part of the
cap S is found to be absorbed by this part of the system which gives no profit
while to this 5300 just mentioned must be added the value of the animals
whch is not less than 6000
I now give you the detail of this farm account and for easy discussion
condensed it af rwwds24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
52
Farm account at Bechelbronn when managed by Mr Bousshgault Barnyard
alone being used Crops uncertain Profits GC604 Cultivation of 125 acres
Dr
CULTIVATED LAND
Rent of Land
Costof Culture
Manure
Profit
V 900 00
1068 00
740 00
510 00
3248 00
Vegetable Products consumed
Potatoes 744001bs
Beetss 161050 Its
Cloyer 110700 lbs
Wheat straw 105500
Oats 715 bushels 1C39
Ch
Vegetable Products Fold Potatoes 1417I51bs 506 00 44 00 22 00 1449 00
Beets 34050lbs
Clover 4900 lbs
Wheat 816 bushels
Wheat straw 56700 lbs
Oat straw 46850 lbs 75 00

2209 00
125 00
159 00
854 00
106 00
295 00
1039 00
3248 0053
CROP RETORT1884
STOCK
Consumed Live weight derived from the stable
56120016 Dried Clover 8 1322 64 1147 50
353 50 295 10 Milk nnconsnmed 28200 lbs Weight acquired by the swine2100lt 676 80
815 Bushels Oats 252 00
29360016 of Potatoes 125 66 159 60 105 60 516 00
1501 day s work of horses
65450016 of Beets 4220016 Siraw 2592 30 261 50
345 days work of oxen J
2362 00 740 50
S 18 00 97 38
Interest at 6 per cent on stock
Interest at 13 per ceut on horses 86 63
83 48
78 40
89 60 273 84

14 77
80 25
33 84 2 28

42 56 46 73

Interest for 6 mos at 5 per ct on above 5 14
Cost of Veterinary Surgeon and 21 86 3 12


108 42
Value of wagons plows harness
maclrnery tools valued accord ing to the inventory at SI460 In j 146 00

3594 30 3594 30
Dn
THE MEADOW
Ck
1082 00 483 CO 126 6 32500 of hay sold C 1322 64
369 00

Profit c 1691
1691 64

26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
FINAL RE ULT
L54
Profit from cultivated land
Profit from animals
Profit from meadow
540 CO
OCc
126 64c
666 6lc
Farm account at Bechethronn Exclusive use of barnyard manure The food used
is priced at the cost of production
Dr FirstCULTIVATED LAND Ce
900 03 1068 00 740 00 540 00 Vegetable food products consumed 82209 00
1039 00



3218 00 3218 00
Dr
SecondSTOCK
Cb
2380 00 1214 00 3591 0C1 2 92 00 262 00
Expenses of all kinds
740 00

3594 00
Dr
ThirdMEADOW
Cr
Rent of land 1082 00 483 00 120 04 183700 lbs of bay consumed at cost of production at 72 cents per 100 lbs 32600 lbs hay sold at 113 per 100 H3
Cost of Culture 1322 65 369 00

1691 01 1691 64
SOURCE 1 OF PROFIT
Cultivated land
Meadow by sale of hay
540 00
126 64
666 61
I have admitted for the ke of simplicity that all the profit was derived
from the cultivated land but you see that the meadow contributed onefifth of
it by the sale of hay which reduces the profit attributed to the land and gives
increased force to the criticism on this system But this is not all This account
exact in its generalities is none the less a tissue of illusions The straw and
forage are charged to the animals at the cost of production Now this is amis
take against which I have long protested In support of my opiuion 1 have
cited the example of distilleries and sugar factories
Do they put down beets at the cost of production L55
CROP REPORT1884
27
No why proceed differently in regard to stables
If you make this correction to which no one can object instead of closing the
accouut by a profit of 54000 the cultivated fields show a loss of 106 00 and
the meadow becomes the sole source of profit As there was no profit from the
anamals kept they remain a burden and a fact which is evident the manure
quoted in the first account at 104 per ton now actually costs nearly 300 per
ton The food used valned at the maaket price
Dr
FirstCULTIVATED LAND
Cb
900 00 1216 00 2117 00 4233 00 Vegetable food products consumed 2209 00
1919 00 105 00

4 233 00
Dr
SecondSTOCK
Cb
3958 00 1214 00 2592 00
463 00
3117 00

5172 00 5173 00
Dr
ThirdMEADOW
Cb
Rent of land
Cost of Culture
Profit
1082 00
535 00
772 00
823S9 00
183700 lbs hay consumed
33500 fts hay sold
2020 00
369 00
2389 00
FINAL CONCLUSION
Profit from Meadow
Loss on cultivated land
772 00
105 00
667 00
I repeat that the profit account of the cultivated fields is balanced by a loss
of 10300 which is very plain because the barnyard manure amounts to 300
a ton and is scarcely worth from 200 to i 40
But besides the manure beirfg too expensive the quantity produced is too small
to give good crops Do we not know that large crops alone are remunerative
Insufficient manuring
The price of manure is too high
No profit
But from the moment the meadow is profitable and receives no manure is it
not evident that this special form of manure is not necessary to success On
the other hand as there is a profit is not that the proof that the meadow28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
receives by irrigation more manure than the cultivated fields receive from the
barnyard manure which is given them The conclusion is thus forced upon us
that in order to have profit we must manure the ground more heavily and to
do that we must get manure from elsewhere as we did for the meadow Let us
reexamine the items of the account
You cannot fail to observe gentlemen that in this new account the expenses
of every kind have shown a considerable increase It was inevitable From
the momont that we come to facts and charge the stock with the forage and
straw at their real price the price of the barnyard manure rises from 104 a
ton to 300 and the expense of this item of 74000 to 211700 this explains
the loss already shown The cost of cultivation has considerably increased but
this time the increase of cost is balanced by the higher price of the days work
of the teams which is credited to the animals This exact manner of making
the account is not the habit of the agricultural world However in spite of
their interest these corrections have only a secondary importance The prin
ciple and unexpected fact which resilts from this second account is showu us
by the meadow
Instead of figuring any longer as an incidental account the meadow becomes
on the contrary the source of the whole profit All the corrections being made
the final result is not changed The profit always continues 66604
What does the first account say
That the cultivated fields are profitable from which we conclude the ground
is sufficiently manured We are satisfied and therefore continue to produce
only
20 bushels of wheat per acre
10560 lbs Irish potatoes equal to 176 bushels per acre
22880 lbs beets
What does the second account say
That the barnyard manure costs more to prodvee it than it is worth It says
moreover hat the land is not sufficiently manured
Is this situation without remedy
No we have found the remedy
Buy fertilizers Manure both the cnltivated land and meadow more heavily
Produce more to the land
The first account is a sedative which gives false security
The second account is au incentive to exertion
Which ought you to prefer
You do not hesitate you decide upon the second In this case you cannot
remain passive Profiting by the teaching of science in the use of chemical
fertilizers you give the meadow 5800 to the acre of acid phosphate and
nitrogen Give the cultivated fields 1000 to theracre of acid phosphate nitro
gen potash and lime The result immediate sudden and almost magical
Judge for yourself from this third account57
CROP REPORT1884
29
Farm account at Bechelbronn Barnyard mmure and Chimical fertilizers mixed
Food consumed put down at market price Stock badly fed
Dr FirstCULTIVITED LAND
Dr
SecondSTOCK
Dr
ThirdMEADOW
Kent of land
Cost of Culture
Chemical fertilizers
Profit
SI082 00
624 20
1000 00
2072 20 84778 40
183700 lbs of hay consumed
20700 lbs of hay for sale
FINAL CONCLUSIONS
Profit from cultivated land
Profit from meadow
Total profit
Cr
900 00 1419 80 2117 60 1200 00 555 40 Vegetable food products sold Vegetable food products consumed Vegetable food products for the ani 83313 76
1919 40

959 65

86192 80 6192 80
Cb
83958 00 1214 20 2592 25
462 25
2117 70
85172 20 5172 20
Cr
82020 76
2757 70
4778 40
555 40
2072 20
2627 60
The improvement is considerable Id fact in spite of an increased expense
of 120000 incurred solely in the purchase of fertilizers of certain efficacy the
account of the cultivated fields no longer charged with a loss of 10500 but
credited with a profit of 55540 and this proves again the truth of this propo
sition which has become an axiam that in order to make farming profitable
the soil must receive more than the pi tnts take from it la this way only are
the crops abundant and certainly profitable
A further examination of the account shows a defect in this method of farm
ing which requires a prompt remedy
The barnyard manure costs decidedly too much At the rate of 300 a ton
it is at least 00 cents above its real value
What can be the cause of this high price
There is only one reason The stock is imperfectly fed The best stock30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
58
raisers say that by fixing certain rules in feeding the animal stock raising
leaves the manure as a profit which would bring the annual profit from
Bechelbronn 278420 instead of G00liO Without denying the possibility of
such a result I think it best to be more cautious According to M Keeher
whose authority cannot be disputed when we apply to the feeding of animals
the rules which I will presently give you we gain over 20 cents per ton on the
hay consumed The amount consumed at Bechelbronn was 1837 tons an
increase of profit on the animals of 55100 and this would lower the price of
the barnyard manure from 300 to 220 which is the real value but by a re
aclion easy to foresee the account of the cultivated land would be affected
by this reduction so that the profit changes from 55540 to 110060 which
leads us to the fourth account
Farm account at Bechelbronn Barnyard manure and Chemical Fertilizers mixed
Food consumed put down at market price Slock well fed
Dr
FirstCULTIVATED LAND
Cb
Dr
900 00 1419 CO 1566 60 1200 01 1106 6 6192 S Vegetable food products consumed 4273 40
1919 40



SB 192 80
SecondSTOCK
Cr
Food 3958 00 1214 20 3143 70
462 20
1666 60

5172 20 15172 20
Dr
ThirdMEADOW
FINAL CONCLUSION
Cr
1082 00 624 20 1000 00 2072 0 250700 lbs of hay sold at 2020 40 2757 70


Profit

84778 40 4778 40
Profit from cultivated land
Profit from meadow
Tolal profit
11C6 60
2072 00
3178 6059
CROP REPORT1884
31
You see that account for the animals is balanced without either loss or profit
Under these conditions it is however advantageous to develop the stock indus
try because the stock pay for the forage at the market price and that in spite
of this high price the barnyard manure amounts only to 220 a ton which is
I repeat its real value Here a new idea presents itself If the increase from
the stock instead of amounting to 53110 is 93110 how shall we balance the
account
Shall we reduce the price of the barnyard manure to a corresponding value
No We must keep the price of barnyard manure to its real value of 220 a
ton and carry the excess to profit
In this way the account changes
Dr
SecondSTOCK
Ck
Food
Expenses of all kinds
Profit
3958 00
1214 20
400 00
35572 20
Animal Products
Labor
702 tous of manure at
i543 40
462 20
1566 60
tj572 20
To be consistent with these rules I should have proceeded in the same manner
in the second account of Bechelbronn where the barnyard manure is quoted at
300 a ton debted the cultivated land with the manure at 240 and balanced
the account by a loss to the animals
Cr
Dr
Second STOCK
Food
Expenses of all kinds
395S Ou
1244 2d
8172 2
Animal products
Labor
710 tons of manure at
Loss
2598 20
462 20
1566 60
5S1 20
t5172 20
I bave not done it so as to show more plainly that the loss should be charged
to the animals instead of the cultivated land
The better to show you the bearing of the changes of these different acts and
the corresponding progress in a more striking manner I place the results
before you
ANNUAL PROFIT OF THE FARM
Cultivation with Barnyard manure alone Stock badly fed
Cultivation with a mixture of barnyard manure and Chemical fertilizers Stock badly fed
Cultivation with a mixture of barnyard manure and Chemical fertilizers Stock well led
9 666 64
2627 60
3178 60
Finally as the agricultural question comprehends two term the interest of
the producer who demands a profit and the public interest which requires cheap
and abundant fond with the inciase of the profit we give tte value of the
crops themselves32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 60
THE GROSS VALUE OP THE CROP3 INCLUDING THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS
Cultivation with barnyard manure alone Stock badly fed
Cultivation with a mixture of barnyard manure and Chemical fertilizers Stock badly fed
Cultivation with a mixture of barnyard manure and Chemical fertilizers Stock well fed
9573 80
14025 80
14576 80
You see by this comparison that if large crops are the most remunerative the
total profit from the cultivated field is much above that from the stock and it
notjudicious to limit the farm to stock raising Practically the use of chem
ical fertilizers is of such great advantage that I have only to give you the
testimony of 6000 witnesses from all countries
They report that the wheat crop increased from 30 to 30 bushels per acre
Irish potatoes increased from 10560 lbs to 15810 lbs per acre
Irish potatoes increased from 17G bushels to 264 bushels per acre
Beets increased from 22880 lbs to 35503 lsb per acre
This is not all that is shown by the last account We have besides the
ncreased profit a superabundance of forage and straw What shall we do
with it You have the choice of three ways
If you are near a city nothing is better than to sell it If you cannot do
this reduce the meadow and cultivate more land with chemical fertilizers
The third way is under certain conditions better than either of the other
increase the amount of stock
Which of these three methods is the best
It is impossible to say
The situation of the farm the distance from large cities and means of trans
portation are all to be taken into consideration
We must not overlook the value of chemical fertilizers for the meadow
where stock raising might be profitable The hay at Bechelbronn without
fertilizer was 18370J pounds the feeding of which produced 710 tons of
manure with chemical fertilizers the meadow gave 434400 pounds the feed
ing of which produced 1600 tons of manure at a cost of 220 per ton and
75050 profit from the stock
It would be right here to give you a fifth account of this last change I do
not do it because I have not the facts sufficiently exact I have said enough to
show that it is as necessary to manure the meadow as to manure the cereals If
you wish manure at the lowest price buy fertilizers As a proof of this we
call your attention to factories that utilize their refuse as stock food thereby
adding to their profit the equivalent of an importation of fertilizers And now
gentlemen that we have put stock in their proper place and have shown how
they may be used to advantage and above all as you know in what spirit I
have approached this new subject let us go at once to the foundation of the
whole matter
ANIMAL SUBSTANCE
The number of known animals is not hS than the number of plants If we
take account of the inferior types such as infusoria etc they amouat to the
hundreds of millions
If we examine animals in the sane way we hate examined plants analyzing 61i CROr REPORT1884
and the mineral
ELEMENTS OP ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Mineral
Organic
Phosphorus
Cwbon Sulphur
Hydrogen Chlorine
Oxygen Silica
Nitrogen Iron
Manganese
Lime
Magnesia
Soda
Potash
Conseuently in losing at arimals and plants but arthei
stance we may say tl ey have a common foundn The reauo
tnese dements are abated in o Ungdoehange but
series of products not yet organized but on theu way to become
TRANSITORY PRODUCTS OP LIVING NATURE
Albuminoids
Hydrates of Carbon
Cellulose Albumen
iron Shrine
Sugars
We push the parallel futter Analyze the active PJ
to be taken the one for the other
Take the following table for instance
ACT IE PRINCIPLES COMMON TO ANIMALS AND PLANTS
ALBUMEN CASEINE F1BEINE
Animal Vegetable Animal Vegetable Animal YegCvte
Carbon 35 8
Nitrogen lb5 1034
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
62
Continue the comparison to the organized system or to where the first mani
festations of life are produced in the egg and the grain
Elementary composition is the same active composition still the same
This table will show you this point better than a long list
COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION OF THE EGG AND THE GRAIN
Egg is composed of
Albumen
Fatty Matter
Sugar of Milk Glucose
Sulphur Phosphorus
Different Salts Phosphates
Water 05 to 90 per cent
Grain is composed of
Albumen
Fatty Matter
Starch DextrinCongener of Susrar
Sulphur Phosphorus
Different Salts Phosphates
Water 10 to 12 per cent
On both sides the composition is the same except for the larger amount of
moisture in the egg than in the grain
But an unlooked for fact is that the condition which gives to plant life its
first impulse is the same which gives the first impulse to animal life What is
necessary to both Moisture and heat The egg possesses the moisture natur
allyGive it to the grain by placing it on a damp sponge raise the tempera
ture and in both cases the life until then latent manifests activity The grain
absorbs the water its tissues swell and fill out The starch contained in the
cotyledons is dissolved it takes the form of dextrin and glucose a part of the
nitrogenous matter fibrin legumen vegetable caseine itself dissolves and takes
the form of albumen finally the grain absorbs oxygen and disengages car
bonic acid it breathes and the germ assimilating these modified principles of
the grain send out what botanists call the two axilary systems the stem furnish
ed with leaves the roots provided with their capillary flla nents which are the
main canals of plant absorption
Thus by a transformation of the substance of the grain itself the plant is
formed possessing in a variable degree an irritable organization but is deprived
of the power of motion and remains fixed in the soil where the grain ermi
nated
In the egg the egg of the fowl for example an increase of temperature is
also sufficient to determine the evolution of the germ and make it pass through
all the phases of embryonic life but this evolution requires oxygen
The egg breathes like the grain like it it disengages carbonic acid Its
contents undergo an extraordinary chemical and organic transformation A
part of the yolk is changed into glucose at the same time it becomes the seat
of the work of segmentation the prelude of the formation of the organs which
form the chicken which will come out of the shell on the day fixed just as th
plant comes from the grain endowed like it but in a higher degree with organ
ic irritability and possessing the power of locomotion
From whence comes the plant Entirely from the substance of the grain
and the chicken Entirely from the substance of the egg and what was nec
essary in the two cases an increase of temperature and the presence of oxygen
From this we have two legitimate conclusions of prime importance First
plants and animals pr jceed from a foundation radic 1 y the tarn63
CROP REPORT1884
35
Second they are born from similar actions determined by a common cause
heat It iawell understood that in saying they are born I mean that their
vital activity begins
But at the moment when the leaves coming from the husk of the grain
receive the action of the rays of the sun the moment when the Chicken com
ing from the shell begins to subsist on food drawn from without they produce
the contrasting effect of plants and animals and if we look only at the final
resulttwo essentially different systems
We will now examine these contrasts and when we have theoretically fixed
the conditions of both plantnd animal life we will consider the application
of this theory for we have not lost sight of the object in viewnamely to
make stock raising really profitable
When the leaves first come from the grain they are sickly but they have
hardly felt the influence of light when there is a sudden transformation in
their organization from a whitish yellow they become a deep green by exam
ining their tissues through a microscope we find them gorged with green granu
lations Now these granulations profusely spread through the tissues of the
leaves are the principal source of vegital activity Each granule is truly a
vegetal atom uniting in an almost infinitesimal form all the power and activity
possessed by the plant We will now show what remarkable activity exists in
thee granules When the morning sun strikes upon the suface of the leaves
wesee the granules of chlorophyl swell and multiply and form other white
granules around them which are simply starch and when in very rare cases
the granules of starch are lacking then the tissues of the leaf are gorged with
sugar or glucose But from whence comes the starch or glucose formed of
carbon hydrogen and oxygen From the carbonic acid of the air and rainwater
of the soil from the carbonic acid of the air which the granules of chlorophyl
absorb at first and then decompose so as to separate the whole of the oxygen
This extraordinary act of reduction is itself followed by the combination of
carbon with the elements of water
Truly speaking these two acts are simultaneous We must acknowledge
that the leaves often of the delicacy of the finest lace are more powerful than
the best apparatus our labratories can boast
But the grains of the chlorophyl must have the rays of the sun to vivify
and animate them in order to manifest activity
In fact when the sun disappears from the horizon a sudden change is pro
duced in the functions of the leaves
The absorption of carbonic acid ceases
The absorption of oxygen limited until then to very small quantities and
only to preserve the irritability of the tissues becomes the dominant act of
their activity Consequent on this absorption there is a change in the compo
sition of the leaves The grains of chlorophyl remain but the grains of starch
disappear they are dissolved Once dissolved they enter into the general
circulation of the plant and there meeting nitrogen ammomacal compounds
and nitrates by a combination as yet unexplained that determines a return of
light they are partly transformed into protiene bodies
During the transformation the plant pushes out new leaves which find he
firstoutlines of their tissues in the dissolvedstarch or in the glucose and the36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
64
protiene bodies whose origin we have already explained just as the embryo
had itself found them in the substance of the grain and thus from older to
newer formations the plant is each day built up
The last organs being the product of a part of the substance of those which
preceded them increase the powers of absorption This succession of remark
ablo effects is continued without interruption but with a variable intensity
until the period of flowering At this time a new order of things commences
Vegetal life begins a different course which by degrees fits it for animal food
As soon as the flower is withered and the grain is developed the growth of
the plant is diminished and soon ceases altogether and the flower instead of
absorbing carbonic acid into its substance and breathing it out to extinguish
light and heat like the leaves on the contrary absorbs oxygen throws off car
bonic acid and radiates heat There are flowers certain Arums whose
temperature rises to 10 20 30 and even 40 degrees above the surrounding air
An important part of the substance of the plant is carried to the grain to form
its growth After this the plant absorbs nothing more from without
It lives upon itself to assure the organization of the embryo and the rain
which must reproduce it and which is the result of all its previous efforts
Thus there ae three distinct phases in plant life
In the beginning and at the end the plaot absorbs oxygen and in the inter
mediate period carbonic acid
The contrast of these three periods goes further
At the beginning the plant when it germinates produces heat at the end of
its evolution when it flowers it still produces heat
In the intermediate period on the contrary it absorbs heat and this heat
which it has received from the sun it changes into chemical affinities which
remain in a latent state through all its productions
Now as this period greatly influences the two others by its intensity and the
importance of the products which are born of it we may safely say that
plants are great consumers of heat
Finally we will add as a last trait of vegetal life that the plant proceeds from
relatively simple compounds carbonic acid water nitrates ammoniacal salts
nitrogen mineral salts all substances whose affinities are satisfied and by an
absorption of heat fuses them into more complex compounds whose affinities
are in a high state of tension such as starch sugars cellulose albuminoids
whose texture composition and properties are modified by the slighest action
We repeat the motor of vegetal activity is the sun and the chief characteristic
of vegetation is the faculty of drawing its power of production from the
light and heat of the sun
Gentlemen we will now take up the subject of animals The conditions of
its activity are quite different We will take the chicken as it comes from the
egg As soon as it lives it absorbs oxygen it consumes products of variable
affinities to form others whose affinities are satisfied it disengages heat this
heat it has drawn from the combustion of a part of its food or from its own
substance produced from it as long as it lives it absorbs oxygen and the final
result of its activity is resolved into a series of acts of combustion If parallel
with these effects it produces others forming through special compounds
sugars fats albuminoids the muscuhir or nervous tissues accomplishing these65
cRor KEroRT1884
37
Inefaas of the source of the heat which animates the animal
SeSr1 first condition of physiological
mal needs air a
alone it would die Its y ars from J b to p
ed and the other J SS and similar effects but if we
doms life acquires a multitude oi com and characteristic work we find
consider the final resut alone whichis the f and
x frrir v0yi toL h it by
mln
most perfect stea engine with the same power consumes 38 ounces
The animal machine is superior in economy and perfection but the useful
effect obtained is due to the same cause
1 plant oh the contrary nes9f ounces of carbon throws
out at the same time 2880 calories equivalent to onehalf a days journey of a
locomotive On this point there is a radical opposition But the contrast between
he two kingdoms is most apparent when we show that the plant receiving en
Senteof fertility through the sun gives one hundred n the crop while the
Sal to whom we give 100 of food hardly gies us ten of organized
duct This is the reason the sun is the motor of vegital activity air and
water the sources from which it draws ninetenths of its substance
wnife the animal must draw from its food both the heat which animates and
The suSance which nourishes it Now you know to disengage the heat from
impounds which contain it in the form of chemical affinities it absolutely
necessary to burn and destroy them If we compare animals and plants m
relation to their substance there is complete identity between them
If we compare the active principles the identity is maintained but if we
extend the parallel to the forces which animate the two kingdoms the opposi
tion is radical Plants absorb light and heat which they change into chemical
rnUies as on the contrary bring these chemical affinities back in the
firm of neat The contrast is maintained if we compare the original substance
of both Plants proceed from mineral compound of satisfied affinities and
animals from organic products where the affinities are not satisfied that is to
eaThen they are in a variable former of a high tension like in fulminating
founds though in less degree If we look only at theractica and usefu
results we find a new trait common to both kingdoms We find that in agri
culture plants and animals are simple machines If we wish to produce bread
wpsow wheat for sugar the beat for oil colza
The cllony of Australia which furnishes Europe with suet and wool gives
the ground to the meadow and the meadow to the sheep Two successive acts
of trlnsformation are accomplished acts which we can regulate and govern
Ind whose effects though shown in varied and strong contrasts are really pro
uced by the same lawsI
DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTUREGEORGIA
66
The whole art of slock feeding rests upon the principles of collective forces
and their dominant economical production of stock upon the principle of
intensive feeding We no longer a ly the laws of regulation but the laws of life
The next lecture will be devoted to the practical demonstrations of this67
CROP REPORT1884
39
THE MODE OF INSPECTION AND ANALYSIS
The Commissioner is constantly admonished by the vast interest at stake of
his heavy responsibility to the farming public in seeing to it that no imposition
shall be practiced in the manufacture and distribution of commercial manures
placed on our market He feels every assurance that in the consumate ability
and wide experience of the Chemist who is charged primarily with this im
portant branch of the work of the Department of Agriculture that the public
is abundantly protected
Believing that it will be of value to the public interested in this subject it is
deemed important to subjoin the answers of Prof White to certain searching
interrogatories made by the Committee of Investigation appointed by the Legis
lature of Georgia for the purpose of looking into and reporting upon the trans
actions of this Department
Wednesday 8 a m July 25 1883
Professor White State Chemist sworn
Mr Livingston Professor there are rumors abroad that there are irregularities
in the inspection of fertilizers and perhaps also in your department in the analy
sis and I am not sure if the rumors and charges do not reach the Commissioner of
Agriculture also tht there may be a collusion between parties in this matter
and that the mass of farmers are not protected as they should be State your sys
tem of analysis how you receive your samples what you know of the present sys
tem whether it is effective or ineffective
A The present system of inspection since my connection with the office has
had the chemical analysis of the Department separate from the office in Atlanta
My office is in Athens at the laboratory of the State University and commu
nication with this office is therefore either by mail telegram or express when sam
ples are to be sent There is no personal communication whatever I do not
know of a single instance when I have taken a sample from this office and carried
it to Athens I do not know when a report has been returned by me in person
Communication is by mail or telegram or through the express
The samples when they are drawn and how I do not know The first fact that
comes to my knowledge is the receipt of the sample at Athens Taking up a sam
ple bottle Here is the form in which the sample comes to me with the exception
of that top part which is cut off containing the inspection number and the name
of the inspector is cut off from the bottle before it is sent to me I do not even
know who inspects the goods This was inspected for instance by Troup Butler
They cut that off so that when the sample comes to me I cannot tell who the
inspector was
The first step in the work so far as I am concerned is at Athens to receive by
express I have never received any in any other way so far as I remember any
sample They always come by express packed in boxes usually from twenty to
forty When they reach me they are labeled in this way with the exception of
that part up there The number of the inspection and the name of the inspector
are cut off I have only the number 934 for example40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
68
You observe these three forms if the sample contains no ammonia then the
clerk here runs a pen through there so that strikes ammonia If it contains no
potash then he runs the pen through potash If it is simply a chemical alone
he runs it through the other
Mr Livingston If it was an acid phosphate only he would run his pen through
ammonia and potash
A Yes sir so except for that I do not know whether it is acid phosphate or
what
There have been a number of cases where the dealers have made false requests
and asked for ammonia when it was not there and I have gone to the expense of
hunting for ammonia when there was none
After the sample is submitted to me I go through an analysis It takes from two
to three days to make an analysis When I have as many as twenty in hand I run
twenty at a time I have two or three assistants and we can conclude twenty on
an average in about ten days when we are pushing things
Mr Livingston Get them back into the hands of the Commissioner
A After I finish the analysis I simply seal it up and put it on my shelf and re
tain it Then I write down the number and the analysis right after it I have a
sheet which I show you containing a printed form for nineteen analyses on the
sheet intended for twenty I suppose but really containing only nineteen I sign
my name to it direct it to the Commissioner and send it to Atlanta And that
ends my connection with the concern
Q You have examined the soil tests of course all over the State State how your
analysis and the soil tests compare if you please
A I made that examination a month or two or ago I went back for three
years during the date of my own connection with the Department and I find that
the chemical analysistake for example the best fertilizer the best ammoniated
oods etc and then compare the general returns on the crop reportsand I find
ninety cases in about one hundred where they agree It is about that proportion
about ninety times out of one hundred the best fertilizer by the chemical analysis
was shown to be the best by the soil test Then I went over and took the bad sea
sons out and found that the proportion was larger as much as ninetyfive in a
hundred
Q We learn from that that from ninety to ninetyfive per cent of soil tests cor
roborate your work We can therefore depend upon your analysis without a soil
test
A There is no doubt about it I think that of the chemical analysis every
ninetyfive out of one hundred may be relied on as a safe test There is no doubt
that the chemical analysis is the best method of determining the quality of the fer
tilizer It is the method that the manufacturer relies on He makes his formula
in accordance with this analysis
Q Do they not make their analysis from the plants in the soil and make their
fertilizers to meet the demands of the plant
A Chemical agriculturists have been at work on this for many years and the
accumulative work of scientists shows that it is necessary and manufacturers avail
themselves of that information in making their formula Speaking generally we
know that phosphoric acid potash and ammonia are the main ingredients of fer
tilizers But they are all analyzed and manufacturers have chemists and their
work is carried on by chemical analysis
Q The dealer i required by law to send a guaranteed analysis on each sack
How does your anjysis and those guarantee analyses compare 69
CROP REPORT1884
41
A I know nothing about that I have no knowledge of what the guaranteed
analysis is and the probabilities are that I never would know
Mr Peeples You do not know who the manufacturers are
A No sir I do not know who the manufacturers are I could go back over my
books and find that out because I could check that sheet there for example or ask
the Commissioner and he would furnish me the names But as a matter of fact
when the season is over after I have analyzed as I did last season four hundred
and fifty odd samples I am tired and sick of the thing and I do not care who the
manufacturers are
Mr Livingston In those four hundred and fifty samples was there much sand
or dirt found in the guano
A In some few instances there was
Q Was there a sufficient amount to induce you to believe that it was put there
fraudulently
A I rather think that was the case In one or two instances my suspicions were
aroused as to the propriety of that admixture and those cases were reported to the
Commissioner I do not now remember the numbers because they were reported
immediately and I forgot it There is always more or less sand and dirt necessa
rily and these admixtures may have been unintentional or may have been inten
tional I do not know There are several thingsfor instance I had my suspicions
as to the use of shoddy All those things have to be carefully looked after I
know from my general correspondence and from my acquaintance with the manu
facturers that ammonias are very high The consequence is that the manufactu
rers are of course constantly trying to get a cheap source for that supply They
use leather scraps and this woolen stuff On analysis they all show nitrogen but
as a matter of fact it is worth nothing in that shape and to the plant I have de
tected leather scraps on one or two occasions but in very small proportion I
heard of one manufacturer who I rather thought was going to use leather scraps
Seiner of Baltimore and I took occasion to notify their agent if they put any in
their guano I would find it
Q If there was no inspection of fertilizers couldnt they constantly palm off
these swindles upon us and we could not detect it
A I think so Unless you have a chemical analysis at one end of the line not
only spurious articles would be put on the market but introduced into the manu
facture these articles leather scraps and shoddy that I spoke of I met a gentle
man yesterday who asked if there had not been invented a process of preparing
pure nitrogen from leather scraps And a man unskilled in those things might be
deceived The appearance of the guano would not show what it was It requires
careful analysis which cannot be made by the planter
Q In the preparation of sulphuric acid can they not lower the grades of the
commercial acids and not be detected
A The strength of the acid makes a very great difference for one costs much
higher than the other
Q If they use the lower grades of commercial acids in the dissolving of these
hones or if they use the higher grades what is the benefit or loss to the farmer
A The lower grade acid makes a lower grade phosphate and that can only be de
tected by chemical analysis We can detect whether it contains six per cent of
soluble or thirteen per cent The lower grade has six per cent of soluble the
higher thirteen per cent Not only the acid but the phophate itself varies For
instance there is the phosphate of iron which may or may not be valuable as a
plant food They can use it in making a fertilizer The planter cannot tell it42
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREEORGIA
70
Simple inspection will not determine whether it is phosphate of ammonia alumina
phosphate or iron or what Nothing but chemical analysis will do so
Q Then there is another point that seems to be ascertained and that is that you
must have some samples from some source or other How ought those samples to
be taken without any reference as to how it is done
A I have never seen I believe an official inspector draw a sample in Georgia I
have drawn them myself frequently but not for the Department But I do not
think I have ever seen an official inspector draw a sample in Georgia But I know
how they ought to be drawn The samples ought to be very carefully drawn
Q Where it is in bulk unsacked for instance and we have some inspections of
that kind where they cannot get at it by sacks or packages please say how that ought
to be done and then take the sacks
A Of course I can only give in general terms my notion about that thing The
inspector must be guided largely by the circumstances of the case If he has a
large bulk of material he ought to go at it with a hoe or some such instrument so
he can pull it out everywhere from every part of it If it is lumpy he ought to
avoid the lumps he ought generally to go to all parts of it
Q Would you advise him to go to the bottom
A Of course I should go through If it is extra damp at the bottom that fact
oughl to appear What he wants is an average sample and an intelligent man can
tell when he has a fair sample If they were inspecting a thousand tons in bulk I
would take enough to cover this table a foot deep mix all that thoroughly and we
have rules for mixtures mix it all thoroughly and spread it out in a thin layer
and then divide that layer into little squares with a rule or some such thing and
take a little out of each square and that will give an average sample I would
throw the balance back into the bulk And these samples would give the average
Q How would you sample the sacked stuff
A The sacks are probably more easily sampled than the bulk There is a little
tin scoop to run into the bag at least that is the way I sample them A man may
open a bag and run his hand or a trowel into the sack stir it all up and get a little
from each particlar sack I run it into the center end or sides into every bag or
as many as I please out of the lot and mix it all up The number of sacks to be
examined of course depends upon circumstances If a large number of sacks come
jn under one brand I should look into the sacks or estimate from the outside
whether it was likely they all coaitained the same goods Then run this instrument
into one in every five or ten and get out a sample and examine it in the same way
Of course you are running a risk but the risk is infinitely small it seems to me A
man might bring in a few inferior sacks and you run the risk of missing those but
the risk is small If the goods were not uniform the appearance would indicate
the fact The inspection requires skill as well as does the analysis and they soon
become skilled A man soon knowshow te sample In the city of Baltimore they have
men there who are noted as skillful inspectors They used to inspect the old Peru
vian guano They were largely sought after there on account of their skill in
liandling goods and making inspections
Mr Payne In making your anaiyses what proportion of the sample do you
use
A This is about the average size of the bottle I unseal that and pour it out on
a clean sheet of white paper and look at it carefully to see if there is any apparent
rock or sand in it Some years ago I detected absolutely pieces of sand and clay
sticking in the sample And that is a good time to find it if there is any there The
sample is broken up coarsely so as to get a moderately fine powder that will go71
CEOP REPORT1884
43
through a coarse sifter with meshes about eight to the inch It is mixed so as to
thoroughly incorporate it and out of that I suppose only about onefifteenth would
be necessary for analysis
Q From that quantity you can make a correct analysis
A Oh yes The fact that it is a correct analysis isshown by the revisions Fre
quently revisions are called for and I have taken another portion of a sample
after I have completed one analysis and gone back and taken some more to make
another analysis and I almost always have them coincide showing that the little
bit I took correctly represents the whole if this sample correctly represents the
stuff that is taken my analysis correetly represents the goods on the market
Mr Livingston Your analyses you say are corroborated by the soil tests in
ninety to ninetyfive cases out of the hundred does not that show that inspections
are good
A I should think so That of course is a matter of opinion in which any other
mans is as good as mine The fact that my analyses are fixed to a certain brand and
that brand under a soil test produces certain expected results is not evidence that
my analysis indicates the quality of goods but that my sample did absolutely
represent that brand I should think that would be an excellent indication of the
use of inspections You have the crop reports here you have my reports here
you can make up the estimate for yourself
Mr Crenshaw If you analyze any brand of fertilizer when sacked up and it
shows certain results so mueh ammonia so much potash and so much acid and it is
exposed to the winter rains and carried over till the next season and analyzed again
will it show the same result as when you first analyzed it
A I should say generally no That of course you ask me is a speculative ques
tion and I would rather find out by the examination But generally I should say
that goods exposed to the rain would be changed the soluble matter washed out
but not as much so as you would suppose because the rain would soon form a hard
crust on the outside concreting it and that would protect the interior
Q Would it not lose the ammonia
A No sir the ammonia would be the last thing to lose The ammonia may be
present in several forms There may be sulphate of ammonia which on contact
with lime will give up its ammonia but that is rarely used The nitrates have no
ammonia at all but nitrogen which is capable of making ammonia in the soil It
does not make any difference how you expose it the ammonia would not escape
The material out of which the ammonia is produced is cotton seed meal dried
blood fish meal etc those bad smelling stuffs those things contain no ammonia
at all They contain nitrogen and nitrogen becomes ammonia on the decomposi
tion of those materials in the soil when we say that the goods contain so much
ammonia it is not meant that the ammonia is present in the fertilizer but it means
that it is capable of producing so much ammonia in the soil If this vegetable
matter were exposed to the air under certain conditions it might be converted into
ammonia and the ammonia escape into the air but those conditions are not likely
to happen And if they were to happen the acid present would unquestionably
retain the ammonia after it was produced So it is a mistake to suppose that fer
tilizers decrease in value by being kept from one winter to another
J When exposed to the rain
A It migkt be leached It might lose some of its soluble matter some of its pot
ash etc
Q It would not show the same commercial value
A No sir I should say it is damaged goods44
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
72
Mr Zachry Suppose it is not exposed to the rain but carried over
A I think it is not injured but on the contrary improved I can expain The
phosphoric acid is made soluble by the contact with sulphuric acid The longer
the acid stands in contact with the rock the more available phosphoric acid is pro
duced So it Is improved by standing over from year to year if it is not exposed
to the weather and so on
Mr Crenshaw What effect would heat have on guano guano in a fire for in
stance
A Heat would destroy the cotton seed meal and potash and so on It would
not much injure it however if it was not ammoniated goods
Mr Peeples You give the commercial values in making these analyses
A Yes sir
Mr Livingston Has there been any improvement in the grades of fertilizers
shipped to Georgia since you have been serving both the State Society and the
State
A Yes I began this work for the State Society in 1873 ten years ago The first
public inspections were made at the instance of the State Agricultural Society and
made at Athens by the State College of Agriculture and I was professor of chem
istry as I am now and the results were published by the State Agricultural So
ciety And the first publications we made disclosed tue fact that there was a num
ber of fertilizrrs of low grade on the market and in use by the farmers At these
disclosures the manufacturers were inclined to be abusive and hostile But we
went on with the work aud after awhile the duty of making the analyses was put
upon the Department of Agriculture And since then the character of the fertil
izers has improved rapidly and materially increased in value I mean that the in
crease in grade is perhaps fifty per cent if not more fify per cent under these
public inspections than they were before In the long run I would attribute all
that to the inspection laws I do not think that would be fair A good deal of it
is attributable to the process of manufacture In the first place the facilities for
making the fertilizers were not formerly as good as now and they did not have as
good material then as now The inspection laws of course did not improve the
methods of manufacture and did not bring down the price of goods but it drove
out of the State all the wildcat concerns and therefore enabled the honest manu
facturers to increase their facilities and plants and increase their sales and make
fertilizers not only better but cheaper The inspection laws have cheapened the
prices of valuable fertilizers in that way
Mr Crenshaw Do you know whether the commercial value of fertilizers in
Georgia where they have inspection laws is higher than it is in Alabama where
they have no inspection laws
A My opinion U of course limited on that point merely to my correspondence
I believe the commercial fertilizers are higher in value in Georgia than they are in
the neighboring States I know they are higher than they are in Alabama I
know they are much higher than they are in Mississippi
Q Isnt the same brands sold in Georgia as in Alabama
A The same brands and very often the sama goods and very often they are not
the same goods A number of correspondents in Mississippi and Alabama send to
me to know whether certain goods are up to the Georgia standard And goods are
sold today in Mississippi under a guarantee from the manufacturers that they have
the Georgia standard That is done in Mississippi almost universally
Mr Livingston In Mississippi they are simply satisfied if the dealer will guar
antee it is up to the Georgia standard They go upon that guarantee 73
CROP RETORT1884
45
A Yes sir I can refer you by name to some of the parties Reeves Co of
New York They have an agent here who will tell you the same thing I can give
you the names of parties in Mississippi who have bought by that g jarantee The
same is trueto a less extent in Alabama
Mr Crenshaw Do you know any guano sold in Georgia that does not come up
to the standard
A No sir
Q Do you know any that is shipped to Georgia that does not come up to the
standard
A No sir If I did it would be reported here very promptly
Q Have you ever analyzed any that did not come up to the standard
A Yes sir I have done that
Q What brand was it
A I do not know that I do not know the names
Q Have there been many brands of that kind
A The books will show I cannot carry that thing in my head I should say
out of five hundred analyses probably ten or fifteen or twenty are below the stand
ard What is done with those goods I do not know I simply report the fact to
the Commissioner and I do not know what he does after that
Q Were there this year as many as twenty
A I do not know the books will show I could tell of course by reference to
my office but I really do not know how many I could have prepared myself on
that point if I had thought of it but the books are here a counterpart of my own
except the inspection brand
Q Yours you say show only the numbers
A Yes only the numbers I may have had different samples of the same goods
I do not know
Mr Peeples I want to ask one question upon this report in reference to the
relative commercial value of the guauo Is that the cash value
A Yes Here is the thing For instance we go at it in this way An acid
phosphate is sold by the unit That is to say a manufacturer in Charleston or
elsewhere will sell an acid phosphate that he represents to contain ten per cent
available acid say for twenty dollars a ton We send inquiries to Charleston and
Savannah and to all the points to find out what is the ruling market price You
observe under the influence of a very active competition these things are kept at a
fair price And we ask what is a fair price We learn that it is worth twenty dol
lars a ton cash in Savannah not more than that They can be bought for less but
not where they contain the full ten per cent So we estimate that acid phosphoric
is worth twenty dollars a ton in Savannah Twenty dollars carried out will give
ten cents a pound for phosphate acid Two thousand pounds for twenty dollars is
exactly ten cents a pound In the same way we get at the potash Kainit can be
bought for from nine to twelve dollars a ton containing thirteen per cent of pot
ash and we put potash at six cents a pound We find sulphate of ammonia can
be bought for so much cotton seed meal for so much and ground bone dried
blood and fishmeal so much This will produce a certain amount of ammonia
and we say ammonia is worth so much and we put it down at twenty cents a
pound These ingredients will give the value If a man makes a manipulated fer
tilizer all he has to do is to take a certain proportion of these ingredients and mix
them together and it is worth so much We say it is not worth more than these
ingredients because the farmer can mix it up himself Add the ingredients to46
DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUEEGEORGIA
74
gether and we get the commercial value We say that that fertilizer can be made
for that money and sold for that much in Savannah for cash
Q It is really worth that to the purchaser
A Yes We simply adopt that method because dollars and cents is an easy
standard for comparison easier than for the farmer to compare the ingredients
Q You do not include in the value the cost for manipulating freight or any
thing else
A No sir nothing If it is bought in the upcountry it is worth more But
some are not worth as much in the upcountry as below because some are made out
on the Georgia Railroad near Atlanta But speaking approximately that is a fair
valuation
Mr Payne You only give the commercial value not the agricultural How
does the commercial value compare with the agricultural
A In ninety times out of a hundred the crop reports prove the commercialval
ue they corroborate the chemical analysis But you must remember that some
fertilizers might have a high per cent of ammonia as shown by analysis and that
would give them a high commercial value But the amount of ammonia might be
so great as to injure the crop and its agricultural value then would be nothing or
worse than nothing
Q Is this analysis of the soil necessary so as to know what particular ingredient
is necessary Is it not absolutely essential to the farmer to know what to put into
his soil
A There are many difficulties in the way in the analysis of the soils and get
ting at fair samples of the soif and telling the conditions of the mineral food in the
soil so that we rely nowadays very little upon soil analysis but the general idea
is correct if you know what the soil contains it would help you very much in se
lecting the fertilizers
Q A purchaser buying guano of a certain analysis that does not suit his soil
might get his land injured
A That is true and therefore I think it would be very wise if we had some ar
rangement by which we could indicate to the citizens of the different parts of the
State the general character of the best fertilizer for certain kinds oflands But it
would not require an analysis of the soil to do that
Q Is not your department deficient in that respect
A I cannot say that its efficiency would be very much increased if it had some
thing of that kind if it gave that information You understand that information
can only be obtained at considerable expense and dissemiuatedat considerable ex
pense The Commissioner af Agriculture and myself have had that matter in con
versation and talked it over and we designed getting up shortly a little pamphlet
indicating from our knowledge the kind of fertilizer that would specially suit large
tracts of the State There are a great many troubles surrounding these questions
Before you dismiss me I want to say one little word Mr Crenshaw asked me
individually a question which I want to explain here and it is this Sometimes
the regulations of this department permit a farmer to draw a sample of his guano
under certain conditions in the presence of witnesses and seal it up and send it to
the Department if his crop is a failure he sends it to the Commissioner for analy
sis and the Commissioner has that analysis made But there is some objection to
sending the name of the goods along with the sample The Commissioner does not
send me the name of the goods any more than he does when it is an original sam
ple and I do not know what it is whether it is original or not And there is no75
CROP REPORT1884
47
chance if I were so disposed to save myself the labor of making the new analysis
I cannot do so
Mr Livingston If the Commissioner is honest then the party is protected
A Protected perfectly and I see no temptation for the Commissioner to be dis
honest for the trouble of the analysis falls on me I would like to say just here
too and I think I ought to say it too because I think this investigation has not
touched my office at all and if any complaints have been made I have not heard
of them on the part of the farmers I have on the part of the dealers In connec
tion with the administration of this office the Department of Agriculture so far
as my information goes the Commissioner has been extremely active and careful
and 1 know that he has put work upon me much against his inclination because
he knew it was at positive expense of time and money to me simply with a desire
to protect the farmers of Georgia as well as he could Of course my opportunities
for knowing anything about the methods of inspectionhow far it has been done
properlyare very slight I know very little about that But from the tenor of
my correspondence with the Commissioner I know as far as I am able to judge
any man that he is extremely careful and anxious to protect the farmers in this
work
Q How are these inspections paid for
A i do not know
Q How are your services paid
A My services are paid for out of the general treasury My office is created by
a special Act of the Legislature
Q You are not paid out of the fund coming from this department
A fro sir It is charged against the fees of inspection
Q What salary do you get
A My salary is three thousand dollars including the pay of the assistants and
cost of chemicals
Q How much are the assistants paid You say you pay them out of the three
thousand dollars
A Yes sir I have been in office three years and it has not netted over six hun
dred dollars a year
Q What is the cost of a single analysis
A Twentyfive dollars on an average Of course that is not the cost of each one
Mr Crenskaw Are you allowed any expenses out of the three thousand dol
lars
A Not one dollar The Commissioner did allow me traveling expenses once
He summoned me to attend a meeting here to fix upon a method of arriving at
these commercial values I think the amount was nine dollars and I was hard
pressed at the time because the analyses were accumulating upon me
Q I reckon you stay at home pretty closely
A If you make four hundred and fifty analyses you have to
Mr Hoge Do not different chemists sometimes vary very much in these analy
ses
A There is some variation but not as great as probably you would suppose The
chemist who works for the manufacturer is of course always trying to get high re
suits The official chemist wants to get at the truth So sometimesit was espe
cially so three or four years agothe chemist for the works would come back at us
and insist that we were wrong and it required some pretty stiff backbone to resist
them but we did and at the present lime there is very little difference on that
score We differ sometimes on the point of the reverted phosphoric acid One
48
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
76
time there was a convention of all the chemists We had a convention at our own
expense and decided a method of analysis which has been in use for three or four
years and there is not much complaint on that score now You may see how lit
tle complaint there is For instance a manufacturer in New York will take his
chemists analysis and make up a thousand tons of fertilizer to be sold in Georgia
upon my analysis He must have confidence in the analysis or he would not put
that much money into it
Mr Hoge I would be glad you would tell us something about the inspection of
oils how the people are to be protected against these lowgrade oils
A That is a matter that does not come under my own observation There are
inspectors appointed
Q Is the inspection reliable Do you know how the oils are inspected in Geor
gia
A Yes sir
Q Is there any uniformity or reliability in that system
A Yes sir I believe there is I have got to testify in a case this morning in
court and I have in my satchel a pyrometer the instrument designed by the Com
missioner of Agriculture following I suppose after the New York law
Q Please show ns the instrument and explain it so we can understand it
The instrument is brought and exhibited
Here is a brass cup rilled with water and here is the cup which contains the oil
that rests on these little points there so that it does not touch this solid matter
any where It rests in the water Underneath is an alcohol lamp and here is a
thermometer that has a bulb that is protected This cup is filled with water and
the inner cup filled with oil A small flame is applied and the water is heated
very carefully This cup is kept closed up and the vapor from the oil accumulates
in here I light a string and every now and then apply the string till the vapor
catches fire and we note the temperature at which it catches fire That is called
the flashing point The temperature of the oil still rises until it takes firethat is
the test We note the number of degrees at which the oil takes fire The Code
prescribes that it shall1 not be below 120 degrees
Q What goes wilh the vapors
A The temperature above that is more than sufficient when this is open they
cannot accumulate If we keep that closed it goes on flashing Then the tem
perature reaches a point at which the oil will burn
Q State what will happen if a poor article of oil is put in there
A A poor article will take fire at a low temperature Oil cannot possibly take
fire under the Georgia law under 120 degrees If it does the oil is condemned
You can see how much skill is required to inspect the oil Not much After a
man has done this a few times if he has any skill at all he can very easily become
an oil inspector so that the amount of intelligence required isnot above that pos
sessed by an ordinarv man and I presume that the inspectors do their duty faith
fully
Mr Hoge What is our system of inspection
A It is laid down in the Code
Q Do you use that instrument
Commissioner Henderson No sir they cost too much That costs about fif
teen dollars ours about six We have no occasion to use one here except in a few
instances
Mr Hoge Couldnt you with that instrument or such an instrument as is used
by the State raise the temperature very much without producing the flash
Professor White Yes sir It is necessary to keep it out of a draft You want
the accumulated gas
Q Suppose you used a larger toper than the lighted string could you not in
that way raise the temperature of the thermometer without raising the tempera
ture of the oil
A Yes sir That is the reason the directions in the Code are so specific
The instrument used is Tagliabues
Adjourned to 230 p m
Special Circular No 40
New Series
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF MAY 1884
RETURNABLE JUNE 1st 1884
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga May 19 1X84
Dkar SikPlease answer the following questions on the first day of June and mail promptly
so that your report may reach this office by the d day of June if possible
Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as
far in each direciion as your knowledge may extend not simply to your ownarm
In all cases where the crop is not grown in your county use the character X If you have
not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
jy a if your mail facilities are not such that matter mailed on the 1st of the mon h will
not reach this office by the 3d please make out your report so long before the end of the month
as will be necessary to have it reach this office by the 3d
I For what county do you reportcounty
II Your name
III Your postoffice
Or
fcli
Jt
X
X13

b

z2 DEPARTMKNT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 78
CORN
1 Condition compared to this time last yearper cent
OATS
2 Yield where harvested compared to averageper cent
3 Prospective yield where not harvested compared to averagepercent
4 To what extent injured by rustper cent
WHEAT
5 Yield whereharvested compared to averagepercent
6 Prospective yield where not harvested compared to average per cent
7 To what extent injured by rustper cent
8 What variety has given best results in yonrcountyper cent
COTTON
9 Stand 1st June compared to averagepercent
10 Condition compared to averagepercent
SORGHUM
11 Condiion compared to average percent
SUGAR CANE
U Stand compared to a good standpercent
13 Condition compared to an averagepercent
POTATOES
14 Prospective yield of Irish potatoes compared to average per cent
15 Area in sweet potatoes compared to last yearpercent
16 Condition compared to averagepercent
MISCELLANEOUS
Condition compared to average of
17 Ricepercent79 QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT
18 Ground peas
19 Melons
ORCHARDS
20 Peach prospect compared to average
21 Apple prospect compared to average
22 Pear prospect compared to average
23 Grape prospect compared to average
STOCK
24 Clip of wool compared to last year
25 What diseases have affected stock
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
tonreXf TT ho are wilUng
questions
suggest a suitable person to take hisRCULAR No 54
New Series
CROP REPORT
For the Month of May 1884
SHOWING
AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO
AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
X T HEITEEBSOIT
Commissioner
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Jas P Harrison dTCcTrfnters Binders and Electrotypers
1884Orioular No 54
New Seezs
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1384
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JUNE 1 1884
Department op AaRicoutraE
Atiatta June 1118845
CORN
The condition of the crop in North GeorgU compared to this timelast
year is 95 in Middle Georgia 93 in Sjuthwest Georgia 98 in East
Georgia 101 in Southeast Georgia 102 and in the whole State 98
The crop has been kept back by the low temperature of the month of
May The cold has also favored the destructive work of the bud worm
by which the stand has been injured on low grounds Notwithstanding
these casualties the average condition for the State is seven per cent bet
ter than last year and but two per csnt below an average The dry May
has favored the proper cultivation of the land and the cnp is considered
in promising condition
OATS
The yield of this crop when harvested compared to an average yield
in Northwest Georgia 63 Middle Georgia 70 Southwe3t Georgia 77 East
Georgia 75 Southeast Georgia 84 and for the State 74
The prospective yield where not harvested compared to an average in
North Georgia is 66 Middle Georgia 68 ia Southwest Georgia 75 in East
Georgia 74 in Southeast Georgia 75 and in the whole State 72
The harvested portion of the crop is confined in most of the State to the
fall sowing In North Georgia a very small portion of the crop was ready
to cut at this date June 1st
The yield and condition of ihn crop falls nearly ten per cent below the
prospective estimates of April As the rust was making its appearanceDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
881

in some sections of Northern and Middle fXXl
of correspondents were forwarded Jane 1t tM may The
with the late sowings below the prospective indication8 o ttia to the
rust had made its appearance otbtrs where the
crop is reported by one correspondent at 15 per caat
disease had made its appearance give the damage at
WHEAT
87 in East Georgia 93 and in the State 89 North
The prospective condition where not harvested is wor
Georgia 95 Middle Georgia 87 in Southwest Georgia 85 in East Ueor
gia 91 and in the whole State 89 rPnrcria sixteen counties of
Rust is noticed in three counties of North eorgia sixieeu o
Ktor
suits in your county eightysix cor respondent n mebe Yurp
or Blue Stem twentyeight the D Jlas and eight the Ked May
varieties
COTTON
The stand of this crop the first of June compared to a good stand in
Northwest Georgia is 97in Middle Georgia 96 in Southwest Georgia 97
fnrEasTGeoGrgiag93 in Southeast Georgia94 ancin th whjfc Se97
JSiSSS GeoIl inS SS ft
tiandTerd
month
SUGAK CANE AND SORGHUM
The stand of sugarcane compared to a good stand is 87 and the con
dition compared to average 89
The condition of the sorghum crop is reported 75
MISCELLANEOUS CHOPS
The Irish potato crop compared to an average is 95 This is reported
arJ an average in East Georgia only where the average is given at10
Tne sweet potato crop in area compared to last year is 9 and the
condition compared to average 94L89
CROP RErORT1884
The condition rnJ rospect compared to average of rice is 96 ground
peas 95 and melons 95
FRUIT
The prospect for a fruit crop is better in most parts of the State than
any time since 1878 Tie average for the State for that year was peaches
116 apples 96 and pears 93 for the present year peaches 90 apples 56
and pears 70 The grape prospr ct is reported for the State 96
In North Georgia the peach prospect is reported 69 in Middle Georgia
99 in Southwest Georgia 113 in East Georgia 102 and Southeatt Geor
gia 66
Correspoidents from North Georgia etale that some orchards in that
section have fail d entirely but the lowest report is 10 per cent of an
average
STOCK
The wool clip is reported in North Georgia 96 in Middle Georgia 98
in Southwest Georgia 96 in East Georgia 96 in Southeast Georgia 100
and the average for the State 97
There are complaints of loss of sheep fr m dogs in eveiy fecticn of
the State Some correspondents state that nearly all of the sheep have
been killed
Stock is generally reported in healthy cc ndition Cholera amorg hogs
and murrain in cattle are mentioned es existing in a few localities
A WORD OP CAUTION
It is most reasonable to expect a state of great stringency in the ensuing
season so far as forage is concerned unless the farmers of Georgia take
such precautionary measures as will relieve the pressure occasioned by
the loss of our fall sowing of oats and the damage to the spring sowing
from drought While the accounts from the spring crop of oats re quite
variant and in some sections of the State that crop is very satisfactory
still we regret to say this flattering report is not general by any means
Forage we must have on our farms and in liberal amount if we are to
have a prosperous state of things or even one of tolerable comfort The
amount of long forage required for anything like an adequate supply is
vastly greater than most of us without close figuring would be willing to
admit Even with a strict and wise economy the amount of provender
which an ordinary stock of cattle will consume for four or five months in
the season of scarcity is simply enormous What then in view of pres
ent unfavorable indications should we do The course is plain in our
jidgnient Let us begin in time and plant such forage crops as the length
of cur seasons will mature First sow Indian corn in drills four feetDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
90
G
apart and if the sweet corn varieties Z
percenters is vastly preferred then any etJQJed at the rate
Brown who is high authority in this 1 ne oomj he very
of six bushels of seed to the acre BaZathJthe yield will be
heavy manuring but we can say from observation tha U y
enormous Then we have pea eithe in the dnU or bma
sons will permit of a perfect curing d ie pea with
best of our resources It tiller welL stands drough y
earlier in maturing than any othytShprSlan and 88ed parts is
three times during the season and both fg a late as the
effects of our hot sunshine
LECTURE OF VILLE ON STOCK AND STOCK RAISING
entitled to the highest respect The PaP we g relete with sug
while it is minute and haMber I wofd recommend
gestiens and items of very great practical value 1 o
Sat all into whose hands this lecture of Pro Vile on
Villthus making available to the farmers Qeorgf me
met with decided encouragement and from some of the S
our State most interested in such matte 1 resp
fully ask a further expression of opinionfrom our
in regard to this new enterprise and for any suggest91
CROP REPORT1884
may occur in the manner of prosecuting it No reasonable labor or ex
pense should be grudgingly withheld in our attempts to stimulate in
quiry or effort in behalf of the greatest of all our industries the proper
tilling of the soil but at the same time we should guard against a futile
or reckless expenditure of money even in the line of such a commendable
and allimportant workTABLESHOWING THE CONDITION OF CROPS ETC IN GEORGIA JUNE 1ST 1884
NOETH GRORUIA
Bunks
Krtow
Catoosa
Chatlooga
Cherokee
Cobb
Dade
Dawion
Fannin
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
iilinor
Gordon
Jwinnctt
TTftlierpham
Hall
HaralEou
Hart
lackpon
Lnmpkin
Madison
Milton
Murray
Pailding
Pickcns
Polk
Rabun
Towns
Union
Walker
White
Whitneld
Average
a

w
H
O
S
P
o
w
o
d
t1
n
a
w
M
o
M
O
W
o
CDMIDDLE GEORGtA
Bibb JO 95 ii J 70 50 77 B0 07 70 100 100 75 95 100 90 80 105 80 87 97 95 80 100 90 llll 75 911 90 100 60 80 90 9 55 80 95 100 60 60 90 1 H5 100 00 10 95 50 80 95 1 II 9C 995 12 85 i 101 li 1 5E 75 60 80 65 75 HO 95 100 100 75 10 II 0
Butts loo 4 SOl 5 100
8 110 11c 110 101 100 105 SO 80 75 85 90 10 105 100 95 100 85 100 100 50 80 110 110 90 iot 108 95 90 85 110 85 112 90 85 99 7C 8 85 65 26 101 85 55 80 50 56 72 55 70 60 35 65 65 74 40 85 25 85 85 50 80 60 60 55 40 62 50 60 50 57 100
90 IOC 95 2 88 95 95 9 82 95 96 75 92 98 90 92 102 ICO 91 95 9 75 110 100 90 96 101 75 112 9 82 95 88 9 100 93 50 85 85 65 80 45 65 72 75 75 ioo 90 60 50 50 91 75 ioo 50 70 70 60 80 82 55 66 82 52 68 70 40 61 58 82 68 40 65 100 105 65 00 45 75 40 83 nn 65 76 76 8 66 65 58 52 65 80 68 110 95 100 85 ios 90 62 85 ioo 165 105 65 10 95 ioo 110 75 90 110 62 100 50 70 10 100 90 105 72 86 5 1112 80 70 92 75 78 75 84 65 85 100 105 80 88 9il 108 110 75 85 85 90 115 95 60 85 91 75 S7 10 95 15 88 92 105 100 95 100 100 108 81 85 92 92 95 100 105 97 110 92 90 93 86 KM 100 10 no 115 93 87 95 92 110 100 96 95 100 100 90 88 100 95 90 95 100 100 90 100 105 100 100 1C0 100 96 1C0 K0 85 KO 90 100 100 100 75 112 100 87 105 105 105 8 100 100 90 95 100 100 80 100 100 10 80 100 100 100 ioo 90 100 85 9n 100 ICO ioo 90 76 110 80 100 90 95 100 90 95 95 100 60 75 75 8S 91 80 80 75 80 ioo 100 ioo 100 90 90 85 75 100 75 87 95 95 100 TOO 00 50 90 100 ioo 9 90 95 ICO ioo 75 100 85 85 66 mo 90 89 65 80 110 90 90 95 90 95 85 85 95 90 100 76 101 HO 100 100 90 90 62 90 90 100 83 100 100 95 100 75 100 no 69 100 105 100 90 90 100 90 100 120 92 1H5 60 100 110 ICO ICO 10 95 IOC 100 100 50 105 100 75 9li 95 100 100 lO 95 106 100 10 96 88 95 95 9U 93 100 100 95 1011 95 110 68 100 100 90 ioo ICO 90 90 so 25 100 90 iro 95 95 100 10 90 85 105 9 90 90 100 90 101 101 0 90 90 105 BO 6 110 106 100 85 SO 80 90 85 85 90 105 95 95 10J 100 85 70 95 100 85 100 100 100
90
Cowetii DeKalb lO 100 80 100 23j 80 95 100 10
Elbert 95 85 85 70 50 65 55 50 60 50 60 75 80 91 85 50 80 100 85 75 80 oo 10 90 95 70 100 74 IOO 100 100 100 KO 95 100 ICO 100 ioo luO 100 100 100 1110 100 100 10 10 10 no 10 100 101 100 100 105 100 98 90
Payette 100
1ulton Green Hancock 90 ioo
Harris 100
Jasper Jones Lincoln McDuftie 90 100 100 100 95
Monroe 100 100
100
Newton 80 911 100 90 III 100 100 100 90 95 90 90 5 110 95 10 KO 75 90 lO 96 90 100 100 100 100
110
KO
100
Putnam Rorkdale Spaulding Taliaferro ico 100 100
lid
Troup 100 95 100
85
100

at 94 93 92 98
I 1
CO
CO
o
w
o
3
w
M
3
o
S3
HTABLESHOWING THE CONDITION OF CROPS ETC IN GEORGIA JUNE1 1884Con
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Oats WAea Cotlon J Suqar Potatoes Condition Fruit Prospect
k Compared to ompared to
j
O 9 V So aj a 0 Hi 5 Average Average

COUNTIES o trn 2 M 5 s S as a li ft S 0 0 c3 ft s 0 0 a V 5 ft at 0 13 13 ft E 0 O a si So 26 a I 6 5 R 0 S3 p 0

o E 11 ft 1 O S UC3 ftw c C g 13 fty i c 5 Ifi 73 5 go a a 6 0 fcf c w S 2 3 0 2 c 7 O 13 73 0 c 0 tr go ft 13 V 5 S 99 013 0 C ft 0 E 0 1 k ft 13 c 5 c IK 0 as 0 ft v ft ft ft 5 10 0
87 H7 W 102 75 7o ns 7 85 75 100 100 75 1110 15
106 0 15 in inn Im 95 li s Mil 97 mo 9 91 9 Il 0 10 juo 9
I 11 85 H7 ins 10i 91 ino 87 r 1 1 i ll i6 10 00 100 100
90 75 7 IT fp or sn A r K n 75 91 111 7 125 75 o 85 80
l 1 on inn ion IliU 10 111 105 9 65 81 ino 00 100 50 100 60 10i ion 100 50 1 0 I2 IS 10 69 56 100 100 i20
110 on 80 inn llli 95 100 10i HI i 102 III 95 100 95 100 10
11 50 60 sn 83 08 07 05 80 80 92 101 9 10 Id 111 50 50 110 103
10 100 90 8 72 80 50 93 sn 100 8 r2 so so 8 00 80 75 iio 75 so f0 iio 75 100 9 05 98 10 105 95 IIO 95 1 0 ioo iu 107 ioo on 100 95 75 51 75 75 75 50 75 90 90 70 85 100 101 75 100 85 92 I 100 ICO 105 Hill 95 9 10 iix 00 9 101 10 9 97 100 111 101 80 100 lin 76 110 10 9110 130 15 iis 100 75 8 40 25 140 20 85 100 100 100 95 KiO

9U
95 116 110 5 10 150 20 9j iio 100 iio
70 02 60 icn 95 92 91 91 110
Miicou
95 5 75 n 80 100 105 inn 10 105 UK ln5 so 75 100 80 ion 90
1111 9fl II 75 77 85 75 58 75 75 i 75 95 105 ion 95 100 95 103 90 ion no 75 no 55 80 83 120 87 103 100 165 80 80 ion 75 100 90 10i 100 ion 105 105 97 no 110 105 100 50 95 25 100 100 105 KO 10
Jllb
iumier 8U
90 6n 75 10 75 107 17 90 Ml 85 9li 75 10 75 100 90 9 90 102 95 100 112 90 ICO till 110 51 40 40 50 10 110
inn 81 8 95 mo 95 100 90 90 100 90
q 8 ins ino 91 95 85 87 95 90 90 91 110 lid 110 100 icn 90
nn 10 100 101 100 0 lull 75 1111 90 7o 100 125 10 lOi ion
Terrell in 75 75 70 55 ST 85 40 93 75 Bo 41 105 85 lilt 50 911 100 92
inn fifl 100 15 77 R2 91 100 90 92 95 1 i 25 80 ion
ii in ill inn 97 98 88 95 on 87 9fi 81 80 102 4b 90 98 92
ion ion lio 60 100 too 100 90 ino 90 100 on IOO 80 106 110 80 80 loo 80 ioo 100 120 75 90 110 125 80 125 100 100 ion 100 102 80

98 77 75 87 85 97 99 94 75 85 93 90 91 90 98 91 113 69 80 100 95
M
w
V
H
o
Hi

a
W
a
H
o
w
ra EAST GEORGIA
107 105 110 96 105 100 90 123 106 60 65 75 75 90 60 75 95 60 62 87 62 58 60 90 100 100 100 70 ICO 1M 105 TO 105 90 105 106 105 100 90 100 100 lO 10 97 100 97 99 102 80 15 102 104 100 90 100 100 100 IOC 90 KiO 103 98 87 100 100 100 101 90 90 10 95 75 100 101 IOC 70 75 90 100 75 75 87 87 i6 92 10 ico 100 75 62 90 ICO 90 95 60 95 90 88 10 112 lot 100 m 90 110 l0 ICO 1210 100 lO 112 105 112 10 18 105 100 100 95 115 101 lie 110 106 115 100 112 105 90 100 96 10 100 105 100 100 100 101 95 w 100 100 ICO 80 92 91 IOC 10 80 0 95 91 110 80 100 100 92 no 101 100 90 80 105 90 105 86 90 100 95 95 105 120 150 80 115 110 105 105 80 100 100 92 75 102 70 40 50 35 60 85 50 60 70 48 45 25 49 50 60 60 60 80 70 90 70 100 67 115 100 100 100 100 100 95 110 100 100 85 100 99 100 100 100 100 80 90 80 95

Glasscock





102 102 100 85 95 97 101 85 80 70 CO 75 85 85 92 81 70 62 74 96 ios 9 93 85 90 75 105 90 91 110 100 100 100 95 9fi

Tatnell
Tolfair

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA


100 87 90 100 100 100 105 166 00 75 100 90 95 82 90 70 105 100 110 ioo 100 100 101 100 100 100 ICO 100 112 100 10 125 100 100 100 100 105 65 100 100
100 95 105 110 no 102 100 120 80 70 60 80 93 100 90 70 40 60 65 90 100 100 100 100 100 115 100 100 95 100 100 100 12i 100 100 ioo 110 100 ioo 100 100 90 105 100 95 103 100 100 100 ICO 100 80 100
95 100 166 75 96 100 95 120 90 75 92 80 85 75 85 70 100 100 100
Coffee
ktiingham ioo 70 100 95 60 20 9j 80 SO 50 20 90 100 ioo



102 84 75 91 97 100 92 91 100 1114 101 102 101 99 66 62 66 97 100
o
w
o
T
W
M
O

CO
CO
1
KECAPITULAT10N
North Georgia
Middle Ge rgia
Southwest Jeorgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
Average for State 1884
Average for State 1883
95 03 H6 K5 95 97 92 91 95 91 88 90 89 10 9 96 69 41 65 88
93 VO 6S 91 87 90 90 94 S7 89 8s 96 90 93 9 99 57 74 98
98 77 75 87 85 97 99 94 75 85 93 90 91 90 98 91 113 69 80 100
101 To 74 93 91 99 98 95 86 88 106 106 tll 92 92 95 1 49 07 99
102 84 75 94 97 100 92 91 100 101 101 102 101 99 66 62 06 97
98 74 72 89 89 97 6 95 87 89 3r 97 94 96 95 95 90 56 70 96
90 88 85 93 93 94 94 98 92 97 99 91 92 96 95 61 71 63 96
96
98
96
90
10012
DEPARTMENT v F AGEICULTQEEGEOKGIA
96
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
BanksMay has been very favorable weather for firm operations and farmers
have put in good lime The wheat prospect i very good it has filled very well and
no rust to iojure Cotton and corn are small owing to its being two weeks later
than usual Gent rally a good stand both of corn and cotton Wii M Ash
The crop lookinghealthier except corn on bottom land the budworm isdoinga
great deal of damage Hardest will not commence before the 8th of June wheat
is fine clear of rust Oats is almost a failure in this section We are needing a
general rain Stock hai been healthier than usual John K Sewell
May was very dry and up to this time June 2d in rain has fallen since April
but the crop prospect is fine Ciops are clean and small grain looks well Wheat
is extra fine Oats are low but heading out and where partial showers lave fallen
are high enough to cut The Burt oats you sent us are very good they were towed
the last of February and headed by the loth of May and are now nearly ready for
the cradle notwithstanding the drought The fall oats turned out to be cheat or
chess Peach crop fine Apples not so good as last year Pears rather above
the average
Have just returned from a pond stocked with carp from H P Farrows Porter
Spgs and saw them fed They came in a very ingeniously made house in the
pond at the sounding of a bell and were from ten inches to two feet long
R W Joyner
Bartoiv Corn cotton oats wheat are all late from excessive rains in the early
spring followed by dry weather so the late planting of cotton is just up All the
cotton not yet chopped out J 0 McDaxiel
Chattooga The rains ceased about the first of May The farmers went to work
and kept up the lick unil they are fully up with their crops and I can truly say
I never knew crops the first day of June in better condition in my life before
Crops are small though they seem to be healthy and vigorous and with seasons I
think Chattooga can boast of as good crops as 1882 Wheat and oats will do to
harvest by the 10th and if no disasters befall them they bid fair at present for a
larger yield than seven years past All those garden seed you sent me are doing
as well as heart could wish
There are no diseases except cholera among chickens J J T Henry
No ust in wheat or oats and the prospect is good The condition of the
crops is flattering for the time we have had to work Needing rain now
The farmers are working well and using a great deal of economy More clover
and grass sowed than usual Corn scarce K R Foster
Cherokee We are suffering some for rain Oats will be short Crops are being97
CROP REPORT18S4
13
worked better than usual Some wheat will do to cut by 4th of June The Burt
oats are ten days ahead of the Red Rustproof
What will prevent bud worms killing corn on bottom lands
I know of no means except that of late planting to escape the destruction of
this worm Defer planting until June Soaking the seed before planting in a solu
tion of saltpetre has been recommended for this purpose Commissioner
I sent you monthly statement yesterday Have been out in the wheat fields
since passed over several miles of road yesterday find the wheat much better
than I expected compared with last year the yield will be much better Cotton
is better than I thought in fact I am happy to stae the crops in good fix
J J A Sharp
Wheat here is good but thin on land Farmers have been terribly beated
this spring on account of rain etcbut are now pretty well up Have had nice
farming weather for the last few weeks
Pine wheat you sent me last fall froze out entirely J J A Sharp
CobhSmall patch of Hawkins Hill oats from Department seed sowed in Febru
ary grew off well but when heading out an average of one in every five heads
afflictediwith blast Had to cut and feed fearing to save for seed Burt oats
equally foiward with no blast Twentyfive acres spring oats now just in flower
27th May free from blast or smut All on same character soil
H N Starnes
Have had no rain since April 2th Oats entirely ruined All cotton planted
since May 8th has not come up Thermometer CO9 at sunrise 75 at noon Far
mers blu No diseases arnoag stock Wm Alston Jr
Owing to the continuous rains we had this spring farmers are generally behind
with their work though during this fine weather they are making go d use of time
to catch up
Wheat is thin on the ground and the heads are short there cannot be more than
threequarters of a wheat crop male thii year in this section
Coton looks fine for the chance it has had it being plantel before the ground
was rightly prepared H T Martin
DadeThe oat crop is very poor
There has been 8 or 10 horses died of bots in rn neighborhood within the last few
weeks Can you give orprescrbe a cure All remedies that were tried failed to
cure Will S Taylor
There is said to be no ceriain way of removing the bot once fixedin the stomach
without injury to the animal Any possible injury resulting from these pirasites
may be prevented by carefully removing the eggs from parts to which they are at
tached before they are taken into the stomach The symptoms attributed to bots
may uually be relieved by treating as in case of colic Commissioner
I have reported corn 98 yet with the exception of being at least 10 days later
its condition is good Wheat is above an average as to appearance but thin oats
was promising of an abundant crop up to about 10 days ago since then we have
been dry no rain of any consequence for three weeks
There is no peaches to amount to anything No wheat or oats or any small snAns
harvested in this county no hay mown yet G A R Bibb
Floyd Crops in this neighborhood are in a diversified condition Owing to
washing rainsin early spring the ground is in bad condition as a rule for realizing
afullcrop Oats being cut off by dry weather Corn ater replanting owngto14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
98
bud cut or grubworms hardly wow a stand Cotton backward in coming up ftie
earth being so dry in many places W S Sanfoed
Oats have suffered first from the late cold spring and for want of rain since in
boot and heading they are healthy the only trouble is they are short in height
and will be troublesome to cut This though is not general only where the
ground is flat and has been wet all spring and now hard and baked Gardens are
suffering much for rain and Irish pitatoe3 Crop are clean and look well but
small in size John H Dent
ForsythThe cattle are dying I have not learned the name of the disease Rain
needed badly have ha I some light showers nothing like a season Oats are so low
that it will be difficult to harves them if it does not rain soon I hear no com
plaint of rust Mes H N Sutton
Had but one season this month 5th Dry weather has been favorable for
wheat Since last report I find that the fly has injured the crop some Grazing
and wnter Henderson oats sown last fall since heading show to be almost entirely
cheat very little if any cheat mixed with seed sown Land sown was wheat stub
ble not pastured any during fall or winter
Cotton is looking remarkably well and far her advanced than at this date last
year
Some cattle have died with a distemper In one or two cases on examination
aftfr they had died a dark colored worm was found under the tongue
Clover and grass will be the shortest for years All spring oats sown on ordinary
land will not be tall enough to harvest B H Beown
FranklinThe peach crop is not near as badly killed out as reported April 1st
There is not a full crop but a full average
May has been dry and consequently the spring oat crop is nearly a failure the
only hope being the white or the Egyptian oat sown last August September and
0 ctober 1 have a lot of ten acres of the Egyptian oat which was sown last Septem
ber in the cotton before it had opened which is as fine as I ever saw Put the oat
crop down short W G Alexander
GilmerThe spring has been unfavorable for planting The last thrae weeks of
good weather has enabled our farmers to getongxtd headway with their work
Corn wheat and oats is in a healthy condition No rust in wheat and oats June
1st The apple crop of this county will not be more than half Causefailure of
bloom Stock comparatively healthy N L Osborn
GordonCondition of wheat good except the stand which will affect the quan
tity but the quality if no disaster in tae future will be superior
All crops backward and needing rain Weather very cool for the season Lie
making their appearance on cotton 0 H Davis
Corn planting is still progressing lowlands continued too wet to plow until re
cently Breaking up and preparing land on which weeds are kneehigh is slow
business planting will not be finished this month Cotton his very short stalks
or shanks have generally worked over Corn early planting on upland looks well
Wheat rus ing some on the blades cannot tell yet what injury may be done It is
now in bloom the late sowed is very thin stand Oats quite inferior stand gener
ally poor fall sowing nearly all killed Much of what seemed to be oats has proved
to be cheat or chess reviving the opinion among many that the oats have turned to
cheat Weather favorable for field work everything growing rapidly
N B Hall
ChsinnettWheat is filling well Cotton though a little late is on a boom Never99 j
CROP REPORT1884
15
saw it more healthy nor better stands Corn equally promising Fall oats a failure
Spring oats not promising A good crop year is the ouilook rom my standpoint
r r wikn
Though I have reported corn at 80 per cent compare 1 to last year I think by
next report it will be 100 per cent compared to an average crop Coton is small
for the season Cold mornings are having a telling efftct making it sickly and the
leaves to curl There is a good stand and devoid of gras A great many chickens
have died of cholera some families losing allforty to seventyfive hens Millo
Maize looks fine promising a tine yield of forage Most of the fruit fell from the trees
caused by the late frost J T Baxter
Hnbi rshamYou will notice as I have before informed you that I only report for
a small portion of Habershamthat portion east and south of the Chattahoochee
Ridge where we have so far the heaviest peach crop I have ever seen or heard of
But I am informed by others that the peach crop west and north of the Ridge is
comparatively ligit in some few places being an average crop while in others it is
light and very scattering and yet in a few other places none at all The reason of
this difference we are unable to account for Philip Martin
We near Clarksville have had no rain during May Corn though late looks
more luxuriant than for years I got tired wailing for rain and have planted potato
slips by irrigation I will report to you the manner if it is a success as any who
might be disposed to try it would probtbly be loo late for this season But is it not
strange when the cost is so little that so few men utilize the branches For early
grass aside from fertilization it will pay I wish some farmer would report his ex
perience with Kemps distributor I would long since have tried one but was not
able though I think it would pay well Jas P Phillips
HaDogs have been destructive to sheep Many of the dogs have hydrophobia
which has caused some to be killed E B Thompson
HaralsonCotton is two weeks late hut is looking well considering its age The
western part of the county had good rains on the 25th and 20th but the eastern part
has had only light showers since the flood on the 14th of April The ground is
getting very dry and farmers are fearful of a drought If it does not rain in a few
days oats will fall far short of the estimate given here W C McBrayee
JacksonHog cholera and hollow horn have been very prevalent in this county
this year owing in a great measure in my opinion to the neglect of good shelters
John G Wily
Owing to the dry cool weather spring sowed oats are very nearly ruined It is
favorable to wheat The outcome in the wheat crop is very great in the last few
weeks in this county According to the stand wheat is almost an average
W J McRee
MiltonThe drouth of near four weeks has cut the oat crop about half Have
never seen a better prospect for cotton H Summerour
PolkCrops are looking well considering the very wet and backward spring The
weather has given the farmers a good chance to clean out their crop and they have
generally done so 8 M H Byrd
We give 90 per cent in condition compared to average in cotton on account
of the sickly condition of the plant caused by lice from cold nights The weather
is and has been for teu days unusually cold for this season Cotton has been better
worked and is freer from grass than for years Rain is needed for corn and oats
Jno O Waddell16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
100
Spring oats and there are few of any other variety having frozen out last win
ter in most places are very poor Been too dry Where headed out and tall
enough to cat they are very much injured by blast more so I think than I
ever knew
QueryWill there be danger to stock in feeding oats so affected Have seen some
fields in which apparently 10 per cent of the heads are blast Is there any
known cause Remedy I hear considerable compaint of smut in wheat
My Dallas wheat is very fine being tall and heads long but as usual is very late
ten days or two weeks later than other varieties It is very much mixed being about
half bearded and half not Was so when I received it from the department
QueryIs the genuine Dallas wheat mixed If not which is the genuine the
bearded heads or the smooth K W Everett
I have heard of in injury to stock that was known to be the result of feeding
blasted oats When the blasted heads are abundant it is probable that inj ury might
result if in no other from breathing the dust when fed in the sheaf
There is no known cause other than the recognized fact that all the smuts and
blasts are produced by a parasitic fungus of a vegetable nature The parasite
destroys or eats up the substance of the grain and leaves as the result in its place
its own developed spores or seeds
Soaking the grain in a solution of Milestone before sowing has been a successful
treatment for smut in wl eat and would probably also prove an effectual prevent
ive of similar diseases in the oat
The Dallas wheat is all mixed that I have seen Commissioner
The weather is now very dry young crops suffering for rain Wheat is doing
well filling all right and if nothing happens it will be of good quality The
stand is not ood perhaps 66 Fall oats are all killed spring sowing is small and
unpromising suffering terribly for rain J Y Wood
TownsWheat in this county is fully 10 days late just now in bloom and owing
to heavy freezes very thin Farmers are looking for rust Frost reported in this
county 28th of May did no damage W E McCoxnell
WalkerCorn and cotton though both are late have a healthy and thrifty ap
pearance Wheat is almost entirely free from rust and was it not for a bad stand
promises more than an average yield the grain will be good Clover and grasses are
generally very poor
Altogether the outlook is not discouraging for farmers though not so promising
as in some seasons J A Clements
Our crops are late in this part of the country owing to so much wet weather
during the latter part of the winter and fore part of the spring Wheat looks toler
ably healthy but is quite thin on the ground Spring oats sown too late to make
a good crop Weather dry and cool W C Kid ore
WhitfieldThe fall crop of oats from injury sustained by the heavy freezs during
the winter have been nearly all converted to cheat also a great deal of wheat has
gone to cheat That doctrine of change from oas and wheat to cheat may not be
acceptable doctrine by your department or by some of your correspondents or re
porters still it is true J F Guov
Up to the 10th rains prevented farm work since then the land has been so hard
that it breaks into a mass of clods heavy harrows h ive to follow close up to the
plows or there would not be enough fine earth to cover the seeds If we could
have some rain cornplanting would b3 completed by the 15th of June Much
cotton not up yet101
CROP REPORT1884
17
All we will have to do in cultivation will be to dissolve the clods and we expect
rains to soften them W C Richardson
Fall sowing of oats is entirely winter killed Spring sowing have been injur
ed by the drought in May about 25 per cent R M Williamson
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BaldwinI am willing to aid the Department in any way that I can and trust
you will continue the valuable letters etc in the crop reports
Birds have been very destructive to all grains this year Small patches of barley
and wheat almost totally destroyed The Burt oats are now ripe that were sown
the first of February We think them a fine spring oats Jas C Whitakeh
BibbCorn is smaller than usual but is looking remarkably well not to have had
any more rain than has fallen for the past five weeks The stalks are stocky and
well rooted and of fine color having been worked well So far the prospect for
a good yield is promising Oats are not turning out as well as was anticipated
While the heads are long and heavy the stalks are too scattering on the ground
Wheat where cut is of good quality and heavy
Cotton is quite small stand not good has been worked well and is much freer
from weeds and grass than is usual at this time of year
Many peach trees have a disease known as the yellows the symptoms of which
are a failure to fruit the leaves do not attain to more than half their usual size
and are inclined to bunch on the twigs and the outer edges twist or curl toward the
center After being attacked they die the succeeding fall or the next year Is there
a known cause and lemedy Seedling and grafted trees suffer alike
W D H Johnston
There is no known remedy for yellows As it is liable to spread from infected
trees they should be cut out and burnt to prevent the extension of the disease
Commissioner
The weather has been very dry in this section of the country since the 22d of
April consequently oats will be very short though free from rust
The Multiheaded wheat received from the Department of Agriculture is very
fine though late No wheat or oats harvested yet W S Henley
Corn is late owing to drought We have been dry since the 15th of April in
my section though a good portion of the county had good rains on the 25th and
20th of this month In my section we have not had a season in six weeks a good
deal of the cotton is not up and we put it at 75 per cent of a good stand and what
is up is looking well and we put it at one hundred
There is but very little wheat harvested and think the yield will be 90 per cent
The dry weather has improved the wheat wonderfully
I think oats will not go above 75 per cent they are low but the most of them
can be harvested
I think the Hawkins Hill oats a good kind They are three days earlier than the
Durt oat3 H C Thaxton
CampbellWe are exceedingly dry in this part of the county No rain since the
22d of April late planting of cotton is not up yet corn small crops are clean Oats
are near a failure JSDow
The wheat prospect has increased materially since last report though it is sev
eral days later than usual
Oats are generally late spring sownand are at this writing May 31st needing
rainin some parts of the county badlyIS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEO
101
The cotton stand and prospect where planted after the heavy rain of April
15th is all that could be desired some planted prior to that time is deficient in
both
Corn though late is in a fair condition not having suffered much from depreda
tions of bud worms etc
W G Mason
slips
Lintok
ClarkeCholera in hogs but not to any great extent
The failure of the oat crop is the most serious blow the fanners have received in
many years and it will be hard to recover from it Seed will doubtless be worth
100 per bushel this fall The quality of wheat will be excellent
R F Pittaed
The Flat Dutch turnip seed you sent me proved very good turnips smooth and
sweet The weather is very dry Spring oats Irish potatoes and garden vegetables
are suffering greatly Jefferson Jennings
Corn is generally clean stand good but small In my immediate neighborhood
there has been no rain since the 20th of April The result is that cotton planted
in May is not up The dry weather has shortened the oat crop I do not think i
has seriously injured the wheat Very few sweet potatoes have been set out
abundantground too dry John S
ColumbiaMy Shockley apple trees are not bearing the leaves look ss though
they had rust the bark scaly as if attacked with insects I have washed the bodies
with a weak solution of carbolic acid with no improvement J A Walton
The stand of cotton throughout this section of country is the best I have ever
seen and the plant looks healthy and growing off well but during the past week
the weather has been unseasonable the thermometer standing at 00 on the morn
ing of the 29th and if it continues am fearful it will have an injurious effect on
cotton Early planted corn looking well bat most of the crop in this vicinity was
planted late which is improving M J Branch
DeKalbDry at this time Wheat is maturing well will be harvested from the
1st to 10th of June Oat crop is cut short by the drought in May It depends on
the seasons of June July and August for the present crop G W Morris
Theblight has ruined the crop of apples and pears I am satisfied that the cold
spell in last winter has had a great deal to do with the present condition of the
trees I noticed very early in the spring that some of my five year old apple trees
were entirely ruined by having the bark bursted from the trunk and the sap sour
Upon a more particular examination I found nearly all the trees more or less af
fected the bark on the trunk presenting the appearance of having been bruised
and the sap more or less sour I believed then that the blight would follow which
it did in both pear and apple T J Flake
Douglas Fall sowed oats a failure The spring sowing on good land will about
come up to an average Wheat bids fair for a promising yield though some fields
have been almost entirely destroyed by Rice birds could not get rid of them with
all the guns we could command until they saw proper to leave Farmers are badly
behind in consequence of so much rain March and April but with the two weeks
good weather just passed they are rapidly gaining ground Peach apple and plum
prospect is better than has been for years
Though we have passed through an unusually severe winter and have had nu
merous calamities visited upon us in the shape of storms cyclones and freshets yet
the people are cheerful and are looking forward with sanguine expectations to a
promising yield in the fall J E Henley102
CEOr REPORT
1884
19
FultonThe planting season as you are aware has been one of the most unfa
vorable that we have had for many years causing many farmers to put their crops
in without preparation of the land which will of necessity lessen the product and
now the crop being fairly in the dry weather has hardened the ground so that it
is very cloddy when broken and this will also lessen the yield taking all together
I think our prospect is unfavorable for a full crop but cant tell what the result
will be The wheat is cut short from the cold but what is left seems to promise a
good yield I havent heard of any rust as yet The oat crop will be very short on
account of all fall sown being killed and the spring sowing badly injured by the
cold Hawkins Hill from the department a little earlier than the Burt and about
the same height The fruit prospect is as good or better than usual especially the
pear apple and grape Too dry for strawberries The general crop looking well
Most of the farmers are over their cotton the first time with the hoes which speaks
well for their energy since planting which was two weeks later than last year
W L Mangum
No rain Crops suffering very much Prospects gloomy
Robt Widdows
HancockThe outlook is as good or better for a good crop as I have seen in many
years John W Cawthon
HarrisCotton planted before the big rain the 14th of April is a poor stand and
the cotton after that as long as the season lasted is good but the late planting is
poor but that will come yet James Pattillo
There has not been enough rain in my section since the 14th of April to wet
the land consequently stand of cotton is poor corn little no potato slips set and
there is no prospect of rain at this date May 31st R E Fobt
I will again consent to report for your Department as I think every citizen in
the State is interested in its success Nearly every section in our county has suf
fered for rain and for this reason crops are not so good as they would have been
could we have had good seasons The area planted in sweet potatoes is not so large
as it would have been but for the drought Flynn Hargett Jr
HeardWe have had a drought of about five weeks that injured the oats but
have had good rains recently that brought out the oats except the very forward
Wheat was the worst killed but it has fallowed out and the most of the fields will
make good wheat Fields that were not thinned out by tha cold were never better
Corn is rather small but in fine condition Farmers have been pushing their busi
ness and are fully up with their work J C Brewer
HenryHarvesting has not commenced yet Wheat was badly winterkilled
therefore bad stand but the heads are fine no rust It has been very dry oats
badly cut off hardly high enough to cut Burt oats very light but will do to cut
We wouldnt be without them if we could help it will be the oats for this section
J M McDonald
JasperFarmers pushing business ahead vigorously Living more economically
than usual wearing old clothes and going in debt less H M Wisdom
JonesThe progress in farm work is fully up to the standard and crops are gen
erally clear of grass The dry weather with us during the month of May has been
disastrous to spring oats on thin land and has caused poor stands of cotton in
places of late planting Rust in late wheat in many places The plants corn and
cotton are healthy but small owing to the dry weather We are having good sea
sons now and as the crops are in good condition will improve rapidly
R T Ross
I20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
104
McDuffieWe have had fine rains and the crop prospect is reported good from
every section ot our county A few localities have been damaged by hail
H McCorkle
The best stand of cotton in the past five years and plants healthy The oats
are very heavy which will make up largely for the thinning out by the cold The
best wheat crop in several years A E Sturgis
MeriwetherI am more than willing to serve your Department not only as cor
respondent but in any other way that will aid you in your noble work for it has
been a godsend to the farmers of this as well as other States
The majority of our farmers are disheartened on account of the failure of the fall
oat crop I am fearful that it will be hard to get them to sow noxt fall but we
must insist as it is one of the best crops that we can make
The Carp seems to be a success I have commenced to build a pond and will
stock it with them will have one acre in it John Milton Ingram Jr
MorganSpring oats badly hurt by dry weather a great many too short to cut
Been no rain to wet the ground in six weeks Late planted cotton has a poor stand
J H Ainslie
Have had a dry May Good time to work out cotton bat some was planted
too late to get a good stand We are needing rain very bad now
G D Perry
Early varieties of oats spring sown and well manured are very good While
the drought damaged the oat crop early vegetables pastures etc it was an advan
tage to the wheat There has been a great improvement in wheat this month and
it bids fair to yield an average crop
The heavy and successive rains commencing about the 1st of March and contin
uing up to the 22d of April left the farmers greatly behind in their work and the
lands in a washed and baked condition Since there has been no rain scarcely
consequently nearly half the land was plowed up in an unpulverized condition
Most of the cotton crop was planted within ten days after the rain ceased and the
stand is excellent where planted before this time the rains on it were cold and the
land crusted before it could come up and that which was planted after this time
unless very deep the soil became too dry and the stands are not so good
Jeff H Gaissert
NewtonA disease that is quite prevalent among cattle in this county is very
alarming at this time I have lost my third milch cow and have fears for others The
first indications of the disease is a refusal to eat or drink and a constant rubbing of
the head on bushes or trees ears drooped and a constant running of water from the
mouth like a ropy discharge obstinate constipation no bloody urine at any stage
and occasional gritting of the teeth I drenched with every drug that I could think
of or had heard of to no effect I made a pott mortem examination and found the
rumen filled hard and tight and entirely destitute of gastric juice and dry as a shoe
sole J E MoConnell
OglethorjieHaving qulteaprotracteddrouht Some partial showers no general
rain in May On the whole wheat perhaps benefited Spring sown oats badly in
jured Late planted cotton failed tq coirje up The bud worm unusually severe on
corn C A Stevens
The weather ii very dry Gardens well nigh ruined Spring oats badly in
jured for want of rain Wheat is generally good The land is so hard where ithas
not been broken since the big rain in April that we cannot work to any aJvantage
n sotn9 crops are injuring in qq lsequence James J Green105
crop report1884
21
Putnam Cotton prospect is good cotton was planted late but stands very good
and the plant has grown fast and is equally asfar advanced as last year Corn late
but promising Wheat and oats are now being harvested Fall oats good but
stand very poor spring oats better than usual Wheat better than we expected one
month ago Farmers areaboutup with their work J T Dennis
RochdaleCrops are about ten days late but are in good condition Farmers are
up with their crops and ready for harvesting wheat aod oats which will commence
in eight or ten days J W Geanade
Spalding Receipt for colic or botts in horses or muleshave never known it to
fail Take half pint of whisky one table spoonful of chloroform half pint of warm
water Give as a drench every thirty minutes until relieved
Samuel F Geay
Taliaferro Urge the faimers to plant drilled corn sorghum peas German mil
letany kind of forage to supplement the short oat crop Fall oats are extra good
heads but the stand is too defective to make a crop Spring oats are poor Sowed
Burt and Hawkins Hill oats on the 6th of February Hawkins Hill were the most
promising up to the time of heading but were utterly ruined by blast There is no
blast in Burt or Red Rust Proof which were sowed the same day and in adjoining
rows All the Hawkins Hill oats that I have heard from are ruined by blast 30
per cent is blasted and 10 per cent has no kernel in the shuck Carp received in
December 1882 have increased from to 14 or 15 inches in length and have
spawned already As a table fish they are good or poor according to the char
acter of the pond D N Sanders
TalbolWa are now having some very dry weather It has been six or seven
weeks since we have had a Tain of any consequence While the outlook seems
somewhat gloomy yet the farmers do not despair and are moving ahead and doing
what they can Crops are being well worked and put in good condition ready for
the rain when it does come Corn is still growing slowly and has a good color
Crops have had or are having now their second working Cotton chopping is
about through Spring oats owing to the dry weather have been cut off Wheat
is not so good as expected the first of May While we have failed to a large extent
in wheat and oats we hope for the best in the future S A Freeman
Rain is much needed to get up a stand of cotton The wheat crop will be short
It was killed out at the time of the heavy freeze last winter
L B M Ceoeey
TroupWe have upon us a very severe drought But little rain has fallen for
nearly 40 days The entire rainfall for May was only 1 inch and that in broken
doses The result is oats are badly injuredlate ones a failure My Burt oats are
fine and harvested H H Cary
Walton Stock of all kinds including horses mules cattle hogs and sheep were
never more healthy here They were alll wintered on Georgia raised corn fodder
and shucks Though a great many farmers here are beginning to feed on Western
corn I am one of the few men that believe that our stock have suffered more gen
erally from eating damaged Westerncorn than from any three causesknown toour
climate This same calamity sooner or later will come upon us as a people unless
we quit using so much Western grain and many other articles we buy called family
supplies I am satisfied in my own mind that very many articles of foreign import
are far from being what they were when I was a boy forty years ago Hence the
rapid increase of various kinds of diseases This by the way but then it is my
Conviction
I22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
106
I made my report on our crop prospects a little full simply because there is noth
ing the matter except a little dry weather Nothing is hurt yet Everything is
well worked out and good stands My experience has been a dry May for a good
crop year if the land is well prepared and well worked I have seen it the case that
crops suffer for the want of work more than for the want of rain A farmer should
prepare and plant what he can cultivate well and the results will always be more
satisfactory Seaborn C Burson
We are very dry but two showers having fallen in the county since the 24th of
April and they covered but very small areas Hence very late plantings of cotton
are not up Crops up except oats are doing well Josiah E Nunnally
WarrenCorn has been badly damaged by bud worm It has been impossible
to get a stand in wet places even after several replantings With that ex
ception prospects for a good crop at present are favorable I am glad to be
able to state that farmers in this county are gradually beginning to raise more home
supplies than formerly and diversifying their crops more every year doing away
with the necessity of so much credit and cotton
Present indications are that a larger area of the oat land will be planted in peas
this year than ever before a step too the importance of which cannot be too deeply
impressed on the minds of Southern planters generally Cholera has affected hogs
to a small extent R M Haedaway
This county is fully 15 to 20 days later in growing crops of corn and cotton The
stand was never better for cotton Corn is good only in wet places The bud worm
has been very damaging Cotton chopping goes on bravely The oat crop is a
good stand though imperfect Wheat is fair Jas A iShims
WilkesI cant give an estimate of fruit On my place there are virtually nona
but pearsno horse apples and very few of any kind
The oat crop is badly mixed As to results the fall sowing where not entirely
killed out is fine especially on thin landgood land generally badly or entirely
killed Spring sowing fine where seasonablevery poor where there was no rain
till the last of May The wheat left by the cold fineit is very difficult to estimate
yields with such diversified stands It is too cool for cotton stand good but very
late The weather has been fine for wheat John T Wingfield
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BrooksI have just examined one LeConte pear tree and I estimate the crop to
be forty bushels and have other young trees very fine This is certainly the home
of this pear Wiley W Groover
First cotton bloom I have seen on my cotton 28th of May planted about the
middle of March E Wade
Corn and cotton unusually clean as the season has been very fine for cultiva
tion The stand of cotton and condition generally above an average Oats not
above half an average owing to late sowing which reduced the acreage planted and
cold snaps which injured the stand Thomas W Jones
BerrienOur dry May gave cotton a good sendoff and did not injure corn but
cut off a short crop of oats Beautiful rains past week put vegetation on a boom
Crops generally clean H T Pebples
CalhounCrops are in a better condition at this time than for years the seasons
have been fine neither too much nor too little rain Stands of cotton unsurpassed1071
CROP REPORT
1884
28
by any previous year stand of corn as good as could be expected Crops are about
ten days later than last year Cotton well laden with forms though no blooms
You can perhaps get an idea from this sheet Late fruit will be fine
F P Griffin
CrawfordCertain portions of this county have had good rains in the last ten
days while other portions have had none or but little in five or six weeks Cotton
just at this time is looking badly from the late cool winds Early oats have done
well considering the dry spell The Burt variety is becoming popular in this
section Those sowed in the latter part of January and the first of February have
been cut and housed B W Sanfokd
ColquittThe seasons and weather temperature have been highly favorable to
the growing crops during the month of May Corn has almost recovered from the
injuries received from excessive rains which fell in March and April Farmers are
well up with their work cotton clean of grass and looking well the oat crop as
indicated in my report will approximate an average in yield but not in acreage
Cannot the Department get us up something on the importance and benefits of
under drainage and how to do it F J Walkee
DoolyCorn is generally small compared to an average but is clean and as the
rains for the last week have been very general in this county the prospect for a fair
corn crop is good Cotton is in a good condition the dry May has enabled the
farmer to clean it out and as the stand is good the present outlook is very good
for a cotton crop Hardly any seed corn saved in this country hence the corn crop
is small S W Coney
Houston Corn and cotton both were planted from 6 to 10 days lster than last
year but the stands are fair and it is growing well There was a very small crop
of sugarcane planted in this countycause loss of seed by the cold spell last fall
Apples and peaches are cut off more than onehalf some neighborhoods will have
threequarters of a crop and in others not near half a crop Small fruits are being
cultivated for market in this county sueh as strawberries and raspberries They do
well in this county Wm J Anderson
DoughertyThe oat crop was sowed in January and only partial showers of rain
nave fallen since April 20th some neighborhoods have not had any rain since April
20th Where partial rains have fallen the oat crop is very good but where no rain
has fallen in six weeks the oat crop is almost a failurenot a half cropand all
vegetation is suffering very much Corn is green and healthy and good stands but
very small for June 1st I have no fears if we get rain in plenty for the corn crop j
it has been well cultivated and has stood drought splendid Cotton that was planted
early highly fertilized and cultivated fast is fine late planting of cotton has not
come up a good stand on account of moisture to germinate the seed but with
favorable seasons from now the prospect is fine for an abundant harvest
J L Dozier
MaconThe peach prospect is the best we have had for several years We will
finish chopping cotton by 10th inst the plant is not doing well on account of cool
mornings We had nice rains 8th 16th and 24th May Farmers are now harvest
ing wheat and oatsthe crop will be light The Chili wheat sent me from De
partment 1883 has rusted badly this year will not sow it any more I have given
it two fair trials It is 10 to 15 days later than our common wheat J B Murray
MarionMurrain is reported to have killed some cattle and some have lost all
their hogs some have lost mules but the causes show no disease in epidemic form
as some die from one disease and some from other causes Crops generally are in
u
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
108
fine condition but corn is remarkably small but healthy and growingcottn looking
more healthy than I ever saw at this season before My individual crop of oats are
fully an average of spring oats Hawkins Hill cut for seed 23d will cut Burtoats
31st tomorrow Common rustproof sown in September are fully a week later
than the Burt and two weeks later than Hawkins Hill sown 5th of February Gen
eral rain 9th not much since except in a small portion of the county Rye has
done finelynever better Oats wheat and rye have relieved the strain for feed for
man and beast Gardens never better Geo W C Munro
MuscogeeThe cause of my putting some things at so low an estimate is that we
have a drought prevailing that has done great damage to crops The spring oats is
a complete failure and the Irish potatoes is very much cut off the sugarcane is a
bad stand the stalk small and not healthy The corn prospect is good all early
planted corn is doing well the late plantings or bottoms has a bad stand owing to
drought bud worms and birds An early rain will make the bottoms bring good
corn Corn planted in June We have not had a season in four weeks and a very light
rain at that time Crops of all kinds have been suffering for three days past as the
wind is norlheast and very cool nights and mornings and I fear will injure the
cotton plant which it will on sandy land as it will cause it to die out on sand
C Ogletree
QidtmanThe field crops o our entire county though a little later than last
year at same time are entirely satisfactory to all fairminded farmers oats ex
ceptedand never were in a better condition though needing rain generally Good
rains have fallen in the southern and eastern portions of the county Farmers gener
ally feel much encouraged with the present outlook Maximum temperature for the
month 85 minimum 52 mean 70 rainfall 17 in J E Smith
We are very dry rain much needed Potato planting behind Oats were all
sown since Christmas consequently are late and not so good as would have been
with a good rain ten days ago Dogs have killed all lambs and some of the old ones
consequently the clip is not so good T P Kimble
Randolph The weather has been so dry a great deal of the early planted cotton
did not come up well Think the prospect not quite so good as last year very little
grass and the plant looks healthy Too sood to say anything about sweet potatoes or
melons Very lit tie land planted in potatoes yet in consequence of the dry weather
what is looks very well Small patches of wheat planted look very well Oats
almost a failure very thin and low been cut off by cold and dry weather
Jas E Godfrey
TerriUMy county is very dry no rain in May till the 24th and only in spots
My neighborhood is very dry crops look like they will die the body of the earth
hasneverbcen wet since the fall and winter Dry weather fields of cotton not up
yet and cant come up until itrains It is disheartening to look at crops where itis
so dry The oat crop is not half a crop killed with winter freezes and a dry May
No rain since the 3d Saturday in April Elijah Belflower
Thomas Planters well up with their work Crops in good condition but now
wanting rain I notice within the last few days a good deal of cotton dying but not
enough to affect the stand yet Oat harvest will begin next week Crops will be
very light Corn short but good color Farmers all in good spirits and prospects
very good for all crops but sugarcane and oats David A Horn
WebsterI have put the prospective yield of oats at 50 per cent of an average
crop but fear that they will fall below even that The package of bearded wheat sent109
crop report1884
to me from your Department was not planted till the first day of January but has
proved to be a good wheat
We have not had a general rain over our county since the 8th of May and a light
one then I understand that a fine rain fell over about the southern half of the
county on Sunday the 25th of May but in the northern half it is very dry and not
a sign for rain at this writing Farmers are generally well up with their work and
the only complaint I hear among them is the dry weather which is getting to be
fearful Reason A Bell
Murrain in portions of the county has prevailed amongst the cattle but few
deaths resulting Cholera has been fatal to hogs in the northern partof the county
A few horses and mules have died from careless attention or from local diseases
Thecounty is generally dry exceptionally no rain since 19th of April ult Small
grain severely damaged Corn and cotton vigorous and promising The dry weather
Iibs materially aided farmers in cleaning their crops James P Walker
EAST GEORGIA
BurkeRecent rains have much improved the status of crops as reported for
May 1st W B James
DodgeWe have just passed through a five weeks drought which has injured the
spring oats very badly the fall oats were all killed James Buciianxan
JeffersonCrop prospects of corn and cotton good at present It has been the
best winter and spring for farm work I ever saw hardly a day lost by bad weather
Planters generally well up with their work Cotton chopping nearly done
Andrew E Tasver
Have had fine rains the past week which has helped the backward or late oats
very much The rain was accompanied with hail in some parts of the county doing
some damage to corn and cotton S H Clark
Had fine seasons May 24th and 25th The crop prospect as a whole was never
better and the outlook gnerally is highly encouraging With a few more true
bills and convictions for vagrancy the labor problem will be solved Our la t grand
jury and Judge Cain deserve the thanks of our entire county
H L Bi TTTE
MontgomeryI am glad to say that almost all the growing crops of this county
are in fine condition Farmers are well up with their work Sugarcane is almost
a failure for want of seed there will hardly be enough grown in this county to sup
ply seed for another year The much abased sorghum is planted by all that coald
obtain seed I think it will become more popular in this portion of the State than
ever before 1 have tried ncary all the different varieties in the last fifteen years
and have never allowed myself to run out of seed of the best varieties for this sec
tion I offered seed last fall to every man that wanted to plant it free of cost and
found very few that wan ted to plant it depending on their sugarcane roots for seed
but when it was found this spring they were all killed I could have sold my entire
crop of sorghum seed if 1 had saved it then but only saved what I wanted for my
own use
There is a heavy falling of in the sheep throughout this entire section there are
but two main causes for the falling off and that is dogs and hogs There are no bet
ter sheep ranges than this in Georgia if they were properly protected by our law
makers 6 M T McClocd
We have had good seasons up to date Corn crop is pOJiising The appleDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
110
crop is a failure Peaches never better With good seasons from now on we ex
pect to make plenty j Clayton Clements
The prospect for a full crop was never any better Had no rain to 23d light
Showers 24th 25th 26th and 27th Dry fair and cool east wind the last two days
J A Wooten
RkhmondThe peach and apple crops were greatly injured by the hailstorm
Old field plums the common plums are almost an entire failure Acorns are
more abundant than they have been in years The fence men are apprehen
sive the Supreme Court will sustain the decision of our judge and their hogs will
have to be fed from their cribs We ones hate to see so many acorns throwed
away R M jjcXair
Twlggs Having failed to get blank from you for making crop report for this
month 1 write not wishing my county to be left entirely out
Over a large portion of the county no rain of consequence has fallen since mid
dle of April Wherever up to a stand which is the case except the laest plant
ings the crops are doing very well and will report yield of oats 80 wheat 75 con
dition of corn S5 not up 14 condition of cotton 90 not up to a stand 24
F D Wimberly
Wilkinson Partial showers in some sections Needing rain in most all parts of
the county James A Mason
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Effingham Of the oats sent me from the Dep irtment last winter I sowed seven
sacks containing probably a quart each on i of an acre of medium fair land I
cut 256 bundles beet off 5 bundles and got 5 quarts and a fraction OTer a pint of
clea oats I shall beat oil and save all for seed The seed were sowed on the 2d
day of January T R Tarvkr
CoffeeI have reported sugarrane at 60 per cent which is probably toohigh
Owing to the Eevere freeze in the fall most of the seed cane was badly injured
Stock is looking well The clip of wool was lighter than usual On account of the
early spring and late shearing a great many have shed off hence the cause of the
light clip Joseph Bailey
Ohjmil report no wheat for Glynn as a general crop Some few acres have
been sown on St Simons by Mr James Postel and Mr Shadman and these gentle
men say it looks fineand if it turns out all right the supposition is that it will be
planted on a larger scale next fall Jno R Dorflinge
LibertyYour reports are valued and full of interest The time spent in filliDg
out blanks is well spent The only tender spot is the accuracy of percentages
still if one does his best conscience should approve The Department is a blessing
undisguised and highly appreciated by your correspondents and brother farmers
and planters So long as I can serve effectively and intelligently I am yours to
command j a M King
The spring we thought was too cool and crops kept back farmers were also
disposed to growl for more rain but the svowers set in a week ago and all the crops
are looking splendid Those that were well plowed in winter will yield a fine
harvest with but little rain Alfred J Hendry
There is no known disease among stock but from some unknown cause the in
crease in lambs is very smallnot more than 33 per cent The damage to oats was
not caused by rust but cold March winds and subsequent drought
Geo M MillsIll
CHOP KEPRT1884
27
LECTURE BY M GEORGE VILLE ON STOCK AND STOCK
RAISING
Gektlemen
tilizer
Translated from the French
You know we must give the soil four different substances in a fer
Acid Phosphate
Potash
Lime
Nitrogen
if you expect fine and abundant crops
Animals must also have four substances in their feed
Albuminoids
Fats
Carbohydrates
Salts or minerals
that they may live grow be well developed and give flesh milk wool and strength
In a practical point of view the analogy is remarkable The products are different
the number is the same
You know also that the four substances composm the fertilizer cannot pro
duce their full effect except the four are united This association is so essential
that the suppression of one materially reduces if it does not really destroy the
efficacy of the three others
It is the same with animals The suppression of one of the four terms of the
feed Albuminoids Fats Carbohydrates or Minerals so affects the work of
nutrition that the animal becomes diseased and death generally ensues
A dog fed upon meat carefully washed so as to be as nearly pure fibrin as possi
ble soon shows a repugnance to it followed by intestinal troubles which end
in death Carbohydrates are equally injurious Magendie has leftus classic
experiments on this point An ass fed upon rice alone lived only three weeks
A food of fats is stil more defective
A duck fed entirely on butter died of inanition at the end of three weeks The
butter sweated from all parts of its body It exhaled an odor reminding one of
butyric acid The excretions were formed almost entirely of fat
The suppression of minerals neutralizes the rest of the food and among minerals
the absence of common sjlt chloride of sodium alone will finally produce death
To maintain a healthy nutrition that is not only to keep up a satisfactory state
of health but an uninterrupted increase of weight we must have I repeat the
association of the four terms
Albuminoids
Fats
Carbohydrates
Minerals
Starch sugars dextrin gum and cellulose28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
112
The effect of each one of these four classes of substances is increased not only
by association with the three others but still more by the relative proportions to
each other when fed
In fact if you alternately vary the quantities of each one of the four terms of
the feed you will find that the albuminoids and fats have more influence than the
hydrates of carbon
We will demonstrate these two fundamental principles by a simple example in
the use of milk the most perfect of foods
Its composition proves the necessity of the four terms It contains
CaseineAlbuminoids
ButterFatty matter
Sugar of milk Carbohydrated
Salts Minerals
I take up the second proposition the superiority of fatty matters and albuminoids
To prove this here are three parallel experiments a calf fed on skimmed milk
another given the same quantity of skimmed milk with the addition of butter
milk and a third the same quantity of milk with cream added
The results are different In a week the first calf had gained thirteen pounds
the second twentysix pounds and the third fortyeight pounds
What more had the second calf received than the first Sugar of milk and
hydrate of carbon and the third than the second More fatty matters and
albuminoids
The following weights are the exact quantities used in this important experiment
To one hundred of live weight was given in the week to each of the three calves
Caseine
1 Skimmed milk 9
2 Skimmed milk and butter milk 9
3 Skimmed milk and cream11
Observe the increase of weight
Fatty
Matters
lbs
3
5
15
Sugar of
Milk Weight Gained
lbs lbs
11 13
15
13
26
48
Weight Gained
1 Vith insufficient food13 pounds
2 With more hydrate of carbon26 pounds
3 With more proteine and fatty matter48 pounds
Let us compare these results with those obtained from Eape with a mineral
fertilizer and a complete fertilizer
Amount of Grain to the Acre
Soil without fertilizer10 bushels
Mineral fertilizer without nitrogen21 bushels
Mineral fertilizer with 89 pounds more of nitrogen30 bushels
Mineral fcrtilzer with 78 pounds more of nitrogen56 bushels
In this experiment the mineral fertilizer corresponds to the ration with the
addition of carbohydrate and the complete fertilizer with 89 to 78 pounds of
nitrogen to the ration with excess of proteine and fatty matter With these proofs
before us can any one deny the superiority of fatty matter and proteine or of nitro
genous matter in the fertilizer
The idea of dominants and the principle of collective forces is then as applica
ble to animals as to plant and brings the conditions of production of the two
kingdoms under the same laws
The great superiority of fatty matters over carbohydrates is due to theirHI
CROP REPORT1884
29
beating power With equal weights the combustion of fatty matters produces
two and a half times as much heat The amount of fatty matter one can consume
in high latitudes is incredible The Laplanders drink pure fish oil as we drink
wine or beer
The increased activity of respiration necessary to warmth in cold climates ex
plains the desire for and power to take such food
By the help of fatty matters animals utilize with less effort that part of their
food which is to be assimilated and converted into animal products
Fatty matters hold the firt place as heaipioducing food then come the
carbohydratps and lastly the albuminoids which however are again promi
nent as physiological elements in the formation of tissues and generally of all
animal production
Do these distinctionswhich recmt experiments have proved correct justify the
general belief that animals are incapable of producing anything of themselves and
that their rower is limited to the accumulation in their tssues of the different
substances in their food by isolating them
Nothing is more contrary to the reality of their phenomena than such a belief
The truth is that animals create their substance themselves as plants do While in
preparation for this work of creation their foods undergo such modifications as to
completely change their nature In the words of Mr Chevreul Cooked foods are
uncooked and partly changed into flesh fat and living tissues by the animal
organisms
The idea that albuminoids take no part in the production of animal heat is
equally unfounded
The incessant formation of urea which is derived from them by oxidation is a
proof to the contrary But it is also true that in this part of the physiological
work fatty matters and the hydrates of carbon are superior to the albuminoids in
the work of nutrition
In a word all these elements nou ish and burn sooner or later but under different
conditions or relations
The work of nutrition in both kingdoms takes place through a number of analo
gous and sometimes identical acts But above all these analogies there is one
contrast which overpowers all others and finally assigns different fumtions to the
vegetable and animal kingdoms in the economy of living nature
Let me once more remind you the plant proceeds from mineral compounds of
satisfied affinities It absorbs the heat and light of the sun which it extinguishes
in its substance where it pases into a state of imperfectly neutralized chemical
affinities
The animal on the contrary proceeds from organized compounds whose im
perfectly satisfied affinities are in a frgh state of tension from whence it draws
both the heat which animates it and the substance which nourishes it
This is the great opposition difference But we will return to the practical part
of our subject and support the laws 1 point out to you by another example and
show that if intensive culture only is remunerative so also abundant and judici
ously proportioned feed alone can make stock profitable consumers The facts for
this new demonstration I take from an old experiment of Prof Boussingault
If you feed a young pig of 132 pounds exclusively on Irish potatoes he will have
formed fifteen pounds of flesh at the end of ninety days He weighed 132 pounds
at the beginning of the experiment and at the end of it he weighed 147 pounds
To produce these fifteen pounds he consumed 1172 pounds of Irish potatoes
This is certainly a poor result Let us make a second experiment upon anotherSO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 114f
pig also weighing 132 pound adding rye mei ground peas greasy water and
scraps from the table to the Irish potatoes
The Irish potatoes though rich in hydrates of carbon contain but little fatty
matter and very few proteine elements By an addition of peas rye meal and
greasy water we change an imperfect and insufficient feed into a eompete intense
and well proportioned feed This approaches though it does not equal the food of
the sucking period
The growth is greater and more rapid with this second feed In ninetythree
days it is raised to 101 pounds instead of fifteen pounds
How much food had the pig fed exclusively on Irish potatoes consumed 1172
pounds equal to 280 pounds of dry matter
The amount of food consumed in the second experiment was 3065 pounds equal
to 363 pounds dry matter twice as much as in the first But on the other hand
by doubling the feed we increased the product sixfold
Food Consumed Weight Gained
Feed of Irish potatoes alone280 pounds 15 pounds
With a perfect and abundant feed563 pounds 101 pounds
FEED OF HOG EXCLUSIVELY OF IRISH FOTATOES
Hvdroear
Irish potatoes Irish potatoes Proteine Fatty bonaceus
mois dried matters matters maters Salts
12 pounds 3 pounds 007 pounds 004 pounds 25 pounds 002 pounds
In ninetythree days the length of the experiment the food consumed was
1078 pounds 286 pounds 28 pounds 3 pounds 237 pounds 9 pounds
In this period of ninetythree days the pig gained 15 pounds
At the beginning of the experiment it weighed 132 pounds
At the end of the experiment it weighed117 pounds
FEED OF HOG WHEN PERFECTLY AND ABUNDANTLY FED
DAILY
Irsh Potatoes
Rye Cracked
Rye Meal
Groupd Peas
Greasy Water
In NinetyEight Days
Solid Dry Protine
Matters Matter Matters
pounds 5 pounds 3 pounds 04
0450 3387 0056
0320 0273 0050
0340 0309 0085
22000 0472 0088
28110 4441 0319
244780 437918 31416
Fatty
Matters
pound
0009
0009
0011
0007
0040
0076
744S
Hydrocar
bonaceous
Matters
pounds
1000
0 293
0218
0193
0 280
1 9S4
194632
Salts
iounts
0009
0011
0006
0011
0062
0099
9720
In this period of ninety eight days the hog gained103 pounds
At the beginning of the experiment he weighed143 pounds
At the end240 pounds
Suppose we have a speculation in pork If the animals arj badly fed we must115
CRr report1884
31
have 14 bead of hogs to produce 220 pounds of flesh in 93 djys If well fed two
heps will make the same amount viz 220 pounds
Which of these two methods is the bettereconomically the most advantageous
Ts it better to raise 14 pigs or 2 only
Jor 14 pigs we need more housing more time etc The general expense the
handling the buildings the interest on capital are the same whether the animals
are well or illfed Now the cost of the meat per pound is If ss as the increase of
weight is greater Always the theory of intensive culture Pigs abundantly fed
culture intensive and remunerative
Stock are considered a necessary evil How is it to be otherwise if animals are
badly fed What can we expect of an animal fed on straw What better is the
feed given in our departments of the South and the mountains of PuyduDomeand
of Vivarais
We repeat again When the feed is imperfect and illproportioned its effect is
lets with equal weight than when plentiful and containing in proper proportions
the four terms which you know
If we give a pig Irish potatoes alone 220 pounds of feed produce only 13 pounds
increase If the feed is plentiful and wellproportioned 220 pounds will give 39
pounds
This same fact is more strikingly shown in the three cilves fed on skimmed milk
adding first buttermilk and then cream for in this case the feed is richer and the
increase is naturally more rapid during the sucking period
220 pounds skimmed milk produced 116 pounds live weight
220 pounds skimmed milk and buttermilk 198 pounds live weight
220 pounds skimmed milk and cream 257 pounds live weight
Mr Kuhn reports that six beeves weigiing 1214 pounds each gained 1397
pounds with a feed rich in fatty matters while six other beeves weighing 127
pounds each gained only 940 pounds in the same length of time on a feed not so
rich in fatty matter We find always the same facts high feeding with quick in
crease of weight is most economical and remunerative
Acknowledge gentlemen these analogies are singularly instructive and throw an
unexpected light on the rules to be applied to stockraisingthey are two viz
abundant feed properly proportioned
If a feed contains too much carbohydrates in the form of meals and is conse
quently wanting in fatty matter and nitrogen a part of the meal and cellulose is
found in the excretions without undergoing the least alteration and the meal in
the manure is of no use It contains only carbon hydrogen and oxygen that is to
say the elements which the plants draw from air and water On the contrary if
the amount of nitrogenous matter is too large and the fatty matter too small a
part of the nitrogenous matter in its turn passes through the animal But this
time the loss is not entire for wc know that nitrogenous matter of animal or vege
table origin are powerful feitilizersbut as nitrogenous matter ismore useful as food
than as manure there is still a loss Finally if the quantity of fatly mater is too
large the digestion is impaired and we find both nitrogenous matter and hydrates
of carbon in the manure
For a long time it was believed that cellulose was not nourishing but a large
number of careful experiments have demonstrated this belief to be unfounded
and that at least 50 per 100 of the cellulose contained in forage aided in the work
of nutrition but certainly with less influence than meals and sugars Salts are also
essential32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
116
A dog whose food was wanting in potash though otherwise well fed showed
signs of inanition in less than a month
In a practical point of view we have only to supply the phosphates and salts for
the animals receive more of the other minerals in their food and water than they
can make use of The conclusion from all this is that there is a proper balance to
be maintained in the relation of the feed to the live weight of the animal and the
composition of the food itself
To come to simple and practical ideas on these two points we must avoid the
comparison of two dissimilar substances in mixing feeds and substitute for each
other only such as are analogous that is to say those whose digestibility volume
and richness arg nearly the same
It is very evident that in equal quantities the proteine in wheat peas or corn is
of much greater value than the proteine in broomgrass or buckwheat stalks and
the fatty matter in linseed cake of much greater value than the green matter ex
tracted from dry leaves by means of ether
Thus our ideas on thesa points can be brought to precse terms of a highly prac
tical value The volume of the feed and its relation to the digestive apparatus of
different domestic animals if we consider the weight alone may be fixed by the
following table
TO 100 OF LIVE WEIGHT
Weight of
dry feed
Cows 2 to 250
Draught Oxen 2 to 250
Fattening Oxen 3
Sheep 2 to 250
Hogs 3 to 4
If we take the mean weight of a cow or ox to be 1100 pounds and use this weight
as a unit of comparison for the different animals we have in round numbers the
weight of the feed for 24 hours
Dry fted fr
1100 pounds
of live weight
Cow 26 pounds
Draughtox 26 pounds
Fattening ox 35 pounds
Sheep 26 pounds
Hog 41 to 44 pounds
What in these different feeds ought to be the part taken by the terms proteine
fatty matter albuminoids and salts
The following tables of Emil Wolf have received the double support of science
and practice
TO 1100 FOUKDS OF LIVE WEIGHT PER DAY OF 24 HOUKS
Hydrate of
Proteine Fatty Matter Carbon
Milch cow 3 pounds 11 ounces 17 pounds
Draughtox 2 pounds 8 ounces 15 pounds
Fattening ox 4 pounds 12 ounces 13 pounds
Stock sheep 1M pounds 4 ounces 15 pounds
Fattening sheep 2 pounds 8 ounces 13 pounds
Hog M pounds 8 ounces 38 pounds
Fattening hog 9 pounds 2 ounces 27 pounds117
OEOP EEPORT1884
3
I say nothing ofsalts because apart from common salt cf which every oee
knows the use with such a feed the animals are abundantly provided with them
You see in these different feeds the fatty matters are nearly onethird of the al
buminoids and they in their turn vibrate between the third and the fifth of the
sum of the fatty matters and carbohydrates We are accustomed to express
these relations in this way
Relation of fatty matters to proteine 13
Relative nutrition of feed 15
While recognizing the utility of these expressions as a whole it is well to bear in
mind the respective quantities of the three terms of the feed remembering that
when we increase the amount of fatty matter by addition of cakesor that of pro
teine by addition of flour or peas the carbohydrates weaken a part of the good
effect which the feed receives by the addition of the cakes flour or peas
In milk which corresponds to the most active part of animal life we find the
fatty matter is in the fame proportion with the proteine and this latter is almost
the half of the united sum of the fatty matter and carbohydrates
Percent Theory Relative
of milk nutrition
Casene 3G0 Proteine 100
Butter 403 Fatty matter 1
Sugar of milk 550
Butter and sugar of milk 950 Hydrocarbonates 260
Practical stock raisers are unanimous in saying that in the feed for raising stock
it is sufficient for the fatty matter to be onethird of the proteine and the proteine
in its turn the fifth of the sum of the fatty matter and hydrates of carbon but in a
fattening feed the fa ty matter must be increased onethird and stand instead1
of V3 and the relation of the proteine to the sum of the fatty matter and hydrates
of carbon must stand 13 instead of 1 5 This approaches the composition of milk
without quite its richness
As an application of the preceding rules the following are two examples of milch
cows and beeves The progressive feed is according to Prof Kuhn the one to be
followed to obtain the maximum yield of milk
No 1FEED USED IN A STABLE OF 20 COWS
17 nn Assimilable
itrTnrt7 Dry Fay nonnitroge
pernaci matter Proteine matter nous matter
lbs lbs lbs lbs
5 pounds clover hay 3465 0180 0070 0764
24 pounds meadow hay 3285 0145 0045 0575
1 pound hay 0460 0000 0008 ol20
834 pounds barley straw 8606 0055 0070 3J45
5X pounds wheat straw 4045 0060 0037 0705
2 pounds cake 0755 0065 0015 0300
55pounds beets 8650 2000 0088 5260
28666 2508 0333 10869
No 2PROGRESSIVE FEED
No 1 feed with 28666 2508 0333 10S69
3 pounds crushed rye 1333 015 0035 2175
29999
2513
368
1304434 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA H8
Assimilable
ed per day Dry Fatty ronnitroge
per head matter Proteine matter nous matter
lbs lbs lbs lbs
2
Feed No 1 with 28666 2508 0333 10869
4 pounds of beans 2000 285 0065 2005
30666 2793 398 12874
3
Feed No 1 with 28666 2508 0333 10869
2 pounds cake 0833 0283 0195 0245
29599 2791 52S 11114
4
Feed No 1 with 280f0 2508 0333 10869
2yi pounds cake 2002 0335 0125 0290
30668 2843 0458 11159
In these feeds the quantity of proteine is a little less than in the formulae of
Wolf but the fatty matter is a little larger
Here are three formula from the same author for fattening beef and are for the
three periods the beginning the middle and the end
1ST PERIOD THE FATTENING COMMEKI
Assimilable
Fee d per day and Dry Fatty matter non
per head of 1100 lbs matter Proteine matter nitrogenous
lbs lbs lbs lbs
55 pounds beets 7000 0275 0025 4250
4 pounds of oat straw cut
44 pounds oats straw given 7850 0112 0090 2002
at the end of night feed j
54 pounds red clover hay 7360 0536 0128 2140
2J4 pounds rye bran 2312 0205 0046 0750
4 pounds rape cake 2700 0566 0190 0486
pound flax seed meal0220 0504 0092 0043
pounds of salt 0050
27498 2248 0571 10277
2d period
Assimilable
fred per day and Dry Fatty noinitroge
per head of 1100 lbs matter Proteine matter nous matter
lbs lbs lbs lbs
66 pounds beets 7000 0330 0030 4700
4 pounds oats straw cut
4 pounds oats straw given I 7428 0100 0030 2424
after night feed J
84 pounds red clover hay 7360 0536 0128 2140
2X pounds rye bran 2312
GlA pounds rape cake 4550 0849 0285 0729
4 pound linseed cake 0441 0108 0185 0087
15 pound salt 0 067
1
29758 2128 0754 10830nx9l CK0P liErORT 1884
3d period
Assimilable
rrv Fatty uonnitroge
pJSMMS 2 protelM matter noisraitter
lbs lbs lbs lbs
55 pounds of beets 7000 0275 0025 4250
214 pounds cut oats straw 060 2 Qgg
2 pounds cut oats straw 451 005 ouou
given after night feed J
8 pounds red clover hay 7360 0536 0128 2 40
Sa pounds crushed barley 2714 0200 0046 2282
5 nounds rape cake 4125 0707 023 060
SSZeed cake0661 0163 0277 0130
i pound salt 0S3
26514 1056 0773 11477
If these rules are neither so simple nor exact as those I have given you for plants
and the facts less numerous they are nevertheless most valuable indications
According to the old system a fattening beef hardly gamed two pounds a day
while with a feed like the above it will gain nearly four pounds a day
We cannot be too particular when changing animals from ordinary feed to a fat
tening feed or when changing from a dry winter to the fresh green
All domestic animals do not possess the same power of 2JS0rlL
suming the same amount ot food they do not give either the same products or the
same labor
For 2422 pounds of food the ox gives 220 pounds live weight
For 2 422 pounds of food the sheep gives 240 pounds live weight
For 2422 pounds of food the hog gives 572 pounds live weight
This difference is greater still as to time With equal feed in a week
600 per cent
The hog gains 1 75 per cent
The sheep 100 per cent
Theox
We may find the like analogies in the making of perfected races
A Durham ox is fully developed at four years of age while the native ox gene
allt required six years By crossing the Merino sheep on the Dishley we get both
finenes of wool and a greater development of flesh With the milch cow we can
even rjrolong the milking period
Tut what is still more remarkable iu high bred animals besides their preOCity
allowing the quicker movement of capital invested is the extraordinary develop
nenT of the fleshy parts the choice morsels as the butchers say over the coarser
aTurhamorfor instance the head and bones are reduced to the smallest
dimensions the legs are short the paunch straight the skin fine and supple while
T cle isiargethesp1Ce between the haunches well developed and the muscular
m so great that it alone is onethird the whole weight of the animal
nis the same with the Dishley sheep besides having very fine wool the fat con
centlted i i the flesh is gathered in close pressed pelleta which gives the mutton a
most agreeable and highly appreciated flavor The flesh of wellfed animals in
It Son when butchered contains onefourth more nuWmnt than the same
IZl piece from a poor animal or one that has been illfed What an argument n
favor of a plentiful and wellproportioned eed
I86
DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTUREGIOEGIA
120
COMPARISON OF FAT MEAT WITH POOR MEAT
Muscular
substance Fat Ash Water
The flesh of a fat ox con lains 356 239 15 390
The flesh of a poor ox contains 308 81 14 597
Difference in favor of fat beef 48 158 1 207
POOR BEEF FAT BEEF
T irst 3 flist
Neck Rib roasts Neck Fdb roasts
Water 770 774 765 735 634 505
Fat 09 11 13 58 167 340
Ash 12 12 12 12 11 10
Muscular substance 204 20 3 210 195 188 145
Pry matter 225 220 235 26 5 366 495
No one admires more than r the wonderful and imperishable creations of art
but is it not also a grand art which moulds forms of life which carves not dead
inert matter without reaction or resistance but animated marble which shapes
life and models with blood nerves movement and will
When Bakewell lived it was thought parentage was more important than feed
but this is now a recognized error and of the two means the food is on the whole
the most efficacious ami gets the best results from stock raising Descartes has truly
said Nutrition of itself is a breed
The first improvement in a species is the result of diet The influence of parent
age added to that of the feed is in reality but one degree more of perfection in food
because the qualities transmitted by the parent to his descendants increases by
heredity the influence of treatment adds to the good effects of the present nutri
tion
Who does not know that the sexual form with bees depends upon the food they
receive and that it is to the superior food that the queens owe the development
of their sex As an example of this alfo we mention the tadpoles which William
Edwards prevented turning to frogs by keeping them from light and forcing them to
breathe under water
What food for ihought we find if we study the training which makes part of the
education of a horse and pass from this animal to man himself in the varied situa
tions of climate customs fortunes and professions
What is the disease among children called rickets but the consequences of a food
either too poor or too rich in nitrogenous matter to the exclusion of the carbo
hydrates
How can we overlook the extraordinary effects of diet among pugiliss which
by freeing their limbs and muscles from fats gives them a firmness suppleness
and power of expansion and contraction that makes them insensible to blows
All these effects come under the same law and are due to the same cause the
diet this great modifier of constitutions individuals and even species
We now return to the one point in view viz stockraising This maybe carried
on under two very different conditions
1 As independent of farming operations This is generally the case near large
cities where the principles of good feeding we have laid down are sufficient
2 On the contrary and this is generally the case where stock enter into andfc121
chop eepjET 1SS4
37
i
form a part of the farming operations there id one need which dominates all
Biers and that is to fertilize abundantly both meadows and all forage crops
f Where we find the cultivated land is only profitable when heavily manured why
not give the meado ws the same chance with the cereals
Suppose you have a mea low which gives hardly 3900 pounds of hay per acre
Ill at the cost of 800 or 900 worth of fertilizers you could get 7 800 pounls per
iacre would you hesitate Woud not this be a necessary condition to success and
a certain means of profit
Am I not right then in spying stockraising owes its greatest success to the doc
Itrineof chemical fertilizers and th it barnyard manure will not be priced by its
true value until chemicil fer ilizers are applied to the meadow also This is my
Ireplv to thoe who accuse me of condemning the SB of barnyard manure
It has been well said we cannot change the nature of things Th facts are here
imperious inflexible and unalterable
When we attempt to draw both crops and manure from our cultivated fields all
I the harvests must be small and there is no profit and when the crops are poor the
1 illfed animals are a source of unavoidable loss How can it be otherwise
With the use of chemical fertlizers all this is changed When fanatically deify
ling a formula which enlightened practice condemns you say meadow cattle
I cereals you voluntarily make yourselves helpless y u throw away liberty and
I freedom of action cattle all stock are then a hindrance becave they are not well
I fed and the soil is not properly manured
If on the contrary you follow the rules which I ceaselessly advise viz buy
H fertilizers the price of forage will diminish the cost of producing cereals will be
B less your crops will be bountiful the animals will be better fed the manure will
be better in quality and its price be fixed by its real value
The rise in the price of meat in the last thirty years and the mceased demand
for it favors its production
We live at least three times as fast as our fathers and to sustain this relatively
feverish life we require a better diet To appreciate how pressing is our need I
have only to tell you the price of meat rose from 1847 to 1862 25 to 45 per cent and
from 1847 to 1873 40 to 70 per cent
Is not this a proof that the production is insufficient Now with our old meth
ods how can we increase production if the production of forage does not increase
in proportion We can but expect an increase of the evil How is the workman
to be fed if in the ten years to come this continues
Do not misunderstand me I take back nothing previously said but on the
contrary repeat the same question and give the same answer
Are stock a necessity in farming No They are to be used as a convenience
and their keeping entirely regulated by the profit they give Nothing more nor
Before we separate gentlemen let me say a few more words I trust that this
lecture to which I attach particular importance has proved to you that farming
with barnyard manure by the old methods U not only unprofitable and uncertain
but exhausts the soil
I have said it exhausts the soil The exhaustion is slow but real and continued
andafter a Century or two the proofs are positive Sad and undoubted explanation
of the present desolation of regions that were once flourishing
This is too grave an assertion to leave the proof to exceptional circumstances 1
do not therefoe speak of small farms where no manure is used and the ill effects38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 122
at once apparent but from Prof Wolf who has devoted much time and careful
study to the best methods of making and applying barnyard manure
The farm in question is situated on the other side of the Rhineconsists of 263
acres 105 of which are given up to crops for sale 90 to permanent meadows and 30
to forage plants If I prove to you that on such a farm the soil is growing poorer
will you believe my proof decisive 1
According to Prof Wolf the soil loses every year
LOSSKS FROM CROPS SOLD
Vegetable Animal
Produes Products Totd Loss
lbs lbs lbs
Nitrogen 2281 704 2985
Acid Phosphate 1003 264 1267
Potash 658 158 816
Lime 145 242 387
This divided among the 173 acres under cultivation shows an annual loss per
acre of
17 pounds Nitrogen
7 pounds Acid Phosphate
5 pounds Potash
3 pound Lime
What is there to counterbalance these losses Ninety acres in irrigated meadow
which do not give more than 3900 pounds of hay per acre in which there are
Per Acre For 90 Ac es
lbs lbs
Nitrogen 50 4500
Acid Phosphate 15 1350
Potash 63 5070
Lime 51 4590
This divided among the 173 acres in cultivation gives annually to the acre
Nitrogen 26 pounds
Acid Phosphate 7 pounds
Potash 15 pounds
27 pounds
to neutraliza the losses from crops sold If all the nitrogen from the hay was
returned to the soil the cultivated and would annually giin 8 pounds per acre
but in reality this is far from the truth The hay must first feed the stocknow
onethird of the nitrogen is lost in the act of digestion and this is not the only loss
the twothirds which pass through the animals loses onethird by decomposition
in the manure pit
This shows that the cultivated fieds hardly receive 8 pounds of nitrogen per
acre
We know if we return to the land onehalf the nitrogen taken from it by the
crops the soil is not impoverished The loss being 17 pounds and the restitution 8
we may admit there is neither gain nor lossstagnation
It is not the same with the acid phosphate The soil loses 7 pounds per acre
the meadow returns 7 pounds but the loss from washing rains and the amount of
acid phosphate which takes the form cf phosphate of iron and aluminum both
inactive causes a real loss which soon makes itself felt
It is true the soil receives a larger quantity of potash and lime than it has lost123
CROP REPORT
1884
3
but the want of the needed proportion of nitrogen and acid phosphate renders the
lime and potash inert
There is no disputing these facia With manure alone the crops diminish and
you have the explanation of the reason why the intensive system is superior
You will please to notice how careful I am to avoid exaggeration I am not
speaking of a worn out soil but of unusually strong land Now is not the loss of
acid phosphate and nitrogen a serious matter when we know they are absolutely
essential to the production of cereals
Suppose 10 or 20 acres of the niaadow are upland and cannot be irrigated but
must be manured will not the cultivated land soon show the need of the manure
given the meadow to their prejudice
If I had wished a more striking example as an illustration of what I am proving
I would have chosen a small farm but I have not done so because I preferred one
where we may say the losses are now rather threatening than actual I beg you to
think this subject well over see how this farm is well managed yet the present is
uncertain and the future big with inevitable evil
We may say in a general way that the lands of our old European continent are
wanting in acid phosphate and nitrogen This is thereason of the good effects of
guano Nine times iu ten acid phosphate and nitrogen are sufficient to increase
the yield of the cereals and the greater part of the industrial crops but you must
remember this is only for a short time the necessity of potash and lime will soon
be felt if beets Iish potatoes or artificial meadows be desired and woe to him who
Shuts his eyes to the wants of his soil
If you need chemical fertilizers begin with nitrogen and acid phosphate Nitro
gen in the formof sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soa acid phosphate as
superphosphate then potash as a nitrate or chloride of potash and lime as plaster
Before separating gentlemen allow me to cast a rapid glance backward over the
path we have trod
To those who say the doctrine of chemical fertilizers is inimical to stockraising
in fact condemns and proscribes stock keeping you can say it is by chemical fer
tilizers and by them alone stock can be made profitable and barnyard manure made
at the least coat for without an importation of fertilizers stock are a burden
You know further that the laws which govern plants are practically the same
with those governing animals that plants and animals are to the same degree
truly machines to which we must give all the food they can assimilate that to be
niggardly in this respect is false economy we want abundant crops at the smallest
expense
How is this to be done In but one way Feed the stock bountifully and ter
tilize the land by the rules you have learned Now this can only be accomplished
through the purchase of chemical fertilizers applied both to cereals and forages to
the crops fed to stock as well as those grown for sale this you know to be the fun
damental principle of the doctrine of chemical fertilizers
40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
WEATHER REPORTS
124
Summary of Cotton Region Observations from 16th to Slst of
May taken in Georgia under direction of the Signal Service
U S A Prepared by Prof I II Charbonnier Director
Sttie Service
Albany
Allapaha
Athens
Atlanta
Augusta
Baiobridge
Camak
Cartersville
Columbus
Dalton
Eastman
Gainesville
Griffin
Jesup
Macon
Millen
Newnan
Quitman
Savannah
Smlthviile
Thcmasville
Toccoa
Union Point
Washington
Way cross
Waynesboro
West Point
Sums
Means
STATIONS
Mean of Temperature
88 6
8 5
798
8323
8SS3
8978
86 zs
86 78
8293
96 00
8056
837
8930
8828
8906
8520
89 75
8443
90 00
9343
8562
83 54
89 60
9314
8663
8690
a
3
o
66 5
ft33
6009
6262
77 00
6113
ft 33
58 06
6521j
5768
6769
66 81
6263
ft 33
6321
61
ft 33
6506
63 50
63 00
67 37
5619
6007
6186
ft457
34
61 7
35175
8710
170778
35
v 78
739ft
7133
71 21
8oii
74 83
73 5ft
709
7399
70 30
81 84
7368
73 7
734
75 74
7547
73 6
77 40
7646
7ft50
8040
68 40
71 83
73 43
7833
75 04
743
Rainall
75 3
0 05 2
1 50 t
9
049 5
2IS 7
0251 3
220 6
095 4
000 o
069 3
025
0 54
021
223
096
1 26
071
43
062
074
025
042
345
O79
OOO
143
O77
25IO
99
NoteThe concentration of these reports at Athens having begun only on the 16th of May the
above summary a for the last part of the month 16th to 3st Hereafter the report will contain the
Whole monthly periodSpecial Circular No 41
New Series
Report of Growing Crops Yields Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1884
RETURNABLE JULY L 1884
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga June 12 1884
Dear Sir Please answei the following questions on the first day of July and mail promptly so
that your riport may reach this office by the 3d day of Julyy if possible
Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in
each direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm
In all cases where the crop is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not
sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank
Very respectfully
J T HENOFRSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
N B If your mail facilities are such that matter mailed on the 1st of the month will not reach
this office by the 3d please make out your report so long before the end of the month as will be
necessary to have it reach this office by the 3d Many of the reports for last month were not
mailed at the reporter s office until after June 1st some did not 7 each this office until June loth
and of course such reports are too late to be of any use
I For what county do you report county
II Your name
III Your postofficeDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
L 3 26 1
OATS
i Yield per acre compared to an average crop per c ent
2 Average yield per acre in your county
bushels
WHEAT
3 Yield Compared to an average per
4 Average yield per acre in your county
MISCELLANEOUS
Condition compared to an average of
5 Corn
6 Cotton
per cent
7 Sugarcane per cent
8 Rice per cent
9 Melons per cent
10 Sweet potatoes perri27
QUESTIONS FOR JUNE CROP REPORT
it If orchards in your county escape frost when the fruit is killed in other situacions please give
the location of such orchards relative to ridges mountains or water courses If situated on ridges or
mountains state whether on the slopes or the crests of the same and give the height above the valleys
or surrounding country also state what exposure whether a northern southern eastern or western
exposure has greatest immunity from frosts
12 If any crop of oats in your knowledge has withstood exceptionally the Spring drought please
give any particulars in which the variety time and manner of planting fertilization or other
condition have varied from the ordinary treatment of this cropDEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE GEJRGIA
128
13 Report any facts of special interest in regard to new methods of culture experiments with new
crops remarkable yields and the means employed in securing such yields etc
Jf BPlease write as concisely and legibly as possible so that the time and labor of revision and
rewriting may be saved Put the name of your county at the upper left hand cornerof your notes
as it appears in the printed reports and give date of writing and your signature at the bott om
COUNTY
Circular No 55
New Series
ANALYSES AND STATISTICS
OF
Commercial Fertilizer
CHEMICALS
INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA
DURING THE SEASON OF 18834
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
ATLANTA GEORGIA
L PlinTfcRC ATLAIV7A CAJircular No 55
New Series
ANALYSES AND STATISTICS OF COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in
Season of 18834
Georgia during the
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga June 20 1884
EXPLANATIONS OP THE TABLES OP ANALYSES
The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses and calculated
relative commercial values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected analyzed
and admitted to sale in Georgia duriDg the season of 18834
RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES
After very extended correspondence and careful consideration it was
thought proper to reduce the valuations of ammonia and phosphoric acid from
those of last season The following prices per pound of the valuable ingre
dients or elements of plantfood found in the fertilizers by analysis have been
adopted as a practical approximation to their true value at Savannah viz
Available Phosphoric Acid10 cents per pound
Ammonia18 cents per pound
Potash5 cents per pound
For the season of 18823 the valuations were
Available Phosphoric Acid10 cents per pound
Ammonia20 cents per pound
Potash 6 cents per pound
It is often desirable to know the relative amounts paid by a farmer for the
several valuable ingredients in a Ion of fertilizers The following is a simple
rule Multiply the percentage of ammonia as given in the tables by 360 the
available phosphoric acid by 200 and the potash by 10 and the respective
results will show the value of each ingredient in a ton Thus Suppose a
fertilizer analyzes as follows
Available Phosphoric Acid 927 per cent
Ammonia 215 per cent
Potash 185 per cent
Then
927 multiplied by 2 1854
215 36 774
185 1 185
Total 2813133
ANALYSES CF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1884
REMARKS
The foregoing analyses were made by Professor H C White Analytical
Chemist of the Department whose general report appears on page 20
During the season of 188384 there were 15184955 tons of commercial fer
tilizers inspected and analyzed for the Georgia market of which 15182955
tons were admitted to sale and 20 tons were rejected as falling below the
standard required by law The following table shows the amount inspected
by each inspector
O T Rogers Inspectoral Savannah
D i t 4834045 tons
Iroup Butler Inspector at Aueusta o
T r r 4978400 tons
J S Lawton Inspector at Atlanta
wr c t ir r r 1908120 tons
W S DeWolf Inspector at Brunswick
v n T 2082140 tons
Ker Boyce Inspector at Brunswick vice E L Thomas oT
L Thomas Inspector at Brunswick vice W H Howell 3 830 70 tons
W H Howell Inspector at Brunswick
T 2000 tons
J W Livingston Inspector at Macon o c
852160 tons
Total 1
1584955 tons
The following table shows the number of distinct inspections made by
each inspector during the season the average number of tons in each in
spection the whole number of inspections made and the average amount
of each
O T Rogers
Troup Eutler
J S Lawton
W P DeWolf
Ker Boyce
E L Thomas
W H Howell
L W Livingston
Total
Number
of
Inspections
428
298
284
214
16
45
1
35
1421
Average
Amtof each
Inspection
113 tons
167 tons
6g tons
97 tons
S3 tons
85 tons
20 tons
63 tons
107 tonsDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
134
COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
The following table show the number of tons inspected for each of the
last eight seasons
There were inspected during the season of 18756 553i6tonS
There were inspected during the season of 18767 7524 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18778 9318 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18789 85049 ton3
There were inspected during the season of 187980 9i583 ton
There were inspected during the season of 18801 i5244 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18813 i25427tons
There were inspected during the season of 18823 12537710
There were inspected during the season of 18834 151849 tons
AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERSXHl ACID
PHOSPHATES
Of the whole amount of fertilizers placed upon the market during the
past season 107611 tons were Arnmoniated Superphosphates and 39154
tons were Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones It is well to remark that
those brands which contain not less than eight per cent of available phos
phoric acid and two per cent of ammonia are classed as Arnmoniated
Superphosphates and those containing less than two per cent of ammonia
and not less than ten per cent of available phosphoric acid are classed as
Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones This classificaon is made without
regard to the name of the brand as will be seen by reference to the tables
Those fertilizing materials which do not belong to either of the foregoing
are classed as Chemicals and Compounds other than Arnmoniated Super
phosphates and Dissolved Bones Of this class there were 5047 tons
inspected and analyzed and are included in Table No II
The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones inspected in
Georgia during the past nine seasons are as follows
For the season of 18756 6499 tons
For the season of 18767 12842 tons
For the season of 18778 15332 tons
For the season of 18789 10291 tons
For the season of 187980 13 906 tons
For the season of 18801 22036 tons
For the season of 18812 20602 tons
For the season of 18823 31017 tons
For the season of 18834 39154 tons
Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phosphates for
each season is as follows
For 18756 1166 per cent
For 18767 1232 per cent
For 18778 1962 per cent
For 18789 1222 per cent
For 187980 1163 Per cent
For 18801 I5i per cent
For 18812 1642 per cent
For 18823 24 73 per cent
For 18834 25 78 per ce135
ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1884
The following averages for the past eight seasons will be found interest
ing viz
GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
of 18745
of 18756
of 18767
of 18778
of 18789
of 187980
of 18801
of 18812
of 18823
of 18834
Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash
923 255 517
10 94 253 2 49
1087 252 275
1143 279 333
n 95 270 166
1024 258 133
10 96 253 141
1088 2 48 147
1103 353 150
10 82 2 47 iSS
These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phos
phates for the seasonsnamed It is proper to remark that the averages of
Ammonia and PotasKjaxe of those brands only which are shown by analysis
o contain these elements and not of the whole number of brands analyzed
AVERAGES OF AMMONIATEI FERTILIZERS
For the season of 18745
Forthe season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 187879
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season ofJi88i2
For the season of 18823
For the seasonof 18834
Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash
373 284 531
1036 298 279
1051 273 2 43
1083 279 235
1153 270 I64
9 53 259 135
1030 2 S3 145
1020 248 158
1022 253 148
9 78 2 47 157
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
AVERAGES OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
136
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
season o
season of
season of
season of
season of
season of
season of
season of
season of
season of
18745
18756
18767
18778
18789
187980
18801
18823
18834
Available Phosphoric Acid Potash
1105 385
1199 464
1168 4 5
1310 2 16
1320 I 63
1244 I28
12 60 I30
1248 I 05
1255 I56
1259 I 48
The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market
for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows
For the season of 18745 no brands
For the season of 1875 6 101 brands
For the season of 18767 125 brands
For the season of 18778 127 brands
For the season of 18789 162 brands
For the season of 187980 182 brands
For the season of 18801 226 brands
For the season of 18812 270 brands
For the season of 18823 354 brands
For the season of 18834 336 brands
These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or
composting manures at home
The number of brands of Ammoniated and Nonammoniated Fertilizers
for each season is as follows
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
season of 18745
season of 18756
season of 18767
season of 18778
season of 18789
season of 1S7980
season of 18801
season of 18812
season of 18823
season of 18834
Amoniated Nonammoniated
86 68
33
85 40
90 37
19 43
135 47
163 66
187 33
239 5
210 126
137
ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1831
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OF FERTILI
ZERS SEASON OF 18834
RECEIPTS
Fees on 15184953 tons inspected during the season 7591492
EXPENSES OF INSPECTION
1648200 Inspector tags 230 per thousand8 378086
Express chrrges on tags samples and other incidental expsnses 60014
Balance paid into the Treasury 7153392
75Q24927592492
Total amount paid into and due the Treasury 7ri53399
Inspectors salaries to September 1 1884 640000
Chemists salary to September 1 1884 300000
Leaving net balance in Treasury of 6213392
753392 S7i533 92
The net balance in the Treasury for the season of 1877 8 was 3590577
For the season of i878g 3126767
For the season of 18798o 4643836
For the season of 1880 1 640602s
For the season of i88i2 5025132
For the season of i8823 5081090
For the season of i8834 6213392
Increase compared with i88a3 1132302
ITABLES at Analyses Mative Commercial Values and Statistics of Commercial Hilkers ernicals etc
inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 188384 to Jtayil i
TABLE I Ammoniated Sdpkrfhosphates of Lime
NAME OF BRAND
immoniated Dissolved Bone
t Ammoniated AlkalineGuano
A P Wright Co s Solid Guano
Ammd PhosCrescent Brand for Cotton
z Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Hone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ashepoo DisBone with Am and Potash
Americus Guano
Asnley Soluble i4uaoo
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Atlanta Ammcniated Fertilizer
Ammd Dissolved Bone Fossilifenous
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer
Arlington B Ammd Soluble Phos
Amm miated Bone and Potash
Ammoniated Superphosphate
Andrew Coes Original Am Bone Phos
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
Ashepoo Fertilizer
Atlta Ammoniated Guano
Ammoniated Dissolved Bono
Acme Guanos
Ammoniated Bone Phosphite
ri Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Baldwin Cos Highly Ammmiato
Vegetable Fertilizer
Baldwin Cos Ammd Dis Bone
1075
1215
16 75
1400
1800
1085
1S65
1160
1415
1300
1125
1325
1125
1400
1301
875
2075
950
1375
117
110
1250
850
12 50
1150
600
1825
1075
1540
Phosphoric Acid
204
254
220
408
200
065
350
8
2 SO
160
220
215
320
121
100
150
2 65
220
050
130
225
15
200
385
021
435
252
805
61
786
512
586
725
712
793
600
800
725
685
525
7 40
520
6
015
820
725
750
530
730
6110
515
650
415
506
014 035
101 1036
374
294
148
803
402
360
203
267
315
124
805
167
340
260
436
500
995
180
450
415
450
500
180
135
365
570
527
181
031
1179
907
934
815
9J
1085
915
1060
I 15
024
1030S
i
865
10 00
056
1115
1010
1000
1185
165
oso
1230
840
050
1015
985
1083
1006
1067
a
a
O V
I

a o a
B
Sis
o a
O H
185
155
200
160
iis
125
052
118
275
165
125
110
0 90
150
100
175
145
110
100
115
i 66
200
33 8S
29 64
30 5
27 84
29 46
31 92
27 12
29 65
27 46
30 43
3 4 33
26 32
I 26 65
2il 71
27 94
34 10
31 0
31 11
33 61
83 i
29 60
36 01
25 62
27 56
29 50
27 03
31 S3
352 310 37 09 90
320 210 34 96 225
500
100
VI
10
50
200
10
50
50
50
20
20
150
100
10
100
30
10
70
20
50
125
35
52
120
5i
10
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Geo W Miles 4 Co Milford Conn
Adams Co Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
John Mevryman Co Baltimore
Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md
Ashepoo Phosphate CoCharleston
Williams Clark Co New York
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
JnoMettyman A Co BarrenIsland
DeLeon Bro Baltimore
PcndletonUuano Co Atlanta
A A Fletcher Co Marietta Ga
Navassa iuano Co Wilmington
I mhman Bros Co Baltimore
Quinnlpeac Fer Co New London
Symington Bros Co Baltimore
Dambman Bros Co Baltimore
Symington Bros A Co Baltimore
Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Lorentz Kittler Baltimore
Winters Legg Marietta Ga
Lathrop Stillaon A Jordan
Rialto Guano Co Baltimore
W B Seal Baltimore Md
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
John Merryman Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Gnano Co Baltimore Md
4eo W Miles A Co Milford Conn
Adams Co Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
John Merryman Co Baltimore Md
Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md
Ashepoo Phosphate Co CharlestonSC
Williams Clark Co Nvw York
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston 8 C
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Cheml Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta
tf W Fertilizer Co O ioago 111
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Dambman Urns Co Baltimore Md
QuinnlpeacFer Co New London Conn
Symingtoi Bros Co Baltimore Md
Damnian Bros A Co Baltimore Md
Syming on Bros Co Baltimore Md
Kasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Lorentz Rttter Atlanta Ga
Winters Legg Marietta Ga
LathropStellsonJordanIIawkinsville
Rialto Guano Co Baltimore Md
W B Seal Baltimore Md
Haldwin Co Savannah Ga Baldwin Co Newaik N 1
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Baldwin Co Newark N J
O
M
a

w
as
H
o
a
w
M
o
a
i
a
w
M
O
M
O
w
03
00Bradleys Ammd Dissolved Bone
Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer
Bakers Standard Guano
Bradley8 Patent Superphos of Liine
Buffalo Bone Guano
ft Barrys Chemical Fertilizer
ft Barrys Grain Fertilizer
e Bakers Standard Gnano
Bradleys Dissolved Bono
Bales Phosphate Gnano
Bone and Potash
Brightons Ammd Bone Superphos
5 B fc s Standard Guano
s Blacks Specific Am B Cotton For
t B H Guano
Chesapeake Guano
Cotton States Soluble Phosphate
Chesapeake Guano
Coles Georgia Cotton Fertilizer
Columbia Guano
Crown Gnano I
Colgate Manure
nSreriaSd Bne SuPerpnos of Lime
Carolina Fertilizer
Coles Ga Cotton Fertilizer
Circle Brand Bone
dDCi5SoTved0B0odnS0n8nmmJ
Cotton Maker Guano
Champion Superphosphate
Cotton Grower Guano
Cranstons Ammd Dissolved Bone
Crescent Bone Fertilizer
j Champion Cotton Guano
0 Cairo Guano
DeLeons English Fertilizer
Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash
DeLeons complete Fertilizer
Dugdales Ammd Superphos
Diamond Brand Cotton Food
Dixie Ammd Bone Superphosphate
e Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
f Dixie Guano
Dobbs Ammd Cotton Fertilizer
Dobb s Ammd Cotton Fertilizerln
SnTua00 Grai F 8
o Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer Y fln
EF Coes Ammk Bone Sunemhos liZi
Eddystone Guano ouPerPH 825
1750
Iw 1 TRobln8 Eeid Augusta
I Weld Hartshorne Savannah
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Langston A Crane Atlanta
Furmans Farm ImpCo Atlanta
Ga Chemical Works Auguta
Ga Chemical Works Augusta
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
ifClariCo Augusta
iJ A Bale Rome
Quinnipiac Fer Co New London
Dambman Bros Co Baltimore
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
emapakeOniln0 Co Baltimore
W T Colt Griffin Ga
Albert DeLeon Bro Baltimore
Weld6 Hartshorne Savannah
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Chas Ellis Savannah
H M Comer Co Savannah
W T Cole Griffin Ga
Pollard Robertson Heid Augusta
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
T S chappell Son Baltimore
Rialto Guano Co Baltimore
K P Sibley Augusta Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
L Seldncr A Son Baltimore
Kasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Perry M Deleon Savannah
Sons Co Baltimore
P M DeLeon Savannah
Long Dugdale Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co
Langston Crane Atlanta Ga
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
IS C Dobbs Athens Ga
S C Dobbs Athens Ga
Dambman Bros Co Baltimore
tiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
Jno Mcrryman A Co Baltimore
John Stephens Atlanta Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Bowker Fertilizer Co N Y
nhnicaLCof Caton Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Eurman gf armImpCoEast PointGa
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ga hemical Works Augusta Ga
Elcf Canton Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
J A Bale Rome Ga
Quumipiac For Co New London Ct
Dambman Bros Co Baltimore Md
Hammond H Co Port Royal S C
Hammond H A Co Port Royai S c
cilpra ce Co Baltimore Md
rPeakeGnan0 Jo Baltimore Md
Long Dngdale Baltimore Md
cielaJpeake tauo c Baltimore Md
AllrkSrr0G Co N Bedford Mass
Albert DeLeon Bro Baltimore
fwr ftllizer Co ElizabethportNJ
Chemical Co ot Canton Baltimore
Cumberland Bone Co Portland Me
clriyFeti1Hr Co Bmtm Mass
iwn iVG Co N Bedford Mass
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Rdisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
P 8 Chappcll Son Baltimore Md
Rial to Guano Co Baltimore Md
R P Sibley Port Royal s c
Baldwin Co Newark N J
L Seldncr Son Baltimore Md
Sported1261 C BaltimOTeMd
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
P M DeLeon ISIew York
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Michigan Carbon Works Detroit Mich
Rnifai of Cant0 Baltimore Md
Rasin er ihzer Co Baltimore Md
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Dambman Bros Co Baltimore Md
Frtio pk 08FhtcCo Cuarleston S C
lEdisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
L liank Coo Barren Island NY
Clark s Cove GCo N Bedford Mass
co
o

o
J
o
o
B
w
w
o
t1
w
H
ts
w
w
00TABLE IContinued
Esuieralda Guano
Edisto Raw Bone
Equitable Ammd Soluble Superphos
Excelleuza soluble Phos
Eureka Ammd Bone Superphos of Lime
Excelsior Ammoniated Bone
Eclipse Soluble Gnano
Eagle Ammd Bone Superphos oi Lime
Equitable Ammd Soluble Bone Phos
phate of Lime
Empire State Fertilizer
Empire Guano
Eutaw Fertilizer
k Faimers Friend Fertilizer
i Farmers Ammd Dissolved Bone
Fairchilds Georgia Tfet
Flournoy Eppings Amd Diss Bone
Farmers Favorite
Franklins Amuid Dissolved Bone
Fletchers Cotton Grower
j Fianders Empire Ammd Compound
1750
1250
926
10 50
1725
1200
00
1300
1700
1600
1100
1100
1525 230
1050
800
1390
1500
1520
20 50
00
G Chemical Works Complete Grain
GossypiumPuospho The Cotton and
Corn Fertilizer
Ga State Grange Fertilizer
ya Paoifie Guano
Ga Planters Favorite
Ga Cotton Compound
Ga State Grange Fertilizer
Gilt Edge Guano
Ga Fertilizer
Geo W Miles I X L Guano
Giant Guano
1200
850
250
255
185
125
045
150
2 14
2 30
18
590
855
850
940
651
8C0
400
560
3501 600
345
225
4 55
0 75
100
215
175
015
3 66
2 SO
174
210
480
355
435
405
254
443
217
215
249
235
340
902
654
8f0
685
750
72
710 200
650 260
580 410
8 62
9 35
956
1185
1021
1150
1080
11 55
835
9 66
851
105
871
10151
934
985
1065
910
910
990
200
255
200
255
21
260
2
200
1210
1591
1690
1150
1250
1500
750
1300
1900
1325
455
110
100
186
2 43
115
265
2 00
220
210
230
450
715
1041
780
716
740
915
485
456
520
520
8 3f
2 If
2 6
28
2 67
245
268
225
210
235
2 00
215
175
120
1 20
i on
150
225
100
1 25
osol
250
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
502
875
024
180
275
36
020
425
5
404
465
952
1090
1065
960
990
1100
985
910
1015
924
270
65
50
1 10
105
7 1
29 13
28 27
32 53
28 04
i4 H
31 98
31 50
26 98
28 36
28 69
33 25
28 28
29 92
28 33
30 30
30 51
28 16
26 50
28 59
04
821
2 25
255
268
245
205
260
255
985253
115
3 10
215
120
i55
140
075
110
215
110
15
100
10
30
200
75
12
10
10
10
2f0
200
10
50
200
20
100
100
25
25
Tate Muller Witticoer Baltimore
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
M L Albritton Georgetown Ga
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
i tlanlic A Va Fer Co Orient L I
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Jro M Greene Atlanta Ga
T D Caswell Augusta Ga
Talc MullerWitticher Baltimore
Uiisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Risin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Read A Co New York
Hammond Hull A CoSavannah
Jno Merrymni Co Baltimore
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
N A Hardees Son Co Savannah
H Franklin Augusta
A A Fletcher Co Marietta Ga
L Seldner Son Baltimore
29 91
31 94
35 or
28 50
28 98
33 20
28 93
20 33
30 76
29 81
29 87
100
100
224
70
81
60
500
50
200
20
100
M A Stovall AugustaGa
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Baldwin A Co Savannah
Turpin Ogden Macau
Long Dugdale Baltimore
Ober sons Co Baltimore
Baldwin Co Savannah
L Seldner Son Baltimore
C 0 Hard wick Savannah
W Miles Co Milford Conn
G W Crane Augusta
Equitable Fertilizer Co Ba timore Md
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston s C
Eqaitable Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
I ode Dugdale Baltimore Md
Atlantic Va Fer Co Orient L I
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Clarks Cove G Co N Bedford Mass
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Tate Muller WitticherBaitimoie
Rasii Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Kasin Fertilizer Co B dlimore Md
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston bC
Head A Co New York
Hammond Hull Co PortHoyal SC
I D Fairchild Barren Island NY
Port Royal Fer Co Port Royal S C
Brad ey Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
L Beldner A Son Baltimore Md
lReadACoNev York
L Seldner Son Baltimore Md
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Geo W Seott A Co Atlanta I la
Baldwin Co Newark NJ
larks Cove G Co N Bedford Mass
Long A Dugdale Baltimore Md
G Cher Sons Co Baltimore Md
Baldwin Co Newark N J
L Seldner Son Baltimore Md
C C Hardwick Baltimore Md
G W Miles Milford Conn
Basin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
O
B

s
S
ts
A
A
o
d
r
o

o
c3
ti
a
w
ts
c
m
Q
a
A
O

I Good Lack Gnano 1900
Georgia Fertilizer1900
Gilt Edge Guano 1400
Georgia Test 1300
Giant Guano 1175
Georgia Patapsco Am Dis Bone 1075
Grange Mixture 1215
z Gem Guano 1800
Georgia State Standard Am Super
Phos 1230
Hardees Cotton Boll Am Super Phos 1726
Harle Cos Raw Bone Sup Phos 1250
Homestead Guano1280
Home Mixture Guano 1250
High Grade Am Super Phosphate 1250
Hope Guano 1175
Inmans Imperial Guano 1275
Inmans Monarch Guano 1750
g Irwin Callan Cos Am Fertilizer 1150
s I E Vaughns Am Bone Super Phos
phate 1325
s Jack Thompsons Am Dis Bone 1825
m J J Amd Bone Super Phosphate 1275
J J Sparks 1XL Ammoniated Bone
Super Phosphite 1150
J S Wood Bros Amd Diss Bone 12 00
J W Harle CoJs Raw Bone Guano 1800
King Guano 1325
Kcnnesaw Guano 1200
Lowes Georgia Formula 1275
Listers Standard Fertilizer 1600
v Lowes Georgia Formula 1226
L C Dis Bone with Ammonia and
Potash 1150
L R Guano 1350
Lockwoods Cotton Grower1245
Lockwoods Cotton Grower 1150
m L C Ammoniated Dis Bone1275
v Liebigs Am Super Phosphate 1060
k Mastodon Guano 1215
h Matchless Cottjn Grower 1525
Martins Ammoniated Dis Bone1285
McLemores Ammoniated Dis Bone 1000
e Matins Chemicals 1550
Nassau Guano 1520
Navassa Guano 1425
b Nnnnallys Ammoniated Dis Bone 1225
N W Fert Cos Horse Shoe Brand 875
n Oglethorpe Ammoniated Dis Bone 1230
250
250
200
145
220
387
446
20U
082
245
275
076
065
360
220
200
100
150
815
215
085
175
220
205
226
185
458
105
374
335
230
2 85
200
086
352
446
200
230
225
325
200
250
350
320
082
585
586
560
710
605
482
448
5
735
672
6 25
911
765
600
605
656
535
645
T85
785
835
550
520
275
524
610
461
1035
615
790
750
715
7151
8351
565
448
4 56
495
465
560
900
525
550
8001
7381
275
275
316
310
405
508
502
402
296
232
399
170
197
4 30
405
274
125
125
131
445
465
670
466
190
501
035
4
276
184
295
330
131
379
B02
445
381
360
255
114
305
50
860
860
875
1020
1000
991
9 50
9
1081
904
1024
1080
962
1030
1000
9
415 10nO
980 255
910
910
966
995
985
945
990
830
962
1070
1051
1066
934
1010
1045
966
944
950
902
876
826
815
1014
830
900
326 1125
29611031
255
255
210
216
250
2 61
265
225
240
230
340
225
355
210
50
255
210
245
245
213
260
255
255
250
215
263
320
273
120
1 20
115
130
152
112
160
296
145
160
oo
125
1 20
075
150
1 55
180
1
255
110
115
160
115
220
114
l 15
1 50
120
135
20
160
255
275
112
115
150
ii SO
180
550
100
175
501100
40l296
27 58
27 58
211 20
28 14
39 40
30 50
29 66
29 46
82 22
27 81
3 12
29 70
3 02
29 41
33 40
28 53
29 06
28 82
28 82
29 54
30 36
30 03
29 68
29 95
26 54
29 85
35 07
32 35
29 72
27 59
29 14
30 42
29 54
31 28
29 66
27 51
29 10
24 86
26 02
35 32
26 80
29 65
83 60
32 22
60
50
100
50
50
200
50
50
400
50
50
84
500
4
50
100
SO
50
20
60
150
100
150
150
50
50
100
112
300
100
10
150
200
50
75
100
50
10
20
20
50
10
100
15
200
Wheelis Co Augusta Ga
IC Hardwick Savannah Ga
T R Ramspec Decatur Ga
John Merrynian Co Baltimore
George W Crane Augusta Ga
Georgia Chemical u orks Augusta
Georgia hemical Works Augusta
W B Sral Baltimore
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
N A Hardees Son Co Savannah
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
George W McKenzie Atlanta
Columbus Fer Co Columbus Ga
IJ I Middleton Co Baltimore
George W Crane Augusta
J W Harle Co Atlanta
Williams Clark Co New York
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull fc Co Savannah
Hammond null Co Savannah
J S Wood Bro Savannah
J S Wood Bro Savannah
J W Harle Co Atlanta
Rasin Fer Company Baltimore
T S Kellie Fort Valley Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Bald win Co Savannah
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Laogston Crane Atlanta
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore
John 8 Knox Atlanta
John S Kuox Atlanta
Hammond Hnll Co Savaunah
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Read fe Co New York
Martin Erwin Rome Ga
C 0 Hardwick Savannah
hem Co of Canton Baltimore
Weld it Hartshorn Savannah
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
James E Jones Newnan Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
G W Miles Co Milford Conn
O C Hardwick Baltimore Aid
T R Ramspeck Decatur la
I D Fairchild Barren Island N Y
Rasin Per Company Baltimoie Md
Gcorgia Chemical Works Augusta G
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
W B Seal Baltimore Md
Hammond Hull Co Port Roval S C
Clarks Cove G Co New Bedford ass
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Mich Carbon Works Detroit Mich
Columbus Fer Co Commons Ga
J I Middleton Co Baltimore Md
Rasin Fer Co Baltimore Md
Williams Clark Co New York
Williams Clark Co New York
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull A Co PortRovalS C
Hammond Hull A Co Port Royal S C
Port Royal Fer Co Port Royal S C
Rasin Fer Co Baltimore Md
Rasm Fer Co Baltimore Md
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
Rasin Fer Co Baltimore Md
T O S Kellie Fort Valley Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Baldwin Co Newark N 1
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ashopoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Manhattan Fer Co New York
Manhattan Fer Co New York
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal SC
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Read Co New York
Martin Erwin Rome Ga
C C Hardwick Haiannah Ga
Chom Co of Canton Ealtimore Md
Bowkcr Fer Co Elizabethport N J
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
NW For Co Chicago 111
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal SC
c
Q
C
PI
W
a
f
PI
w
PI
w
oo
ooTABLE IContinued
NAME OFBRAND
Old Reliable
Our Own Ammoniated Bone
Oriole High Grade
Owl Brand Guano
Orient Complete Manure
Oriental Am Bone Superphos of Lime
Old Putnam
Old Reliable
i Olethorpe Ammd Dissolved Bone
v Patapsco Ammd Sol Phosphate
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphos
Patapsco Guano
Plow Brand Guano
Pendietons Am d Superphos
Potent Pacific Guano
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphos
Potomac Guano
Pine Island Ammd Phosphate
Pomona Guano
Premium Guanoi
Printupe Arrow Brand Ammd Phos
n Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
s Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
Ramspeck Greens Am Bone Supphos
RaniBpeck Greens Am Diss Bone
Russell Coes A B Superphos
Royal Superphosphate
Raw Bone Alkaline Superphos
Reliance Guano
Rails A Perrys Amm d Dissolved Bone
R D Coes Original B Phos
Ramspecks Ammoniated Bone
R D Yow Cos Am Bone Snperphos
o St George Ammd Fertilizer
Sol Am Superphosphate of Lime
1050
1240
875
1250
1100
12
1400
10 60
1325
1030
1050
1150
1060
1050
1675
1300
1295
1925
1775
1300
1600
1230
1325
1265
1800
1750
1350
1260
1075
750
8 50
1050
8 25
1825
1400
Phosphoric Add
4 3 o a X
225 800
Ofifi 885
356 755
235 490
135 815
150 675
100 715
075 885
215 785
362 565
3 20 600
4 10 584
1 25 630
0 86 662
10 620
2 10 620
2 85 510
200 300
105 500
210 692
2 15 H37
0 82 735
215 785
225 621
220 590
0 54 631
180 83C
Ofin 851
325 80
300 5W
250 645
165 6 81
315 761
252 5W
225 82
3
K
21 r
170
2 23
392
365
280
240
096
25
179
410
256
346
348
3 32
395
1015
1025
978
882
1180
956
955
981
910
944
1010
839
970
1000
952
1015
482 992
1035
995
1115
883
1031
910
1005
885
322 952
445 12 V5
405H256
735
405
423
246
296
125
3 84
295
215
310
245
310
350
527
172
1015
890
8 90
990
1110
1013
997
s
s

245
2
318
276
235
225
216
240
245
268
285
256
2
3 20
40
305
2 55
200
210
230
216
240
945
212
225
293
220
210
220
220
2 00
200
2
260
265

P 2
5 o
829 92
82 39
33 51
29 03
83 2
27 20
28 94
29 61
28 82
SI 28
32 46
26 6
31 s
33 52
28 98
33 78
30
80 10
28 91
81 08
27 15
33 22
28
27 73
25 80
30 74
34 42
34 26
30 22
27 49
26 10
2S 10
30 48
31 32
31 23
50
500
87
60
200
10
20
50
200
10
200
100
234
50
70
800
50
190
25
24
100
200
400
35
15
476
200
70
100
50
36
25
30
20
20
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Hammond H Co Savannah
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Symington Bros o Baltimore
Davie Whittle Petersburg Va
Atlantic Va Fer Co Orient L 1
T 1 Caswell Augusta Ga
avannth Guano Co Savannah
Hammond H Co Savannah
Hammond H Co Savannah
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Walton W Co WilmingtonDel
Patapsco Guano o Baltimore
Walton Whaun Co Mason Ga
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta
Webster Davis Co Atlanta
Walton W Co WilmlngtonDel
Rastn Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Quinnipiac Fer Co N London ft
P M DeLeon Savannah
R F Medlock Norcross Ga
Edisto Phos Co Charleston
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Ramspeck Green Atlanta
Ramspeck Green Atlanta
J F Wheaton Hon Savannah
H M Comer Co Savannah
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Walton Whann Co Macon Ga
Rails Perry Arlington Ga
Lorcntz Rittler Atlanta
T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga
lno Mcrryman Co Baltimore
W B Seal Baltimore
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Hammond Hull Co Poit Royal S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Symington Bros Co Baltimore Mo
Davie Whittle Petersburg Va
Atlantia Va For Co Orient X I
Read Co New York
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal S C
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal S C
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Mil
Walton Whann Co Wilmington Del
Patanco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Walton Whann Co Wilmington Del
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Webster Davis Co Atlanta Ga
WaltonWhann Co Wilmington Del
Rasin Fer Co Baltimore Md
Quinnipiac Fer Co New London Ct
p M DnLeon New York
Hyman Dancey Norfolk Va
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal S C
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal S C
L Scldner Son Baltimore Md
L Seldner ft Son Baltimore Md
Ruecll Coe Linden N J
Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
WaltonWhann Co Wilmington Del
Rails Perry Arlington Ga
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga
J Men vman Co Barren Island N Y
W B Seal Baltimore Md
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
U
w
d

W
3
w
a
H
O

s
o
r
H
d
a
w
o
w
S3
toSterns Ammd Haw Bono Superphos 1000
Stonewall Guano 1240
Stono Soluble Guano 1250
Sea Fowl Guano 1275
Special Favorite 1540
Sea Fowl Guano 1800
StokolyA McMahons Am B Superphos 750
Standard Bone Superphosphate 1825
Soluble Pacific Guano 1000
Star Brand Guano 1300
Sterns Ammd Raw Bone Superphos 750
j Seldners Champion Cotton Grower 775
Soluble Sea Island Guano ll0n
Stonewall Guano 1325
Schaefers Bow Bone Superphosphate 1050
Sunlieam Guano 13 75
b Samano Guano 1225
l South American Guano 1325
soluble Pacific Guano 1125
Standard Ammoniated Bone 1050
Snowdens Cotton Compound 1076
Sunny South Guano 120
Sol Ammd Superphosphate of Lime 1200
Schaefers Ammd Dissolved Bone 1160
Sol Ammd Supeiphosphate of Lime 10 75
San Domingo Guano 1430
Sterling Guano120
v Sea Gull Ammd Diss Bone Pnos 1050
w The Pride of Oglethorpc1226
Triumph Ammd Dissolved Bone 18 25
The Jersey Bull Guano 1215
Truck Farintrs Special Guano 075
Tennessee Superphosphate 875
I T J Pcrrys Ammd Dissolved Bone 190
v T L Browns Ammd Dise Boue 13 25
s 1 aylor Bros Ammd Bone Superphos 132
Tinsleys Ammd Pone Superphos 132
r Universal Ammd Dissolved Bone 1430
r Victor Ammd Dissolved Bone 1430
Wando Fertilizer 13 50
Walkers Gold DuAm85
Warren Holts Excelsior Brand 1050
v Westons Ammd Dissolved Bone 1325
Wilcox Glbb CoMnipated Guano 900
Wilcox Gibbs Co Man Guano1140
Zells alvert Guano 1275
Zells Calvert Guano 10n0
Zells A B Superphosphate 1250
Zells Economizer 875
Average analyses
120
40o
325
S06
215
2
450
160
37i
220
220
815
85
320
150
128
350
2
4
Ooo
375
200
060
21U
224
2 20
Iuu
352
a74
00
210
225
300
250
215
215
216
220
220
286
140
260
215
120
100
405
450
452
4511
520
525
521
880
652
7 76
710
790
735
085
692
460
600
490
650
205
5 tO
524
525
810
630
715
85
810
700
700
735
565
615
615
5S5
550
750
586
78
785
785
700
700
705
664
500
785
300
40
660
615
652
63
465
299
279
114
184
254
2 SO
2 60
27o
299
480
S4
264
505
315
730
350
466
37
200
40u
175
305
310
12S
312
447
379
130
335
490
380
275
275
125
126
125
312
312
229
218
405
126
67
545
285
220
316
na
985
824
800
994
836
1030
930
1050
1010
984
1178
805
8 54
995
965
995
90
990
900
1010
1030
800
1110
1120
888
1012
116
944
1051
1000
1025
9 30
1028
860
9il
910
910
1012
1012
934
882
905
910
970
945
936
935
968
H35
8011310
245 185
300 135
3 16080
253 145
250jl00
272
200 125
275 1 46
242 30
246 3 00
245 115
t 60225
225 070
2251 70
2 20 060
75 175
2 50ll15
265110
250
2 451150
212 120
275lSO
21515
290 175
265
240 160
268275
273 150
255
50
375
I 25
255
245
45
2 45
255
255
261
276
200
2 45
286
245
220
225
2 01
125
1 CO
2
100
120
180
180
1
160
100
120
180
19
200
095
100
115
25 1 00
78 247 157
33 64
27 15
28 15
32 06
27 28
30 hi
28 39
29 45
31 65
31 39
35 38
26 07
28 69
28 70
29 10
28 42
29 65
29 95
28 61
29 20
30 9
26 61
33 40
31 99
29 91
29 42
33 88
81 25
32 35
30 4
30 50
34 80
29 60
27 58
28 82
28 82
U8 82
42
29 42
29 68
28 54
2i 66
23 82
31 6i
29 72
27 57
27 80
27 93
27 80
5
60
60
50
100
100
60
60
111
50
410
41
2u0
100
10
101
100
60
200
14
24
100
10
80
545
20
ldO
75
50
50
50
20
12
10
100
25
100
100
20
100
60
20
10
100
200
20
20
20
20
Winters Legg Marietta Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
N A Hardees Son Co Savannah
West Bros Savannah Ga
N A Hardees Son tV Co Savannah
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
AdairBros Co Atlanta Ga
Allison Addison Richmond Va
Winters Legg Marietta Ga
L Seldner SonBaltimore Md
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Ches Guano Co Baltimore Md
G OberSous Co Baltimore Md
I G Gibbons New York
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Woods Co Savannah Ga
Montgomery McLaurin Koine
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
T R Ramspeck Decatnr Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
G Ober sons Co Baltimore Md
Williams Clark Co New York
Jno s Knox Atlanta Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
N A Hardees Son Co Savannah
J S Wood Bro Savannah Hl
Wilcox Gibbs Co savannah Ga
J C Bntner Sun Powder Springs
i C Hardwick Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savaouah
illiams Clark Co New York
Williams Ciark di Co New York
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
otono Plusphate Co Charleston
eorgia Chem Mining Co Atlanta
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
D H Wilcox Savannah Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
Zell Gnano Co Baltimore Md
Sterns F C Mfg Co N OrleansLa
Ches Gnano Co Baltimore Md
Stono Phos Co Charleston S C
Bradley For Co N WeymonthMass
Kusseli Coo New York
Bradley For Co N WeymouthMass
J Merryman Co Barren IsldN Y
Ashley Phos Co Charleston H C
Pacific Guano o Woods Hole Mass
Allison 4 Addison Richmond Va
sterns F Chem Mg Co N Orleans
L Seldner Son Baltimore Md
Basin Ker Co Baltimote Md
Ches Gnano Co Baltimore Md
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
J G Gibbons New York
eeriiia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S c
Mich Carbon Works Detroit Mich
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
T K Ramspeck Decatnr Ga
U Oner SonsCo Baltimore Md
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Williams Clark Co New York
Manhattan Chem Co New York
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Williams Clark Co New York
Rasin ler Co Baltimore Md
Wilcox Gibbs Co tSavanuah Ga
Nashville FerCo Nashville Tenn
C C Hardwick Milford Conn
HammondHull a CoPort KoyalSO
Hammond Hull CoPort RoyalSC
Hammond Hull Co Port RoyalS C
Williams Clark Co New York
Williams Clark Co New York
Wandu Plios Co Charleston S U
Stono lhos Co Charleston s C
Georgia Chem Mining Co Atlanta Go
Hammond Hull CoPort Royals
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
Zell Guauo Co Baltimore Md
Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
CO
O
o
O
rt
o
HTABLE IIAcid Phosphates Dissolved Bones Chemicals ete
NAME OF BRAND
Acid Phosphate
Acidulated Rock
Acid Phosphate Standard No 1
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate for cotton
Ashepoo Hone Ash
Acorn Acid Phosphate
Ashley Acid Phosphate
Ashley Dissolve Bone
Atlantic Acid Pliopbate
0 Accabee Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Aves Barlavento Island Guano
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
c Acid Phosphate
f Acid Phos Patapsco Gnano Cos
g Aslicpoo Acid Phosphate
v Anderson Sous Dissolved Bone
1 Baldwin Cos Acid Phosphat
liowkers Dissolved Done Phosphate
Bonanza
Baltimore Soluble Bone
Bales Acid Phosphate
Boyds Standard Acid Phosphate
6 Boyds Acid Phosphate
e Chemical Co of Canton Pure Dis
solved S C Bone
q Barrys Acid Phosphate
u Barrys Bi Phos of Lime
I Crown Acid Puosphate
b Coles Cotton Acid Phosphate
Cnrries Haw Bone Meal
Phospharic Acid
1350
1620
950
1470
1500
1000
1150
isoo
1100
1280
050
1350
1170
12 0i i
1500
LS
518
1390
1560
1100
12 si i
1350
1500
1110
1560
1050
1125
1175
1535
1326
1250
13 0
1175
QQ
258
120
308
U85
0
320
200
2S0
300
3 00
8 0
160
115
3 20
815
311
32
0 30

065
3 0
120
115
110
100
300
220
095
1085
1008
1010
11 21
980
780
9 SO
J15
1020
5M1
775
1085
051
74H
005
585
1065
1465
800
1020
58
1184
1110
925
7 4
685
7 0
752
064
265
380
1 20
09
1860
151
3 85
806
184
18
365
310
311
195
446
477
257
505
330
1515
70
125
169
276
540
1 85
280
211
825
490
495
465
623
1162
89
815
1184
752
6
131
1315
1255
167
1145
12G
1023
1216
1026
1262
1342
121
1070
1520
12 85
1100
163
10 76
1560
1020
1434
1321
1150
12 80
1180
1165
1375
379
417
215
250
621
1541
13
1030
1434
1375
US
150
250
100
105
115
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
i 00
391
425
125
080
145
080
110
11
080
80 82
27 26
21 75
28 68
2880
60
50
40
120
250
200
50
100
60
300
50
200
10
20
10
100
29
100
200
100
30
200
100
10
40
60
20
10
200
50
100
100
10
10
Ga Cheml Woiks Augusta Ga
Edisto Phos Co harleston BC
Ga Chem Min Co Atlanta
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
W B SealBaltimore Md
AsbepooPboB CoCharleston8C
N A Hardees Sons Co Savanh
Ashley Phos CoCharleston SC
Ashley Phos Co Charleston SC
Pelzer Rogers Co harleston
Vshepoo PhosCoCharleston St
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Navassa Guana Co Wilmington
Charleston Phos Co Charleston
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore
Rasin Fertilizer CoBaltimore
M Mewbom Bowman Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Ashepoo Phos CoCharlestonSC
Ashley Phos Co Charleston SC
Baldwin 4Co Savannah Ga
Weld Hartshorn SavannahGa
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Patapsco Gnano Co Baltimore
J A Bale Rome Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta
Chemical Co of CantonBaltme
Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga
Ga Chem WoikB Augusta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savanh
Ua Cheml Ming Co Atlanta
Wade While Marietta Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Ga Chem A Mining Co Atlanta Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Imported
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Williams Clark Co New York
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Imported
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Charleston Phos Co Charleston S C
Imported Natural Guano Baltimore
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
JS MiddletOn Co Baltimore Md
Imported
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Baldwin Co Port Royal S C
Bowker FerCo Elizalieihport N J
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
T A Hale Rome Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Ga Cbcmiv Mining Co Atlanta Ga
Chemical Co of Canton BaHimoi e Md
Ga Chemical Works Angusta Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal SC
Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga
Ueo E Currie 1 Co Cincinnati O
W
o
fcs
o
w
w
o
C
H
ci
M
itC F Sassccns Acid Phosphate
Cranstons Acid Phosphate
Chemicals for Home Fertilizer
Circle Bone and Potash
7 herokee Hone
q Cotton Plant Acid Phosphate
m Charleston Acid Phosphate
r Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime
c Dissolved Bone
Diamond Soluble Bone
Dissolved Bone Carolina
Dobbs Chemicals
Dissolved Bone Phosphate S C
d Dissolved Bone
d Dissolved Bone Phosphate S C
Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Black and Potash
DeLecns Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Dissolved S C Bone
Edistc Acid Phosphate
f Etiwan Dissolved Bone
Etiwan Acid Phosphate
Ezells Dissolved Bate
Edisto Kainit
ff Entaw Acid Phosphate
Etiwan Acid Phosphate
h Edisto Acid Phoiphate
Kmpie State Acid
d Etiwan Dissolved Bone
t Excellent Acid Phos
j Edisto Acid Phosphate
x Eagle Acid Phosphate
Furmans Formula
Farmers Compound
Ga Chemical Woiks Acid Phos with
Potash
i la Planters Favorite Acid Phos
Goo W Scott Gos Charh ston Acid
Phosph te
Ground Bone Meal
Ground Bone Meal
Genuine GermanKainit
Genuine Gremao Kainit
Ga Chem Works Acid Phosphate
Ga Chem fc Min Co Standard No 1
Genuine feopaldshall Kainit
Gate ity Potassa Bone
Ga Chem Min Co Standard No 2
I Ga Stale Grange Acid Phosphate
1275
tsi n
IS80
1325
1401
1600
1390
1201
1340
1225
750
1500
1500
1225
1850
1 101
13 f
1251
1535
1600
1475
lOi
750
350
ln00
15 00
1350
910
750
1825
1875
1410
1360
355
102i
1160
1025
11350
8SO
120
1116
300
865
0 65
332
030
175
185
18
3 45
200
200
165
080
100
260
206
064
275
10
065
185
181
2 JO
201
186
20 i
1S5
lll
180
164
188
180
1200
1185
7501 380
220
468
125
lie
120
11Oi
5 80
891
951
11Of
1465
7 8
8 If
68
850
90
9 00
925
1025
940
980
59
1162
800
1205
1021
740
8
7
900
1000
882
74i
8 0
741
84
1010
446
4 17
284
23
169
6K
3 11
571
52
385
385
450
37
2M
57
37
276
214
54
345
445
516
385
27
225
345
25
260
507
275
353
1035
1465
1240
820
715
640
1184
146
315
440
535
1026
1806
1240
12 3b
1631
13
1126
1185
1375
1285
28
11
1156
315
1
116
1641
1071
1119
1560
10
1326
1231
12 86
1275
1IO7
lu8
I06k
1000
11
725
280
1586
1135
1155
1176
250 1434
11
285
2 9
125 21 95
29 80
750 33 60
125
251 23 02
110 27 26
035 25 15
24 66
32 68
110
080
145
225
120
iib
1095
125
100
1011
12
325
105
152
2 00
1185
1116
1215
565
135
26 70
88 42
24 60
7 0
25 70
25 70
2S 95
25 36
26 30
24 26
24 51
30 82
22 62
28 38
10 9
81 20
22 95
27 50
24 60
25 70
25 50
23 14
22 95
24 49
25 91
29 76
25 60
11 85
11 15
31 72
22 70
12 15
28 75
24 85
28 68
20
100
9
ico
50
50
200
50
180
50
100
60
10
200
60
10
50
10
10
300
100
10
10
200
100
800
10
250
50
50
10
400
50
50
50
50
12
12
10
50
50
100
50
50
100
200
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
numc Bros A Co Port Royal
JohnsonKimball Co RogersGa
NAHardees Sons CoSavanh
Atlantic PhosCo CharlestonSC
Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga
Stono Phos Co Charleston 8 C
Pacific Guano Co ChaaleBton
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Walton Whann A Co Macon Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston SC
S C Dobbs Atbcns
G Ober A Sons Co Baltimore
Etiwan Phos CoCharlestonsC
Etiwan Phos Co CharlestonSC
Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
PM DeLeon Savannah Ga
Chem CooiCanton Baltimore
Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston
Hammond Hull fc Co Savanh
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo PhosCo Charleston S C
1 tiwan Phos Co Charleston SC
Edisto Phos Co Chailestun SC
Rasin Fer Co Baltimore Md
Etiwan Phos Co Charlestons C
Long Dugdae Bait more Md
Edisto Phos CoCharleston S C
T D Caswell Augusla Ga
Furmans Farm Imp Co Atlanta
Columbus Fer Co Columbus Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Long Dugdale Baltimore dd
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
J M Doiris Douglasville Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Winters Legg Marietta Ga
Stono Phos Co Charleston S C
Ga Chem Woiks Augusta Ga
Ga Chenil Mining Co Atlanta
1 II Jones Sons ilbcrton
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Ga Chem Ming Co Atlanta
Hammond llullfe Co Savannah
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Hume Bros Co Port Royal S C
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fer Co N Weymouth Mass
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Stone Phos Co Charleiton S C
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C
Imported
Walton Whann Co WilmingtonDel
Ashley Phos Co Charleston s O
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
f Ober sons Co Baltimore Md
P M DeLeon Savannah Ga
hemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Oo Savannah Ga
Imported
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co harleton S C
EdWo Phosphate Co Charleston C
liasinFertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Furmans Farm Imp Co East PtGa
Columbus Fer Co Columbus Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Long fc Dugdale Baltimore Md
Geo WScott Co AtlantaGa
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Imported
Imported
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga
Imported
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Ga Chemical A Min Co Atlanta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal SC
c
tr1
w
CO
CoTABLE No IIContinued
NAME OF BRAND
Phowliric Atid
n Georgia State Grange Diseold Bone 1426
o Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos 1250
r G eorgia Pacific Acid Phos
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade A cid Phosphate
Harle cos Dissolved Bone
High Grade Acid 1 hosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
Hyman Danceys High Grade Acid
Phosphate
o Heaths Soluble BoDe
j Inmans Acid Phosphate
j Irwin Callan Cos Acid Phosphate
Irwin Callan Cos Acid Phosphate
j J W Harle Co sDissolved Bono
j J W Harle Cos South Sea Acid
Jack Thompsons Diss Bone Phos
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kai nit
Kainit
1600
1525
1225
1550
1560
1825
1370
1400
1250
910
1910
1350
9101
110
1435
155 1110
380 8 15
832
066
115
215
225
200
260
060
380
200
200
186
200
20
105
1000
1154
1385
905
11180
1010
005
1080
815
882
882
1000
882
882
1200
2
215
2
2
080
195
135
800
385
205
215
225
225
278
225
225
220
1340
1030
1233
1390
1406
1100
1215
1310
1240
1285
1030
1107
iior
1275
noJ
1107i
1420
9ls
Kia
6
o a
9B
120
115
100
100
Too
1C0
1145
1225
11 60
1185
1190
1220
1175
1110
1120
SI 75
24 66
27 80
29 30
23 20
24 30
26 20
24 80
25 70
21 75
23 14
23 14
25 50
23 14
23 14
28 40
12 20
11 45
12 25
11 60
11 85
11 90
12 20
11 75
11 10
11 20
1200 12 0
1180
1175
1200
1180
1340
11 80
11 75
12 00
11 80
13 40
100
600
50
10
800
100
20
30
25
12
50
50
IB
10
50
50
20
10
100
100
500
50
21 0
50
MOO
50
60
50
100
50
100
72
100
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WIIFRE MANU
FACTURED
Hammond H Co Savannah
Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga
Pacific Guano Co Charleston SC
John Merryman Co Baltimore
John Merryman Co Baltimore
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Columbus Fer Co Columbus Ga
Winters Legg Marietta Ga
Hammond Hull A Co Port Royal SC
Georgia Chemical Works Atlanta
Pacific Guano Co Charleston 8 C
John Merryman te Co Baltimore Md
John Merryman Co Port Royal S C
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
John Merryman Co Baltimore Md
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Winters Legg Marietta Ga
Horsch Bros Horschton Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
J W Harle A Co Atlanta Ga
Hammond H Co Savannah
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Wamlo Phos Co Charleston SC
Baldwin Co savannah Ga
Hammond H Co Savannah
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga
Walton W Co Macon Ga
West Bros Savannah Ga
Webster Davis Co Atlanta
Lippman Bros Savannah Ga
Weld Hartshorne Savannah
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston8C
H M Comer A Co Savannah Imported
Adair Bro Atlanta Gareported
Ashley Phos Co Charleston SClImported
Hyman Dancy Noifolk Va
GaChemical Works Augusta Ga
J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phosphite Co harleston S C
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
J w Harle Co Atlanta Ga
1 W Harle Co Atlanta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal SC
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
O
w

a
OKainit
Kaimt
Kll
Kiiinit
Kafnit
Kainit
0 Knowlcs Soluble Kone
Lockwoods Acid Phosphate
Longs Chemicals
LR Acid Phosphate
ft Lockwoods Acid Phosphate
i Long S Dngdales Acid Phosphate
1 L 0 Dissolved Bone Phosphate
o Lemans Compound
Martins Potash Phosphate
Martins Special Fertilizer
0 Magnolia Acid Phosphate
Nassau Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Oriole Dissolved Bone
2Owl Brand Acid Phosphate
Oichilla Guano
Oriole Acid Phosphate
Oglethorpe Dissolved Bono Phos
Pure Ground Animal Bone
Pure Ground Bone
Patapsco Acid Phosphate
Pendlctons Phosphate for Composting
Pomona Acid Phosphate
k Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phos
PureGround Bone
Pur Bone Meal
1 Port Royal Acid Phosphate
V Pioneer Acid Phosphate
Pure Fine Ground Bone
Potash Acid Phosphate
Printups Arrow Brand Acid Phos
a Palmetto Acid Phosphate
i Paragon SC Dissolved Bono
i Paragon Acid Phosphate
n Port Royal Pure Dissolved Bone
s Patapscu Acid Phosphate
A Russell Coos Acid Phosphate
ft R D Lowe A Cos Acid Phosphate
m Stono Acid Phosphate
Stono Dissolved Bone
Stono Dissolved Bone
fccnaefers Acid Phosphate
Slinglutts Dissolved Bune
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Solid South S C Phosphate Grogans
Weld Hartshorn Savannah
Wilcox Gibus Co Savannah
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Hume Bros Co Port Koyo S C
Tate Muller A Witticher Baltme
Perry M DeLcoii savannah Ga
Ga hemical Works Augusta
Lockwoud Met Unlock New Y
Long Dugdale Baltimoie Md
Lorentz A Kittler Baltimore Md
Jno S Knox Atlanta Ga
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Hammond H t Co Savannah
Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga
Martin lrwin Rome Ga
Martin lrwin Rome Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta
Weld Hartshorn Savannah
Symington BrosCo Baltimore
lavie Whittle Petersburg Va
Travers Sneed OoBicbinond
Symington Bros Co Baliinn re
Hammond H Co Savannah
Pendleton Guano Co AtlantaGa
Winters Legg arietta Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
P M Del ton Savannah
Hammond II Co Savannah
Winteis Legg Marietta Ga
A A Fletcher Marietta Ga
Hammond H Co Savannah
Asniey Phos o t hartestonSC
McKenzie WarreD Marietta
Lortnt Kittler Baltimore
Edisio Phos Co Charltstoil
Ashepoo Phos Co t harlestou
Long Dugdale Baltimore
Long t Dugdale Baltimore
Hammond Hull o Savannah
Eliuan Phos Co Charleston
Russell Coe Linden N J
Edhsto rhos Co Charleston
stono Phosphate Co Charleston
W P Audeison Sons Marietta
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
id ported
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Lockwoid McClintock New York
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Lorentz Kittler Baltimoio Md
Jno S Knox Atlanta Ga
Look Dugdale Baltimore Md
Hammond Hull A Co Ft Royal S C
Ga Ch mical Works Augusta Ga
Martin fc lrwin Rome Ga
Martin lrwin Rome Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
lm e
Symington Bros CoBaltimore Md
Davie Whittle Petersburg Va
Imported Natural Guano
Symington Bros A Co Baltimore
Hammond Hull fc Co Port RoyalSC
Pendleton Gnano Co Atlanta Ga
Stems Ftr Chem MnIg Co N O
9a chemical WorkB Augusta Ga
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
PM DeLeon Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull A Co PL Royal S C
Steins Fer ACheiu MnIg Co N O
National Fer Co Nashville Tenn
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Lorentz ctKitller Biliinioie Md
Edisio Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Long Dugdale Balimore Md
Long Dugdale Baltimore Md
Hamnond Hull Co Port Royal SC
Etivvan Phos Co I harlestor S V
Kutsell Cue Linden N J
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C

1
o
l
M
W
o

t1
to
to
H
to
Oo
oo
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hall Co Port Royal SO
IohiisonKimhall Co HogersGallioykin Calmer Co Baltimore Md
Arnold Steed Palmetto Galltamspeck Green Atlanta Ga
R JBaker Co Baltimore MdR J Baker Co BaltimoreMdTABLE No IIContinued
NAME OP BRAND
c Stonewill English Fertilizer
8 Snowdens Acid Phosphate
p Taylors Diamond Acid Phosphate
k Taylor Bros Dissolved Bone Phos
Wando Dissolved Bone
Wando Acid Phosphate
W Gs Super Pnosphale
o Wallaces Acid Phnspnate
m Walkers Dissolved Hone
e Wests Dissol ved Bone
XX Acid Phosphate
Zells Cotton Acid Phosphate
Average Analyses
1390
750
1281
1435
1335
1300
850
1350
1400
1535
1465
109s
0 30
185
300
loe
225
300
175
380
065
064
088
200
1465
740
580
1200
1005
900
40
815
956
1162
1120
835
169
345
446
220
390
265
60
215
281
140
550
163 I
1085
1026
1420
1395
1165
10 00
1080
1240
1541
1260
1385
1259
180
270
115
035
101
148
a
5
S3 5
32 68
22 95
23 02
28 40
27 90
25 10
22 70
2 75
25 15
30 82
25 20
28 70
P3
5j
6SS
A
100
50
100
10
ioo
100
100
100
100
603
450
25
FOK WHOM INSPECTED
HarroldJohnston Co A mrcns
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Wando Phos Co Charleston
Wando Phos Co Charleston
Wilcox Gibbs v Co Savannah
tJa Chemical Works Augusta
Srono Phos Co Charleston
Weld Hartshorne Savannah
Walton Whann Co MaconQa
Zcll Guano Co Baltimore Md
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Imported
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal S C
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wilcox Giuhs Co Savannah Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Imported
Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
a
ti

w
H
g
H
O

o
w
II
o
a
t1
H
d
w
w
o
w
o
w
o
COThe following Brands have been found below the Standard and the sale of the same has been prohibited
according to the requirements of law
Si
o
11
NAME OP BRAND 3 3 S Insoluble Soluble I Reverted S Total a Available fl O a s id o a a 03 3 W 3 gs Mm a FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACTURED
Bakers Prepared Chemicals uoo 1600 540 0 75 400 275 420 2 40 820 515 115 100 180 1 75 82234 15 SB 10 10 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md Dismakes Hartman ApalachicolaFIa
W
O

CO
CO20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 150
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST
University of Georgia
Chemical Laboratory Athens Ga June 1 1884
Hon John T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
Dear SirI have the honor to submit the usual annual report of the official work of this
Laboratory
The number of samples of commercial fertilizers examined during the present season is 384
of which 350 were from regular inspections and lit from special inspections Thee comprised
as follows
Acid Phosphates 54
Aeii 1 Phosphates with Potash 38
Ammoniated Phosphates 30
Ammoniated Phosphates with Potash 224
Chemicals
384
The number of revisions made by request is 33
The number of samples analyzed is somewhat less than the number last season This fact
is due to the kind exercheof careul discrimination on your part whereby unnecessary repe
titions of analyses of the same brands have been prevented Without such judicious over
sight it would have been impossible for me with the means and force at my disposal to have
accomplished the work of the year satisfactorily
The samples sent me showed the goods represented by them to be generally in good me
chanical condition and to be composed of good and suitable materials In proportions of
fertilizing ingredients the goods analyzed this season do not vary materially from those of
last season The average qua ity of the goods inspected continues about the same
y The methods employed in the analyses have been the same as heretolore used by me in offi
cial work On Mav 15th last pursuant to your call a convention of agricultural chemists was
held in Atlanta to consider such modifications in analytical methods as had been suggested
since the meeting of the Washington Convention in 1830 A large number of prominent
chemists was present The proceedings of this convention will be i ublished elsewhere The
only change in method recommended was a i increase of temperature in the determination of
socalled reverted phosphoric acid This recommendation will be adopted by me lor the
work of next season
At the beginning of the present season it was found necessary to change cerlain of the valu
ations used in the estimations of commercial values in order to make these conform more
nearly to actual maiket pices Available phosphoric acid was left unchanged at 10 cents per
pound ammonia was changed from 20 cents to 18 cents and potash was changed from 6
cents to 5 cents per pound
In addition to the fertilizer wofk analyses of the following have been made and reported
Lime Stone and Marls 11
Other Minerals and Ores 9
Mucks 2
Mineral Waters
In January last at the request of the State Capitol Commission I made a number of analyses
and other tests of certain building materialsgranites marbles etcdesigned for use in the
construction of the new State capitoI A full report of the results was made to the Commis
sion
At the last meeting of the Board of Trustees of the University the chair of Scientific Agri
culture was annexed to my chair in the University and the experimental farm was paced
under mv charge Desiring that the experiments conducted upon the farm should be made
to vield as many practically useful results as possible to the farmers of the State as well as to
solve cetain theoretic problems f have taken the liberty to consult you frequent y during
the management and course of the experiments You have very kindly responded and by
your advice and bv a number of personal visits to the farm have ably assisted me in my
work You have moreover exercised great liberality in supplying me with certain chemicals
and fertilizers for the experiments which the means at my disposal would not permit me to
purchase 1 desire to thank you sincerely for your kind services in these particulars and to
express the belief that through your cooperation thus extended the farm may this season be
enabled to furnish results of experiments of value to our farmers A full scheme of the ex
periments with details of conditions objects etc is filed in your office and the results will be
furnished von when obtained
I beg leave to reiterate here mv opinion which has been repeatedly expressed that Georgia
imperatively needs an agricultural experiment station such as those which are now estab
lished in many of the other States I sincerely trust that arrangements may speedily be made
for such an establishment Until the State authorities shall see proper thus to meet the needs
and wishes of our farmers it shall be my earnest endeavor to make the little farm ot the Uni
versity do such service in this direction as our limited means will permit In this eltort I am
confident I shad secure your hearty cooperation
Tha king you for many courtesies extended in connection with my official work by yourself
and the gentlemen associated with your office I have the honor to he
Respectfully yours H C WHITE State ChemistCIRCULAR No 56
New Series

CROP REPORT
For the Month of June 1884
SHOWING
AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO
AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
7 T iESIEIfcTrDEISOT
Commissioner
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Jas P Harrison Co Printers Binders and Electrotypers
1884ijricular No 56
New Series j
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1881
BETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JULY 1 1884
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta June 111884
COKN
Since the last monthly report the corn crop has fallen from 98 to 95
in the general average for the State Serious damage and in some places
almost a total loss of the crop on bottom lands has resulted from over
flow Uplands hae sustained much injury both to crop and soil from
excessive washing rains In Southern Georgia the crop being further ad
vanced when the rains commenced the cultivation was less interfered
with and comparatively little injury has been sustained In East Geor
gia and in some counties in each of the other sections the condition of
the crop is above an average and notwithstanding the unfavorable weather
of the month and the consequent grassy condition the crop in the whole
State is only five per cent below an average and is two per cent better
than at this time last year
The condition compared to an average in North Georgia is 91 in Mid
dle Georgia 92 in Southwest Georgia 93 in East Georgia 103 in
Southeast Georgia 98 and in the whole State 95
OATS
The yield compared to an average in North Georgia is 68 in Middle
Georgia 64 in Southwest Georgia 68 in East Georgia 67 in South
east Georgia 86 and in the State 76
The yield per acre in North Georgia is 137 bushels in Middle Georgia
10 bushels in Southwest Georgia 9 bushels in East Georgia 106
bushels in Southeast Georgia 13 bushels and the average for the State
145 bushelsDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
154
Much loss has resulted from falling and tangling with the unharvested
portion of the crop after the rains set in The damage from this cause
was greatest in the northern and middle portion of the State where the
crop was later in maturing and the rains somewhat heavier and more con
tinuous
WHEAT
The yield compared to an average in North Georgia is 97 in Middle
Georgia 85 in Southwest Georgia 87 in East Georgia 69 Southeast
Georgia makes n report of this crop The average for the State esti
mated from the two sections North and Middle Georgia where most of
the wheat is grown is 91
The yield per acre in North Georgia is 9 bushels Middle Georgia 7
bushels Southwest Georgia 8 bushels East Georgia 5 S bushels and the
average for the State 74 bushels
The grain is well developed and the yield per acre in North Georgia is
two bushels more than last year in Southwest Georgia one bushel more
In Middle Georgia the yield per acre is the same and in East Georgia a
little less than that of last year
The crop has suffered much injury in the shock since harvest in every
section of the State from the protracted wet weather
COTTON
The cotton crop has been seriously injured by the excessive and con
tinued wet weather of the month of June There is a general complaint
as will be seen from the Correspondents Notes of too much rain and grass
and too little sunshine for the crop Since the last monthly report the
prospective condition has fallen ten per cent in North Middle and East
Georgia six per cent in Southwest and four per cent in Southeast
Georgia
The condition compared to an average in North Georgia is 82 in Mid
dle Georgia 86 in Southwest Georgia 93 in East Georg is 88 in
Southeast Georgia 93 and in the whole State 88
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
Southwest
Georgia 83 East
Sugar CaneMiddle Georgia 88
Georgia 85 and Southeast Georgia 92
RiceNorth Georgia 62 Southwest Georgia 90 East Georgia 88
and Southeast Georgia 98 Middle Georgia makes no report of the crop
MelonsNorth Georgia 87 Middle Georgia 77 Southwest Georgia
80 East Georgia 75 and Southeast Georgia871155 j
CKOP BEPORT1884
Sweet PotatoesNorth Georgia 98 Middle Georgia 93 Southwest
Georgia 96 East Georgia 101 and Southeast Georgia 103
THE WEATHER
The month of June is unprecedented for many years in the number of
its rainy days and the amount of rainfall North and Middle Georgia
had during the month from eleven to nineteen rainy days and Southern
Georgia from nine to fourteen
The total precipitation for the month varies at different stations from
about five to thirteen inches The largest amount reported is in Atlanta
and at Mossy Creek the smallest in Rome and Nashville
PRICKLY COMFREY
This is said to be most valuable green feed for cows horses and pigs
by those who have tested its merits The plant takes deep root and
withstands drought remarkably well thejdryest weather having but little
effect upon it It is a vigorous grower and may be cut five or sixtimes in
a season The yield the first year is said to be twenty tons of green feed
to the acre and after three or four years growth as much as one hundred
tons to the acre The green leaves are said to contain above ten per cent
of nutritive matter and is only equaled in this by such plants as the cab
bage andbeet Stock may refuse to eat it at first as they sometimes do
with clover and some care may be required to accustom them to the new
food It should be cut and fed when the plant is young and tender for
when oldthe prickles become hard and formidable6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
1563
Table Showing the Condition of Crops in Georgia July
1 1884
NORTH GEORGIA
COUNTIES
Oats Wfteat
3

T3
3
c
I




s H
Cbrccitrfon compared to an
Average
Eanks
Bartow
Catoosa
Chattooga
Cherokee
Cobb
Dade
Dawson
Fannin
Floyd
orsyth
onklin

ter
Gwuon
Civviniiett
Hrfbersham
Hail
Haralson
Hait
Jackson
Ltimpkin
Madis n
JliJton
Murray
Pdalding
Ptckena
Polk
Raban
Towns
n
Walker
White
Whitfleld
66
Average 65 13
60
Bi
62 S7 9S
92
100
90
100
100
81
91
91
100
85
75
100
105
95
110
82
85
105
1C0
75
93
100
105
110
107
SO
9
88
97
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin
Bibb
Butts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Olavton
Columbia
Ioweta
DeKalb
Douglas
Libert
Fayette
Fulton
Green
Hancock
Harrii
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
72 10 93 7 It3 96 100 108 100
XI 8 100 90 90 75 60 8
66 8 91 7 101 81 90 7S 91
76 18 91 9 ss 81 9 87 13
1 11 81 7 88 83 ino 76 S3
56 10 116 10 85 83 75 o
6 12 80 7 95 85 90 75 85
82 lb 100 9 107 St 90 SO 107
62 10 70 5 78 78 85 75 72
Bi 11 K 9 75 71 40 SO
72 15 90 12 100 9 05 100
0 7 100 7 98 90 85 90
66 10 80 8 100 78 511 75 85
58 15 68 86 8S 100 8S lt0
Mi 8 st 7 ill tn 100 SI 97
60 11 s 7 96 Sli 70 75 82
SB 8 66 6 85 86 85 85 82
85 12 65 7 7 6 100 55 100
65 7 86 S led 86 1 90 96
80 IKI 9 115 110 100 0 110
B2 10 m 8 100 100 9 05
UJ 13 105 11 ST 86 02 100
157
crop report1884
Table No 1Continued
middle georgiacost
Oats Wtajf Condition Compared to an Average
2 c IS o u 3 3 OJ u CS O V O S3 1 3 Iff F 8 a a
COUNTIES s o O a S 03 3 u u a tc o Jl 6 Q 2 i s 00 1 1 1
73 05 13 10 100 80 9 6 85 84 85 80 96 58 75 100 92

88 62 40 45 75 30 83 62 73 85 60 95 42 65 75 64 6 12 10 6 8 18 18 18 11 8 15 10 5 11 U 10 88 82 105 105 85 75 90 72 95 70 65 50 95 80 105 85 8 8 7 9 6 8 7 8 9 6 8 8 1 7 8 7 100 115 100 90 100 75 100 87 105 9 70 100 95 72 105 85 92 95 90 88 80 88 85 100 92 78 120 95 62 92 ioo 60 70 100 85 80 00 TO 10C 67 80 90 85 80 75 70 75 T5 85 85 1M 75 55 9 95 120
88
100 88
95
loo
90
Talbot 100 100
100 100
90
80 82
92 86 83 T7 93
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
66 73 65 50 76 75 90 65 76 63 65 82 75 11 9 9 S 11 10 12 8 12 6 7 10 20 ioo 90 ioo so 75 s 10 i 6 8 82 108 9J 92 102 100 95 90 95 96 92 100 100 92 105 9T 7S 102 90 95 90 100 96 96 100 IOO 85 is 102 100 90 92 87 82 100 89 82 S5 90 100 100 95 100 75 50 85 90 IOO ion 95 85 55 60 ioo 10o 75 80 ioo 90 75 90 100 82 95 67 58 65 100 90 ioo 70 76 75 100 95 53 100 75 95 7 80 90 SO 100 90 60 75 95 50 10J
95 100
80
100
IOO
100
90
100
100 100
110
100

67 7 100 10 5 5 io 12 7 05 89 102 10O 9 105 97 77 105 90 r 82 72 94 IV 95

48 75 60 75 75 70 50 72 72 77 6 10 6 7 19 11 8 10 10 15 8 100 ioo 65 100 97 75 91 90 91 S 100 75 85 eo 81 9 1C5 100 IOC 90 so 6i 90 0 75
100
90
100
1UO
100
90
Schley HE 9S 8 a 105
SO
100
Taylor
Terrell 65 70 50 50 90 11 8 7 12 10 52 so 90 6 i So
Webster 110 100
7b
15 100 105
68 9 87 8 93 93 sn to 96
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
158
Table No 1Continued
EAST GEORGIA
Oats Wheat Condition Compared 0 an
a 2 a S3 a g br a C aj o o a If So si P h V B Is a u as
COUNTIES e 0 0 S 0 0 6 O to 3J 1 3J g 3 0 S 0 S 0 1 35
75 75 50 11 15 6 95 85 50 105 105 87
105 112 100 85 87

Kmannp
Glascock 75 62 62 65 65 11 6 11 7 10 85 88 85 70 75 4 6 8 4 95 88 105 85 110 75 85 86 75 90 98 85 75 75 100 100 60 95 65 92 70 SO 80 105 105 105 90 100




Pulaeki
62 80 80 11 12 9 55 75 4 8 120 105 110 95 85 85 100 88 95 ioo 100 60 65 75 115 95 105
Tatnall

Twfegs 70 65 50 67 15 17 8 106 75 100 85 69 7 7 4 58 95 105 95 103 76 105 95 98 85 65 80 86 85 ioo 88 96 75 72 75 90 110 102 101


SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
100 65 88 is 100 100 100 105 65 105 100 95 120 100 100 100 90 85 80 100 100 100

Carlton
88 90 S8 13 8 9 100 80 100 100 90 85 125 88 90 90 90 SO 100 92 70 70 95 100 so 100 iro 100 80 100 100 100 100 95 80 82 105 100 80 75 105 90 95
Clinch


KfAnphftm 70 90 85 100 7 20 18 20 112 100 106 125


Ware

86 18 88 93 92 98 87 108
RECAPITULATION
68 IS 7 97 85 87 69 84 88 90 70 80 58 74 70 91 92 93 103 98 95 93 82 86 93 88 93 88 90 88 83 85 92 87 98 62 90 88 98 84 100 87 77 80 75 87 81 89 98 93 96 101 103 98 97
Southwest Georgia 64 68 67 86 71 87 107 90 106 13 0 112 146

Southeast Georgia

Arerage for State 1883
159 CROP REPORT1884 9
Synopsis of Weather Reports from State Observers for June 18S4
NORTH GEORGIA
Gainesville
Mossy Creek
Ealmn Gap
Rome
Means
STATIONS
Temper Rainfall
920
850
930
900
520 768
430 665
560 720
508I718
1146
1300
550
9 99
Atlanta
Carrollton
LaGrange
Oxford
Thomson
Means
MIDDLE GEORGIA
650
900 580
9161600
705
76 3
735
73 4
1162
1175
1200
1179
13
Brunswick
WaltnourviUe
Means
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
920 60 0 76 n 915 14

S90 905 610 030 760 760 510 712 9
11
EAST GEORGIA
870 550 730 730 718 915 915 911 13
870 919 550 835

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
860
959
905
0
630
763
739
656 751
1048 13
1260
1164 1310
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
160
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
BanksJune has been the most unfavorable month for tarm operations that I
ever recollect to have witnessed The continued wet weather has greatly damaged
the small grain crop Wheat is growing in the field and that that is threshed
out is not much better off The bottom corn has been overflowed so long that
low bottom land is drowned out it cant make anything Cotton will be overrun
with grass and weeds William M Ash
Upland corn is looking well Almost all the bottom com has overflowed bu
very little of it but what is dead particularly on the Grove and Hodson rivers
We will have then to plant if it gets dry enough soon The upland has been very
badly damaged by washing rains J K Sewel
On the 6th inst the drought was broken by a copious rain and since then it
has come down almost incessantly to the ruin of much wheat by rotting and sprout
ing and I fear to oats also the latter are tall enough to cut but the excessive rains
have tangled them and caused many to fall Cotton is much injured a great deal
has died Corn looks well generally A great deal on bottom lands has been over
flowed Potatoes look well and garden truck cant be beat
R W JOYNER
It continues to rain have plowed but four days in three weeks Crops all
destroyed on bottom lands uplands are getting badly in the grass Much wheat
has sprouted in the field So wet that threshers cannot do much The prospect
gloomy W J Burgess
This season has been wonderfully diversified first cold and wet from 15th of
April to 6th of June very dry very cool evenings and mornings No material in
jury by frost Cotton and corn made fair starts except the very early planted
corn Wheat was excellent oats very poor About the 6th of June the rain com
menced it has rained almost every day Our wheat is in a bad condition oats are
tangled and on the ground It is a gloomy time to all F M Ragsdale
We have had about three weeks wet weather Our wheat is badly damaged
it has sprouted and it is so wet we can do nothing with it Crops cannot be worked
and are getting very foul We have bottom lands badly washed destroying crop
and land Our best bottom lands will not make much corn this year
George W Wiley
BartowThe long dry spell in May retarded the late planting of cotton but
gave fine opportunity to clean the crops and also threatened the ruin of late oats
June however has proved cloudy and rainy up to date and at this writing no
prospect of fair weather The late oats vastly improved by the rain Cotton badly
injured by lice and actually dying out and smaller than I ever knew it on the first
of July Bad time for threshing some wheat and oats damaging in the shocks
J 0 McDaniel161
CROP REPORT1884
11
CatoosaUnder the dry and favorable weather of May the wheat crop while it
could not recover its full stand put on a spurt and came in ahead of our most san
guine expectations June has been a month of almost incessant rain Corn flooded
and drowned out on all low lands and it is too late to plant again Will sow
largely of German millet Wheat in shock is in imminent danger from the exces
sive wet weather John Bird
The weather was very unfavorable for farmers during the month of June It
commenced raining on the 12th and rained for ten days We had about six or
eight days of fine weather It commenced raining again on the 25th and still rain
ing More mud and water than I ever saw for this season of the year Farmers are
very much behind with their crops Corn and cotton looking well considering its
chance bottom lands are covered in water A Graham
Corn is looking well owing to the late planting The spring rust proof oat crop
is good but not harvested Cotton that was highly fertilized and cultivated fast
looks fine The Chili wheat sent me from the department rusted too late for this
country The month of June has been very unfavorable It has been raining ever
since the 12th to the present with the exception of about ten days Our bottom
lands all overflowed Crop of grass and weeds never looked finer
C N Gordon
ChattoogaIt commenced raining the 6th of June and rained up to the 16th
The farmers commenced plowing on the 19th and plowed until the 26th It again
commenced raining and have been rainy every day since We only got to plow
eight days in June consequently our crops are badly used up by the grass Cotton
is dying the lice are eating it up Our bottom lands are drowned out and I assure
you the present outlook is very gloomy Wheat and oats will rot in the shock If
the rains continue one week longer J J p Henry
The prospect is very gloomy at present for a good crop Lice and grass threaten
to ruin the cotton Corn in low bottom will be a failure Lots of wheat shocks
washed off by high water and oats nearly all blown down some little cut before
the rain and wind but without sunshine they will mold Farmers are despondent
W F Tapp
CobbThe gloomiest outlook I ever remember In the month of May we had
two light showers amounting to sixtenths of an inch June has given us fourteen
rainy days and eight and ninetenth inches of water Cotton is but little larger
than three weeks ago Wheat and oats are sprouting in the shock Bottom lands
cannot be worked Clover is the only thing that is doing well and that is splendid
the second crop nearly ready for cutting The woods are full of toadstools
which are rank poison to cows and hogs The no fence law is the ony remedy
I know of
Rain fall during May and June in Marietta Cobb county recorded in inches and
tenths
May 605 9th 01 Total 06
June 604 7th 02 9th 05 10th 05 12th 06 Hth 20 21st 09 22d
05 23d 03 24th 04 25th 06 27th 04 29th 14 30th 02 Total 89
Wm Alston Jr Marietta Ga
Wm T Fowler made eighteen bushels of wheat to the acre was manured at
a cost of 450 per acre with bone dust and cotton seed The land was broken
and had been drained by the theory of David Nichols Some correspondent says
thatfishcome to the sounding of a bell How do they hear without an ear and
are not water and air separate conductors of sound Will some one answer
E M Bbnbon12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
L1621
Owing to the rains farmers are getting more and more behind with their crops
Whe at and oats are in bad condition still standing in the shock and some with
sprouts three inches long The Bob cotton seed seems to be doing well It is
limb ing out fine some is knee high on poor red land and in good loose land it is
better H T Martin
Wheat and oats are being injured by the continuous rains Bottom corn is
being drowned out on account of the rain but upland corn that was planted early
and fertilized is looking well L M Powers
Very little wheat threshed yet and is sprouting in the shock A large portion
of the oat crop is lost anu unless it stops raining we cannot save enough for seed
Corn is doing well Cotton is badly injured Farmers are buying more corn and
ni eat than any year since the war J T Lindley
Dadel have used by experiment some of Furman Farming Improvement
Cos Buffalo Bone Fertilizer by the side of stable manure in corn and that where
I put the B B looked at four weeks old to be about eight days ahead of the
other The Multi wheat all froze out entirely also the Chili wheat All the
small seeds frcm the Department did well G A R Bible
The wheat and oat crop are not yet threshed W G Taylor
DausmiWheat is standing in the shock threshing being delayed by the wet
weather I have heard the result of two cropsyield a fraction over twelve bush
els per acre All fields that were put in in due time with proper cultivation
have made a fair yield of good clean wheat I think it would be safe to say that
all such will average ten bushels per acre throughout the county while the late
sown has almost invariably made a poor yield and some of it very smutty
A J Logan
J7 oyd An excess of rain last few days causing grass and weeds and injury to
wheat and oats Very little threshing on account of the rain Yields good as far
as threshed W S Sanfobd
This has been a favorable season for cultivating crops so far and grass has
j ust begun to boom since the rains of last week Two more favorable weeks for
wor k and the crops can be put in good condition but should it continue showery
It will be a haid fight with the grass On the whole the outlook is favorable for
a good cr op to date All depends now on July if seasonable all will be right
J H Dent
FranklinWe have had many drawbacks in this section First the spring was
very ba ckward and it began to rain on the 5th inst and continued up to the 17tb
then it began again on the 21st and is still showering on the 26th We had a perfect
water spout on the 25th in the southeast cornerof Banks and the southern portion
of Fr anklin counties Everything is badly damaged Cotton and corn is washed
clown and covered up with sand and a great deal washed away The wheat crop
is ba dly damaged by wet a great deal sprouted badly in the field The waters are
very hi gh which will kill all corn on the river bottoms Crops are badly in the
grass and some may have to be turned out J W Sewell
T here has been so much rain that farmers are behind Low lands are mostly
under water and injured to a great extent It has rained since June 7 up to July
1 Wheat is d amaged to a great extent most of it sprouting in the shock since it
was cut John 0 Dean
The wheat you sent me was late received and consequently late sowedand the
freeze killed it out The purple straw is the best wheat we have ever had in this163
OEOP REPORT1884
13
county I sowed ten bushels of it this year and made 225 bushels Used about
ten bushels of cotton seed to the acre It has been raining for the last three weeks
the bottom corn is all drowned out R E McWhorten
GtlmerThe people are just done cutting wheat and rye oats not yet cut
wheat is well filled The most of farms thin on the ground the result of late
sowing My own crop was sown the first days of October on pea vines turned in
Part of the land had been run for six years in wheat and pea vines Never had a
better stand My experience is on sandy loam land best to cut off the vines
Nothing better for hay N L Osborn
GordonCrops generally in bad condition Cotton small grassy and dying from
excessive rains Corn on uplands where cultivated looking well young corn on
lowlands being drowned Wheat not threshed and being damaged by rain Cotton
remarkably poor and in bad condition Rain and rust grass and weeds all in
juring it 0 H Davis
Rains continued most of the month Much late planted corn cannot be worked
and is turning yellow Cotton on elevated situations is doing well where liberally
manured The cool weather first of the month caused much of it to die out
leaving an imperfect stand Wheat harvest is over except some late bearded vari
eties still in shock in a tumbleddown condition The Welcome oats has rusted
There have been twelve rainy days this monthbut little sunshine
N B Hall
GwinneltIf the rain continues many more days very little corn will be made
on low creek bottom Most of the corn on bqttoms has received but one working
Plants small and much of it dying Cotton is small overrun with grass and quick
set with young cotton recently come up covered with lice presenting a very
gloomy prospect J T Baxter
Habersham Mr Garnett Stonecypher is the champion wheat raiser of North
Georgia and I believe of the State The wheat sown on one and onequarter acres
stiff bottom and manured with seventyfive bushels cotton seed was a mixture of
Dallas chaff and purple straw they seem to have crossed and made what I call the
Stonecypher wheat The best average heads were seven inches long and many of
them had ten and eleven grains in a mesh and hardly any of the heads on the lot
had less than six grains to the mesh Young Davis
Haralson The genuine purple straw wheat is giving the best satisfaction It is
certainly the most reliable wheat for this section We have been having some ex
cessive rains since the 6th of the month but crops were generally worked the
second time and pretty generally clean The crop prospect at this writing is en
couraging
Please state if there is a remedy for rust on apple trees If there is no remedy
our Shockley apples will soon he an entire failure W C McBrayer
k No reliable remedy has been found for this diseaseCommissioner
HartWheat damaged ten per cent by sprouting in field after harvesting Oats
damaged 1234 per cent from wet weather Corn cotton aid all other crops in v ery
bad condition owing to excessive rains thereby preventing cultivation
N M Richardson
We have had rain for ten days so that wheat yet in the field is in great danger
of spoiling Crops generally promising but are very much in the grass Have
had a freshet 25th inst but of so short duration that little damagejvijs don
crops on low lands fik
x
XB

14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
164
JacksonI have some wheat you sent me from the Department multi headed
that beats anything in the wheat line I ever sawDoubleheaded Bearded Some
heads are three and our double also a new varietyvulgarly called the Speer
wheat Chela or Rice that is hard to beat Heads some of them six inches long
seven grains to the mesh without any manure though on good bottom land Any
person doubting can satisfy himself by calling on me None for sale
W J McRee
MadisonRain almost continuous for the last three weeks Wheat is spoiling in
the field too wet 1o thresh or haul the wheat up and house it More money in
wheat and oats than any thing ese My experience is sow wheat and oats and
manure well and you will make money dont fail to manure if so dont sow
No money in cotton to the one that makes it All the money goes West
J T Patten
MiltonWe have had near two weeks of wet weather and it is injuring the
wheat and oats some wheat is moulded in the shock If the rain continues much
longer there will be a great many oats lost H Summeeoue
We have had successive rainy cloudy and showery weather for four weeks
Crops are needing sunshine bottom corn where water will stand is nearly ruined
Cotton on gray lands is dying out so there will not be more than half a stand on
red lands the stand is good Some say it is lice and some say it is rotting off at the
ground John B McCollum
MurrayI find that fall sown oats ought to be sown early and the ground left
rough against winter killing The season is wet with us and it is impossible for a
full crop G Jackson
Continued rains during nearly all the month of June Crops of all kinds are
badly in the grass Rain still continues R T Beck
T he extremely cold and wet season has so changed the prospective crops that
experiments have proved fruitless The almost continuous fall of rain since the
10th of June has drowned the crops on low land but some continue to replant
much depends upon the weather for the next ten days Wheat is yet in the shock
but not much injured Many fields of cotton are covered with lice and pretty
well stocked with grass H Heaetsill
PauldingWehavebeenfaimingfor 18 years onlightsandy soil My experience
is plow deep close and level I use no fertilizers and make from a half to a bale
of cotton per acre and 20 to 50 bushels of corn We long to see the farmers quit
buying guano corn and meat and make the farms selfsustaining then we will have
a prosperous tftate and a free people Give us a law to prohibit the sale of guano
Benj T Dkake
Pickens We had a drought of five weeks in May and the first of June which
enabled the farmers to get their crops in good condition but in many cases retard
ing the crop by causing it to be slow in coming up
On the fifth of June we had a good rain in some parts since that time we have
had rain in abundance and many hard washing rains injuring upland by washing
and low lands by overflows At this writing farmers are getting into weeds and
grass though if we can have suffictent dry weather from now on we will make the
best crop for several years E R Alleed
It has rained four weeks almost every day and farmers are behind with their
work and it is feared that wheat is injured in the shock otherwise we are getting
on finely No disease among stock and all in fine condition The people are in a
more prosperous condition than they have been since the war L J Allred1651
CROP REPORT1884
15
PolkWheat and oats are sprouting in the shock cotton struggling with grass
and lice with nothing flourishing but corn and young clover Corn and clover are
on a boom so also are gardens and these now seem our only hope
John O Waddell
Lice and wet weather have destroyed the stand of cotton at least 25 per cent
S M H Byrd
Tescinte and Prickly Comfrey received from Department are growing very well
but I know not when or how to use them particularly the latter
It has been raining at intervals for nearly a month and small grain is injuring
seriously Oats I fear will all sprout in the shock it has not been dry enough to
house them since harvest R w Everett
The prickley comfrey is used as a green feed for cattle The tescinte should be
cut and cured If cut early it will admit of several cuttings during the season
Commissioner
RabunCrops are looking fine but are needing work We have had hut three or
four days since the 6th of June dry enough to plow consequently farmers are
getting in the weeds Corn and other crops have stood so long without work I fear
they will be injured after working Crops have been injured in some localities by
hail and freshets Most of the wheat crop is now standing in the shock and if the
rain continues it will be badly damaged It is the largest crop ever raised in the
county and well matured The rye crop was never betternot so much sown as
in former years farmers are turning their attention more to wheat Our county
clerk L C Hallifleld says he will have a flouring mill in operation in two
months it will be the first in the county F A Bleckley
The condition of crops of all kinds in this part of the county is rather gloomy
at this time owing to the constant rains since the first week in June The har
vesting of wheat commenced this week but the constant rain has hindered the
farmers from work They are behind with all kinds of farm work If the rains
continue much longer the condition of crops will be bad The packages of wheat
that were sent to me from the Agricultural Department were a complete failure
the late sowing and the cold winter was one cause of the failure
Edward Setton
TownsThe Bed Mediterranean winter wheat which was sown at the time we
sowed our other wheat did not stand the cold weather it nearly all froze out
dont think it will do for our section J N Gibson
Our seasons are good here Crops are fine in our section Corn is fine here
John L Horne
UnionThe wheat was frozen out on low land in the winter but it is better filled
and will thresh out more than ever before There was never as much in this
county in one year before The excitement over the mica prospects here is grow
ing to a considerable extent our mountains are full of it Some parties are
working mica mines and have sold some mica It is said to be of good quality
E P Parks
WalkerThe floods of the last few days have been terribly destructive to all
crops Corn has been washed up cotton buried and wheat and oats on lowlands
have been swept away On the 27th ult West Chicamauga swept away thousands
of bushels of wheat and oats on the 25th the stream east of us made similar havoc
with small grain and growing crops John T Wood
Continued and excessive rains have materially injured cotton and corn on
lowlands Many crops are in danger of being lost if the rains continue much
longer Lice have appeared on the cotton and the stand will fall below last
months report J A Clements16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
166
The outlook is quite gloomy owing to so much rain wheat is yet in the field
in the shock and is damaging oats and clover for the most part are yet in the
field not harvested down and tangled by so much rain and wind Corn espe
cially on the lowlands in bad condition L K Dickey
Corn looks fine but late and grassy It being so wet cotton cannot make more
than half a crop if that wheat is badly injured in the shock by wet weather for
it has been raining most of the time since the first of June The present outlook
for farmers is gloomy in this county F M Yokq
The continued rains up to date are sprouting wheat and oats in the shock and
the grass in growing crops cannot be subdued in time to save crops if rains cease
now Fifty pounds of superphosphate broadcasted on oats and clover in March
has not only secured a good set of latter but increased the oats 25 per cent
J J Broyles M D
We are passing through a heavy crisis of rain and wind storms On Wednes
day the 25th of June and Friday the 27th in portions of the county it rained
until the creeks overflowed their banks and washed off quite a quantity of wheat
standing in shock in the field Have not had such high water in twelve months
The grainf our v heat is good but great fears are entertained on account of wet
weather of its spoiling in shock and our corn on low wet land will drown out
W C Kilgorb
WhitfieldOwing to the continued rains through June the corn and cotton crops
have not been successfully cultivated and wheat and oats are damaged in the
shock but cannot tell how much probably ten per cent
K M Williamson
Crops are about lost in weeds and grass much corn to be plowed over yet
Hard rains nearly every day and the most unfavorable season for farming I have
ever seen W C Richardson
The corn planted on uplands looks well and good stands reported but nearly
all the bottom lands drowned out Many are replanting but only for forage as
the season will be too short to mature it Wheat will be damaged in the shock if
the rains continue much longer Pearce Horne
All crops are fully two weeks late caused by cold wet and late planting The
incessant rains in J une have prevented their being worked properly It has rained
twentyone days in June Two destructive hailstorms have passed over small sec
tions of this end of the county damaging severely wheat and cotton Cotton is
fast being eaten upby lice small black bugs and grasshoppers Sweet potatoes toov
are damaged by the same little bugs J F Groves
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BaldwinWe are having entirely too much rain It has been too wet for about
two weeks to do much work Crops are being taken by grass and low ground corn
seriously damaged by high water while the rains are very favorable for upland corn
Peas and potatoes are fine and splendid prospect for peachesapples a failure
Jas C Whitakee
Bibb Dr L Holt last February was a year ago sowed a field of clover a new
crop in our county The land waslgood red with clay subsoil It was mowed this
8Prng giving a yield of three tons per acre Since the mowing horses cattle and
hogs have been pastured on it with advantage to the stock and no seeming injury167
CROP REPORT1884
17
tothe clover The success will lead to other experiments with it Since last report
rains have been general and plentiful too much so for cottonrunning too much
to weed and leaf W D H Johnson
ButtsWe are just now in the midst of the longest spell of raining we have
experienced in many years so much that there is much damage to crops especially
cotton and corn on bottom lands The wheat and oat crops have also been some
what injured in the shocks David j Thaxton
Crops are growing rapidly Wheat and oats that are still in the shock have been
considerably damaged by the recent rains Upland corn is splendidrather wet
for corn on bottom lands Cotton is needing open sunshiny weather
W S HUKLEY
The prospects are gloomy at present for an average crop It has been raining
and cloudy since the Hth of June with the exception of about four days 25 26
27 and 28th and there has been very little plowing done and the crop of cotton is
badly in the grass and a great deal of complaint of black rust and the plant doesnt
seem to grow but little The corn crop has come out wonderfully The whea
crop is damaged at least 25 per cent and the oat crop is also badly damaged The
bottom land corn is nearly an entire failure
Every farmer I meet says he is ruined if we dont have some sunshine soon
H C Thaxton
CampbellWe have in our community a variety of oats known as the Tom
Smith oats which has given general satisfaction Mr T J Smith has been sowine
them successfully for the last twelve years They have proven rust proof so far
and as prolific as the rust proof oats Mr Smith sows them the last of Februl
aryand harvests them the last of June They grow much taller than the rust
proof oats produce well on thin land the grain is small and one bushel is suffl
cent to sow an acre of land These oats have not been affected the least by the
drought this year while others have been very near a failure
In order to make a crop of oats and not be pushed in harvesting we should sow
different vanetes I consider the Burt rust proof and Tom Smith oats the varie
ties that every farmer should sow so as not to make a failure The man that sows
plenty of these different varieties in February will be certain to make some oats
J D Smith
ItZTJVT th22d f APIU tU1 the 7th June rained frora the
7th to the 16th had four days no ram It commenced raining again the 20th and
has rained every day since Crops are very grassy onehalf the oat crop ruined in
the held wheat sprouting and seriously damaged T E Dodd
We are having an abundance of rain Corn on low bottom drowned Wheat
sprouting in the shock Oats partly cut Dont know which is in the worst con
dition those that are cut or those needing to be cut w G Mason
Cotton and corn were in the best of condition until the immense rain which
now leaves them injured on bottom land to a considerable extent Oats and wheat
are sprouting badly and the bulk of the crop is yet in the fields F H Steed
CarrotCotton has been looking well until recently the lice have taken to it and
the leaves are falling off and looks like it had been scalded The corn on bottom
lands is now drowned out turned red and dying All crops are looking badly
Two weeks ago there was the finest prospect I ever saw Now there is quite a change
for the worse and still it rains Great fears are held lest we lose our wheat a large
quantity has sprouted The outlook is gloomy in the extreme
R H Springe18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
168
Cotton shows no blooms The continuous rains and cool nights are not favor
able to it On account of so much rainfall very little work has been done farnu
the past week
We had a five weeks drought commencing the 1st of May lasting unti9th
of June Since that time it has been raining nearly every day The wheat crop
s hired at least 5 per cent and the oat crop 25 and if the rain lasts a few more
dav 50 will not cover the loss Cotton is injured badly by lice and grass The
corn is vy sappy and a two weeksdrought willhurt it badly M B Bussell
Ctarfe The extraordinary wet summer has got the farmers in the grass and
ruined nearly onefifth of the wheat crop above us Northwest and unless we
have sunshine in a few days the crop is a foregone conclusion Composted cotton
18 SrlbSge worms use fig leaf tea it kills the worm without hurting the cab
Tarly peaches have rotted on the trees Farmers are blue at this writingand
have but little hope of fair weather
ClavtonThe continued rains for the past two or three weeks accounts for the
croalling below an average Wheat and oats in many places been intur
ed by the rain
Tt has been raining for three weeks with the exception of four or five days
Tl whea and ol Jsprouting in the shock The oats are not all harvested ye
and axe dead ripe in the field Upland corn is as good as the land can make It but
Rowland corn Joks like it will be a failure Cotton is looking to tatgd
late
Columbia During the month of June corn improved very much the prospect
TwL over an average Much cotton died out after attaining the height of
6 ZTnlhe The cottrop is not clean as there have been at least ten days in
tWs month hat plows could not be run The plant is in no condition to stand a
drought Sprincats turned out well some grain has been magedfield after
cutting by rain
In your report I notice complaints that potato draws could not be set out on
aclount of dry weather I have no difficulty in setting out draws or vines in dry
weather and do not lose more than five 5 per cent
Prepay the land well and do not elevate the row above the level o the surround
inflTd better a little below in dry weather Drop and push in the ground with
afoked stick set out in the evening put a small quantity of water around each
hin or plant a cupful of water will do for two plants Next morning soon if
t has not rained pull a small quantity of dirt around each plant If your land
has been moderatery manured and well prepared a little work after this properly
annhed wUl turn out from 200 to 400 bushels of potatoes per acre af you have the
sfSomhigo and they are the best I have ever planted In very dry weather
LreXLrninand scatter them under the shade of a ee until theext
evening Put out right all will live
The very heavy rains almost daily during the month of June have prevented
v VL J nf the crops and grass and weeds have about taken possession
C2ZS Poor Forward corn that has been well worked is
promising
flbuW have been having excessive rains Much of the bottoms ae a ready
ruined and cant tell how much more will be W A smith169
CROP REPORT1884
19
June has been a very unfavorable month for farmerstoo much rain for
harvesting small grain especially threshing wheat and oats now in the field are
iji great danger from the continued rains The fields of cotton are grassy the bot
toms in corn is almost a failure and uplands need work The crop prospect is
gloomy
The lecture of Prof Veille on Stock and Stock Raising is very instructive and
will be very profitable to those who read study and follow them
J B GoODWYN
DeKalbThe outlook for the present crop is quite gloomy The wheat and oat
crop it seems will be almost a total failure On account of excessive rain but a
very small percent of the crop has been secured and even that is in a damaged
condition All other crops are getting in a bad condition scarcely any farm work
done within the past three weeks cotton dying for want of sunshine low lands
too soggy for corn James R Smith
Since the rain set in in June it has been unprecedented the wheat crop was
harvested in the fields and the rains continued so that the crop is damaged fully
fifty per cent I fear more The oat crop is badly damaged by the wet Bottom
corn is about gone up The cotton is not doing well and it is altogether a gloomy
time for the farmers In the southeast portion of the county and the upper parts
of Henry and Clayton the 20th and 21st of June most terrific rain storms fell
doing great damage to crops and land G W Morris
It is impossible to give a correct reportof the crops at this time for it has been
raining all this month and we cant work our crops but they look well and grow
notwithstanding It looks like we will lose our wheat and oats for it rains to we
cant get to thresh and some wheat has already spoiled in the field The threshers
are running all day Sunday to try to save the wheat W H Carter
DouglassThe purple top strapleaf turnip seed you sent me last spring has
done well I think some of them would weigh about four pounds now
W L Davenport
For ten days there has been no plowing done in consequence of rain Corn
and cotton on low lands is being drowned out wheat and oats that have not been
threshed are sprouting and growing in the shock
I am a strong believer in the blue straw or purple stem wheat having tried many
varieties have given them all up and now sow nothing bat the above My indi
vidual crop where cottonseeded will average twentyone bushels per acre
J E Henley
The land has not been dry enough to plow since the tenth of June with the ex
ception of three or four days Cotton is greatly damaged in this section low land
corn is drowned out upland corn where it has been well cultivated looks fine
wheat is badly damaged it is not threshed no fall oats spring oats cut off by
dry weather in May and badly damaged by the late rains Burt oats are fine
B H Phillips
ElbertThe recent rains hive damaged corn on bottom lands at least ten per
cent by causing the water courses to overflow Wheat and oats are also damaged
to some extent J D Glace
A very fine crop of wheat but it is badly damaged with rains A great deal
has sprouted in the field The bulk of the crop has been threshed out I made
twentyseven bushels on one acre We have a young farmer in our county that
made fortyfour on one acre and I am proud to say that he belongs to the Young
Farmers Club He made 500 bushels on thirty acres of old land that had been
cleared over fifty years and cut it all himself with a reaper He says he intends
to have a combined reaper and binder another year D M Carlton20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
170
FayetteHas rained almost incessantly since the 6th of June and farmers have
not plowed more than five days since that time Of the small grain crop harvested
principally since the rains commenced hut little has been threshed is wet and in
a damaged condition The present outlook is that at least onehalf the small grain
will be lost especially oats Corn estimate is for upland bottoms almost an entire
failure Cotton small and grassy drowned out Two severe hail storms in the
lower portion of the county one the last of May and the other the 6th of June
did considerable damage to crops and fruit Some fields of cotton were perfectly
demolished The peach crop and berry crop through the hail path will be a fail
ure The oldest citizens say they never saw so much rain in June The fields are
badly washed The present outlook is gloomy J G Posey
The use of the harrow in harrowing in wheat and oats after plowing them in has
prevented them from freezing out so much and in my experience has increased
the yield also harrowing the ground after thorough breaking for corn and cotton
has proved an advantage both in growth and after cultivation The general use of
the harrow would be an improvement on the present method of cultivation
Isaac G Woolsey MD
FultonSince the 15th of this month it has been raining almost incessantly and
the result is grass in abundance though the crops are looking well Oats entirely
ruined by the wet and wheat in shock badly damaged if not lost
W L Mangum
GreenPall oats damaged by frost and spring oats by drouth Wheat a good av
erage crop but is being badly hurt by continuous rainssprouting in the field
Upland corn where worked is good bottom corn up to this date is almost a fail
ure our county being watered by four rivers and numerous creeks which affords
a large quantity of alluvial bottom on which has been our chief dependence for
corn Owing to these overflows one about the middle of April another the mid
dle of June the third on the 22d of Jun at present the land is miry and our
farmers notwithstanding it is late are preparing to plant againsome for the
fourth time
The Multiheaded wheat sent me is fine but ate I will try it again
The cotton stand is good though later than last year Late planting not up be
fore 10th June V D Gresham
All crops are now in fine condition but we are having an overabundance of
rain and there is danger of their being seriously injured for the want of cultiva
tion It has been raining for three weeks C M Sanders
The Multiheaded wheat is a vigorous grower with uncommon large stem and
heavy head Bottom land has been too wet to work in twentyeight days in fact there
has been but little farm work done outside of harvesting small grain a good
deal of which is injured owing to the continued rain and some of the rains have
been very heavy and washing A N Asbury
We had a drought from about middle of April until the 1st of June Since
then it has been raining so much that it has been impossible to work crops Bottom
corn seriously damaged and cotton grassy Wheat and oats badly injured None
threshed dry and it is impossible to sun it The prospect very gloomy and farmers
low spirited Gardens fine James M Gbiffin
HancockThe crop outlook is very fine but too much rain at this time for
cotton and swamp corn J W C
A plat of old land well exhausted from continued clean cultivation poor at
best was broken deep and thoroughly with twohorse plow sown to rust proof171
Crop report1884
21
oats latter part November no fertilizer half a stand withstood the two severe
freezes grew sufficiently high and yielded from eight to ten bushels per acre
H L MlDDLEBROOKS
Harris Farmers are still setting out potato slips as we have just had a good rain
Corn and cotton are looking better and growing rapidly Grain that was cut and
left in the field until after the rains somewhat damaeed The Agricultural Society
of our county is making an effort to get up a boom on roadworking
Flynn Habgett Jr
MrdCrops are badly in the grass The heaviest washing rains I ever saw
ruining all the crops on bottom land washing up and covering up everything
Destroyed the larger part of the wheat and oats The most of them are in the
held in the shock and rotten Farmers are in lower spirits than I ever saw them
It has been raining for the last five days three of the heaviest rains in the time I
ever saw T
J O BREWER
HenryThe Burt rust proof oats seems to be approved of by all those who have
tried it especially where sown earlier It has time to mature then before the
drought cuts it off I am trying the cotton seed you sent me in checks four feet
apart It looks well Merrel C Lowe
The people of Henry are further behind in farming than I have ever known
The rains have been continuous for three weeks here and nothing has been done
worthy of mention during that time Much wheat has sprouted and been lost in
the shock The grass and weeds are taking everything w A Speer
We have had rain for twentyone days Four or five days ploughing in that
time Our crops are in a bad condition Our wheat and oats are badly damaged
grass is ruining our cotton Corn is doing fine will make good crops if rain con
tinues Peas not doing well too wet Sweet potatoes doing finely German millet
sowed in June doing finely Melon vines badly injured no shapes on them
J M McDonald
Too much rain and land too wet to plow Thomas H Stallworth
WOur people are slow to adopt new methods etc but I think they are
W7ng uf the Portance of a more diversified agriculture better preparation
ot the soil for the crops more thorough cultivation and heavier fertilizing and
less area in cultivation which I think is the sure plan for farmers to adopt
J W Bana
ImcoZnOwingto the excessive and continued rains since the 12th instant the
gram crops are seriously damaged and all the low land crops ruined from frequent
overflows and the cotton crops seriously in the grass jN0 Sims
June has been exceptionally wet If the rain continues much longer many
fields of cotton will have to be abandoned on account of grass There is considera
ble complaint of wheat sprouting in the field Oats are also considerably damaged
J M Dill
McDuffieThe excessive rainfall this month1180in have materially injured the
corn and cotton crops of the county ten to twenty per cent will hardly cover it
Only plowed four days since the 5th Bottom lands drowned out and the upland
cotton all fired on the gray lands The same with the corn A E Sturgis
We have had an extremely wet June Bottom land corn drowned out and
swamped with weeds and grass Cotton on gray lands injured by wet On the red
lands crops are fine but cannot be properly cultivated on account of the wet
weather Raining today and quite warm H McCorkleDEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
172
22
HMrtfcrInpartad to you my three acre patch of cotton mode of planting
fertilizer used etc but dont remember of reporting the result The three
acres made six bales averaging five hundred pounds per baleand would
have made seven if it had not been so very rank winch was caused by ate
planting owing to excessive rains The condition of bottom corn late planting
f JOHS M bUGRAM JR
looks gloomy
The recent and continuous rains are doing great damage to bottom corn
Wheat and oats are sprouting in the fields Much complaint of rust facotton
which it is feared will materially shorten the crop Plows standing in the field
grass growing and rain still falling Gloomy outlook for a crop Fruit rotting and
dropping from the Irees
The Burt oat stood the drought better or at least grew taller than any other
variety in our section The purple straw wheat is the best that we have Wheat
lias been considerably damaged by wet weather Corn rather smaller than usual
but looking well and in good condition Cotton is needing sunshine
JforoanCrops in bad condition from too much rain Bottom corn very poor
Farmers have not been able to plow crops for the last three weeks Late cotton not
cut out grass and weeds have possession at present Wheat nearly all damaged
a great deal has rotted in the field Grapes and peaches rotting
It has rained almost every day for about one month Upland corn doing finely
Splendid for planting late corn and sowing peas on stubble land Large amount
of wheat and oats injured in the field by wet weather C tton doing well where in
good condition much of it grassy Bottom corn suffering I have bottoms on
Hard Labor creek where the young corn is now under water for the third time It
will be ruined Prospect for peaches and apples are not encouraging but rotting
badly German Carp increase in favor with all who have them
Plenty of rain since the 10th just in time to make a whopping blackberry crop
Some wheat sprouted Vegetation booming young grass never thicker
Chili wheat sent me was very fine but about half was winter killed It was late
had no rust and had very large head with from three to four large grains in a mass
Have thought that wheat from low latitudes would do better here
My plan with forage corn this year was to take a couple of two horse plows run
ning them shallow one behind the other and sowing pretty thick in every fourth
furrow This plan saved labor and destroyed all weeds and grass It was m stub
ble land while too wet in the crop
In a land like this it seems there would be no scarcitywhere the farmer can plant
nearly every mouth and work even when the rain is falling if he will have a wood
and blacksmith shop With an old anvil and hammer he can add another strain of
music to the pattering showers J H Gairsert
Newton We have been having very wet weather for three weeks past and yet
continues some hard washing rains The wheat crop damaged perhaps ten per
cent by rains Oats I fear will be damaged forty to fifty per cent by the rams as
very few have been threshed out notover 30 per cent and many are still standing
in the shock
The grass is growing finely so is the corn cotton peas potatoes and sorghum
and we will have to put in our best work when dry enough to plow again The
black wax beans you sent me are extra fine T A Walker173
CROP REPORT1884
23
OcanecThe most of the oat fields in this county have been planted in either corn
or cotton only now and then a crop of spring oats has made anything
Lindsey Durham
I am satisfied that no more profitable crop can
James J Green
OglethorpeI am trying Lucerne
be raised in the South
Upland corn is very good but it is too wet for bottom land Too much rain
for cotton bottoms drowned out upland corn good and cotton where not damaged
by grass which is frequently the case is looking well Rain every day and if it
continues will damage cotton seriously Joseph McWhorter
Have had great deal of rain since about 6th or 7th of Juneonly one good
week for work since 10th Juneonly scattering days and parts of days have been
utilized There never was more grass in crops than nosv J it is young however
came up in June Open weather is a desideratum Work and fast work must be
the motto of the hour if we hope for success G A Stevens
pikeThe farmers are getting badly in the grass on account of continued rains
On June 6th there was heavy rain and hail and it has rained sixteen days out of
twentyfour since that time
Must say something about my carp I have them at nineteen months old that
are 24 inches longand weigh 6 pounds and havehousands in my pond from one to
six inches long Will furnish any quantity at the pond at ten cents a piece
C It Wilson
Putnam Three weeks paat continuous rain except five days After first weeks
rain during these five days where crops were worked they are in good condition
everywhere else a matted coat of grass and weeds Rain still continuing portion
of grain left in field say 10 per cent of wheat this is injured 20 per cent Cotton
corn and grass a most rapid growth since the rain set in Cotton will be injured in
cleaning it is now full average size J M Williams
Wheat and oat crop haue been seriously damaged by rain a great deal of
wheat has sprouted and moulded and will not make good flour Oats are dam
aged but not so much as wheat as they will stand more wet and not sprout All
growirjg crops are now in a precarious condition from exceis of rain Mules have
been standing in the lots and pastures most of the time for four weeks Some bot
tom corn will be ruined and all corn will be damaged for the want of work Cot
ton is grassy and has died out very much on gray lands and at this writing it is
still raining and too wet to plow There seems to be as much danger in too much
wet as there is in too much dry J T Denms
Rochdale The wheat crop was very good most of it is now in the field and also
the oats that are cut are in the field all more or less damaged A few have had
threshing done wet We are expecting bad bread this season As to publications
lam glad to see you so doing and hope you will continue in that line Anything
to educate the farmer W L Peek
We have had incessant rains ever since the 9th of June Since the rains have
come the farmers have been unable to work their crops consequently they are
very grassy
James M White
Owing to the incessant rains June 10th to July 1st and harvesting the farmers
are getting behind with their crops Corn and cotton are looking well While the
rainfall has been heavy in some portions crops are damaged considerably espe
cially branch and creek bottoms wheat and oats is damaged badly 35 per cent
on account of the wet weather Owing to the good condition that the crops were24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
174
in when the rains set in grass has not damaged but very little yet The Multi
headed wheat that I received was so badly mixed that there were but few pure
heads I do not think it will do for this section 1 consider it worthless
John S Albert
Too much rain in this section for cotton J W Geanade
SpaldingHave had rain about fifteen days in this month and fear the wheat
and oats will be badly damaged A great deal of bottom corn ruined other crops
getting in the grass S F Gray
TaliaferroI sowed the Multiheaded wheat you sent me on the 23d of Novem
ber in drills and cut it 26th of June The yield was very poor I will try it again
I hope with better success Some of the heads were very light others were heavy
Some of the stalks have one large head and from two to six small heads others
haveonly one head S J Flynt
The whole month of June has been very unfavorable for farming operations
Several very damaging rains have fallen and showers have kept the ground 1oo
wet to work to advantage and interfering greatly with the wheat and oat crops
Many oats have been ruined after being harvested It has also been very unfavor
able to cotton On gray and sany soils it has died out until what was a perfect
stand is now very thin The bottom lands upon which most of our farmers rely
for their corn have been too wet to plant or if plauted too wet to cultivate Al
together it has been the most discouraging season we have ever known
L L Vbazey
Oats following cotton that had received a liberal supply of compost seem to be
as much benefited by the compost as the cotton was and were not so badly winter
killed as other oats sown a day or two sooner
We have had fifteen rainy days in June Oats and wheat are damaging in the
field and cotton and corn becoming foul The yield of both will be diminished
I am more than pleased with the Veille Lect ures hope you will continue
them D N Sanders
TalbotThe farming interest is very much depressed owing to heavy rains that
fell from the 8th to the 15th then followed by cool weather which caused the cot
ton lice to accumulate in large quantities and they are killing out the cotton
fearfully
The heavy rains have utterly ruined large portions of bottom lands
A good many horses and mules have died from eating damaged corn We buy
the stock from the West and then have the corn shipped to kill them with Corn
crops up to the present never were more promising Wheat crop turns out moder
ately well Oat crop complete failure The cane crop was damaged by the overflow
40 percent It has been raining for ten days and the cotton prospects are gloomy
indeed L B McCrorey
I know of no safer plan to insure a support than by diversified farmiDg
small area well cultivated with broadcast manuring where practicablewith a greater
distance between rows lessens labor and increases the product in quantity and
quality I have pursued this plan for fifteen years with very satisfactory results
D G Owen
The rain has come and everything has put on a smile Corn is doing its best
and cotton is looking up The grass is spreading We are having much rain now
and it is putting the farmers back somewhat in work S A Freeman1751
CEOP REPORT1884
25
WaltonThe Tains in our county during the past month have been general and
since the 9th we have had but little work done the land being too wet
Wheat and oats in the shock are considerably damaged about half the crop is
threshed out and all to sun Cotton crop beginning to show signs of rust
The corn on most of our swamp lands is badly damaged and the prospects are a
little gloomy at this time J E Nunnally
The most remarkable yields in my county have been produced from the liber
al use of guano cotton seed and stable manure of equal proportions Patches have
reached 50 to 60bushels per acre Crops as high as 30 bushes per acre This re
suit is partly from being harvested with a good reaper The grain is saved much
cleaner than under the old scythe and cradle system All things considered the
farmers of this day have very much to encourage them in the pr sent mode of
farming and the introduction of fine farming impements make farming a much
lighter task with better results Seaborn C Bubson
Warren We are having rain rain and grass grass Corn on red land fine on
gray or sandy soil poortoo wet Oat crop better than we expected Wheat did
not turn out well Cotton is very small and in a bad condition It will require 20
days of good hot sun to get straight No plowing in 12 days I see no prospect for
more than twothirds of a crop cotton Stock in fine order pastures very fine and
stack law working well JAS Shims
It has rained twenty days in June and there has been but very little plowing
during that time Plows stopped twelve days in succeesion from 5th to 17th Cot
ton on light lands is all dead Corn yellow and small Cant make a crop
Wheat and oats were cut wetand are stiil in that condition At least half of them
in the field are now greatly damaged and some an entire loss Considering all I
set it down at a half crop I W Rofebs
The crop is in a bad condition from too much rain Corn on sandy land and
cotton on low land is badly injured The grass has got hold of the most of it
Land too wet to work
John S Johnson
Excessive and continued rains since the 5th of June have greatly delayed the
farmers in all kinds of work The crops have had less work in June than I have
ever known hence they are in a very bad condition I fear that a great deal of
cotton will be turned out
A large per cent of the grain crop is daamged and some of it ruined
E M Hardaway
Wilkes It would be folly to attempt to name a definite per cent showing status
of any crop Rained almost daily somewhere and almost everywhere in county r
exception has been to see the sun since the first few days and rain falling Grain
in the field is reported in varied condition still wet and there has been no sun to
open out where not sprouted all will shell immensely when moved a good deal
threshed and wheat yields reported enormous but when the water gets out if
ever the shrinkage will be as enormous That threshedis reported as already
becoming musty for want of drying room Upland corn apparently fine but is
so full of sap it will break at the touch and would be ruined by dry hot weather
Bottoms beyond redemption some not even thinned much turning red overrun
by weeds and other bottom growth and all in mud twill kill much of it to clean it
now should rains cease and no such prospect overhead John T Wingfield
Too much rain for cotton Bottom lands seriously injured by excessive rains
Upland corn extra good W 0 Pope26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
176
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BakerCorn CultureBed out land six feet wide plant in water furrow run
around first with bull tongue then cultivate with sweep every twelve days
Grows steadily and does not fire from drought Saves time and labor and yields a
good crop I H Hand
BerrienI think if the farmers would plant smaller crops and fertilize better it
would pay them better than large crops and light fertilizing the richer the ground
the less rust in cotton oats and other crops D N Hutchinson
BrooksWe are having a great deal of rain at this time It has rained every day
for ten days Corn is looking well and cannot be damaged by an excess of rain on
uplands All vegetation is growing rapidly and farmers will have to push to keep
down grass when the weather breaks Cotton is looking green and flourishing
now but should the rainy spell be succeeded by a drought of even short duration
it would produce rust and shedding of forms Thomas W Jones
CalhounWe are having entirely too much rain now and have been for two
weeks pat which has caused lice to come on cotton in sufficient numbers to check
the growth Also too much rain is causing corn to overshoot itself and wash off
the blooms from the tassels which may result in corn being very light The second
crop of melons has been greatly damaged by the recent wet spell
F P Griffin
The corn crop is very fine in the whole county we have had fine rains for ten
days Cotton is damaged considerably by lice and the heavy rains the lice have
disappeared the cotton is now dropping its forms Peach crop is very fine through
out the county The farmers are in good spirits but we want the sun to shine
W P Pekey
Crops of all kinds that have been fertilized and worked well are very good for
the year Corn small but earing well Cotton large enough but very little fruit
on it Potatoes and cane short on account of scarcity of seed
C L Smith
ChattahoocheeThe rains have been unusually great of late for the past three
weeks weve not had a weeks fair weather The grass is taking possession on many
farms nothing but turn plows will kill it and tliem we dont like to use
F V Sciiley
Up tc 1st of June crops were well worked and free of grass Corn was small
but since rains has been growing rapidly and now bids fair for a good yield Cot
ton on account of excessive rains is becoming grassy but a few days will enable the
farmers to clean out the small grass as the stand is better than usual Altogether
the prospect is flattering y gmPp jEi
A great deal of rain through the month of June has brought out the corn
crop it is looking well and has been well worked Too much rain for cotton
complaint of grass but as a general thing the outlook is as good or better for a good
crop as I have seen in years W P Fielder
ColquittJune has been a wet month with us cotton making too much weed
and not fruiting well Corn would have done better with less rain
By all means continue the publication of such papers as Veilles Lectures
Furmans Letters Dicksons System etc The Department ought to be made
a medium for imparting knowledge to the farmers as well as for the collection of
statistical information Those whose duty it is to make the necessary appropria
tion for conducting the Department ought not to be governed by a niggardly econ
omy p j Walker177
CROP REPORT1884
27
CrawfordRain rain and still it rains Oats injured in stack fruit rotting low
land corn overflowed sweet potatoes grassy Irish rotting in the ground Some
farmers report fine prospect for corn cotton sobbed grassy and running to weed
B LeSeuer
DoohjThe May drouth cut corn short in the stalk but the recent rains make it
look very promising Cotton is two weeks later than last year and in many sections
is badly damaged by lice A fine prospect for a peach crop S P Odoji
DoughertyCorn has a small stalk thisjyear but is shooting well and where it is
well cultivated will make an average crop but where neglected in preparation and
cultivation will not make half a crop Cotton is ten days or two weeks later than
last year its growth has been retarded by lice and cool weather though May and
June cotton is generally small only fields that have been highly fertilized are
blooming it has grown fast in the last ten daysa watery suculent growth It has
rained every day or night but five in the last twentyfive days Cotton needs dry
hot weather for two weeks It has been very cool all through May and June the
last three weeks has been cool cloudy weather J L Dyier
EarlyIt has rained sixteen days in June and still it rains We think it probable
that plenty of corn and sweet potatoes will be made Too much rain means rust
here for cotton The Hawkin Hill oats sent me come to a good feed condition in
ten weeks two weeks earlier than the Burt but onethird was rust I shall plant
them again after soaking in bluestone I am delighted with them if I can get rid
of the smut J BHobbs
It has rained eighteen days in June with a total of 750 inches and is rain
ing today D M Wade
MaconWe have had the greatest rainfalls ever known in this section for the
month of June doing great damage to crop and soil The corn prospect is very
good cotton has been checked by rain and cool weather crops generally in bad
condition on account of rain and grass On the 25th and 27th we had modern
floodsrain on the 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 21st 22d 23d 25th and
27th J B Murray
Marion Reno Luxurius or Tecinte resembles MilloMaize in every way while
growing and bids fair to be a valuable long forage crop but peas rye and oats cant
be excelled as a main dependence for long forage Best half of the month has been
rainy which has improved the corn prospect wonderfully cotton luxuriant when
well tilled and fertilized but where the rains caught them in the grass they are
poor Lice has damaged the stand on some farms but with a little fair weather the
damage will soon be repaired and one of the best crops of corn and cotton made
that has been since the war Geo W C Munro
The rains have been general and heavy in some sections corn is overshooting
and cotton is growing too much weed to stand a drouth which is sure to follow so
long a spell of wet weather This is the 25th day since the rains commenced and
there have been but five days during the time without a shower B T Peacock
The prospect for a good corn crp is better than it has been for years The far
mers with a few exceptions in my section are done working corn Cotton is better
that is the weed is larger than at this time last year first blooms about the 20th
though the prospect now is the cotton may be injured by grass It has been rain
ing nearly every day for three weeks with some tremendous heavy showers it is
raining heavily while I write Sugar cane is doing well though not as much plant
ed as last year potatoes chufas groundpeas and fieldpeas are all doing well a fine
prospect at the present at least for these crops but dependent yet on future sea
28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
178J
sons Oats are not as good as last owing to the long continued dry weather in the
spring Sheepraising has about played out in this part of Marion county though
a splendid rangetoo many dogs
The cholera got among my hogs last spring and I lost several fine ones but I
used spirits of turpentine about a tablespoonful to a feed of shelled corn and about
the same quantity put in their slop and I never lost another and some that were
sick got well This is a very simple and valuable remedy I think
J L Benson
Miller Farmers are well up with work crops well cultivated and were planted
early rains we are now having will make most of the corn Planting small crops J
fertilizing highly and cultivating fast is rapidly gaining in this section and never
fails to give the best of satisfaction Am sure this system will be more extensive
next year Miller county will have hog and hominy plenty and to spare next year
J S Clifton
MitchellI have never known a more decided improvement in crops in the sam e
length of time as has been in this county since about the 6th of June when the
rains came after a drought of from four to seven weeks Delightful seasons during
the last three weeks people in fine spirits larger area in potatoes than ever be
fore no extraordinary crop but average and hope will be good J B Twitty
Muscogeelt is with much pleasure that I can say to the Department that this
county has the best corn crop that has been grown in the county since 1868 Every
hillside hasgood corn on it and we are having fine rains and it appears as the low
prices of cotton and the high price of corn has given the farmers a start to make
corn as cotton at 10 cents wont do to pay for corn at 1 per bushel cash or 120
on time The cotton weed is small though healthy and very full of forms and
blooming fresly I think if no disaster there will be a good crop made which will
be a great help to the farming interests Another such crop as last year would wind
up a great many as they could not farm on a large scale C Ogletree
Quitman We have had excessive rains during the month have not been able
to work to advantage half the time The crops are very grassy corn and cotton
have grown well on the fresh uplands and all red clay lands but doing badly on
the old sandy lands The cotton is on an average ten days later than last year in
development It is still raining Our only hope for an average cotton crop it
suitable weather for cultivation for the next two weeks A M Allen Jb
The excess 5f rain has injured the corn crop especially on the high or sandy
lands by firing The cotton from excess of moisture shows evident symptoms of
rust it is also suffering from effects of grass too much rain to work it profitably
The melon crop also has suffered from wet weather and cannot possibly yield more
than twothirds of a crop quality inferior and the present outlook not encouraging
J E Smith
Randolph The crop prospect is now very promising The corn while sm aller
in stalk than usual has a fine color The cotton crop is small on sandy lands red
lands are better but the crop has plenty of time It has been raining seventeen
days more or less only one or two fair days The crops were in good condi
tion when the rains commenced C R Knowles
The excessive rains have damaged all crops seriously We have had 17 days o
rain his month
The cut worm and lice have almost destroyed some crops of cotton Corn is
very small and tasseling and I do not think a fall crop can be made especially if
we have a drought in July Jas e Godfrey1179
CROP REPORT1884
29
SchleyCorn is very small but looks exceedingly healthy at present Cotton
prospects good Sugarcane and melon prospect good at present Have had fine
asons in the last few days Present outlook hopeful Thos F Rainey
We have the most promising prospects for a corn crop since 1876 The seasons
axe fine and the crop is clean of grass E S Baldwin
Wheat was never more free from disease than this spring One of my neigh
bors on thin land to which he applied 10 bushels cotton seed per acre made 39
bushels wheat on 24 acres I planted oats first week in November and about half
a stand survived the freezes
Despite the drought from the 15th of April to harvest time my fall oats were very
good the stand considered The prospect for corn is most encouraging on good
land The rainfall since the 10th of this month has produced a very great effect
on corn Farmers who have fertilized liberally and cultivated well are full of hope
John N Hudson
StewartYour package of multiheaded wheat I did not plant until December
20 It was badly mixed with cheat and other kinds of wheat I got a few heads
of the multiheaded wheat Cannot give an opinion yet and will try it next sea
son and plant it earlier I gathered it last week May was dry AVe are suffering
now from too much rain J E Carter
Sumter Cotton is fully three weeks behind from the effects of the ravages by
lice They are not only on it in spots as they generally are but they have got it
by fields Some fields are so bad that you can scarcely tell what is planted in them
from a general observation They are killing it out badly and the farmers have
the blues generally H C Brower
Cotton has had a hard time since June came in Lice have affected it in many
places seriously On our hardest clay lands it seems to suffer most Many places
bave entirely died out A considerable area has been added to the cotton crop on
wheat and oat stubble since the harvest
We have had more rain than I have ever seen in June Corn on sandy lands
seems to be scalded Cotton is running to weed The joints are long and limbs
far apart Chas C Sheppard
TerrellSugarcane seed was all killed out last winter and it will be two years
before there will be a good supply Rain has been falling constantly since the 7th
of June Cotton crop very much damaged from excessive rains and insects
Pea and potato crops promise better than for years E G Hill
Thomas The stand of cotton was injured the last of May to 15th June by lice
and blackheart and growth materially injured by cold east winds and cool nights
with showery weather from 8th to 17th A few days of pleasant open weather gave
It a start and now the weed looks very thick and is fruiting well but 10 per cent
behind an average for 1st of July On the 23d we had a considerable storm with
beavy rains which did a good deal of damage to corn since then it has rained
almost every day Rainfall for the month 9 inches Crops are getting in the
grass and the ground too wet to plow From the best information I can get the oat
crop has not turned out onehalf an average taking the crop of 1882 as an average
The corn crop will not be half an average The rains have seriously damaged the
melon crop Daniel A Horn
As soon as we get a stock law and reduce to small farms and fertilize highly
and use more machinery less cotton and more corn and oats and other grains and
plenty of hogs cattle and horses we may begin to look for prosperous times Hogs
are dying out with a disease that is not common They pant like they had the
thumps and pant until they pant out Give us a remedy if you know one
L H Player

I80
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
180
WebsterCorn is tasseling out very low and the stalk is small Some think the
prospect not encouraging but I put the condition at 110 per cent of an average and
feel certain that if we get one or two more good rains at proper times we will make
a fair crop Cotton is very lousy in many places owing to wet weather a few
days sunshine will clean it off and as it is generally clear of grass it will have
nothing to prevent its growing What sugar cane we have is very fine A fine
season in the ground now Reason A Bell
There is a general disposition to gradually dispense with the old system and
by an accumulation of homemade manures aided by commercial fertilizers to
better prepare and cultivate crops Jas P Walker
WilcoxOur cotton crop is as good or better than an average considering the
age of it corn has a good color also but tasseling out low I fear we are having a
little too much rain for the present Geo D Washburn
WorthCrop prospects of corn and cotton good at present plenty of rain at this
time Corn will be made in a few days cotton looks fine at this time stock in
good condition Farmers are well up with their work labor is good Farmers are
nearly out of debt and control their own property W A Hall
The Burt early spring oat is planted in some instances in drills and just be
fore ripening cotton planted between Some sow broadcast and plant cotton or sow
peas Cotton has had lice but is now looking well having plenty of rain and crops
of all kinds looking well R j Harp
The seasons and temperature have been highly favorable to the growing crop
during the month of June The first of the month we had a rainy week and then
a warm week so the farmers could lay by their corn and it is now raining and has
been ever since the loth or 16th This rainy spell has brought out the corn and all
the small stalks have taken on good ears and this section will make a fine average
crop Cotton is larger and has on it the largest crop of fruit I ever saw at this time
of the year but if the rains continue it will damage the cotton All vegetation is
doing well but all the farmers are in the grass on account of the rain
G B Watson
EAST GEORGIA
Bullock Seasons fine for corn too much rain for cotton Weeds unusually
large from three to four and a half feet high blooms 1st June Hogs dying up
badly from cholera C A Sowier
The farmers in this vicinity are gradually going from the broad acre system to
the intense system of farming which gives better satisfaction The yield is more
and the expenses less j Thorne
DodgeHave had very heavy rains for the last two or three weeks
James Bohanan
GlascockCotton is badly damaged by over a month of very wet weather Much
has died out with sore shin leaving a bad and enfeebled stand and all very
grassy Doubtful about cleaning of it Perhaps half of wheat crop is so damaged
by wet as to be fit only for feed of stock James L Neal
JeffersonOur oat crop was literally not worth harvesting Large areas were
never cut Corn on sandy lands is firing from excessive rains The land was dry
enough for one days plowing only last week Thos Hardeman
The seasons have been fine the weather cool Up to this date corn is good
Cotton doing well too early to say much for it yet A E Tarver181
CROP REPORT1884
31
JohnsonThe Hill oat you sent me was planted on the 14th day of January
Cane grew off rapidly coming to head in latter part of March not more than 8
inches high then finally ran up some 18 or 20 inches high Fully onefifth blasted
I was fearful they would not do and grazed them We are having a great deal of
rain the grass is growing rapidly and will worry the farmers yet
Jas H Hicks
LaurensWe had a drought from the 15th of April to the first of June but we
are having more rain in June than fell all the wintertoo much for cotton but
corn is doing well The spring drought caused the cornstalk to grow spindling
W F Haward
TelfairCorn is very good too much rain for cotton Hogs have died and are
still dying with cholera other stock doing well W F Williams
TwiggsWe have had excessive rains for three weeks but little work has been
done in cultivating the crops Cotton generally has a very sickly appearance
F D Wimbeely
WashingtonLarge quantities of peaches have been shipped from this county to
Northern and Western markets but is reported to be in bad condition Prices
therefore have not been satisfactory H N Hollifield
WilkinsonPlenty of rain since the 6th inst Corn is good too much rain for
cotton Grass growing rapidly J A Mason
A month of cool rainy weather has set the farms with grass and has not
developed the crops as much as less rain and more sunshine would Corn only an
average at best Cotton considerably below The best seasons for the remainder
of the season would not more than assure an average crop of cotton
J M Boone
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
BryanWinter oats badly injured by birds spring oats light cause
drought Splendid rains now corn rice and potatoes are looking well Crops
generally were fairly clean of grass etc when rains set in sunshine needed at
present for cotton Philip D Cory
CamdenHave had rainfall during June at St Marys of 1995 inches
E A McWhorter
ChathamThe fall and early winter planted oats were killed by cold the acre
age in sugar cane is reduced to half that of last year caused by loss of seed by frost
last fall We are having good seasons now which will secure us a fair crop of corn
C A J Sweat
ClinchThe Burt oats sent here from your office are a fine oat The fall drought
caused us to sow late and the Burt oats sown in January at the same time with
our common rust proof were two weeks earlier and gave a fine yield all sown
broadcast L C Matton
Farmers should look after the potato crop during the month of July and not
allow the vines to grow to the ground as it prevents the setfrom bearing and stops
the growth of the potatoes The vines should be turned or torn up with a pitch
fork every fifteen days to produce a gopd crop J B Pafford
CoffeeThe reduction of acreage and the increasing of manure and cultivation
is proving a success in farming in this county Rowan Pafford32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
182
Up to June 22d the seasons have been very favorable since that it has rained
more or less every day giving the farmers trouble in cleaning late cotton There
is some complaint of Hessian flies in the early planted cotton also in cornthough
the damage up to date is very slight Cholera is reported among hogs in several
localities in the county proving fatal to all the hogs that have it other stock
healthy and in fine condition Joseph Bailey
For the benefit of the farmer I give my best mode of making watermelons
and muskmelons Plant after the spring has thoroughly opened in rich loam
rows 6 to 8 feet apart 2 feet apart in the drill strongly fertilized from one end of
the row to the other so as to shade the land as soon as possible and avoid destroy
ing the first crop of melons by plowing
I planted the Shumway seed after this mode and had melons one month earlier
and raised at least five times as many on the same land as is usually raised after
the old mode of planting E M Paffoed
Echols Crops in good condition We are done plowing corn which though
low looks healthy and seems to be earing well Cotton seems in some way diseased
is shedding its leaves and fruit and very many of the stalks are falling down We
planted the sea island variety Rice peanuts etc are doing well Sugar cane
comparatively little planted cold snap last fall having killed most of the seed
Oats yield ordinary Hogs sick and dying cholera I suppose Have had little or
no hot weather yet are having an abundance of rain now All the low ground
flooded Prospect rather gloomy G W Prine
EffinghamWe have had fine rains for the past two weeks will he fine corn
Crops housed and if seasons continue any quantity of sweet potatoes
Frank R Taryee
Since the 6th day of June we have had only five days without rain The
cotton crop is materially injured 0 E Smith
Glynn Farmers as a general thing all seem to be well pleased with prospects for
a good crop Jno R Doeeflinger
I had three fields of oats No 1 14 acres cow peas turned in yielded fifty
bushels per acre No 2 15 acres old field not planted for ten years eighteen
bushels per acre No 3 ilA acres cow peas turned in Pastured with oxen and
horses about ten head until March 1 Yield 9 bushels per acre Have suffered
for want of rain We are having good rains now but too late for the com crop
Our wheat appears to have yielded well will when threshed report result
James Postell
IAhertyWe have had plenty of rain during the month of June and there is a
prospect for a good crop J 0 Davis Je
Now that the small grains have been harvested farmers will do well to clean
and repair grain cradles Grease the blade with resin and lard or wax and oil to
prevent rust If any of the fingers tend to straighten take a strip of wood length
of finger and secure it at each end by a loop of wire or twine and place a small
block of wood to spring the finger out and put away best hang carefully in some
drv loft
Lectures by Veille highly appreciated They are multum in parvo and present
facts every one should be familiar with Nature and art unveiled
James A M King183
CROP REPORT 18S4
33
HOW TO DESTROY INSECTS THAT ARE INJURIOUS
TO AGRICULTURE
In an address delivered before the last meeting of the Georgia State Agricultural
Society by Prof C V Eiley on General Truths in Applied Entomology it is stated
that the loss to agriculture occasioned by insects in the United States has been
variously estimated at from 300000000 to 400000000 annually and while it
will never be possible to fully protect our crops against the many species that in
juriously affect them it is the aim of the economic entomologist to prevent as
much of this loss as possible and at the very least expense
The following extracts from the lecture give some practical directions for this
purpose
Of insecticides any number of of substances have been recommended and many
of them tried with more or less satisfaction Of these may be mentioned lime
sulphur soot saltwoodashes corrosive sublimate naphtna naphthalineturpen
tine alum carbolic acid phenyle cyanide of potassium blue vitriol ammonia
alkalies benzine vinegar sulphuric acid quassia vitriol the sulphate of copper
hot water etc Most of these may be used successfully for specific purposes either
dry in liquid or in vapor but the three most useful insecticides of general applica
tion in use during the early days of economic entomology in this country and up to
within a few years were undoubtedly tobacco white hellebore and soap Tobacco
water and tobacco smoke have long been employed against Aphides and other
delicate insects and are most useful A quite recent advance in its use is by
vaporizing The vapor of nicotine is most effectual in destroying insects wherever
it can be confined as in greenhouses Thus the boiling of tobacco in such a green
house is as effectual as and less injurious to the plants than the older methods Of
syringing a decoction or of fumigations by burning while experience by Mr
Wm Saundere at the Department of Agriculture during the past two summers
shows that the vapor gradually arising from tobacco stems strewn on the ground
and regularly moistened is likewise effectual
While hellebore either dry or in liquid has long been one of the most satis
factory insecticides against Tenthredinid larvceotherwise known as fase caterpillars
of which the imported currant worm Nematus ventricosus is a familiar type while
soap syringed in strong suds will kill some softbodied plantdestroyers and when
used as a paint on the trunks of trees is an excellent repellant against the parents
of different borers
Transcending in importance however any of these older insecticides are the
three now most commonly used because most satisfactory They are 1 arsen
ical compounds 2 petroleum and 3 pyrethrum The first act through the
stomach and are effectual chiefly against mandibular insects the second and
third act by contact and are therefore of more general application affecting both
mandibular and haustellate species
The use of arsenic as an insecticide in the field dates from the year 1871 At
the rate of 50 grains of arseniate of soda and 200 grains of dextrine dissolved in a
gallon of water and this diluted at the rate of about an ounce to ten gallons of
water it furnishes one of the cheapest of insecticides at command and various34
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
184
patented combinations of it have been extensively sold and used Again one
pound of arsenic and one pound of salsoda boiled in one gallon of water till the
arsenic is dissolved and diluted at the rate of one quart to forty gallons of water
is also a formula The chief merits of arsenic are cheapness and solubility Its
demerits are its white color which makes it liable to be mistaken for harmless sub
stances of the same color and its tendency to burn the plant Paris Green or
Scheeles Green has been more extensively used than any other arsenical com
pound and is on the whole one of the most satisfactory insecticides I first used
this poison against the Colorado potato beetle Doryphora 10lineata in the summer
of 1868 but owing doubtless to the use of an inferior article reported adversely
upon it First Report on insects of Missouri for 1868 page 116 Geo Liddle Jr
of Fairplay Wisconsin experimented with it the same summer and with one part
of the green to two of flour found it eminently satisfactory American Entomolo
gist 1 page 219 and from the time he announced his experienceMay 25th 1S69
in the Galena Illinois Gazette the green became rapidly popular against the
Doryphora I first recommended it in 1872 for the cotton worm and its use grad
ually extended to other leafeating inseets until hundreds of tons have been sold
for insecticide purposes in a single year It is used dry with various diluents as
ashes plaster flour etc at the rate of one part of green if pure to twentyfive
up to a hundred parts of the diluent Flour as a diluent has the great advantage
of causing greater adhesiveness and permanence In liquid suspension Paris green can
be used at the rate of one pound to from forty up to one hundred gallons of water
The liquid should be kept constantly stirred and a little dextrine or other sub
stance added togive adhesiveness is an advantage
A refuse obtained in the manufacture of aniline dyes and known as London
Purple is the third important arsenical compound that I will mention in this
connection It consists of lime arsenious acid and carbonaceous matter and was
first used by me against the cotton worm and other insects in 1878 and more fully
and thoroughly in 1S79 It is used with diluents either wet or dry in the same
manner as Paris greew while for some insects experience has shown it to be less
satisfactory than Paris green for many others it is equally effective and has the
great advantage over Paris green of being vastly cheaper costing on an average
but five cents against sixty cents per pound of covering twice the groundweight
for weght of being more soluble less poisonous more adhesive and permanent
in its effects and of a decided color so that when intelligently used it is in all ways
preferable
Petroleum in its various forms has long been recogivzed asone of the moTt
effective insecticdes in our possession all oily substances being partcuiarly deadly
to insects Unfortunately they are also injurious to plants and one of the prob
lems the solution of which I have had in mind for many years has been their use
in such d lution asto kill the insectwthout injury to the plant Refined kerosene
has been used to a limited degree by forcible attenuation in water and spray t
while some plants withstand doses of pure oil But the safe and general use of
kerosene for the purpose under consideration dates from the year 1880 Of the
various substances used in attempts to emulsify and mix kerosene with water
none are more satisfactory than scap and milk both being everywhere accessible
and cheap MiuVWas first suggested in 1S80 by Dr W S Barnard whle carrying
on experiments for me against the cotton worm and subsequent experiment es
pecaly by another of my assistants Mr H G Hubbard has given us the smplest
and most satisfactory methods of makng the emulsion quickly and permanently
An emulson resembling butter can be produced in a few minutes by churning
with a force pump tTO parts of kerosene and one part of sour milk in a pail TheL185
ceop eepjET1884
35
liquids should be at about blood heat This emulsion may be diluted with twelve
or more parts of water to one part of emulsion thoroughly mixed and may be ap
plied with the force pump a spray nozzle or strong garden syringe The
strength of the dilution must vary according to the nature of the insect to be dealt
with as well as to the nature of the plant but finely sprayed in twelve parts
of the water to one of the emulsion it will kill most insects without injury to the
plant An equally good emulsion may be made as follows
Kerosene two gallons common soap onehalf pound water one gallon
Heat the mixture of soap and water and add it boiling hot to the kerosene
Churn the mixture by means of a force pump and spray nozzle for five or ten min
utes The emulsion if perfect forms a cream which thickens on cooling and ad
heres without oiliness to the surface of glass Dilute with cold water before using
to the extent which experience will indicate is best
The simplest discoveries are often the most valuable and this discoveiy of so
simple and available a means of diluting ad libitum oil with water is important
and farreaching in its practical application It were foolish to detain you with
details of the several directions in which it has proved of great benefit and which
are recorded in my recent writings especially in the reports of the entomologist of
the Department of Agriculture for 18812 and 1883 and in Bulletins 1 sMd 2 of the
Entomological Division of that Department
Pyrcthrum roseum a plant native to the Asiatic countries south of the Caucasus
mountains and Pyrethrum cineraricefolium a native of Dlmatia have long been
known to possess insecticide properties especially in the powder from the dried and
pulverized flowers The powder sold under various names by druggists was
chiefly used against houshold pests however and though Mr C Willeniot as
eary as 1857 in France and Mr Wm Saunders in 1879 in Canada tried it in
powder form on some that are injurious to pants its importance as a field insecti
cide did not appear till in 1880 when in prosecuting the work of the United States
Entomological Commission we discovered that it could be used in liqud solution
During the winter of 1880 and 1881 I succeeded in importing a large quantity of
the seed of both species and on behalf of the above named Commission distributed
it to a number of correspondents in various parts of the country with a view of
establishing its cultivation Since then large quantities have been distributed
from the Department of Agriculture Both species proved to be hardy throughout
the greater portion of our country and Mr G N Milco of Stockton California
has for some years cultivated cineraricefolium quite extensively at great profit the
product being sold under the name of Buhach The insecticide property dwells
in a volatile oil It acts only by contact and its action on many larvae is marvel
ous the smallest quantity in time paralyzing and ultimately killing Its influ
ence in the open aris evanescent in which respect it is far inferior to the arsen
ical products but being perfectly harmless to plants it can frequently be used on
vegetables where the more poisonous substances would be dangerous Pyrethrum
is supposed to have no effect on the higher animals but that is a mistake as my
own recent experience is that the fumes in a closed room have a toxic influence
intensifying sleep and inducing stupor while the experien of Prof A Graham
Bell with the powder copiously rubbed on to a dog showed that the animal was
made sick and was affected in the locomotive organs very much as insects are The
wonderful influence of this powder on insects has led me to believe that it might
prove useful as a disinfectant against fevers and various contagious diseases by
destroying the microzoa and other microorganisms or germs which are believed
to produce such diseases It should be tried for that purpose It is remarkable36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ISf
that these two plants of all the many known species of the genus should alone
possess the insecticide property
Of all insecticides to be used against rootfeeding or hypogean insects naphtha
line sulphocarbonate of potassium and bisulphide of carbon are the chief Dr
Ernst Fischerin a recent workhas shown that naphthaline in crystal may be satis
factorily used underground destroying by slow evaporation But bisulphide of
carbon still holds the first place in France against Phylloxera vastatrix It is con
veyed beneath the ground at the rate of onehalf to one kilogram per vine by special
angers or by more complicated machinery drawn by horses I believe petroleum
emulsions will supersede it as an underground insecticide and prove to be the best
we have cheapness safety and efficiency considered
It will already have been gathered from what has preceded that the chief in
secticides are applicable in liquid and as liquids have an advantage over powders
in field use instruments for atomizing and distributing liquids constitute the most
important part of insecticide machinery The desiderata in a spraynozzle are
Ready regulation of the volume to be thrown greatest atomizing power with least
tendency to clog facility of cleansing or ready separation of its component parts
cheapness simplicity and adjustability to any angle187
CROP REPORT1884
37
LECTURE BY M GEORGE VEILLE ON AGRICULTURAL
INDUSTRIES
Translated from the French
You know gentlemen that annexed to the Roville Institute there is a plow
factory from which is derived considerable profit Could this be called an agri
cultural industry in the true meaning of the term Certainly not For a factory
of this kind has no connection with the proceeds of crops grown on the farm
What then are agricultural industries Those which work up a product of the
farm and are an indirect source of fertilizer to the farm For example sugar fac
tories distilleries starch factories also hemp and flax dressing and what will sur
prise you the cultivation of the sea pine
Now distinct as these industries appear by the nature of their products and
methods of action they have however a character in common which makes them
truly an industrial family All tend though by different ways to the same end
Viz to restrict exportation to the vegetable products which take nothing from the soil
This chief and important difference between crops the sale of which exhaust
the soil and those whose sale does not exhaust the soil was discovered by practice
at a time when they could not be supported by theory Our duty now is to define
the character of these remarkable industries and show why they come under the
same law This study will prove the truth of the doctrine of chemical fertilizers
in its most essential facts
We will take distilleries as the first example
From an agricultural point of view what is their business To consume the
plant make alcohol and give the residue to the stockthat is to say a distillery is
the same to the farmer as added meadow for it increases animal food The indus
trial product sold is the alcohol Now I affirm that such a sale no matter on
how large a scale does not in any way exhaust the soil What Large sales of crops
without real loss Is that possible Yes exportation without any loss
A few words explain this apparent contradiction Rainwater and the carbonic
acid of the air have paid all expenses of the product sold What is therein alco
hol Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Agricultural practice affirms distilleries to be benefitersof the soil Science
explains the reason why The fact is certain the explanation is none the less true
and what we say of alcohol is in the same degree applicable to sugar from which
alcohol is derived by fermentation the product exported is different its chemical
nature is analogous
The facts are the same in regard to starch factories The plant used is the Irish
potato the product sold is neither sugar nor alcohol but starch What matters
the difference if the composition is analogous if not identical
In starch as in sugar and alcohol there is only carbon hydrogen and oxygen
There is no exhaustion of the soil the residue is an inferior pulp but still good
for cattle feed38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 188
The large washing industries of which Iceland and England have such beautiful
types come under the same heading Chemically speaking hemp and flax are
composed of three distinct parts the textile fibre the stem proper of which the
textile forms the exterior envelope and a gummy resinous matter which adheres
to it The operation of washing is both to detach the textile fibre from the stem
proper and to free it from the gummyresinous matter which soils it and affects the
quality If we use the water from washing to feed pigs or simply as a liquid ma
nure to irrigate the meadow or increase the production of manure and the sales
are reduced to the textile fibre washed and stripped there is no loss to the soil for
the cellulose of the textile fibre is composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Long before we knew what plants received from the air practice with a marvel
ous penetration realised we must draw as much as possible from the air to enrich
the soil But from this point of view science has long given us a simple and more
perfect solution than the above based on the culture of oilbearing plants In
spite of physical differences and useful properties oils like sugar starch alcohol
and textile fibres are composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
It follows from this that if instead of selling oilbearing grains we extract the
oil they contain on the farm limiting sales to oil alone it is only necessary to re
turn the rest of the plant to the soil to maintain it in increasing fertility
In this system the cake or meal left after the extraction of the oil is the princi
pal fertilizer This meal is very rich in nitrogen phosphate and potash
Diluted with water it makes a species of liquid manure to be used in rotting
manure or stalks husks capsules and especially straw in a pit
But that practice may derive all the advantages pointed out by theory the whole
of the oil must be extracted from the meal
On leaving the hydraulic press by the old system the meal contained 6 to 8 per
cent of oil which was easily extracted by the use of chloroform bisulphide of
carbon or coal oil This is not a difficult process nor is the apparatus expensive i
cannot enter into the details I will only add that instead of treating the whole
grain the farmer can buy the cake and extract the oil himself with bisulphide of
carbon Cakes thus treated give a profit of at least 1300 per acre
Here are some figures from a crop of Rape in support of this assertion
PRODUCT PEE ACEE
1st Sale of whole seed 50 bushels worth 9500
2d Extraction of oil by the press old method 50 bushels of seed give
789 pounds of oil worth 87 qq
1400 pounds cake worth lsoo
Total 10500
Extraction of oil by chloroform or sulphate of carbon new method
1050 pounds of oil worth 110 00
1063 pounds of cake worth V 16 qa
Total 12000
COMPARISON OF ABOVE
1st Sale of whole seed 9500
2d Extraction of oil by the press 105 00
3d Extraction of oil by sulphate of carbon 126 u0
Difference in favor of extraction of oil with sulphate of carbon 3100189
CROP REPORT1882
39
Plantations of resinous pines belong to this same industrial family Those of
yu gentlemen who have passed through Gascony remember the striking contrast
between the growth of the trees and other vegetation
Plants are meager and stunted and are mainly furze and heathsnatives of the
poorest soils But in the midst of this meager growth are luxuriant forests of sea
pines
Why do the trees flourish where the undergrowth is so stunted Because the
trees and the sea pine in particular live more on the air and rain than the other
growths But this is not all When the pine is fifteen years old it is tapped for
the resin From 16 to 1700 pounds of resin are every year sold without at all ex
hausting the soilin fact experience proves the soil is benefited by it Why
Because resin like sugar alcohol and the oils is composed only of carbon hydro
gen and oxygen
To extract the juice of the beet or the sugar cane expensive machinery must be
had and many head of cattle kept to eat up the refusethat is an outlay of large
capital The machinery of agricultural oil industries is simple no stock is needed
and the refuse can be used directly as a fertilizer In the Landes of Gascony the
industrial processes are simpler still a hatchet shovel and scraper only are used
the resin runs spontaneously from the tree One is an industry brought to the
highest degree of perfection the other rudimentary in its simplicity
An acre of ground cultivated in beets yielding 38000 pounds of roots and 2346
pounds of sugar worth 1300 returns a tax to the State nearly equal to its own
value An acre of sea pines yields from 400 to 500 pounds of resin worth from
30 to 40 a year
But the pines are not to be undervalued It is an industry of poor soils and
sparse population The pine tree grows without labor from us and its leaves
return to the soil all it takes from it even enriching it with a nitrogenous com
pound at the cost of the air and rain their decomposition restoring in a measure
the cay the soil has need of
In spite of great differences in appearance all these industries come under a com
mon law they proceed from the same substances They sell only carbohydrates
If universal practice proves that the sale of carbohydrates does not exhaust the
soil it also proves and confirms the most essential principles of the doctrine of
Chemical Fertilizers
What did I say to you in previous lectures That it is useless to give the soil
hydrocarbonaceous matters that it is a great mistake to believe in manuring the
land we must give it all the crop contains that we need not give any of the sub
stanceof the plant which it draws from air and rain
And what does practice prove while at the same time she rebels against this
proposition That we may continue without risk to export all that air and rain
give the crops that is to say carbon hydrogen and oxygen
These two propositions say exactly the same thing under different forms giving
the principles we maintain that degree of generality which belongs to natures
laws This is why I wish so particularly to define the character of agricultural
industries
Culture meadow stock industries are now defined and each one assigned its own
place You see now how they react upon each other and what part each one plays
in the final result of profit
Let us look back over the road we have come To practice which taking the
advantage of seniority declares there is no true and reliable fertilizer which does
not contain all that the plant itself contains and that barnyard manure is the type
of a perfect manure we reply that to maintain the fertility of the soil we need40
DEPART VENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
140
only give it acid phosphate potash lime and nitrogen four substances whose
united weight is hardly equal to onetenth the weight of the crop
To practice which declares barnyard manure is suited to all and every plant
we reply by facts which an unrivaled number of experiments have proved that to
have large and economical yields we must vary the composition and nature of the
fertilizer What must I add to prove this to you who know the difference between
the cereals and the legumes
From that practice which sees the perfection of the art of culture through stock
keeping we have asked figures as proof and it is evident from its own showing
that this system does not give a profit in proportion to the actual money spent
and does not supply our markets with the quantities we need France under this
system has not supplied her own food for many years
To that practice which calls cattle a necessary evil we reply cattle can be made
profitable consumers but to do this we must fertilize the meadow with chemical
fertilizers andapply the same law of feed to cattle which we use f jr profitable field
culture that is feed bountifully and judiciously
As a summing up of these new ideas and facts we show both the inconsistency
and sound sense of that practice which recognizes agricultural industries but as a
means of making more manure for the farm
Inconsistent because the indirect and tacit acknowledgment that the sale of
hydrocarbonaceous matter does not exhaust the soil is the negation of the supe
riority attributed to barnyard manure ninetenths of which is formed of these sub
stances and the glorification of chemical fertilizers which do not contain them
we say sound sense because it is remarkable that practice without other guide
than the observation of disjointed facts could conceive a system which required the
science of our days to give the theory and explain the advantages
What lesson shall we draw from these indisputable and now undisputed f jets
One onlybut an important one namely that farming is emancipated and
agriculture is the rival if not the equal of the industries her sisters in the kingdom
of human labor as much through the certainty of these new methods as by the
sound reasons of the scientific facts upon which they are based
Farming and stock are in their legitimate places We know how they must be
associated and under what conditions cattle become profitable consumers
Under only one absolute condition are industries beneficial to the soilwhen
they take from the crop only those products composed of carbon hydrogen and
oxygen These are made entirely from the air and the rainSpecial Circular No 42
New Series
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF JULY 1884
RETURNABLE AUGUST 1st 1884
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga July 14th 1884
Dear Sir Please answer the following questions oil the first day ot
August or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that
your report may reach this office by the Third oi Angus
Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent
An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything
with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus
if the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year
or 10 per cent better than an average it should be reported as
110 in each case and if 10 per cent below these standards it
should be 90 Never report 10 per cent better or 10 per cent
worse but HO or 90 as the case may be Avoid vague com
parisons such as some better hardly so good above an
average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you
reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to
your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the
Character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate
leave the space blank Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report
county
II Your name
III Your postoffice2 QUESTIONS FOE CROP REPORT 142
CONDITION AND PR03PEOT AUGUST 1ST COMPARED TO AN AVERAGE OP
1 Cottonpercent
2 Corn
per cent
3 Ricepercent
4 Sugarcanepercent
5 Sorghumpercent
6 Field Peas percent
7 Chufaspercent
8 Sweet Potatoes percent
9 What casualty if any has affected cotton
10 To what extent has It injured the prospect percent
11 Yield of Wheat compared to an average percent
12 Yield of Wheat per acre bushels
13 Have Seasons during July been favorable or unfavorable per cent
14 Date of last good rain date
15 Date of making this reportdate
REMARKS
Under this head report any facts of general interest to the farmers or any valuable or instruc
tive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers Such remarks should be pointed
concise and plainly writtenCIRCULAR No 57
JULAR No 57
New Series J
CROP REPORT
For the Month of July 1884
SHOWING
AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO
AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
3 t ezetders2t
Commissioner
ATLANTA GEORGIA
JasP Harrison Co Printers Binders and Electrotypers
1884Circular No 57
New Series j
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1881
RETURNS TO THE DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE AUGUST 1st 1884
Department op Agriculture J
Atlanta August 1118841
COTTON
The condition and prospect in comparison with an average is in North
Georgia 82 Middle Georgia 85 Southwest Georgia 92 East Georgia
83 Southeast Georgia 82 and in the average for the whole State 85
In North Georgia the prospective condition is the same as that re
ported one month ago in each of the other sections there is a slight
falling off
The wet weather in June and the early part of July was followed in
some counties in East and Southeast Georgia by three weeks of continu
ous dry weather and considerable shedding is reported Lice and rust
are mentioned in some counties among the casualties injuriously affect
ing the crop The caterpillar had made its appearance about lhe 10th
of June in Dougherty county and about the last of the month in some
other counties of Southern Georgia but no damage from this cause
has been reported as yet The injury to the crop from all causes is
estimated at 15 per cent
CORN
The reports of this crop agree very nearly in every section with the
condition and prospect as shown a month ago On bottom lands the crop
has been seriously injured by the excessive wet weather and by overflow
but on uplands when properly worked it is reported good and generally
much above an average
The condition and prospect for the State is 95 per cent of an average
crop In North Georgia 92 Middle Georgia 95 Southwest Georgia 95
East Georgia 101 and in Southeast Georgia 91DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
WHEAT
1461
A small part only of this crop was threshed before the 1st of July
and the yield compared to an average is better in every section of the
State than indicated by the estimate of last month
The yield compared to an average is in North Georgia 105 Middle
Georgia 87 Southwest Georgia 87 and East Georgia 89 The average
for the State estimated from North and Middle Georgia is 96
The yield per acre in North Georgia is 9 bushels Middle Georgia 7
bushels Southwest Georgia 666 bushels and in East Georgia 7 bushels
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
RiceSouthwest Georgia 98 East Georgia 93 and Southeast Geor
gia 95
SugarCaneMiddle Georgia 90 Southwest Georgia 83 East Geor
gia 92 and Southeast Georgia 91
Sorghum North Georgia 99 Middle Georgia 70 Southwest Geor
gia 97 East Georgia 93 and Southeast Georgia 91
Field PeasNorth Georgia 103 Middle Georgia 75 Southwest
Georgia 94 and Southeast Georgia 82
Sweet PotatoesNorth Georgia 97 Middle Georgia 95 Southwest
Georgia 101 East Georgia 103 Southeast Georgia 107 and the
average for the State 102
Table No 1Condition and Prospects of Crops in Georgia
August 1 1884 by Sections
Condition and Prospect Compared to Wheat
Average
0 3 l
9b V O si
SECTIONS m 3S M
a o a 3 3 OT a si 3
e 0 u too fl 13 3 si 3i 0 1
o o s x m E u X
82 92 99 103 94 9 103 9
Si 83 82 sfo 95 101 91 98 93 95 90 83 92 91 97 91 9i 93 94 99 8 95 95 84 9b 101 103 101 87 89 89 7
r s
7

85 75 95 74 95 83 89 8 91 78 93 71 92 82 102 97 100 S8 7 4
7
147
CROP REPORT1884
Table No 2Summary of Meteorological Observations com
piled from reports of State observers and of the United States
Signal Service for the cotton belt Stations for July 18S4 by L H
Charbonnier State Meteorologist
NORTH GEORGIA
STATIONS
Cartersville
Dalton
Gainesville
Mossy Creek
Babu Gap No report
Rome
Toccoa
Means
Temper
93 63
96 58
94SO 58 33
S
7982
7475
7483
718
8 00
866
7721
876
589
496
485
255
56
4f9
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Atlanta
Athens
Camuk
LaGrange
Newnan
Oxford No report
Thomson
West Point
Means
94
105
97
97
6217772250
63 7985
62 8241
69 8269
62 80 58
68 8050
6S050
640U 8045
576
184
470
354
145
323
334
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Americus
Means
94 72 8800 825
72 8300 625
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
96 99 95 97 74 65 6 71 8300 8267 8280 84 K 8822 18S 236 304 300 i72 8
M
11


9175 69 50
EAST GEORGIA
Augusta
Millen
Means
Means for the Srate
9550
698121
628321
6450 8221
6566 8121
3 90
360
331
404DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
148
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks The rains cesed about the first of July Farmers have had trouble with
the grass Cotton is late but with a late fall the prospect is tolerably fair Corn is
good on upland but very spotted on bottoms Wm M Ash
I think with a favorable fall we will make 90 per cent of cotton crop and
plenty of corn to do us Geo W Wiley
Upland corn is good bottoms scarcely worth reporting are under water for
the sixth time The most of the farmers have their crops in good order
W J Bukgess
There were no blooms on the cotton until the loth and then only on very for
ward spots Bottom corn is badly used up by the rains and overflow Sorghum is
doing finely By thoroughly sunning the wheat it was dried and made good flour
Answer to your Cobb County correspondentProf Blumenbach in his Natural
History says of fish
Their healing also is good and they have organs similar to those of the internal
ear in other red bkeded animals Dr John Hunter says fishes possess the sense of
hearing and that water is an excellent medium for the conveyance of sounds
Goldsmith spys that when they seem to hear the call of a bell or whistle it is rather
the vibrations of the st und that affect the water than any sound they hear Certain
it is that when the bell was rurg they came Vidi If he will not believe tho
this cc mes from the dead let him put his head under water and have some one
knock two rocks together over it It W Joyner
Bartow Some cotton forms dropping this rainy weather Cotton now out of the
lousy state growing rapidly and having a good color and looking healthy If very
dry weather follows the present very wet weather shedding forms may be expected
Fruiting is going on well now but it commenced at least ten days later than usual
J 0 McDaniel
CaioosaThe great st mmer flood wss broken up on Mcnday the 14th day of
July Since then the weather has been finehot with occasional showers The
corn on high well drained upland is very good while some of our finest corn lands
creek bottoms will not make a flat grain
The small grain crops have all been damaged Some wheat will require sunning
after being threshed John Bird
ChattoogaThe farmers are more hopeful than they were one month ago Good
work and seasons make wonderful changes W T Tapp
We have had two weeks of fine weather and farmers here used it well Wheat
and oats are all safe corn crop good and cotton much improved
K R Foster
The corn crops were never belter up to yesterday We had a terrific wind
storm yesterday and the cornfields look just like a log had been rolled over them
It has injured the crop at least 25 per cent in my neighborhood
J J P Henry149
CROP REPORT1884
CherokeeOut uplands are nearly all planted in cotton in our county and there
has been so much rain and so many freshets on bottom lands that the prospect is
indeed gloomy However with favorable seasons from now on there are still
hopes of improvement M s Paden
The wet weather in June injured our cotton The wheat crop would have been
very good but for the cold weather last winter The wheat you sent me was planted
late and was frozen out The prospect now is that corn will be good owing to the
good rains JJ A Shabp
Cobb The prospect for cotton has wonderfully improved during the month A
fine crop was predicted but upon better examination it is seen that it is very
poorly fruited but with a favorable August and Septemberie moderately dry
we might make a fair crop
Corn looks as if it is above the per cent I have placed 125 but the appearance
may be deceptive
Wheat and oats were much injured by sprouting in the shock The best yield I
know of is Mr A C Edwards33 bu on one measured acre It would be a great
benefit to the farmers of Georgia to find some reliable winter oat
W Alston Jb
BadeThe land has been too wet to plow since the 15th of June with the excep
tion of a very few days Wheat and oats are considerably damaged
G A R Bible
ForsythSince the last report the corn prospect has greatly improved Upland
corn is the finest for years Cotton is at least three weeks late and unless we have
a favorable fall there will not be more than half an average crop
B H Brown
FloydThe hot sun and high northeast winds are drying the ground rapidly
Corn is shooting and tasseling but needs rain For the last few days corn shows
failure and if it does not have welting rains in a few days the failure will be
disastrous JHN H Dent
FranklinThe injury to the crops from the excessive rains was greater than
supposed at the date of the last report but the general prospect is improving
rapidly The Andrews early corn planted on the drowned bottoms July 7th is
looking fine and with late frost will probably mature J W Sewell
A late fall is the only hope of a cotton crop it has been so much retarded in
growth by the rains and the grass Some parts of crops turned out well Upland
corn where worked is finelowland about half crop W G Alexander
Too much rain and bottom lands cannot make a half crop Cotton isrunning
to weed and there are not many forms or much fruit on it Prospects are gloomy
John 0 Dean
GordonCrops improved during July Rice bids fair to make an average crop
On the night of the 29th a terrible rain and wind came up doing much damage
overflowing the small streams and washing land Corn nearly all blown down
0 H Davis
Flat lands are badly injured by the excessive rains and want of work The
stalks are round and hard Not much more than a third of a crop on such lands can
be reasonably expected Cotton is growing well but is two weeks late as tested by
time of blooming The packages of wheat you sent both failed The Mediterra
nean was about ninetenth winterkilled The Multiheaded was all killed bnt one
stalk Wheat all threshed Quality medium N B Hall8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
150
Gwinnett Favorable weather has improved corn twentyfive per cent and cot
ton twelve and a half per cent since last report Upland corn good but low bot
toms will make only about a half crop j f Baxter
Corn on upland good on bottoms not doing so well from excessive rains Cot
ton was seriously injured from same cause But little July crop Good August
seasons and a late fall will give twothirds of an average crop R D Winn
Ilabersham Notwithstanding the low estimate of crops now they are by no
means doomed With favorable seasons they may yetmake an excellent yield
Youkg Davis
Harahon The latter part of April and all of May was dry which was not favor
able for the comingup and growth of cotton in consequence of which it is two or
three weeks late W C McBrayer
Hart The seasons are favorable and corn will be fine but bottom corn could
not be properly cultivated and will be short Some has also washed up and has a
bad stand on that account B B Parker
A limited experience with the Hawkins oat is worthy of notice One of our
good farmers sowed one quart about the 1st of February and reaped one bushel
from the same They were harvested about the 10th of June
M M RlCHARDSON
Seard The crops have improved as much in July as I ever knew in my expe
rience of thirtyfive years in that time Bottom corn is a failure or nearly so
Farmers are making arrangements to supply its deficency by cutting and saving
hay and close pasturing j jj WEE
Jackson Upland corn is extra good but so much low land washed away and
covered up that it reduces the average considerable Some of it will not make
two bushels per acre w j McBee
PauldingWe are having good showers at this time If they continue through
August we will make nearly a full crop of cotton But corn on bottoms is spotted
on account of the floods of rain in April and cant make a full crop
B T Drake
PickensJuly has been dry from the 6th to the 25th giving the farmers a chance
of putting their crops in good order The lowlands have dried out and the corn
fast coming out The upland crops have not materially suffered Now we have a
good season E E Allbed
PolkBut for grass the crops would be good to very good As they were already
late they cannot stand another drawback s M H Byrd
Most parties sowing Dallas wheat speak of not sowing it again because being
mixed it ripens at different dates Some of it will be deadripe while some
will be in the dough and even the milk state This serious trouble was more
marked this year than ever before My solution is as follows
My observation justifies the belief that bearded wheat is more sensitive to ex
tremes of heat and cold wet and dry etc than smooth headed varieties and as
all the bearded heads were late 1 think that variety was more drastically affected
by the extreme cold of last season and getting a later start in the spring was pro
portionately later at harvest It yields more bountifully than any variety sown
by me 20 bushels per acre and I shall try it one more time but if the same
trouble attends the next crop I shallabandon it R W Everett
RabunThe Winter Red Mediterranean and Chili wheat sent me from the Agri
cultural Department was sown November 10 on gocd bottom land sandy soi by151
CROP REPORT 1884
the side of the Blue straw All sown the same day The stand was bad on all
The Blue straw matured well while the other was nearly an entire failure I think
them too late for this country An early variety suits us in this climate better
The majority of grain has been threshed is well matured and turns out wellnot
more than onetwentieth injured by the wet weather Hon L N Jones threshed
on his farm without fertilizers seventeen bushels to one bushel sowing The
corn crop is badly injured for want of work caused by the rains in June July
has been favorable and farmers generally have their crops clean and with good
seasons through August may yet make an average crop The corn crop is near
ten days later than last year Vegetables are unusually fine We are having fine
rains in this neighborhood F A Bleckley
WalkerWheat is damaged 35 to 40 per cent by continuous rains In fact we
can scarcely sell it j Y Wood
Mr M W Whitlow sowed twentyfive bushels of oats on fifteen acres of fourth
years land in cultivation Part of the oats was rust proof part black and part
old fashioned spring oats If he could have saved them he would have made from
eighty to one hundred bushels per acre The largest portion of them fell down and
he gave them to his hogs w c KlLG0RE
Too great rain falls for crops A J Leet
milfieldCorn was much damaged yesterday with heavy rain and wind
Nearly all good corn was turned out of root or broken off The roads and fields
keep as muddy as in winter w c rIGHardson
Rains have been abundant during the month of July and exceedingly heavy
J F Groves
MIDDLE GEORGIA
ButtsCotton is small though in good condition Upland corn is very good on
bottom land it is considerably off I did not get a good stand of the Bob cotton I
think it will prove to be a good cotton W 8 Henley
CamvbellThe weather has been fine for farm work during July and crops put
in good condition Corn on upland is fine Cotton is a little late but with a fa
vorable fall a reasonable yield may beexpected p jr Steed
Cotton planted late never got up till the rain set inabout the first of June and
the grass came up with it and many farms are nct cleaned out yet I advise
early planting Corn on bottom land almost an entire failure Too much rain
all through June T E DoDD
ClarkeWe had a shower on the 28th inst If August and September should
prove favorable it is yet possible to make a fair crop of cotton
Jefferson Jennings
CowetaFarmers should be convinced of the necessity of thorough preparation
and cultivation Be sure not to undertake too much that the work may be done
at the right time and way Wm a gMITH
DeKalbGreat improvement in crops in July The first of July the crop pros
pect was very gloomy August the first the prospect was very flattering The
seasons in July have been very good GWMorris
Crop prospects have improved very materially since the first of July though
the prospect is not very flattering Red upland corn that has hid fair cutivation
is good low bottoms and sandy land not good Cotton very late and small though
now growing finely may make nearly an average crop if the seasons should be
very favorable j R gMITH10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
152
All cotton poorl j fruited Our laziest larmers largest grass ever known Mur
rain has prevailed this summer Wheat all makes dark flour 36 lbs per bushel
Large per cent of oats mouldy straw and grain very light from drouth in May and
rain in harvest All really industrious men have fine cotton and upland corn
S C Hitchcock
Elbertlhe wet weather continued up to the 13th of July On the thirteenth we
had a heavy rain with windnot rained any since Corn and cotton are wilting
and drying up If the drought that is now on us continues two weeks longer
there will not be onethird of a crop made A great portion of the bottom corn is
drowned and washed awsy A hot dry sun is now parching up corn Cotton is
shedding leaves and forms F P Thornton
A little too much dry and hot weather but it commenced raining the
28th of July and we are having good showers now generally Now is the time to
put in oats by sowing in cotton the last plowing turning under where it is too
fi D M Carlton
thm to cut
Fayette Cool nights and excessive rains in Juue caused cotton to die out and
get very grassy Crops have been well worked in July The plant as a rule is yet
small The rains have been partial Some portions of the county have had no
rain since the 4th of July Should August be favorable with late fall the yield
may yet be an average J
FultonThe season has been good throughout the month and the crops since
being cleared of grass have taken a good color and promise a fair yield with a late
W S Mangum
fall
Green I cure peavines by piling in heaps say a twohorse wagon load in a heap
and with a pitchfork turn the heap inside out every 10 or 12 hours until cured
Peavines cured in this way retain all their leaves and stock like them
A N Aseury
The season snce July 1st has been good but bottom lands had suffered so
much by the continuous rains of June that it will be impossible to make more
than half a crop with the most favorable season Cotton with no disaster will be
ANo1 JM Griffin
HancockFrom present prospects full crops will be made
H L MlDDLEBROOKS
Harris The crop is improving now with the good rain and some showers Since
the rain on the 20th we may get up to an average crop of cotton
James Patillo
The weather has been favorable for drying fruit until the last two or three
days A great deal of fruit is being dried Flynn Hargett Jr
Heard The rain stopped on the 5th and it remained dry until the 22L Have
been good rains since Upland corn and cotton are good v
To keep weevils out of wheat put one bushel of salt to 100 bushels of wheat To
keep weevil out of peas and beans saturate with kerosene oi1 To kill worms on
cabbage sprinkle with salt while the dew is on J C Brewer
Henry Try an acre of checked cotton four feet apart on your best land Plant
first of May and fertilize heavily at first aso second and third plowings
Merkel C Lowe
Jefferson Excessive rain and cloudy weather in June impeded the growth of
cotton and turned it yellow The sudden change and three weeks drought in153
CROP REPORT1884
11
July caused old cotton to shed and look badly young cotton looks better and pre
sents the best prospect for a crop Corn has been damaged some by the drought
but rain has come again at the close of the month and our hopes are revived
I F Adkiks
JonesToo much politics and too much littleness therein for the good of labor
or agricultural interests R T Ross
LincolnThe month of June was so extremely wet that cropa that were clean at
the commencement of the wet weather became so entangled in grass that the labor
of cleaning them injured them to a great extent as there has been no rain for 4
weeks which is affecting al crops injuriously after so much rain
J M Dill
July has been very dry and rain much needed now Bottom land corn will
not make over hulf crop a great deal has been thrown out Cotton is twenty days
behind and very small Prospect gloomy N A Crawfoed
McDuffieFor three or four weeks ending July 3d too much rain Ten to four
teen days could not plow6ince hot and dry Taking out large grass not fol
lowed by rain has kept cotton at a standstill The best of seasons through August
would make us an excellent crop yet P H Hamilton
The wet June lost us our bottom lands of corn and cotton The dry hot
weather in July has stopped the growth of cotton Good rains over most of the
county on the 28th and 29th inst which will make the upland corn
A E Stuegis
MeriwetherAfter looking over several crops very closely I find the high red
lands have very fine crops while gray lands in some places are as good as I ever
saw I think much danger of overrating crops B S Clements
MonroeThe prospect for corn and peas was never finer Cotton has suffered
from several reasons First wet backward spring retarded planting two weeks
dry May prevented great deal from coming up till grass had almost taken posses
sion then four weeks of rain made grass boom and consequently injured the cot
ton while killing it
Have lost twentyfive hogs from cholera they die in from three days to one week
from attack only one has recovered The symptoms are these they become slug
gish refusing to eatdullness of the eyeslids partly closed with white matter
in corners hanging the heads on one side Some fat pigs in two days from first
symptoms become crookbacked and drawn up
The potato crop is very fine and well up to the average in acres The outlook
is bright as farmers seem determined to raise something to eat Let cotton alone
raise stockbuy machines and better implements and laborsaving tools etc
Guy Taylor
OglethorpeA general but light rain fell in our county on 28th of July Cotton
holds up remarkably well the reason for which is the clay foundation is wet and
nights are cool Bottom corn will never rally from excessive wet weather so as to
make good crops C A Stevens
Continued June rains caused cotton to get grassy Favorable July weather
has improved it so as to give promise of full average crop It is full of fruitfine
growth Seasons now very favorable
Corn on bottom lands injured by June rains improved by July seasons Uplands
well worked and fine a full average prospect Croi s cleaned weather fine
Wheat and oats damaged in fields by July rains 25 per cent12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
154
If your correspondent inquiring for remedy for yellows in peach will apply
equal quantities of salt and ashes around the roots half gallon of mixture or
quart of salt and larger quantities of ashes or lime it will improve the trees It
has for me I think prevented yellows have used it three years no yellows since
its use plenty of it before It should be placed in cavity made in the earth close
to the tree I think the best time is soon after fruiting Anvil dust will prevent
the borers J M Williams
PutnamSeasons have been good since grass has been worked out and crop
prospect is splendid J S Deknis
HockdaleCotton is small through this section and is subject to lice more or less
every year and during the long continuous cold rains in June the ants were unable
to get out and consequently they got the best of cotton to some extent it looks
very healthy at present about ten days later than an average
Corn is looking well prospect fine for a good harvest Compost used very ex
tensively through this section Sweet potatoes promising with a good season we
look for a large crop Melon growers are somewhat discouraged
J W Grasade
Now is the time to sow rye for spring grazing it will add one hundred per cent
to your milk and butter both in quantity and quality J S Albert
TalbotSince the heavy rains in June cotton seems to be on the increase bot
tom cotton looks very poorly L B McCrorey
TroupUpland corn is excellent bottomlands drowned out in many places by
excessive rains The cotton weed is growing very rapidly too rapidly for certain
best fruiage We can only judge of it today its future depends largely upon the
sunshine or rain fall of August A G Cox
WaltonThere is scarcely a crop of wheat in Walton county but what is damaged
25 per cent from rain fall while in the shock and threshed while wet We are
now merging from a drouth and have rain If that continues we are solid on all
crops but cotton that is too small There is no use to expect favorabe results
Seaborx C Burson
August has been all we could wish after the excessive rains of Junedry
weather enough to finish up the working of the crop and at this time the finest of
season J E Xuknally
WarrenHot and dry from the twelfth to the twentysix favorable for cleaning
crops now in good condition cotton small and very late corn good Potatoes
and peas good fine stock of hogs on hand no diseases J A Shivers
There is a vast difference in crops on red land and sandy land The former is
very good the latter almost an entire failure R M Hardaway
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BerrienOur June was too wet but the favorable dry weather of Juy has worked
wonders in cotton and the June rains made our corn a fine crop
H T Peeples
CalhounCotton has overcome the lice and excessive rains and is doing its best
Should the summer remain favorable look for a heavy crop Plenty of corn made
if taken care of Grass worms eating up the grass C L Smith
ChattahoocheeRains have injured both cotton and corn more especially in the
low flat lands Our best lands are literally drowned out For the past few days
the rains were quite heavy overflowing lands not heretofore subject to such inunda
tions Portions of the county have good crops and have not had such an abundance155
CROP REPORT ls84
13
of rain Potatoes are doing finely and sorghum superfine Farmers had to resort
to the turn plow to kill out the grass and when the ground was too wet to plow
W W Shipp Jb
Corn was never better cotton though late planted is doing well Potatoes
and cane are fine and all crops are doing well with no disaster as I have heard of
W P Fielder
ClayWe are having entirely too much rain for cottoa and on sandy lands it is
showing it by rust though up to date the crop is good The caterpillar fly is nu
merous and I hear of the worm in some localities T E Speight
It has rained twenty days in July Corn on light land is badly injured cot
ton fruiting well but grassy W T Credille
Continued rain during the month of July Crops of all kinds badly injured
Rains still continue j L Crozier
ColquittA few good farmers are demonstrating what can be done by high ma
nuring and nice cultivation We have heard of one corn crop that will average
forty bushels to the acre another thirty and we know of several that will go twen
ty This is what we call progress F J Walker
DooleyCotton on old lands has been injured by lice Corn promises to be fine
But little sugarcane was planted but it is looking fine S P Odom
We had about ten days dry weather up to the 26th since which it has been con
tmually raining heavily Since the rains commenced there are indications of rust
in cotton T j Ray
DoughertyCaterpillars made their appearance about July 10 but no serious
damage has been done yet A great many flies made their appearance during last
week Corn crops that were well prepared and fertilized are very fair but a large
amount of colored tenants crops where preparation wai bad and poor cultivation
as a general thing will not make more than fiveeighths of a crop and cotton is
not much better The tenant system is a failue in this county They sell all
their cotton seed to oil mills and put no maRure back on the land They sell
their corn to merchants in the fall and winter and starve their mules in plow sea
son There are some exceptions but very few Crops where they have been
thoroughly prepared and fertilized an i properly cultivated are good We had
the heaviest rainfall on yesterday that has fallen here in two years It overflowed
all low places and washed the land very bad It was dry here from July 14 to July
JL Dozier
Macon We will make plenty of corn for home supply Cotton is not doing well
except on highly fertilized fields There was some cotton turned out to grass and
many fields of poor cotton Sugarcane is fine but little planted Fieldpeas
groundpeas and chufas prospects are good Potatoes poor It has rained this
month onthe 1st 2d 3d 4th 5th 11th 14th 27th 23th and 29th
J B Murray
MarionJuly has been very wet and peas potatoes cane and corn are fine all
over the county except on sandy soils where the corn is injured by firing
Villes lectures are very instructive Continue them if you please
Geo W C Munro
MillerWe have had too much rainfall for cotton since July 1st causing in some
sections rust and shedding of form i but crops are goad enough No caterpillars
yet J S Clifton14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
156
MitchelThe seed cane was al destroyed by cold last winter and hence but 25
per cent area planted In consequence of excessive rains rust to some extent has
appeared in cotton corn and sugarcane No caterpillars up to date Three or
four weeks late The corn does not show so well since fodder was pulled Crops
in this part of the county are short East of Camilla all fine
J B Twitty
QuitmanCotton has less fruit matured today than any year previous under my
knowledge I do not think we have on sandy lands one hundred pounds to the
acre Red and stiff lands are better Corn is good except a few spots on sandy
land which has fired up to the ear from too much rain Rice and sugarcane have
been well matured consequently are very fine up to date Field peas and chufas
are very fine and sweet potatoes as fine as could be up to date We have had too
much rain for cotton and unless August is favorable I do not think we can make
a half crop An abundance of rain Tuesday 29th accompanied with wind blew
down corn p Kimball
Never a poorer prospect on the old sandy lands Less bolls on cotton stalks
than I ever knew before at this date A M Allen Jr
RandolphWe have had rains almost every day for three weeks end cotton
is taking the rust on sandy lands and turned yellow on clay lands Corn very good
J E Godfrey
SchteyCorn cotton cane and potatoes on good land thoroughly and wisely cul
tivated are as good as I ever saw The crops of this year have been greatly bene
fited by the guano which last years crops owing to drought failed to appropriate
J N Hudson
Corn crop very fine cotton as a general thing looks well where well cultiva
ted Sugarcane peas and potatoes look well and promise fair crops I see your
correspondent from Haralson inquires about rust on apple trees Mine is in the
same fix Has he cedar trees growing near by I have ben told that that was the
cause of producing rust on them Ts F Rainey
SumterCotton on moist lands comes nearly up to an average but is not good on
light sandy lands We have caterpillar fly but it will take until the last of
August before the caterpillar can eat up the crop Cotton is ten days more forward
than last year I would suggest to planters if it continues wet to top their cotton
as I think the caterpillar less liable to injure the crop Corn andpeas good
Chas C Sheppard
TerrellThe Teosinte you sent me I distributed among several persons who ex
press themselves well pleased with it I think it is a great forage plant I do not
think there is half as much water in it as there is in the German millet The Haw
kins Hill oats were half blasted but I will give them another trial next year With
the Bob Cotton you sent out all express themselves well pleased The corn and
cotton in this the western part of Terrell were never better up to this time Peas
potatoes and other minor crops are doing remarkably well Geo Kaigler
ThomasThe cotton crop on June 1st was ten days late owing to the dry and
backward spring The long wet spell which lasted through June put the crop in the
grass which gave it a serious check Thos W Jokes
WebsterA sufficiency of corn ready made for all practical purposes
James P Walker
We have been having drenching rains for several days which makes cotton
look very badly I think wet weather and grass has cut off the crop at least 20 per157
CROP REP JRT1884
15
cent more perhaps unless the seasons are very propitious from now on Outlook
for farmers generally encouraging Reason A Bell
WilcoxCorn is the best eared I ever saw for size of stalk if good seasons con
tinue there will be an abundance of cotton made through here this year as the
prospect is good and the area large Geo D Washburn
WorthCorn is made Present indications are that it will be too wet for cotton
and for saving fodder P Pelham
Crops are fine and if no casualty affects the present prospects all crops there
will be the largest yield I ever saw in this section Fodder pulling is about on
hand G B Watson
Plow deep in spring shallow in summer and push your crop in spring and not
let the crop push the tiller W W Poulon
EAST GEORGIA
BullochRust appeared in many fields on short cotton long cotton fine Corn
crop very good C A Sorrier
JeffersonThree weeks drought after so much rain in June has hurt cotton very
much I think it cut off onefourth Corn was nearly all made before the drought
A E Tarver
JohnsonThe rains have been very partial some sections too wet some too dry
and is so yet Jas H Hicks
LaurensDeep breaking of land highly manuring plant so as to insure a good
stand with shallow cultivation will insure a paying crop D H Coombs
MontgomeryPeach crop poor Apples a total failure Hogs dying with cholera
Raining every day Bad time to save fodder J Clayton Clements
PulaskiCool nights and a very dry May greatly retarded the growth of all
crops and prevented stands of late planted cotton until after the rains in June
The washing rains did great dramage to crops and the excessive wet weather pro
duced lice on cotton thereby doing great damage In of the county the seasons
of July have been favorable and crops are much improved while in the other i a
four weeks drought to the night of the 28th cutoff and injured crops badly With
in the past few days there is appearance of rust in the cotton crop
Geo W Jordan
StrivenThe cotton plant is more healthy than I have ever seen it at this date
I have seen a few spots of rust which early in August generally spreads rapidly
J R Humphries
TwiggsCotton on red land where properly cultivated is very fine That fer
tilized with compost is much better than that manured with any of the brands of
corn fertilizers V D Wimberly
WilkinsonToo much rain in June and but little in July has has caused cottoa
to shed and corn to burn J A Mason
SOUTHERN GEORGIA
ClinchThe season has been very wet this year and quite unfavorable to crops
I farm on the intensive system and the present year has so demonstrated its value
that I hear many say they intend to adopt it Poor land improperly cultivated
can make but little with good seasons and if the seasons are a little too wet or dry
little or nothing is made while a rich soil well cultivated will produce a fair crop3BK
16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
D58
with bad seasons The best and cheapest way to have land enriched is to shade it
with vegetation during the summer and turn it under just before it is killed by
frosts Field peas are best but everything is good L C Mattox
CoffeeCotton and field peas are damaged by the continuous wet weather Sugar
cane is reported 70 because of an imperfect stand though in fine growing condition
Other crops are looking wel and in average condition We need more labor and
less politics Joseph Bailey
Planters should take the stumps out of their land make the soil richer and
plant less cotton N M Pafford
GlynnBut one or two fields of wheat in this county were reported to me as
averaging from 25 to 30 bushels to the acre John R Doreflinger
Our farmers are now putting in peas as manure for oats
James Postell
Liberty Hog cholera is here I have succeeded in curing those cases that were
not too sick to eat with spirits of turpentine given on ear corn or in molasses or
syrup or even starch Alfred J Hendry
PierceHave had too much rain for cotton It is shedding fruit and leaves
Rain needed now A L R AvantSpecial Circular No 43
New Series f
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF AUGUST 1884
RETURNABLE SEPTEMBER 1st 1884
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga August 12th 1884
Dear Sie Please answer the following questions on the first day ot
September or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that
your report may reach this office by the Third ot September
Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent
An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything
with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus
it the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year
or 10 per cent better than an average it should be reported as
HO in each case and it 10 per cent below these standards it
should be 90 Never report 1 per cent better or 10 per cent
worse but 110 or 90 as the case may be Avoid vague com
parisons such as some better hardly so good above an
average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you
reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to
your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the
Character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate
leave the space blank Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you reportcounty
II Your name
III Your postoffice2 QUESTIONS FOB OBOP BEPOBT 10
CONDITION AND PEOSPEOT SBPT 1ST OOMPABED TO AN AVEBAGE OF
1 Cotton
per cent
2 Corn
per cent
3 Elcepercent
4 Sugarcanepercent
5 Sorghumpercent
6 Field Peaspercent
7 ChufasPer cent
8 Sweet Potatoespercent
9 What casualty if any has affected cotton
10 To what extent has it injured the prospect 1
11 Date of making this report
percent
date
REMARKS
Under this head report any facts of general interest t the farmers or any valuable or instruc
tive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers Such remarks should be pointed
concise and plainly written Put the name of vour county left hand corner of your notes and
your name at the bottom
CountyCIRCULAR No 58
New Ser
lo 58
ies J
CROP REPORT
For the Month of August 1884
SHOWING
AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO
AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
T T 23IEiTIDEXSOaT
Commissioner
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Jag P Harrison Co Printers Binders and Electrotypers
1884Circular No 58
Niw Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1884
RETURNS TJ THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SEPTEMBER 1st 1884
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta September 9 1884
COTTON
The crop has fallen off 4 points since the last months report The con
dition and prospect is reported at 81 for the State
In North Georgia 84 Middle Georgia 83 Southwest Georgia 82 East
Georgia 76 and Southeast Georgia 82 The report for these sections in
last month was respectively 82 85 92 83 and 82
The recent drouth following an extremely wet season has checked the
growth and caused an unusual amount of shedding
The rust had become general over a large part of Middle and nearly all
of Southern Georgia about the last of the month and is mentioned by
many correspondents as doing great damage to the crop The disease is
rapidly spreading and it is feared that the succeeding condition of the
crop from this cause may fall much below the estimates of this month
The damage resulting from all casualties is estimated at 19 per cent
COKN
The corn crop on uplands is good throughout the State On low bot
toms the crop has been seriously inj ured by wet weather and overflow
The condition of the crop on low lands has probably unduly influenced
many correspondents in estimating the general average particularly in
Northern and Middle Georgia
The bottoms are usually planted in corn such lands however consti
tute but a small part of the area devoted to the crop in any county and as
the crop is alnjost universally reported good and generally above an aveDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
164
rage on high lands it may be safely assumed that the yield will be above
an average for the State
The average condition and prospect as reported by correspondents is for
the whole State 98 in North Georgia 91 Middle Georgia 92 Southwest
Georgia 99 East Georgia 105 and Southeast Georgia 103
The condition of the crop is reported lowest in some of the moun
tainous counties of North Georgia where the rains of June were most ex
cessive and particularly in Northwest Georgia where there is the largest
propcitional extent cf cieik and river bottoms
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
RiceThe yield for the State is 96 per cent cf an average The sec
tions are as follows Middle Georgia 92 Southwest Georgia 93East
Georgia 95 and in Southeast Georgia where much the largest proportional
area is devoted to the crop 104 or 4 per cent above an average
Sugar CaneMiddle Georgia 83 Southwest Georgia 87 East Georgia
85 Southeast Georgia 91 and the whole State 86
SorghumThiscrop owing to the tcarcity of seed sugar cane in South
ern Georgia has been mere generally planted in the State than usual
The condition and prospect reported good in all the sections and is 96
per cent of an average crop for the whole State
Field PeasNorth Georgia 99 Middle Georgia 89 Southwest Georgia
95 East Georgia 92 Southeast Georgia 99 and in the whole State 95
Sweet PotatoesThe condition and prospect of this crop is reported 2
per cent above an average for the State The condition and prospect in
North Georgia is 100 Middle Georgia 95 Southwest Georgia 100 East
Georgio 106 and Southeast Georgia 108165
CROP REPORT1884
Table No 1Condition and Prospects of Crops in Georgia
September 1 1884 by Sections
Condition and Prospect Compared to Average
SECTIONS d o o O e o V o 6 s u a 00 a 3 3 a 50 o CO 2 5 1 is GO a o A a a Pmw
84 91 60 92 91 95 104 96 83 8U 83 87 85 91 86 82 93 93 99 95 1C0 99 89 95 92 99 94 94 95 98 101 100 95 100 106 108 80
83 S3 76 83 92 f9 105 108 17 19
22
17
Averagefor State 1884 Sll 98 96 95 75 96 102 79 19
75 74
Very little rice o r sugar cane is grown in North Georgia and the reports of these crops from
that section are not considered in estimating the general average for the State
DEPARTMENT OF GRICULTUEEGEORGIA
166
Table No 2Summary of Meteorological Observations com
piled from reports of State observers and of the United State
Signal Service for the cotton belt Stations for August 1884 by L 11
Ckarbonnier State Meteorologist
NORTH GEORGIA
STATIONS
CartersviUe
Gainesville
Mossy Creek
Babun Gap No report
Rome
Toccoa
Means
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Athens
Atlanta
Camuk
Carrolltcn
LaGrange
Oxford
Thomson
Means
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
AmericQs
Cuthbert
Fort Gaines
Means
EAST GEORGIA
Augustai
Wayncsboro
Means
Temper
Vufall
773T
7502
118
0S6
76 0i
742
756

132 5
14 11
920
841
UOO
900
90
940
910
590
66 8
590 7999
7515j262
7545 210
600
60
710
610
9288
7259
8028
8000
966
264
395
J16
105
466
53117770
92
70
62
6650
81 OS
050
7948 889
8064 194
98
10
9651
65 31 0
550
I
4 20
t3
159167
CROP REPORT1884
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Brunswick
Jesup
Qnltman
Walthourville
Means
Means for the State9357
816 1S2Ii4
8042775 9
7980
801
6625
6006
8048

104
515
569
332
The following Stations sent incomplete reports and could not he
averaged in the above summary From the partial reports the
following rainfall appears
Rain Jail Number
tt t i in inches of days
Union Point 20 reports received125 3
Washington 25 reports received106 3
Savannah 27 reports received813 16
Albany 26 reports received375 7
Allapaha 18 reports received121 2
Bainbridge 28 reports received032 4
Eastman 27 reports received142 2
Millen 29 reports received406 14
Smithville 29 reports received146 4
Thomasville 28 reports received115 6
Waycross 25 reports received827 12
Columbus 26 reports receivedI37 3
Dalton 28 reports received141 3
Griffin 25 reports received334 6
Macon 25 reports received105 4
Newnan 29 reports received198 5
West Point 27 reports received117 5DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
168
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
BanksIn some sections of the country there has been rain others dry Cot
ton is shedding badly in some localities William M Ash
Upland corn above an average bottom below that briDgs it very near an
average Cotton two weeks late y j Burgess
BartowCotton has been growing and fruiting finely for the last month two
weeks late but with late frost and good weather generally an average crop Up
land corn good bottom lands spotted j o Mcdaniel
Catoosa Crops suffering for rain have had none for the past twentyfive days
John Bird
Needing rain badly some partial showers Hog cholera still raging
J B Henderson
ChattoogaHogs 3eem healthy and with the amount of corn that will be made
the farmers of Chattooga will be independent next year I dont believe I ever
saw a more flattering prospect than at the present J J p Henry
Corn crops were damaged the first of the month by storm and by drouth in
the latter part of the month c c Cleghobn
No rain in some four weeks Late corn badly damaged W P Tapp
Gobb Cotton is too late to make a fall crop and in some places is shedding badly
for want of rain j T LlNDLKY
A late fall will give us a full crop of cotton Teosinte I planted in May on
good land is worthless common corn planted at the same time is far superior
Wm Alston Jr
A little too much dry and hot weather for cottoncausing it to shed its forms
The Bob cotton you sent me is fine weed but not as well fruited as some other
L M Power
DadoWe hive got the finest corn crop we have had for several years
Jas Allison
DadeBad my report been one day later last month I should have reported
corn damaged at least 15 per cent by the storm on the 31st ult Its course ranged
up the entire valley Some kind of worm has entirely eaten up two patches of
German millet G A R Bible
FranklinWith late frost we may make a fair crop of cotton Corn on bottom
land is a failure there is but little planted on upland but what there is is very
8odJ J W Sewell
Bottom land corn lias cone out beyond expectations
J B D McWhorter169
CROP REPORT1884
9
GihnerOur cattle from the mountains will be fatter than common Farmers of
North Georgia should sow their wheat by the middle of October
N L Osborn
GordonCorn has improved some since last reportdrowned flats hav
been worked out and put on a better color Cotton is large enough in stalk but
backward in fruiting N B Hall
GwinnettCotton on red lands promises more than an average yield if we mis
an early frost but gray land will not average a half cropmuch of it not over tea
inches high but taking our county as a whole we will make threefourths of an
average crop Most of the corn on uplands is good but on low bottoms it is tha
poorest for years though high bottoms have the finest crop for years My expe
rience is that it is best to keep thorough bred chickens my neighbors and myself
lost many from cholera but all that died were crosses and the common dunghill
while not a thoroughbred though running with the others was affected in the
least J T Baxter
HabershamThe prospects in this immediate neighborhood are even better than
I have reported except lowland corn and the entire crop will equal if it does not
excel that of 1882 which was the best for many years Young Davis
JacksonHave expermented on several varieties of wheat this year and think
the old purple straw the best variety for this county Sowed six bushels without
any fertilizer and made twentyone bushels per acre Cotton depends on the fall
if frost stays off till the 10th of October there will be a fair crop Jko G Wier
Our county has passed the Prohibition law by a large majority all we want
now is the slock law to make Jackson the banner county of the State Crops
coming out finely W J McRke
PolkUnless there is rain in a few days cotton will be very seriously injured
the crop now filling is the only one and cannot be lost without great damage
S M H Byrd
Never knew crops so badly injured by grass where worked they are the best
for years where not worked they are the worst I ever saw R W Everett
RabunThe seasons through August have been good for crops generally except
in a few localities which have been too dry Late corn if we have a late fall will
be better than first planting Some of our farmers are turning their land and
seeding and will sow more wheat than ever before P A Bleckley
Union Stubble land should not be turned till after September 15th to avoid
sun baking W L Carroll
WalkerSweet and Irish potatoes doing well and the people are generally
sowing turnips W C Kilgore
Close attention and thoroughness in all details usually gives success and profit
in any business Farming is no exception Slovenly farming does not pay in this
or any other country The losses from carelessness and neglect on many farms if
saved would make a reasonable profit J A Clements
WhitfieldNo rain in northern part of the county since first of August L
corn suffering badly J F Groves
The general outlook is better than any year siiKe the war Pearce Hok
10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
170
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BaldwinHams have been very partial and in some sections of the county we
have made no August crop at all and cotton seriously damaged shedding all forms
and even leaves opening very rapidly Peas and potatoes a failure No turnips
sown yet Jas C Whitakke
ButtsWe have had a four weeks drouth here causing cotton to throw off
considerably it has also damaged sorghum and sugar cane to some extent
W 8 Henley
CampbellKeep the suckers pulled off of Millo Maize will make the heads
mature much sooner Upland corn that has been well cultivated was never better
Bottom corn is doing well will make seventyfive per cent of average crop In
localities where there have been late showers cotton is doing well while in other
places where there have not been any late rains cotton is losing two per cent
each day Farmers generally are hopeful You strike the key note when you
say people work four months to make a living for twelve Lazines is ruining our
country not rains and drouths J D Smith
The last two or three weeks have been too dry for cotton have had some
scorching sunshine Cotton progressing slowly at least three weeks late Fodder
considerably damaged by wind and hail T E Dodd
CarrollCorn good on upland poor on bottom too wet Cotton two weeks
later than average and too wet in June injured by wet and grass shedding badly
from drouth E H Spkinger
ClaytonThe dry weather for the past thirty days has injured the cotton to a
considerable extent Late corn potatoes peas and turnips also need rain
A P Adamsox
ColumbiaThe farmers have about subdued the grass but injured stands I
hear a great many express their preference for superphosphate instead of guano
J A Walton
Farmers had to contend a great deal jwith grass during the first part of the
month and cotton was somewhat injured by rough work in gettirg rid of it No
rain in this section from July 3d until the 28th when there was a good season
which was of great benefit W I Branch
CoueiaPortions of the county very dry and need rain J B Goodwyn
Would suggest that farmers make their own supplies and stop the credit busi
ness it is the only way to prosjerity Wm A Smith
DeKallThe outlook of the present crop is decidedly worse than it was the first
of last month owing to protracted drouth Potatoes doing but little good nor
turnips as yet Dry hot and parching wind today and no prospect for rain
James B Smith
Douglatlie cold bad ward spring and wet weather in the month of June re
duced corn ard cotton 10 per cent and other crops perhaps more The multi
headed wheat you sent me nearly all winter killed What was left spread well a
lew short beards on the top of the head Will try it again
W L Davenport
Elbert Cotton two weeks late just ccmmenctd opening With late fall and
auitable featons where well worked it promises to be tolerably good
F P Thobnton I
171
CHOP REPORT1884
11
FayetteThe weather has been unfavorable for cotton cool and dry Some por
tions of the county are suffering for rain now The crop is three weeks late and if
it should remain unfavorable with an early frost the crop will not be more than
onehalf Upland corn is not so good as was once thought to be fodder has been
saved in excellent condition bottom lands almost a complete failure
J G Posey
GreeneAbout onehalf of the county has had fair seasons the other half has
been very dry since July C M Sawders
HancockComposts are ahead of commercial fertilizers Jno Tsrher
The dry August has changed materially the flattering prospects
H L MlDDLEBROOKS
HarrisRust and boll worm are injuring cotton Cant tell yet what will be the
damage They are doing considerable damage in some localities Jas Patillo
We are very dry cotton on upland is burning up we have not had any rain
in three weeks all young bolls and forms are dropping off so we will make no Au
gust crop Peas and potatoes are drying up very fast W D Cook
Heard Some parts of the county have not had rain for four weeks other parts
have had regular rains every week the difference in the cotton is not so great as
expected In those dry districts the cotton and corn improved some too dry in
the dry portions for turn ips to come up J B Ware
HenryThe Bob cotton is the most prolific cotton I have ever planted will not
stand the dry weather like the mammoth or big boll cotton four weeks dry
weather vegetation suffering for rain J A C Wynn
Jones More personal attention and tetter work required from hired labor will
insure better crops and show where the profits of farming are and what they are
Try it R T Ross
MeriwetherI find that kainit phosphate and cotton seed meal mixed has kept
off rustalmost and making me more cotton than any other manure
B S Clements
Carp culture here on a perft ct boom I put eleven carp in my pond the last
week in May and they were not exceeding ten inches in length I now have any
quantify cf sizes from an inch to eight inches long The latter will weigh at lesst
four pounds J H Williams
Morgan Quite a number of our farmers are raising Yellow Dent corn on uplands
especially it has two decided points of advantage It does not grow so much in
stock as White corn producing fair ears where White corn would not make any
It matures early and thus often escapes drouth I gather it ripe in July
K Heyser
NewtonCotton doing well plenty of rain and if we have late frost the crop
will be good I am turning my stubble land gray sandy v ith the Corbin Disk
harrow and I am delighted with it J E McConnell
OglethorpeJIow is the time to supplement short corn crop by sowing plenty of
barley rye oats lucerne clover etc James J Greek
Weather very favorable for all crops No money in the country Business
and traffic crippled C A Stevens
PutnamWant more corn and small grain and less cottonthen there will be
less mortgages sand less lands going for supply more plow stock and better
less negro labor and more white H M Wisdom12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
172
Portkns of the county have suffered with drouth and hot weather caus
ing August forms to fall off while other portions have been seasonable and the
growth good taken as a whole the conditions indicate an average crop Early
cotton opening rapidly J M Williams
Pen al the cows every night best way to fertilize 0 W Reid
IlockrlalcCotton is very poor throrgh this section owing to the continuous
rains in June and drouth in August only a half crop is expected
J W Grunade
TalloiThe stock law seems to work well and taking everything into considera
tion the people are in a fair condition S A Freeman
TroupBottom corn much injured by excessive rains upland corn fine Cotton
injured by fifteen days dry and very hot weatherthermometer going up to 99 as
a maximum H H Caby
UpsonWe should raise our work stock all of our meat and bread wool for
jears goats for shoes and the table It would save100000 for cur county
T J MlDDLEBBOOKS
NewtonCotton has ras every thing from bolls as large as the end of the thumb
down except on flat lands Our farmers are very much discouraged by the present
drouth Owing to the lateness of the crop this drouth will prove far more disas
trous than usual at this season of the year L F Livingston
WaltonMillo Maize that you sent me last spring turned out splendidly I
never saw a forage plant grow better I have a splendid stand and have let it all
go to seed as I want to plant a large area next year E P Fbazer
Walton The farmers of Walton have very much to encourage them The early
August raiES have given new life to everything Upland corn where it has been
well worked has not been better for years Cottoi has grown beyond our best hope
We have more fine farming machinery in use now than any previous year
Seaborn C Burton
Wilkes The greater part of August unfavorable for cotton some places good
rains but mostly only light showers and more than counterbalanced by nearly
three weeks of very hot sun and drying winds nothing but bolls on much of it
and they are small The low land corn injured by the wet June has never recov
ered That worked out before the June rains began and much of the upland is
very fine J T Wingfield
WarunHad several cool nights cotton sick rust and dropping its fruit
Jas A Shivers
Cotton is done blooming has taken on its golden hue and opening rapidly
The cotton picker is in demand as the basetall season of the negro has not yet eX
Pd D W ROGERS
Hot and dry cotton opening before the bolls get grown uplandcorn is as
good as can be cotton peas and potatoes will be short wheat crop good oats
Kod Jas W Weight
Late bottom corn almost a failure not over onethird of a crop gray uplands
twothirds and red where properly cultivated above an average would advise
farmers to make suitable arrangements to meet a short corn crop and lowprice
cotton J M Gsesham
Baker Rust this seasoivis the result of soil exhaustion a fact that sngjild be
noted by planters Hand173
CROP REPORT1384
13
Unmamired cotton has done less this year than I ever knew it when we had
any seasons at all The sugar cane crop is good where there is any planted
W L Curry
Calkoun Owing to the drouth coton will not yield more than half the amount
expected a month ago Peas and sugar cane are damaging for want of rain If we
have rain any time soon the potato crop will be fine Prank P Gribpw
ChattahoocheeToo much rain then too dry caused cotton to rust and shed
worms in some localities doing little damage to date Cotton opening rapidly and
farme re glcon y Prospects fully 20 per cent off in the last two weeks
W W Shipp Jr
ColquittCotton injured 25 per cent by rust opening prematurely stape short
and light J Walker
Orawford Rust in cotton on gray lands Corn on bottom lands very poor
J W Dicky
Portions of the county have had no rain during the month Our crops are
failing rapidlydrouth and heat B LeiSueur
Dooly Coton rusting badly no top crop The rains of July sapped it highly
and the August drouth has stripped it of all its fruit and leaves S P Odom
DoughertyRust struck all early planted or fertilized cotton that had an early
crop of bolls from the 15th to the 20th of August causing the shedding of all the
young bolls or forms and has not matured any cotton since It seemed almost
universal No kind of soil escaped the rust No one can tell the cause it had been
dry from the Hth of July until the 28thafter that date it was dry and hot for 23
days and during the 23 dry days cotton all rusted or blighted On August 22d
we had a good rain but it is now dry and rain is very much needed Corn pota
toes and peas in fact all fall crops are suffering Turnips sowed on old lands have
died out and will have to be replanted Cotton has opened very rapidly last week
a half crop opened in many field a storm would do great damage
J L Dozier
Early Cotton has done nothing for two week all dying out with rust Rain
needed J B Hobbs
Rust and the present dry and hot weather are injuring cotton to some extent
No worms D M Wade
Houston Cotton was late in opening and some rust has commenced it is now
opening and picking will commence in earnest next week In al gray or sandy
land cotton dies out from too much grass and wet weather and now rust has taken
it There will not be much late cotton Wm J Anderson
IrwinMost farmers think rust in cotton is caused by so much rain exhausting
fertilizers earlier than when there is less rain D J Henderson
Three weeks of fine weather has increased cotton prospect five percent
Zara Paulk
lee The rainy spell in July rusted guano cotton badly and the excessive dry
warm weather has injured all cotton at least 25 per cent Some portions of the
county have had no rain since the first day of August P M McKexnky
MaamThe cotton crop is badly affected by rust No rain of any consequence
since the 10th ult Turnips not up on account of drouth Potatoes field and
ground peas chufas etc promise well Cotton is late by two weeks compared to
last year J B Murray14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
274
MitchellNever were there more frequent and sudden changes in the cotton
crop prospects at least fifteen per cent off since last report the higher the fertili
zation the more remunerativethe manured and unmanured filling about the
same time hence the advantage of the former Dry weather in this month has cut
short vine crops Cholera among hogs and chickens Farmers gloomy
J B Twitty
MuecogeeCotton is suffering very much from drouth the weed is small and it is
ten dayslater than ordinary years Rust is cutting the crop short on sandy land
Thiscounty is twothirds sandy and onethird red soil and the rust is not on the
cotton on the clay land C Ogletree
RandolphCotton badly damaged on all kinds of landold cotton suffering most
It has thrown off all young fruit and cannot make more Only the matured bolls
will make anything Jas E Godfrey
SchleySince the 17th of August we have had no general rain up to that time
the rainfall of August was excessive and very damaging I need not describe the
effect on cotton of the transition from excessively wet weather to very dry and
scorching hot weather Imperfect cultivation will show on the cotton crop 15 per
cent Some farmers are ruined by gras John N Hudson
Rust has materially affected sandy land stiff lands not so much Very dry at
this date in portions of the county T F Rainey
TaylorThe general opinion is that compost and cheap fertilizers have paid best
this year I think the chufa crop is paying all farmers who have laised them
D R Brown
ThomasWe have more rust in cotton than in several years before
E L Neel
The reason that farmers are not prosperous in this county is the unreliable labor
Do away parts of crops and pay good wages then we will begin to be selfsustaining
Less cotton more stock and grain of every kind Cultivate small acreages and
use more machinery then we may begin to look for a better time Nothing else
will do better L H Player
Cotton badly injured by rust and from present prospects will be pretty much
all picked by the last of this month Have made but very little for three weeks
and on many plantations fully half the weeds dead Peas potatoes etc needing
rain very much Prospect for the planter anything but eicouraging
Dan A Horn
WilcoscTwo weeks drouth now on us Cotton damaged fully twentyfive per
cent since first of August by shedding and dying Other crops as good as when
I reported first of August Have heard of caterpillars in one cotton field in the
upper part of this county Geo D Mashburn
EAST GEORGIA
BullochShort cotton all dead from rust long cotton quit bearing thirty days
sooner than usual picking cotton all over the county by the eighteenth prospect
not SO flattering as a month ago C A SoRRrEB
DodgeThe best remedy I know for hog cholera is to burn the hogs as sood as it
appears Nicholas Eawlins
Jefferson The excessive rains in June and the hot weather following has caused
heavy shedding of early planting of cottcn But the early corn well cultivated is175
CROP REPORT1884
15
fine Late planting not so good Summing up the whole I consider this year an
average one s M Clark
JohnsonCoiton injured badly with rust Corn and peas never better Sweet
potatoes good G N Tayley
MontgomeryRain plenty Fall crops doing well and no hogs to feed it to The
traditional hog and hominy of this county become separated during dry seasons
Last year we had the hog and but little hominy This year we have the hominy
and but little hog Cholera has killed nearly all the hogs G M T McLeod
I have planted Amber cane this season I find the stalks too small prefer the
red top sorghum f Williams
PulasklOwing to drouth and heat cotton is woefully cut off Most planters
put crops down to sixtysix per cent All say it is twenty per cent less than
August 1st when I reported at ninetyfive per cent Seventyfive per cent is the
very highest point and thought to be over rated George W Jordan
Scriven Since last report rust has developed itself to a greater extent than ever
known before p A Bryan
TalniU An abundant crop of corn has been made Not a bushel of western
corn will be used here next year Plenty of fodder has been saved for all work
stock next year Peas potatoes ehufas etc promise an abundant yield
I am confident that over half of the hogs in the county have died Of course
bacon will be in active demand next year
Cotton is nearly ruined With rust not over a half crop will be made Many
fields are as dead as they will be in December John Hughey
TwiggsTwo weeks of excessively hot sun with winds caused cotton to fail rap
idly arid open prematurely Fine rain on the 30th lift which will bring up turnip
eed JD Myrick
Washington Cotton is injured badly by the drouth the old cotton has turned
red and the young cotton has ceased to grow If it continues our crop is badly in
jured H N HOLLIFIELD
Wilkinson Rust and dry weather has caused cotton to open very fast will all
be opened by first of October Jas A Mason
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Camden Cholera has appeared among the hogs in some neighborhoods and is
doing serious damage to both stock and meat hogs E A McWhorter
EchoU The corn crop is good cotton badly injured by the June rains To
what extent I cant tell I think 40 percent The potato crop is good the sugar
cane is good not more than onetenth of a crop planted John Touchton
Liberty Cholera still killing hogs and we can find no remedy for it
J 0 Davis JrDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
176
INJURY TO FRUIT TEEES BY A NEW INSECT
BY J C HARMAN
I desire to Bring before the minds of all who grow fruit whether for pleasure or
profit a matter of vital importanceone which demands immediate and constant
attentionin order to successfully grow fruit This matter has been brought to
the attention of the Horticultural Society but as its proceedings do not reach but
a few who are directly interested I have thought best to give the information
through the publication of the Department of Agriculture
Last summer i discovered my LeConte pear trees apparently blighting and for
quite a while thought it blight but upon investigation found them infested with a
beetle smaller but somewhat resembling the corn weevil The matter was referred
to Prof J E Willet and through him to Prof Riley and they called it Scolytus
Ruguloaus or orchard scolytus for further information on this subject see copy of
our correspondence in proceedings of H S 1883 At that time I had only dis
covered it in the pear and apple since then I have discovered it in the plum and
the peach I am satisfied that many cases of what is called Yellows in peach trees
is simply this beetle at work Its mode is to puncture the bark and deposit
an egg the larvae when hatched begins to feed on the inner bark or sap and
stops the natural flow of the sap which discolors or sours the wood of the tree
which gradually dwindles and dies A pear tree can be killed in one season I
think it will not kill a peach tree until the following spring
Prof Riley thinks this insect was imported to this country about 1877 and dis
seminated from Northern and Western nurseries Heretofore it has not done much
damage mainly I think from the fact that they had not increased sufficiently but
now it is becoming alarming and bids fair to put an end to fruit growing unless
something be done to arrest its progress Prof Riley thinks as yet it has no known
insect enemies and advises the removal and burning of all the infected trees to
prevent its spreal Unless this is done I fear that we will soon be unable to grow
fruit trees in this latitude for the beetle here hatches at least two broods one in
April and the other in Augustthe latter depositing the egg in the fall to begin its
devastation the following spring
In reading the State Horticultural reports from Michigan I find that the disease
known as Yellows at one time bid fair to devastate the peach orchards of that State
and calling it a disease and deeming it contagious the State enacted a law requir
ing all trees removed and burned that had Yellows under a penalty of a fine in
case same was not done By this means this fearful disease was arrested As
before stated in my opinion in most if not all cases in this country where the YeL
lows is found it is simply this beetle and nothing short of the most vigorous
exertion on the part of fruit growers will exterminate this pest I beg therefore
that you will urge upon all who grow fruit whether for pleasure or profit that
they give this matter careful attention and dig up all sickly dying and dead trees
and burn them at once
The egg of the beetle for the succeeding spring brood is probably in all cases de
posited in the new growth All infested trees should be cut back in winter or
in early spring so as to remove every twig of the last seasons growth and thus
prevent the development of the next brood If this is carefully attended to it is
probable that the depredations of the beetle may be stopped
Commissionkr177
CROP EEPoKT1884
17
LECTURE BY M GEORGES VILLE
SOIL ANALYSIS BY PLANTS
Translated from the French
Our conference today will be of an essentially practical nature
We have todo with neither theories nor systemsour purpose is to analyze the
soildefine what it contains and in what it is lacking in an agricultural point of
view and lastly to get fixed facts on the nature of the fertilizers to be used under
all circumstances
You doubtless remember gentlemen that the main point of our last conference
was to prove the necessity of classing the elements of the soil according to the
functions they fulfilledof separating those which simply supported vegetation
from those which contributed to their nutrition and whose substance became part
of the vegetal constitution itself
The following accurate table represents this part of our studies and gives them
in an essentially practical and experimental form
SOIL
Mechanic elements
C Organic
Active assimilable elements
Minerals
Assimilable elements in reserve
f Sand
Clay
j Limestone
Gravel
f Ammonia
Nitrates
Phosphoric Acid
Sulphuric
Chlorine
Silica
Potash
Soda
Lime
Magnesa
Oxide of Iron
1 Oxide of Manganese
Humus
I Organic detritus
Undecomposed minerals
What does this table show That there are three orders of elements in the soil
Mechanic elements active assimilable elements assimilable elements in reserve
Mechanic elements have only a passive function to fulfill They serve as a seat
and a place of attachment for vegetation but do not contribute of their substance
to nutrition They are represented by sand calcareous matter clay and gravel
In the second place come what are called active assimilable elements always in
very small quantities as compared to the above In fact while they represent but
a few hundredths of the mass of the soil the mechanic elements are 90100 of the
whole The real productiveness of the soil however lies in them
Finally come the assimilable elements in reserve which share in the passive
functions of the mechanic elements but are susceptible under certain circum18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
178
stances of aiding in vegetal nutrition and owe this power or faculty to the pro
ducts born of their own decomposition
Detritus of animal or vegetable origin which cannot serve as plant food but as
it changes its nature is an example of this Another example is found in the rocks
of the family of silicates feldspaths and feldspathic sands which belong to the list of
mechanic elements as long as they preserve their integrity but when disintegrated
and then decomposed by the combined action of cold heat and the carbonic acid
and oxygen of the air increase the available potash lime and soluble silica of the
soil and thereby add to its value
If we make an artificial soil by the association of the three divisions of the ele
ments above mentioned varying the proportions of the mechanical elements sand
clay limestone and gravel from four to ten and even twenty per cent of the whole
weight the degree of fertility will not be affected
But on the contrary increase or diminish the onehundred thousandth part of
the weight of nitrrgen ammonia or the nitrates or the ten thousandth part of the
weightof potash oracd phosphate and a sudden change is producedthe harvest
will be increased or diminished like the production of vapor in a steamer accord
ing to the amount of combustible material burnt
You will notice gentlemen here is no system no interest to be furthered noth
ing but simple facts open to the whole world and carrying their own evidence It
is useless however to remind you of these distinctions unless we insist also on the
means we used to prove them They have been entirely experimental It was not
by analysis of the soil but by composing it entirely with pure substances that we
established these distinctions and showed the contrasts existing between the me
chanical and the assimilable elements of the soil
The first form that wonderfully compact yet mobile and permeable medium
through which the most delicate roots ramify water penetrates easly and air cir
culates freely carrying vivifying and powerful affinities to the greatest depths
The second the assimilable elements have no influence on the physical proper
ties of the soil but nourish the plant and regulate activity of growth
I have already said the assimilable elements in reserve are at first confused with
the mechanical elements but later they become assimilable by the products of
their decomposition By the light of these distinctions and the help of these tables
which show them plainly it is easy to understand why chemistry when using the
methods employed for industrial experiments has failed to define the agricultural
value of a soil
I give as example one of the greatest names of contemporary science Sir Hum
phrey Davy to whom we owe the discovery of the alkaline metals potassium and
sodium for he was the first to isolate them by the use of the pile
Starting with this idea it was natural to suppose that soils belonging to different
geological formations often possessed the same degree of fertility Davy thought
that by comparing term for term the composition of different soils of equal agri
cultural value but of different formations he would find certain agents in all that
were the source and condition of their equal fertility
Six soils of different origin and all noted for their fertility were analyzed by
Davy
What was the result
The refutation of the idea which had inspired their learned author Look at the
table where are collected the results of these six analyses You find only contrasts
and opposition Impossible to find the least analogy in the composition of the six
soils which were I repeat of the same degree of fertility179
CHOP REPORT1884
SOIL ANALYSIS BY SIR HUMPHREY DAVY
19
OKIGIN OF SOILS
Kent
Norfolk
Middlesex
Worcestershire
Valley of Teviot
Salisbury
CD
p n

a id 03 c 03 o
3 o Q
a 03 03 c S P o p o 8 tT 03 3 CO
C s u o
o3 3 03 O 03 O O 03 0Q GO a
m 5 2 32 47 07 12 80 05 47
88 9 Ifi 12 fi9 07 03 85 05 03
fion 128 11fi 11 2 07 44 85 05 03
fion 164 140 56 07 12 28 05 0 3
83 3 70 fi8 Ofi 07 08 13 05 03
91 127 63 572 07 18 127 05 03
52
52
52
52
52
52
Compare these six analyses term for term and you find the proportion of sand
varies from 9to 90 per cent that of soluble silica from 1 to 10 percent the carbon
ate of lime from 06 to 57 per cent etc
Neither one of these soils resembles another All are different They however
possessed as 1 before said the same agricultural value Chemical analysis is thus
in entire discord with plants which you see speak quite a different language How
explain this contra fiction Nothing is easier It is only necessary to refer you to
the classification of the elements of a fruitful soil which I gave in my experiments
where it was entirely artificial j
What did this table say That the mechanic elements have but a slight indi
rect influence on the fertility of the soilthat their function is eminently passsve
that although very necessary they are in reality but a means of holding the food
of the plants
This bing so how could Davys analysis explain the difficulty He took account
only of the mechanic elemens gravel sand clay and lime without inquiring
either into the active assimilable elements which are the source of present produc
tion or the assimilable elements in reserve which are the safeguard of the future
The silence of Davy on this point explains the failure of his attempt but this is
not surprising In his day they had very imperfect ideas of vegetal composition
or the agents of their production
Here is however a new difficulty The chemists of our day know perfectly the
elementsneeded for plant life and those whose presence or absence in the soil makes
it either poor or fertile It appears then that the chemists of our day can do what
Davy could not Still look through the analyses of soils published in the last ten
years What have they taught us of value in agriculture Nothing practical
absolutely nothing This declaration on my part may surprise you but I can jus
Here is a soil analysis by a very eminent mining engineer Mr Rivot Both
mechanical and assimilable elements are given
ANALYSIS OF SOIL KEAK CHALONS ON THE MAKNE BY MR RIVOT
Sand and gravel
Fine matters
4225
522020
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
11801
AHALY3I8
Organic matter 180
Hygrometric water 270
Combined moisture 592
Carbonic acid 33 20
Quartz sand 310
Clay 600
Attachable silica 310
Oxide of iron 200
Aluminum 015
Lime 4050
Magnesiatraces
Alkalies 038
Sulphuric acid 0 28
Phosphoric acid 012
Nitrogen and chlorinetraces
Total 9975
This is certainly a compete analysis Nothing is omitted but it is not more
useful than Sir Humphrey Davys The testimony of farmers is that it responds
to none of their wants It is impossible to say from this with certainty what will
be the crop of wheat or any other plant on such soil f jr how many years it might
be cultivated without manur when the need of manure will be felt and what
would be the best fertilizer to use Can you call an analysis practically useful which
cannot answer these questions
To what strange conclusions we are forced I tell you that we know the nature
of the agents which render the soil fertile I have shown in my previous lectures
that by the use of these agents we can grow as fine crops in burnt sand as in the
most fertile alluvial soils and then I declare an analysis which show sthese agents
in the soil to be unable to enlighten us on the most important questions in agricul
ture
What strange cor tradictions No gentlemen the contradiction is only seeming
Imagine a soil containing sand under two different forms as feldspathic sand and
silicate sand like the grey sand of Fontainebleau The silicate sand is pure silica
the feldspathic sand on the contrary is a silicate mixed with potash soda lime
magnesia and iron As long as this sand is in its first formation it is useless as
plant food from the combination of its bases But let a chemist attack it with his
reactives decompoing it and separating all the elements of tie feldspithic sand
isolating them and attributing to them a degree of utility which in reality they do
not possess in an agricultural point of view what have we gained
Phosphoric acid also exists in three different forms as phosphate of lime phos
phate of alumina and phosphate of peroxyde of iron Very efficacious as phosphate
of lime it is much less so if it has really an appreciable action when in combina
tion with iron and aluminum
Of what value to know that a soil contains phosphoric acid potash nitrogen
etc if the active and neutral parts are mixed in a heterogeneous mass
Although true in indications chemical analysis of the soil is a dead letter in
regard to the wants of plants as long as the roots do not use either the acids or
alkalies nor any of the means of attack which chemists employ
My conclusion is then formulate 1 as follows Chemistry is powerless to enlighten
us as to the agricultural qualities of the soil either in its resources or its wantsnsil eR0P REPRT1884 21
because its indications mix together both the active assimilable elements and ass im
ilable elements in reserve the active parts and the inert or neutral parts
But I carry my demonstration further and to have more freedom in criticism I
use as example an analysis of my own from soil on the Experimental Farm at
Vincennes
What did this analysis say
That the available quantity of phosphoric acid per acre was1734 pounds
The quantity of potash2209 pounds
And the lime39345 pounds
Are these results certain Perfectly certain and cannot be denied Here then ii
a soil liberally provided with the three minerals essential to vegetation neverthe
less cultivate this land in wheat for four consecutive years giving it only nitrogen
and sulphate of ammonia without addition of potash or phosphate The fourth
year the crops that were originally fine were reduced to almost nothing yet the
four crops of wheat had only taken away
70 pounds acid phosphate
114 pounds potash
C4 pounds lime
Where the analysis showed
1734 pounds acid phosphate
2209 pounds potash
39345 pounds lime
The plant declares a soil poor which the analysis proved to be rich Why this
contradiction
Because the plant knows only the elements it can make use of while the analy
sis shows those parts of the same agents which are engaged in combinations from
which the plants cannot extract them
But it may be said Why not imitate the processes of nature Why not treat
the soil with water alone so as to pace it in the same condition that the plants do
The idea seems excellent and the method founded en washing the soil with water
a pei feet method It is not however a few figures show its inadequacy It like
the first method is condemned by vegetation Treating the earth with chlorohy
dric acid we find 1734 pounds phosphoric acid per acre treating it with water
alone we find but 27 pounds phosphoric acid and 184 pounds of potash instead of
2 209 pounds Now if this same soil is cultivated for four cousecutive years in
beets you find 148 pounds phosphoric acid and 324 pounds of potash
Why this new contradiction Because water used in a large mass for irrigation
acts quite differently from water in small quantities acting by absorption through
the roots of the plants
In the first case the effect obtained is entirely due to the dissolvent action of the
water while in the second case three new influences are brought into action The
air which penetrates the interstices of the soil and operates by slow combustion
carbonic acid produced by decomposition of organic matter whose affinities realize
the conditions of attack and dissolution which water alone could not produce and
finally the breathing of the roots which is equal to irrigation under pressure The
small quantity of phosphoric acid and potash found in the water used in irrigat
ing is a proof of this
But more than this make two parallel experiments sow wheat in soil that is
rnpated and the same soil without irrigation the crop will be better in the first
Here is a new contradiction In showing the inadequaey of actual auayses you
wll think believe them entiey useless n deny by anticipation the possi22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA IS2
bility of ever arriving at satisfactory results Nothing is farther from my thoughts
1 wish simply to show things as they are to warn you against hopes which will
lead to deception and prove that in the present state of affairs analysis cannot
enlighten you upon the most vital and essential question of practical agriculture
But if chemical analysis fails what shall we do
Question the plants themselves use them both as guides and chemical reac
fives
What did I tell you in our last meeting
That we can bring the poorest sand to the highest degree of fertility by the ad
dition of these four substances phosphoric acid lime potash and nitrogen We
also find that although these four substances are always efficacious they only
show their full activity when the four are associated and reunited that as soon as
one was suppressed the other became so inert as to lose almost the greatest part of
their activity
We have also said that these four bodies have not the same effect on all plants
that nitrogenous matter is most efficacious for the cereals rape and the beet
phosphoric acid for corn sugarcane and the turnip potash for the legumes and
the potato
If you realize these three fundamental propositions you will understand by
what natural deductions we can found a method of practical analysis easily access
ible to all
Suppose we experiment on the same soil with five different fertilizers first the
fertilizer composed of the four terms which you know and to which we have
given the name of complete fertilizer and parallel with this four fertilizers com
posed of ony three terms from which we exclude by turns one after the other
nitrogenous matter potash lime and phosphoric acid making the following
series
Complete fertilizer
Fertilizer without Nitrogen
Fertilizer without Phosphate
Fertilizer without Potash
Fertilizer without Lime
Soil without any fertilizer
What does the plant say in this case That the complete fertilizer produced
fiftysix bushels the fertilizer without nitrogen only eighteen bushels the fertil
izer without phosphates twentyfour bushels the fertilizer without potash forty
bushels that without lime fiftythree bushels and the soil without fertilizer only
fifteen bushels
The conclusion is evident and forcedthe soil is entirely wanting in nitrogen
supplied with lime but not well provided with potash and phosphate of lime
Now what analysis can you find perfect enough to give you such delicate and
definite results
So according as the crops grown with the incomplete fertilizers differ from or
resemble those grown with the complete fertilizer we know the soil is wanting in
the element excluded from the fertilizer
To be more precise we collect in a table the crops from the experimental farm
Crops per Acre
Complete fertilizer68 bushels
Fertilizer without lime53 bushels
Fertilizer without potash40 bushels
Fertilizer without phosphateJ2i bushels
Fertilizer without nitrogen18 bushels
Soil without fertilizer15 bushels183 ckop report1884 23
I therefore repeat the element wanting at Vinoenues was nitrogen But this is
not all There are two parts to every soil the surface soil and the subsoil the su
perficial and the deeper layers Do these two layers possess the same degree of
fertility This is a very important question to be determined
How shall we do it It is very easy Instead of planting wheat take a tap root
like the beet which penetrates to a great depth experiment with it in the same
manner and you will have as concise and perfect indications as from the wheat
only this time it will be from the subsoil instead of the surface soil
And what have we
Per acre
Complete fertilizer49000 pounds beets
Fertilizer without lime45000 pounds beets
Fertilizer without potash39000 pounds beets
Fertilizer without phosphate35000 pounds beets
Fertilizer without nitrogen34000 pounds beets
Soil without fertilizer20000 pounds beets
Indications from the Irish potato are not less exact or instructive
Crop per acre
Complete fertilizer27330
Fertilizer without lime22S31
Fertilizer without phosphate17522
Fertilizer without nitrogen15377
Fertilizer without potash10286
Soil without fertilizer 752S
What does the Irish potato say That the soil of Vincennes contains but very
small quantities of potash and nitrogen and if it shows potash particuarly want
ing it is because this is the dominant of the potato that is the element which most
affects the crop
The testimony of these two plants is not opposed to each other on the contrary
they complete each other and you see how the superior action of the dominant
helps toward the analysis of the soils
To have a correct idea of the true fertility of the soil at Vincennes we must com
pare the two crops of wheat and potatoes
What does the series with wheat say That the quantities of nitrogen and
potash are equally limited and the series with the potato strengthens and confirms
this double testimony only the crop of potatoes without potash is proportionately
feebler than the wheat because potash is the dominant of the potato and only a
subordinate element for wheat
This is a perfect system of experimenting and one whose teachings are entirely
practical and of immediate application
What other system of investigation could furnish like indications With an
experimental field we can always find out what elements the soil contains that will
be useful to our crops as well as those in which the land is wanting
In this way we know positively the nature of the fertilizer most profitable to be
used But you ask is this a delicate and sensitive method Is it possible that a
plant can tell all the variations in the composition of a soil No question is easier
to answer The quantity of soil spread over the surface of an acre is 3910000
pounds Well with 200 pounds of sulphate of ammonia containing 40 poundsof
nitregen that is with the one hundred thousandth part of the total weight of the
soil we can increase the yield of wheat from seventeen to twentyone bushels of
grain and the weight of straw from three to four thousand pounds per hundred24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
184
pounds of nitre containing about ninetyfour pounds of potash is sufficient to
increase the yield of tbe Irish potato from 10000 to 28000 pounds a difference of
18000 pounds The effect of phosphate of lime on sugarcane is equally striking
Ifthe fertilizer contains 586 pounds of acid phosphate we have 78222 pounds of
stripped cane peracre if only 391 pounds of phosphates we get but 39111 pounds of
cane What scientific method is equal to this in accuracy delicacy or usefulness
Haying proved the value cf an experimental field we will show how one ought
to be made They vary according to circumstances
If the farm is large a piece of ground should be chosen representing the average
fertility of the whole and the experimental field divided into six plats each thirty
yards square including thejollowing combinations
No 1 Barnyard manure 58666 pounds per acre
No 2 Barnyard manure 29333 pounds per acre
No 3 Intensecomplete fertilizer
No 4 Complete fertilizer
No 5 Fertilizer without nitrogen
No 6 Fertilizer without phosphate of lime
No 7 Fertilizer without potash
No 8 Fertilizer without lime
No 9 Fertilizer without minerals
No 10 Soil without fertilizer
Here is a system which responds to all the needs of a regular farm Thanks to
this series of cultures one can methodically follow the exhaustion of the soil Like
a sentinel in advance the experimental field shows ith certainty the precise time
when the soil should receive such and such fertilizer whether nitrogenous matter
potash phosphate of Jime etc But you will say in every farm there are di ferent
soijs
The objection is correct and we answer it The experimental field we speak of
will not answer alone for a large farm each field must have a small experimental
plat of divided into four plats on which only four fertilizers are usedcom
plete feriilizer mineral fertilizer nitrogenous fertilizer and the fourth plat with
out fertilizer By multiplying experiments with these four combinations of fer
tilizers we arrive at fixed ideas as to what the soil needs The firit mentioned
experimental field will from its size and the number and variety of experiments
be a guide for the whole farm
When one is once familiarized with this mode of investigation every plant grown
gives information concerning the condition of the soil in regard to fertility or
exhaustion
Here are some examples On two contiguous plats of the same size sow peas
and wheat without any fertilizer This little experiment if rightly understood
will show whether the soil is provided with nitrogen and minerals What did we
say in our first conference That nitrogenous matter was the dominant of wheat
and that this matter had very little if any effect on peas whose dominant was pot
ash In this way a small experiment becomes of great importance
If the two squares of wheat and peas are equally fine we know the soil contains
both mineral and nitrogenous matter If on the contrary the wheat is inferior
and yellow while the peas are vigorous we know the soil is wanting in nitrogenous
matter and well supplied with minerals particularly with potash
Let us extend our observations Lucerne has roots which penetrate the subsoil to
a frert derth wiere i tinds the minerals which it requires Now if the lucerne is
wie ne eah ae oor what shall we understand That the surface soil is1851
CROP REPORT1884
25
wanting in potash and phosphate while the subsoil is supplied with them K the
two plants succeed equally well we know both surface and subsoil are provided
with minerals
You see gentlemen by starting from the exact and certain premises deduced
from experiments in burnt sand with pure substances avoiding all unknown agents
we end by gaining essentially practical ideas to answer the important questions
What arethe useful agents the soil contains In what agents is the soil wanting
The more extended and complete my studies and the longer my intercourse with
the agricultural world the more convinced I am of the value of the experimental
plat or field as a means of giving every farmer a cheap and practical analysis of
his soil
To those who are already convinced it is a neverfailing guide and to those who
are doubtful it triumphs over the most systematic objections
If gentlemen you will listen to me multiply yonr experimental plats which
the Italians rightly call proof plats All our colleges primary schools and agri
cultural establishments of any kind even our societies ought to have them
Three or four squares 30 feet each am amply sufficient for primary schools and
for them I advise parallel and alternate cultures of Irish potatoes and wheat
The fields belonging to the agricultural societies should serve as guides for all the
country around them
Four parallel cultures of wheat beets Irish potatoes and peas would show in a
striking manner the necessity of varying the composition of the complete fertilizer
for each of these plants not only as to the number of substances contained but the
relative proportions of each and the value of understanding the dominant of each
plant
Besides the instruction gained from a field like this which speaks both to the
eyes and the brain as each one can judge for himself what he sees it is valuable
for showing what pants are best suited to the natural soil and climate of the sur
rounding country
An experimental field of this importance would awaken the curiosity of the
neighboring population excite them to similar experiments and naturally draw
forth useful comparisons between the experimental field of the agricultural society
and their own plats
The famer will wish to be certain he is up with the experiments of the society
and the discussions thus induced will result in spreading new ideas through all
classes of the people
In 1869 Mr Durny then minister of public instruction a man of progressive
ideas and devoted to the public good had the happy thought of spreading the view
I have just explained to you among the children of the public schools He left me
free to carry the project into execution
Believing it much more essential in educating for a farmer to give a child positive
ideas as to the agents and causes which regulate vegetal activity than simply to
teach him the use of tools my plan wxs quite simple I determined to impress
three facts upon the childrens minds In the first place prove to them practically
that with a very small quantity of a certain powder they could grow better crops
than with a large mass of manure In the second place that the suppression of
one of the four substances composing this powder was sufficient to greatly reduce
the good effects of the three others It occurred to me that if the childrens minds
were imbued with these ideas there would be lasting results to them for they
woud with their own hands handle both the fertilizer and the crops from it and
though they had but a vague idea of the nature of phosphate of lime potash and28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
186
nitrogen they would not forget the experiment and would always remember that
they had seen and helped to grow crops with something that was cot barnyard
manure and that in the composition of this powder there were substances whose
action possessed a variable degree of importance according to the nature of the
plant to which it was applied
Imagine gentlemen an experimental plat attached to the village school where
the children see hemp growing six feet tall and right along side this in the same
soil the same pant only tall What could have a more durabe and lasting
effect on the mind of a child But you say perhaps this is only imagination Are
there experimental fields that produce such results The answer is easy Cast
your eye upon these two tables you find there the product of 900 experimental
fields classed by departments which show the results from Mr Durnys experiment
These table relate to two different cultures the beet and the Irish potato With
57555 pounds of barnyard manure the beet produced only 37337 pounds of beets
per acre with 1173 pounds of chemical fertilizer the return was 42988 pounds
while the soil without any fertilizer produced only 23795 pounds
This series certainly needs no commentary
Per Acre
Chemical fertilizer42988 pounds
Barnyard manure 37337 pounds
Soil without fertilizer23795 pounds
We then experimented also with a mineral fertilizer without nitrogen composed
of phosphate of lime potash and lime the crop was but 32891 pounds
With nitrogenous matter alone the crop was kept at 37279 pounds mixing min
erals with nitrogen it went up to 42988 pounds
We were able to show the following facts to several thousand children scattered
over three hundred and fifty different points in France viz The possibility of grow
ingmore abundant crops with chemical fertilizer than with barnyard manure the
necessity of following the teachings of science in the use of these new substances
and that a slight modification of their composition was sufficient to produce a
marked difference in their effect
The experiments with the Irish potato were not less significant although late in
the season and during exceptional drouth This time there were 564 experimental
fields
What did they say
With barnyard manure15151 pounds
With chemical fertilizer16099 pounds
On soil without fertilizer10755 pounds
Do you think it would be possible to diffuse more useful ideas than these through
the country
Do you believe that a child who has seen and followed such experiments as these
will forget them when he becomes a man and has to battle for himself with the
realities of life Do you believe such teaching will remain a dead language
You see by this example what advantages may be drawn from an experimental
field whether for analyzing the soil on a large scale or for explaining the laws of
vegetation and the practical conditions of successful cultivation to the laboring
classes
This method of teaching in the primary schools would have become the basis of
instruction for all the agricultural schools of the country but for the changes of
government in 1879187
CRP REPORT1884
27
In thirtyfour farm schools 45444 pounds of barnyard manure produced 37752
pounds of beets per acre 1173 pounds of chemical fertilizer 39313 pounds while
the soil without fertilizer yielded only 2340G pounds The resultsat Grignon were
the same very large quantities of barnyard manure gave 61600 pounds of beets
per acre while the chemical fertilizer gave 64533 pounds
This method of anaysis is capable of even more extended application with it
we can read the soil of distant countries Messrs Lawes and Gilbert in England
have conducted expeiiments on a large scale similar to ihose pursued at Vincennes
There is a simiarity on certain points between the crops grown by these gentle
men and those grown here and a contrast on other points
The returns are the same with the complete fertilizer both at Rothamstead and
Vincennes the mineral fertilizer is superior at Vincennes while the nitrogenous
fertilizer is most efficacious at Rothamstead
The conclusion to be drawn from this compai ison is that the soil of Rothamstead
is better supplied with minerals than that of Vincennes and the latter had in the
beginning more nitrogenI say in the beginning because now it has less than at
Rothamstead
You see gentlemen how by comparing results obtained from using the same
fertilizer we can define the analogies and contrasts existing between soils of very
different origin
There are cases in scientific investigation where no other method will solve the
problem If I say that I can prove to you that the air composing our atmophere
was quite different at first from what it is now that it then contained more carbonic
acid nitrogen and ammonia you will think I have made a bold assertion and will
ask on what principles I found my demonstration
You know gentlemen that coal originated in past ages from a vegetation belong
ing to the grand family of vascular cryptogams Now we know from the fossil
remains of this vegetation that it had immense leaves and a small tap root This
contrast between two equally essential organs of the same plant shows that the
greater part of its food was drawn from the air and but little from the soil They
grew tocolossal dimensions The pants of our day of similar organization belong
to the humble class of lycopods hardly three feet high
To produce such a change in size of vegetation there must have been a corre
sponding change in the nature of the surroundings and the atmosphere which de
veloped calamites and lepidodendrons cannot be the same as now grows the lyco
podium
What could have been these surroundings Principilly an atmosphere chaged
with carbonic acid and ammonia
Place a large leaved plant a caladium for instance grown in burnt sand in a
similar atmosphere and it will suddenly be enormously developed the leaves will
spread over six feet the activity of development will surpass anything you see
around you and you will feel as if assisting at the birth of a new world
Now have you not a right to conclude an identity of caue from a similarity of
effect
In the first epochs of the world the earth was formed of mineral elements there
was no detritus as we have now Now since it is possible in such a soil to give
vegetation an enormous activity by infusing some traces of ammonia in the air it
follows that the atmosphere in the first ages must have contained a nitrogenous
composition which has since disappeared But this is not all We know that the
disposition of a people and the changes of their history is influenced by the mate
rial conditions in which they live28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
183
Primitive soils are decidedly unfavorable to the full development of life and of
the moral and intellectual faculties Races degenerate on such soils and if excess
of heat and moisture are added to the unfavorable effects of soil they become de
graded
Soils covered by water at the diluvian period are greatly superior to the above
But the most favorable to present life are the alluvial soils of recent formation
the alluvial soils of this period
The observation of the historian has added other factsfor example that the
regions where mans intelligence has attained the highest development are in the
zones where the cereals are cultivated and among the cereals there is a difference
between wheat barley and rye in their effect on the organization of the population
This idea gives a new light to history and is susceptible of practical application
as soon as formuaed in precise terms Experimental fields by showing the true
agricultural value of the soil will allow of this
I give an example now under our own eyes
Half the lands in the Department of Aveyron are composed of schist gneis and
micaschist The other half is of Jurassic formation These two lands are mark
edly opposite in structure We will call the first rye land and the second lime
land
The inhabitants of the rye land are poor thin angular and small rather ugly
the animals proportionately small
The inhabitants of the lime land are large full in figure and fine looking
Ask a chemist to analyze the two soils and tell you how to better them He can
not answer you by the use of a chemical apparatus
A few little experimental fields will soon show that the rye land is wanting in
nitrogen and phosphate and the lime land in potash and nitrogen Follow these
indications use nitrogen phosphate potash and lime and suddenly you will see
the growth of rye restricted while barley will yield well soon to be followed by
wheat When only barnyard manure is used in cultivation this succession of cul
turesis not possible the manure cannot go beyond its origin if the soil that pro
duced it is wanting in phosphate it is also wanting in phosphate The rye land
will always remain rye land and the inhabitants small in stature his faculties will
be under the yoke of a power he cannot throw off But by the help of science he
can throw it off
Master of the conditions ruling plant life man can change those which oppress
him and turn the course of his destiny by modifying the organization of the plants
and animals on which he feeds By giving nitrogen and phosphate to the soil
wanting in nitrogen and phosphate he can live on wheat instead of rye By con
tinuing this course for three or four generations he will rise in the biological scale
his organization will be more perfect his faculties extended and this conquest over
the native inferiority of the race he will owe entirely to the teachings of science
and the energetic perseverance of his own will
You see gentlemen when we raise a corner of the veil which still hides from us
the laws regulating life we are dazzled There was formerly an impenetrable bar
rier between man and nature we instinctively feel nay more we assert that this
barrier must give way By penetrating into the effects of life man becomes master
of the growth of life as he has mastered steam electricity and the winds By
making use of them he reacts upon the conditions of his own life and equalizes
them
Societies or nations are vast arenas where two powerful elementsdeath and
lireare eternally at wa189 crop report1884 29
Increase the productiveness of the soil the conditions of life are bettered and
population increases Disregard the laws of restitution exhaust the soil the pop
ulation diminishes and death overcomes life
Unfortunate is the people to whom these laws are unknown
Now let us examine in detail the testimony given us by the experimental field
The first lesion i that with the four fundamental elements which you know we
can grow a maximum crop second by varying the proportion of nitrogen for
wheat hemp and the beet we can grade these Crops third while nitrogen is so
efficacious for wheat hemp and 4he beet the Irish potato and pea require the
mineral elements
fc To deserve the full benefit of an experimental field you ought to visit it at differ
ent seasons so as to follow the progress of a plant from the germination of the grain
to the full maturity of the crop
You have before you then at the same time a proof of the efficacy of the chemi
cal fertilizer for all crops the inequalities produced by the suppression of such
and such elements and the value and profit of a judicious and intelligent applica
tion of the dominant of a pant
Learn nature from facts see judge for yourselves and draw your own conclusionsSpecial Circular No 44
New Series
Eeport of Growing Crops Yields Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1884
RETURNABLE OCTOBER 1 1884
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga Sept 12 1884
Dear Sir Please answer the following questions on the first day of
October or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that
your report may reach this office by the Third ot October
Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent
An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything
with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus
if the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year
or 10 per cent better than an average it should be reported as
110 in each case and if 10 per cent below these standards it
should be 90 Never report 10 per cent better or 10 per cent
worse but 110 or 90 as the case may be Avoid vague com
parisons such as some better hardly so good above an
average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you
reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to
your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the
Character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate
leave the space blank Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner 0 Agriculture
Qnite a number of reports from correspondents reach this office In each month several
days later than the 3d and cannot be used The Commissioner Is aware that m some cases
the mail lailities are very defective but urges every reporter to prepare and mail his report
so as to reach this office between the 1st and 3d of the month when practicable to do so When
received later than the 3d they can rarely be used Please ascertain from your Post Master
thelatest day on which a letter must be mailed in order to reach Atlanta not later than the 3d
and mail your report on that day Z DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGH
I For what county do you report county
n Your name
III Your postoffice
IV Date of making this reportdate
From present indications what will be the
1 Total yield of cotton compared to an average crop per cent
2 Total yield of corn compared to an average percent
3 SugarCanepercent
4 Sorghumper cent
5 Riceper cent
6 Sweet Potatoes per cent
7 Field Peaspercent
8 Chufaspercent
9 Turnipsper cent
NoteWrite your notes on the next pageQUESTIONS FOR SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT
REMARKS
Under this head report any facts of general Interest to the farmers or any valuable or in
II structive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers Such remarks should be point
ed concise and plainly written so that the time and labor of revision and rewriting may be
II saved
If you wish to write to the Commissioner on any subject not connected with this report
m please use a separate sheet of paper
Put the name of your county at the upper left hand corner of your notes as it apears in
li the printed reports and your signature at the bottom
CountyNEW SERIES
Circular No 59 f
SAND
Special Instructions to Inspectors
FOR THE
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
IN GEORGIA
Presort bv J T HENDERSON CWsmonkr op AoRICtJLTURB
FOR THE SEASON OF 18845
Jas P Harrison Co Printers
Atlanta
ATLANTA GEORGIA
1884EULES AM REGULATION
SEASON OF 18845
New Series
Circular No 59 j
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta September 20 1884
The Commissioner of Agriculture continues of force the Rules and Regulations
of the season of 18834 and they are prescribed and published for the season of
18845 with slight changes as follows
I Every package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same or for
composting intended for sale or distribution within the State of Georgia shall
have the manufacturers guaranteed analysis placed upon or securely attached to
each package by the manufacturer If the fertilizer is in bags it sjuall be dis
tinctly branded stamped or printed upon each sack If in barrels it may be
either branded stamped or printed upon the head of each barrel or distinctly
printed upon good paper and securely pasted upon the head of each barrel or
upon a shipping or other tag and securely attached to the head of each barrel In
every case it must be distinct This manufacturers guaranteed analysis sha i show
the following determinations viz
Moisture at 212per cent
Insoluble Phosphoric Acidpercent
Available Phosphoric Acidper cent
Ammonia actual and potentialper cent
Potash K2Opercent
If Nitrogen in the form of Nitrate is claimed the fact must be state in the
Request for Inspection
II To facilitate the transaction of business any manufacturer dealer apont or
other person who procures the inspection of a fertilizer after it is inspected and
has the inspectors tag attached in compliance with law may proceed to make sales
thereof before the official analysis is completed provided he gives a written
obligation to cancel all sales in caee the fertilizer is condemned by the Com
The Commissioner has uniformly held that if the guaranteed analysis shall include such of these
five ingredients as the fertilizer or chemical is claimed to contain it will be a substantial ccmpliance
with the law and the Rules and Regulations Sotae judicial decisions seem to indicate thathis para
graph must be literally complied withthat the full list of ingredients must appear in the Guaranteed
Analysis even if one or more of them is not contained in the goods As a matter of prudence it
would be well for manufacturers to comply literally with the law in this respect The Commissioner
will not change his ruling on this point until constrained to do so by express judicial opinion fcr Legis
lative enactmentDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
200
missioner of Agriculture This obligation is embraced in the Request for Inspec
tion which must also set forth the guaranteed analysis according to the form
therein prescribed and addressed to the proper Inspector The Request for In
spection must be made out and signed in duplicate and one copy sent to the Com
missioner of Agriculture by the person requesting the inspection
III Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to any fertilizer
or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless the manufacturers guar
anteed analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel or package before offering the
same for sale or distribution claiming in the case of any Ammoniated Super
phosphate that it contains at least eight per cent of available Phosphoric Acid
and two per cent of Ammonia and of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone
that it contains at least ten per cent of available Phosphoric Acid neither shall
any such tag or device be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that is in a dam
aged or unmerchantable condition
IV Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking samples shall have ap
plied under their personal supervision when practicable Inspectors tags one to
each package of fertilizer before the same is offered for sale or distribution In
spectors tags will have printed upon each the words and figures Inspected
18845Georgia also aac simile of the signature of the Commissioner of Agricul
ture and its cmsecutive nunber Whenever it is found to be impracticable for
Inspectors to personally supervise the application of tags they may be delivered
to the order of the person procuring the inspection In such cases Inspectors must
avail thtrcselves of all practicable means to satisfy themselves that the tags so de
livered ha e been properly applied to gocds that have been regularly inspected
during the season indicated
Tags brought over from any previous season cannot be applied to new goods
nor can they be redeemed by this Department
V The Inspectors tag when attached or applied in compliance with law is a
recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has the consent of the Com
missioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the conditions prescribed in Rules I
and II above recited
VI All fertilizers manufactured in this State for sale or distribution within the
State mast have been subjected to all the requirements of the law and regulations
and the Inspectors fee must be paid before it can be removed from the mill or
factory
VII For the purpose of making inspections and executing the laws and regu
lations in relation to the inspection of fertilizers the following persons have been
appointed Inspectors with offices at the places annexed to their names viz
0 T RogersSavannah
Ker BoyceAugusta
John H PateBrunswick
J S LawtonAtlanta
L W LivingstonMacon
Walter S DeWolfColumbus
Whenever it is necessary to facilitate transportation the Inspectors at Macon
Brunswick and Columbus will cooperate with the Inspectors at Savannah Augus
ta and Atlanta Inspections can be made at other points in Georgia than those
named above when necessary but if in such cases the fertilizer shill have come
into the State at any port or station where there is an Inspector the necessary ex
201
INSPECTION OP FERTILIZERS1884
pensesof the Inspector in going to make such inspection must be paid by the
party procuring the same
VIII If necessary to facilitate transportation inspections may be made outside
of the State or in bulk by permission of the Commissioner of Agriculture to
whom applications must be made by the party procuring it In all such cases the
expenses of the Inspector incurred in making the inspection must be paid by
the party procuring it
And in all cases of inspections in bulk at the factory the manufacturer his
agent or the person shipping the fertilizer will be required to report to the Com
missioner of Agriculture on the first tenth and twentieth of each month the ship
ments of such fertilizer made during the previous period of ten days showing the
brand number of tons the name and address of consignee date of shipment
name of inspector who inspected ihe bulk from which shipments were made and
the inspection number of the inspection covering said bulk The object of
this requirement is to enable the Inspector to subsequently inspect the same goods
wherever found
IX In all cases in making inspections samples must be taken by the Inspector
in person He must provide such samplers as will penetrate to the center of the
package and samples must be taken from a sufficient number to fairly represent
the wholenot less than onetenth of the package in lots of ten tons or over and
not less than onefifth of the packages in lots of less than ten tons
X Inspectors at the time of first inspecting a fertilizer for the season must re
quest of the person procuring the same three packages of each distinct brand to
be selected by the Inspectors to be used under the directions of the Commissioner
of Agriculture in makiDg a thorough soil test These three packages must be tak
en at once by the Inspector and immediately shipped to the Commissioner
XI Manufacturers of and dealers in fertilizers outside the State before mak
ing each shipment of fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distribution are required
to notify the Commissioner of Agriculture directly and also the Inspector at the
port or place where the same is to enter the State in writing of such shipment
giving the name of the vessel or railroad on which shipped the name of each dis
tinct brand and the number of tons of each the number and kinds of packages
and their weight the name and place of the consignee and accompany this infor
mation by a copy of the guaranteed analysis Let this notice be timely to both
the Commissioner and the Inspector It will facilitate business and result in ad
vantage to those who give such timely notice
XII As far as possible all fertilizers must be inspected at the port of entry or
place where they come into the State Inspectors are required to be vigilant and
see that none escapes Dealers in the interior of the State to whom fertilizers
coming into the State at points where there are no Inspectors are consigned
must give timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture and to the Inspector
nearest the point where they enter the State and must be prepared to furnish the
Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obligations and to
pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer arrives All persons in
Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or have fertilizers shipped to them during
the coming season for sale or distribution will please take due notice and make
all necessary arrangements to meet the requirements of law promptly when the
fertilizer reaches the State and thus save delay and embarrassment The law
must be enforced and parties interested will greatly oblige by taking such timely
steps as will insure its easy execution without annoyance to themselves or othersDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
202
XIII An Act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from impo
sition in the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1875 provides in sec
tion I That from and after the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful to sell
or offer for sale any fertilizer manufactured in this State or to bring into the State
for sale and distribution any fertilizer manufactured beyond the limits of the
State unless before offering for sale or the sale or distribution of the same there
shall be an inspection and an analysis made of it etc Section III of the same
Act provides for the punishment according to section 4310 of the Code of 188 ot
any person selling fertilizers without inspection
An Act to render more efficient and economical the inspection and analysis ot
fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1877 provides that Any manufacturer
dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the
same for sale or distribution in this State without having a brand tag or sucli
other device as the Commissioner of Agriculture may require showing the analy
sis thereof shall be guilty of a misdmesnor and on conviction of the same shall
be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1873
Section VI of the above cited Act approved February 28th 1874 requires the
Inspectors to prosecute violators of these laws
The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict performance
of their duties
XIV The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from September 1st to the 31st
of August following
XV The method of analysis recommended by the lecent Convention of Agricul
tural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 2Sth of July 1880 with such
modifications as were adopted by the Atlanta Convention of May 151884 will con
tinue to be employed by the Chemist of the Department in the analysis of all
commercial fertilizers Copies of the proceedings of said Conventions will be sent
to applicants
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS
It is of the utmost importance to the planters and people of Georgiato yourself
and the Department of Agriculturethat your duties be well and faithfully per
formed You are placed as a sentinel to see that the interests of the farmers of
Georgia are well guarded in their purchase of commercial fertilizers that they are
protected from imposition in every purchase that they make and that the laws
denning your duties and the regulations of the Department are rigidly executed
in every case You are in your official acts to render full justice to all parties
The strict execution of the law and full protection from imposition to all farmers
will not work injustice to any manufacturer or dealer
In the discharge of your duty in addition to the foregoing Rules and Regula
tes you are to be governed by the following special instructions giving some
details which could not well be set forth elsewhere viz
1 Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer in Geor
ge a for his oxvnus and not for sale or distribution shall be permitted to pass with
out inspection if the purchaser desire it provided it is sent directly to said pur
chaser addressed or consigned to him personally and not directed to or passing
through the hands of a comniission merchant or third party You must as far as203 jj
INSPECTION OP FERTILIZERS1884
practicable report all such shipments to the Commissioner of Agriculture giving
the names of brands the names and places of consignees and the number of tons
and enter the same in your official record
2 You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desiring inspec
tion has
a Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 50 cents per ton for every ton to be in
spected For which you must sign and deliver a printed receipt according to blaks
furnished you
b Placed the exact name in full of the fertilizer to be inspected and the
guaranteed analysis of the same upon each package
c Tendered you a Request for Inspection on the blanks furnished for that
purpose embracing an obligation to cancel and make null all sales which may be
made of said fertilizer before the official analysis thereof is made if after being
analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall in pursuance of law prohibit its
sale The request must also contain the guaranteed analysis corresponding to
that placed upon the package
Soiltest packages of every distinct brand of fertilizers are to be requested only
once during the season viz at the time of making the first inspection of any
brand
You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum percentage of any of the
valuable ingredients named in the guaranteed analysis is less than that required
by law viz 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 2 per cent of ammonia
in ammoniated superphosphates or ten per cent of available phosphoric acid in
acid phosphates or dissolved bones Natural guano and fertilizers that have not
been treated with sulphuric acid are not subject to this standard
3 You must require in each bulk inspection the names of each brand pro
posed to be shipped from such bulk and in every case you must report the names
of brands and numbers with which the goods therein reported are identical in
composition
4 Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer in the manner
described in Rule IX of the Rules and Regulations they must be thoroughly mixed
but not triturated or ground in a mortar or otherwise When samples are for
warded to the Department for analysis they must be in the same mechanical condi
tion in which they are offered for sale to the planters in the State After the
samples are thus thoroughly mixed you will from the mixture fill two glass
bottles common quinine bottles securely seal them with wax stamp your official
seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly label themone with a label
showing the inspection number name of the fertilizer inspected the place at for
whom inspected and the date of inspection and the other with a label showing the
number of inspection You must then deliver both in person to the Commis
sioner or carefully box and ship them to him by express
5 You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or minute of
every official act performed by you embracing in the record of each inspection
the number and date of inspection name of the fertilizer or chemical by whom
and where manufactured person requesting and place to whom consignsd and
where where inspected number of tons inspected amount of fees received
number of tags delivered how and when sample was forwarded the inspection
number of identical brands samples taken from same bulk and such other facts
as may be necessary to a complete history of the inspection
6 You are required to make a full and complete report on the first day of eachDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
204
month of the work done during the previous month on blanks furnished you for
this purpose
Report promptly to the Commissioner any violations of law
The book of records or minutes is the property of the Department and must
be neatly and correctly kept It must be filed in the Department with your final
eport made at the end of the fertilizer season
You will be required to make arrangements for storing and shipping soiltest
samples under the instructions from the Commissioner of Agriculture
Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records entries and reports
and stationery for official correspondence
Inspectors tags will be supplied to you on your requisitions freight prepaid and
you must retain the cost of the same and all charges from fees received and pay
the amount to this office at the end of each month
The Act of February 26th 1877 requires you to pay over to the Comptroller
General on the first day of each month all moneys received for inspection fees
during the preceding month This must be done in whatever manner the Comp
trollerGeneral may prescribe and you must satisfy the Commissioner that this duty
has been performed before a salary certificate will be issued to you
You are specially required to guard against any misappropriation of Inspectors
tags or for any violation or evasion of the law or of any attempts to do so and
make full reports to the Department of Agriculture
You will be required to render a strict account of all tags issued to you and held
liable to the treasury for the amount of fees represented by any tags not satisfacto
rily accounted for
Any information you may need will be given at any time Instructions will be
given promptly in any case in which you may desire them or about which you are
in doubt
Inspectors will be held to a strict performance of all duties required of them by
the law and the rules regulations and instructions defining their duties No neglect
or irregularities in the discharge of their du ties will be tolerated and perfect sobriety
at all times is strictly enjoined
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureCIRCULAR No 60
ULAR No 60
Now Series J
CROP REPORT
for the Month of September 1884
SHOWING
AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO
AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
T T HEITIDBRSOIT
Commissioner
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Js P Harrison Co Printers Binders and Electrotypers
1884
Circular Ifo 60
New Sebees
CROP REPORT
FOE THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1884
RETURNS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OCTOBER 1st 1884
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta October 10 1884
COTTON
The cotton crop in North Georgia in comparison with an average crop
is reported 66 in Middle Georgia 65 in Southwest Georgia 66 in East
Georgia 66 in Southeast Georgia 78 and the average for the State 68
There has been a remarkable deterioration in the condition of the crop
caused by rust and shedding since the last months report
The reports from North and Middle Georgia fall below that of last month
18 points Southwest Georgia 16 points East Georgia 10 points and South
east Georgia 4 points Very little damage has been done by worms
The crop is very considerably below an average for the State but will
compare favorably with that of last year
The seasons have been unfavorable through the year for the growth of
the crop in most parts of the State The cold spring which caused a late
start for the plant was followed by excessive wet weather and then by a
general drouth The conditions developed rust to an unusual extent and
caused the shedding of the later fruit
The state of the weather for gathering the crops up to the time the re
ports were made to this office has been unusually favorable and the con
dition and quality of the lint exceptionally good
CORN
The condition and prospect compared to an average in North Georgia
is 81 in Middle Georgia 92 in Sjuthwest Georgia 100 in Est Georgia
102 in Southeast Georgia 91 and in the whole State 93DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
208
The condition and prospect for the State is five points below the report
of last month due to the effects of the recent prolonged drouth on late
crops The early planted corn is generally good throughout Southern
Georgia and on all uplands that were properly cultivated in Northern and
Middle Georgia
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
Sugar CaneThe drouth of August and September has materially
affected the condition and prospect The correspondents reports show
the crop to have fallen off from 86 to 71 since the first of September The
sections are as follows Middle Georgia 70 Southwest Georgia 58 East
Georgia 68 and Southeast Georgia 87
SorghumNorth Georgia 84 Middle Georgia 66 Southwest Georgia
82 East Georgia 88 Southeast Georgia 80 and the whole State 72
EicaMiddle Georgia 95 Southwest Georgia 87 East Georgia 91
Southeast Georgia 101 and the whole State 93
Sweet Potatoe3This crop has been greatly injured in most parts of
the State by the drouth On the first of September there was promise of
an unusually fine yield The crop was reported then at 102 for the State
but falls to 81 in the present report Southeast Georgia is the only sec
tion that shows no falling off in the condition of the crop In North Geor
gia the condition and prospect is reported at 74 Middle Georgia 63 South
west Georgia 75 East Georgia 83 and Southeast Georgia 112
Field PeasNorth Georgia 77 Middle Georgia 63 Southwest Geor
gia 73 East Georgia 83 Southeast Georgia 95 and in the whole state 78
ChufasNorth Georgia 100 Middle Georgia 59 Southwest Georgia 82
East Georgia 77 Southeast Georgia 102 and the State 84
TurnipsA failure of this crop is reported from many counties in
every section except Southeast Georgia The condition and prospect for
the sections are as follows North Georgia 29 Middle Georgia 28 South
west Georgia 25 East Georgia 55 and Southeast Georgia 92
MILLO MAIZE AS A BREAD GRAIN
Since our last mention in these reports of this most valuable addition to
the list of farm products grown by the farmers of Georgia we have had
our attention called to a use of this grain which has great promise in it
for the future We have had placed on our table by Mr A T Heath of
Roswell Cobb County several grades of Flour which were made of Millo
Maize and at the same time a fine loaf of light bread from this flour
While the bread was darker than that made from the finer grades of wheat
fbur it was exceedingly palatable and fully as acceptable as any bread209
CROP REPORT1884
could be from Graham flour We divided the packages sent us so kindly
by Mr Heath with a friend who had it made into biscuit which were con
sumed by the family without any information as to the character and
history of the flour There was not the slightest suspicion that what was
eaten was not the same flour of wheat to which they had been accustom
ed nor was there any objection whatever suggested In fact our friend
reports that the biscuit were of extreme lightness Now here we have a
new idea that no one can fully predict the results that shall come of it
The extreme hardiness of the growing plant resistirjg drouth to a won
derful degreeits heavy yield far exceeding that of corn and then its
adaptedness for human food as well as a food for work stock all indicate
a coming favorite in Millo Maize among the farmers of the South It
will be a rare felicity indeed if we have unexpectedly fallen on a plant that
will set rust at defiance and give us both corn and flour jist as we choose
to convert it
A CAUTION
I feel constrained to call attention to the doubtful character of the
seed which has been saved from the last crop of wheat The excessive
and protracted rains in Jane caught many crops in the middle and upper
portions of the State unhoused and in the shock I have seen samples of
wheat thus exposed tha uu either so badly sprouted or heated that they
would not germinate when subjected to the test The safer way will be
to risk no seed that has not proved sound after a trial and I recommend
that the trial be made in all istances when the seed
acter
Table No ICondition ad Prospects of Crops in Georgia
October 1 1884 by Sections
Condition ana Protpect Compared to Average
SECTIONS o o a o o l5 a a u it ai D 3 3 oe o t3 9 3 o O a o a 02 S i 3
Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia titi 65 8 101 ib 87 91 101 9 91 TO 5S 68 87 II 66 81 66 82 83 80 7J 77 63 78 83 95 100 59 82 77 103 74 63 75 8 112 29 28
ee 0 78 91
Southeast Georgia 65
92
Averaa for State 1883 63 76 78 64 8 73 81 67 46 61
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOLGIA
210
Table No 2Summary of Meteorological Observations com
piled from report of State observers and of the United States
Signal Service for the cotton belt Stations for September 1884 by L
H Charbonnier State Meteorologist
NORTH GEORGIA
STATIONS
Cartersville
Dalton
Gainesville
Mossy Creek
Rome JR S Norton
Toccoa JE A Newton
OBSERVERS NAME
J B Garrison
c H Snow
Prof C B LaHatte
Temper
7686
7356
7309
7402
7300
7418
Rnfall
0S2
136
095
102
018
112
MeansI9283 478 7428 082
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Athens
Atlanta
LaGrange
Oxford
Thomson
Washington
L H Charbonnier
R J liedding
Dr II H Cary
A E Sturgia
Beo Ware
Means
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
91 88 90 661800 63 770 6j7855 02O 140 097 086 3
ThomasYille 1 4

64337852
EAST GEORGIA
i 911 90 63 6J 76 215 75 215 3 3
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Brunswick
Jesnp
Savannah
Walthourville
H A Kenrick
R E Walker
H W Ford
John L Hardin
Means
Means for the State
88 79 88 90 66 5f 61 65 7708 7710 7665 757 532 292 464 470 489 180 8 7 11 5
900 6225 5819 7669
9104 7422
Number
of days
4
2
3
3
2
2
7
9
2
5
8
1
2
2
1
1
98 45 7477 101 1
89 fil 75 06 006 3
9i 63 79 Ou 000
91 fi8 7700
90 55 7500 125 8
102 50 7835 290 3
932 536 7662084
The following Stations sent incomplete reports and could not be
averaged in the above summary From the partial reports the
following rainfall appears
In inches
Camak 28 reports received064
Union Point 24 reports received016
Waynesboro 28 reports received315
Albany 27 reports received076
Bainbridge 27 reports received015
Fort Gaines 28 reports received019
Millen 28 reports received368
Quitman 25 reports received435
Smithville 29 reports received044
Thomasville 29 reports received106
Waycross 27 reports received246
Columbus 26 reports received178
Griffin 26 reports receivedIll
Macon 26 reports received013
Newnan 25 reports received011
West Pdint 25 reports received006NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
CatoosaCattle are dying with murrain rapidlygreater mortality among the
Jerseys Jno B Henderson
RabunI notice this season that bottom land manured with stable manure is
not as good as where none has been used Can any of your correspondents give
the cause F A Bleckley
MIDDLE GEORGIA
ButtsI received your Bob cotton and planted the 28th of April No differenoe
only in lint the lint is very fine T G Preston
ClarkeThe Teosinte received from your department has suffered greatly from
drouth I do not think it equal as a forage plant to the Millo Maize
John S Linton
ClaytonThe Searcy corn you sent me last spring made a very good yield The
Burt oats also give general satisfaction with the members of our club
A P Adamson
HenryI am highly pleased with the Bob cotton seed you sent It make
much prettier staple than any except the ozier silk Merrill C Lowe
JasperThe Bob Cotton is of fine staple and an abundant yielder of lint
but later by ten days and poorly fruited Willis Newton
MeriwetherI used kainit alone kainit and phosphate equal parts and stable
manure alone on land that always rust more or less in cotton and some without
any fertilizer The last plat was first to rust the second was next and the first
was slow and much later to rust and the stable manure is still green and made
double the others in yield Can we not get something like stable manure that
will prevent rust B S Clements
MonroeI tried both Honduras and Early Amber this year to see their yield
On the trial plat acre Honduras yielded 3 loads of 7 gallons to the load Amber
24 loads of 5 gallons per load Both mature about the same time from time of
planting from 100 to 110 days I am decidedly in favor of Honduras though the
Amber does not fall down so badly Both ahead of Golden
Tried Teosinte on rich well drained bottom land not worth a cent Corn the
most reliable forage
Am well pleased at the lecture of George Ville Many thanks to our Commis
sioner for his efforts it is highly instructing and no doubt will do much good
Continue them Guy Taylor
MorganThe yield of sorghum is an average and of the best quality The prin
cipal advantage of the early amber variety is that it does not conflict with the
saving of other crops J M Gaissebt
RochdaleThe stock law has been in operation for three years and not a case of
impounding or hard feeling W L PeekDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
212
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Chattahoochee The Chili wheat received last fall was planted by directions
was nearly all killed by freezes that not killed was affected with rust Rena
Luxurians is a strange looking grass planted 28th of April Some is now 10 feet
tall no sign of going to seed keeps tillering out from ground Bob cotton has
done well considering drouth All speak favorably of it
Francis V Schley
RandolphAs the time is close at hand to save the potato I give you my plan
We should always dig our potatoes after the first frost as the growth is then
checked put them up in common size hills Set up around them cornstalks pretty
thick then a coat of straw pine straw to keep the dirt from the potatoes Let the
hill run up to a conical point then cover with dirt 12 to 15 inches deep or deeper
I never build shelters over my hills leaving no air hole The main thing is to
cover deep so that it will not freeze to them I have tried it over 40 years and
have never made a failure 0 R Knowles
MarionCotton seed are fully as valuable for composting as cotton seed meal
The value of a compost depends not only on the ingredients it contains but on the
thoroughness of its manipulation and should be put as deep in the earth as possi
ble to prevent the drying effect of our hot summers sun Crowding cotton in the
drill may do for Middle Georgia but best results are obtained in our section by
giving it distance both ways and deep preparation G W C Muneo
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
BryanThe Teosinte received from the Department planted side by side with
pearl or cat tail millet both well fertilized with stable manure and well cultivated
Horse cows and hogs all ate Teosinte greedily but no more so than the millet
which out yielded the Teosinte by 18 percent actual weight per rod of row Teosinte
in hills 3 feet apart millet drilled Philip D Coey
Liberty Planted Teosinte seed in March on good land and no prospect as yet
of its going to seed Bacon will be scarce on account of cholera Dont think the
Bob cotton suits our soil and climate J 0 Datis Jr
Fowl and hog cholera are produced by parasites Bacteria in fowl Micrococcns
in hog The germs of these diseases enter the system by the digestive organs
and are generally taken with food The excrements of the sick and carcasses
of the dead are fruitful sources of spreading the contagion and should be
destroyed promptly by disinfection dilute sulphuric acid and by deeply bury
ing or better burning the carcasses Carbolic acid in food is efficacious in pre
venting and ordinarily destroying the parasites in live animals
Thanks to the Departments of Agriculture in Europe and America for their in
vestigations and the promise of an early remedy against these nonrecurrent
fever
Jas A M KingEXPERIENCE WITH FANCY CHICKENS
Bon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Georgia
SirAs requested I will give you my experience with fancy bred chickens In
the month of February of this year I purchased from a neighbor 32 light Brahma
hens and 5 cocks These fowls had been raised here and I therefore considered
them acclimated At the time of the purchase I had a game cock and 10 game hens
4 half game and 3 dunghill hens Until first week in July the pure games were
kept in a yard by themselves after that they were allowed the same range as the
Brahmas half breds and dunghills During the early spring and summer the
Brahmas proved themselves excellent layers sitters and workers and I was confi
dent I had found a kind of fowls adapted in every respect to this section of the
State Everything went on well until the hot weather in July when suddenly
the Brahma hens half grown chickens and cocks became sick and in less than two
weeks I lost 910ths of the chickens all of the cocks and 22 hens They died of
what is here called cholera Bat strange to say that although the pure games and
Brahmas had the same range and mingled freely together not one of the pure
game old or young were attacked with the disease that killed the Brahmas of the
half breeds one that was game and Leghorn died he rest with the dunghills had
slight attacks but all recovered None of the pure games were raised on the place
some came from Kentucky others from Columbia and Camden South Carolina
and some from Clark County Georgia none of them had spent a previous summer
in this county The Brahmas therefore in point of acclimation had the advantage
I can give no reasons why the games were not attacked by the disease that killed
the Brahmas I have only stated facts others may try the fancy breeds but as for
myself I will never raise any fowls but the pure games for I am compelled by the
facts before me to come to the conclusion that the pure game fowl is the one best
suited for this section of the State Very truly yours
Atlanta Georgia September 19 1884 W J HkywabdPRACTICAL INSTRUCTION FOR ESTABLISHING EX
PERIMENTAL PLATS AND THE INTERPRETATION
OF THE RESULTS
By M GEORGE VILLE
Translated from the French
The analysis of the soil by experimental plats being determined upon I give the
details for establishing them according to the kind of analysis desired and the com
position of the fertilizer to be employed
First the Primary Schools The object here is to give the children clear and
distinct ideas in regard to the agents of fertility by a few decisive facts
Second a Farm on a large scale This time the soil must be analyzed to learn ex
actly what agents of fertility should be used and the proper quantities
Third Experimental fields for agricultural schools and societies This time the
plats become in a measure the living expression of the laws of nature
Experimental Plats for a Primary School Plats of thirty feet square are amply
sufficient for this The number of plats must be governed by the size of the school
If only five can be made place them in a parallel line separating each plat by a
path three feet wide and surround the whole with a path six feet wide
If ten plats can be used place them in two parallel lines one above the other
still separating each plat by a path three feet wide
In this case the field is arranged as follows
Barnyard Manure Complete Fertilizer Mineral Fertilizer Nitrogenous Matter No Fertilizer
Barnyard Manure Complete Fertilizer Mineral Fertilizer Nitrogenous Matter No Fertilizer
Cultivate the first line in wheat and the second in Irish potatoes
How many ideas do we intend this field to impress upon the children Four of
capital importance
1st By the comparison of plats 1 and 2 it is proved to them that twentyfive or
thirty pounds of a simple powder will produce a better crop than eight hundred
pounds of barnyard manure and by the use of this composition called chemical215
CROP REPORT1S84
11
fertilizer which can be bought everywhere agriculture becomes an industry of
extreme simplicity regulated by fixed rules and certain in its results
2d By comparison of plats numbers 2 and 3 they are taught that the suppression
of a single substance the nitrogenous matter in the complete fertilizer which
contains four substances considerably reduces the good effects of the three others
composing the fertilizer
3d That nitrogenous matter alone produces a greater effect in the generality of
soils than the union of the three minerals phosphate potash and lime in plat
number 3
4th That though very efficacious for wheat nitrogenous matter is much less so
for the Irish potato the minerals having the advantage here being superior to
nitrogenous matter for this plant
But if the nitrogenous matter and minerals of the chemical fertilizer are by turns
most active according to the nature of the plant grown it is evident when using
stable manure there is much advantage in employing it as a supplement to the
nitrogenous matter or minerals following the needs of the plant whether wheat or
the Irish potato
Conclusion We can cultivate without barnyard manure can compose a fertilizer
that takes its place advantageously can increase the value of barnyard manure by
supplementing it with chemical fertilizers
EXPERIMENTAL FIELD FOE A LARGE FARM
In this case we propose two very distinct objects first to learn the nature and
the composition of the soil second to regulate with accuracy the use of those
agents of fertility which we must have to obtain a certain profit
The choice of situation is here a matter of great importance A piece of ground
should be selected which represents as nearly as practicable the average fertility
of the whole by its exposure physical condition and degree of fertility
The field should consist of twenty plats each thirty feet square forming two
parallel lines of ten plats each
The first line should be planted in wheat and the second in beets or Irish potatoes
according to the climate and local interests
The wheat shows the nature of the superficial soil and the beet or potato that of
the lower or deeper soil Whenever an experimental field admits of two different cul
tures wheat and a hoed plant it is best to alternate them to keep the wheat from
being injured by ill weeds Each line of plats should be treated as follows
NATURE OF FERTILIZER
Nei11 Barnyard Manure 58666 pounds
2 Barnyard Manure 29222 pounds
3 Intense Complete Fertilizer
4 Complete Fertiltzer
5 Fertilizer without Nitrogen
6 Fertilizer without Phosphate
7 Fertilizer without Potash
8 Fertilizer without Lime
9 Fertilizer without Minerals
10 Soil without Fertilizer
When the farm b yery large small plats should be scattered over the farm as aids
to the principal experimental field A few yards of surface devoted to wheat and
peas is often amply sufficient We soon learn how to read and understand their12
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
216
teachings But if the farm lias a variety of soils it is better to use the system I
have given for primary schoolsfor this plats thirty feet square divided into four
parts are amply sufficient
We will speak more in detail of these small investigating plats which may be
called the advanced sentinels of the principal experimental field
No 1 No Fertilizer
No 2 Complete Fertilizer
No 4
Nitrogenous Fertilizer
No 3 Mineral Fertilizer
We have thus three combinations of fertilizers whose effects are com
the results from the plat without fertilizer
1 No Fertilizer
2 Complete Fertilizer
3 Mineral Fertilizer
4 Nitrogenous Fertilizer
Small pieces of ground devoted to these experiments will not interfere with the
cultivation of the crops and will show the exact time when mineral or nitrogenous
fertilizers are neededwhether used alone or associated with barnyard manure
These little plats are 1 repeat reai videttes placed for observation and all intel
ligent farmers should consult them frequently as the officers at sea consult the bar
ometer and the direction of the wind To be truly useful these little plats ought to
be begun a year before a systematic use of fertilizers so that their teachings will be
a year in advance of an extended use of fertilizers
To those who are frightened at the idea of such a number of experiments I re
ply by an argument of facts On all the farms where chemical fertilizers are used
experimental plats have an honored place the director likes to show them to visi
tors the workmen of all classes are incessantly disc ussing them and sooner or later
the composition of the fertilizers is regulated by the quantities and kinds these
plate prove the land to be in need of217
CROP REPORT1884
13
EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS FOB AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES
Here the object proposed is higher still If it is for a farm school the pupils
ought to find a perfect teaching in it both theoretical and practical If the experi
mental field is used by an agricultural society it is equally important It should
enlighten practical men on the wants of the surrounding country and prove to
them plants have not all the same wants also to obtain the best results from a cul
ture the composition of the fertilizer must be varied not only in the nature of the
substances composing it but also the relations of the respective amounts used
The point upon which the directors of a school ought particularly to insist is
contrast the opposition existing between legumes and cereals in relation to the
action of nitrogenous matter
Whatever opinion may be held as to the form in which plants take nitrogen
from the atmosphere one fact is here superior to all viz nitrogenous matters
sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda have no action on the legumes while
these substances are the chief regulators of the production of wheatbeets and hemp
the principal cultures whose dominant is nitrogen This fact is inflexible and
unchangeable and that would be a very foolish practical man who would give sul
phate of ammonia to lucerne and clover and a mixture of lime and chloride of
potash to wheat In both cases there would be no effect but reverse the use of
the same agents give the sulphate of ammonia to the wheat and the lime and
potash to the clover and lucerne abundant c rops will follow where there was pre
vious failure
Further if we multiply the experiments on a larger number of plants the effects
produced by nitrogenous matter may he classed thus
ACTION OF NITROGENOUS MATTERS
Wh at vry favorable
Irish Potatoes less so
Peas nothing
Clover injurious
How can you prove to ny one that the nitrogen of the clover plant originates
from nitrogenous compounds when their action is injurious to the plant if spread
on the soil
In support of my own views I refer to the experiments of Messrs Lawes and
Gilbert which proved nitrogenous matters decidedly injurious to clover
Year Mineral Fertilizer without Mineral Fertilizer with
Nitrogen Nitrogen
Per acre Per acre
18489411 pounds9337 pounds
18502297 pounds2397 pounds
18515252 pounds3530 pounds
From all these reasons schools and stations should have experimental fields of
forty plats each ten feet square divided in four parallel lines of ten plats each
The four cultures best for this purpose are
Wheat
Beets
Irish Potatoes
Peas
1 To mate tie experimental plats conform more closely to general agricultural
practice the wheat and peas should alternate with the beets and potatoes14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA L218l
With this system of experimental plats practical men may be assured they will
learn the principles of agricultural productioa more perfectly than from all the
hooks they can read But the plats must be studied closely and intelligently
When this system is fairly established by societies and farmers and governments
or states will aid agriculture will cease to be uncertain and empirical but will be
raised to the rank of a true science whose theoretical principles will correspond to
all our practical wants The deeper I study this subject and the more extended
my observation the more convinced I am that a revolution is to be worked in the
traditions which our past agricultural beliefs and practices have handed down to
us a revolution which we should the more eagerly aid in since it will advance
not only ourprivate fortunes but the welfare of our State by assuring to that large
class of our fellow beings who live by manual labor a healthier more bountiful
and at the same time less laborious met lod of livelihood
COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZERS FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL FIELD
FEBTILIZEB FOB WHEAT
Plat No 1
Barnyard Manure58666 pounds
Plat No 2
Barnyard Manure29333 pounds
Plat No 3Interne Compete Fertilizer No 1
Acid Phosphate on mnrl
Chloride of Potash 80ZZSZZZSSSZ1195
Sulphate of Ammonia 4gn i
Sulphateof Lime pin
Plat No 4Complete Fertilizer No 1
Acid Phosphate of Lime 301 nminds
Chloride of Potash 80VVZ ZZZZZZm
Sulphateof Ammonia 381
Sulphate of Lime 205
Plat No 5Fertilizer without Nitrogen
Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pminds
Chloride of Potash 195 F
Sulphateof Lime195
Plat No 6Fertilizer without Phosphate
Chloride of Potash 80195 pounds
bulphate of Ammonia 381 i
Sulphate of Lime 205
Plat No 7Fertilizer without Potash
Acid Phosphate of Lime39 poands
Sulphateof Ammonia 281
Sulphate of Lime 205
Plat No 8Fertilizer without Lime
Phosphate of Lime precipitated117 pounds
Chloride of Potash 195 r
Sulphateof Ammonia 381
Plat No 9Fertilizer without Minerals
Sulphate of Ammonia381 p0unas
Plat No 10 Without Fertilizer2191 CROP REPORT1884 15
FERTILIZER FOR BEETS
Plat No 1
Barnyard Manure58066 pounds
Plat No 2
Barnyard Manure29333 pounds
Plat No 3Intense Complete Fertilizer No 2
Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds
Chloride of Potash 80195
Sulphate of Ammonia 195
Nitrate of Soda345
Sulphate of Lime146
Plat No 4Complete Fertilizer No 2
Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds
Cloride of Potash195
Sulphate of Ammonia136
Nitrate of Soda268
Sulphate of Lime156
Plat No 5Fertilizer without Nitrogen
Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds
Chloride of Potash 195
Sulphate of Lime195
Plat No 6Fertilizer without Phosphate
Chloride of Potash195 pounds
Sulphate of Ammonia136
Nitrate of Soda268
Sulphate of Lime156
Plat No 7Fertilizer without Potash
Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds
Sulphate of Ammonia136
Nitrate of Soda268
Sulphate of Lime156
Plat No 8 Fertilizer without Lime
Phosphale of Lime precipitated117 pounds
Chloride of Potash 80195
Sulphate of Ammonia130
Nitrate of Soda268
Plat No 9Fertilizer without Minerals
Nitrate of Soda208 pounds
Sulphate of Ammonia136
Plat No 10 Without Fertilizer
FERTILIZER FOR IRISH POTATOES
Plat No 1
Barnyard Manure58066 pounds
Plat No 2
Barnyard Manure29 333 pounds
Plat No 3Intense Complete Fertilizer
Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds
Nitrate of Potash 268
Nitrate of Soda 97
Sulphate of Lime195
Plat No 4Complete Fertilizer
Acid Phosphateof Lime391 pounds
Nitrate of Potash268
Sulphate of Lime208 16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
220
Plat No 5 Fertilizer without Nitrogen
Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds
Purified Potash146
Sulphate of Lime345
Plat No 6Fertilizer without Phosphate
Nitrate of Potash268 pounds
Sulphate of Lime268
Plat No 7Fertilizer without Potash
Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds
Nitrate of Soda440
Sulphate of Lime345
Plat No 8 Fertilizer without Lime
Phosphate of Lime precipitated117 pounds
Nitrate of Potash268
Nitrate of Soda268
Plat No 9Fertilizer without Minerals
Nitrate of Soda244 pounds
Plat No 10 Without Fertilizer
When the Irish potatoes are alternated with the peas and e ees or Irish pota
toes with wheat give the first year all the fertilizers as above and the second year
3 pounds of sulphate of ammonia to plats 3 4 6 7 8 and 9 The plats 1 2 5 and 10
receive nothing The third year return to the fertilizer for the first year
The fertilizers I give now for Experimental Fields differ greatly from the compo
sition of those given elsewhere
1 have substituted in the two series for wheat and beets chloride of potash for
nitrate of soda By this change I am able to get the nitrogen and potash under the
same form for all the fertilizers Before the potash in the complete fertilizer was in
the form of a nitrate and in the fertilizer without nitrogen in the form of purified
potash In the complete fertilizer nitrogen figured under two different forms part
nitrate and part sulphate of ammonia while in the fertilizer without potash it was
entirely in the form of sulphate of ammonia Now the sulphate of ammonia gen
erally producing more effect on wheat than the nitrates the crop obtained with the
fertilizer without potash was often superior to that with the complete fertilizer
This superiority is chiefly shown on argillaceous soils already provided with pot
ash
With the new formulae this inconvenience disappears The complete fertilizer
being used as a type of the series all the secondary terms are derived from it sim
ply by a suppression of one of the four substancesphosphate potash nitrogen and
limewithout making the slightest change in the form of the others
The chloride of potash and the sulphate of potash not giving equal results when
used on the Irish potato I have composed a series of fertilizers in which the nitrates
enter only as nitrogenous matter
I am thus able to give more simplicity to the formulae and produce results whose
teachings will be more in conformity with the true state of the soil
Before an Experimental Field can show as marked contrasts as exist at Vincen
ties it must be cultivated several years and the soil must not have received manure
for several years otherwise the plats receiving incomplete fertilizers will of their
own richness supply the missing term and the crop will be equal to that from the
plat receiving the complete fertilizer
From a practical point of view indications of this nature are as useful as contrasts
They teach us in fact that under such conditions we may use incomplete fertili
zers for a time and how to manure by alternately limiting the fertilizer to the
dominant of the plant thus obtaining a maximum product at a minimum ex
penseREPORT
M Of AGRICULTURE
STATE OF GEORGIA
EMBRACING THE YEARS 1883 1884
J T HENDERSON Commissioner
ATLANTA GEORGIA
IAS P HARRISON A CO STATE PRINTERS
1384ANNUAL REPORT
To His Excellency Henry D McDaniel Governor
Dear SirI beg leave to submit herewith my report of the
operations of this Department for the period of two years ending
on the first day of October 1884
ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT
During the period under review several changes have occurred
m the clerical force in the Department and also in the employes in
the work of inspecting fertilizers On the 31st day of July 1883
Mr J S Newman who had been connected with the office from
almost its very inauguration tendered his resignation in order to
accept a prominent position in the State College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts of Alabama In anticipation of this event I had
secured the services of Capt Augustus R McCutchen of the County
of Walker to fill the vacant place This gentleman was already
well known to many of the citizens of the State as an accomplished
practical geologist and mineralogist having served as Assistant State
reologist in the recent partial survey of the State under Dr George
Little On the first of January 1883 Col Thomas C Howard was
appointed Commissioners Clerk viceTroup Butler These comprise
all the changes that have occurred in this office proper
The following changes have been made among the Inspectors
since my last report On September 15 1883 Mr W H Howell
was removed from Columbus and relieved Dr W P Harden at
Brunswick Mr W S DeWolf was appointed at Columbus Mr
Troup Butler succeeded Mr Samuel Hawkins at Augusta Mr L
W Livingston was appointed at Macou vice E L Thomas
On the 15th of November 1883 Mr Howell was discontinued
and Gen E L Thomas appointed in his stead and on the 1st day
of April Mr Ker Boyce was appointed at Brunswick vice E L
Ihomas4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 224
The present Organization of the Department and of the Inspec
tors of Fertilizers is as follows
J T HendersonComissioner
R J ReddingAssistant Commissioner
T C HowardCommissioners Clerk
A R McCutciienEditing Clerk and Geologist
W B HendersonFertilizer Clerk
H C WhiteChemist of Department
0 T RogersInspector at Savannah
Ker BoyceInspector at Augusta
Jno H PateInspector at Brunswick
J S LawtonInspector at Atlanta
L W LivingstonInspector at Macon
W S DeWolfInspector at Columbus
Dr II H CarySuperintendent of Fisheries
INSPECTION AND ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS
The office work incident to the execution of the laws for the inspec
tion and the analysis of commercial fertilizers and chemicals con
sume a large part of the time of myself and the employes of my
office during eight months of the year commencing in September
and practically closing about the first of June During the period
embraced in this Report the law has been executed wih increasing
vigilance and has continued to afford a high degree of protection to
the farmers of the State who purchase and use fertilizers While
the law is not perfect yet I am assured that the objects sought to
be accomplished in its enactment and operation viz the protection
of farmeis from frauds and impositions and the elevation of the
standard of excellence and purity of commercial fertilizers have
been realized in higher degree than in any State of the Union In
the matter of inspecting fertilizers Georgia is a pioneer State
Having no precedents to guide legislation on this important subject
she has enacted laws and provided a system of inspection that have
become precedents and patterns for others In some respects our
system has been improved upon but judged by the degree of suc
cess in securing the objects cf the law the Georgia system of in
spection has probably not been equaled by that of any State After
an experience of four years in administering our law aided by the
watchful efforts of six Inspectors and a most experienced and skillful
chemist I am prepared to express the opinion that no State law
of a similar character has been more faithfully executed proved1225
commissioners report 188384
5
more beneficial to the State and her citizens or better served the
purpose of its enactment and cost the State less than the Fertilizer
Law of Georgia
It is not claimed that there have been no vitiations of the law
all good and wholesome laws are more or less violated Still less is
it claimed that the law itself is perfectly well adapted to the purpose
for which it was enacted There is certainly no one who enjoys
opportunities for judging of its effective operation or facilities for
discovering violations equal to those available to the Commissioner
of Agriculture Repeated legislative investigations have developed
little in regard to the efficiency of the Inspection System or over
sights in the inception or defects in the details of the law that were
not familiarly known to the Commissioner The committee which
was raised by the last General Assembly for the purpose of inves
tigating the Department of Agriculture and the mode and manner
of Inspecting Fertilizers after a long and arduous season of dili
gent inquiry and labor accomplished but little more than to acquire
some familiarity with the workings of the Department a d the
operation of the Inspection Law No facts were biought to light
that had been before hidden or difficult of access The Commis
sioner offered every facility that might aid the committee in discharg
ing the duties imposed upon them In the progress of the investi
gation the defects in the Inspection Law became apparent to each
member and as a result of their labors the committee recommended
the passage of a bill to amend and codify all laws yn the subject of
the Inspection and Analysis of Fertilizers It was believed that
this billhad it become a lawwould have resulted in much greater
efficiency in the work and increased satisfaction to both consumers
and manufacturers of fertilizers It embodied the joint conclusions
and the wisdom of four prominent members of each branch of the
General Assembly after several weeks spent in carefully investigat
ing the system in all its details On its consideration however the
bill was lidered with such inconsistent and emasculatory amend
ments as would have defeated the object of the committee even if
it had finally passed The advocates of the original bill therefore
aided in defeating it in the final vote and the fertilizer law of 1877
remains substantially unaltered
Of the features of the present law I desire to call attention toDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
226
one only Section 1553 b of the Code of Georgia provides that
It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to forbid
the sale of any acid phosphate or dissolved bone which is shown by
official analysis to contain less than ten per centum of available
phosphoric acid and also to forbid the sale of any ammoniated
superphosphate which is shown by official analysis to contain less
than eight per centum of available phosphoric acid and two per
centum of ammonia
In enacting this provision it was probably the intention of the
General Assembly simply to prevent the introduction or sale of low
grade fertilizers and not to prescribe the relative proportions of the
several elements that usually enter into the composition of commer
cial superphosphate or ammoniated superphosphate or dissolved
bone At the time of the adoption of this provision the standard so
erected was considered a high one and the general effect of the
law was to raise all fertilizers to which it was applicable up to this
standard and there maintain them
But with the improved methods and machinery now brought to
bear in the manufacture of fertilizers a grade of eight per centum
of available phosphoric acid and two per centum of ammonia is by
no means difficult of attainment Especially is this the case when
no other element of value enters into the composition of a fertilizer
but ammonia and phosphoric acid Therefore the original purpose
of the law is no longer subserved since it is an easy matter to man
ufacture a much higher grade of simple superphosphate or an am
moniated superphosphateneither of them containing potash or
other recognized element of agricultural value But the effect of
the law has been different in another respect from what was in
tended In the range of formulation to suit the demands of dif
ferent soils and different cereals the manufacturer is restricted and
embarrassed by the necessity of so proportioning the ingredient as
to always meet the legal requirement This is not at all times easy
of accomplishment A truck farmer on the coast wants a fertilizer
for his early spring vegetables that shall contain six per cent of
ammonia the sune of potash and say four percentof phosphoric
acid Under the preoent law the section quoted such a formula
notwithstanding the fact that the result would be a very high
grade fertilizer would not pass inspection It would not contain227
commissioners report 188384
the requisite eight per centum of available phosphoric acid To
bring it within the requirements of the law the manufacturer must
in some way increase the per centage of available phosphoric acid
To do thiswhile still maintaining the relative proportion of the
three ingredientshe must use more expensive materials and there
fore the cost to the consumer will be correspondingly increased
His formula must be so elevated in standard that it will give eight
pei centum of available phosphoric acid twelve per centum of am
monia and tivelve per centum of potash As a business proposi
tion this is impraeticablethough easily accomplished in the laboratory
by using comparatively pure and costly chemicals I have stated
an extreme case tbe better to illustrate the embarrassment under
which the manufacturer often labors in endeavoring to meet the
demands of his customers The committee bill to which reference
has been made met this difficulty fully by allowing a latitude in
formulating fertilizers restricted only by the requirement that all
such fertilizers shall contain of valuable ingredients phosphoric
acid ammonia and potash not lessin the aggregatethan the
equivalent of twelve per centum of available phosphoric acid
My decided conviction is thac an amendment to the present law
involving substantially this provision should be adopted and I re
spectfully recommend the same
There are other features of the committee bill which commend it
to my judgment but the foregoing is of the most practical impor
tance involving as it does an important principle
As a matter of interesting information I beg to present the fol
lowing statistics of the Inspection and Analysis of Fertilizers for
the past two seasons as compiled from Circulars 13 and 55DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
228
STATISTICS OF FERTILIZERS
TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBEE OF TOSS OF ALL KINDS INSPECTED BY EACH OF THE IN
SPECTORS DURING THE SEASONS OF 18823 AND 18834
INSPECTORS
0 T Rogers Inspector at Savannah
Samuel Hawkins Inspector at Augusta
Troup Butler Inspector at Augusta
J S Lawton Inspector at Atlanta
W P Harden Inspector at Brunswickt
Troup Butler Temporary vice Harden Inspect at Brunswick
W H Howell Inspector at Brunswick
E L Thonlas vice W H Howell Inspector at Brunswick
Ker Boyce vice E L Thomas Inspector at Brunswick
E L Thomas Inspector at Maconf
L W Livingston Inspector at Macon
W H Howell Inspector at Columbusf
W S DeWolf Inspector at Columbus
Totals
Season of
18828
Tons
3122905
2599420
20513 58
1997752
645825
483050
1637383
125376 93
Season of
18834
Tons
4834045
4978400
1968120
2000
383970
84120
152160
2082140
15184955
The Inspector at Augusta includes also large amounts inspected at Charles
ton S C
tThe work of the Brunswick Inspector during both seasons and that of the
Columbus Inspector during the season of 18834 was chiefly done at Savannah Ga
and that of the Columbus Inspector for 18823 and of the Macon Inspector for
18834 was done at Atlanta or in territory tributary thereto229
commissioners report 188384
NUMBER OF INSPECTIONS MADE DURING EACH OF THE SEASONS 18823 AND 18834 AND
THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF EACH
INSTEOTORS
0 T Rogers
Samuel Hawkins
Troup Butler
J S Lawion
W P Harden
W H Howell
E L Thomas
Ker Boyce
L W Livingston
W S DeWolf
Totalsand averages
SEASON OF 18S23
No of In
spections
316
135
86
194
178
104
46
Average
Amount of
Each
98 tons
192 tons
75 tons
105 tons
112 tons
157 tons
105 tons
959 130 tons
SEASON OF 18
No of In
spections
428
298
284
1
45
16
135
214
Average
Amount of
Each
113 lors
167 tons
69 tons
1421
20 tons
85 tens
53 tons
63 tons
97 tons
107 tons
COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE NUMBER OF TONS INSPECTED FOR EACH OF THE LAST
TEN seasons
There were inspected during the season of 18745 48648 tons
There wee inspected during the season of 18756 55316 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18767 75824 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18778 93478 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18789 85049 tons
There were inspected during the season of 187980 119583 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18801 154404 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18812 125427 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18823 125377 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1883 4 151849 tons
Total for ten years1034 955 tons
Average per annum 103495 tons
Average annual per cent increase 16 per cent
The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones in
spected in Georgia during each of the past nine seasons is as follows
For the season cf 18756 6499 tons
For the season of 18767 12842 tons
For the season of 1877 8 15332 tons
For the season cf 18789 10291 tonsIO
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
230
For the season of 1879 80 13906 tons
For the season of 18801 22036 tons
For the season of 18812 20602 tons
For the season of 1S823 31017 tons
For tie season of 18834 39154 tons
Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phos
phates for each season is as follows
For 18756 1166 per cent
For 18767 1282 percent
For 18778 19 62 per cent
For 1878 9 1224 per cent
For 1879 80 1163 per cent
For 1880 1 1511 per cent
For 18812 1642 per cent
For 18823 2473 percent
For 18834 2578 per cent
The following average analyses for the past ten seasons will be
found interesting viz
iENERAL AVERAGES OF A LI FERTILIZERS
For the season of 1874
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the sason of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 1883 4
Available
Phosphoric
Aciu
923
1094
1087
1143
1195
If 24
1096
1088
1103
1082
255
25
252
27i
270
258
2 63
248
2 53
2 17
Potasn
517
2 49
275
223
166
133
141
1 17
150
155
These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid
Phosphates for the seasons named It is proper to remark that the
averages of Ammonia and Potash are of those brands only which
are shown by analysis to contain these elements and not of the whole
number of brands analyzed231
commissioners report 188384
AVERAGE OK AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
II
AVERAGES OF SOSAJDHINIATED FERTILIZERS
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 1882
For the season of 18834
Available
Phosphotic Potash
Acid
1105
1199
1168
1310
1320
1244
1260
12 IS
1255
1259
3 85
464
454
216
163
128
130
1 05
1 56
14S
The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the
market for each season since the organization of the Department is
as follows
For the season of 18745 110 brands
For the season of 18756 101 brands
For the season of 18767 125 brands
For the season of 18778 127 brands
For the season of 18789 162 brands12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 232
For the season of 187980 182 brands
For the season of 18801226 brands
For the season of 1881 2 270 brands
For the season of 18823354 brands
For the season of 18834336 brands
These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for mak
ing or composting manures at home
The number of brands of Ammoniated and Nonammoniated Fer
tilizers for each season is as follows
Amoniated Nonammouiated
For the season of 18745 86 68 85 90 119 135 163 187 239 210
For the season of 18756 33
For the season of 18767 40
For the season of 18778 37 43 47 06 83 115 126
For the season of 1878 9
For the season of 1879 80
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
EECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OF
FERTILIZERS SEASON OF 18834
RECEIPTS
Fees on 15184953 tons inspected during the season75 914 92
EXPENSES OF INSPECTION
1648200 Inspector tags at 230 per thousand 3780 86
Express charges on tags samples and other incidental ex
penses 000 11
Balance paid into the Treasury 71 533 92
75924 92 75924 92
Total amount paid into the Treasury 71533 92
Inspectors salaries to September 1 1884 0400 00
Chemists salary to September 1 1884 3000 00
Leaving net balance in the Treasury of 62133 92
71533 92 71533 92233
commissioners report 188384
13
The net balance in the Treasury for the season of 18778 was
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
Increase compared with 18823
35905 77
31267 67
40438 36
64000 28
50251 32
50810 90
62133 92
11323 02
COMPARATIVE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR SEVEN SEA
SONS
a 0 H i 1 11 d la 0 ad s 0 H Expenses Deducted From Fees Re ceived Amount Paid Into Treasury Salaries of Uneroist and Inspectors drawn 0 O tO 3 c5 p A
SEASONS Cost of Inspectors Tgs EspressChares on Tags Samples etc the Tr s 0 3000 3000 2900 3000 3000 3000 3000 Inspectors 3
93478 85049 119583 152464 125426 125377 151850 853227 46739 42524 59791 75986 62713 62688 75915 426356 1608 2053 2582 3289 2882 2843 3781 45131 40472 57210 72260 59397 60627 71534 6600 6204 4871 5200 6146 6816 6400 35531
18789 187980 31268
49438
18801 436 65 434 50 459 41 600 14 64060
18812 50251
50811
1883 4 62134

Total 7 seasons 19038 1930 70 406631 20900 42237 343493
STATE CHEMISTS REPORTS
In this connection I beg to incorporate the final reports of the
State Chemists for each of the two years
REPORT OF CHEMIST FOR SEASON OF 18823
Department op Agriculture
Office of State Chemist
Athens Ga June 1st 1883
Hon J T Henderson
Commissioner of Agriculture
Atlanta Georgia
Dear SirI have the honor to present the usual annual report of the opera
tions of this laboratory for the past year
The work of the laboratory has been confined almost exclusively to the an
alysis of fertilizers4
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
234
The total number of original samples analyzed and reported upon to date is
448 tlividcd as follows
Acid Phophates 55
Acid Phosphates with Potash 56
Ammoniated Phosphates 34
Ammoniated Phosphates with Potash 263
Chemicals etc 31
448
The number of revisions made at your direction is 56 The total number
of actual determinations made in the course of the analyses of fertilizers is 3095
The number of samples analyzed is 86 in excess of the number examined the
last season A full statement concerning the labor and expense entailed upon
this office by this unusually excessive work has been made the subject of a
special communication to you and I deem it unnecessary and improper to dis
cuss the matter in this general report
The methods pursued in the analyses were the same as heretofore employed
in this laboratory An accurate and uniform method for the determination of
reverted phosphoric acid has not yet been devised to meet the general ac
ceptance of analysts A considerable amount of work has been done during
the past year by a number of chemists looking to a solution of this vexed
question This laboratory has borne its share of the labor In the present
unsettled state of opinion on the subject I have deemed it proper to continue
the use of the Washington method satisfied as I am of the approximately
uniform results which it yields in my hands at least So far as I am aware
no well founded objections have been made to the results reported
During December last after the fertilizer season had well opened you called
my attention to the great discrepancy between our calculated commercial values
then in use and the actual prices at which goods were sold in the market After
careful investigation examination of prices current and conference with deal
ers and manufacturers it was decided to change our commercial valuations as
follows
The price per pound for available phosphoric acid was decreased from V2
cents to 10 cents for Ammonia from 25 cents to 20 cents for Potash re
mained unchanged at 0 cents These latter figures were adopted for the sea
son and no complaint has I believe been made as to their approximate ac
curacy
Generally speaking the usual high grade of the fertilizers sold in this State
has been maintained during the past season A number of the samples how
ever were found to yield results below the required standard and were duly
reported to you
The general character of a number of the samples submitted to me has led
to the belief that the goods represented by them were made by simple mixture
generally on a small scale no doubt of materials purchased in their individ
ual farms Such goods very often was found to be of good quality but the
mechanical conditions in many cases were decidedly bad The utilization of
local sources of fertilizing materials as of cotton seed meal hull ashes etc235
commissioners report 188384
15
in the neighborhood of oil mills is certainly to be encouraged but I would
recommend the manipulators in such cases to use great care to secure perfect
and uniform incorporation of the materials they employ
I have noted with much satisfaction the increased extent to which cotton
seed meal has been used as an ammoniator in commercial fertilizers as I am
of opinion that this article furnishes a cheap nitrogenous manure especially
adapted to our soils and climate
So far as I can judge the inspections for the season have been carefully and
properly made A certain amount of unnecessary labor in the analyses has
been caused however by the lack of care on the part of those requesting in
spections in stating the ingredients claimed to be present in their goods In a
number of cases for example ammonia determinations have been asked for
in goods which on analysis were found to be nonammoniate and were of
course shown to be such by the owners I would respectfully beg you to call
the especial attention of dealers to this point
The fertilizer work of the season has been so heavy that but little time has
been afforded for other work of interest to your Department The following
additional matters have however received attention
Complete analyses of
Three 3 specimens of marl
Four 4 metallic ores
One 1 cave deposit
One 1 mineral water
One 1 sample Dhourra Corn
One 1 sample seed of Mock Orange
Partial analyses of
Five C5 minerals
Three 3 mineral waters
A second report has been made upon the field experiment relating to the
Nitrogen supply for cotton
I have in preparation reports upon certain matters of interest to your Depart
ment which will be presented when completed
Messrs Jas A Wotton and C Morton Strahan graduates of the University
have been regularly employed as assistants during the season and have ren
dered very faithful and efficient service
Permit me to express to you sir in conclusion my sincere gratitude for your
uniform kindness and considerate courtesy which has been especially manifes
ted in the course of the unusually arduous labors of the past year
I have the honor to be very respectfully
H C White State Chemisti6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
236
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST FOR SEASON OF 18834
University of Georgia
Chemical Laboratory Athens Ga Juno 1 1884
Hon John T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
Dear SirI have the honor to submit the usual annual report of the official
work of this Laboratory
The number of samples of commercial fertilizers examined during the pres
ent season is 384 of which 350 were from regular inspections and 34 from
special inspections These comprised as follows
Acid Phosphates 54
Acid Phosphates with Potash 38
Ammoniated Phosphates 30
Ammoniated Phosphates with Potash 224
Chemicals 38
384
The number of revisions made by request is 35
The number of samples analyzed is somewhat less than the number last sea
son This fact is due to the kind exercise of careful discrimination on your
part whereby unnecessary repetitions of analyses of the same brands have
been prevented Without such judicious oversight it would have been impossi
ble for me with the means and force at my disposal to have accomplished the
work of the year satisfactorily
The samples sent me showed the goods represented by them to be generally
in good mechanical condition and to be composed of good and suitable mate
rials In proportions of fertilizing ingredients the goods analyzed this season
do not vary materially from those of last season The average quality of the
goods inspected continues about the same
The methods employed in the analyses have been the same as heretofore
used by me in official work On May 15th last pursuant to your call a con
vention of agricultural chemists was held in Atlanta to consider such modifi
cations in analytical methods as had been suggested since the meeting of the
Washington Convention in 1880 A large number of prominent chemists was
present The proceedings of this convention will be published elsewhere
The only change in method recommended was an increase of temperature in
the determination of socalled reverted phosphoric acid This recommenda
tion will be adopted by me for the work of next season
At the beginning of the present season it was found necessary to change cer
tain of the valuations used in the estimations of commercial values in order
to make these conform more nearly to actual market prices Available phos
phoric acid was left unchanged at 10 cents per pound ammonia was changed
from 20 cents to 18 cents and potash was changed from 6 cents to 5 cents per
pound
In addition to the fertilizer work analyses of the following have been made
and rerjorted237 commissioners report 188384 17
Lime Stone and Marls 11
Other Minerals and Ores g
Mucks 2
Mineral Waters 7
In Janujfry last at the request of the State Capitol Commission I made a
number of analyses and other tests of certain building materialsgranites
marbles etcdesigned for use in the construction of the new State Capitol
A full report of the results was made to the Commission
At the last meeting of the Board of Trustees of the University the chair of
Scientific Agriculture was annexed to my chair in the University and the ex
perimental farm was placed under my charge Desiring that the experiments
conducted upon the farm should be made to yield as many practically useful
results as possible to the farmers of the State as well as to solve certain theo
retic problems I have taken the liberty to consult you frequently during the
management and course of the experiments You have very kindly responded
and by your advice and by a number of personal visits to the farm have ably
assisted me in my work You have moreover exercised great liberality in
supplying me with certain chemicals and fertilizers for the experiments which
the means at my disposal would not permit me to purchase I desire to thank
you sincerely for your kind services in these particulars and to express the
belief that through your cooperation thus extended the farm may this season
be enabled to furnish results of experiments of value to our farmers A full
scheme of the experiments with details of conditions objects etc is filed in
your office and the results will be furnished you when obtained
I beg leave to reiterate here my opinion which has been repeatedly ex
pressed that Georgia imperatively needs an agricultural experiment station
such as those which are now established in many of the other States I
sincerely trust that arrangements may be speedily made for such an establish
ment Until the State authorities shall see proper thus to meet the needs and
wishes of our farmers it shall be my earnest endeavor to make the little farm
of the University do such service in this direction as our limited means will
permit In this effort I am confident I shall secure your hearty cooperation
Thanking you for many courtesies extended in connection with my official
work by yourself and the gentlemen associated with your office I have the
honor to be
Respectfully yours H C White State Chemist
2l8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 238
CONVENTION OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS
I had the honor in May 1880 to issue a call for a convention of
the Commissioners of Agriculture State Chemists and Professors
of Chemistry in State Universities and State Agricultural Colleges
in those States using large quantities of commercial fertilizers to
meet at some convenient point in the following July in order to
devise some uniform method for the analysis of commercial fertil
izers The convention so called met in Washington D O and a
full account of the proceedings was snbmitt d to his Excellency
Gov Colquitt in my Annual Report for the year 1S80
The method adopted at that convention known as the Wash
ington Method has been in general use in the laboratories of State
chemists since its promulgation but the experience of four years
has indicated the necessity for some modification of that method
and therefore in accordance with the wishes of many of the original
members of the convention I called another meetinsj of a similar
character to meet in Atlanta May 15 1884 The response to the
call was liberal in numbers and represented the highest talent of
the ptofession I enjoyed the honor of presiding over the deliber
ations of the body and can bear testimony to the harmony zeal and
ability which characterized the discussions of the matters under
consideration
The result of their deliberations was the adoption for one yea
of a modification of the Washington Method relating to the deter
urination of reverted phosphoric ac d In addition to this specific
result many papers of exceeding interest ad value were read be
fore the Convention
The following extract from the published minutes of the Conven
tion embodies the method of determining phosphoric acid as reported
by the committee on that subject and adopted by the Convention
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE METHOD OF DETERMIN
ING PHOSPHORIC ACID IN FERTILIZERS
The Committee on the Determining of Phosphoric Acid beg leave to report
that we recommend for general use during the twelve months immediately
following this date May 15th 1884 the methods given in detail herewith
The Committee will undertake further investigation and report at a future
time
S W Johnson
H C White
W C Stubbs2393
commissioners report 188384
19
DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID IN FERTILIRERS
1 The sample should be well intermixed and properly prepared so that separate
portiotis shall accurately represent the substance under examination without loss
or gain of moisture
2 WaterSoluble Phosphoric AcidBring 2 grams on a filter add a little wa
ter let it run out before adding more water and repeat this treatment cautiously
until no phosphate is likely to precipitate in the fi ter The washings may show
turbidity after passing the filter When the substance is nearly washed in this
manner it is transferred to a mortar and rubbed with a rubbertipped pesile to a
homogeneous paste but not further pulverizedthen returned to filler and washi d
with water until the washings no longer reaot acid with delicate test paper Mix
the washings Take an aliquot usually corresponding to onethird or onehalf of
a gram of the substance and deteimine phosphoric acid as under totalphosphoiie
acid
3 CitrateInsoluble Phosphoric AcidWash the reidue of the treatment with
water intol50c dusk with 100 cc of strictly neutral ammonium citrate solu
tion of 109 density shred and add the filter paper cork the flask securely place
n a water bath with constant temperature of 65C and digest for 30 minutes with
freqnent shaking Filter the warm solution quickly and wash with water of ordi
nary temperature
Transfer the filter and its contents to a porce lain capsule Ignite until the or
ganic matter is uestroyed treat with 1015 cc of fuming hydrochloric acid di
gest over a low ftame until the phosphate is dissolved dilute to 200 c c mix pass
through a dry filter take an aliquot and determine ph spuuric acid as under
Total
4 Total Phosphoric AcidWeigh 2 grams into a capsule add and mix inti
mately with 47 cc of a ne irly saturated solution of magn sium nitrate dry
ignite gently if necessary moisten the residue with nitric acid and i nite again
to destroy all organic matter add to the residue 1520 c c of fuming hydruchlorc
acid digest at a gentle heat until all phosphates are dissolved dilute to200cC
mix pass through a dry filter take 50 cc of filtrate neutralize with ammonia
add 15 grams dry amm mium nitrate and to the hot solution for every decigram
of P2 Os that is present 50cc of molybdic solution Digest at about G5C fcr
one hour filter and wash with ammonium nitrate solution Test the fitrate by
renewed digestio 1 and addition of more molybdic solution
Dissolve the precipliate on the filter with ammonia and hot water and wash into
a beaker to a bulk of not more than 100 cc Near y neutralize with hydrochlor
ic acid cool and add magnesia mixture from a burette slowly one drop per sec
ond stirring vigorously After 15 minutes add 30 cc of ammonia solution o
density 096 Let stand several hours Two hours is usually enough Filler wash
with dilute ammonia ignite intensely for 10 minutes and weigh
5 CitrateSoluble Phosphoric AcidThe sum of the watersolubeand citrate
insoluble subtracted from the total gives the citrate soluble
PREPARATION OF REAGENTS
1 To prepare Ammonium Citrate SolutionMix 370 grams of commercial citrate
acid with 1500 cc of water nearly neutralize with crushed commercial carbonate
of ammonia of 410 grams heat to expel the carbonic acid cool add ammonia un
This filtration should not exceed 15 to 20 minntes in durati n and in difficult cases is best
effected by use of applied Alter of very porous paper or by help of a filter pump of moderate
power20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
240
til exactly neutral testing for excess both of acid and alkali by aid of delicate red
and bine litmus papers and bring to volume of two liiers Dilute further until
the density is 109 as tested by the balance or accurate specific gravity spindle
2 To prepare Solution of Magnesium NitrateDissolve 320 grams of calcined
magnesia in nitric acid avoiding excess of the latter then add a little calcined
magnesia in excess and boil filter from the excess of magnesia ferric oxide etc
and to bring volume of two liters
3 To prepare Molybdic SolutionDissolve 100 grams of molybdic acid in 400
grams or 417 c c of ammonia of sp gr 096 and pour the solution thus obtained
into 1500 grams or 1250 c c of nitric acid of sp gr 120 Keep the mixture in a
warm place for several days or until a portion heated to 46C deposits no yellow
precipitate of ammonium phosphmolybdate Decant the solution from any
sediment and preserve in glass stoppered vessels
4 To prepare Ammonium Nitrate SolutionDissolve 200 grams of commercial
ammonium nitrate in water and bring to volume of two liters
5 To prepare Magnesium MixtureDissolve 22 grams of recently ignited cal
cined magneia in dilute hydrochloric acid avoiding excess of the latter Add a
little calcined magnesia in excess and boil a few minutes to precipitate iron
alumina and phosphoric acid filter add 280 grams of ammonium ehloride700 cc
of ammonia of sp gr 096 and water enough to make the volume of two liters In
stead of the solut on of 22 grams of calcined magnesia 110 grams of crystalized
magnesium chloride MgCl2 6H20 maybe used
6 Dilute Ammonia for WashingOne volume ammonia of sp gr 096 mixed
with three volumes of water or usualy one volume of concentrated ammonia
with 6 volumes of water
On motion of Mr Chazal the Report of the Committee was adopted provis
ionally for twelve months by the Convention and it was
ResolvedThat this method be not considered as binding upon any one but
that the Convention recommend it to the profession and hopes that all not
Abound by conflicting obligations will follow it
The Committee on Methods of Determining Nitrogen Mr Chazal Chairman
asked to be allowed until the Philadelphia meeting to make their Report
Agreed to
The Committee on Potash reported that for the present they could recom
mend nothing better as an outline of a plan to be pursued in determining pot
ash than the programme drawn up and adopted at the Washington Conven
tion They recommended that until we have more light on this subject the
chemists to adhere to that plan
The Report was adopted
The Convention finally adjourned to meet at Philadelphia in
connection with the Annual meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science September 8th and 9th 1884
where the members organized themselves into an Atsociation of
Official Agricultural Chemists by the adoption of a Constitution
The action of the Atlanta Convention was approved and contin
ued of force to be used by members except where a different method
is prescribed by State law for the space of one year241
commissioners report 188384
INSPECTION OF OILS
21
In my last biennial report I was only able to give the amount
of oils inspected during the nine months ending September 30th
1882 as the present law went into operation January 1st 1882
The following statement exhibits the total amounts inspected and
the total fees received for each of the years ending respectively
September 30th 1883 and September 30th 1884
Gallons Total Fees
Year ending Sept 30 1883 1695962 1071902
Year ending Sept 30 1884 1762113 1164977
Total for the two years 3458075 22368 79
Much the greater portion of the total amounts were inspected in
the cities and inspection districts controlled by the Inspectors of
Fertilizers who are exofficio Inspectors of oils These are Atlan
ta Savannah Augusta Macon Brunswick and Columbus
The laws tor the inspection of oils have been faithfully executed
by the Inspectors and there has been little disposition manifested
by dealers to avoid its wise provisions for the security of life and
property It is my conviction that carefully gathered statistics of
accidents from the use of Humiliating oils would show a material
decrease in the number during the period that has elapsed since
the passage of the present law Indeed no instance has come to
my knowledge where there was reason to believe that the accident
was caused by the use of defective oil
The law not only prescribes a higher standard of quality but its
provisions have been far more rigidl enforced than were those of
the previous law and well illustrates the wisdom of its concep
tion and enactment
DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS
I have no reason to abate my convictions of the great value of a
wise selection and judicious distribution of choice farm and garden
seeds It should be considered an essential feature of a Depart
ment organized for the improvement of the agriculture of a coun
try The use of pure seeds of choice prolific varieties of corn
cotton wheat oats etc is certainly not less important as a means
of promoting the best results in the field than the selection and
employment of the very best types and breeds of animals in secur
ing the most satisfactory and profitable results in stockbreeding22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
242
The importance of the latter is generally recognized if not uniform
ly practiced and has resulted in a remarkable improvement of
domestic animals and their adaptation to special purposes It has
been the practice of a majoiity of our farmers for many years to
plant the same seeds with very little effort at improvement by se
lection or interchange I am gratified to report that a spirit of
improvement in this respect is abroad in the land and that the farm
ers are learning to appreciate the value of good seed
The conservatism of farmers in regard to the adoption of new
plants and products and in the substitution of different means of
gratifying or providing for certain daily and universal wants of
themselves and families is remarkable They are exceedingly slow
to adopt a new and previously strange plant or crop This is wit
nessed in the persistent adherence to Indian corn as the food crop
for stock and for bread and the devotion shown to cotton as the
money crop of the farm
While not disposed to underrate the value of these crops and
others that have been a long time cultivated I am of opinion
that there are several plants of comparatively recent introduction
that will yet prove worthy of permaneit adoption by our farmers
Among these is the plant know as Millo Maize whose value as a
forage plant its capacity to resist the effects of the most severe
drouths its large yield of seed and the adaptation of the latter
for the purposes of breadmaking seem to warrant the conviction
that it will prove to be an acquisition of great value to the South
The productiveness of Millo Maize seems beyond question It
will probably double the yield of corn and treble the yield of
wheat on the same land The grain when properly grourd into
flour or meal makes a very palatable and fairlooking breadsupe
rior to corn bread and but little nferior to ordinary family flour
Teosinte Euchcena Luxurians a plant very closely allied in
habit to Indian corn gives promise of excellent results as a forage
plair It yields enormously bears repeated cuttings and is able
to withstand very severe drouths In the climate of upper Mid
dle Georgia it does not fully mature before frost Indeed in only
one instance known to me has it put forth the seed shoots in the
State
Persistent cultivation however of seeds annually obtained a lit
tle farther north than before will in time overcome this tardy habit243 commissioners report 188384 23
The following table shows the gross amount and number of pack
ages of each of the principal kinds of seeds that have been distrib
uted during the past two years The number of packages is ap
proximate only but very nearly correct A considerable variety of
other seeds were distributed in small quantities I am also under
obligations to Hons Joseph E Brown and Alfred H Colquitt our
Senators in Congress who have kindly placed at my disposal for
distribution to citizens of Georgia such seeds as were received by
them from the United States Department of Agiculture
LIST OF SEEDS DISTRIBUTED
FALL OP 1882
Quantity f each kind No of Packages
10 bushels Chili Wheat 160
40 bushels Henderson Winter Oats 640
spring or 1883
4 bushels Clevelands 1st and best E Peas 1024
4 bushels Carters Premium Gem Peas 1024
4 bushels Fortyfold Peas 1024
2 bushels Crystal Wax Beans 512
77 bushels Red Rustproof Oats 1232
4 bushels Burt Oats 64
7 Bushels Millo Maize 1792
10 bushels Coffee Peas field Peas 2560
5 bushels Egyptian Wheat 1280
10 bushels Broom Corn Seed 2560
4 bushels Herlong Cotton Seed 128
pall op 1883
5 bushels Iowa Doubleheaded Wheat 1280
148 bushels HawkinsHill Oats 2368
190 bushels Burt Oats 3040
SPRING OF 1884
150 bushels Bob Cotton Seed 2400
20 lbs Brazilian Artichoke Seeds 320
20 bushels Brazilian Artichokes tubers 640
20 pounds Teosinte Seed 320
20 pounds Prickly Comfrey 80
10 bushels Searcy Corn Indian 640
2508824
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
244
PUBLICATIONS
The following manuals and circulars of a general character have
been published and distributed during the last two years
No of
Circular
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
28
SUBJECT
September Crop Report1882
Annual Report 18812
Supplemental Crop Report 1882
SoilTests of Fertilizers1882
Address to the People of Georgia on the subject of the
Boston Exposition of 1883
Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers
Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers
Manual of SheepHusbandry in GeorgiaRevised Ed
Analvses of Commercial Fertilizers
April Crop Report1883
May Crop Report1883
Analyses and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers Season
of 18823
Manual of Poultry
June Crop Report1883
July Crop Report1883
August Crop Report1883
Rules and Regulations for InspectionSeason of 18834
September Crop Report1883
Supplemental Crop Report1883
SoilTests of Fertilizers1883
Analyses of Fertilizers
Analyses of Fertilizers
April Crop Report1884
May Crop Report1884
Analvses and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers Season
of 18834
June Crop Report1884
July Crop Report1884
August Crop Report1884
rage Published
11
70
46
48
11
35
12
43
30
20
56
45
32
36
8
23
32
38
10
10
48
40
20
40
16
30
10000
5000
10000
5000
10000
5000
5000
10000
7000
15000
15000
8000
15000
16000
15000
17000
2000
16000
15000
5000
5000
5000
17000
17000
7000
17000
17000
17000
882 325000
The above table does not include blanks and circulars distributed
as a means of collecting information but only those manuals and
circulars which were published for the purpose of disseminating in
formation
MANUAL ON POULTRY
In pursuance of the original plan of preparing series of manuals
on domestic stockraising I have prepared and published a Man
ual on Poultry as a companion volume to those previously pub
lished245
commissioners report 188384
25
MANUAL ON SHEEP HUSBANDRY
The demand for this little work the first of the ieries and pub
lished during my predecessors first term had exhausted the origi
nal edition before my own term of office began and I have judged
it expedient to publish a revised and enlarged edition which was
done during the summer of 1883
HAND BOOK OE GEORGIA
No book of the same character ever issued by the Department
has been more in demand than the BandBook of Georgia pub
lished in the year 1876 The edition consisted of only three thou
sand copies and being well bound the book not only served the
purpose of its original publicationto an extent limited by the
smallnesB of the editionbut also as an enduring advertisement
of the existence of such a work So frequent have been the requests
received from abroad the State for detailed information of the
material resources of the State that I have concluded that it would
be a wise and judicious expenditure of time and money to prepare
a work of similar design and scope to that of the old Handbook
but more accurate and still more comprehensive in its features
The approaching Exposition at New Orleans makes it extremely
desirable that such a publication should be printed in season for
distribution at that assembly of all nations I have therefore already
inaugurated the work and am preseing it to a conclusion as fast as
possible without interfering with the ordinary business of my
office
TRANSLATIONS FEOMM GEORGE VILLE
The labors of this eninent agricultural scientist both in the field
and in the lecture room have made his name a household word
not only in France and other countries of Europe but also in the
United States The excellent translation of his Chemical Lectures
by Miss E L Howard published in 1872 proved to be so engaging
and simple in styleso precise and accurate in the details of soil
experiments with manures the results of which are so applicable to
the agriculture of this country that it me very desirable to
learn more of the experiments and results of so profound a searcher
after the truths upon which a prosperous system of agriculture must26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
246
be built I have therefore supplied Miss Howard by subscription
therefor with several of the leading agricultural journals of France
and Germa and engaged her at a very moderate salary to fur
nish for publication some of the more recent lectures of Prof Ville
and other foreign essays and reports and several of these transla
tions have already appeared in the monthly Crop Reports of this
Department This added feature of the monthly reports has been
received with great favor by the intelligent reading farmers of the
State and I am of opinion that the continued publication of these
and other foreign lectures will add greatly to the value of my re
ports and aid in the education of the masses in the principles of ag
ricultural science
As illustrative of the style and character of these lectures I beg
refer you to the one pnblished in my August crop reportprob
ably the most interesting of the series so faras it appears in the
Appendix to this Report marked A
EXPERIMENT STATION
The experience of the past two years has only added strength to
my convictions of the importance of an Experiment Station irr or
der to the advancement of our agriculture I beg to present here
a short extract from my last official report made to Governor Col
quit bearing on this subject
You will remember that in my report for the year 1880 I took strong ground
in favor of the establishment of an experiment farm or station and endeav
ored to show how important if not absolutely indispensable such an institu
tion would be to the proper investigation of agricultural truth and how help
ful to the progress of the calling in which threefourths of the people are en
gaged and on which the prosperity of the whole depends I recur to the sub
ject only to reiterate and if possible to emphasize my convictions then ex
pressed
In the course of my endeavors to enlighten direct and encourage the farmers of
Georgia and to protect and promote their interests by every means in my
power the necessity and desirableness of such a means of direc t investiga
tion is constantly suggested to my mind Very few even of the most intelli
gent farmers are prepared to conduct experiments in fertilization culture
stockbreeding stockfeeding improvements of seeds trials ofcostly machi
nery and implements and especially purely scientific investigations bearing
upon practical agriculture in such a manner as to prove of value to the masses
of farmers of the State A system of experiments must be the result of care
ful consideration of the subjects to be investigated with reference to their
practical importance to agriculture and of a clear understanding of the appli
cation that is to be made of the truths developed It is almost indispensable
that the director of an experiment station should be a man of enlarged views
and that he be not hampered or embarrassed in the investigations directed or
conducted by considerations of present cost or danger of pecuniary loss His247J
commissioners report 188384
27
principal if not sole object should be the elucidation of truth regarding the
profit and loss of the experiment only to the extent that they are essential
features of the investigation It is also of the highest importance that the
published reports of such experiments should be of an official character 111
order to carry conviction and inspire confidence Many other considerations
mirht be urged to show that one or more such stations should be estab
lished and placed under the control of this department and that such an ap
propriation should be made as would be sufficient to purchase the necessary
land and fully equip the same for the purpose indicated I have little doubt
that a farm or farms suitably located would be donated to the State for this
purpose by publicspirited corporations or individuals to continue for a term
of years or so long as such lands may be used as experiment stations
The State Agricultural Society of Georgia a body of intelligent men
themselves and representing directly the intelligent farmers of the State at
its recent session in Marietta by unanimous vote resolved to memorialize the
General Assembly in favor of the establishment of such a station It is to be
hoped that the Legislature will give careful attention to the memorial that may
be presented by the committee appointed for that purpose
It may be truly said that experiment and observation are the
means wheieby we extend and confirm our knowledge of nature
Investigation by actual experiment is a distinguishing feature of
modern methods of inquiry It is by constant and repeated ex
periment that physics and chemistry have made such great progress
within the last century One of the essentials of an experiment is
the setting aside or elimination of all nonessential circumstances
that so often conceal the real relations of things and embarraes us
in forming correct conclusions An indispensable requirement of
the experimenter is thorough acquaintance with the relation which
the factors of an experiment bear to each other and the means of
counteracting or discounting disturbing conditions
In addition he should have a perfectly clear idea of what he
wishes to ascertain and be able to appreciate the practical value of
the results of an experiment and understand their application to act
ual farm operations
Every farmer of any degree of intelligence or power of observa
tion is necessarily an experimenter The most successful tillers of
the soil are those who closely observe and rightly apply the teach
ings of experience But experiments on the farm are too costly
the danger of pecuniary loss too imminent and the prospect of
substantial and immediate individual benefit too uncertain to justify
an ordinary farmer in devoting much of his time and money to
pure experimentation even if he were otherwise well qualified for
the work If the field of experimental investigation is to be ex
plored by voluntary individual efforts alone the work with few
xceptions will be ineffective and the results conflicting and alto28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
248
gether unsatisfactory On the principle of the homely proverb
What is worth doing at all is worth doing wellit would be far
better to concentrate the intelligence and the labors of the many
scattered over the State into one or more stations where all the
means and appliances for correct and reliable investigation and ex
periment may be under the direction of one well qualtied mind
It is unreasonable to expect that agricultural truths will be
developed and systems of culture or methods of improvement will
be promptly inaugurated upon the basis of the deMiltory experi
ments of individuals here and there over the State when it is
notorious that such experiments are not only far from conclusive
in most cases but are often absolutely at variance with each other
The aggregate expense of labor and appliances employed in such
unsatisfactory and often delusive experiments is far in excess of an
amount sufficient to establish and thoroughly furnish an experiment
farm of the most comprehensive character
I do not wish to be understood as discouraging individual effort
on the part of farmers for it has already been intimated that the
intelligent farmer is necessarily an experimenter but I am convinced
that a State composed so largely of farmers so dependent upon the
prosperity of agriculture with a treasury or resources so largely
drawn from the pockets of the farmers should be more liberal in
providing tor the increased development and more substantial and
rapid progress of agriculture
By reference to the report of the receipts into the treasury from
the inspection of fertilizers on page 13 it will be seen that during
the last seven years or since the enactment of the present fertilizer
law the net amount left in the treasury after the payment of all
the expenses of inspection and analysis was 343493 00every
dollar of which has leen taken from thepockets fthe farmers alone
If we set aside other considerations surely the payment of such an
amount of taxes over and above the ordinary property and poll
tax to which all are liable justifies the demand made by the most
intelligent farmers of the State for the establishment of an Exper
iment Farm But if we bear in mind that the use of commercial
fertilizersa modern innovation and yet an evidence of progress in
our agriculturehas involved an outlay by the farmers of not less
than 40000000 in the last ten years and that the use of these fer
tilizers together with domestic manures is and must continue to249
commissioners report 188384
29
be one of the most powerful factors in our agricultural progress
the establishment of a wellordered station for the investigation of
the relations of fertilizers to soils and to cropsto say nothing of the
great benefits which may be reasonably expected from the scientific
investigation and practical application of the principles of stock
breeding and feeding drainage preparation of soils culture the
selection and improvement of varieties of farm plants etc which
are a proper and essential feature of a comprehensive experiment
would seem to be dictated by the commonest principles of political
economy
As illustrative 0 the objects of inquiry and methods of procedure
on an Experiment Farm I beg to refer again to the admirable lec
ture of M George Ville appendix A and also to his lecture on
Practical Instruction for Establishing Experimental Plats and the
Interpretation of the Results printed in the September Report of
this Department just published
In conclusion on this subject I respectfully invoke your careful
consideration of the subject and ask that you will make such recom
mendations to the General Assembly as may deem to be wise and
expedient
FISHERIES
The amount appropriated to the propagation of fish in the waters
of this State is too small to justify the establishment of hatcheries
or to much more than pay the actual expenses of the Superintend
ent and the cost of distributing the quota of carp supplied by the
United States Fish Commissioner I desire in behalf of the people
of Georgia to express my gratitude to Hon Spencer F Baird Chief
of the Commission for his unvarying courtesy and for his liberal
apportionment of carp and the distribution of them to our citizens
I ask to incorporate here the report of Dr H H Cary Superin
tendent of Fisheries and make it a part of my own report
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT
State op Georgia Department of Agricultlre
Office of Supt of Fisheries
LaGrange Ga October 161884
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
I herewith submit my third biennial report covering the time since my last
report dated October 10th 1882
The same regret is now as then expressed30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
25o
that the very limited appropriation at the disposal of the department has lim
ited and embarrassed this important work Still it is believed that the best
possible use of these limited means has steadily advanced the work of the
fish commissioner and that fish culture is now no longer regarded as an ex
periment but as a sure means of increasing and cheapening the food supply
In my first report of October 16th 1880 at some length I took occasion to call
to your attention the fact that the geographical distribution of our rivers is
admirably adapted to the propagation of the anadromous migratory fishes
and particularly the shad which is well known to be peculiarly adapted to our
waters I beg leave to here reproduce a paragraph from said report
Beginning at the Savannah river which fortunately is under the exclusive
control of Georgia extending westward across the State we meet in turn the
Ogeechee the Oconee and the Ocmulgee the last two uniting and forming the
Altamaha a few miles from the Atlantic Ocean and all these emptying into
the same next the Flint and Chattahoochee uniting near the extreme limit
of the State and forming the Apalachicola which empties into the Gulf of
Mexico The Chattahoochee from West Point down as far as Alabama is
concerned forms the western boundary of Georgia and like the Savannah is
exclusively under the control of this State Near West Point this river ceases
to be the boundary of this State but having its headquarters in the extreme
northeast part of the State among the mountains of that region where it can
almost shake hands with the headwaters of the Savannah it passes diagonally
across the State nearly parallel with the AirLine and Atlanta and West Point
Railroads being but a few miles from Gainesville and Newnan and six or
seven miles from Atlanta The Etowah and Oostanaula with their confluence
at the city of Rome by their numerous ramifications liberally supply North
west Georgia At Rome they form the Coosa which empties into the Ala
bama which flows finally into the Gulf of Mexico These rivers being so uni
formly distributed over the State and our system of railroads generally cross
ing them would make the distribution of fish from the rivers very easy To
illustrate a line drawn from Augusta by Macon to Columbus would pass
through sixteen counties every one with a single exception touching a rail
road
But most and perhaps all of these rivers have many obstructions to the
passage of anadromous fishes to their spawning grounds
In this report I shall confine myself mainly in treating of the migratory
fishes to the Shad as many years experience has demonstrated the fact that
the temperature of the water of the rivers of this State is well adapted to the
wants of this fish Further on I shall endeavor to show that the temperature
of the rivers of Georgia does not suit some of the migratory fishes And to
show the absolute necessity of overcoming these obstructions I will take this
occasion also again to allude to the habits of the Shad A salt water fish like
many species of its class it seeks its spawning grounds in fresh water passing
up the long rivers to near their sources to seek such shoals as may be found
There are three varieties of fish eggs the floating the adhesive and the sink
jhg to the last class belong the shad eggs Shad eggs when deposited in water
immediately subside to the bottom where ordinarily soon covered with sedi
ment suffocation ensues and very few hatching The insiinct of the shad
leads her to seek the shoals among the highlands that the eggs may be depos
ited in the pools and kept in agitation by the action of the water Thus it will
be seen an absolute necessity exists for allowing the shad to have a free passage
rom the ocean to the headwaters of the streams Fortunately science has251
commissioners report 188384
31
pointed out a way to keep such passages open without injury to the property
invested in mills or manufactories In the Forest Stream August 7tlt
1884 an exceedingly able paper published in the city of New York is an edi
jorial article so able and so completely covering the ground embraced in this
subject that I introduce a part of it here
Within the pastyar there has been great activity throughout the Eastern
States in building fishways It has taken a long time to convince the public
that those living above dams have rights that damowners are bound to respect
and also that the fishes which are seeking upper waters to spawn must reach
them or become scarce or extinct Judging by the number of fishways built
last year and those now building or contracted for we believe that the benefits
to be derived from a properly constructed fish way are much better understood
than they were en years ago This may be due in part to the increased
knowledge of the rights and needs of both the people and the fishes What
ever may be the cause it is a fact that the building of fishways has increased
greatly and within the next ten years it is safe to prophesy that there will be
one over every clam in this country where a fishway is desired The McDon
ald Fishway Company of Washington already have so many orders for build
ing fishways on hand that they have declined to contract for more at present
and Col McDonald is absent putting up works in Scotland New Jersey wants
several and is negotiating with the company for them New York wants more
on the Oswego and Salmon rivers while other States are contemplating build
ing new ones or substituting the McDonald way for older patterns The plans
for the large fishway at the Great Falls of Potomac have been accepted and
work will soon begin on the monster fishway under Government engineers
New York needs fishways on the upper Hudson in order that the fish may
ascend not only to spawning but also to feeding grounds The million young
shad placed at Glens Falls by the United States Fish Commission last spring
will find feeding grounds that are occupied by their species and therefore will
not find competitors in the struggle for life and as the shad originally ascended
the Hudson as far as Millers Falls they might do so again if suitable fishways
were provided A good fishway benefits those below the dam as well as those
above and no person or corporation should be allowed to bar the ascent of fish
in a great river o small one either in order that he or they may make money
Certainly the State of New York should build a broad fishway pver its dam at
Troy which was constructed to furnish water for canal navigation
Under a resolution of the Legislature of the State of Georgia approved
September 28th 1881 His Excellency Governor Colquitt appointed a com
mission to perform certain duties in reference to the examination of the Au
gusta canal dam It was provided among other things that thirdly the
feasibility of providing sufficient fishways in the Augusta canal dam by the
city of Augusta to allow the freer passage of fish up and down said river over
or through said dam The writer of this report had the honor of being a
member of such commission Report was made to the Governor that it was
believed that a fishway would be entirely feasible to subserve the purposes de
sired By executive order the commission was directed to proceed North to
examine the working of the various fishwaystheninuse The result wasthe
recommendation of the McDonald Fishway invented by Col M McDonald
of the United States Fish Commission a model of which is now in the Depart
ment of Agriculture in Atlanta This fishway was adopted by the city of Au
gusta and one is now in operation in the canal dam The importance of this
subject has induced me to be somewhat lengthy and I earnestly request that
this subject may be brought to the attention of the Legislature32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
252
SHAD
While our appropriation has not permitted us to establish one or more hatch
eries for the artificial hatching of the eggs of the shad still by the aid tendered
us by the United States Fish Commission we have by the planting of the fry
furnished to the State been able to replete our rivers so that at several points
milters and spawners can now be obtained for artificial propagation Since my
last report the methods of hatching shad eggs artificially have wonderfully
improved and itis now also proved that the eggs can be transported m re readily
and with greater safety from the point where the parent fish are captured than
the young fry so that the eggs can be carried to or near the point where the
planting is desired and then hatched artificially The invention of the Mc
Donald Hatching Jar supplies a longfelt want This consists of a glass jar
with the capacity of about one gallon and susceptible of hatching 110000
eggs at each filling and with water at a temperature of 80 will hatch in 58
hours These jars act automatically The water is introduced into the bot
tom of the jars through flexible tubesthe water being supplied from a reser
voir requiring only a few feet of pressure The action of the water under
pressure gives the eggs the requisite motion and by an ingenious contrivance
the dead eggs are automatically separated and pass ott with the oveflow Un
der favorable circumstances over 95 of the eggs can be hatched With these
improved methods the expense of establishing hatcheries is greatly dimin
ished etad in fact they can be located at places impossible under the old
methods In 1880 1000000 shad fry were planted in the waters of Georgia
and in 1881 1800000 This was the work of the United States Fish Commis
sion In three years after the planting they returned to find their spawning
grounds Of the planting of 1880 400000 were released in the Chattahoochee
at Iceville near Atlanta It was not expected that these fish could pass up
further than Columbus till fishways were placed at the obstructions at that place
The fry constituting this plant were reported to me as being the Connecti
cut river shad It is wellknown that the Connecticut river shad will take the
bait and the sportsmen can find in the Northern markets tackle for shad fish
ing The South Atlantic shad do not take the bait True to their instincts
shad appeared in 1883 in the Chattahoochee river below Columbus and were
taken with the hook and bait It is therefore reasonable to suppose that the
fish thus taken were of the planting of Iceville in 1880 Of the 1800000 shad
planted in 1881 1000000 were released in the Ocmulgee at Macon The fish
of course were due on their return in the spring of the present year I have
recently visited Macon and made careful investigation in regard to the ex
peeted return of these fish and I am pleased to say that I have not been dis
appointed While there was no particular arrangement for catching shad and
hence the catch was light still they must have appeared in large numbers as
a sporting gentleman informed me full grown shad were taken in considerable
numbers the fishermen standing on the bank of the stream and capturing
them with the dip net I mention these facts to show with what facility a bar
ren river can be impressed by liberal plantings of the shad fry But in this
connection I beg leave to emphasize one factthat while we need an increased
appropriation to carry on this work our protective laws need amending In253
commissioners report 188384
33
the main such laws are exceedingly good but there is no direct provision for
carrying them into effect An act to encourage the propagation of fish in the
waters of the State of Georgia approved February 29th 1879 has the follow
ing sections
Sec IV Be it further enacted That from and after the passage of this
Act there shall be a closed time in all the rivers of Georgia in which shad
are caught of 48 hours commencing at sunrise on Saturday morning of each
week and ending at sunrise on Monday morning of the next week during
which closed time no shad or other migratory fish shall be caught by nets
wires weirs pounds or any other means whatever neither shall such nets
wires weirs pounds or other apparatus be left set in said rivers during said
closed time The meshes of nets or other apparatus for catching said fish
shall not be less than five inches
Sec V Be it further enacted That no shad shall be taken by any means
whatever except between the 18th day of January and the 20th day of April of
each year except for spawning purposes to carry out the provisions of this
Act
Sec VI Be it further enacted That any person or persons violating the
provisions of this Act shall be guilty of misdemeanor and on conviction of the
same shall be punished as is now provided in section 4310 of the Code of Geor
gia as last revised
It will be seen at once that these sections of the fish laws of 1876 give the
needed protection and provide the penalties for the violation of the same but
it is not made the duty of any one to look after the enforcement of these laws
and while any citizen may become a prosecutor very few will like to become
voluntary informers What is absolutely needed is the appointment of fish
wardens at all needed points to especially look after the provisions of the fish
laws Without such provisions the interest of the many will be sacrificed to
that of the few A very noted case will forcibly illustrate this point Early
in May last the Fish Commissioner of South Carolina gave notice that the fish
laws of Georgia were not respected at the dam in the Savannah river at the
head of the locks above Augusta It was stated that a fish warden appointed
under the authority of South Carolina and stationed near the dam was power
less to stop illegal fishing as the river is under the exclusive jurisdiction of
the State of Georgia I at once repaired to the place indicated and found that
the representations made were true Just below the McDonald fishway here
tofore mentioned in this report was a large fall trap ready to capture any fish
that failed to make the passage up the fishway with a line of similar but
smaller traps extending nearly across the river at the foot of the shoals and
in addition to these traps several gill nets were in position among the
shoals all this was being done daily in face of the laws cited above I had
attention called to these violations in the daily papers of the city of Augusta
and gave notice that the traps must be removed and the fishing stopped A
promise of compliance was made on the part of the violators At the same
time fisheries were in operation in the river below the city From the bestv
information I could obtain several thousand shad were thus captured many
of which were ripe I urgently request that you call the attention of the Le
gislature tothe foregoing facts
GERMAN CARP
Since my last report the interest in the culture of this fish has increased
3
34
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
254

enormously not only in this State but in nearly every State and Territory in
the Union Col M McDonald of the United States Fish Commission page
261 Bulletin of the Commission says The carp wherever planted under
favorable conditions and receiving reasonable care and attention have grown
bred and multiplied rapidly Thirty thousand distinct bodies of water in every
section of the United States have been occupied with this fish These repre
sent an aggregate area of 100000 acres of waste waier which have been con
verted into profitable almost spontaneous production yielding at a moderate
estimate 20000000 pounds of food per annum and adding L000000 annually
to the value of the products of the country
EDIBLE QUALITIES OF CARP
To those having eaten carp no proof is needed of its fair table qualities but
so frequently inquiries are propounded asking what is the best pond fish
that it is deemed that a few paragraphs are appropriate That the carp in the
Southern States takes on the most rapid growth of any known pond fish is
conceded As occasionally an adverse criticism appeared in the public prints
Prof Baird took uncommon pains during last year to settle the question Mi
Charles W Smiley in charge of the Bulletin of the United States Fish Com
missioner was directed to send out certain inquiries to those to whom carp
had been sent out by the United States Fish Commissioner of the hatchings
of 1879 and 1880 The circular sent out contains fifteen questions covering
the whole field of carp culture One of these questions was Have you eaten
carp How were they cooked and what was the opinion of their edible
qualities At the time publication was made 600 replies had been received
coming in from 23 States and territories up to that time 350 had not tasted
carp 242 had eaten them The answers were classified as follows moderate
praise from fair to very good 40 unqualified praise and very emphatic ex
pressions of approval 96 comparison with other fish very generally compli
mentary 39 criticism as to softness or muddy taste 19 indifferent and un
complimentary reports aside from muddy taste and softness 10 A few opin
ions as regards bones 7 favorable reports containing hints on the various
ways of cooking carp 31Total 242
Of these 242 reports 38 only contained the slightest reflection on carp
Many of these criticisms were decidedly slight and nearly every one of these
criticisms can be explained away it is a fact well known to fish culturists
that no fish is firstclass for table at or immediately after the spawning time
It may be conceded that the carp is a fair table fish many of the correspond
ents alluded to above stating their qualities equal to shad trout or rock fish
There are several things pertaining to carp culture not yet well understood
and prominent among these is the necessity to completely drain every carp
pond Cheapness and efficiency are two important items The drain pipe
should pass out from the bottom of the kettle or receiver so that the drainage
may be complete I have examined or tested many plans and have finally
decided on the following and shall soon remove from my own ponds the ex
pensive iron piping with their gate valves and supply their places with this
The defect in the plan where the main piping is used is this the strainer at
the end of the pipe being placed in the collector is soon completely clogged255
commissioners report 188384
35
by the action of the carp in turning up the mud with their heads so that
when the gates are turned no water will pass through the pipes and if the
pond is several feet deep it is exceedingly difficult to remove the obstruction
The wood cut above represents this simple apparatus that is recommended
a is a wooden box running crosswise through the dam from the lowest point
in the kettle so that it will insure the complete emptying of the pond made
of heart pine plank being twelve inches wide and two thick securely nailed
together The upright part b is of the same material and size and joins it
at right angles and of sufficient length to extend some distance above the
water line This is made secure to the horizontal portion and it will be of
great advantage to give the whole a dressing of coal tar The side of the up
right next to the pond is left open and narrow strips are nailed to the uprights
on the inside to constitute grooves for the gate pieces c e c c d is a strainer
of wire secured in a frame of the same size as the gate pieces c When it is
desired to empty the pond remove the highest gate piece c and substitute the
strainer d When the water line is lowered to the next gate piece remove it
and substitute the strainer for it as in the first instance and so on until the
water is drawn down nearly to the collector then the mud can be removed
from the collector the fish dispersing while this is being done The water
can then be drawn off until the fish are drawn into the collector or kettle
when they can be readily removed with the dip net when the last gate piece
can be taken out and the kettle completely emptied The only defect is in
making the gates tight If the water supply is abundant this is of no conse36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
256
quence as the leakage would not allow the small fish to pass out and still
might constitute a part of the overflow But if the water supply is limited
this might lower the pond at a time when you could not afford to lose any
water Fortunately this defect can be easily remedied Prepare a plank of
the size of the opening of the box a let it be green lumber so that it will not
swell to prevent its being withdrawn pass this down along the side of the
upright b so it will include the opening in a then b can be filled with saw
dust for a foot or two and a little dirt if necessary which will entirely stop
the leakage
OverflowsTo make these efficient and of the least possible trouble the
strainers should be under the surface of the water This will entirely prevent
clogging by the leaves and trash brought down by the rains A very simple
plan is to make a box with a joint something like the representation in the
preceding wood cut having a short leg and extending when in position a foot
or so below the water line the strainer being attached to the lower end of the
short leg
EnemiesThese are very numerous But fortunately many of them can be
readily disposed of with the shot gun Snakes are exceedingly troublesome
Dr Hessel superintendent of the carp ponds at Washington states that on
the 26th of August 1883 since the first day of the preceding July 900
snakes were killed mostly with the shot gun He states that a medium sized
snake will destroy forty young carp a day This shows the imperative neces
sity of keeping these pests out of the ponds
Time of HatchingI have again been placed under obligation to Mr Eman
uel Heyser of Madison Ga for the details of some experiments made by
him during the present year His grounds are fortunately so situated that he
can extemporize small ponds for the purpose of experiment and it has been
conclusively proved that the eggs with the high temperature of water say 85
will hatch in 50 hours He also gathered eggs and they were sent to the in
terior of Pennsylvania Young fry just hatched were also sent The fry bore
transportation well and the eggs hatched with a moderate loss although the
transportation was conducted very roughly
CALIFORNIA SALMON
In my iast report it was stated through the courtesy of Prof Baird and the
South Carolina Fish Commission I was enabled to plant in the head waters
of the Savannah 160000 small fry of this fish They like the shad are Imi
gratory but enter the rivers for spawning during the fall instead of the spring
Their return is ordinarily in four years from planting Being released in
1882 they snould return in 1886 Many of the States having older fish com
missions than our own have been planting their fish for quite a number of
years but I regret to say up to this time with opportunity no gratifying
results The difficulty seems to be that the temperature of our rivers par
ticukirly those of the Southern States is too high to suit their habits Hence
for the present I would not recommend farther experiments in this line257
commissioners report 188384
37
brook trout
I am satisfied that the brook trout can he successfully propagated in our
mountainous counties and it will be very desirable to do so when the means
at our disposal will permit it to be done I beg leave here to state that I have
been under great obligations to Spencer F Baird of the United States Fish
Commission for continued courtesies and to all the railroads of this and
several of the adjoining States for their appreciative favors to the Fish Commis
sion of Georgia
H H CARY Superintendent
GENERAL YIEW
A calm and dispassionate view of the history of Georgia agricul
ture for the past two years by one who is familiar with the losses
and embarrassments of the last twenty rearsthat have pressed far
more heavily on the farmers than upon any other class of our
citizenscannot fail to impress the observer with the fact that
Georgia farmers as a whole are making some progress towards re
gaining their normal condition of prosperity and independence
Some of the more intelligent reading and observing farmers are
making decided and in some instances very rapid progress in
adapting themselves to the altered condition under which we live
and are annually accumulating wealth and enjoying more of the
comforts and luxuries of life A very large number however
continue in much the same old way making little if any effort to
get out of the old ruts
The great need of the country is education of the masses educa
tion that will prepare them for the observation study and applica
tion of tin principles that underlie success in their avocations This
remark is especially applicable to the farming class by reason of
the embarrassments already mentioned
On the whole we have reason for profound gratitude and even
astonishment that the condition of the country is so much better in
the chief respects than would have been predicted twenty years
ago as the result of the enforced change in our system following
the ordinary losses and demoralization of a civil war We are inclined
to be impatient at the apparently slow progress we are making for
getting that such a violent and sweeping change in a system of
agriculture as the conversion of willing obedient and efficient38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 258
slaves into voters and officeseekersignorant idle heedless of obli
gationsis usually succeeded by a very loDg period of depression
poverty and despair extending to several generations and even
longer Farmers are notoriously conservative A large share of
their knowledge skill habits and methods is handed down from
father to son A generation is not usually sufficient in which to
effect any great revolution or change of system The hope of our
Statenot less in respect of agriculture than of the other great in
terests of lifeis in the rising and immediately following genera
tions
IN CONCLUSION
I am largely indebted to the efficient labors of my subordinates
in this office the skillful services of the State chemist the gratui
tous zeal of the Superintendent of Fisheries and the faithfulness
of Inspectors ofFertilizers for whatever measure of success has
been achieved by this Department I desire also to thank the vol
unteer Weather and Crop Reporters for their valuable assistance
Nor am I unmindful of the support and active sympathy of the
State Agricultural Society Finally permit me to express my
thanks for your Excellencys unvarying courtesy and valuable co
operation
All of which is respectfully submitted
J T Henderson
Commissioner of Agriculture259
commissioners report 188384
39
APPENDIX A
REPUBLISHED FROM AUGUST CROP REPORT 1884
LECTURE BY M GEORGE VILLE
SOIL ANALYSIS BT PLANTS
Translated from the French by Miss E L Howard J
Our conference today will be of an essentially practical nature
We have to do with neither theories nor sysierasour purpose is to analyze the
soildefine what it contains and in what it is lacking in an agricultural po nt of
view and lastly to get fixed facts on the nature of the fertilizers to be used under
all circumstances
You doubt ess remember gentlemen that the main point of our last conference
was to prove the necessity of classing the elements of the soil according to the
functions they fulfilledof separating those which simply supported vegetation
from those which contributed to their nutrition and whose substance became part
of the vegetal constitu ion itself
The following accura e table represents this part of our studies and gives them in
an essentally practical and experimental form
f
dOIL
Mechanic elements
Active assimilable elements
Assimilable elemensin reserve
I
fSand
Clay
j Limetone
Gravel
f Ammonia
Nitrates
Organic Phosphoric Acid
Sulphuric
Chlorine
Silica
Potash
Minerals Soda
Lime
Magnesia
Oxide of Iron
Oxide of Manganese
Humus
i Organic detritus
Undecomposed minerals
What does this table show That there are three orders of elements in the soil
Mechanic elements active assimilable elements assimilable elements in reserve
Mechanic elements have only a passive function to fnlfill They serve as a seat
and a plaoe of attachment for vegetation but do not contribute of their substance
to nutrition They are represented by sand calcareous matter clay and gravel40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
26o
In the second place come what are called active assimilable elements always in
very small quantities as compared to the above In fact whie they represent but
a few hundedths of the mass of the soil the mechanic eeme its are 90100 of the
whole The real productiveness of the soil however lies in them
Finally come the assimilable elements in reserve which share in the passive
functions of the mechanic elements but are susceptible under certain circum
stance of aiding in vegetal nutrition and owe this power or faculty to the pro
ducts born of their own decomposition
Detritus of animal or vgetable origin which cannot serve as plant food but as it
changes its nature is an ea nple of this Another example is found in the rocks
of the family of silicates feldspaths and feldspathic sands which belong to the list
of mechanic elements as Ions as they preserve their integrity but when disinte
grated and then decomposed by the combined action of cold heat and the carbonic
acid and oxygen of the air increase the available potash lime and soluble silica of
the soil and thereby add to its value
If we make an artificial soit by the association of the three divisions of the ele
ments above mentioned varying the proportions of the mechanical elements sand
clay limestone and gravel from four to ten and even twenty per cent of the whole
weight the degree of fertility will not be affected
But on the contrary increase or diminish the onhundred thousandth part of
the weight of nitrogen ammonia or the nirates or the ten thousandth part of the
weight of potash or acid phosphate and a sudden charge is producedthe harvest
w 11 be increased or diminished like the production of vapor in a steamer accord
ing to the amount of combustible material burnt
You will notice gentlemen here is no system no interest to be furthered noth
ing but simple facts open to the whole world and carrying their own evidence It
is useless however to remind you of these distinctions unlesi we insist aso on the
means we used to prove them They have been eitirely experimental It was not
by analysis of the soil hut by composing it entirely with pure substances that we
established these distinctions and showd the contrasts existing between the me
chanical and the assimilable elements of the soil
The fist form that wonderfully compact yet mobile and permeable medium
through which the most delicat roots ramify water penetrates easily and air cir
u ates freelv carrying vivifyingand powerful affinities tr the greattst depths
The second the assimilable elements have no influence on the physical proper
ties of the soil but flourish the pant and regulate activity of growth
I have already said the assimilable elements iu reserve are an first confused with
the mechanical elements but later thev becomeassimiiaWeby the products of their
decomposition By the light of these distinctions and the help of these tables
which show them plainly it is easy to understand why chemistry when using the
methods employed for industrial experiments has failed to define the agricultural
value of a soil
I give as example one of the greatest names of contemporary science Sir Hum
phrey Davy to whom we owe the discovery of the alkal ne metals potasium and
sodium for he was the first to isolate them by the use of the pile
Starting with this idea it ws natural to suppose that soils belonging to different
geological formations often possessed the same degree of fertility Davy thought
that by comparing term for term the composition of different soils of equal agri
cultural value but of different formations he would find certain agents in all that
were the source and condition of their equal fertility261
commissioners report 188384
41
Six soils of different origin and all noted for their fertility were analyzed by
Davy
What was the remit
The refutation of the idea which had inspired their learned author Look at the
table where are collected the remits of these six analyses You find only contrasts
and opposition Impossible to find the least analogy in the composition of the six
soils which were I repeat of the same degree of fertility
SOIL ANALYSIS BY SIR HUMPHREY DAVY
as go s
03 Ja CD 0 SP a 0 03 t
ORIGIN OF SOIL C cj a es 00 662 889 60 0 as y 00 52 16 128 8 3 O a 32 12 116 ta c 0 xi u 03 O 47 69 112 2S a 0 a O 07 07 07 cu 0 12 03 44 O ba go O cS 80 85 85 0 CO 3 3 30 05 05 05 d 3 co 8 47 03 03 go GO O
52
52
52
600 83 3 91 164 70 127 140 68 63 56 06 572 07 07 07 12 08 18 28 13 12 7 05 05 05 03 03 03 52
Valley of Teviot 52 5

Compare these six analyses term for term and you find the proportion of sand
varies from 9 to 90 per cent that of soluble silica from 1 to 10 per ce nt the carbon
ate of lime from 06 to 57 per cent etc
Neither one of these soils resembles another All are different They however
possessed as I before said the same agricultural value Chemical analysis is thus
in entire discord with plants which you see speak quite a different language
How explain this contradiction Nothing is easier It is only necessary to refer
you to the classification of the elements of a fruitful soil which I gave in my ejperi
ments where it was entirely artificial
What did this table say That the mechanic elements have but a slight indirect
influence on the fertility of the soilthat their function is eminently passivethat
although very necessary they are in reality but a means of holding the food of the
plants
This being so how could Davys analysis explain the difficulty He took account
only of the mechanic elements gravel sand clay and lime without inquiring either
into the active assimilable elements which are the source of present production or
the assimilable elements in reserve which are the safeguard of the future
The silence of Davy on this point explains the failure of his attempt but this is
not surprising In his day ihey had very imperfect ideas of vegetal composition or
the agents of their production
Here is however a new difficulty The chemists of our day know perfectly the
elements needed for plant life and those whose presence or absence in the soil makes
it either poor or fertile It appears then that the chemists of our day can do what
Davy could not Still look through the analyses of soils published in the last ten
years What have they taught us of value in agriculture Nothing practical ab
solutely nothing This declaration on my part may surprise you but I can jus
tify it42
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
262
Here is a soil analyses bv a very eminent mining engineer MrRivot Both me
chanical and assimilable elements are given
ANALYSIS OF SOU NEAR CHALONS ON THE MAENE BY MB BIVOT
Sand and gravel 42 25
Tine matters 52 20
Organic matter 180
Hygrometric water 270
Combined moisture 5 92
Carbonic acid 3320
Quartz sand 3 10
Clay 600
Attachable silica 3 10
Oxide of iron 2 00
Aluminum 015
Lime 4050
Magnesia traces
Alkalies 038
Sulphuric acid 028
Phosphoric acid 012
Nitrogen and chlorinetraces
Total 9975
This is certainly a complete analysis Nothing is omitted but it is not more
useful than Sir Humphrey Davys The testimony of farmers is that it responds to
none of their wants It is impossible to say from this with crtafnty what will be
the crop of wheat or any other plant on such soil for how many years it might be
cultivated without manure when the need of manure will be felt and what would
be the best fertilizer to use Can you call an analysis practically useful which can
not answer these questions
To what strange conclusions we are forced I tell you that we know the nature
of thl agents which render the soil fertile I have shown in my previous lectures
that by the use of these agents we can grow as fine crops in burnt sand as in the
most fertile alluvial soils and then I decare an analysis which shows these agents
in the soil to be unable to enlighten us on the most important questions in agri
culture
What strange contradictions No gentlemen the contradiction is only seeming
Imagine a soil containing sand under two different forms as feldspathic sand and
silicate sand like the grey sand of Fontainebleau The silicate sand is pure silica
the feldspathic sand on the contrary is a silicate mixed with potash soda lime
magnesia and iron As long as this sand is in its first formation ii is useless as plant
food from the combination of its bases But let a chemist attack it with his re
actives decomposing it and separating all the elements of the feldspathic sand
isolating them and attributing to them a degree of utility which in reality they do
not possess in an agricultural point of view what have we gained
Phosphoric acid also exists in three different forms as phosphate of lime phos
phate of alumni and phosphate of peroxyde of iron Very efficacious as phosphate
of lime it is much less so if it has really an appreciable action when in combina
tion with iron and aluminum
Of what value to know that a soil contains phosphoric acid potash nitrogen etc
if the active and neutral parts are mixed in a heterogeneous mass 263 commissioners report 188384 43
Although true in indications chemical analysis of the soil is a dead letter in re
gard to the wants of plants as long as the roots do not use either the acids or alka
lies nor any of the means of attack which chemists employ
My conclusion is then formulated as follows Chemistry is powerless to enlighten
us as to the agricultural qualities of the soil either in its resources or its wants
because its indications mix together both the active assimilable elements and as
similable elements in reserve the active parts and the inert or neutral parts
But I carry my demonstration further ail to have more freedom in criticism
use as example an analysis of my own from soil on the Experimental Farmat
Vincennes What did this analysis say
That the available quantity of phosphoric acid per acre was1734 pounds
The quantity of potash2209 pounds
And the lime 39345 pounds
Are these results certain Perfectly certain and cannot be denied Here then it
a soil liberally provided with the three minerals essential to vegetation neverthes
less cultivate this land in wheat for four consecutive years giving it only nitrogen
and sulphate of ammonia without addition of potash or phosphate The fourth
year the crops that were originally fine were reduced to almost nothing yet the
four crops of wheat had only taken away
70 pounds acid phosphate
114 pounds potash
64 pounds lime
Where the analysis showed
1734 pounds acid phosphate
2209 pounds potash
39345 pounds lime
The plant declares a soil poor which the analysis proved to be rich Why this
contradiction
Because the plant knows only the elements it can make use of while the analysis
shows those parts of the same agents which are engaged in combinations from which
the plants cannot extract them
But it may be said Why not imitate the processes of nature Why not treat
the soil with water alone so as to place it in the same condition that the plantsdo
The idea seems excellent and the method founded on washing the soil with water
a perfect method It is not however a few figures show its inadequacy It like
the first method is condemned by vegetation Treating the earth with chlorohy
dric acid we find 1734 pounds phosphoric acid per acre treating it with water
alone we find but 27 pounds phosphoric acid and 184 pounds of potash instead of
2209 pounds Now if this same soil is cultivated for four consecutive years in
beets you find 148 pounds phosphoric acid and 324 pounds of potash
Why this new contradiction Because water used in a large mass for irrigation
acts quite differently from water in small quantities acting by absorption through
the roots of the plants
In the first case the effect obtained is entirely due to the dissolvent action of the
water while in the second case three new influences are brought into action The
air which penetrates the interstices of the soil and operates by slow combustion
carbonic acid produced by decomposition of organic matter whose affinities realize
the conditions of attack and dissolution which water alone could not produce and
finally the breathing of the roots which is equal to irrigation under pressure The
small quantity of phosphoric acid and potash found in the water used in irrigating
is a proof of this44
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
L264
But more than this make two parallel experiments sow wheat in soil that is
irrigated and the same soil without irrigation the crop will be better in the first
Here is anew contradiction In showing the inadequacy of acual analyses you
will think and believe them entirely useless and deny by anticipation the possi
bility of eyer arriving at satisfactory results Nothing is farther from my thoughts
I wish simply to show things as they are to warn you aganst hopes which will
lead to deception and prove that in the present state of affairs analysis cannot en
lighten you upon the most vital and essential question of practical agriculture
But if chemical analysis fails what shall we do
Question the plants themselves use them both as guides and chemical reactives
What did I tell you in our last meeting
That we can bring the poorest sand to the highest degree of fertility by the addi
tion of these four substances phosphoric acid lime potash and nitrogen We
also find that although these four substances are always efficacious they only show
their full activity when the four are associated and reunited that as soon as one
was suppressed the other became so inert as to lose almost the greatest part of their
activity
We have also said that these four bodies have not the same effect on all plants
that nitrogenous matter is most efficacious for the cereals rape an 1 the beet phos
phoric acid for corn sugar cane and the turnip potash for the legumes and the
potato
If you realize these three fundamental propositions you will understand by what
natural deductions we can found a method of practical analysis easily accessible
to all
Suppose we experiment on the same soil with five different fertilizers first the
fertilizer composed of the four terms which you know and to which we have given
the name of complete fertilizer and parallel with this four fertilizers composed of
only three terms from which we exclude by turns one after the other nitrogen
ous matter potash lime and phosphoric acid making the following series
Complete fertilizer
Fertilizer without Nitrogen
Fertilizer without Phosphate
Fertilizer without Potish
Fertilizer without Lime
Soil without any fertilize
What does the plant say in this case That the compete fertilizer produced
fiftysix bushels the fertilizer without nitrogen only eighteen bushels the fertili
zer without phosphates twentyfour bushels the fertilizer without potash forty
bushels that without lime fiftythree bushels and the soil without fertilizer only
fifteen bushels
The conclusion is evident and forced the soil is entirely wanting in nitrogen
supplied with lime but not well provided with potash and phosphate of lime
Now what analysis can you find perfect enough to give you such delicate and
definite results
So according as the crops grown with the incomplete fertilizers differ from or
resemble those grown with the complete fertilizer we know the soil is wanting in
the element excluded from the fertilizer
To be more precise we collect in a table the crops from the experimental farm
Crops per Acre
Complete fertilizer59 bushels
Fertilizer without lime53 bushels26S
commissioners report 188384
45
a Crops per Acre
Fertilizer without potash bushels
Fertilizer without phosphate 24 bushels
Fertilizer without nitrogen 18 busneIg
Soil without fertilizerUi bushel8
I therefore repeat the element wanting at Vinoennes was nitrogen But this is
not all There are two pans to every soil the surface soil and the subsoil the su
perficial and the deeper layers Do these two layers possess the same degree of fer
tility This is a very important question to be determined
How shall we do it It is very easy Instead of planting wheat take a tap root
like the beet which penetrates to a great depth experiment with it in the same
manner and you will have as concise and perfect indications as from the wheat
only this time it will be from the subBoil instead of the surface soil
And what have we
Crops per Acre
Complete fertilizer49000 pounds beets
Fertilizer without lime45000 pounds beets
Femhzer without potash39000 pound8 beem
Fertilizer without phosphate35j0oo pounds beets
Fertilizer without nitrogen34r000 pounds beets
Soil without fertilizer20000 pounds beets
Indications from the Irish potato are not less exact or instructive 1
Crop per acre
Complete fertilizer t 27 S30
Fertilizer without lime 22S31
Fertilizer without phosphate 17532
Fertilizer without nitrogen ifisTT
Fertilizer without potash 10289
Soil without fertilizer ra
t jOitO
What does the Irish potato say That the soil of Vineennes contains but very
small quautities of potash and nitrogen and if it shows potash particularly want
ing it is becaue this is the dominant of the potato that is the element which most
affects the crop
The testimony of these two plants is not opposed to each other on the contrary
they complete each other and you see how the superior action of the dominant
helps toward the analysis of the soils
To have a correct idea of the true fertility of the soil at Vineennes we must com
pare the two crops of wheat and potatoes
What does the series with wheat say That the quantities of nitrogen and potash
are equally limited and the series with the potato stregthens and confirms this
double testimony only the crop of potatoes without potash is proportionately
feebler than the wheat because potash is the dominant of the potato and only a
subordinate element for wheat
This is a perfect system of experimenting and one whose teachings are entirely
practical and of immediate application
What other system of investigation could furnish like indications With an ex
perimental field we can always find out what elements the soil contains that will
be useful to our crops as well as those in which the land is wanting
In this way we know positively the nature of the fertilizer most profitable to be
used But you ask is this a delicate and sensitive method Is it possible that a46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
266
plant can tell all the variations in the composition of a soil No question is easier
to answer The quantity of soil spread over the surface of an acre is 3910000
pounds Well with 200 pounds of sulphate of ammonia containing 40 pounds of
nitrogen that is with the one hundred thousandth part of total weight of the soil
we can increase the yield of wheat from seventeen to twentyone bushels of grain
and the weight of straw from three to four thousand pounds per hundred pounds
of nitre containing about ninetyfour pounds of potash is sufficient to increase the
yield of the Irish potato from 10000 to 28000 pounds a difference of 18000 pounds
The effect of phosphate of lime on sugarcane is equally striking If the fertilizer
contains 586 pounds of acid phosphate we have 78222 pounds of stripped cane per
acre if only 391 pounds of phosphates we get but 39111 pounds of cane What
scientific method is equal to this in accuracy delicacy or usefulness
Having proved the value of an experimental field we will show how one ought
to be made They vary according to circumstances
If the farm is large a piece of ground should be chosen representing the average
fertility of the whole and the experimental field divided into six plats each thirty
yards square including the following combinations
No 1 Barnyard manure 58666 pounds per acre
No 2 Barnyard manure 29333 pounds per acre
No 3 Intense complete fertilizer
No 4 Complete fertilizer
No 5 Fertilizer without nitrogen
No 6 Fertilizer without phosphate of lime
No 7 Fertilizer without potash
No 8 Fertilizer without lime
No 9 Fertilizer without minerals
No 10 Soil without fertilizer
Here is a system which responds 1o all the needs of a regular farm Thanks to
this series of cultures one can methodically follow the exhaustion of the soil Like
a sentinel in advance the experimental field shows with certainty the precise time
when the soil should receive such and such fertilizer whether nitrogenous matter
potash phosphate of lime etc But you willsay in every farm there are different
soils
The objection is correct and we answer it The experimental field we speak of
will not answer alone for a large farm each field must have a small experimental
plat of divided into four plats on which only four fertilizers are used com
plete fertilzer mineral fertiizer nitrogenous fertilizer and the fourth plat with
out fertilizer By multiplying experiments with these four combinations of fer
tilizers we arrive at fixed ideas as to what the soil needs The first mentioned
experimental field will from its size and the number and variety of experiments
be a guide for the whole farm
When one isonce familiarized with this mode of investigation every plant grown
gives information concerning the condition of the soil in regard to fertility or
exhaustion
Here are some examples On two contiguous plats of the same size sow peas
and wheat without any fertilizer This little experiment if rightly understood
will show whether the soil is provided with nitrogen and minerals What did we
say in our first conference That nitrogenous matter was the dominant of wheat
end that this matter had very little if any effect on peas whose dominant was pot
ash In this way a small experiment becomes of great importance
If the two squares of wheat and peas are equally fine we know the soil containsC267
commissioners report 188384
47
both mineral and nitrogenous matter If on the contrary the wheat is inferior
and yellow while the peas are vigorous we know the soil is wanting in nitrogenous
matter and well supplied with miuerals particularly with potash
Let us extend our observations Lucerne has roots which penetrate the subsoil
to a great depth where it ans tae minerals wnich it requires Now if the lucerne
is fine while the peas are poor what shall we understaud That the surface soil
is wanting in potash and phosphate while the subsoil is supplied with them If the
two plants succeed equally well we know both surface and subsoil are provided
with minerals
You see gentlemen by starting from the exact and certain premises deduced
from experiments in burnt sand with pure substance avoiding ah unknown agents
we end by gaining essentially practical ideas to answer the important questions
What are the useful agents the soil contains In what agents is the soil wanting
The more extended and complete my studies and the longer my intercourse with
the agricultural world the more convinced I am of the value of the experimental
plat or field as a means of giving every farmer a cheap and pract cal analysis of
his soil
To those who are already convinced it is a neverfailing guide and to those who
are doubtful it triumphs over the most systematic objections
If gentlemen you will listen to me mutiply your experimental plats which
the Italians rigmly call proof plats All our colleges primary schools and agii
cultural establishments ol any kind even our societies ougat to have them
Three or foursquares au feet each are amply sufficient for primary schools and
for them 1 advise parallel and alternate culture of Irish potaoes and wheat
The fields belonging to the agricultural societies should serve as guides for all the
country around tnem
Four paralel cultures of wheat beets Irish potatoes and peas would show in a
striking manner the necessity ot varying the composition of the complete fertilizer
for each of these plants not only as to the number of substances contained but the
relative proportions of each and the value of understanding the dominant of each
plant
Besides the instruction gained from a field like this which speaks both to the
eyes and the brain as each one can judge for himself what he tees it is valuable
for showing what plants are best suited to the natural soil and climate of the sur
rounding country
An experimental field of this importance would awaken the curiosity of the
neighboring population excite them to similar experiments and naturally draw
forth useful comparisons between the expeiimental field of the agricultural society
and their own plats
The farmer will wish to be certain he is up with the experiments of the society
ai d the discussions thus induced will result in spreading new ideas through ail
classes of the people
In 1869 Mr Durny then minister of public instruction a man of progressive
ideas and devoted to the public good had the happy thought of spreading the view
I have just explained to you among the children of the public schools He left me
ree to carry the project into execution
Believing it much more essential in educating fora farmer to give a child positive
ideas as to the agents and causes which regulate vegetal activity than simply to
teadi him the use of tools my plan was quite simple I determined to impress
three facts upon the childrens minds In the first place prove to them practically
that with a very small qua tity of a certain pjwder they could grow better crops48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 268
than with a large mass of manure In the second place that the suppression of
one of the four substances composing this powder was sufficient to greatly reduce
the good effects of the three others It occurred to me that if the childrens minds
were imbued with these ideas there would be lasting results to them for they
would with their own hands handle both the fertilizer and the crops from it and
though they had but a vague idea of the nature of phosphate of lime potash and
nitrogen they would not forget the experiment and would always remember that
they had seen and helped to grow crops with something that was not barnyard
manure and that in tne compoition of this powder there were substances whose
actiou possessed a variable degree of importance according to the nature of the
plant to which it was applied
Imagine gentlemen an experimental plat attached to the village school where
the children see hemp growing six feet tall and right along side this in the same
soil the same plant only tall What could have a more durable and lasting
effect on the mind of a child Butyou say perhaps this is only imagination Are
there experimental fields that produce such results The answer is easy Cast
your eye upon these two tables you rind there the product of 900 experimental
fields classed by departments which show the results from Mr Durnys experiment
These tables relate to two different cultures the beet and the Irish potato With
57555 pounas of barnyard manure the beet produced only 37337 pounds of beets
per acre with 1173 pounds of chemical fertilizer the return was 42988 pounds
while the soil without any fertilizer produced only 23795 pounds
This series certainly needs no commentary
Per Acre
Chemical fertilizer42988 pounds
Barnyard manure37337 pounds
Soil without fertilizer23795 pounds
We then experimented also with a mineral fertilizer without nitrogen composed
of phosphate of lime potash and lime the crop was but 32891 pounds
With nitrogeneous matter alone the crop was kept at 37279 pounds mixing min
erals with nitrogen it went up to 42988 pounds
We were able to show the following facts to several thousand children scattered
over three hundred and fifty different points 111 France viz The possibility of grow
ing more abundant crops with chemical fertilizer than with barnyard manure the
necessity of following the teachings of science in the use of these new substances
and that a slight modification of their composition was sufficient to produce a
marked difference in their effect
The experiments with the Irish potato were not less significant although late in
the season and during exceptional drouth This time there were 564 experimental
fields
What did they say
With barnyard manure 15151 pounds
With chemical fertilizer 10099 pounds
On soil without fertilizer10 755 pounds
Do you think it would be possible to diffuse more useful ideas than these through
the country
Do you believe that a child who has seen and followed such experiments as these
will forget them when he becomes a man and has to battle for himself with the
realities of life Do you believe such teaching will remain a dead language
You see by this example what advantages may be drawn from an experimental
field whether for analyzing the soil on a large scale or for explaining the laws of269
commissioners report 188384
49
vegetation and the practical conditions of successful cultivation to the laboring
classes
This method of teaching in the primary schools would have become the basis of
instruction for all the agricultural schools in the country but for the changes of
government in 1870
In thirtyfour farm schools 45444 pounds of barnyard manure produced 37752
pounds of beets per acre 1173 pounds of chemical fertilizer 39313 pounds while
the soil without fertilizer yielded only 23466 pounds The results at Grigon were
the same very large quantities of barnyard manure gave 61600 pounds of beets
per acre while the chemical fertilizer gave 64533 pounds
This method of analysis is capable of even more extended application with it
we can read the soil of distant countries Mesc rs Lawes and Gilbert in England
have conducted experim 511 ts on a large scale similar to those pursued at Vincennes
There is a similarity on certain points between the crops grown by these entle
men and hose grown here and a contrast on other points
The returns are the same with the complete fertilizer both in Rothamstead and
Vincennes the mineral fertilizer is superior at Vincennes while nitrogenous fer
tilizer is most efficacious at Rothamstead
The conclusion to be drawn from this comparison is thatthesoil of Rothamstead
is better supplied with minerals than that of Vincennes and the latter had in the
beginning more nitrogenI say in the beginning because now it has less than at
Rothamstead
You see gentlemen how by comparing results obtained from using the same
fertilizer we can define the analogies and contrasts existing between soils of very
different origin
There are cases in scientific investigation where no other method will solve the
problem If I say that I can prove to you 1 hat the air composing our atmosphere
was quite different at first from what it is now that it then contained more carbonic
acid nitrogen and ammonia you will think I have made a bold assertion and will
asir on what principles I found my demonstration
You know gentlemen that coal originated in past ages from a vegetation belong
ing to the grand family of vascular cryptogams Now we know from the fossil
remains of this vegetation that it had immense leaves and a small taproot This
contrast between two equally essential organs of the same plant shows that the
greater part of its food was drawn from the air and but little from ihe soil They
grew to colossal dimensions The plants of our day of similar organization belong
to the humbleclass of lycopods hardly three feet high
To produce such a change in size of vegetation there must have been a corre
sponding change in the nature of the surroundings and the atmosphere which de
veloped calamites and lepidodendrons cannot be the same as now grows the lyco
podium
What could have been these surroundings Principally an atmosphere charged
with carbonic acid and ammonia
Place a large leaved plant a caladium for instance grown in burnt sand in a
similar atmosphere and it will suddenly be enormously developed the leaves will
spread over six feet the activity of development will surpass anything you see
around you and you will feel as if assisting at the birth of a new world
Now have you not a right to conclude an identity of cause from a similarity of
effect
In the first epoch of the world the earth was formed of mineral elements there
was no detritus as we have now Now since it is possible in such a soil to give
50
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
270
vegetation an enormous activity by infusing some traces of ammonia in the air it
follows that the atmosphere in the first ages must have contained a nitrogenous
composition which has since disappeared But this is not all We know that the
disposition of a people and the changes of their history is influenced by the mate
rial conditions in which they live
Primitive soils are decidedly unfavorable to the full development of life and 01
the moral and intellectual faculties Races degenerate on such soils and if excess
of heat and moisture are added to the unfavorable effects of soil they become de
graded
Soils covered by water at the diluvian period are greatly superior to the above
But the most favorable to present life are the alluvial soils of recent formation
the alluvial soils of this period
The observation of the historian has added other factsfor example that the re
gion where mans intelligence has attained the highest development are in the zones
where the cereals are cultivated and among the cereals there is a difference between
wheat barley and rye in their effect on the organization of the population
This idea gives a new light to history and is susceptible of practical application
as soon as formulated in precise terms Experimental fields by showing the true
agricultural value of the soil will allow of this
I give an example now under our own eyes
Half the lands in the Department of Avignon are composed of schist gneiss and
micaschist The other half is of Jurassic formation These two lands are mark
edly opposite in structure We will call the first rye land and the second lime
land
The inhabitants of the rye land are poor thin angular and small rather ugly
the animals proportionately small
The inhabitants of the lime land are large full in figure and fine looking
Ask a chemist to analyze the two soils and tell you how to better them He can
not answer you by the use of a chemical apparatus
A few little experimental fields will soon show that the rye land is wanting in
nitrogen and phosphate and the lime land in potash and nitrogen Follow these
indications use nitrogen phosphate potash and lime and suddenly you will see
the growth of rye restricted while barley will yield well soon to be followed by
wheat When only barnyard manure is used in cultivation this succession of cul
tures is not possible the manure cannot go beyond its origin if the soil that pro
duced it is wanting in phosphate it is also wanting in phosphate The rye land
will always remain rye land and the inhabitants small in stature his faculties will
be under the yoke of a power he cannot throw off But by the help of science he
can throw it off
Masterof the conditions ruling plant life man can change those which oppress
him and turn the course of his destiny by modifying the organization of the olants
and animals on which he feeds By giving nitrogen and phosphate to the soil
wanting in nitrogen and phosphate he can live on wheat instead of rye By con
tinuing this course for three or four generations he will rise in the biological scale
his orgamzationill be more perfect his faculties extended and this conquest over
the native inferiority of the race he will owe entirely to the teachings of science
aud the energetic persverance of his own will
You see gentlemen when we raise a corner of the veil which still hides from us
the laws regulating life we are dazzled There was formerly an impenetrable bar
rier between man and nature we instinctively feel nay morewe assert that this
barrier must give way By penetrating into the effects of life man becomes mas271
commissioners report 188384
51
ter of the growth of life as he has mastered steam electricity and the winds By
making use of them he reacts upon the conditions of his own life and equalizes
them
Soccieties or nations are vast arenas where two powerful elementsdeath and
lifeare eternally at war
Increase the productiveness of the soil the conditions of life are bettered and
population increases Disregard the laws of restitution exhaust the soil the pop
ulation diminishes and death overcomes life
Unfortunate is the people to whom these laws are unknown
Now let us examine in detail the testimony given us by the experimental field
The first lesson is that witli the four fundamental elements which you know w e
can grow a maximum crop second by varying the proportion of nitrogen for
wheat hemp and the beet we can grade these crops third while nitrogen is so ef
ficacious for wheat hemp and the beet the Irish potato and the pea require the
mineral elements
To discern the full benefit of an experimental field you ought to visit it at differ
ent seasons so as to follow the progress of a plantfrom the germination of thegrain
to the full maturity of the crop
You have before you then at the same time a proof of the efficacy of the chemi
cal fertilizer for all crops the inequalities produced by the suppression of such
and such elements and the value and profit of a judicious and intelligent applica
tion of the dominant of a plant
Learn nature from facts see judge for yourselves and draw your own conclu
sionsAPPENDIX B
LIST OP COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES ETC IN THE SEVERAL STATES
The following list of the names of the several Fish Commissioners was prepared
with great care and labor by Superintendent Dr H H Gary and was submitted
in his report which appears in the body of this publication but is here inserted as
a part of the Appendix Superintendent Gary acknowledges with gratitude
the aid derived from the Bulletin of Hon S F Baird and from the issue of the
Forest and Stream for Oct 1 1884 in preparing this list
List of Fish Commissioners With the Annual Appropriations
UNITED STATESSPENCER P BAIRD COMMISSIONER OP PISH AND FISHERIES
WASHINGTON D C
AlabamaCommissioners first appointed 1881Chas S G Doster Prattsville
Ala D B Hundley Mooresville Ala
Arizona 250Commissioners first appointed in April 1881John T Gosper
Prescott Ariz Richard Rule Tombstone Ariz J H Taggart Yuma Ariz
ArkansasCommissioners first appointed Jany 25 1876J H Hornibrook Lit
tle Rock Ark H H Rattaken Little Rock Ark
California 5000Commissioners first appointed April 25 1870A B Dibble
Grass Valley Cal B H Buckmham Washington Cal J D Redding San Fran
cisco Cal
Colorado 3250Commissioners first appointed Feb 9 1877W E Sisty Idaho
Springs B V Bogart Superintendent of Hatchery
Connecticut 5000Commissioners first appointed Sept 11 1866Wm M
Hudson Hartford Conn R G Pike Middletown Conn J A Bill Lyme
Delaware 150Commissioner first appointed April 23 1881Enoch Moore Jr
Wilmington Del
Georgia 500Commissioner of Agriculture by Legislative act 1876Hon J
T Henderson Atlanta Ga Dr H H Cary LaGrange Ga Superintendent
Illinois 2500Commissioners first appointed May 20 1875N K Fairbank
Chicago 111 S P Bartlett Quincy 111 S P McDole Aurora 111
Indiana 1000Commissioner first appointed Sept 1881Calvin Fletcher Spen
cer Ind
Iowa 37K3Commissioners first appointed March 30 1874A W Aldrich
Anamosa Iowa A A Mosher Spirit Lake Iowa
Kansas 1000Commissioner first appointed March 10 1877W S Gile Venan
go Kans
Kentucky 2500Commissioners first appointed March 22 1876J B Walker
Madisonville Ky C J Walton Munfordville Ky Jno A Steele Versailles Ky
W C Price Danville Ky John H Mallory Bowling Green Ky W Van Antwerp
Mount Sterling Ky J M Chambers Independence Ky A H Goble Catlets
burgh Ky P H Darbey Princeton Ky Wm Griffith Louisville Ky
Maine 5000Commissioners first appointed Jan 1 1867H O Stanley Dix
field Me E M Stilwell Bangor Me
Maryland 10000Commissioners appointel April 1874Dr E W Humphries
Salisbury Md Geo W Delawder Oakland Md
Massachusetts 5000Commissioners first appointed May 3 1865E A Brack
ets Winchester Mass E H Lathrop Springfield Mass F W Putnam Cam
bridge Mass
Michigan 7500Commissioners first appointed April 25 1873Dr J C Parker
Grand Rapids Mich President John W Bissell Detroit Mich Herschel Whit
aker Detroit Mich273
commissioners report 188384
53
Minnesota 5000Commissioners first appointe in May 1874Daniel Cameron
La Crescent Minn 1st District W N Sweney MD Red Wing Minn 2d Dis
trict R 0 Sweeny Saint Paul Minn 3d District
Missouri 3500Commissioners first appointed Aug 2 1877J G W Steed
man MD Saint Louis Mo Col John Reid Lexington Mo Dr John S Logan
Saint Joseph Mo
Nebraska 3700Commissioners first appointed June 2 1879W L May Fre
mont Neb R L Livingston Plattsmoutb Neb B E B Kennedy OmahaNeb
Nevada 1000Commissioner first appointed in 1877Hubb G Parker Carson
City Nev
New HampshireCommissioners first appointed Aug 30 1866Geo W Riddle
Manchester N H Luther Hayes Milton N H E B Hodge Plymouth N H
Superintendent
New JerseyCommissioners first appointed March 29 1870P M Word New
ton N J R S Jenkins Camden N J Wm Wright Newark N J
New York 15000Commissioners first appointed April 22 1868R S Roose
velt New York N Y W H Bowman Rochester N Y R U Sherman New
Hartford N Y E G Blackford New York N Y Seth Green Rochester N Y
Supt Fred Mather New York N Y Supt
North Carolina 8012Commissioner of Agriculture by Legislative act April
12 1877Hon Montford McGehee Comrof Agr Raleigh S G Worth Supt of
Fisheries Raleigh
Ohio 5000Commissioners first appointed May 3 1873Col S H Harris Cin
cinnati O C W Bond Toledo O George Daniel Sandusky O
OregonCommissioner first appointed April 1879A B Ferguson Astoria Ore
gon
Pennsylvania 7500Commissioners first appointed April 15 1866John Gay
President Greensburgh Pa James Duffy Treasurer Marietta Pa H H Derr
Secretary Wilkesbarre Pa A M Spanger Philadelphia Pa Arthur McGinnis
Swiftwater Pa Aug Duncan Chambersburg Pa
Rhode IslandCommissioners first appointed in 1868J H Barden Rockland
R I H T Root Providence R I Col Amos Sherman Woonsocket R I
South Carolina 2286Superintendent Fisheries first appointed Dec 23 1878
A P Butler Columbia S C C J Huske Columbia S C Supt
TennesseeCommissioners first appointed Jan 141877W W McDowell Mem
phis Tenn H H Sneed Chattanooga Tenn Edward Hicks Nashville Tenn
Texas 5000Commissioner first appointed Sept 26 1879J T Lubbock Aus
tin Tex
Utah 850Action regarding fish culture dates from 1871
Vermont 1000Commissioners first appointed in 1865H A Cutting Lunen
burg Vt Herbert Brainard Saint Albans Vt
Virginia 2500Commissioner first appointed in April 1874 Marshal McDon
ald Berryville Va
WashingtonCommissioner first appointed Nov 9 1877A T Stream North
Cove Washington
West Virginia 500Commissioners first appointed June 1 1877Henry B Mil
ler Wheeling C S White Romney N M Lowry Hinton W Va
Wisconsin 7000Commissioners first appointed March 20 1874The Gover
epnor exofficio Philo Dunning Madison Wss C L Valentine Janesville Wis
J V Jones Oshkosh Wis John V Antisdel Milwaukee Wis Mark Douglass
Melrose Wis C Hutchinson Beetown Wis
Wyoming 750Commissioners first appointed Dec 13 1879Dr M C Barkwell
Cheyenne Wyo Otto GramurLaramieCity VVyo E W Bennett Warm Springs
Wyo P J Downs Evanstree Wyo T W Quinn Lander Wyo WWAn
drews Buffalo Wy
Dakota Florida Idaho Louisiana Mississippi Montana and New Mexico have
not as yet had any fish commissioners
INSPECTOES OF THE FISHERIES OF THE BRITISH PROVINCES
CanadaW F Whitcher Ottawa Ont S Wilmot Supt New Castle Ont
New BrunswickW H Venning St Johns N B
Nova ScotiaW H Rogers Amherst N S
Prince Edwards IslandJ H Deevar Alberton P E I
British ColumbiaAlex C Anderson Victoria B CINDEX
A
Asst Commissioner4
Acid Phosphates9 10 11
Ammoniated Fertilizer 11
Ammonium Citratel9
Augusta Dam at33
Appendix39
B
Butler Troup3
Boyce Ker34
Brands Number of12
Brown Jas E 23
Baird Hon S PZVZZh3637
Brook Trout37
c
Commissioners Clerk3 4
Commissioner 4
Commissioner AsstA
Chemist State 4
Cary H H i
Convention of Agricultural Chemists 18
Colquitt Alfred HZZ2
Carp German 33 34
Carp Time of HatchingII36
California Salmon36
Conclusion In38
Crop Reports 38
Complete Fertilizer44
D
DeWolf W S 3 4
Distribution of Seeds21 22 23
Draining Carp Ponds34 35J 36
E
Editing Clerk4
Experiment Station 17 26 27 2829
Euchoena Luxurians22
Edible Qualities of Carp34
F
Fertilizer Clerk4
Fisheries 29
Fisheries Superintendent of4
Fisheries Superintendents Report29to
Fertilizers Statistics of8 9 10
Fees Inspections12 13
Fish Waysi30 31275 commissioners report G 188384 55 4
4 5 6
33 34

H
Howard T C3 4
Howell W H 3
Harden W P3
Hawkins S3
Henderson J T4
Henderson W B4
HaudBook of Georgia25
Howard Miss E L25
I
Inspectors of Fertilizers4
Inspectors at Savannah4
Augusta4
Brunswick4
Macon4
Columbus4
Atlanta4
Inspection and Analysis of Fertilizers4 to 17
Inspection Laws of Georgia5
Inspection of Oils21
L
Little Dr Geo3 4
Livingston L W3 4
Lawton J S4
M
McCutchin A R3 4
Millo Maize22
Manual on Poultry 24
Manual of Sheephusbandry25
McDonald Hatching Jar32
McDonald Fishway30 31
N
Newman J S3 4
o
Organization3
Oils Inspection of21
Overflows of Ponds36
P
Pate John H4
Phosphoric Acid Determination of18 19 20
Publications2456
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
276
R
Redding R J
Rogers 0 T4
Receipts of Pees for Inspecrions ZZZZZZZ12
s
Superintendent of Fisheries 4
Statistics of Fertilizers 6
State Chemists Reports Vq 1
Seeds Distribution of A 3
SheepHusbandry Manual of
shadf
Shad in Ocmulgee River at Macon 09
Shad in Chattahoochee Columbus 09
South Carolina Fish Commission of iita
Salmon California i6
State Agricultural Society 2
Soil Analysis by Plants q
Soil Analysis by Sir H Davy41
T
Thomas E L
Tags Costof
Teosinte
Trout BrookrjrZZZZZZZZ37
U
Department of Agriculture U S 9
United States Fish CommissionZZ39
V
Ville GeorgeK9
w
White H C 1n
Washington Method
Weather Observers 0
00Special Circular No 43
New Series
QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT OF
CROPS ETC IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA
FOR THE YEAR 1884
RETURNABLE TO THE DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Deo 1st 1884
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga Nov 15 1881
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions and return to this office
between this and December 1st proximo
Let the answers apply to the whole county for which you report not simply
to your own farm and neighborhood
BgL New correspondents are informed that the crop or standard with which
comparisons are made is always 100 so 10 per cent better or greater or more
would be indicated by 110 10 per cent less by 90 etc
Please answer promptly so that your reply may reach this office by the third
day of December or as soon thereafter as practicable If it arrives later than
the 5th of December it cannot be used in the consolidation and hence will
be valueless
Correspondents are earnestly requested to use special care in the preparation
of their answers in this report The estimates of actual yield should be made
with great care after diligent inquiry Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report County
I Your name
III Postoffice
Y Will you serve as reporter next year
2 DEPARTiWENT OF AGRICULTUREGEROGIA 278 1
Give the product the present year of the following crops in your countv in comparison with
an average crop
1 Cotton
Per cent
2 Corn Per cent
3 WheatPercent
4 OatsPercent
5 Sugar CanePer cent
6 SorghumPer cent
7 RicePer cent
8 Sweet Potatoes
9 Field Peas
Per cent
Per cent
10 Ground PeasPercent
11 Clover HayPer cent
12 Other hay give namePer cent
Give the average yield per acre for tlif1 present year in your county of
13 Cotton
lbs lint
14 CornBushels
15 Wheat Bushels
16 Oats Bushels
17 Sugar Cane Bushels
13 SorghumBushels
19 RiceBushels rough
20 Sweet Potatoes Bushels
21 Field Peas Bushels
22 Ground PeasBushels
23 Clover hayTons cured
24 Other hay give nameTons cured279
QUESTIONS FOR CROP REPORT
Give the average price December 1st of
25 Cotton per pound Cent
26 Corn per bushelCents
27 Wheat per bushelCents
28 Oats per bushelCents
29 Sugar Cane Syrup per gallon Cents
30 Sorghum Syrup per gallonCents
31 Rough Rice per bushel Cents
S2 Sweet Potatoes per bushelCents
33 Hay per ton8
What is the average yield per acre in your county one year with another for a period of
10 years of the following crops This is desired as a basis for comparison in the future and
should be answered with great care
34 Cotton
35 Coru
36 Wheat
37 Oats
38 Sugar Cane Syrup
lbs lint
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels
Gallons
39 Sorghum SyrupGallons
40 RiceBnshels rough
41 Sweet Potatoes Bushels
42 Clover HayTons cured
41 Other hay give nameTon cured
MIS C E JL L ANEOUS
44 Acreage sown in wheat this fall compared to last year
43 Acreage in fill oats compared to last year
Per cent
Per cent4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 280
46 Amount of homeraised pork produced compared to last yearPer cent
47 No of stock hogs all sizes compared to last yearPercent
48 Per cent of a full farm supply of pork produced Per cent
49 Number of sheep compared with last year Percent
50 Condition of farmers in yuur county compared to last year Percent
51 What is the indebtedness of farmers compared to last year Per cent
52 Price of farm lands compared to this time last year Percent
53 Sive amount of farm supplies purchased in comparison with last yearPer cent
54 Give the average cash price per lb for bacon in your county this year Cents
55 Average time price for bacon payable November 1st Cents
56 Give the average cash price paid for corn per bushel in your county this yearCents
57 Average time price for corn payable November 1st
58 Give the date of the first killing frost
58 What diseases if any have prevailed among stock this year
60 Eepori other facts of interest to the farmers of Georgia especially new crops of value or
new methods of fertilizing crops valuable remedies for diseases of stock etc etc
61 Give results of experiments with seeds furnished you by this Department
Answers to these questions may be written on a separate sheet and enclosed81
Summary of meteorological observations compiled from reports of volun
tary State observers for October 1884 by L H Oharbonnler State Meteor
ologist
NORTH GEORGIA
COUNTY OBSERVERS NAME Tempera ure Rnfall
STATIONS 6 a H 1 B a a i d at tv a 00 a to OS P o9 si oca
94 94 94 90 94 84 93 28 30 31 30 28 27 33 680 675 697 67t 611 700 670 077 093 040 070 078 636 4
Whitfleld Hall Prof C B LaHatte S
s
s
Rabun Gap Rome Dahlonega Lumpkin Floyd 5
Edward Sitton K S Norton Prof B P Gaillard 4 q
Cherokee

Walker

1 917 2a 6 758 0 6i

MIDDLE GEORGIA
Atlanta Fulton Troup Dr H H Cary 91 94 95 88 76 84 94 33 35 87 33 48 40 30 676 700 720 680 635 086 070 010 005 125 3 o 1
T W Bryan Prof D H Hill Jr Dr G W H McWhorter 1
Ellerslie Washington 3
659 6711 010 051 1 8

888 365 677 051
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Fort Valley Nashville Cnthbert 07
Sumter 94 36 73 1
W T Gaulden
Randolph PulasKi Mnscogee H T Peeplea Prof B T Hunter 92 46 74 05 1



Means
93 41 73si 06
EAST GEORGIA
W K Nelson Dr W B Jones Means 90 97 32 37 605 760 045 102 2
3

935 345 682 073
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Savannah Waithourville St Marys Glynn Chatham H A Kenrick E A McWhorter 91 96 94 87 48 44 42 50 720 709 71 685 20 203 085 170 4 3 1 6

92 46 706 164 082
Means for the State
918 414 711
The following Stations report frost
Mossy Creek on the 16th 24th 25th Rabun Gap on the 16th 24th 25th 26th Atlanta on
the 24th Rome on the 24th 25th Oxford on the 23d 24th Thomson on the 16th 23d 24th La
Grange on the 16th 24th Sandersville on the 16th 24th Augusta on the 25th Amerieus on the
25th Walthouryille on the 24th 25th Athens on the 16th 24th
NotbIn consequence of unavoidable delays in procuring instruments some of the observ
ers have not yet received their full equipment and hence have been unable to report They
will however receive the instruments as soon as they can be procuredCircular No 6i
New Series j
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT
II
OF GEORGIA
FOE THIE ZTElEl 1S84
SHOWING THE YIELD OF THE LEADING CEOPE OF THE STATE AS
COMPARED TO THAT OF 1883 THE AVERAGE YIELD PER
ACRE AND OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST TO
THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA
J T HENDERSON COMMISSIONER
ATLANTA GA
Ja8 P Harrison Co State Printers
1885Circular No 6i
New Series
I
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
SHOWING THE YIELD OF THE LEADING CROPS OF THE STATE
COMPARED TO THAT OF 1883 THE AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE
AND OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST TO THE FARMERS OF
GEORGIA
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
December 1st 1884
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga January 10 1885
COTTON
The yield in comparison with an average crop in North Georgia is
72 Middle Georgia 69 Southwest Georgia 79 East Georgia 76 South
east Georgia 86 and in the whole State 76
The average yield per acre in North Georgia 150 pounds of lint cotton
in Middle Georgia 168 in Southwest Georgia 129 in Eist Georgia 170
in Southeast Georgia 175 and the average Lr the State 158
The total production of the State taking the amount given in the last
eensus as a basis and comparing the acreage and average yield per acre
f the pressnt year with that of the census year is about 752000 bales
The fall has been favorable for picking and the condition of the Hut is
exceptionally good
The average price per pound in North and Middle Georgia is 9 cents
in Southwest Georgia 9 in East Georgia 9 in Sjutheast Georgia
9 and the average price for the State 9 cents
CORN
The yield compared to an average in North Georgia is 81 in Middle
Georgia 86 Southwest Georgia 94 East Georgia 100 Southeast Geor
gia 96 and for the State 91
The yield per acre in North Georgia is 14 bushels in Middle Georgia
10 in Southwest and East Georgia 9 and in Southeast Georgia 11 The
average yield of the State is 106 bushels per acre
The total yield of the State is estimated at 28 765700 bushels225
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
65 and the yield per acre 147 gallons The average price per gallon
December 1st was 54 cents
SorghumThe total yield compared to an average 81 and average
yield per acre 71 gallons Price per gallon December 1st 44 cents
RiceThe total yield compared to an average 82 yield of rough rice
per acre 20 bushels
Sweet PotatoesThe yield compared to an average74 average yield
per acre 88 bushels and average price December 1st 51 cent
HayThe average yield of clover is 2 tons and that of grasses 2
tons to the acre of cured hay and the average price December let 1587
per ton
ACREAGE IN WHEAT AND OATS
The acreage in wheat in North Georgia is 49 Middle Gairgia 83 South
west Georgia 63 East Georgia 55 and the average for the State 60
The acreage reported is unusually small due in part to excessive dry
ness of the fall season It is probable however that it will much exceed
the amount here reported in most of the sections since miny of the cor
respondents have probably reported the acreage seeded at the time the
reports were forwarded about the first of December and not the
probable area of the crop
The acreage in fall oats in comparison with last year in N nth Georgia
is 97 Middle Georgia 54 Southwest Georgia 61 Southeast Georgia 107
and in the whole State 80
STOCK
The number of stockhogs compared to las year in North Georgia is
97 Middle Georgia 92 Southwest Georgia 104 East and Southeast Geor
gia 9 and the average for the whole State 9S
The number of sheep is reparted in North Georgia 95 Middle Georgia
91 Southwest Georgia 94 East Georgia 97 Southeast Georgia 87 and the
whole State 93
Stock of all kinds are generally reported in healthy oondition M ir
ain in cattle and cholera in hogs are mentioned in a few kealifrie3
PORK
The amount of homeraised pork compared to last year in North Geor
gia 94 Middle Georgia 96 Southwest Georgia 99 E tst Georgia 97 S juth
east Georgia 107 and the whole State 99 The per ceatage of fall farm
supply of pork produced in these sections are 40 50 52 49 and 83 and
the average per eentin the State 66C2
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
EXPERIMENT WITH SEED
Some of the varieties of field and garden seeds distributed from this
Department as will be seen by reference to Notes of Correspondents
have met with general favor and will most likely prove valuable addi
tions to our cultivated varieties I desire here to suggest to the corre
spondents of the Department the importance of making tests to deter
mine the merits of new varieties in comparison with the kinds in common
cultivation This experiment may be inexpensively made by planting a
Bingle row of any new seed side by side with the common varieties mak
ing the conditions as far as practicable in all respects the same The
date of blooming and of the maturity of each kind with any other con
ditions relating to the growth or character of each carefully noted and
the crops separately gathered and weighed Experiments of this kind
conducted with care would give reliable data for comparing varieties
now in cultivation with new ones introduced and I will be glad to pub
lish any number of such experiments for the benefit of all
It is proper to suggest that varieties of the same species are subject to
bjbridize when planted in close proximity and the seeds from such ex
perimental plats should not be kept for future planting when the purity
of the varieties is of importance
MB

kaban 75 T 8 35 105 105 85 90 08 100 75 100 85 90 7 5 141 150 5 10 XI 16 xa 14 7K 8 7 7 7 8 ao ao 5 3 12 l6 9A 10 93A aA SO 50 5 60 66 61 zoo 9 75 81 03 60 45 5 4 4 49 15 1 4 13 ao 34 180 16 131 t6 6 8 6 8 8 8 ao 1 13 15 a ita95 95 9 73 11 83 33 15 6 35 113 103 83 7 p 135 133 103 9 8 37 75 5 105 95 I03 IOO 33 95 6 q f43 15 I1Q 105 roo 95 ot 100 103 IOJ 9 in 100 125 3 II tt4 15 15 5 5 1 5 A 85 85 75 75 75 80 113 112 loo IOO 10S dct t4
9 105 103 to 1 ji 100 IOO 10 oIOt Oct 23
Union Walker 60 Whitfield 75 Occ 20 Oct 28
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin
Bibb
liults
Campbell
arroll
Claike
Clayton
Columbia
Cowela
DeKalb
Douglai
Elbcrt
Kayette
Fulton
Greene
Hancock
Harris
Head
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
MiDuflie
Meriwerher
Monroe
Mo rgar
Newton
Oconee
Olethorpe
Hike
Pulnam
Riichlifc
Spalding
lalbot
1 aliaferro
Troup
Upson
Walion
Warren
W tikes
Average
80
7
77
61
75
72
7
65
59
f5
7c
60
95
7 Itu
110
95
9
77
9
7
I or
80
101
75
97
7
86
37
55
67
9
ft
IOO
95
75
75
85
85
97
IOO
75
75
TOO
80
84
8j
80
90
72
4 75
45 27
11 9
16 7
9 9
19 8
9 8
9 7
187
114
18
350
II5t XT
5
ifo
200 9
224 j 7
62 l68 103
9A
9
9Yi
9

9 A
10
9
9i
9
9i
9
9i
9vi
9
9
vA
9H
9u
9
9
914
10
9
9
9l4
9A
9
o 9
9
9
9H
9
60I
60 155
75 162
55 2nd
621
62 172
55 SO
50 125
55 150
571 173
80 166
60 160
6nJ 150
50 300
67 200
11 9J6J 74 102 58 169 11 83 x7
aoj 90
5S IO
58 106
CO
13
IOO
6
8
90
io
90
100
90
102
II
8
100
IOO
80
77
83 54 96
93 IOO no 98
9 no
42 37
91 86 92 104
97 77
55 65
86l
94
o
I
9X
0
6
214
i4
iaH
123
X
in
3X2
3
3
iaV4 14
3
10
9
14
13
0
2M
4
15
11
3i
a
I2
I
uX
14k
t
3H
Jov 5
Nov 10
Oct 35
Oct 23
Oct 34
Nov 10
1 ct 15
Oct 50
Nov 12
Oct 29
Nov 5
ct 24
Oct 25
Nov 5
Nov 6
Oct 34
110
120
7
125
95 123
90
9
9
9i
80
100
83
90 95
93ioli3KJ 86 11
Nov 10
Oct 28
Oct 24
Nov 20
Nov 7
Nov 10
Oct 25
Oct 25
Nov 1
Nov 10
Nov 15
ov 10
Nov 10
Nov 10
Nov io
11S
3
100 Nov 18
i25JOct 19
117 Oct 20

W
C
3
r
M
g
H

r1
so
w
V
o
H
00
00
Q
S ictl Worth 91 79 iM T6 lS 1 9li T76926 7o126 ff I I j f If 6 5 2 if icc ifii E
Average P4 811 751 1 0 l 19 9 5 1IC E If4 2fl 1 14 6 61 11 10 6s u si 9i in 88 11 1 14 8f IK
EAST GEORGIA 0
Bulloch Burke 75 60 85 80 70 75 CO 75 80 7 9 80 85 75 76 no 90 190 r 100 105 90 90 no ICO IO 5 ICO 50 ICO IOO 87 ICO So 75 6o 65 ICO 90 37 7c 75 87 75 75 130 130 125 300 30c 35 l5 75 lie 150 190 170 13 IX II IO 7 7 8 10 8 9 ID 9 8 7 9 10 5 4 9 7 5 6 6 12 9 9 IC lc I 8 15 c lc I 13 14 lc 12 IO lA W 9 9 9X 9A iA iX 9 9Y 62 75 05 75 75 60 ICO 8c Co 75 5 62 75 T 80 ICO ICO 125 i9 no 75 65 ICO tec 125 108 70 70 CO 7 51 2 90 55 to 75 6 ta 75 a 162 5 2CO 150 ICO 45 2 CO 140 35 75 2CO 168 y 12 12 8 8 7 9 7 9 9 7 8 6 9 c 10 5 i IC IS 11 Ie 9 1 21 5 3 IC go 95 ICO 30 ICO 55 75 IC 45 80 5 20 60 ICC 3 ICO 54 t7 lie no ICO 90 no ICO 76 50 75 JOC no 07 t IC ii IC x IK ICt IOO 95 62 no ICO nc OS 75 20 35 75 CO 5 50 75 3 70 7 18 50 49 ICC ICO ICO ICO ICC ICO 5 IOC 87 7 ICC ICO 97 13c ICO 101 125 ICO 90 80 IOO s 2 95 8 ICC g 57 o 75i 00 75 75 72 75 75 ICO ICO ICO 90 30 ICO 110 80 is 10 10 10 12 cK 3 10 12 4 122 4 5 uH 3 5 5 13K 16 4 5 3 4 I CO 70 I CO 1 00 I CO 80 90 75 85 95 90 75 88 7 1 00 1 27 1 25 1 25 1 10 00 1 25 1 10 5 1 5 1 20 1 JO 1 16 bet Oct Oct Nov Nov Oct Nov Oot Oct Oct Nov 10

Montgomery 75 75 10 80 75 75 IOC no 125 79 ICO ICO 95 ICO 112 ICO 5 IOO IOO IOO 99 25 5 iS 25 I
Tellair 95 80 70 100 5 82 75 5 75 80 73
Washington 3 21
80 11
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Appling 200 75 150 275 150 0 12 IO IO IO IO 8 10 5 5 5 15 4 6 100 5 75 78 75 So 93 IOO IOO 90 62 no IOO 105 IOO 100 IOO 5 50 IOO 50 IOO IOO IOO 5C IOO IOO IOO IOO TOO IOO ilA A 16 5 12 5 18 1 00 95 1 00 95 80 1 00 15 35 100 100 125
80 IOO ICO no 60 IOO 200 IOO 10 M 8 5 9A 75 90 75 50 IOO IOO 150 95 20 75 125 5 IOO 75 95 120 125 IOO Nov 25
90 75 85 80 75 TO IO IO 13
95 60 IOO IOO 75 IOO 105 80 IOO 350 125 12 5 10 10 5 5 11 5 10 10 9 8K 72 IOO 65 65 45 75 87 IOO
Clinch Glenn 75 100 80 Nov 24 Nov 26 Oct 15
80 100 90 75 3 11 9 65 75 200 13 7 105 120 62 120 Nov 11

Wayne 87 75 10 n aK 80 72 175 3 91 107 03 83 8 106 8 IO IOO TI 5 95 5
RI ca PIT ULATION
North Georgia 4 W ii 11 11 1 n 1 11 i 8 11 11 j at r 1 11 9 91 119 as 10 11 14 so 10S
Middle Georgia 89 8C 81 8 llH ll 7 11 w4 71 101 MS 181 11 ii I m 51 91 50 91 89 DO 95 911 1 13 88 111
Southwest Ga n 01 81 7 IM 9 7 11 Hi 115 S 151 9 7 15 8 8 99 1 il ft 94 9 91 102 8S 11 11 88 117
East Georgia 7 1111 8i n 17i 9 1 IJ H 71 IDS RT 188 9 7 lit 55 97 98 49 97 9 79 99 89 11 14 88 116
Southeast Ga lit 93 87 175 11 11 9 80 71 175 12 IS 51 107 117 98 81 87 lOii 83 107 10 11 15 95 115
For theState 74 It 87 7 153 10 7 914 hi 11 171 Ii i ii 1 81 vt t 9 8tt 94 91 98 HtV 91 11 14V Si
For State 83 6 7 Si i 158 x it T4 vp 57 101 m 104 111 9 118 8 108 7 105 18 7
to
CM
v
d
M
W
s
m
H

73
PI
a
o
H
CO
co
fr233j SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
WEATHER REPORT FOR DECEMBER 1884
13
NORTH iEOUGIA ALL
STATIONS TEMPERATURE RAINF
s s s a E co si u 03 J5
G J E K r c 1 T ainesville ossy Creek 65 6 15 Ti 12 15 43G 4I3 450 419 H
4 45 720 10 7
anlonega an ton lairsville lillon Means 65
1 G525 1 1325 4295 623
MIDDLE GEORGIA
66 12 443 614 11
Thomson Millodgeville 70 72 69 15 492 448 655 597
Athens Eilerslie 11
694 1 170 1 46 9 1 585
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
76 74 25 570 300
4
74
78 23
755 2475 5492 330
EAST GEORGIA
Augusta
Herndon
Means
77
23
26
2450
50
550
5250
435
28
367
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Brunswick
Waltnourville
St Marys
Baxey
73 1 75 77 30 30 32 560 543 545 5 45 360 445 i 8 3
12
75 3066 54 93 450
7250 2215 5044 471
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
CobbThe ha f bushel of Bob cotton seed you sent me I planted them on one
acre of land I hauled ten twohorse wagon loads of manure and put on 275
pounds of acid and that caused it to fire up and I did not get but 840 pounds of
seed cotton when I expected about 1500 The cotton buyers said a bale of that
cotton would bring more than the other kinds L M Power
Burt oats did well Hawkins Hill oats no account Bob cotton is very good
lint is finer than other cotton but will not make so much per acre as the big bolt
Farmers are sowing more grasses than any year since the war and getting better
stock and making more home made fertilizers J L Lindley
DadjsGarden peas and bean did excellent Multi and Chili wheat froze a
tirely out Millo Maize excellent I believe and will be a valuable introduction
G A R Bible
FankinOf the seeds furnished me last spring some did well others not
The beans radishes beets lettuce cabbage and cucumbers all did well
H H Galloway
FloydMy own experience with diseases among hogs and chickens is thai
vermin external and worms internal and dusty beds with hogs destroy more of
both than cholera Yet when either get sick or die the prevalent idea is cholera
AntidoteStock powders sulphur and copperas and kerosene on the back of hogs
and rubbed on the fowls and roosts w S Sakpokd
FoesythCotton seed as a fertilizer for corn gives the best yield when sound
They feed the plant at the time it is making the ear Of course a great number
come up but cover the young plant with plow or hoe and you have an additional
fertilizer in the green plant I use a gill of sound seed to the hill drop the corn
4 to Cinches from the seed It does not suffer from drouth
I have found soda to be very useful in stopping cholera among ohickens Put in
their water or dough it has not failed to cure for us We use an iron vessel for
them to drink from Have had better success with the Plymouth Rock than any
other Feed our hogs occasionally with dough in which we put sulphur and copper
as and very often wood ashes in drinking o water trough and do not have cholera
among our hogs
The seeds received were garden seedswere treated the same as other garden
seeds fertilizers from barnyard yeld very good Mtss H N Suttoh
Have been very successful manuring corn in drill with compost made of cotton
seed stable manure and acid phosphate Farmers who have used guano exclu
sively report that it has taken from one fourth to onethird of crop to pay for fer
tilizer while I have used compost nd oneeighth of crop has paid all expenses of
manuring While we as farmers should use some fertilizers I would urse tlio
making and saving of all home made manures This item properly attended to235
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
IS
would reduce the cost of production greaIy and add to the prosperity of our peo
ple B H Bbotn
Franklin One sack Mediterrarran winter wheat from the Department of
Agriculture sowed in drills on Dec G 1883 manured with cotton seed on gray
land matured and cut on June 10th yielded very good
Two papers multiheaded wheat sowed in drills on Dec 6 1883 on old land of
ray soil manured lighty with cotton seed The wheat matured about July 1st
it was mixed with other wheat badly which predominated fully 10 to 1 Some
of the stalks had as high as 12 heads was badly scabbed
The Chili wheat received in 1882 did not do well the first year but this year it
did much better and I thinkwill do well after it becomes acclimatized
J W Sewell
HabershamYear by year the fact that lime peas and red clover is the fertilizer
is the more clearly demonstrated to everybody except the dealers in commercial
manures The heaviest yieds especially of corn for 1881 have been without any
bought fertilizer The best paying crops have been those made entirely at home
I could give the names of dozens of men worth from one to three thousand dollars
made without a dollar to start on who have never bought a sack or pound of any
fertilizer I do not know of one man who has come out ahead who has bought the
manure W L Walker this season 1884 made measured 60 bushels corn after
red clover Two farmers near me they adjoining each valued at 7500 on the
same area in corn one with commercial fertilizer directed by one of the best edu
cated best traveled and most successful financier in the State with good and high
priced hands and implements the other by Habersham county laborers Haber
sham county tools have made the most money 40 in cash expended at home
in making manure is worth more in November than any bought stuff at same
cost Years before the Air Line R R was built I boughttwo tons Peruvian Guano
at 90 per ton in Charleston hauled from Atlanta by wagon and tested its valuer
except from 61 to 65 have experimented with from one to six brands yearly for
84 with a ton of Orchilla and my experience that none will pay even at cash
price Jas P Phillips
PatjldingExperimentsJ L Clay Dallas Ga made 971 pounds of lint cot
ton from one acre this season variety Duncans Mammoth Prolific
Wm McGregor Dallas Ga produced one stalk of same variety bearing 2
pounds seed cotton
I made the following experiments with 20 varieties of cotton Balance of variety
received from your department
NAME VARIETY YIELD PER ACRE
Duncans Mnmmoth Prolific755
Duncans Mammoth Prolific Improved 731
Baguley576
Matagorda Silk622
OziersSilk622
Peterkins Crossed622
Dickson Improved66
Jones Improved5
Unknown
Herlong910
Jones Long Staple Prolific526
Duncans Extra Ealy96016 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 236
Unknown
Duncans AmalgamatedZ 8
Unknown 32
Baxters362
Carters Early 624
Unknown 24
Blak Seed 11Z42
Sea Islandpractically nothing 449
Land old sedge field fertilisedwill ttVsyplnmT
Acid Phosphate 200 pounds per acre applied in drill P
vZTEi UrTS EXta Eary 6XCeeds as U PQt n crop before the se
vere drouth beginning Aug 20th and continuing through the season
P M Duucas
WHiTFiBLDIn compliance with your request I beg leave to submit the fol
tali ripening at least two weeks sooner than the red rustproof oats Thev also
report a arger yield About half report smut or blast in kliTinu oatl but
oT 3 UnnS f T Ve0 fie nethlrd f the members report good esuh
from mUlomaue the others say it is not superior to sorghum TeosUtc gfves re
era satisfaction with the exception that it does not mature seed AlltolTnX
PZr Ch T f0 bat the Ubera tbe S6ed did not S
Our Club s in a flourishing condition with a membership of thityfour sub
stantial members and other Clubs organizing all around us e arepreparing t
establish a cooperative store pieparmg ro
J 0 Nailon
Secretary Conahullak Agricultural Club
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BiBBThe Bob cotton seed sent tome proved to be a good cotton the limb
were long and bolls very large but the cotton was en days later in ope L S
theHerlong The only objection I found to the cotton was the large se of the
T W D H Johnson
BUTT8I will report results of one acre in wheat of Mr David N Carmichael
On the one acre he made 45 bushels of wheat and then sowed in speckledTeas and
gathered 10 bushels he could have gathered more but cut it for nay a d gat ered
wo tons of the best kind of peavine hay The cotton crop turned out better ban
I reported in my last I made 500 pounds of seed cotton per acre planted IStt
June and had no rain from the time it commenced blooming until all opened
H C TlIAXTOK
Campbell Bob cotton seed received of the Department of Agriculture planted
and cultivated same as other cotton was eight or ten days la er 1 nluch S
than our common cotton yield no better than other cotton
There are farmersin our county that stay at home superintend the management
of their stock look after the cultivation of their crops keep their hands at work
papers ZTLZt ST 3d d tIe agriculZj
papers such as the Southern Cu twator and Dixie Farmer etc try new mode us
coZTVmf mfmentS tbe branS f 0lhers M eir own who neveT
S f d meS M lW SpirUed When t rais o much or very
There are farmers in our county who wish to keep abreast of the times They refy237
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
17
on the good judgment not hard licks of their tenants to make the crop while they
stay at the house or live in the village They must go to town two or three times
during the week on business depending on the honesty o their hirelings to wort
and keep things moving while they are gone They must go to every political
meeting discard all literary and agricultural papers for political papers in order to
keep posted attend all public gatherings save their agricultural club or grange
meeting which they attend once or twice during the year so as to have the name
know all about farming know how to take advantagesthat is to keep out ot
work Such say it is the hardest time they ever saw they are worse off now than
twelve months ago do not know what they will do think farming a poor plaee to
make money much less a living If there ever was an experimental farm needed
Georgia needs it now It should be controlled and managed by the Department 01
Agriculture and the results published to the world My notion is that hillside
ditching is the greatest curse that was ever instituted on any farm The only hope
we have for reclaiming our once fertile hills is some plan to stop them from wash
J D Smiti
ng
ClarkeThe Burt oat will be extensively planted another year The few oats
sown in September looking well
ClaytonThe Bob cotton seed you sent me was the finest cotton this year I
have ever seen very large bolls long lint and fine lint I think it will carry the
day in the future I will have four bushels of the best cotton seed to plant and
would not take a bale of common cotton for them I feel under many obligations
to the Department of Agriculture for the Bob cotton seed you sent me last year
J C H Skbbd
By the request ot my club I will endeavor to make a report on tho Searcy corn
and Bob cotton seed you sent us in the spring We think the corn a very good
com but is no earlier than our common field variety The Bob cotton is a very
fine lint but does not yield as much as other cotton We are not satisfied yet will
test it again next year I tested it by the side of the big boll cotton known with
us as the Beggarly cotton two rows of each about one hundred yards Ions The
big boll cotton yielded about seven pounds the most which is about 170 pounds
more per acre but the big boll is not as long staple as the Bob cotton
W T Smith Sec Philadelphia Club
Burt oats and Searcy corn did very well Teosinte proved to be of
but little account owing to the drouth The Egyptian wheat does very well also
the Bob cotton
A P Abamson
ColumbiaCotton seed is a good feed for hogs in the spring if put ia the wa
ter and let remain a while before they are allowed to eat them A neighbor of
mine fed his in his lot all summer and were in tine order in the fall
J A Walton
CowetaMany are sowing wheat to feed to stock as stock prefer wheat to oat
straw and it is about as sure and cheap one year with another as rust proof oats
CncleWalt Shropshire Gen Wheelers horse doctor ddring the war cured a
badly foundered horse for a traveler last week by tying a sassafras root in the
mouth where the bit usually works The outer bark of the root should be seraped
off and it should remain in the horses mouth 12 or 14 hours He has cured hun
dreds of horses in the last 45 years with this simple remedy without a si a le failure
and in but one ease was any sign left around the horses hoof
A StokesDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
238
DeKalb TeosinteSix pots planted early in March fortyfive hills planted
27th April in garden the seed started in pots tet out same day plowed and
hoed twiee Up to 15th September there was no indication of heading About
1st October ene hill began to show headstasselswhen the earth was drawn up
so as to make a basin around the hill of say 30 inches in diameter and watered
up to 20th October Froni this hill about 500 seed were matured These will be
planted another season to get a larger supply of acclimated seed The product of
ferage was abundant but not estimated Chas Pratt
Doi6lasThe millo maize pays welJ in dry weather or wet Vegetable and
garden seeds sent me do well here but this has been a fatal year on all seeds
W L Davenport
FcltonThe Bob cotton has large bolls and very fine long staple think it a
valuable cotton The millo maize is a good forage plant and should be raised ex
tensively as a stock feed The teosinte seed was planted in May too late to give it
a fair test cut off by the dry weather would like to try it again
W L Makgum
HANeocKThe Bob cotton is tolerably prolific and has a very fine stable
J W Cawthon
A paokage multihead wheat sown late proved chaffy
H L MlDDLEBROOKS
HarrisThe Bob cotton furnished me is a good bearing cotton with the best
staple I ever saw except the Sea Island
The teosinte t el you sent me failed to head the stalk grew fine but did not
BQalre Jas Pattillo
Hbney Farmers who have tried the Bob cotton are well pleased with it Best
ctton known to us here j A q vy Ynn
McDumzThe Mediterranean wheat made an excellent yield The Hawkins
ats all killed A E Sturgis
NewtonFarmers to succeed in Georgia must drop their lands and surplss
labor The winter grazing oat furnished is a decided success and rust proof
Garden seeds were all good and val uable Please induce our people to raise to
bacco as a money crop
We are not troubled with disease where we have stock law among our stock
nor will others when good feed good pastures good water and good attention i
given to stock L F Livingston
OconeeBob cotton seed planted and cultivated as other cotton side by side
I find the staple very long and nice but think the Jones improved or Osia silk
will make more to the acre As I stated the lint is longer but is not as fine
S D Hardigree
Secretary Oconee Agricultural Club
siethorpbExperiment with cornrun rows eight feet wide with deep
broad shovel furrow Strew manure as if preparing for cotton List on manure
with ripper Then run one furrow on each side of list drop corn in these furrows
Walking on list step right foot and drop in right furrow then left foot and drop
in left furrow and so on from end to end Cultivate as usual with row of peas in
tke middl The result will doubtless prove very satisfactory I tried a small plat
n the above plan this yar and was so well pleased with the result that I expect
t plant my wkole erp that way next year Jab J Green239
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
19
TaliaferroBob cotton extra Samples fair average yield Burt oatFine
yield as to measure but too light Hawkins Hill oatWorthless atleast 25 per
cent blasted threw it out in barn yard for pculfry afraid for mules to eat it
Teosinte a failure Villes lecturrs ought if studied to be wcrth the cost of run
ning this department
D N Sakdkrs
ClayThe compost is all the fertilizer that has paidanything this year
W T Cremlle
CrawfordJohn I Champion gathered this year notwithstanding unfavorable
seasons 21 bales of cotton from 42 acres of land which four yeais ago would not
have made over 10 or 12 bales B LeSeuer
EarlyThe Hawkins Hill and Burt Were sown on the same day the same care
being taken with each and no difference in preparatitn or land yet the Hawkins
Hill were ten days earlier in ripening The coffee pea sent out two years ago has
proved a great success J B Hobbs
HarrisThe teeds that I received from the Department the present year con
sisted of red Brazilian artichoke and some of the tubers of the same and seed of
teosinte The stalks from the seed of the artichoke were as large as those from the
root or tuber the tubers all small owing to drouth The teosinte continued to
grow all through the drouth but did not mature any seed The seed shoots had
justput out when frost killed it It appears to be agood forage crop Millo maize
planted the middle of June from seed I raised last year matured seed before frost
A B Johnson
TalbotThe wheat you furnished me got killed by a winter freeze The garden
seed did not produce well owing to a drouth W P Fielder
WorthA good remedy for hog cloera is red pepper tea Have btt littlepork
so many hogs died with cholera P Pelham
EAST GEORGIA
BtjllochThere has been the finest crop of long eottcn made in this county I
ever knew which has brought more money into the county than has been any
time since the war and the farmers are gloriously happy C A Sorrill
JeffersonThe Ellyson extra prolific corn received from the Department is
the best corn I think I have ever seen also the Jones cotton seed received are
fine I received small packages of each from the Department two or three years
ago and now I have 50 bushels of the corn and 200 bushels of the cotton seed
Thos S Johksok
WashingtonEvery farmer in the county might procure honey enough to sup
ply the table the year round with but little trouble and expense It is not essen
tial to have a hive with frames in it A hive one foot square inside will contain
the brood space and honey for the winter supply for the bees In the spring place
a honey box on top twelve inches square and six inches deep and they will fill i
with honey in nice condition The hive should have openings in the top for the
bees to pass up but they should be kept closed till the time for putting on the box
There should be a cap to cover the honey box when it is on the hive By this ar
rangement you get all the bees make over a support A few hives well attended
to will furnish an abundance of honey No one should be afraid of bees smoke
controls them as the bridle controls the horse J M Palmer20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
24
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
CamdenGarden seed furnished p e have done weil The amber sugar cane
and millo maize nothing E A McWhortkb
ClinchBart oats very fine Bib eo ton being short staple is confined to
the upper part of this county report from it is very favorable Turnipswhite
globe purple top strap leaf and Norlolk all good Teosinte grows fine is rel
ished both by horses and cattle would be valuable if it would seed here It tas
seled had dwarf or diminutive shool and silk the underleaves die nearly to the
shoot by the time it appears Itsicc s tremendously L C Mattox
LibertyOne neighbor witj u Planet Jr cultivator made an excellent corn
crop by ihallow ciltivatioi almost doubling cirn on same land rented from him
cultivated with plow In this section we cannot sow oats earlier than January
on account of the rice or May birds striking it in the milk possibly the Burt oat
sown in October can be cut ahead of them I sowed one bushel 20th of January
and cut 20th of May fully ripe Jas A M King
The teosinte seed received from the Department planted in March on good
land failed to mature I did not cut any of it as I was anxious to save all the
seed The Burt oats planted in February did splendidly
J 0 Davis Jb
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
ChattahoochebSeedWheat received was killed by frost Luxurians grew
well but did not mature any seed B b cotton did well am well satisfied with
it Francis V Schley
DecaturThe millo maize sent me did well nearly all the heads matured be
foie frost Tne blades stripped from the stalks make an excellent forage for
horses or cattle I dont think it can take the place of Indian corn or wheat for
breadstuff and for poultry it is inferior ta the Gamma corn The raena seed
sent me was planted and well cared for but it is a failure
W B McDaniel
DoughertyIn answer to Q lestion No 60 Soil test of fertilizers on corn
The laud had been in oats previous year I bedded out and planted in water
furrow 21st Fdbruary 1881 and cultivated as usual The seasons were not favor
able the rains too light in Miy and early Juns The following is the result
B F Wilder
FERTILIZERS PER ACRE
a
u
o
o
ja
15 H
No 1Kainit 50 lbs Cotton Seed Meal 50 lbs
No 2Cotton Seed Hull Ashes 50 lbs Cotton Seed Meal 50 lbs
No 3KaLiit 100 lbs
No 4No Manure
No 5Cotton Seed Hull Ashes 100 lbs
No 6Cotton Seed Meal 100 lbs
9
SlA
10
210
210
110
93
149 127
140
158
127
U0
MJ3L144241
SUPPLEMENTAL RErORT 1884
2t
MrrcnELLFor fertilizing crops kainit should enter with a liberal proportion
all compost heaps for cotton as a preventive of rust Remedes for Slock Per
haps there is nothing more valuable than a combination of salt charcoal and lye
soap as a preventive and curative of hog cholera For chickenswits and
soda j B Twitty
TayloeI find that our farmers are finding out the great value of eowing oats
for first pasture for hogs and for the second Pinder peas and chnfas Pork can
be raised in this way cheaper than any man could believe who has not tried the
plan In my opinion 100 worth of prk can be raised with less labor and capital
than 50 worth of cotton our old way of makiDg cotton I hope all farmers in
Georgia will give more attention to this plan D R Brown
TeebellRed top and white globe turnip seed were very fine
E Bellfloweb
Webster The essentials to successful farming are pract ical common sense in
dustry and economy With these keeping abreast with the centific progress of
the times and a proper application of ascertained facts all will be well Teosinte
failed to seed multihead wheat badly mixed and rused resulted in a failure
oats did well maturing early Jas P Walker
LARGE YIELD IX COTTON
For the following statement of the yield of one acre under high fertilization
and the mode of applying the fertilizers I am indebted to Thomas B Stubby
Esq of West Point Commissioner
West Point Ga Dec 21 1884
Br J P Miller has just made from one acre G84 pounds of lint cotton He fer
tilized with Gossypium at 500 pounds per acr as follows 300 broadcast when pre
paring the land When planting he put in 100 pounds to the acre in the drill witi
ihe seed Then on second siding of the cotton he put in 100 pounds on the acre
EXPERIENCE OF MR DAVID H VERNER OF BUFORD GA IN CARP
CULTURE
I have been in the business for four years and find that experience is worth
more to me than all the reading that I have done on the subject I find that the
oarp have more enemies than any other fish I think however it is from the fact
that they deposit their spawn differently from any other except the gold fish The
rarp deposit their eggs on lha grass weeds ad roots where they are left for the va
rious enemies to prey upon for 56 hours and then we have a fish louse that takes
hold of them as soa as they are hatched and continue till they are one inch long
I find hundreds cut in two just behind the last top fin and yet they will live with
their tails hanging for hours I have hatched out thousands artificially in
buckets and boxes That however is not a safe plan as the young are very tender
and need tte fine roots that the egg was deposited on to rest It is almost impos
sible to take one of the young just hatched out of the water and get it back alive
and so the hatching had better be done where they may be allowed to stay fora few
weeks I have small ponds with 12inch plank put up around them for the pur
pose of keeping the frogs out as the black tadpole is very desructive to the spawn
The smallish are very destnctWe also the large ones they will turn back after
they get through spawning and eat their spawn I find however it will take a
great deal o care and attention to make carp cuture pay After I had been in the22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
243
business for wo years I olaimed that the culture of carp would prove a failure I
till think so unless the people prepare larger ponds and give them more attention
We need something more than a hole of water we need large ponds as they afford
more natural food The natural food is the worms and insects that come up out of
the ground That ho vever is the reason why the carp do better in new ponds than
in old ones One other reason is that the new pond is not infested with the enemies
that we have above mentioned I shall let my hatching ponds stand during
the winter without water it will serve as a new pond then My experience in the
business hasbeen the source of a great deal of pleasure also some profit I have
however given it a great deal of attention I have had fish to grow eight inches in
three months and three days I have four ponds the largest of which covers three
acres or more My family cant destroy the fish that I have at present have sold
hundreds they are fine fbh when properly prepared The way to prepare them is
to scale them then scald and scrape them well
I must not neglect to state that the carp commence to spawn early in spring and
will spawn every eleven days until the first of July I notice that the old fish are
very particular to cean the roots well before depositing their eggs
I dont kcow anything about how many eggs one fish will deposit in one season
that of course is altogether owing to the size I have been informed by a gentle
man who bought fish of me that they weighed eight pounds at two years old the
spawn of each fish weighing two pounds I think it would be a good plan if the
people would pace a few perch in their pond3 as they destroy a great deal of the
insectssay one dozen all males or all females As to the food for carp they are
not choice will eat anything that a hog will eat Watermelon vines at this season
are good plaee them over the bank of your pond let the ends into the water and
they will eat them as a goose would I wi 1 be glad to answer any question that I
may be able to answer from any one on this subjectLECTURE BY M GEORGE VILLE
WHAT WE GAIN BY CULTIVATING WITH BARNYARD MANURB ALON
translated from the frkkoh by miss k L HOWAIl
Today I will look at the subject of fertilization in a new light and one which
must lead to the heart of agriculture viz Vliat do we produce and what do we
gain when we cultivate wilh barnyard manure alone Here I touch a point of
vital importance There are two questions in agriculture which must be distinctly
separated
1st The amount of the harvest or the sum of the crop produced
2d The profit from the crop
The first of tLese questions is eminently one of s cial interest the second one of
individual or private interest We will now clearly define both these interests
What is the o ject of agriculture from a social sandpoint
To feed the people at the lowest possible price
The people are then deepy interested in the amount the farmer produces To
satisfy the wants of this cullective interest the farmer must produce largely The
agricultural sjstem best adapted to society is the one which throws the largest
amount of food upon the market from a given unit of surface the acre for in
stance produces wheat meat vegetablts and wine enough to feed the largest
number of persons
But the farmer looks at this matler quite differently to him who gives his time
labor and thought the best agricultural system is the one which gives the most
profit the collective interest touches him only as it conforms to his own private
interest
Who can blame him for this
Suppose we have two rotations The fallow largely used in one and discarded
from the combinations of the second If all things considered and in spite of the
poverty of the crops the first is more profitable than the second do you believe
the farmer will prefer the second rotation to the first Assuredly not and who
has the right to blame him When this case happens and it is more frequent
than you would think there is an antagonism between the social interest and the
individu 1 interestof the producer The producer works for a pofit whilst society
on the contrary clamors for the largest possible sum of fond matter at a low price
There are then in the agricultural problem two views which are not in their na
ture antagonis ic but which become so under certain condition Now we must
examiie both fully to appreciate the agricultural condition of a country and the
systems of farming upon whch it is founded I will consider every subject under
these two different aspects
First from a collective point of view I ask what agriculture produces when
working with barnyard manure alone and does it satisfy the prime need of a
people a cheap market I take France for example The answer to this question
is sad and overwhelming Look at these two cards which I show you The first
gives by departments the mean production of wheat in France per acre Average
18 bushels Do you hear18 bushels It is true that in the average of our depart
ments for the North there are s me which yield 41 bushels to 43 bushels per acre
For thir een of these departments the average is 27 bushels but for fonysix it goes
down to 17 bushels Jn other words France with barnyard manure alone pro
duces what An average of 18 bushels per acre We need not be deeply versed
in scientific economy to perceive the gravity and danger of the situation Will
you have a proof of this Look at this seccnd card not less alarming in its gloomy24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
244
forebodings than the first The departments where the population is on the in
crease is i olured in led How many do you count Fortyeight The population
of the department in blue neither increases nor diminishes it is stationary But
you count thirtynine marked with a blacK cross whose inhabitants ar yearly de
creasing If it is true as Malthus says that there is a rela ion between the prog
ress of a population and their conditions of existence if it is true that the pros
perity of a country is measured by the rapidity of increase of population and this
increase is both caused and r gulated by the amount of food produced is it not
also true that if we had had fortyfive or fifty million insiead of thirtyeight mil
lion inhabitants we would not have been overcome in the last war For a long
time I have called the attention not only of the public but of our most prominent
po itical representatives 10 this point in 184G the excess of births over deaths was
200000 for a population of thirtyfive million now it is only 120000 to thirty eight
million souls At ths rate it will take one hundred and forty to one hundred and
fifty years to double our populaiion while Germany doubles hers in sixty and
England in fifty years Some attempt to cover the gravity of this stae of things
by saying See h w rich we are U e country supports a formidable debt with ease
and the loan o 43000 millions offered from all quarters of the globe the subscrip
tion of the prudent and crafty Mandarin of the indifferent and contemplative
Brahmin the confidence of theindolent Turk associated with the rapacity of the
Teutonic banker for the Prussians themselves subscribed toibislast loan How
rich we must be to inspire such univeral confidence Much to be pitied is the
country where such intimation exists and very culpable is the Legislature or the
press which produces such ideas
Our financial resources are grand because Providence has given us a privileged
climate our financial resources are pranri because no nation practices economy to
the degree that we do but very different is the condition of a people who with firm
confidence in their future are able to increase their products with the mciease of
their population Do you believe the man whosmasses wealth by a painful econ
omy to be the equal of the man who grows rich from an active and prospero
business Do you not believe he whose physical moral and intellecual faculties
are fully developed the superior of one whose faculties are dwarfed and narrowed
by painful and degrading parsimony
Our social interests from an agricultural view are in a amentatle condition in
spite of tbe monstrous taxes which we support A re our individual interests in a
beathier condition When we cultivate with barnyard manure tilore according
to the rules of the past have we the satisfac ion of really f ainig and what do we
gain Do we make our fortunes We have abundant witnesses on ihese points
The difficulty is to choose from among them I take first the testimony of one of
the grandest and bpst baanced minds France hs produced Lavoisier the creator
of modern hemistry Lavoisier v as not only the first hemistof his day but also
possessed the highest qualities as a statesman At a time when France
had eminent financiers Ltivoiier gave proof of rare administrative power
His treatise on the teiri oriel richness of France published at the expense of the
government was a proof of this Educated by the nature of his office to inquire
into and search on agricultural problems Lavoisier became an experimen al agri
culturist both for his own satisfaction and for the benefit of others For this pur
pose he bought a farm between Blos and Vendome of about ISO acres and became
interested in different farms of not less thsn 428 arfs Besides this he leased a
tithe wheh interested him in almost all the farms of the country
After eight years of sudy experiment and calculation what was Lavoisiers con
clusion Listen this time it is not I who speak hut Lavoisier I give you his own
words After eight yrars of experiment I have gained considerable increase in
stock ferd a large quantity of straw and manure but small gain in money
Agricultural progress is excessively sow but what I have learned after all ray
trouble and lab ir is this that no matter how much attention is given and economy
practiced we cannot hope to gin five per cent interest on the capital invested
When one has not been accustomed to reflect upon these subjects or follow
closely ihe workings of a farm in detail nothing seems easir than to bring up a
depressed agriculture and to pers ade oneself that for this we need only cattle and
money But when we go from theory to practice the conclusion we arrive at is at
least under the ronditioS in which I am placed that the owmr takes from one
fourth to one third of the crop that the taxes tae away an equal part and there
remairs to the cultivator but one third for his maintenance food cost of farming
interest on investment and expenses of all kinds2451
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORTI 884
25
The most grievous rart of this present picture is that with this insufficient agri
culture over the largest part of France thee remains almost nothing nt the end of
the year to the farmer he is considered fortunate if he hast been able to lead a pre
carious and miserable existence and if during sn abundant season he has been
able to save a little this little is soon absorbed by the short crops of other years
In short Lavoisier working with all the resources of a large foiMtne with the
methodical habits of a learned man who bad been one of the greatest masters in
the art of applying scient fie methods leads us to the conclusionthat it taies a
great deal of money to obtain a small profit that farming pays little and the capi
talist cannot expect five per cent intcrtston his advances But perhaps you say
this wonderful picture is nor true of the prsntstate of affairs Times are changed
the profits from agriculture are not now inferior to the profits from industries So
I give von more recent examples not however from so eminent a source but still
not less decisive 1 take Mathew de Dombasle as a second example who was a
pupil of the Polytechnic sch ol and the first to ma e sugar from beets He failed
at it This wasin 1823 when it was first begun to cultivate clover and hoed crops
on alarge scale Exagsera ing the importance of the advantages tobe derived from
this Mathew de Dombasle resolved to show by a practical example which the
poorest could imitate that bv the ue of a small capital the poorest sols con Id be
improved in a short time and brought up to the level of the best Convinced that
alternate cultures was a powerful means of improvement he wished to furnish a
practcal demonstration which could not be questioned Entirely preoccupied
with the benefit suh an example must produce and having in view only the pros
perity of the conntrv he a man of culture did not hesitate to become a plain
farmer working with a small borrowed capital thus pacing himsell voluntarily
in the condition of the largest number of farmers that his example might be more
fcnerallv useful He leased lbe farm of Roville which public respect since calls
the Institute of Roivlle There for ten years he worked with unceasing vigilance
using all the resources of agricultural science and practicing the strictest e onomy
What was the result of this experiment We first give the crop average per acre
Wheat20 bushels
12zz3i7io4 ib9
Haeys303G lbs
What was the financial result It is easy to foresee from such crops I give his
own words
COST VALUE
WheatM8 801 20
Rape SO GO 51 00
Beets 61 00 6 60
Hay 35 00 28 20
All the crops but the beets were grown at a loss The beets were an exception
because there was a distillery at Rovil e which 1 aid 3 per ton for the routs a
prce much above the general markt
With a fra kness for which we must honor him Mathew de Djmbasle has left
us a balancesheet of his eLjht years work from 1821 to 1832
Loss
I 571 00
Profit 2806JM
Clear loss565 00
Uncertain crops inevitable loss
Roville had a factory for agricultural tools which brought in 800000 111 the
eight years bringing up the baance of profit by 2400 But this was not due to
the farm products which I repeat were grown at a loss of 576500 for the same
period
Where Mathew de Dombisle failed who can hope to succeed by following the
same error and w irking with barnyard manure and cattle alone
You say perhaps the averaje crops at Roville were too small That is so
Letany 0ns who believeshe can make farming profitable with manure alone ex
amine he accounts of Orignon
Grignon was founded in 182S with the object of demonstrating that manure
alone if supported by a capital of 200 per acre cculd produce both minimum
crops and maximum profits26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
246
For want of sufficient documents I c nnot discnss the financial results obtained
it Grignon by M Bella its founder My proofs will however be none the less clear
concise and conclusive
1 will tlrst remind you that Grgnon was founded with exceptional advantages
The farm paid no rent thu 675 acres belonging to it were given for forty years
which time the manager had the control of 60000 to be used on the property
These are exceptional circumstances of pecu iar advantages
When I first said lhat Grign n had not demonstrated what ihe founder promised
itshiuldviz that manure produced on the farm gave large and profitable crops
of ail kinds I raised a tempest Yet nothing could be more true as you will see
To simplify ma ters we make extracts from the accounts of the farm the more
easily to get at the increase of the crops under the system of management of tt
founder
Tne rotation adopted t Grignon was along one of seven years
At the first rotation the crops were
per acre
Wheat27 bushel
Spring Wheat28 bushel
Rdpe 28 bushel
Oats50 busbeh
thk second
Wheat31 bushel
Spring wheat33 bushels
Rape20 bushels
Oats66 bushels
There was an increase of sixteen bushels per acre for oats and four bushels for
wheat but a deficit of eight bushels for rape
Two hundred dollars of capital invented per acre to grow an increase of three
buslels per acre after seven years work
Now I could stop right here and easily show you that with the expenditure of
from thirteen to fifteen dollars per acre X can grow forty to fifty bushels per acre
without running the risk of loss to which a large capital is always exposed
Now if Grignon had been worked under the usual conditions of a lease and been
obliged to pay a yearly rent it would have ended as did Roviile And the best
proof that Grignon deserted its colors is the fact that during the latter years of M
Bellas administration from three thousand to four thousand dollars worth of fer
tilizer was annually brought to the place
You will pease remember distinctly tae terms or basis of my argument
Must we give up the use of barnyard manure
No
Must we produce it at all risks and are we obliged to make its production the
basis of farming
No
What must be our rule
Always to manure heavily and reguate the use of barnyard manure by the cost
of its production If it is dear mate but little of it if it is cheap make a great
deal of it But much or little get other agents of ferti ity such as ammonia ni
trate phosphatesso as to grow the largest crops and always the larges
You may still say what has failed at Roviile and Grignon may succeed elsewhere
In other words you ask for further proof of this
It is easy to give them
You all know Boussingault a singularly sagacious prudent and learned man
He has published the results obtained fiorn a farm in Alsatia worked exclusive
ly with barnyard manure
Thisfarm is 275 acres of this 150 seres is in meadowthe proportion according
to general custom It is impossible to do belter than this working with stable ma
nure alone
Whatare the crops
Wheat average per acre 20 bushel
Oats average per acre 4X bushels
Beets average per acre22880 pounde
Hay average per acre 8 828 pounds243
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
27
Assuredly it was not science that was wanting in the management of Bechel
bromm and yet what was the crops
Just as at Roville always uncertain
Was the financial resuli more satisfactory
No After ail exp nses were paid the profit was only 66600 the income at
the most being only 3 per cent
Here are the items of account
RECEIPTS
Vegetable products 4128 40
Animal products 2592 20
Toial6720 60
EXPENSES
Rent of kind1982 00
Cost of c lture 8332 60
Costof manure 740 00
Total6054 60
Receipts6720 60
Expenses 6054 60
Profit 666 00
You notice that in these expenses we do not give the salary of the director
Is this the financial result to make us proud of such a system You see gentle
men in proportion as I multiply examples my conclusions are verified 1 will
give you another example still which seems to run more conclusive than t e pre
ceding
At the Agricultural Convention of 1866 the Department of Agriculture of Cam
brai resolved to ascertain the average expenses of a farm of 250 acres Their idea
was to use it as a type of the average culture of one of our departments of the North
What did this account show
That a farm of 250 acres with 16000 capital 8 000 in fixtures and 8000 for
expenses gave only an annual profit of 03040 This time again there was nothing
paid to the farmer
Lavoisier Dombasle Bella Boussingault all lead us 10 the same conclusion
They were inteligent practical men working from a disinterested motive and
all forced to the same conclusion
Perhaps you will say that these results could have been bettered by the annexa
tion of a distillery or a starch factory and that these are always prontaWe
Before examining if they are as certainly profitable as they are said to be you
must first confess that theyiare notavailabe to every one
Do you know what the establishing of a distillery costs
Not less than forty dollars an acre
One of our prominent civil engineers who has a large estate in Normandy and
who contended this year for the first prize fixes the cost of material at 4246 per
acre without counting either the buildings or floating capital
I repeat that an annex which requires such a large outlay is not and cannot
be suited to the average farmer
But supposing it possible is it certain that this would remove the difficulty
Is it possible that a distillery would increase the profits from the crops in a short
time and make them pay a belter inte est
Mr Houel the em nent engineer just mentioned found that after ten years
hard work he scarcely grew 24640 to 26400 pounds of beets per acre and got not
over 3 to 4 per cent on the money invested and yet he employed a large capital
CAPITAL INVESTED
Cost of land143 00 per acre
Buildings and roads 142 00 per acre
Soaking of corn 14 00 per acre
Drainage 7 00 per acre
Improvements 52 00 per acre
Total358 00 peracre2S
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
248

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL CAMTAL
Cattle 4 30 per acre
Agricultural material 22 00 er acre
Fixtures 3 30 eracre
Material for distillery 42 40 per acre
Rolling capital 64 40 per acre
Total136 40 per acre
358 on one side and 13640 on the other making the whole disbursement
491 40 per acrethree times the original purchase to get what 26400 pounds of
beets per acre and an interest of 3 per cent and then
But is this a system available to the mass of farmers
Could a small farmer of one or two hundred acres afford this investment
First to be prolitable a distillery must be on a large scale
The land of such a farm cant feed it
The farm which it was to improve becomes the annex and the distillery the
principal Can you call this solution an agricultural solution
Avoiding exaggerations and absolute foruma we yet have the courage to face our
conclusions What does the example of Mr Houel prove That culture by ma
nure alone is slow in its effects and remarkably burdensome in its means
I am not ciiticising the man or bis worts but the system
There is a radical error in cultivating with manure alone and it is due to the
slowness and inadequacy of the real agents of fertility which it furnishes
Wbatito bs done Do you want plentiful crops in the shortest time Give
them plenty of fertilizer You say you have none Buy it then and dont try to
produce it
In the futvre and in the near future too the manure pit once the principal res
ervoir of fertility will become anaccesory
The great producers of fertilizers will be our industries Instead of devoting half
the farm to the meadow no matter what it cost the crops will be regulated by the
profit to be gotten from them Normandy and Cotentin would grow meat other
places such as our Central Departments wouldgrow wheat soutbwine oil fruits
and vegetables
Everywhere and especially in grazing countries is the principle of intensive fer
tilization applicable
We need it to raise us above he taxes which Oppress us we need it to reanimate
our diminishing population our restricted exportation needs it to furnish an out
ward bound cargo to increase our marine and give us cheap return freights in ia
vor of our industries which have need of ra v material that we do not produce
Must I give a mathematical demonstration of the necessity of importing fertili
zers instead of producing them no matter what they cost
Examine the table where I have like Mathevv de Dombasle collected all the ex
penses in growing one acre of wheat
FIXED COSTS
Eent 3 75
General costs 4 00
Cost of cultivation 3 50
Seeds 8 70
u Total14 95
VARIABLE COSTS
Manure 6 00
Harvesting and thrashing 2 72
Total8 72 8 72
Total23 67
Less the value of tLe straw 4 00
Total costs 19 67249
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
29
Let us analyze the items of this account
In the costs of a crop there are as you see expenses of t no kindsfixed expenses
which nothing can change and variable expenses
The fixed costs are the cost of the land the cost of cultivation labor harvesting
seed and general costs The whole of these costs at the institute of Roville were
14 95 The variable costs are represented by the fertilizer and the harvesting
amounting to 672a total of 2367 less the value of the straw 400 making the
whole cost 1967 To produce what Eighteen bushels of wheat Eighteen bushels
Which brings the price of wheat to 108 per bushel Now suppose that without
changing any of the previous management of the farm without increasing the
buildings or adding to material animals or implements we simply make a
purchase of 900 an acre per annum
FIXED COSTS
As before14 95
VARIABLE
Manure15 80
Harvest 4 so
Totai20 60 20 60
Total costs3 55
Deduct value of straw bu
Leaves as total27
The expense it is true is now increased to 2795 instead of 19 67 but the
amount of harvest is also increased It is raised from 18 bushels to36 bashers
This brings the cost from a dollar and eight cents down to ninetysix cents per
bushel At a cost of nine dollars we get an increase in the crop of eighteen bush
els without changing cost of buildings stock etc I am mistaken however the
cattle are better provided with straw the production of hay is increased surface
given to the meadow is less and valuable hoed crops can be Introduced adding
greatly to the general income
The whole future of our agriculture is in this short table of six lines
Never cnltivate but with heavy manuring Manure is the raw material of agri
culture When you cultivate with light manuringyou put yourself in the condi
tion of a manufacturer who has a large machinery at heavy cost which he can only
half supply with raw material although provided with a perfect apparatus begets
but half of what he should have from his outlay and the result is to double the
gNow in Agriculture the plant is the chief organ of production the soil the
foundation upon which it rests and the fertilizer is the raw material Scant fertil
ization brings small crops and the profit is absorbed by the general expense
With plenty of fertilizer the crops are large and the general expense diminished
because the product is increased
With plenty of fertilizer we have large crops certain profits cheap living securi
ty to society success and fortune to the producer and harmony between all casses
The once sacred formula of meadow cattle cereals the expression of a past pro
gess is now but the skeleton of a mammoth fossil
But here arises an objection sufficient to overthrow this new edifice unless
promptly met and answeed
If every one uses this intense culture will there not be an overabunuant supply
too low a market loss of profit and universal misery in the midst of plenty as in
Egypt where two crops a year are grown and where the people have for the last
ten centuries been far behind the poorest provinces of Spain and Portugal
No such a danger is not to be feared The wonder of this new method is that
a simple change in the pivot of production is sufficient to restore the equilibrium
between supply and demand our resources and our wants the production and con
sumption What is needed to do this Make a little more meat and a little less
wheat replace the inferior grainsrye and barleywith wheat
The least change in the relations of these thre products will b uint ts re
store the equilibrium in oase of excess30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
250
Here is the explanation
On an equal surface the Irish potato produces four time as much food as wheat
and sixteen times more than the meadow whose growth is converted into meat If
there is an excess in the production of Irish potatoes and wheat a slight increase
in the production of meat will restore the equilibrium
Better food for all classes brings naturally better and more active labor which
accomplishes better work and receives better pay Every part of a country is de
pendent upon and regulated by the amount and quality of its agricultural pro
ducts The most important part is the increase and virility of the population
Compare the work of a Calabrian with that of a Belgian ditcher the contrast seems
inexplicable examine the diet of each and you understand the difference
What does the land in Calabria produce and what does it in Belgium make the
statistics of the products harvested The food products of Calabria are fruits and
vegetables these products in Belgium are converted into meat which is eaten with
wheat bread beerand coffee There is no denying the fact that the proceeds from
intensive culture can be extended and generalized without detriment to the system
There never will be overproduction and consequent loss in price of sales
There may be passing crises but the final effect will be a general improvement
in foodand with better food improved physical organization of the population
freater power of work and a quickening of the intellectual and moral capacity
lato Dante and Lavoisier were not born in the high valleys of the Jura and Valais
where idiocy prevails
The ancients say man is a microcosm a living embodiment of the natural con
ditions of climate soil and altitude of his country
These are the true terms under which agriculture should be practiced
How ought the problem to be stated and how solved A few words embody the
whole
MANURE HEAVILY
Cultivation with barnyard manure alone does not respond to the wants of our
time nor the requirements of our social condition It does not pay the producer
It does not give stability to society Who is bold enough to believe he is more
skillful than Lavoisier or can succeed where Mathew de Dombasle Bella and Bous
singault have failed
If yon expect to farm profitably never say I will make plenty of manure but say
I will manure heavily If you have not manure buy fertilizers
You have asimpe and practical method open to all By knowing in what your
soil is wanting the choice of fertilizers is an easy matter
Your choice must be guided by the plants themselves
In no case must the production of manure be the main object It is a subordi
nate element in the agricultural problem The main point and absolute condi
tion of success is to give the soil the fertilizer that will produce a maximum crop
This is the only way to insure success and avoid disappointment
With barnyard maaure alone it is not possible to feed a plant according to its na
ture You give itan abundance of a food it does not want and stint it inaindit
has most need of
Analyze the manure of a sheep fed on the lands of Gascoigne you find only a
small trace of phosphate examine its skeleton and you may truly say there is no
bony frame and the tendons sandy and hardened
How can you get ceieals from such manure
If you buy fertilizers the matter becomes simple economical and harmonious
each plant receives what it needs
The principe of the question being settled we take up the rules to be followed in
its application
The rule is very simple Supplement the manure with 9 worth of fertilizer per
acre for all crops and the meadow is include in this rule increase the number of
cattle or reduce the meadow and give place to industrial cultures such as hops to
bacco hemp and cohra with intense manuring
With barnyard manure alone at Bechelbronn but little was produced and the
gain was only 60000 By the new method by a purchase of 1200 worth of fertili
sers half as much again 13 produced and the profits are 317800 instead of 66600
Here you have in dollars and cents the advantages to be gained by this transforma
tion Atan additional oostof 120000 we gain a profit of 1600 00 and this without
a aluuige of oxiiting oganization which is not a small advantage It required a
oapitel of 70090 to produoe a profit of 68600 By increasing this oapital to251
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
31
8200 00 we Ret a profit of from 200000 to 240000 I beg you will notice that this
SKofWoO is not a permanent investment bui returned every
season What can be more simpe more rational and more profitable
ileitfs aguS Calvados who is grow
unon The meritsf your last formula for fertilizers Its success is most completed
Te gra in the meadow was three feet high On a piece of meadow 12 acres he
land not of verv good quality and only the second year in grass I fed 28 beeves
bountifully for Uiree weeks without their being able to eat down the grass and
Xver put the fertilizer on about fifty acres of grass and the grass everywhere
was luxuriant fattening the cattle perfectly I have jJi of horned
cattle on tlie place forty of which are beeves and I cou d feed double the number
th this abundance of grass I hope by using your method for two years more to
M land up to thegbest pasture of the country mixing the chemical fertih
JJS Xfooacres of this have received the
chemical fwtifizer I notice the animals prefer the grass grown by your formula
U fattensthem Letter This is probably due to the presence of chlorde of
Sodium in the Jrass the result of the chloride of sodium or common salt of which
theSe w fond tZv are mowing now a meadow on which the grass is remarka
bleyit fells inheaps under the scythe and the mowers tell me it has two or three
toe the quaiit o gr isas ofirst rate meadows When it is done I wiU send
the exact Quantity What can I add to this testimony
7MVthprWthat you can at will double the number of cattle without in
creasing the extent of meadowor else keep the same number reduce the size of
the meadow and substitute an industrial culture
Which is the best of these two methods
S is neifher a question of doctrine or principle but of convenience situation
ahonlvUfixedruleforgettingarealprofitistomanureheayily
A aTa argument Igive you the balance sheet establishedbythe Agricultural
Department of Cambrai for the farm of 250 acres already mentioned
ANNUAL EXPENSES OF A FARM OP 250 ACRES
Cost of farm of 250 acres 12000 5 per cent interest
Repairs and working of farm
Capital per acre 3200 800000 at 5 per cent interest
Floating capital 800000 at 5 per cent interest
Rent of secondclass land 1000 per acre
Barrels of wine one ninth of rent
Sundries from the farm and land
Farm hands from 100 to 140 per annum
Stable boy
Shepherd
Farm servant and assistant
Horses 20 at 700 per day
Cows 30 at 750 per day
Sheep 150 at 2 40 per day
Seeds about 2 00 per acre
Harrowing
Cost of harvesting
Cost of threshing
Artificial fertijdzers
Farm manure 1800 value of straw
Insurance on buildings and crop
Repairing and keeping up of tcola
ostof rent l8th
600 00
200 00
400 00
400 00
500 00
277 80
300 00
700 00
140 00
200 00
160 00
2555 00
2737 40
876 00
500 00
400 00
600 00
300 0
200 00
50 00
80 09
20 00
Total410S32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
252
ANNUAL RECEIPTS FROM A FARM OF 250 ACRES
No of Acres
85 Wheat 27 bushels per acre 2565 bushels worth 2975 00
3520 lbs straw per acre worth 1288 00
7 Rye 26 bushels per acre worth 144 00
Straw 10 00
20 Barley 58 bushels per acre 164 00
Straw 128 00
27 Oats 71 bushels per acre 951 00
Straw 211 00
21 Beets 1368 00
25 Rape 23 bushels per acre 81
Straw 81
5 Flax sold in the field at 80 per acre 400 Oo
45 Artificial meadow 5200 lbs per acre 1123 20
10 Winter grazing 312 Oo
5 Irish potatoes 288 20
Cows calves milk butter cheese 3285 00
Sheep 1077 00
Hogs fed on refuse grain 240 00
Earnyard manure
250 Total receips14826 40
Expenses 14196 20
Profit 630 20
Does this account show fine crops No always medium returns Twentyseven
bushels of wheat 26 bushels of rye 23 bushels of rape and 5200 pounds of hay for
the meadow per acre
Now I assert that by an addition of 20 worth of fertilizer to the manure actually
usedthat is an additiona1 cost of 200the average return from the whole farm
would be 2000 to 2 500 instead of 63020
I repeat never make the production of manure the object of the farm but let
your aim be to grow large crops buying ferti izers when needed The day is not far
distant when the true and principal fertililizer will no longer be made on the farm
but in vast factories with uuge chimneys where the phosphates of Estremadura or
Canada the potash from granite or from the mines of Strassfurth nitrate of soda
from Peru will be united with suphate of ammonia in such proportions and quan
tities that all farmers can use them and produce maximum crops from their soil
thus bringing about a real revolution which will give the masses the true freedom of
cheap markets
Our motto must be The farmer grows the crops the factory makes the fertilizer
To make a farm really profitable buy no stock but what is absolutey needed to
work the farm build as little as possible If wheat grows well on your farm plant
all wheat Grain is always cash and you wi 1 have abundance of straw fertilize
your meadow and when you have added hay to your store of straw then buy cattle
according to the amount of food on hand Never invesf all your money at first
ready money is the first f rce Work well and deeply drill your cerealsinches
apart an1 work with a jmall horse hoe make wheat a hoed pant You will be
laughed at perhaps wait until harvet and you will have the laugh on your side
When you invest heavily in cattle one year of drouth will nearly ruin you Yon
have then tut two alternatives either io sell your catt e or buy forage at exorbi
tant prices
If you determine to raise cattle first buy fertilizers and make food for them so
you will be above risks from accident and be certain of the future Putvotir money
where yon can readily turn it over In other words make agriculturean industry
instead of the fetered slave of the old formulameadow cattle grain353
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884
COMMENTS
31
order to a VXiE
and argument presented in the foregoing the diverse conmtio
of French and American agriculture must be nsiderecL and has long sine
The soil of France ha been cuUnrated for many ouies a
reached the period at which complete exhaust leJ It ha reached
from such a system of agriculture as f f 1 aching and wash
CosTcC
CSSSS 0 up its fertility
however carefully it may be saved and PP removed from the soil and
The elements of fertility annually and Perm 6Ymal3 sold in market
from the farm itself in the form f Jr all that
must eventually reduce the land to a condition of hJvegtMe
may be restored in the form of animal manures cotton ad fe to a
maLrs direct from e soil andi red lth but a grad
minimum the original fertility of the soil may fertmty
ual diminutionfor a long period But to expect to imp o u the
of a soil or even to maintain it for any long penodby me rely re turn g
manure resulting from crops taken from it and he relus otsu cQW b
almost as unreasonable as to expect to sustain the life and conoit
restricting her to her own milk as food necessary to
Again The comparatively dense population to but to
cultivate nearly every acre ol the land as we 11 as not me y
creasee naurJJ Jmany as the forme
ZSor or food for thepopulal S
greater in France This has the effect of increasing and re
Lsame time the necessity for greater ProductlaJhtee simple value
inGeorgia Therefore the interest on tne wherehe is atenant is very
the farmer owns the land he cultivates thrental wher
r opeS s r rSs TnT1 c
mer would consider excessively rich and Pf M com
As corollaryto the abundance of land in thoory and
pared with France a very large proporhon of our so 1 to
rybXToIhe Sated lands SS3
ofaS
profltable Independent of the value of their manure conditions that now
If we bear in mind that we are surely approaching the same conmtio
exist in France we will be better able PPhd rase
olearly sets forth in hislecture Our motto should be to grow P34
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
254
five a constantly increasing production To this end every farmerwith few ex
ceptionsshould produce his own supplies of beef mutton pork milk and butter
koney The animals which yield these products should be produced at home
Bare all manure with care compost with phosphates potash salts cotton seed etc
according to the special needs of each crop Add valuable elements to the soil
those in which it is comparatively deficientfrom every available source Sell
from the farm such products as remove the smallest proportion of these valuable
lsmente from the farm Sell cotton lint washed wool butter fat animas or their
products honey wax Retain cotton seed grain hay and pasture for consump
tion at home because these products contain the very essence of soil fertility
whie the others eontain but little that is of value to the soilTHE COMMONWEALTH
H
THE COUNTRY
THE PEOPLE
THE PRODUCTIONS
PART IOUTLINE VIEW
By J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture
ATLANTA GEORGIA
JAS P HARRISON 4 CO STATB PRINTERS
1884THE
Commonwealth of Georgia
CHAPTER I
GENERAL CHARACTER OF GEORGIA
The elements which enter into the composition of a State are so
num erous that in order to understand its character as a whole some
short cut is needed Perhaps no better compendious method is to
be found than dealing with a State as with an individual to inquire
into its general character and reputation among those who already
know it Judged by this standard which is obviously fair the
character of Georgia among her sister States stands confess
edly high She is favorably known among her neighbors and
favorably regarded abroad She has no inconsiderable influence in
the councils of the nation and very great influence in the councils
of the South the section of which she is a member Among these
especially her views and opinions in matters of Federal and State
policy are respected and her example largely followed Indeed
she has by general consent acquired the title of the Empire State
of the South a title however which may perhaps hereafter need
to be transferred to Texas On this subject the Encyclopedia Brit
annica closes its article with the remark Texas possibly excepted
no Southern State has a greater future than Georgia
The opinions thus formed could be put in evidence in a court of
justice They are the resultant of many factors and the conclusions
of many observers Georgia being the youngest daughter of Eng
land among the colonies is also among the younger States west of
her a Mother State and so she visits much and in turn is much
visited even as Atlanta is a Gate city so is Georgia largely a GateDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
280

State The Atlantic and Gulf elopes both are hers In the chain
of travel between the emigrant and immigrant States of the South
he is a connecting link so in the resorts to Florida as a sanitari
um and to those in Southern Georgia and indeed in Northern
Georgia also she is a link in the chain when not its terminus And
thus the opportunities of mutual acquaintance are unusually good
between Georgia and citizens of all States and sections
It will be the object of some ensuing chapters to indicate the
particulars which go to make up this general character In the
present chapter we will notice one general feature which charac
terizes the State in many of its aspects
Georgia is eminently and in almost every respect
A VABIETY STATE
Taried as to country people and productions as to soil and climate
as to the people who inhabit it white and black as to industries
and institutions as to fruits and vegetables and farm garden and
orchard products as to resources agricultural mineral and manu
facturing
Its territory is large with ample room for choice and selection
Its chief extent is fiom north to south so the range of latitude is
considerable northward from a nearly tropical southern boundary
The range of elevation is also large from tidewater by a gradual
rise to bold mountains with only stinted vegetation Latitude and
elevation thus help each other in supplying a remarkable range of
climate and production
The State is full of geological variety with consequent variety of
oils and minerals In ths census volume entitled Cotton Pro
duction of the State of Georgia the opening comment on the
geological features of the State is this The geological formations
represented in Georgia embrace the Metamorphic the Palaeozoic
the Triassic Cretaceous Tertiary and Quaternary
And all these are considerably mixed together As the present
treatment however is for the popular rather than the scientific
reader we may say that the geology embraces formations prior to
the early forms of life and from these all grades to regions of which
the witty remark was made to one who complained that his section
281
THE COMMONWEALTH OF GEORGIA
was not appreciated A fine country it may be but God Almighty
has not yet finished it
Nor less varied is the population extending from a peculiarly
pure form of the AngloSaxon raceunsurpassed as a blood in the wide
world to the African of various tribes some of them of the better
races others descended from the Guinea negro very low in the
scale
Between these extremes nearly all varieties are to be found and
yet with the State stamp upon them all But to treat of the peo
plemost important work of allmust be the task of later chapters
Yaried in like manner are the productions of the State both nat
ural and cultivated From the magnolia liveoak and palmetto of
lower Georgia we pass through a region of pine and another of
oak hickory and poplar to the chinqnepiu and chestnut of the
mountains on which grow also the wellknown and wellnamed
oak orchards the scrubbed oaks almost as hard as ironbearing a
close resemblance to apple trees
The home of the orange fig and banana at the south of the
choicest of peaches melons and pears in the middle of the State r
and of apples cherries berries etc in the north
Between the planting seasons or the early vegetable seasons of
different sections the range is so great that one would almost think
time would run out and a single season be insufficient to cover the
range between the coast and the mountains
Diversity of occupation also obtains liberally cotton and corn
rice sugar truck farming fruits melons even tea There are
mining industries in gold iron and coal quarries of granite and
marble and buhrstone Scarcely any State surpasses Georgia in
variety of minerals
Manufacturing industries great and small are constantly growing
in extent and variety and of late years the small industries have
been introduced the best foundation for permanent prosperity
small industries in manufactures being like small farms in agricul
ture The number of towns has also increased astonishingly Cot
ton and wool factories iron works soap brooms buckets fertilizers
watches cutlery etc etc are all in progress or budding
The people are enterprising selfreliant shifty not afraid theyDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
282
are plastic and not easily crushed There is enterprise in many
ways in town and city in railroads in coining and going in the
presswitness as a leading example the Constitution newspaper
Now for these various statements and many more that might be
made the specifications and details are to be given in short chap
ters or tracts on the various heads for the easy use of those inter
ested on one head or topic or another Say one on the people
another on the products one on the whites another on the colored
people or on cotton or climate or a sanitarium for invalids and so
on for each topic and each taste
On the whole we who live in Georgia think we have in Georgia
an excellent patch and parcel of the earths surface very conveni
ent for mans use and occupation for the three great purposes of
health wealth and societyCHAPTER II
A STRONG OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA
Theek are three main topics Jo be treated viz The Country
the People and the Productions
1 THE COUNTRY
SITUATION
Georgia lies between
a latitudeGeorgia lies between 30 deg 21 min 39
sec and 35 deg North latitude It is strictly a Southern State
for its Northern boundary 35 deg is south of the lowest parallel
of Europe 36 deg
b LongitudeThe State lies between 80 deg 50 min 9 sec
and 85 deg 44 min west from Greenwich between 3 deg 47 min
21 sec and 8 deg 42 min West from Washington City At sunrise
in Georgia 6 a m it is noon in Eastern France and Switzerland
sundown in Southwest China and Thibet and midnight in the
heart of the Pacific Oceansay half way between the Sandwich
Islands and New Zealand
c PositionIn the United States Georgia is in the Southeast
corner of the Southeast section of the Union except Florida it is
the extreme Southeastern State It lies just at the bend of the
coast the Atlantic and Gulf States form a grand arch of which
Georgia is the keystone
BOUNDARIES
Georgia is bounded on the North by Tennessee and North Caro
lina on the East by South Carolina and the Atlantic ocean on
the South by Florida and on the west by Florida and Alabama
The Northern boundary is the 35th parallel of North latitude
extending from Nickajack to Ellicotts Rock This line separates
Georgia from Tennessee for 13 miles and from North Carolina for
70 milesDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
284J
The Eastern boundary is the Savannah ri zer separating Georgia
from South Carolina running in a general course of about
South 35 deg East for about 247 miles and then to the Atlantic
coast running about South 20 West about 120 miles
The Southern boundary is partly the St Marys river partly a
line running 87 deg 17 min 22 sec average direction nearly a
parallel of latitude for 158 miles
The Western boundary is partly the Chattahoochee river average
course about North 6 deg West for about 150 miles then leaving
the river the boundary runs North 9 deg 30 min West to the
Tennessee line 146 miles
FORM AND DIMENSIONS
In form Georgia is massive and compact Five lines suffice for
a fair outline and six for a close approximation being a keystone
it is nearly such in form wedgeshaped
The greatest length is from North to South about 320 miles
and the greatest breadth from East to West about 254
The Gee graphical centre of Georgia is about 20 miles Southeast
of Macon near Jeffersonville in Twiggs county Near the same
point is the centre of the colored population of the Union
AEEA
The area of Georgia is 58980 square miles it is the ninth State
in size in the Union and the largest State east of the Mississippi
TOPOGRAPHY
MountainsThe great Appalachian chain the breastbone of
the continent the Rocky Mountains on the west being the back
bone forms by far the leading topographical feature of the long
line of Atlantic States In its relation to this great feature Geor
gia has its entire northern boundary among mountain ranges
extending beyond her limits into Alabama on the west and South
Carolina on the east No peak in Georgia is a mile high Mt
Enotah in Towns county the highest being 4796 feet The most
noted mountains are the Rabun Bald Blood Tray Yonah
Grassy Walkers Lookout and the Stone Mountain the largest
mass of solid granite in the world285
OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA
BulgesA great ridge runs from the St Lawrence River through
the Atlantic States to Cape Sable in Florida
This ridge of which the culminating points are mountains
passes almost centrally through Georgia It is for threefourths of
its length the long irregular eastern edge of the great Mississippi
basin
A 6econd great ridge separates the Mississippi valley from the
Gulf slope This the southern edge of the Mississippi basin also
passes through Northern Georgia The two ridges meet near the
corner of Rabun Towns and White counties
At this critical point a man standing with an umbrella in a shower
eheds the water so that one part reaches the Atlantic near Savannah
a second part the Gulf at Apalachicola while a third enters the
Gulf below New Orleans having passed successively through the
Hiwassee the Tennessee Ohio and Mississippi Rivers
Water Sheds Georgia participates in three great basins deter
mined by the ridges just described Of her surface there are in the
Atlantic slope about 32400 square miles the Gulf slope about 25730
square miles the Mississippi valley about 850 square miles Thus
the drainage of about 54 per cent of the surface is into the Atlan
tic
RiversOn the Atlantic coast there is but one slope and generally
the rivers flow with a rough parallelism southeast to the ocean In
Georgia which partakes of three great slopes they run in all di
rections southeast southwest west and north In the Atlantic
States generally they run as from the ridge of a roof In Georgia
as from the apex of a cone
The rivers on the Atlantic coast lie generally rather on the west
side of their basins and the longest confluent streams are on the east
side
RIVER SYSTEM OF GEORGIA
Atlantic Slope
32400
LENGTH HD OF NAVIGATION NAVBLE LENGTH BASIN AREA
Savannah 450 Augusta 250 4000
Ogeechee 200 Louisville 150 6000
Altamaha 70 70 14104
10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
286
LENGTH HD OF NAVIGATION NAVBLE LENGTH BASIN ABBA
Oconee 300
Ocmnlgee 300
Satilla
St Marys
Gulf Slope
Flint 300
Chhoochee 450
Ooosa
C R R Bridge 340
Ilawkinsville 340
Burnt Fork 50
Traders Hill 50
4500
6000
4000
500
27020
9500
6000
6020
Albany 250
Columbus 300
Rome
Oostanaula105
Etowah
The navigable length of the Altamaha is added to its confluents
the Oconee and Ocmulgee
The estimates are only approximate
Water powers abound especially at the heads of navigation of
the rivers estimated in the aggregate at 4000000 horse power
This exceeds the entire amount in actual use in the Union for all
manufacturing and milling purposes
CoastThe coast line runs southwest from Savannah to St Ma
rysin a direct line about 128 miles by shore line about 4S0
HarborsSavannah and Brunswick have the principal harbors
and are the chief ports Darien and St Marys have also good har
bors
Sounds are numerous along the coast affording excellent internal
navigation
Islands abound along the entire coast line
The Okefinokee Swamp trembling earth several hundred
square miles in area is more than 100 feet above tide water and
susceptible of drainage
Natural DivisionsThese are threeUpper Middle and Lower
Georgia Upper Georgia is mountainous Middle Georgia an un
dulating country with clay soil and oak and hickory forests South
ern or Lower Georgia is characterized by sandy surface soil and pine
forests These sections are often subdivided for the sake of nicer
discrimination
SceneryThe State abounds in fine and varied scenerymoun
tains valleys and waterfalls These are now accessible and much
visited and admired287
OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA
II
Among the noted views are those from Lookout Pigeon and
Stone Mountains and from Yonah and Tray Nacoochee is the
most noted valley Among the falls are Tallulah theterrible Toc
coa the beautiful and the Estatoa as yet little known but of
surpassing beauty
GeologyThe general geological features of the Atlantic slope
from the sea to the mountains represent all the intermediate grades
from the period of earliest life to lands yet unfinished Of these
manifold formations Georgia cuts out a slice
The lines of the State run across all topographical and geological
divisions
MINERALS
The minerals depending on the geology are equally varied
Few States present so great a variety embracing amongst others
gold iron silver copper lead and manganese granite limestone
marble sandstone slate buhrstone soapstone mifa asbestos
kaolin and various precious stones the diamond ruby amethyst aud
opal
A list of the minerals is given in the Hand Book of Georgia p
30
SOILS
These depending also on the geological formation are equally
varied and often so intermixed that the epithet spotted would
apply In the northwest the soil is composed of disintegrated lime
stone etc in the northeast of granite and like stones In Middle
Georgia are red clay and gray soils with potash In Southern
Georgia the better lands contain lime and marl A region near
Columbus is cretaceous The fertility of the soil and its adaptation
to production will be the subject of a future chapter
CLIMATE
The climate of Georgia is full of variety in its relations to
health comfort and production Since for every three hundred feet
of elevation there is a fall of one deg in temperature this cause
would make a change in Georgia of about 16 deg The difference
of latitude 4 deg would occasion a difference of about 9 deg12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
288
These two causes would effect a variation therefore of about 25 deg
The annual mean for the State is about 651 degthe summer
mean about 797 deg and the winter mean about501 deg In North
ern Georgia the summer mean about 753 deg the winter mean
about 428 deg In South Georgia the annual mean 677 deg sum
mer 813 winter 536 In Middle Georgia the annual mean 635
summer 792 winter 472
The foregoing figures are derived from the records of the De
partment of Agriculture and they rectify the usual statements of
temperature based on imperfect data
The mean temperature of Atlanta corresponds with that of Wash
ington City Louisville and St Louis The extremes are seldon as
great as in the Northern cities and sun strokes are less frequent
On the whole the range of choice in climate is very wide from the
invigorating climate of the mountains to the rather debilitating
summer climate of the South modified however by the sea
breezes
There are few climates superior for the year round to that of
Middle Georgia Southern Georgia supplies in winter a sanitari
um for pulmonary diseases and Northern Georgia in summer for
malarial diseases and fever indeed for lung diseases also
Inadequate provision is made against cold in our homes but the
tendency is to improvement in this regard
Our winterclimate is euch as respects production that foreigners
say we have two annual crops This fact is of great service in win
tering stock
RainfallThis varies in different sections of the Stateand
not in the way usually represented The lowest reports indicate
39 inches the highest 72 The average is about 50 inches A full
report will be given hereafter
NATURAL PRODUCTS
ForestsThere is timber abundant for all purposes fuel and
material for work material for houses and ships for fencing and
furniture and tools for use and ornament for shade and fruit for
wagons carriages and plows
A large business is done in the exportation of lumber and also o
turpentine and like productsr289
OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA
13
Pine oak hickory walnut the elm ash and maple magnolia
and live oak abound in different sections There are great advan
tages in the second growth pines which follow after cultivation
In the hand book of Georgia p 110 a list of 230 woody plants
is given
GrassesA chapter will be devoted hereafter to the natural
and the cultivated grasses of Georgia
Fuller information on these subjects will be furnished in subse
quent chapters
This completes perhaps with sufficient fullness the outline view
of the Country an Empire in extent full of variety abound
ingin resources and offering ample room for choice in the wide
and diversified range of human pursuitsCHAPTER III
We are now to treat of the second great head
IITHE PEOPLE
POPULATION
a Number The population of Georgia by the census of 1880 was
1542180 being 261 persons per sq mile
b Families The number of families was 303060an average of
509 persons to a family
c Dwellings The dwellings were 289474an average of 523 per
sons to a dwelling
d Distribution Territorial
Section Population Per Sq Mile
North Georgia 337000 30
Middle Georgia 568000 43
Southwest Georgia 310000 21
East Georgia 207000 20
Southeast Georgia 120200 12
A table showing the population of the counties will be given
hereafter
e Town amd Country
The census does not supply the exact information The informa
tion obtained at considerable pains is approximately as follows
Rural population 1266900 82 per cent
Town 275280 18 percent
There are in Georgia
Cities with over 10000 inhabitants 5
Towns 2000 to 10000 15
Towns 1000 to 2000 23
Villages 500 to 1000 42
Villages 200 to 500 129
Villages 100 to 200 163
Cities towns and villages 377291 THE PEOPLE 1
Population in 1880
Chief Places
Atlanta 37409
Savannah 30709
Augusta 21891
Macon 12749
Columbus 1 10103
Athens 6099
Rome 3877
Milledgeville 3797
Americus 3635
Griffin 3620
Albany 3216
All these places have increased in population since the census
The density of the rural population is 213 per square mile
Population by Race
White 816906 53 percent
Colored 725103 47 percent
Excess of whites 91803 In the cities and towns the per cent
of colored population is somewhat uniform In the country it varies
widely from 1 to 90 per cent
Mistaken estimates have been made of the rate of increase of the
colored population as compared with the whites
Gross errors in these estimates will be exposed in a future chap
ter
g Population by Age
Minors under 21 877781 57 per cent
Adults over 21664399 73 per cent
School age 5 to 17 inclusive511555 33 per cent
Voters males over 21321438 21 per cent
Persons over 80 6786
h Sex of Population
Males 762981
Females 779199
Excess of females 16218
i Nativity
Natives 1531616
Foreign born 10564
The foreign born are not threefourths of 1 per cent of the peoplei6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
292
Of these from Ireland 4148 England Scotland and British Amer
ica 1909 j Germany 2956 France 295 Sweden 138 Switzerland
107 Italy 82
State of Birth
There are in Georgia born in other States 136402 persons Of
these born in South Carolina 50195 North Carolina24156 Ala
bama 17000 Virginia 14606 Tennessee 10717 Florida 5840
New York 2570 New England 2144 Pennsylvania 1000 all
Northern States about 10000
Born in Georgia living in other States 323854 Excess of emi
grants over immigrants 187452 Such excess is common to the
older States in South Carolina the like excess was 195000 in
North Carolina 242000 in Virginia 621000 in Tennessee 262
000 in Kentucky 267000 in Ohio 500000
j Mortality
Deaths in census year in Georgia 215491 to 716 persons In
the United States 7588931 to 662 persons
Deaths of persons under 5 years in Georgia 1008047 per cent
of all In the United States 30280640 per cent of all
The mortality among colored infants largely affects this percent
age
jfc Occupations of the People
All occupations 597862 Agricultural 43220472 per cent
professional and personal services 104269 17 per cent trade and
transportation 252224 per cent manufactures mining etc
361676 per cent
Of the agricultural class 145062 are farmers and planters 3202
nurserymen florists etc and 284060 laborers
In the professional class 3633 arc classed as teachers too few
6146 in Report of Schools etc physicians 1995 clergymen 1747
lawyers 1432 journalists 175
In manufacturing the reported number of officers and operators
including those in iron works is about 6500 in milling about
4050 in mining too small 460
Of mechanics about 5000 are carpenters tailors 3258 black
smiths 2898 brickmasons 1253 lumbermen 1080 elsewhere
much more numerous 4971293
THE PEOPLE
17
Hotel keepers etc 1728 livery stable keepers 454 laundresses
7936
Laborers 47219 domestic servants 33139too small
I Defective Dependent and Delinquent Classes
Number of insane 1697 idiotic 2433 blind 1636 deaf 819
Paupers 1278 Criminals 1837 viz 231 whites 1606 colored
Illiterates over 10 years old unable to write whites 128934 colored
391482
m CENTRES OF POPULATION
1 The Geographical Centre of Georgia 2 thecentre of colored
population of Georgia and 3 the centre of olored population of
the United States are all near the same spot in Twiggs county
not far from Jeffersonville
The centre of aggregate population of Georgia and the cntre of
white population are both near Forsyth and only a few miles from
each other That of aggregate population about ten miles a little
north of east and that of white population about twelve miles
northeast of Forsyth The centre of population is about 40 miles
northwest of the centre of area
It is a remarkable fact in regard to centres of population in the
United States that three of them should be nearly on the same me
ridian near the S4th west of Greenwich near the 7th west of
Washington City viz the centre of aggregate population that of
foreign population and that of colored population None of them
are near the centre of area of the United States which is in Kansas
All the centres have gradually moved westward
INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE
POLITICAL BUSINESS RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE ASSOCIA
TIONS
1 POLITICAL
a Federal GovernmentGeorgia being a member of the Fed
eral Union every citizen of Georgia is therefore a citizen also of
the United States and conversely every citizen of the United
States resident in Georgia oldiers stationed in the State excepted
is a citizen of Georgia In the Federal councils the State is repre
sented by two Senators and ten Representativesi8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
294

The tendency of the people of Georgia has ever been to a strict
construction of the Constitution of the United States and to the re
striction of Federal powers
b State GovernmentConstitution of 1877The limitations up
on the powers of government in this Constitution are unusually com
plete and pronounced embracing nearly all the provisions for the
protection of liberty and personal rights to be found in any State
Constitution and some additional safeguards which have been
copied in other States
Prominent among them are the provisions limiting taxation limit
ing State credit and City and County credit the most dangerous
powers of government regulating railroads by law requiring a
majority of all the members of each house instead of a majority of a
mere quorum to pass bills requiring a twothirds vote in sundry
important cases and the like
Some defects in the Constitution and suggestions as to the reme
dy have been recently discussed in an able series of articles by a
prominent citizen with a view to remedying the defects without
hazarding the valuable features of the Constitution or incurring
the expense of a Convention The suggestions were the following
vfe
To strike from the Constitution the provision as to the introduc
tion of and action upon local and special bills
To fix the limit of the biennial session at eighty days and at the
same time to reduce the time to be devoted to local legislation
To restore to the Governor subject to the approval of the Senate
the appointment of Judges of the Superior Court and Solicitors
To extend the terms of the Governor and heads of departments
to fonr years with a disqualification on the part of the Governor
for reelection to the next term
To increase the number of Senators to eightyeight and
To restore the provisions of the Constitution of 1868 as to the
selection of jurors for the trial of civil and criminal cases
The writer of these suggestions was a member of the Conven
tion and for years since a member of the General Assembly with
opportunities of observing the practical operations of the Constitu
tion
295
THE PEOPLE
19
His views will doubtless receive the careful consideration of the
Legislature
Synopsis of the ConstitutionFirst PrinciplesThe Constitu
tion opens with a declaration of first principles Government is
for the good of the people and its officers are their servants The
object of government is the establishment of freedom limited by
justice to this end the protection of person and property should
be impartial and complete
Source of PowerThe people are the source of power and all
rights not delegated are reserved Suffrage is bestowed on all male
citizens 21 years of age of sound mind not criminals and who have
paid all taxes for the support of government The number of fe
males exceeds that of males and the number of minors exceeds
that of adults the elective body constitutes therefore rather
more than onefifth of the entire body of citizens
On election days the sale of liquor within two miles of the polls
is prohibited
Delegation of PowerExtraordinaryA Constitutional Conven
tion is the supreme representative seat of power Such a Conven
tion may be called by a vote of twothirds of all the members elected
of each house Amendments to the Constitution may be made by
such a Convention representing the sovereign power ef the State
or they may be proposed by twothirds of all the members elected
of each house and submitted to the people for ratification or re
jection
Ordinary Powersthe State GovernmentThe usual distinction
is made into three departmentsLegislative Judicial and Executive
Bill of Rights The declaration of rights limiting all depart
ments of government and protecting the citizen against them all
precedes the bestowmcnt of delegated power on any department
The Bill of Rights provides for liberty of person prohibits slavery
declares that the writ of habeas corpus shall nevkb be suspended
provides for liberty of speech complete liberty of conscience
equality before the law the proper publication of law which
shall not be ex post facto nor retroactive provides that the socia
status of the people shall not be a subject of legislation and makes
numerous and powerful provisions for the protection of property20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
296
The taxing power is closely hedged in and limited certain home
stead privileges and the property of wives are secured
These provisions protect the citizen chiefly from the abuse of
power by the legislative department
Protection from the Judiciary and by the JudiciaryEvery
person is entitled to due process of law to a day in court to trial by
jury he is entitled to a speedy trial and exposed to but one Pro
vision is made against banishment against whipping against exces
sive bail or fines or cruel and unusual punishments and against im
prisonment for debt penalties are limited so also punishment for
contempt oi court
The Judiciary shall declare unconstitutional laws void
Additional safeguards appear positively and negatively in the
provisions bestowing and limiting the powers of the three depart
ments of government
ORGANIZATION INTO DEPARTMENTS
Legislative Department This consists of a General Assembly
composed of two houses the Senate and the House of Representa
tives The Senate consists of 44 members and the House of 1 75
SenateSeparate FunctionsThe trial of impeachment and the
ratification or rejection of certain nominations by the Governor are
special functions of the Senate
SouseSeparate FunctionsThe House has the initiative of
all appropriation bills also of certain special and local bills and of
impeachments
JOINT FUNCTIONS
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Flections and Sessions Elections for both houses are biennial
and the term for bath is the same two years Sessions are biennial
and fr 40 days unless extended by a twothirds vote of all the
members of both houses A call session by the Governor is limi
ted to the matter of the call
Proceedings in the General AssemblyAmong the special pro
visions are some perhaps overstringent ones as to local bills
Bills to borrow money must have exact specifications297 THE PEOPLE 2I
The yeas and nays are provided for in numerous cases and al
ways on a call of one fifth of the memberson appropriation billsand
on bills requiring a twothirds vote
A twothirds vote is needed to prolong a session over 40 days
to override a veto to raise salaries to reintroduce a bill once re
jected to introduce local bills not reported to expel a member to
propose a Constitutional Convention or amendment
Both houses must keep journals and publish them
Duties not LegislativeElections on joint ballot of the Justices
of the Supreme Court Judges of the Superior Court and Solicitors
General counting votes for Goveror and if no majority electing
Governor
LEGISLATIVE POWERS
General Grant of PowerAH powers are granted not repugnant
to the Constitution of the United States and of Georgia
Restraints and LimitationsAlmost the entire bill of rights is
in restraint of Legislative power The provisions that laws shall
be of general operation and that all citizens shall be equal befere
the law prevent special privileges
The power of taxation is declared inalienable so the State can
not depart with the right of Eminent Domain or with the Police
power
No irrevocable grant of any privilege shall be made Kevocation
of grants already made shall be on just terms to the grantees
The granting of certain corporate powers is taken from the Legis
lature and conferred on the Courts
The Legislature cannot grant any gratuity or donation except to
the University of Georgia and the Colored University nor extra
pay nor relief on recognizances
Lotteries are prohibited
Lobbying is made a crime
TAXATION
This subject is much labored The power is declared inalienable
The objects are strictly limited to the support of Government
and the public Institutions interest on public debt principal of the22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
298
public debt cases of insurrection invasion or war and two special
objectselementary education and furnishing soldiers artificial
limbs
As to mode taxation shall be uniform on classes and ad valorem
on property
A poll tax of one dollar is allowed for educational purposes
Exemptions are limited
Public property churches and cemeteries charities colleges and
schools public libraries literary associations books and apparatus
paintings and statuary not for sale or profit are exempt No other
exemptions are allowed especially no corporate exemptions
Uses of Public MoneyThese are limited to the objects stated
A sinking fund of 100000 is provided for to pay bonds etc Of
ficers are to make no profit out of funds No gratuity donation
or extra pay is allowed
The State Credit is carefully guarded No debt is to be contracted
save for a deficiency not exceeding 200000 in case of invasion
insurrection or war or for the payment of the public debt The
act must specify purpose and be so limited No assumption of debt
is allowed save of war debt No loan for any purpose The State
shall not become a stockholder Certain Bonds are enumerated as
void
Local Taxation and Credit are also carefully guarded Counties
and Cities may not become stockholders and may not give nor lend
save to charities and schools County taxes are limited to debt now
existing public works prisons court expenses quarantine
paupers and education in English The debt of city or county
shall not exceed 7 per cent of assessed value of property If not
now seven it may be increased three percent For deficiency one
fifth of one percent is allowed A twothirds vote is required Ade
quate provision for debt must be made in advance to meet it in
not exceeding thirty years
Powers as to RailroadsThese are full and yet carefully
guarded The Legislature must regulate rates and secure impar
tiality Any amendment of a charter shall operate as a novation and
subject the railroads to legal regulation Buying its own shares299 THE PEOPLE 23
monopoly rebates deception as to rates are prohibited to every
railroad
Certain Powers as to Insurance Companies are granted For
taxation license requiring deposits etc also requiring reports
Powers as to the State Militia and Volunteers are granted
Powers Concerning EducationThese concern elementary educa
tion also the higher education in the University of Georgia A State
School Commission and a school fund are provided Only the ele
mentary branches are to be taught White and colored schools are to
be separate County and city taxes may supplement the State school
fund on certain conditions
DELEGATION OF POWER
To CountiesNo new counties are to be laid off A County site
can only be changed by a twothirds vote of the people Dissolution
or merger of counties require a twothirds vote of the people Coun
ty officers and commissioners are provided for A Tax for educa
tional purposes is allowed on recommendation of grand juries and
a twothirds vote of the people
To CorporationsThe General Assembly grants acts of incorpo
ration to certain more important Associations The courts to others
specified
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
This consists of the Supreme Court the Superior Courts Court
of Ordinary Justices of the Peace and Notaries Public The
Legislature may establish other courts and may abolish any except
the above named
The Supreme Court is a court of errors only It consists of a
Chief Justice and two Associates elected by the Legislature for six
yearssalary 3000
Superior CourtsThere are twentyone judicial circuits in the
State and twentyone Judges of the Superior Court chosen each
for six yearssalary 2C00 They can exchange at convenience
with each other or with city court judge The jurisdiction of the
Superior Court is exclusive in equity in land titles divorce cases
and in criminal cases involving life or the penitentiary Provisions
are made for the trial of appeals certioraris from lower courts etc
Juries must be composed of intelligent and upright menH
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
30O
Such are the provisions affecting the judicial department
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
The Governors powers and pay are small his duties and re
sponsibilities large and numerous He is elected for two years
may serve two terms and is ineligible then for four years In case
of disability the President of the Senate or next the Speaker of
the House becomes acting Governor till an election supplies the
vacancy
The Governor is commanderinchief of the army and militia and
it is his duty to execute the laws The pardoning power is his he
fills vacancies in certain offices In his relations to the General
Aesembly he gives information and makes recommendations can
convoke the Assembly in certain contingencies declare it ad
journed he has the veto power subject to two third vote thereafter
he is charged with quarterly examinations of the books of the
ComptrollerGeneral and the Treasurer
The Secretary of State ComptrollerGeneral and Treasurer are
all elected by the people for two years
The Governor appoints the School Commissioner Commissioner
of Agriculture and Railroad Commissioners
Such is a general view of the organic law of the State We give
next a view of the more important
LAWS OF GEOEGIA
Sources of KnowledgeThese are ample and complete in Geor
gia as they should be in every State for since ignorance of the law
is no excuse the law should therefore be well promulgated
Inherited Zuio Xl the separation from the mother country
there were English and Colonial laws of force in the colony These
formed a sort of stock on which subsequent laws were grafted
With some limits as to their application they were all declared of
force by the act of 1784 known as the Adopting Act viz The
Common Law of England the Civil and Common Law the prin
ciples of Equity English Statutes aud a body of Provincial Acts as
they were in force May 14th 1776
The English statutes were collated by authority in Schleys Di
gest 1826301 THE PEOPLE 25
State LawsThe first digest of State laws was Watkins Digest
rejected by the General Assembly because it contained the obnox
ious Yazoo act
List of Digests Sanctioned by Authority
Volume 1 Marbury Crawford1802
2 Clayton1810
3 Lamar1819
4 Dawson1829
5 Prince18211837
6 Hotchkiss1845
7 Cobb1851
8 The Code first edition1863
Then three subsequent editions of the Code in 1667 1873 and
1882 After every session the laws are published in pamphlet form
The Code is a monument to the genius and industry of its com
pilers especially to those of the lamented Thomas K R Cobb the
moving spirit in its conception and execution The index is defec
tive however in principle and execution
The Law as it now isCode of 1882The Code is abundantly
and laboriously annotated numerous notes show the heads of espe
cial practical importance and mark disputed tracts of law By
glancing over its pages one may see not the blood but the ink
spots of many legal frays
The Code consists of four parts
Part 1 Organization 2 Civil Code 3 Code of Practice 4
Penal Laws
The Hank of Laws appears in the Constitution and also in the
Code
1 The Constitution of the United States
2 Laws and treaties under the same
3 The Constitution of Georgia
4 Public laws under the same
5 The unanimous decisions of the Supreme Court made by a full
bench
6 Private laws
7 Customs of universal practice
As authority legal maxims text books and practice26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
C302
Decisions of the United States courts are paramount on constitu
tional questions equal on commercial law 6nperior on State law
We give a brief view of the several prts of the Code
PART IORGANIZATION
This part sets forth the boundary and jurisdiction of the State
and its political divisions There are 137 countie 44 senatorial
districts 21 judicial circuits and 10 Congressional districts These
will be given in more detail hereafter
Citizenship is defined and the distinction of race Oneeighth of
African blood constitutes a person of color
The Code gives a fuller view of the three Departments of State
than does tl5e Constitution So also of County organization and City
of the public revenue debt property defense etc of elections po
lice and sanitary regulations and the like
This part of the Code prescribes the mode of conducting Elec
tions by the People and by the General Assembly
It defines the duties of the Executive Department of the Gov
ernor his residence official minutes etc of the State House offi
cers the Secretary of State Treasurer and Comptroller General
School Commissioner Commissioner of Agriculture Attorney
General Librarian etc
More particular reference will be made hereafter to the Depart
ment of Agriculture established first in Georgia and copied exten
sively elsewhere
The same part of the Code defines more fully the duties also of
the Legislative and Judicial Departments the organization of the
State into counties and other political divisions provides for Tax
ation the Public Revenue Debt and Property Public printing and
Public defense
The Public School system and the whole Educational system of
the State is also here set forth and the provision for the Blind
Deaf and Dumb Lunatics and unfortunate classes also Police and
Sanitary regulations and the Penitentiary system
To some of these fuller reference will be made hereafter
EducationalThe school law of Georgia is a model unsurpassed
in the Union for completeness and good features It is a splendid
303
THE PEOPLE
27
Hank however which needs to be filled with money Provision
is made by the Constitution for donations to the University of
Georgia but the Legislature seldom avails itself of them The
whole educational system is a form to be filled outscantily supplied
by the State The endowment of the University is the liberality
of a past generation
PART IITHE CIVIL CODE
This the most important part sets forth the rights duties and
liabilities of citizens with their limitations
Rights of CitizensIn general a citizen has a right to the free
use of his own person and property except as restrained by law
He has thus the right to personal liberty and personal security viz
of body limb and reputation freedom of conscience and religious lib
erty He has the right to the protection of law to make contracts
to appeal to the courts and to testify in them Adult male citizens
have the right to the elective franchise to hold office and to perform
civil fuuctions
All persons whether citizens or not have the right to the pro
tection of the law to hold property to the free use and disposition
of the same during life and the qualified right to dispose of it at
death
Indeed the whole Bill of Rights in the Constitutions of the
United States and the State is in the interest of personal rights and
equality before the law
EIGHTS AND DUTIE8 ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL RELATIONS
DOMESTIC RELATIONS
Husband and WifePartiesThe marriage of white persons
to persons of color is prohibited Marriage is prohibited to male
persons under seventeen years females under fourteen For a fe
male under eighteen the consent of her parents or guardian is
necessary Persons related by blood more nearly than first cousins
may not intermarry The marriage of a deceased wifes sister is
not prohibited A license from the ordinary is required
The Grounds of Divorce are consanguinity too close affinity
mental or physical impediments force or fraud in obtaining mar
riage pregnancy at time of marriage adultery desertion for three38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
304
years conviction for a base crime with sentence to imprisonment
for two years Cruel treatment and habitual intoxications furnish dis
cretionary grounds
The concurrent verdict of two juries is necessary to a total di
vorce The juries fix the relations of the parties to the children
and property
Property of Married WomenThis remains separate whether
held at marriage or acquired thereafter The wife has a limited
agency by reason of her relation as such She has aright to dower
unless surrendered in real estate in possession at the death of the
husband
Numerous other provisions affect this most important relation
On the death of the husband intestate the wife inherits from
him if no child the whole estate if child or children not exceed
ing four a childs part if over four one fifth of estate
Parent and child are bound to mutual support when needed
and have the right of mutual protection It is the parents duty to
maintain protect and educate the child
Provisions are made for adoption of children for protection
against cruel treatment by parents etc etc
Guardian and WardAmple provision is made for this rela
tion needing no special mention
Master and ServantProvision for this relation by indenture
etc is made Laborers in factories are not subject tocorporal punish
ment The hours of labor for minors cannot exceed those between
sunrise and sunset and time for meals must be allowed
EELATIONS OTHEE THAN DOMESTIC ARISING OUT OF O0NTBA0T
Principal and AgentFew peculiar provisions are to be found
except in the law affecting
OverseersAs this agency is very broad and general much of it
is left to implication and so it has been much contested The con
tract need not to be in writing though not to be performed within
a year
Landlord and TenantThis is another frequent relation The
landlord has a lien for rent and may distrain for it Rent bears
interest Rent not exceeding half the crop payable in kind is not305
THE PEOPLE
29
liable to process against tenant The landlord may have a special
lien for provisions and this must be written
DepositsA bank officer is liable criminally for receiving de
posits when he knows the bank to be insolvent
InterestThe legal rate is 7 per cent By written contract it
may be eight For usury the excess only is forfeited
Debtor and CreditorThe rights of creditors are favored Cer
tain contracts must be in writing viz securityship the sale of land
promises to revive a debt out of date contracts not to be performed
within a year except with overseers and some others
The rights of securities are very strictly construed
Conveyances to defeat creditors are void
A debtor can prefer a creditor
HomesteadThe value set apart amounts to 1600
Exemptions These areof land 50 acres and 5 acres added for
each child under 16 a farmhorse or mule cow and calf 10 hog9
50 worth of provisions five added for each child and some other
items including tools of trade
A deceased debtors property is liable to certain charges before
debts are paid viz a years support for the family etc
Limitation of ActionsNotes are barred in six years open ac
counts in four years unless by reason of disability in plaintiff
A new promise must be in writing A payment entered by the
debtor suffices
Mortgagesmust be recorded within 30 days else they only pro
tect from the date of record
LiensNumerous liens are provided for by the code express
and implied Among them liens of attorneys bailees carriers fac
tors innkeepers laborers landlords and mechanics
The vendors lien is abolished
PROPERTY EIGHTS
Real EstateThe tenure is allodial the land held under the
State without service of any kino7 and limited only by the right of
eminent domain in the State Transfers must usually be in writing
and recorded
Prescriptive RightsPossession for twenty years gives title so30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
306
seven years adverse possession except against persons laboring un
der disability of infancy etc
PersonalPropertyStocks are usually personalty
Adverse posession for four years gives prescriptive title except
in cases of disability of true owner
TRANSFER OF PROPERTY
By SaleThe price must be agreed on the goods identified
and delivered actually or constructively A consideration is neces
sary A deed to personal property needs no witnesses There is
in Georgia no market overt
By GiftThe donor must intend to give the donee to accept
and there must be a delivery actual or constructive Acceptance is
usually presumed
Delivery by a parent to a child living apart from him creates a
presumption of a gift
Gifts against creditors are void
By WillGenerally any person can make a will except minors
under 14 years of age and imbeciles married women only in special
cases
The power is unlimited except to defeat creditors and dower
A will for charitable uses must be made 90 days before deathand
if wife or child living not exceed onethird of estate
Limitations may extend to a life or lives in being and 21 years
and the period of gestation thereafter and no longer
Fraud vitiates a will so also a mistake as to the existence or con
duct of heirs at law vitiates as to sncb heirs
Except to nuncupative wills three witnesses are necessary
DescentThe law of inheritance is as follows
The husband is usually sole heir of intestate wife one special
exception 2484
The wife is sole heir if no children or descendants of children
If husband leaves wife and child or children the wife takes a
childs part unless the shares exceed five when the wife shall take
a fifth
Children if no wife inherit whole estate Lineal descendants
represent deceased child per Stirpe Posthumous children are in
cluded07
THE PEOPLE
3
Brothers and sisters stand in the next degree the paternal half
blood included If no brother or sister of whole or paternal half
blood then maternal halfblood inherits Deceased brothers or sis
ters are represented by their children or grandchildren per stirpe
The father if living and in certain cases the mother if she is
living and the father not inherits as would a brother and sister
Beyond these degrees paternal and maternal next of kin are
equal
First cousins stand next and equally with them uncles and aunts
More remote degrees are determined by the Canon law as in the
English decisions prior to July 4 177
LIMITATIONS ON KIGHTS OF PERSON
A person has in general all rights of person not prohibited
The right to body limb freedom of locomotion nay even the right to
life itself may be forfeited for crime punished by imprisonment at
hard labor or by death Branding and flogging in the penitentiary
also limit personal rights Special limitations also prevail in the
army and navy The citizen is also liable to military road and
jury duty and to serve as a witness His general right to bear
arms is secured to him subject to the provision that they be not
concealed Personal liberty may be limited not only by crime but
by insanity and by imprisonment for the fraudulent concealment of
property The writ of habeas corpus in Georgia is never suspended
The elective franchise may be forfeited for crime and by nonpay
ment of taxes The right to hold office may be forfeited for crime
including duellingor by default in regard to public money Per
sonal rights are subject to quarantine vaccination and to vagrancy
laws Sunday work or contracts are prohibited The office of Pro
fessor in the University of Georgia was at one time limited to per
sons of the Christian religion this restriction has been repealed as
unconstitutional
LIMITATIONS ON RTGTTTS OF PROPERTY AND ITS USE
The right of eminent domain in the State limits that of the prop
erty holder But just compensation must be made by the State
for property taken The State has the right of collecting taxes and
of impressment The State regulates common carriers inn32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
308
keepers and licensed trades and professions also railroads and
other corporations founded on the exercise of State sovereignty
There are inspection lawslaws regulating liquor selling and tippling
houses on the Sabbath dayinsolvent lawslaws regulating game
and fish escheat laws stock laws and fence laws now left to local
option The State requires the support of ones family requires
alimony in cases of divorce and prevents entails Selfmade limita
tions on property rights by contract are enforced by the State
In certain cases specific performance is enforced in others dama
ges are awarded The right to will property is limited by the wifes
right of dower by the rights of creditors and by those of the
family to twelve months support Subject to such limitations
the right of property is absolute one can do with it whatever is not
prohibited
RIGHT OF CONTRACTHOW LIMITED
Contracts on Sunday and keeping open tippling houses on Sun
day are prohibited The marriage contract is limited by certain
degrees of consanguinity or affinity White persons and color
ed may not intermarry Factory operatives under age are
limited to work between sunrise and sunset with a proper interval
for meals Compounding felonies lotteries and gambling are
prohibited These are the chief restraints upon contract
PART III OF CODEPRACTICE
Remedies differ in different States more than do rights Proce
dure in Georgia has ever been easy and intelligible The judiciary
act of 1799 made numerous and valuable improvements in law proce
dure It has been said that since its passage with some added
legislation allowing amendments no lawyer in Georgia was ever at
a loss for a remedy Among the simplifications were easy methods
for the foreclosure of mortgages for deciding claims establishing
lost papers the partition of property attachments garnishments
summary proceedings in trespass possessory warrants for personal
property etc Common law and equity jurisdiction are merged in
the same court and are gradually merging into the same ac
tion Juries are also allowed in equity There is a convenient
system provided of arbitration the decision nude a rule of CourtTHE PEOPLE
33

Still other simplification was made m pleading in 1847 by what are
known as the Jack Jones forma The rule or pleading in Georgia
has been briefly stated thus Plead what you please and prove
what you can
For general convenience there are twentyone Judicial Circuits
and Superior Courts are held in each county twice a year There
are also County and Justices Courts and certain jurisdiction is con
ferred on Notaries Thus justice is brought close home as regards
place Defendants are generally sued in their own counties In
time justice is not so prompt and it has been complained that the
collection of debts and the trial of criminals in Georgia is too slow
The evidence of parties is admitted when both parties can testify
FAET ITPENAL LAWS
The criminal law of Georgia was codified at an early period in
1883 before that of any other State by Joseph Henry Lumpkin
afterwards Chief Justice of the State The right of selfdefense
under proper circumstances is recognized even to the killing of
the assailant also the right of a private person to arrest a criminal
Drunkenness is no excuse for crime nor ignorance Stringent pro
visions are made against frauds by bailees factors bank officers State
officers etc Any bailee clerk or other person fraudulently convert
ing goods entrusted to hitnis liable criminally Bank officers are lia
ble for violation of charter and presumed to know the charter etc
Insolvency of a bank is presumed to be fraudulent Receiving depos
its when insolvent is a crime so is declaring fraudulent dividends
Sate officers may not use public money or take interest thereon
Obstructing railroad tracks is a crime Kaiiroad conductors are in
vested with police powers Lobbying is a crime Duelling and
carrying deadly weapons concealed are crime Labor or hunting
on the Sabbath are criminal so is interference with religious worship
and selling spirits except in a town during worship within a mil
of church Cruelty to animals and to children are criminal
offenses
The general view of the Code ends here
334
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
These are the Department of Agriculture the System of Public
Schools the Asylums for the Blind and the Deaf and Dumb the
Penitentiary etc They will need separate chapters
COEPOEATIONS
PublicThese are counties cities etc The powers rights and
duties of count organizations are set forth fully in the Code Lo
cal option is in many instances allowed to a county as to the ac
ceptance or rejection of a particular law or policy say of the fence
law or the prohibition of the liquor traffic City rights and pow
ers are set forth usually in their several charters
PrivateThese are Railroads Banks Insurance Companies and
the like For these also a distinct treatment is necessary and also
for various associations of private individuals for ends of religion
charity business or mutual improvement such as the State Agri
cultural Society Medical Association Teachers Association Bar
Association etc
RKVIEW
Such is a general view of the Constitution and Liws of Georgia
its political and egal institutions There is a strong sentiment among
the people in favor of law and order and within a recent period a
rapidlygroring enforcement of law especially of the penal law of
the State The constitution and laws indicate the character of a
people jealous of their liberties and watchful over authority
whether State or Federal Their history abundantly vindicates this
assertion as to the character of the people of GeorgiaCHAPTER IV
SKETCH OF HISTORY
Place of Georgia in the settlement of the United States The
movements of population apparently ca ricious are governed by
law and the law of its movement has been illustrated nowhere bet
ter than in our own country The object o an emigrant in changing
his home is of course to better his condition The impediments
however are so great that only the enterprising and energetic usu
ally overcome them or those under peculiar pressure to escape
poverty persecution or the punishment of crime
Emigrants follow lines of latitude not of longitude or isothermal
lines and usually follow if possible their old pursuits in life But
land is universally attractive and so one great inducement is good
and cheap land As America furnishes the worlds chief lesson in
colonization let us oberve next
The place of the United States in the settlement of America The
islands were first colonized then the main landSouth America
before North by virtue perhaps of projecting further east Spain
and Portugal were ahead then France The first permanent Brit
ish settlement was that of Virginia in 1607 one hundred and fifteen
years after the discovery by Columbus The French were ahead
of the English but were supplanted The reason is thus given in
one of the thoughtful essays of John Fiske
The test of the relative strength of the English and Roman
meth ds came when England and France which pursued the Ro
man method contended for the possession of North America The
people which preserved selfgovernment could send forth self
supporting colonies the people which had lost the very tradition
of selfgovernment could not Hence the dominion of the sea
with that of all the outlying parts of the earth fell into the hands
of the English race and hence the federative method of political
union the method which contains every element of permanence and36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
which is pacific in its very conception is already assuming a sway
which is unquestionably destined to become universal
Virginia being the first colony under the natural laws of enter
prise and opportunity all the original colonies north of Virginia
were settled within thirty years Then followed the Carolina after
an interval of thirty yearsNorth Carolina in 1GG3 South Caro
lina in 1670
Sixty years later in 1733 Georgia was first settled The delay
was largely due to the power of the Indian tribes especially the
two great tribes the Creeks and Cherokeee more numerous in
Georgia than in the Carolinas A second reason perhaps was the
breadth of less inviting pine lands before reaching the Piedmont
region of oak and hickory
After Georgiayoungest of the thirteen sistersfollowed in
their order Kentucky Vermont and Tennessee before 1800 and
Ohio in 1S02 These were outlying nuclei or centres of popula
tion which rapidly developed into States Eighteen States were
engaged in the war of 1S12
Settlement of Georgia herself The motives which led to the
settlement of Georgia were somewhat peculiar Oglethorpe like
Howard was a philanthropist and the fundamental object of the
colony was to offer an asylum for honest debtors as well as for the
victims at home of religious persecution Designed as a benevo
lent pauper colony its arms were open to all nationalities as well
as to the English pec pie After all the pauper immigrants exerted
little permanent influence on the colony
Order of settlement Population followed the usual law settling
first on the coast thence along the rivers to the heads of navigation
and thence into the interior The great West has had another pow
erful factor in railroad facilities guiding pushing and limiting im
migration The beginnings were slow Before steady growth
began the colony had many ups aid downs The earliest historian
McCall says tlvt it was not until by the importation of slaves
Georgia laid hold on the strength of Africa that the colony be
gan to prosper This resort to the strength of Africa was made in
1749a costly experiment like that in the Apocalypse sweet in
the mouth but bitter in the belly The end is not yetSKETCH OF HISTORY
37
Savannah the seaport was laid out beautifully in 1733 Augusta
in 1735 at the head of navigation of the Savannah River The first
considerable inland settlement lying beyond the general outline
was in Wilkes county about 1770 just before the war of the Rev
olution
The cheeks to settlement were chiefly the presence of the Indian
tribes numerous and powerful In dealing with them Oglethorpe
was as peaceful and painstaking as Wm Penn Successive treaties
were made purchasing Indian lands and as the lands were acquired
each new purchase was rapidly filled with settlers In heearly
negotations an Indian chief Tomochichi was an invaluable ally
The final removal of the I idians did not occur until 1838 more
than a century after the establishment of the colony Africans hav
ing been first introduced as slaves in 1749 emancipation occurred
in 1S65 one hundred and fifteen years later In Georgia as in the
Union as a whole th re was a gradual transfer of population and
power westward
SOME UN WRITTEN HISTORY
The word Georgia brings up ideas of Oglethorpe the Wesleys
and Whitfield the Salzburgers the efforts to produce wine and
silk The real dominant element however was not direct immigra
tion from abroad but immigration from sister Colonies or States of
the Union a population already largely assimilated The two great
factors which took the lead and got the start were the immigrations
from Virginia and western North Carolina soon after the close of
the war A Virginia regiment rendered great service in Georgia
during the war and the acquaintance then made ripened into re
moval to Georgia early thereafter A large immigration came also
from Mecklenburg around Charlotte N C the centre of a very
liberty loving and independent population These two bodies of
immigrants with those who followed from the regions they left
and their descendants peopled Middle and Western Georgia and
6pread over the State Maryland furnished also a valuable contin
gent
This great factor in our history has perhaps received too little at
tention This remark is made in no spirit of forgetfulness of the
noble work of Oglethorpe and the factor furnished by the south38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
eastern section of Georgia in her development The influence of
Savannah on her history has been immense and beneficial Her
natural advantages as a port and her wise and vigorous enterprise
in building up the railroad system of the State her beauty as a city
her commerce and business enterpiise all speak for themselves
So has it been with Augnsta her rival in age and wealth and rail
road development These cities have well known and just claims
on the gratitude of Georgians Some other elements of prosperity
and influence have been perhaps too little appreciated Each sec
tion has contributed its quota to the history and character of the
State
At a later period a large influx of valuable citizens was received
by Georgia from South Carolina and Tennessee that from Virginia
and North Carolina Dot ceasing and some return flow from Ala
bama Middle Georgia has ever had a geographical and topograph
ical position and climate which gave her a leading attitude in the
State affecting largely its history and development Northwest
Georgia by virtue of soil and climate has made rapid progress
Northeast Georgia was long isolated by the absence of railroad fa
cilities but h now growing apace The Southwestern region has
also contributed largely to the wealth and prosperity of the State
A history of successive immigrations wonld be valuable as well
as that of the diffusion of Georgians themselves by changes from
one section to another In this diffusion Middle Georgia has played
probably the largest part as well as in the emigration to the West
One of the strange anomalies of slavery was that the visual rule was
reversed as to emigration Emigration was the result not of ad
verse times but of prosperity The multiplication of slaves led to
emigration to fresh lands
SALIENT POINTS IN GEORGIA HISTORY
INCLUDING SOME HAIKBREADTH SCAPES
The separate existence of the State was several times threatened
Twice Georgia was near to being a part of South Carolina Its
territory indeed was embraced in the original grant to that State
It was once a part of ancient Florida a name given to the whole
immense region south of Virginia and extending west indefinitelySKETCH OF HISTORY
39
even beyond the Mississippi It was claimed by Spain and the dis
puted title was a cause of war after the settlement of Georgia a
war more formidable than the conflicts with the Indians The soil
was partly bought and partly conquered The colony when about
twenty years old was receded by the trustees to the Crown It was
again seriously proposed to merge the State into South Carolina
In the questions between the colony and the mother country
Benjamin Franklin was appointed the agent of Georgia at the court
of Great Britaia When the Revolutionary war came on Georgia
occupied very peculiar relations which seemed to indicate her prob
able adhesion to the Crown She had little to complain of she had
received great kindness from the mother country and the royal
Governor Wright was a man and officer of remarkable character
wisdom and prudence The proximity of the Indians furnished an
other strong argument for peace But the vigorous spirit of inde
pendence prevailed over all these considerations and Georgia joined
her sister colonies in the struggle for a separate existence
At the close of the war another peril threatened her Her terri
tory was largely in the possession of the British forces and a treaty
was discussed based on the doctrine of uti possidetiseach party
to keep the territory in its possession Her representatives in
the Continental Congress protested strongly against any treaty on
such a basis which would have left Georgia a colony of the crown
Such were some of the dangers and escapes of her early history
and of the vigorous pioneer life of an enterprising people
SUCCESSIVE CONSTITUTIONS
Charter 1732
Colony remitted to the Crown 1752
First State Constitution 1777
Second u 1789
Third a 1798
Fourth u 1861
Fifth it 1865
Sixth a 1868
Seventh u 1877
40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The colony of Georgia was first established in 1732 by royal char
ter but under a proprietary government The charter was granted
by George II in the fifth year of his reign to Lord Percival s
Oglethorpe and others under the corporate name of The Trusteeb
for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America The objects
as declared in the charter were twofoldas a barrier to the older
colony of South Carolina against the Indians and for the good of
the distressed subjects of the Crownthe King profesing his re
gaid for even the meanest and most infatuated of his people
and referring to the new settlement as a regular colony of these
poor people
Foreigners were admitted to the colony if willing to become
subjects and live under allegiance Religious toleration was
granted except to Papists The command of the militia was vested
in the Governor of South Carolina After the colony was remitted
to the Crown it was under royal governors for twentyfour years
After the declaration of Independence a constitution was framed
1777 to adapt the State to the new condition of affairs The Con
stitution recites in its preamble the conduct of Great Britain the
action of the other Colonies and the recommendation of Congress
for the establishment of new forms of government This Consti
tution wiped out the restriction against Catholics
It is interesting to trace the changes in the Constitution aud
their causes The charter of South Carolina was framed by the
celebrated John Locke and embodied the theory of government
held by the philosophers of the time The Constitution of Georgia
1777 was modelled after the form of government of the United
colonies There was no Senate the Governor was chosen out of
the House and by the House An executive council was also
chosen by the House out of its own members This perhaps was
the germ of the Senate
The great seal of the State was to be as follows On one side a
scroll whereon shall be engraved The Constitution of the State of
Georgia and the motto Pro bonopublico On the other side an
elegant house and other buildings fields of corn and meadows cov
ered with sheep and cattle a river running through the same with
a ship under full sail and the motto Deus nolis hwo otia fecit SKETCH OF HISTORY
41
After the adoption of the Constitution of the United States in
1787 a new Constitution of Georgia was framed viz on the 6th
of May 1789 This was framed on the new model and embraced
ics leading features This remained in force for nine years and then
the Constitution of 1798 May 30th was adopted which with some
amendments continued in force until 1861 after the ordinance of
secession from the United States was passed
The Constitution of the Confederate States was framed on the
11th of March and ratified by a convention of the State of Georgia
March 16th 1861
On the 23d of March a new Constitution was framed by the State
Convention and ratified by a vote of the people in July
After the close of the war between the States on tlie 6th of No
vember 1865 a new Constitution was again formed in which the
leading feature was the abolition of slavery
Still another Constitution was adopted by the Convention March
11th 1868 and by the popular vote at the election April 20th 21st
22d and 23d 1868 Finally in 1877 the present Constitution was
adopted of which a full synopsis is elsewhere given
After the Revolution began a rapid growth chiefly by immigra
tion from other States of the Union Soon t hereafter a great shock
was received by the Tasoo fraud This was an attempt by several
land companies to purchase the immense western lands of Georgia
for a small consideration and by corrupt means The Act was
passed but aroused great indignation and the corrupt documents
were burned with fire from heaven kindled by a burningglass
The Judiciary Act of 1799 was in itself almost a Constitution it
inaugurated many valuable reforms
The Educational system proposed about the beginning of the
century was very complete in form It only needed money to
vitalize it
In 1802 occurred the cession by Georgia to the Federal Govern
ment of the immense and valuable territory now embraced in the two
States of Alabama and Mississippi The condition of the cession
was the extinction by the United States of the Indian title to all
the lands in Georgia then in their possession42
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
In the war of 1S12 Georgia took an active interest The Semi
nole Indians invaded the State but a volunteer force carried the
war into Florida and compelled a peace The Alleviating Law
was passed at this time by reason of the financial stringency caused
by the Embargo
The contest between Clarke and Troup was bitter and protracted
Clarke was elected Governor in 1819 The Legislature protested
against the deLy of the United States in removing the Indians
from the State Clarke was reelected in 1821 after a second bit
ter struggle A change was now made in the Constitution trans
ferring the election of Governor from the Legislature to the
people
At this period Win H Crawford of Georgia was for a time the
most prominent candidate for the Presidency but his probable
election was prevented by a stroke of paralysis He was one of
the most powerful men of his dayan intellectual prodigy
In 1823 Troup was elected Governor During his active admin
istration a controversy occurred with the Federal Government and
there was immense excitement in Georgia for Troup and the
Treaty sustaining the Governor in demanding the fulfillment of
its conditions Governor Troup issued the famous message When
the argument is exhansted stand by your arms
Governor Troup recommended the inauguration of a great canal
system connecting Georgia with the Tennessee river and thns with
the great Mississippi Valley The introduction of railroads super
seded this policv
John Forsyth became Governor without opposition in 1827 He
was noted in Congress as an unrivalled debater Discussions of
the tariff began at this time and in 1828 was passed the law
usually spoken of as the tariff of abominations
In the administration of his successor Governor Gilmer there
was another sharp controversy with the Federal authorities grow
ing out of the same sore subjectthe delay of the United States
in the removal of the Indians The State formally extended its
jurisdiction over the Indian lands and Governor Gilmer sent a
message to the Legislature informing it that orders from the Federal
authorities interfering with this claim of jurisdiction would be disSKETCH OF HISTORY
43
regarded and attempts to enforce such order resisted The con
troversy ran high Tassel a Cherokee Indian was convicted of
murder by a State Court Governor Gilmer was summoned by
Chief Justice Marshall before the United States Supreme Court
The Legislature sustained the Governor and Tassel was executed
Several Missionaries disregarded the law concerning settlers in
the Indian Territory which led to their imprisonment until they
made explanations satisfactory to the State authorities
The grat tariff excitement and the episode of nullification sig
nalized this period18323 Mr Forsyth favored the tariff law
and force bill but the State was opposed to both Parties were
divided into States Eights and Union
The railroad development of the State began now in which the
cities of Savannah and Augusta took a very prominent part
The Seminole war begun in 1835 and the Creek war in 1836
led to very active measures by State volunteers as well as United
States forces These events hastened the final removal of the In
dians in 1838 opening a large new territory to settlement
The great financial crisis of 1837 lasted for years and led to Re
lief laws Governor McDonalds administration covered a large
part of this trying period Quite a serious struggle arose between
the Governor and the Legislature which led at length to the
needful increase of taxation for public exigencies
The administration of Governor Crawford evinced signal finan
cial ability and was aided by the gradual restoration of the pros
perity of the State The railroad system of Georgia now made
much progress The Supreme Court was organized In the Mex
ican war Georgia furnished her full quota of volunteer forces
which acted with distinguished gallantry
During the two terms of Governor Towns the slavery question
was much agitated A convention of the people was called which
led to the adoption of the Georgia Platform acquiescing in the
compromise bill of 1850
Howell Cobb was made Governor on the Georgia platform The
era from 1850 to 1850 interrupted by the financial crisis of 1857
was one of great national and State prosperity
Federal policy now controlled State elections In 1853 Her
I44
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
schel V Johnson was elected over Charles J Jenkins both splen
did representatives of the character of the State
In 1855 arose the American party which nominated Judge Gar
nett Andrews for Governor but Johnson was reelected
Governor Joseph E Brown was elected in 1857 over Benjamin
H Hill after a vigorous canvass He held the office for four
terms until 1865
The chief features of his administration prior to the war were
his policy regarding the banks enforcing specie payments and
the successful management of the Western and Atlantic or State
Railroad
The slavery agitation continued and waxed wanner The split
occurred at Charleston in the Democratic Convention dividing the
vote between Breckenridge and Douglass and resulting in the elec
tion of Lincoln This was the beginning of the end
The period of prosperity was passed and the stormy period of
war begun
The Ordinance of Secession of South Carolina was passed De
cember 201860 that of Georgia January 19 1861 Prior to
Secession Governor Brown ordered the seizure of Fort Pulaski
which was effected by Col A R Lawton and soon thereafter the
Arsenal at Augusta was taken possession of
CONFEDERATE STATES
Georgia played an important and conspicuous part in the history
of the Confederacy Howell Cobb of Georgia was president of the
Convention which framed its constitution Of the first Cabinet a
majority were connected by birth or family associations with the
single county of Wilkes Mr Stephens the VicePresident Mr
Toombs the Secretary of State Mr Pope Walker the Secretary of
War were all natives of Wilkes
Mr Davis family were closely associated with it his parents be
ing residents of the county and his grandparents buried in its soil
The family of Mr Reagan die Postmaster General were also resi
dents and Judge John A Campbell connected with the Cabinet at
a later period was a native Thus more than half the original ad
ministration was associated closely with this thrifty and vigorousSKETCH OF HISTORY
45
first interior settlement of Georgia the population of which was de
rived from Virginia and Western North Carolina a strong evolu
tionary stock
An earnest effort to avoid war was made by sending a peace com
mission to the Federal Government but without avail Vigorous
and energetic was the struggle which ensued There were not
600000 whites in the State yet from first to last 120000 Georgia
soldiers were placed in the field In the first years of the war no
part of Georgia was invaded except that Savannah was threatened
after the capture of Fort Pulaski i 1862 In 1S63 the Emancipa
tion Proclamation wa3 issued by President Lincoln Little did we
at the South appreciate at the time its real significance The gen
eral sentiment was voiced in the humorous letter of Bill Arpthat
Mr Linkhorn was over cropping himself taking in more land
than he could tend These fine letters adapted well to the people
not only amused but encouraged them
It was long thought that Georgia would remain free fron inva
sion One of her gifted citizens who had a summer home on Look
out Mountain remarked that if there was a spot in the Confederacy
that would never feel the tread of a hostile fot this was the spot
Yet this became the very theatre of war Southwest Georgia was long
the granary to feed the Confederacy and the factories of Georgia
helped much to clothe it Vicksburg and Chattanooga were the two
keys of the South When these were taken by the Federals the Con
federacy was cut asunder in two places like an insect Prof Arnold
Guyot of Princeton often visited North Carolina and East Ten
nessee as a geologist examining this great mountain region A manu
script of his was there found showing the relation of Chattanooga to
the South as a base of cperations for the Federal armies supported
by ten railroads and a river fed by the rich valley of East Tennessee
and threatening Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia
Tennessee Alabama and Mississippi more than half the States of
the South From Chattanooga the war was brought home to Geor
gia Johnstons brilliant strategy kept Sherman long at bay as
Johnston retired before him inch by inch Opinions differed
widely as to the change of policy under General Hood While his
gallantry was appreciated perhaps the prevalent opinion in Geor46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
giawas against the change The end was approaching fast Sher
mans march of ruin through Georgia could be but faintly opposed
and he reached Savannah in January 1865
In the famous Hampton Roads Conference two of the three com
missioners were Georgians and natives of the same county Wilkes
It led however to no results The surrender of General Lee
occurred April 6 1865 and of General Joseph E Johnston April
26 The surrender was not made while a fighting chance was left
Comparing war to chess the Federals had an army unopposed pass
ing over the board picking up our pieces On the 4th of May Mr
Davis and a part of his Cabinet met for the last time in Washington
Georgia So ended as gallant a struggle as is recorded in the annals
of time
LOSSES BY THE WAR
The stupendous effects of the war upon the whole South Georgia
included are scarcely capable of just appreciation If the first
revolution tried mens souls much more the second life staiowle
if the first seven fold the second seventy and seven Ever a civil
or sectional war abounds in horrors to the weaker and invaded party
These came too upon a people no longer pioneers accustomed to
hardships
Losses of PopulationThe loss of white population nearly
equalled in number the whole number of voters and a large pro
portion of the loss consisted of actual voters the very cream of the
people
1850 I860 1870
White population 591550 638926 816906
Increase in decade47376 177 980
Per ct of increase 8 28
The war decade increase was but 8 per cent the next decade 28
20 per cent greater The war decade fell short by over 130000
whites
Loss of WealthThe wealth of Georgia was in 1850 gold 335
426000 1860 645895000 increase 310469000 90 percent
1870 greenbacks 268169000 gold 88600000 decrease 457SKETCH OF HISTORY
47
295000 70 per cent At the former rate 90 per cent it would
have been in 1870 1227200000 decrease 1038600000
The loss was over five times what was left Even at half the
increase of the decade ending in 60 the wealth of 1870 should
have been 1165200000 making the loss nearly a billion of dollars
and the property left not 200 millions We have been spelling up
slowly 1880 239000000 increase in decade 5000 000 the in
crase 1850 to 1860 being 310 millions
Id Ii65 James Johnson a native Georgian and a man of charac
ter who had been a consistent Union man during the war was made
provisional Governor The changes now made were rapid and
might have been salutary the wounds made by war might have
been healed by the first intention
A State convention was called over which exGov Herschel V
Johnson presided a new constitution was made conforming to the
conditionsthe 13th amendment of the United States constitution
was ratified forever abolishing slavery The ordinance of secession
was repealed and the war debt repudiated as required by the Fed
eral authorities
Charles J Jenkins a noble Roman who commanded the confi
dence of the whole people was elected Governor and inaugurated
Dec 1 1865
A commission appointed for this purpose prepared a freedmans
codesecuring their rights Herschel V Johnson and Alex H
Stephens were elected Senators All seemed fair for reunion But
not so All this was done under Johnsons plan of reconstruction
the executive plan accepted by the State Congress had other
ends in view and undid it all it refusd to receive the congress
men elected and demanded the acceptance of the 14th amendment
as a condition precedent to readmission And so commenced the
long and dreary period happily termed Destruction and Recon
struction shocking enough in Georgia but more still in some of
her sister States notably in South Carolina Louisiana and Missis
sippi The adventurers from the North who preyed upon the
South w re denominated carpetbaggers and Southern rene
gades alawags48
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Gen Pope wa9 made military commandant of Georgia in 1867
A new State convention was called Gen Meade took the place of
Gen Pope in December 1867 and Governor Jenkins was deposed
in 1868 A new constitution was formed and Rufus B Bullock
elected Governor The Legislature of 1S68 ratified the 14th
amendment and Bullock was inaugurated The colored members
were unseated by the Legislature as not qualified to hold office
This led to a declaration by Congress that Georgia was again in
rebellion and Gen Terry was appointed military commander The
Legislature of 1870 ratified the 15th amendment and in July
Georgia was readmittedlast of the eleven States which formed
the Confederacy
Long and tedious were the years both of war and reconstruction
The people had asked pardon for offences of which they were
proud Oaibs had been administered amnesty oath3 etc The
Freedmens Bureau had its day Sorely was the temper of the
people taxed but they were capable of a heavy strain All their
habits of life were broken up their business habits and the labor
system of the State It was well expressed by an observant citi
zen that we were left a poor people with rich ways Before
perfect selfpossession was regained the State was heavily involved
in debt chiefly by indorsements for railroads
n October 1871 Gov Bullock abdicated the office of Governor
and left the State privately Benjamin Conley as President of the
Senate became acting Governor till a new election was held With
the election of Gov Smith in 1872 began a new era though the
material of the Legislature was still colored by tlu corruptions of
the past The process was vigorously begun however of repair
ing damages The public debt was 6ifted and honest bonds separ
ated from the fraudulent The public credit was reestablished
citizens coming with loans to the rescue of the State Among
them were Gen Toombs Mr Ferdinand Phinizy Hon John P
King and other patriotic citizens Many reforms and useful meas
ures were inauguratedfi lancial educational and industrial Gov
Colquitt was inaugurated in January 1877 The same year the
present constitution of Georgia was adopted In 1879 in pursu
ance of the constitutional provision for the regulation of railroad1325
SKETCH OF HISTORY
49
tariffs by law a railroad commission was established In 1880 after
a warm contest Gov Colqnitt was reelected by a large majority
He wa6 succeeded in 1S82 by Hon Alexander II Stephens His
lamented death occurred early the next year Hon James S
Boynton President of the Senate administered the office of Gov
ernor for a short period and Gov MuDaniel was then elected to fill
the unexpired term of Mr Stephens In Ootober 1384 he was
without opposition elected for a second term
The election of Cleveland to the Presidency of the United States
was in accord with the wishes of the majority of the people of
Georgia and there has been no period since the war at which the
people have been better satisfied with the aspect of Federal and
State affairs
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEOPLETHE WHITES
The American people are substantially an English stock trans
planted into a new environment with other race stocks engrafted
upon it
Natural CondttionsThe effect of natural conditions of cli
mate soil productions etc is far greater in the earlier than in the
later history of a people Heredity is so powerful an element that
modification by a change of habitat is slow
Social Conditions effect greater and more rapid changes than do
natural The social conditions of the Southern people are peculiar
The pretence in our country of two races widely diversewhite
and blackis the chief peculiarity Varied ratios of white and col
ored vary this influence So also differences in density or sparsity
of population etc
DescentThe white people of Georgia of course the dominant
element is chiefly of English and Scotch Irish origin introduced
into Georgia not by direct immigration but from other States
principally Virginia and the Carolinas after previous assimilation
there These immigrants are mixed with settlers not foreigners
from the Middle and Northeastern States
RESULTING CHARACTERISTICS
It is extremely difficult to state in terms the characteristic quality
of a people It is more easily recognized than described In AuSo
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
326
gusta on the boundary between South Carolina and Georgia a
resident will easily distinguish between a citizen of the one State
and the other But how he does it he can scarcely tell you so it
is on the Alabama line
We may say however that Georgians as such are characterized
by an unusual degree of independence and selfreliance They
have a large amount of vigor toughness and power of adaptation
which is equivalent to saying they are unusually alive and wide
awake There is a surplus energy which runs into humor and love
of fun atd teasing and 1 ads often to practical jokes They are
thrifty and enterprising and have no little stamina and endurance
Judge Longstreet who well understood the subject presents us
in his Georgia Scenes with the characer of a native Georgian in
the person of Ned Brace His whole book is filled with characters
good at the time and still extant in some remote regions of one
class of Georgia society The sketches of Col R M Johnson now
of Baltimore furnish similar pictures true to Southern life So
Uncle Remus photographs negro character
It is the sturdy Englis hcharacter embracing that Virginian con
stancy of purpose which led to the old song Old Virginia never
tire The Virginia civilization as modified by a change of condi
tion is the paramount civilization of Georgia The people ac
knowledge no absolute leader any leader is ever on trial It has
been well said that no man ever carries Georgia ii his poekec
Her favorite sons cannot lead the State against its independent con
victions
Making no display at the Philadelphia Centennial and again none
at the New Orleans Exposition is perhaps after all somewhat charac
teristic of Georgia And yet the people have considerable State
pride in their own way Said the witty Louisville Journal some
years ago Without doubt Georgia is a great State and even Geor
gians have been known to acknowledge the fact
Among the factors affecting our civilization are such as these
The income of the mass of the peoplebeing agriculturalis an
nual not distributed Even as with Christmas so with income
money comes but once a year This necessitates some largeness of
view and foresight n plans of life The employer especially of327
SKETCH OF HISTORY
51
the colored laborer must lay out for the employe not only his
work but his living else will his means not hold out
Love of self government has led in Georgia to small counties
hence county sites are numerous and the best population goes in
unusual proportion to the towns for various purposes educational
religious etc Society is thus distributed less in Georgia than in
Yirginia or South Carolina
Various considerations affect the habits of the people Eelative
sparsity of population leads to abounding hospitality
The general health of the people is less vigorous than under the
circumstances it ought to be Nor is this due to climate but
rather to neglect and want of adequate care Too free use of to
bacco and liquor is made despite of local prohibition here and there
in many counties Our winters are mild yet we make therefore
so little provision for them as really to suffer more with cold than
people further north Home comforts are too much neglected in
the prevalent passion for all cotton Despite of climate out of
door occupations and abundance the best conditions of health our
people do not have the strength and ruddiness they should excel
in leading lives on the farm Our chief trouble has been bad cook
ery In the Beech Island club the subject was discussed What to
eat and how to cook it This question should be mooted through
out the State in every county and in many a household especially
since the war What homes and home comforts we might have
and ought to and some do have
For a long time before the war no people were better educated
than Georgians in the principles of government and civil liberty
by means of public discussions before the people conducted by in
tellectual giants often worthy of the Senate or the Supreme Court
of the United States Like the old Athenians private citizens were
instructed fully in public duties The great men of the State were
not exclusive There was little caste Social distinctions were
based less on conventions than on natural and just grounds of fitness
and qualification
Conversation abounded rich and racy and absorbed the talent
which elsewhere went into literature and print there was often
the finest table talk equal to the best which has found place in52
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
328
books The alabaster box of ointment very precious was broken
at home for the family and guests
While not given to authorship the books actually written by
Southern men usually go to the bottom of the subject discussed in
a very fundamental way Witness Mr Calhouns masterly Dis
qniition on Government and Discourse on the Constitution of
the United States So Mr Stephens Constitutional History of
the War between the States The work by Gen Thos K R
Cobb on the Law of Slavery and the Historical Sketch of Sla
very are of a like character A recent work for lawyers Amer
ican Law Studies by John C Reed Esq has at once attained a
high position and is regarded as a standard work of great practical
value in a new field Indeed in matters of practical interest the
works written are usually of great value Mr Dicksons Practical
Treatise on Agriculture contains more matter in less space per
haps than any similar treatise in existencethe result of remarka
ble powers of observation long and well exercised Dr Pendletons
Scientific Agriculture was promptly adopted as a text book
in numerous Agricultural Colleges North and South and is usually
regarded as the best compendium known
In this connection shonld not be omitted the admirable transla
tion of Geo Villes Lectures into English with the tables inserting
measures etc expressed in English denominations by Miss E L
Howard a daughter of Capt C W Howard the well known agri
cultural writer
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE CHARACTER OF GEORGIA
In its exterior relations towards England the mother country
these illustrations are to be found in the successful struggle by
which the Trustees were compelled to regrant the colony to the
Crown and the authority of the Royal Governors was tested and
resisted at the Revolution Home rule was ever attractive to the
people
Towards the Federal Government an instance is to be found in
the controversy growing out of the tardy action of the United
States in the matter of the Indian lands which gave rise to the slo
gan of Troup and the Treaty Again in the tariff and nullification
controversy329
SKETCH OF HISTORY
53
Towards the Confederate Government also while Georgia was
a backbone State yet she opposed Conscription and Impress
ment She was for State Rights and Individual Rights against all
comers whatsoever all the while
After the War towards the Union Georgia was the earliest
State to regain selfpossession and selfgovernment True the
period of Reconstruction lasted a little longer with her by virtue
of her stout adherence to her own views But she was entirely
practical and yielded what she must and as little a3 she could The
State is not apt to lose her head under any circumstances nor to be
extreme in any sort of partisanship Her conduct in emergencies
has been characterized by both vigor and moderation a viitue
canonized in her great 6eal
In all external relations Georgians are now and ever have been
a libertyloving home rule independent people with much of
hickory toughness hard to break and righting quickly after being
bent
In Rome Affairs the same character obtains as exemplified in
laws allowing local option in many ways Prohibition the Stock
Law county courts aud county subscriptions to railroads or taxation
for education The sub division of the State into counties is due
to the same spirit The people do not love to be governed from a
distance
MISTAKEN ANTICIPATIONS AND DISAPPOINTED PLANS IN THE HI8TOEY OF
THE STATE
Georgia was founded as a pauper colony to be governed by trus
tees and with a view to the production of wine and silk Slavery
was prohibited Such were the intentions what have been the
facts The pauper element exerted little influence she was soon
under royal governors and then independent wine and silk gave
place to indigo and tobacco and these to cotton rice and sugar
Slavery has been abolished The future career of the State prom
ises now to be largely in manufacturing and mining industries
supplementing but not displacing agriculture
NAMES OF THE COUNTIESTHEIR ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE
These names largely record the history of the State Georgia54
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
13 30
itself was named for George II The city of Augusta for his favor
ite daughter The names of the parishes preserve the traces of the
union of Church and State under the royal governorsChrist
Church St George St Paul etc Keligious considerations after
wards gave way to political The counties es ablished in 1777
during the war of Independence were named for British statesmen
favorable to American rightsChatham Camden Burke Wilkes
etc Afterwards followed the great American statesmen and pat
riotsWashington Franklin Greene Hancock etc The town of
Waihington in Wilkes county Gais believed to be the first of the
very numerous places named after the greatest of them all
Elsewhere is appended a list of the counties in the chronological
order of their organization the study of which will verify these re
marks and revive the outline of our history The data were de
rived chiefly from the excellent textbook entitled A Students
History of Georgia by LaAton B Evans of AugustaCHAPTER V
CHRONOLOGY
PRELIMINARY EVENTS
HOW A CONTINENT WAS PEOPLED
1492 Discovery of America
1495 Spain colonizes Hayti
1497 John Cabot sails from Newfoundland to Florida Basis
of English claim by discovery
1500 Brazil discovered
1511 Cuba colonized by Spain
1513 Pacific coast seen by Balboa
1517 Negroes imported into West Indies by Spain
1519 MexicoConquest begun by Cortez
1532 Peruby Pizarro
1536 California discovered by Cortez
1539 Georgia visited by De Soto
1563 Negroes imported into West Indies by England
1584 North Carolina then called Virginia discovered by Sir Wal
ter Raleigh
1585 St Augustine founded first town in the United States
1607 Virginia colonized first permanent English settlement in
the United States
1609 New York by the Dutch
1620 Massachusetts
1621 Maryland
162238 New Jersey New Hampshire Delaware Connecticut
Rhode Island Pennsylvania
1663 Georgia Territory all granted to South Carolina North Car
olina colonized
1670 South Carolina charter
1673 Mississippi river explored
16856 Huguenot immigration into South Carolina
1688 Birth of Oglethorpe56
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
332
1717 Georgia Territory in part granted by South Carolina to Sir
R Montgomery
1732 Feb 22 Birth of George Washington
CHRONOLOGY OF GEORGIA
June 9 charter of Georgia November Gen James Edward
Oglethorpe with a colony of 126 persons embarks from
Gravesend for Georgia
1733 Oglethorpe arrives in Charleston Feb 12 The colony reaches
Yanacraw Bluff and founds Savannah
Contemporary EventsAt the date of the settlement of Geor
gia George II was King of England and Sir Robert
Walpole Prime Minister 17211742 It was the
time of Berkely Pope Dr Samuel Johnson Popes
Essay on Man was published this year Cowper and
Burke were in their infancy In France Louis XV was
King and it was the age of Voltaire In Spain Philip
V Grandson of Louis XIV In Germany Charles VL
was Emperor In Prussia Frederick William I In
Russia Peter II In Italy Charles VI In Saxony
Frederick Augustus Clement XII was Pope
1734 Seventyeight Salzburgers settled at Ebenezer in now
Effingham county twentyfive miles north of Savannah
Thomas Causton left in charge of the colony misman
ages it Twenty families of Jews settled near Savannah
1735 One hundred and thirty Scotch Highlanders settled at New
Inverness now Darien Augusta laid off
1738 Petition of the Colonists to the Trustees for fee simple tenure
of lands Petition for Negro slaves
1739 War with Spain Treaty with the Indians Number of em
igrants sent out at expense of the Trustees to date 1521
at average cost of 330 each
1740 Invasion of Florida by Georgia Orphan House founded by
Rev George Whitfield Frederick the Great King of
Prussia till 1786
1742 Invasion of Georgia by Spaniards 3000 men General Ogle
thorpes strategy defeats them
1743 Languishing condition of the colony William Stephens
acting Governor
1744 French and English war333
CHRONOLOGY
57
1747
1749
1750
1751
1752
1754
1755
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1765
1766
1767
1768
Bounties offered in Georgia on wine and silk Slavery wink
ed at
Five hundred acres on Hutchinsons Island granted to Lady
Huntingdon who puts negroes on it for the cultivation of
rice to support Whitfields Orphan House Some slaves
admitted Proposition to merge Georgia into South Car
olina The Bosom worth plot
Colonial Assembly called in Georgia Sixteen members
War with Cherokees Quaker Springs settled near Augusta
Henry Parker acting governor
June 20 Colony remitted to the Crown Settlement at Mid
way Liberty county from Dorchester South Carolina
Royal governors October 1st Capt John Reynolds of the
Navy Governor of Georgia
Legal interest 10 per cent Reduced to 8 per cent in 1759
Parishes laid off Governor Ellis Thermometer in Savan
nah 102 in the shade
French and Cherokee war Distressing state of affairs Fence
laws established
Oct 31 Sir James Wright Governor Legislature meets at
Savannah
George II King of England Peace with Cherokees and
with Spain Bounds of Georgia extended to the Missis
sippi First beginnings of prosperity
Capt John Stewart Superintendent of Indan affairs man
ages them well
Oct 7th Lands between Altamaha and St Marys added to
Georgia by treaty at Augusta First newspaper the
Georgia Gazette Augusta Exports from Savannah27021
Four new parishes Stamp Act passed Act to encourage
settlers vetoed by George III
One hundred and seventyone entries of vessels at the Cus
tom House in Savannah Population of Georgia 10000
whites and 8000 blacks
Settlements at the heads of Ogeechee and Oconee rivers
Cherokees complain of encroachments Mutiny Act of
British Parliament and new taxes
Benjamin Franklin appointed Agent for Georgia at the Court58
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
334
1770
1771
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
of Great Britain Letters to Massachusetts from the Speak
er of the House Alexander Wylly Boston disturbances
Relations to Great Britain becoming complex
Gov Wright and the Assembly dispute July 2d Governor
Wright goes to England James Habersham acting gov
ernor
February 11th Gov Wright returns Fourteen thousand
Negroes in the Colony Exports 121677 Boston Tea
Party
Population 17000 whites and 15000 blacks Militia 2825
Indian warriors about 10000 Georgia Gazette published
Liberty Boys organized
William Ewen acting governor Georgia Provincial Con
gress meets John Glen Chairman Delegates sent to
Continental Congress Lyman Hall alone attends Battle
of Lexington Active measures in Georgia Habersham
seizes powder magazine Royal guns spiked and thrown
into river Ship load of powder captured by Brown and
Habersham Battalion formed Council of Safety estab
lished Snow fell 18 inches deep in North Georgia
British fleet appears off Savannah Gov Wright arrested by
Maj Habersham escapes to the fleet Ship Hitchin
broke runs aground and is captured Ship Inverness set on
fire and set adrift works mischief to the fleet First bat
tle of the war occurs near Savannah Archibald Bullock
governor July 4th Declaration of Independence
New Constitution adopted New counties organized Button
Gwinnett President Executive council Invasion of
Florida a failure Gwinnett killed in duel with General
Mclntosh John Adams Treutlen made governor Active
administration
John Houston governor Second failure in invasion of Flor
ida Major General Robert Howe in command in Georgia
Sir Henry Clinton captures Savannah Prevost captures
Sunbury General Lincoln succeeds General Howe
Georgia again under British rule Governor Wright returns
to Savannah Col Campbell sent by British to occupy
Augusta The people depressed Encouraged by an en
gagement in Burke county Royalists routed Hope re335
CHRONOLOGY
59
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
newed by battle of Kettle Creek under Pickens Dooly and
Clark in which British Col Boyd is killed General Ash
defeated by Br Col Campbell with great loss This de
ranges Gen Lincolns plans In September Count DEs
taing arrives at Savannah Fails to relieve it Death of
Pulaski and Jasper Dark days of the war
Wilkes County alone out of British possession seat of Gov
ernment at Heards Fort now Washington Colonel
Clarke attempts to relieve Augusta but fails Georgians
aid South Carolina at Kings Mountain Long Cane and
Cowpens Birth of Governor Troup
Dr Nathan Brovvnson Governor General Greene in com
mand Lieutenant Colonel Lee Light horse Harry in
Georgia Augusta recaptured Legislature again meets
there
John Martin Governor July 11Major James Jackson in
command Savannah surrendered to him Lyman Hall
first Governor after independence
Close of the war Part of Georgia exposed to danger of being
left subject to Great Britain under the doctrine ofUti
Possidetls Confiscation acts Creek Indian Treaty at
Augusta Washington and Franklin counties acquired
Land Courts Settlements extended
John Houston Governor The Land Warrant Mob Land
granted to the University of Georgia
General Samuel Elbert Governor University of Georgia
chartered
Edward Telfair Governor Indian Troubles settled
George Matthews Governor Indian Troubles Constitu
tion of United States
Patent Right for Steam Engine granted to Isaac Briggs
and William Longstreet of Georgia the invention of
Longstreet Indian Troubles in Liberty county George
Handley Governor
New Constitution of Georgia First Yazoo Act miscarries
by failure to pay purchase money George Walton Gov
ernor
Edward Telfair Governor6o
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
336
1791
1793
1794
1796
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1812
1813
Visit of President Washington to Georgia Kentucky and
Vermont admitted as States
Troubles with General Elijah Clarke occupying Indian
lands
Yazoo Fraud again attempted
Jared Erwin Governor Repeal of the Yazoo Act the
document burned Tennessee admitted The Yazoo
Freshet
May 30Constitution of Georgia in force with some modifi
cations till 1861 African slave trade abolished in Geor
gia James Jackson Governor
Judiciary Act passedvery complete Daath of Washing
ton Great Seal of State
Election of Jefferson Louisiana ceded back to France by
Spain
David Emanuel and Josiah Tatnall Governors Franklin
College founded Large educational system proposed
Cession of Alabama and Mississippi to the United States
by Georgia John Milledge Governor Ohio admitted
Treaty of Fort Wilkinson Creek Indian Lands acquired
in two bodies Morgan Putnam and other counties and
elsewhere Wayne and Charlton
Louisiana purchased from Napoleon
Cotton killed in May 1803 or 1804 Hurricane in Georgia
pursuing nearly the same track as the cyclone of 1875
across the State from near Columbus towards Augusta
Treaty of Washington Creek Lands 2d Lottery
Jared Erwin Governor
The Embargo Wm H Crawford elected Senator
Slave Trade abolished by United States
David B Mitchell Governor
Agricultural Society of Georgia incorporated also Bank of
Augusta and Planters Bank
War with Great Britain Georgia Resolutions against British
despotism of the ocean Efforts against Florida Wm
H Crawford Vice President to fill the vacancy by death
of George Clinton
Peter Early Governor Creek massacre at Fort Meigs In
upper Georgia frost every month except July Wm HC337
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1821
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
CHRONOLOGY
6i
Crawford Minister to France Creek Indian Lands of
3d Lottery Battle of Challibbee
December 24Treaty of Peace at Ghent
January 8Battle of New Orleans February 11News of
peace Georgia troops sent to Mobile Seminole troubles
David B Mitchell Governor
Noted as theCold Summer
William Rabun Governor Seminole War Yellow fever
in Savannah
Excessive drought Cotton 32 cents a pound Winter mild
and much meat spoiled Creek Indian Lands of 3d lot
tery in part Indian difficulties
Florida ceded to the United States by Spain First Steam
ship to Europe the Savannah sailed from Savannah
Matthew Talbot and John Clarke Governors
Treaty of Indian Springs Dooly Houston and other coun
ties acquireda large cession
Governor Troup inaugurated Governor till 1827
Difficulties with the Creeks Wm H Crawford candidate
for President of the United States stricken with paralysis
Ogeechee Canal
March 19La Fayette visits Georgia Treaty with the
Creek Indians May 23Extra session of the Legislature
Governor Troups famous message
Boundary lines of Georgia settled
Winter of 18278 so mild that leaves were not killed on tne
trees and cotton rattooned John Forsyth Governor
Creek Indian difficulties settled
Tariff Act denominated the Tariff of Abominations April
28 corn killed by late frost
Civil Jurisdiction of Georgia extended over Cherokee
George R Gilmer Governor Difficulty with the Mis
sionaries A wet year
A dry year
Wilson Lumpkin Governor Cherokee lands begin to be oc
cupied Tariff excitement Georgia Railroad chartered
AntiTariff Convention
Nullification Act in South Carolina Great fall of meteors
Railroad System of Georgia fairly under way Charters62
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
338
1840
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
184S
1849
1850
Central Railroad and Monroe Railroad Georgia Railroad
renewed
February 7Cold Saturday Thermometer February 8 Sun
day 4 to 10 below zero Wm Schley Governor Semi
nole war Work on Georgia Railroad begun
Creek war Western Atlantic Railroad Act passed Cen
tral Railroad begun
Financial CrisisGeo R Gilmer Governor Emory Col
lege founded Hail storm in Wilkes
Removal of Cherokee Indians Mercer University founded
at Penfield A wet year
Charles J McDonald Governor Georgia Female College
established Bishop Pieroe the first President Daniel
Chandlers eloquent address in Athens had given the
cause an impulse Financial stringency continues
Property low and many failures Season dry
Freshet in May known as the Harrison freshet Boll
worm
Discovery of Ether by Dr Crawford W Long Fine crop
year
George W Crawford Governor Wheat damaged by rains
Central Railroad completed to Macon
Cold summer Fires in August Mr Toombs and Mr Ste
phens elected to Congress Perhaps no two citizens pos
sessed more fully the confidence of the people of Georgia
Very dry yet crops good Texas annexed Supreme Court
established Georgia Railroad completed to Atlanta
Mexican war Great sleet in January State Agricultural
Society formed Macon and Western Railroad completed
Geo W Towns Governor Ad valorem tax system Short
forms in pleading Western and Atlantic Railroad fin
ished Wet year Augusta canal completed
Mexican Cession California etc Wet year Good crops
Rome Railroad completed
George W Towns Governor Great slavery debates Apri
15th great sleet Corn and cotton killed Wheat dam
aged Fires needed Fair crop made
Georgia platform Compromise measures Western and At
lantic Railroad finished339
1851
CHRONOLOGY
63
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1S5S
1859
1860
1861
1862
Howell Cobb Governor Robert Toombs elected United
States Senator Constitutional Union party Janu
ary 21 coldest day since 1835 Thermometer at Craw
fordville 3 degrees below zero Snow eight inches deep
Atlanta and West Point Railroad begun
Gadsden purchase from Mexico Great freshet Good crop
year Winter of 5152 mild Cotton blooms after Christ
mas and some yield from second growth
Herschel V Johnson Goyernor Washington Branch Rail
road
Hot summer Railroads completed Augusta and Savan
nah Southwestern Columbus Atlanta and West Point
American party or Know Nothings Good crop year
April 19 Excessive heat97 degrees Johnson reelected
Governor over Hon Garnett Andrews
Republican party and J C Fremont January 113 inches
of snownot all melted for several weeks Cold winter
East Tennessee Virginia and Georgia Railroad completed
Upson county Railroad
Financial crisis Severe cold season in United States and
Canada Thermometer once nearly at zero Hot summer
Joseph E Brown Governor for four terms till 1865 elected
over Benjamin H Hill Robert Toombs reelected United
States Senator
Slavery agitation continues Good crop yeargeneral rust
ing of oat crop Savannah and Charleston Railroad
Good crop Hot summer Divisions in the Democratic
party
Split in Democratic party at Charleston Election of Abra
ham Lincoln Largest cotton crop ever made to date
July 12Thermometer 97 degrees Macon and Brunswick
Railroad50 miles completed Brunswick and Albany
Macon and Augusta and AirLine Roads in progress
Secession of Georgia War seizure of Fort Pulaski and Au
gusta Arsenal First battle of Manassas Death of Bar
tow 50 Georgia Regiments The banks sustain the
Confederacy Mild summer and winter Wet fall
War Fort Pulaski captured Conscription opposed in Geor
gia 75000 soldiers besides 8000 militia Best wheat
year known Fruit abundant Winter pleasant Oats4
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
340
rusted again Central Railroad leases Augusta and Sa
vannah Railroad
1863 Emancipation proclamation Col Streights raid on Rome
met by Forrest Confederate money depreciated Militia
called out16 years to 60 Gordon made General Lawton
wounded made Quartermaster General Homespun suits
in demand Summer rains good 63 64 cold winter
Thermometer six times below 20 degrees
1864 Drafts and conscription War comes home to Georgia Bat
tles in Northwest Georgia Refugees Shermans destruc
tive march to Savannah Summer cool Fruit killed
Georgia had put 120000 men in the field
1866 Hampton Roads conference War ends but such a Peace
James Johnson Provisional governor Military rule
Peace too late for a crop Freshet Convention and new
Constitution Thirteenth amendment ratified Governor
Jenkins inaugurated
1866 Dreary period of Reconstruction Stay laws Macon and
Brunswick Railroad indorsed by State Cherokee Rail
road chartered Thermometer February 15th Washing
ton 4 Hot and dry summer Little fruit Small
crop
1867 General Pope Military Commander Georgia third Military
District Fine crop year Prices tumble
1868 New Constitution Rufus B Bullock Governor Second
Reconstruction Legislature unseats colored members
State Agricultural Society reorganized Wheat rusts
Little fruit
1869 Georgia again under Military rule South Western Railroad
leased by Central Dry year Hard times
1870 General Terry Military Commander Legislature organized
with difficulty July Georgia readmitted as a State
Lease of State Road Fine crop year Prices fall rapidly
State Agricultural Society prays the Legislatnre for a De
partment of Agriculture The prayer was granted in
1874 North Eastern Railroad and North and South Railroad
chartered Selma Rome and Dalton Railroad completed
1871 Abdication of Gov Bullock Benjamin Conley acting gov
ernor Macon and Augusta Railroad completed Air Line34i
CHRONOLOGY
65
to Gainesville Crop short of cotton corn and grain Plan
tations disintegrating Immense State indorsements of
railroads
1872 Gov James M Smith inaugurated A new era begins North
Eastern railroad begun Augusta Canal enlargement
1873 Great financial crisis lasting five or six years Dr Gustavus
J Orr School Commissioner Central railroad consolidated
with Macon and Western Air Line and Port Royal
Railroads finished Hot April days Crops good Hot
summer
1874 Department of Agriculture established Dr T P Janes first
Commissioner Dr George Little State Geologist Con
vict lease system Good crop year
1875 March 20thThe great cyclone Second cyclone November
16 at 7 a m thermometer 80 Macon and Brunswick
Railroad bought by the State
1876 Centennial year Tilden and Hayes Electoral Commission
March 6th Sleet Leaves killed July very hot Decem
ber very cold
1877 A H Colquitt Governor Constitutional Convention
1878 An era of investigations and impeachments Comptroller
General removed Treasurer tried and acquitted El
berton Air Line Railroad to Toccoa
1879 R R Commission established ExGovernor James M
Smith Campbell Wallace and Samuel Barnett J T
Henderson appointed Commissioner of Agriculture
1880 General Gordon resigns as Senator ExGovernor Brown
appointed and afterwards elected Senator Governor Col
quitt reelected
1881 Cotton Exposition at Atlanta Death of B H Hill Leg
islation favors Federal aid to Education
1882 Governor Alex H Stephens Remarkable crop year Cot
ton corn and largest oat crop ever made
1883 Death of Governor Stephens general lamentation Governor
Boynton succeeds him till a new election Governor
Henry D McDaniel
5CHAPTER VI
RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS IN
THE UNION AND AT THE SOUTH
SENSATIONAL ESTIMATESGREAT MISTAKES CORRECTED
The magazines and newspapers have abounded of late with esti
mates of a supposed enormous future increase of the negro race as
compared with the white It is represented that the country is
about to be Africanized and especially that the Southern tier of
States including Georgia is doomed to this fate Even a book
has been written on the subject These enormous estimates put the
colored population one hundred years hence at about 200000000
i e at four times the whole present population white and colored
of the Union They consign six or eight colored Southern States
to 120000000 of blacks overshadowing 30000000 of whites if in
deed the whites do not quit the country
The value of these estimates may be illustrated by an expression
of Mr Websters On one occasion he was met it is said by the
Austrian Minister with a formidable complaint of some imagined
grievance to which Mr Webster responded Well Mr Hnl
semann youve found a Mares Nest repeating in rather a merry
sing song way it being after dinner Well Mr Hukemann youve
found a marts nest
Even such a discovery has been made by Judge Tonrgee and
others they do not however overestimate the importance of
their discovery if it be a genuine nest But is it true in fact
Not at all Neither the country nor the South is in any such dan
ger A great fabric of delusions is based on errors in the census of
1870 errors admitted in the census abstract and palpable enough
even on their face Based on this false foundation the calculations
such as they are run on this wise By the cmsus of 1870 as
sumed to be correct the colored population of the United States343 RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS 6j
was 4850000 by tbat of 1880 6518372 showing an increase of
1638363 or 33 12 per cent Hence the easy calculation
THE FALSE COUNT
Colored population of Eight doomed Doomed
United srtatee Southern States Georgia
18S06500000 4350000 725000
190013000000 8700000 1450000
192026000000 17400000 2900000
194052000000 34800000 5800000
1960104000000 69600000 11600000
1980 208000000 130200000 23200000
2000416000000 278400000 46400000
On this basis the United States will contain one hundred years
hence more Africans than Africa herself The children of persons
now living will live to see the eight doomed States of Virginia
North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mis
sissippi and Louisiana in the year 2000 with 278000000 of black
Georgia herself in the year 2000 at this rate would have a colored
population of 46000000 exceeding the present white population
of the Union A black prospect True these figures are a little
startling but why should we doubt the census Mr Pickwicks
confidence in science wa3 never chilled by unexpected or amazing
results It is a little surprising however that such astonishing
results did not wake up some slight suspicions and call a little com
mon sense to the rescue
To pasp however from these wild figures and sensational con
clusions let us study the real data and
THE PROBABLE TRUTH
as to the future increase of the negro race We must judge of the
future by the past Our means of estimating the future popula
tion of the country are to be found in the ten census reports from
1790 to 1880 not in any two of them but in them all These re
ports are valuable guides if cautiously used so long as conditions
remain unchanged Judging by these data what is the probable
future increase of the colored population Take the experience of
ninety years first as a whole The colored population has increased
from 757208 in 1790 to 6518372 in 1880 Allowing for additions68 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 344
made by the slave trade till 1 SOSand by the admission of Florida
Louisiana and Texasthe increase was 761 fold At this rate the
number ninety years hence in 1070 would be below 5000000
in the Union instead of over 100000000 in seven States
But the successive returns show a diminishing rate of increase
in successive periods Take the rate between 1800 and 1830 as a
basis and the number one hundred years hence in 1930 would
fall short of 45000000 But a careful comparison of the returns
shows even this estimate to be too high We should endeavor to
get the
KUN OF THE CENSUS
as a basis Should the successive rates of decrease in raiio be the
same for the next one hundred years as in the list ninety the pop
ulation would be about as follows
Colored pop
1000 at 41 per cent in 20 years 9 200000
1920 at 35 percent12400000
1940 at 30 per cent16100000
1960 at 25 per cent 20 150 000
1980 at 20 per cent24 200000
2000 at 17 percent 280000
These estimates are at a less rate of decline in ratio than in the
past series of like periods of twenty years It is probably in excess
even if conditions remain unchanged
Let us correct the error in the census of 1870 md see the general
run of the recent enumerations The return of 1860 showed a
colored population of 4441S30 that of 1830 651S372 making
an increase in twenty years of 46f per cent If the rate of increase
was uniform then in ten years it was 2114 nearly At4 this rate
the population of 1S70 would be 5380000 An increase over that
of 1860 of 938000 increase from 18T0 to 13S0 1138000
An allowance needs to be made in 1350 The increment between
1840 aid 1851 was affected by 5800 colored persons admitted
into Texas The 765000 inceme it of tint decade therefore re
duced to 77000 of natural increise Observe now the successive
increments f a number of sucssive djcades beginning with
1850erc8srl in thousaiV 7 7 83 93S 1138345 RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS 69
This looks like a reasonable run But as presented in the census
of 1S70 the increment for that decade was but 438 and for the
next decade 1638 making the run read thus 707 803 438
1638 This is wrong on its face One decade is not much over
half of the preceding and not much over onefourth of the suc
ceeding onean incredible run
Compare next the successive rates per cent of increase for peri
ods of twenty years beginning with 1790 1810 1830 etc They
run thus 82 69 56 34 oo small Begin with 1S00 1820
etc 76 62 55 17 The last line is nearly correct The period
between 1800 and 1820 shows 76 per cent This is too much but
the slave trde swelled it somewhat There is a steady decline in
the ratio of increase Between 1800 and 1820 it was 76 per cent
between 1860 and 18S0 47 per cent
Observe once more the rates for successive decades beginning
with 1800 34 38 29 32 24 27 22 10 34
Evidently the two last are out of line They should be 21 21
In all these comparisons the census of 1870 is out of li e while
the other census years are mutually confirmatory
CAREFUL ESTIMATES
are confirmed by experience To illustrate this Mr Kennedy
Superintendent of the eighth census 1860 estimated the colored
population in i880 at 6591292 The variation by actual count
was only a little over 1 per cent his estimate being a little too
high His estimates for successive years were as follows
Kennedys estimates
1870 5407130
18806591292
18907909550
19009491459
His estimate for 1870 was doubtless closer thin the actual count
so imperfectly made
As all the false estimates are based upon it let us examine the
claims to accuracy of7
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
346
THE CENSES OF 1S70
Not only is it condemned by a comparison with other dates but
it is self condemned It is not only not trustworthy but it does
not even profess to be so It could not be sustained by official sanc
tion indeed but it lacks that also
General Walker the Superintendent a most able and accom
plished man certifies not to its accuracy but its inaccuracy and
especially in the enumeration of the negroes He urged in advance
of the census the imperative need of improved methods The
then existing method he characterized as clumsy antiquated and
barbarous See Abstract 9th census pages 24
The needed improvements were not made and he was compelled
to accompany the census with the statement that nearly every
important table is prefaced by a body of remarks in which are set
forh the errors known or suspected These errors were greatly
aggravated in the Southern States
General Walkers complaints of the old law were not capricious
The United States Marshal selected for entirely different objects
were next in rank to himself but not amenable to him nor selected
by him In the Southern States they were selected with sole refer
ence to party considerations It had been strange if these outside
duties had not been neglected In a word the machinery was not
calculated to work out accurate results The errors were of defect
The officials did not trouble themselves to seek and find the lost
sheep in the wilderness The negroes were suspicious they feared
they might be enrolled for slavery or for taxation
The return which according to anticipation should have shown
an increase of about 965000 colored people showed less than 440
000 of the expected increase more was missing than found440000
found 520000 missing
In the preface to the 10th census General Walker again recurs
to the unreliableness of the 9th culminating in South Carolina in
such extraordinary results as to lead to a new count There the
gain of population between 1870 and 1880 was an impossible one
transcending the known capabilities of human procreation
This grossly inaccurate census is347
RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS
71
THE SOLE WITNESS
for the erroneous estimates for evidently the subjectmatter is by
far too large for individual observation Bat even on this bad basis
THE CALCULATIONS
themselves are in some cases widely erroneous An article in the
North American Review of July 1884 by Prof Chas A Gardiner
abounds in errors of calculation It represents the seven Atlantic
and Gulf States before named with a population of 372i4Sl as
a compact territory uniform in climate and resources inhabited
by two thirds of all the negroes in the United States Now the
colored population of the Union being 6518372 twothirds of that
number is 4345580 The States named lack 624000 of the requi
site number to make twothirds of the whole colored population
Again the same loose writer says that the negro population had
increased 35 per cent in 10 years and then adds negroes increas
ing 3 per cent annually will double in every 20 years Now an
increase of 35 per cent in 10 years is not an increase of 3 per
cent annually The difference is the same as that between simple
and compound interest An increase of 35 per cent in 10 years is
the result of an annual increase of less than 31 which would yield
in 10 years 357 increase An increase of 35 per cent in a decade
would make 100 become 182 instead of 200 in 2 years To dou
ble in 20 years the increase in 10 years must be 429a greater rate
than obtains in the United States as a whole or in any considerable
section
The mistaken census of 1 70 is surely bad enough without the
aid of loose calculations
WILD FIGURES
The prophets of evil estimate the colored population as doubling
every 20 years after 1880 until 190 Why not pursue the esti
mates a little further Give the calculators rope and look two
centuries ahead instead of one It is a short period in the life of a
nation At their incredible rates
PURSUE THE CALCULATION
and see what these eight States would then support In the year
2100 A D we should have in the eight States apopuhtion of over72
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
348
eight billions of colored people In Georgia alone her teeming
millions of blacks would exceed the present population of the wide
wide world
SOME FIGURES
They estimate the increase for 20 years after 1880at 100 per cunt
What was it for the 20years preceding 1S80 Can you believe it
Not 100 per cent No nor 50 per cent In the 20 years of our
last experience it was not so much as half the increase in which
they indulge for the next 20 and run on with it a hundred years
ahead The rate for 20 years from 1S60 to 1880 was 46f per cent
lacking Z of bing half the rate assumed for future periods of
twenty years each
But perhaps the rate for successie periods increases Just the
reverse It shows a steady decline For 20 years from 1800 it
was 768 from 1820 623 from 1840 546 from 1860 4675
The early conditions were exceptionally favorable While the
slave trade continued there was enforced immigration and the
negroes introduced moreover were nearly all adults of the prolific
age of life There were few old people or children imported
NARROW BASIS OF INDUCTION
To take ten census reports out of the ten at our command is very
unphilosophical It is mere charlatanism If we reject eight and
accept two only observe the result
In 1870 the estimates would have been the exact reverse of those
of 1880 The increase in 1870 was less than ten per cent The
colored population in 1970 would have been estimated at about
12500000 instead of nearly 200000000 Indeed a plausible
case could have been made for Victor Hugos prophecy of the
rapid extinction of the colored race Consider the argument Not
until 1S65 were the old conditions changed In these four or five
years at the old rate of increase the negroes ought to have gained
about ten per cent For the remaining years of the decade there
would then have been no increase
FORE AND HIND SIGHT
Comparing the line of sight to a rifle the census of 1870 being
too low was a false sight Compared with I860 our foresight349
RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS
73
was too low and we shot below the mark Compared with 1380
our hindsight was too low and we shot entirely too high
We need the light of all the census reports of a long experience
to rectify temporary errors and accidents
NEW CONDITIONS
In all our estimates we must remember how constantly new con
ditions arise in human affairs To look one hundred years ahead
is looking beyond our ken We are not prophets even with ten
census reports as a basis much less wth two
With increasing density of population for example new condi
tions occur The Northwest and the Southwest will gradually fill
up and the South will become
THE EMIGRATION GROUND
of the world for the North East West and for Europe The
immigration of whites to the South will tend to check ths increase
of the colored race and indeed tend to their diffusion through the
Union as domestic servants hotel waiters agricultural and general
laborers etc Whenever population begins to
PRESS ON SUBSISTENCE
the survival of the fittest will begin to tell on the weaker race
1 Eow new conditions tell on population is seen in the effect of
the war The blacks were but slightly affected Mr Kennedys
figures as to them were verified substantially in 1880 and were
nearer the truth in 1870 than the census itself But how as to the
whites The war played havoc with his estimates based as they
were on continued peace i parity of conditions The estimate
in 1860 of the aggregate population in 1880 was 56450211 It
really was 50155733 a falling off of 6294458 and this notwith
standing a great increase of immigration
As the South advances from agricultural to manufacturing pur
suits the same conditions will occur which drove the negroes grad
ually from the Northern States They are unfit for the higher
processes of industry The difficulty of making a living will check
increase
Englands growth has been the result of growth in skill and of74 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 350
large differentiation in pursuits Can the negro in these regards
spell up to the whites Hardly And if not the disposition to
increase and multiply must yield to hard necessity
It is interesting to note the relative increase of the negro race in
the United States and in the British West Indies Some valuable
figures and comments are to be found in the volume published by
the State Board of Agriculture of South Carolina entitled South
Carolina and prepared in large part by Major Harry Hammond
The importations of negroes into the United States quoted from
Mr Carey are as follows
Prior to 1714 30000
1715 to 1750 90000
1751 to 1760 35000
17fil to 1776 74500
1777 to 179034000
1701 to 1808 90000
Number imported 353 500
By the census of 1790 the number then in the country was 757
208 showing a very large natural increase The number emanci
pated in 1865 was probably nearly 4900000 accurately estimated
Put it at 4600000 and this shows over thirteen emancipated to
one brought into the country
A CONTRAST
The number imported into the British West Indies is estimated
at 2000000 the number emancipated at660000 ie three were
imported to one emancipated The contrast in favor of the United
States is therefore about forty to one
Valuable statistical information is given by J Shahl Paterson in
the Popular Science Monthly of September 1881 continued in
October His estimates are affected in important particulars by
his failure to appreciate the errors of the census of 1S70 allowing
however for this element of error his treatment of the census is
suggestive He furnishes particulars in regard to white immi
grants as follows for successive decades beginning with 17901800351 RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS 75
Decade WMte
ending immigrants
1 1800 43000
2 1810 60000
3 1820 98000
4 1830 150000
5 1840 600000
6 1850 1700000
7 1860 2500000
8 1870 2400000
9 1880 2800000
Total to 188010351000
The great tide set this way about 1840
The handling Mr Paterson gives the statistics of emigration is
worthy of careful study His conclusions as to the whites are that
the native whites of the North increase at the rate of 157 percent
and at the South 304 per cent in a decade We can scarcely agree
with a conclusion which makes the disparity so wide The esti
mate of colored increase is based on the census of 1870 allowing
15 per cent for error at 333 per cent The error we think was
probably not far from 11 per cent instead of 15
Upon his own basis he estimates the native whites of the North
one hundred years hence 19S0 their present number being 24
403000 at 105000000 while the colored population will have in
creased from 6577000 to 117000000
His estimates on the movement of the colored population are
more satisfactory But new and now unknown conditions are
likely to affect the problem and upset all our calculations based
on the past and supposing the future to be more constant than it
will probably be
INCREASE OF THE WHITES
The relative increase of the whites at the South is somewhat more
difficult to estimate than that of the blacks because more aff cted
by emigration and immigration In the census of 1870 the whites
were probably better counted than the blacks By it the increase
of the whites in the decade ending in 1880 was 28 per cent while
that of the colored people was 33 The whites lost by excess of76
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
352
emigration over immigration however much more than the blacks
The blacks lost little by the war chiefly infants and old people for
a short period after freedom The prolific age corresponding
with the military age was little affected while the losses of the
whites were from this very age telling for a time heavily on ratio
of increase
ANOTHER TEST
In 1870 there were livibg in the United States including Geor
gia 719124 whites born in Georgia In 1880 933061 an increase
of 30 per cent The enumeration of the whites was more narly
correct than that of the blacks A like comparison of the blacks
shows 589929 in 1870 and 786306 in 18S0 an increase of 33 per
cent Allowing for errors in 1870 their per cent of increase would
be reduced below that of the whites
The Souththe whole countryis deeply interested in this
question whether the country is to be Africanized No State has
a deeper interest in it than Georgia the centre of colored popula
tion But there is no such black outlook The wild use of sta
tistics raised the apprehansionp the serious and sober use dispels
them We may safely dismiss these vain fears as unwarranted by
the facts
COMPARISON OF 1870 AND 1880
The census of 1S70 was unreliable and its errors aggravated at the
South by peculiar conditions The worst errors related to the
black population and these were concentrated on the Southern tier
of States especially on South Carolina Mississippi and Louisiana
Georgia herself was then in June 1870 under military rule
The census of 1880 on the contrary was the bet ever taken
with improved machinery and with the utmost care This very
fact exaggerated the contrast between it and the 9th census
Instead of a gloomy view we think the future full of hope and
promise This fine country was not conquered from the red man
for the black it will never cease to be a white mans country un
less all history is false and the superior race shall yield to the inferior
Other principles will come into play when any such result is seri
ously threatened353
RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS
77
There was in slavery whatever its fault nothing to retard but
everything to stimulate the increase of the colored people As it
wa3 with King Lear the king lacks soldiers even so with the
masterhe wanted slaves There were no such things as improvi
dent marriages for there was no difficulty about bringing up chil
dren There are more drones in the colored hive now than then
All this is said in perfect kindness towards the colored race
Such a rate of increase were as bad for them as for the whites
Civilization would perish in their hande
As regards Georgia in particular we would as soon risk her to
take care of herself as any other State or people She has before
her a future of growth and development of largely diversified in
dustry increased agricultural diversity united with immense in
crease in manufacturing mining and all other forms of industry
Coal iron lumber water power cotton rice sugar climate soil
health all these she has and a beautiful country for a superior
race The tide will turn this way probably in a peculiar and de
sirable way not so much by direct immigration from abroad but
rather from the North ovei flowing this way a population already
assimilated and in the second generation indistinguishable from our
ownCHAPTER VII
PART HITHE PRODUCTIONS
After the Country and the People naturally come the Producn
tionsthe uses made of the country by the people
These divide readily into two head viz
1 Wealth the accumulation of past productions and
2 Current or Annual Production
WEALTH OF GEORGIA
We treat of wealth first because it enters into current produc
tion as a most important factor Each successive generation of
men has not only nature but wealth as its heritage The portion
of wealth devoted to reproduction i e Capital has even a larger
bearing incomparably larger on annual production than nature
itself
The aggregate wealth of the State by the census of 1880 was
239000000 By the Comptroller Gbnerala Report of 1881 on
the same basis it was 295000000 In each sum the railroad prop
erty of the State was omitted Including this the aggregate for
1881 was 317071271
To show its history for several decades the wealth was as fol
lows for 1850 etc
850335000000
I860 672000000
1870Greenbacks226000000 Gold 189000000
1880Including railroads 251500000
1881Including railroads 317000000
The increase between 1850 and 1860 notwithstanding a large
emigration westward was 90 per cent almost doubling the wealth
of 1850
Losses ly WarThe next decade embraced the war No re
turns are to be had of the years 1S65 6 7 In 1868 the comparison
stood thus355 1RE PRODUCTIONS 79
1860Gold1672 000000
1868Greenbacks 191000000 Gold 130000000
Reduction 542000000
The wealth of 1868 was not one fifth that of 1860 At the old
rate of increase the wealth of 1870 would have been 1227000000
instead of 189000000 in gold
The white population which really possessed all the wealth
numbered in 1860 not quite 600000 in 1870 639000 The re
duction in wealth of the whites exceeded S00 per capitathe
amount left being less than 300
The French indemnity of 1000000000 levied on about 37
000000 of people was less than 30 a headnot one part in twen
tyfive of the relative loss in Georgia This gives eome idea of the
stupendous losses of the war to the South
Georgia was in 1850 the sixth State in rank as to wealth in 1860
the eighth in 187u the twentieth Along with her wealth she
had lost the cream of her population From 1868 there was a grad
ual advance to 1874 then a retrogression due to the financial
crisis until 1879 and since that time a more rapid progress
A historical table s howing the wealth for successive years will be
given in the Appendix
TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
By Table No 1 in the Appendix it will be seen that North
Georgia in 1882 had a total wealth of 44500000 being 3941 per
square mile Middle Georgia 917500007028 per square mile
Southwest Georgia 427500002980 per square mile East
Georgia 332500003178 per square mile Southeast Georgia
265000002704 per square mile
DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO FORM OF INVESTMENT
By the census of 1880 in round numbers the two great items
were
Real estate140000000
Personal 100000000
The value of farms was 112000000
Investments in manufactures 20672000SO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 356
BY IHE COMPTROLLER GEVERAl8 REPORT OF 1384
Real estate 174452761
Personal 12o432609
Nearly 70000000 of the roal estate is city and town property
OF THE PERSONAL PROPERTY
Money and solvent debts34 230 000
Bank shares 5132000
Stocks and bonds 6 054 jQO
Merchandise 18070 000
Furniture 11000000
Cotton manufactures 4 832 000
Shipping 1420000
Iron works 606000
Mining 230000
The Agricultural investmentlandlive stock and toolsis 132
000000
In the Augusta Trade Review published by the Chronicle
and Constitutionalist of that city the manufacturing capital of
that city alone is represented at nearly 8000000 and that of the
State as 38000000
Evidently the tax returns do not at all correctly represent the act
ual manufacturing capital of the State
WEALTH OF WHITE AND COLORED POPULATION 1S84
White309000000
Colored 8000000
RAILROADS OF GEORGIA
The probable value is about 60000000
The increase in the wealth of 1884 over 1883 is 10161916
The debt of Georgia in 1884 is 8704635annual interest
582121
The public property aside from building asylum etc consists
chiefly in the ownership of the Western Atlantic Railroad
erimated value about 8000000
The State tax on individual citizens is about 350000 rail
road tax 75000 rent of W A E E 300000 other sources
about 130000 making altogetrnr about 1150000 to 1750000357
THE PRODUCTIONS
8l
The building of the State Capitol may add something to the annual
rate of taxation
Georgia as we have already seeD is eminently a variety State in
her resources of soil climate and production manufacturing
facilities mineral wealth etc Heretofore her chief industry ha
been agricultural but other forms of employment have been
developing rapidly and her future career will probably be greatly
dependent on manufacturing
The statistics of current production are as yet more im
perfect than those of realized wealth they are more difficult to
estimate and the means of analyzing them thoroughly do not
exist
In the gradual development of the principles of censustaking
we may hope in the future for information which will enable us
to give a systematic view of current production first its synthesis
a general view of current annual production as a whole and
second its analysis showing the production of its parts
Current production goes first to the supply of current wants and
only its excess is added to annual savings From the gross
product must first come the cost of material and other elements of
cost and after the net product is ascertained the cost of living
comes out before we reach savings
The analysis is not an easy one but beginning with a tentative
effort we may clear the way for more exact estimates hereafter
GROSS PRODUCTION
The gross product of all industries for 1880 may be roughly
estimated at 130000000 to 150000000 consisting of the fol
lowing leading items
Jnuuslrv Gross Products
Agriculture70000000
Manufactures 36600000
Rail Roads 15000000
Trade 7000000
Professional Gross Income 5000000
Labor 5000000
Domestic service 1000000082 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 358
Except the first two or three these estimates are perhaps not
even approximations In the Appendix we may be able to make
such corrections as more nearly to give probable approximations
NET PEODUCTION
To determine the net annual production is still more difficult
and the data more imperfect It would be of inestimable value if
in the comparison of State and National advantages and resources
we could analyze the results respectively yielded by land capital
labor and enterprise These pass under the names of rent in
terest wages and profits
To state a problem well especially in modern times is half to
solve it We need to fill the blank in a table like the following
FORM OF TABLE NEEDED
For Agricultural Products
LandValue111000 000
RentEstimated 8000000
CapitalTotal 60000 000
Fixed CapitalStock Tools etc 30000000
Annual CapitalTotal 30000000
Fertilizers 5000000
Supplies
Advances
Interest on Capital 5000000
Superintendence
LaborWages
Extras
Material Seed etc
Cross Productions 70000000
Deduct Material Labor Interest Rent
Net Profit 25000000
Cost of Living
Savings 8000000
These figures are only intended as snggestive not as accurate
A like table is needed for manufacturing and other industries
In manufacturing the items of land and rent perhaps need not ap
pear but such only as the following Capital fixed and annual359
THE PRODUCTIONS
83
interest labor superintendence wages advances material gross
products the successive reductions to ascertain net profit expenses
of living savings
Somewhat different items would be needed for the other great
divisions of industry given in the census as professional and per
sonal services and trade and transportation
In professional services capital is represented by previous expen
ditures in education library apparatus etc
In mere personal service as that of the laborer the domestic
servant etc there is scarcely any capital represented The laborer
has himself and his faculties of production The latter he exchanges
for wages
In trade the stock in trade is capital and bears a considerable
part in production In transportation a large capital is necessary
say in railroad transportation the cost of road and equipment and
a considerable annual capital also though this may be supplied by
earnings Both trade and transportation require much labor and
so wages enter largely into their results
With such tables complete the comparison of National and State
production would be much more easy and intelligible and also the
comparison between different forms of industry and investment
The comparison between agricultural and manufacturing wages
is usually very defective Apparently the former suffers in the com
parison this is in appearance much more than in fact To illustrate
how this occurs suppose the wages of a farm laborer to be 100
and of an operative in a factory 200 the appearance when only
the money wages are expressed is quite to the disparagement of
agriculture But usually at the South besides the money wages
provisions are furnished worth say 3000 more Again the home
of the laborer is furnished rentfree his fuel costs nothing and
often he has a garden or a patch rentfree In addition he has bet
ter opportunities for a pig or two for poultry for milk and fruit
and on Sundays and holidays the use of a horse There are many
items of value and many easements to the farm laborer uncounted
in the usual estimates On the other hand out of the apparently
large money income of the operative or mechanic must come
expenses of rent fuel and supplies and all the little extras and84
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
360
comforts also cost money Again it is to be remembered that the
greater number of agricultural laborers are less skilled than me
chanical workmen and so entitled to less average wages
On the whole the practical choice of agriculture instead of other
pursuits shows that these differences unnoted in statistics are noted
ir real life and that a large proportion of mankind prefer farming
to any other occupation It seems to be the refuge towards which
many minds tend including professional men and merchants who
wish to close life in the quiet of a farm
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
In Georgia the products of the farm are unusually varied They
may be subdivided under two great headsmoney crops and pro
vision crops Of the money crops cotton takes the lead far sur
passing all the others combined There are also rice sugar and
syrup tobacco and truck products for the market vegetables
fruits and melons raised for sale
Forest products and naval stores occupy also a considerable place
among the industries of the State
More varied are the provision crops for home use or strictly home
market They include all the cereals the leguminous crops peas
beans etc the root crops all sorts of vegetables and fruits indeed
they embrace almost everything for food of man and beast which
is not tropical So the facilities are excellent for all sorts of live
stock horses mules and cattle for dairy products for poultry etc
Fuod for stock can be made to cover the whole year by a judicious
selection Our comparatively short winter renders the expense of
wintering stock small and with barley or oaf patches little work is
necessary in gathering food
The following table shows the statistics of leading crops in Geor
gia for 1880
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
Acres Crop
Tilled land7690292
Cotton2617138 814441 Bales
Com2538733 23202618 Bushels
Oats 612778 5548743 Bushels
Wheat 475684 3159771 Bushels
Sweet Potatoes 61010 4397774 Bushels361 THE PRODUCTIONS 85
Of all the tilled land it appears that 34 per cent was in cotton
and nearly as much say onethird in corn There is a growing
tendency to increase the oat crop the corn crop in much of the
State being subject to summer drought
CURRENT PRODUCTION
It is still impossible notwithstanding all our census eturns tax
returns and other sources of information to furnish any accurate
statement of the gross annual production of any State Estimates
may be had however of certain departments of State industry In
1880 the gross production of the Agricultural class in Georgia was
estimated at 67000000 the gross product in Georgia of manu
factures was 36441000 But there were other industries of which
no estimates were made or even attempted Under the denomi
nation of Professional and Personal Services over 100000 people
were classified but their annual production not estimated So of
the large number engaged in trade
Some statistics of transportation are attainable however The
gross receipts of the railroads of the State were probably about
10000000
The following table gives the form of information needed with
the information itself when the census furnishes it
GROSS PRODUCTION1880
Agricultural67028929
Manufacturing 36440948
Trade no estimate
Transportation about 10000000
Professional no estimate
Personal no estimate
Passing from gross to net production it is to be observed that
the cost of material is first to be deducted and only the increment
above that cost regarded as production
The cost of material in agriculture is comparatively small It
consists chiefly of seeds a A fertilizers Probably of the 67000
000 gross fully 60000000 is increment on cost of material con
sumed No estimates are made of the value of seed etc but that
of fertilizers is set down at 434700086
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
362
The cost of manufacturing material exceeds the entire capital
need in manufactures Deduct from the gross product 36440948
the cost of material 24143939 and we have the increment 12
297009
The increment to value is the fund from which to pay rent in
terest and wages leaving profits
The railroad expenses deducted from gross receipts leave as the
increment say 2500000
INCREMENT OF VALUES
Agricultural60 000000
Manufacturing 12300000
Trade unknown
Transportation hy rail 2500000
Professional unknown
Personal unknown
A rude estimate of gross product and increment might be as
follows
Gross Increment
Agricultural 67000000 60000000
Manufacturing 36441000 12300 000
Trade 15000 000 5000000
Transportation 10000000 2500 000
Professional 5000000 4500000
Personal 15 000 000 12000000
148500000 96300000
It were very desirable but is still quite impossible to determine
how the increment of value is distributed into rent of land inter
est on capital wages of labor and profits of enterprise To such
completeness of information statistical science has not yet attained
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONCROPS uF GEORGIA
Cotton is the most valuable crop Of this great staple the pro
duction in Georgia was in 1850 500000 bales 1860 702000
bales 1870 474000 1880 814000 The largest crop ever made
in the State was in 1882 942000363 THE PRODUCTIONS 87
In 1880 Mississippi alone exceeded Georgia her crop being 963
000 and that of Texas 805000 compared with 814000 in Georgia
Texa with her immense area now leads all the cotton States
Within the State the leading counties in cotton production are
as follows by census of I08O Burke 29172 bales Washington
23058 Houston 19090 Troup 18055 Goweta 16282 Meri
wether 15154 Hancock 15010 Floyd 14545
In the northern tier of counties and in the southeastern part
comparatively little cotton is produced Fifteen or twenty coun
ties can be named the aggregate production of them all being less
than 1000 bales Towns and Fannin report not one bale
The average product of the State in 1880 was one bale to 321
acres
THE CORN CROP
On 2538733 acres in 1880 the yield was 23202618 bushels
an average of a little over 9 bushels per acre
The crops of former census years were as follows 1850 30
000000 186131000000 1870 17500000 bushels
OTHER CROPS
Acres Busbelfe Per acre
Oats612778 5548743 9
Wheat475684 3159771 66
Sweet Potatoes 61010 337774 2
The oat crop of Georgia has greatly increased since the war
The yield of different crops in former census years is given below
1850 I860 1870
Oats3820044 1231817 1904601
Wheat1088534 2544913 2127017
Sweet Potatoes6986428 6508541 2621562
There is a marked increase in wheat as well as oats and a de
crease in sweet potatoes yet only one other State surpasses her
present yield North Carolina with 4576000 bushels88
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
364
RICE
The ricecrop for successive census years has been as follows in
round numbers In 1850 40000000 pounds I860 52500000
1870 22250000 18S0 25333000
Georgia stands second in rice product South Carolina 52000000
pounds Georgia 25000000 Louisiana 23000000 and North Car
olina 5500000
STOCK
The following table shows statistics ot live stock in Georgia for
several successive census years
LIVE STOCK IN GEORGIA
1880
Va ue
Horses Number
Mules Number
Oxen Number
Cows Number
Otber Cattle Number
Sheep Number
Swine Number
25930352
98520
13V078
50020
315073
544812
527589
1471003
1870
1S60
30156317
81777
87426
54332
21310
412261
419465
988566
3372734
130771
101069
74487
299688
631707
512018
2036116
1830
5728416
154331
57379
73286
334223
090019
560435
2168617
WOOL IN POUNDS
1850
990019
I860
946227
1870
846947
i8so
1289560
FERTILIZERS1879
Georgia was the largest consumer using in value 4347000
worth Pennsylvania was next with 2838000 New York
2715000 South Carolina 2650000 and Virginia 2137000
THE LEADING COUNTIES IN AGRICULTUKAL PRODUCTS
are as follows 1880 Burke 1S24000 Washington1484000
Troup 1276000 Houston 1265000 Coweta 1174000
Meriwether 1131000 Cobb 1089000 Floyd 1061000
Gwinnett 1019000
MANUFACTURES IN GEORGIA
By the census of 1880 the aggregate of all manufactures with a
product exceeding 500 per annum employed a capital of 20365
THE PRODUCTIONS
89
672410operative 24875paid wages 5266152 used mate
rial 24143939 and made a product of 36440948
In the Augusta Trade Review of October 1S84 the capital in
1884 is estimated as nearly double that of IS 0 having increased
by 18169402 and now amounting to 38841822
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES1880
Cotton Mills
Flour Mills
Lumber
Eico
Tar and Turpentine
Capital
6537657
3576300
310145
35000
513885
Wages
1141782
327600
53408
506842
Material
14039673
8619092
3197195
1309407
490355
Product
6513490
9703898
4875310
1488769
1455739
COTTON MANUFACTURES
The Baltimore Manufacturers Record quoted in the Augusta
Trade Review makes the iucrease as follows
8S0 1SS4
Looms 4713 7843
Spindles 200974 340143
Hands 6678 10000
Bales used 67874 100000
Capital 6632142 13000000
The lumber capital is estimated to have increased to about
6000000 and the product to about 7000003
The leading counties in manufacturing are Fulton Richmond
Mnscogee Chatham Bibb Cobb Floyd Glynn and Clarke The
manufacturing capital in Fulton is estimated at about 6000000
in Richmond about 5500000 and nearly as much in Muscogee
EAILKOAD5
There are nearly 3000 miles of Railroad in Georgia forming a
complete network well distributed as to locality and sections and
reaching 100 out of the 137 counties of the State The Central
R R Company owns leases or oparates about forty per cent of
the whole railroad system If equally distributed there would be
over twenty miles of railroad to a county counties in Georgia
being small one mile to 550 people one mile of road to 21 square
miles of area90 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 366
There are few localities in which a wagon cannot go and return
in a day from a railroad station The lines of road would suffice
tc cross the State east and west about fourteen times or north and
south about nine times
The leading Railroad centres are Atlanta and Macon Savannah
and Augusta inaugurated the chief enterprises
The capital invested probably exceeds 60000000 the gross in
come 10000000 and the net income is between 2000000 and
2500000
EFFECT OF EAILKOAD3 ON THE VALUE OF PROPERTY
This is illustrated by the following table for the Air Line and
N E Railroads
Counties Value of Property 1874 1884
Fulton 20485000 30736000
DeKalb 2813 000 3405000
Gwinnett 2745000 3048000
Hall 2139000 2879000
Banks 767000 1094000
Habersham 806000 1004000
Milton 808000 994000
Forsyth 1261000 1520000
Franklin 1171000 1524000
Clarke 4703000 5435050
Oconee 960000
Jackson 1686000 2491000
Madison 958000 1010000
Total 40322000 56090000
This shows an increase in ten years of nearly forty per cent
The per cent of increase for the State between 1874 and 1881
being but eight per cent viz from two hundred and seventythree
to two hundred and ninetyfive millions
The comparative increase would show to yet greater advantage
between 1870 and 1880 because in 1874 the first date in the
table the appreciation of property had already begun in antici
pation of the railroads To illustrate this the tax return of Hall
county in 1870 was 1067000 and in 1874 2139000more than
double the return four years previous367
THE PRODUCTIONS
91
The property of the nine counties through which the Air Line
Railroad passes increased in four years from il171000 to 32995
000nearly 56 per cent During the same period the State in
crease was less than twentyone per cent
GEORGIAA STATE FOR HOME COMFORT
No State is more admirably adapted to ample Home Comfort
Many advantages are common to other Southern Statesothers pe
culiar to Georgia What is needful to home comfort Whatever
it is Georgia has it Land abundant and cheap a climate excellent
for health comfort and production with two seasons giving
both summer and winter cropsan excellent year round climate
with moderate summers moderate winters delightful spring sea
sons and Indian summers indescribably tine
Building material is cheap and a good house easily reared The
farmer is the most independent of men with no rent to pay no
fuel to buy with supplies of food easily had with soil and climate
adapted to grain crops to garden orchard and dairy products and
equally so to poultry Cows may be fed through the winter on
barley or oat patches
The garden the orchard the cow and the hen What a share of
human comfort they contribute With fruits and vegetables milk
and butter chickens and eggs what a start we have towards sup
plying not only an ample but a luxurious table These facilities exist
moreover not in a mere pioneer country but accompanied by the
advantages of an already established civilizition the land cleared
and ready for cultivation with railroads schools churches and so
cial opportunities already provided
Erroneous opinions exist as to safety at the South The sense of
security essential to comfort obtains in a remarkable degree No
where does a larger proportion of the population sleep without
locks on their doors fearless of violence or theft Her people as a
rule are honest hospitable and friendly to strangers
In addition to the mere supply of food it is easy to have choice
fruits vegetables grapes melons etc covering a large part of the
whole year In addition to provisions there is the best of all
money crops cotton Indeed if one will but make home comfort92 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 368
and abundance a prime object no country is better suited to them
A Farm in Georgia as an investment is unsurpassed in its re
turns especially to a poor man or a man of moderate mean A
few hundreds or a few thousands invested here may with good
management make a home of comfort health abundance and se
curity Here as elsewhere good management is necessary but
nowhere does it pay better German and other foreigners remark
on the advantage of winter as well as summer crops and of land not
icebound in winter
In his volume on South Carolina equally applicable to Georgia
with some added advantages here Pike speaks of it as an agricultu
ral paradise and warmly commends the inestimable advantages for
an agricultural country of having no winter and of living in a
climate in which ploughing may be carried on in every month of
the year He winds up his view with these words If there be
an Elysium for an agriculturist it is a fruitful soil a salubrious cli
mate and a delicious atmosphere in which frosts and snows are al
most unknown
We have had frequent occasion to refer to Georgia as a variety
State It is not suited alone to agriculture
MANUFACTURING INVESTMENTS
also have especial advantages In cotton manufactures this is em
inently true Not to dwell on them it is sufficient here to say that
the cotton and the mills are togethersaving freight one way For
many cotton goods there is a home marketthus saving freight both
ways The climate is remarkably suited to the work both in winter
and summer The cost of living is low and so the wages of labor
diminished In a word it seems to be the place of all others adapt
ed by nature to cotton manufactures Many other undeveloped
facilities for manufacturing exist But they begin to be appre
ciated and are rapidly undergoing developmen
MECHANICS
There is a wide opening and demand for good skilled mechanics
in various departments of industry The supply of skilled labor is
inadequate owing in part to the superior attractions of farm ife369
THE PRODUCTIONS
93
With the growing use of improved machinery and the introduction
of engines reapers and mowers separators etc there is a growing
demand for workmen capable of keeping them in repair distributed
better throughout the country as well as in the cities
Take the advantages altogether and the time is not far distant
when the advice will be young man go South We do not hesi
tate to say as the result of observation and experience that the best
immigration for us is from the North rather than from abroad
Northern immigrants are soonest assimilated Their children and
ours are indistinguishable The best means moreover of harmon
izing the sections is by the mutual acquaintance to which immigra
tion gives rise Sectional antipat are based on mutual igno
rance and rapidly disappear before mutual knowledge
To bring this outline view of the State to a close we quote from
the Handbook of Georgia as to the advantages it presents
Nature has been prodigal in her gifts to us and man needs
only average skill and care to make here as happy homes as the
world has ever known The ground with its wide range of pro
ductions the sun and air and conditions of climate the abundant
wood and water and waterpower the present settled state of the
country and degree of development and the future promise of a
higher developmentall point to the South as admirably suited for
immigration and to no part of the South more than to Georgia
Her relative claims indeed are undisputed and her positive claims
need only to be investigated to be apparentAPPENDIX
STATISTICAL INFORMATION
Know thyself is a maxim as important to a State as to a per
son and even more difficult The knowledge of a State being too
large and wide for individual observaton the need of a Census is
obvious even to semi civilized people The facts must be brought
together from afar and hence the need of
A SCIENCE OF STATISTICS
This substitutes measurement for guess work But we are still
in danger of getting lost in details and hence is needed also the
SCIENCE OF TABULATION
The crowning triumph of this science was the Census Atlas ex
hibiting the results of the census of 1870 to that quickest of organs
the eye But since we know nothing by itself but only by com
parison with other objects we need next not only actual but
comparative statistics
THE COMPARATIVE METHOD
of study has been one of the chief instruments of modern civiliza
tion To know Georgia we must not only know her in herself but
know how she compares with other States and understand her rel
ative rank We must also compare her present with her past
History is indeed but the story of a development showing stages of
growth or alas of the reverse A suitable
UNIT OF COMPARISON
is needed States are so wide apart in population resources etc
that some common standard is necessary The needed unit is not
area nor population nor wealth We need a standard even as a
farmer does who speaks of a onemule farm a twomule farm
etc the mule being the best factor for comparison The best unit
for the comparison of States is perhaps
100000 PEOPLE
This shows per cents readily by simply omitting the 1000s
and when accuracy is needed avoids fractionsII
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
There is still a danger to be met after all our pains We must
in statistics so to speak
COMPLETE THE CIRCLE
just as a surveyor must go entirely around a farm to the point of
beginning or a bookkeeper make a balancesheet
In census returns and statistics generally the needful last line is
seldom reached Indeed several lines are omitted viz after
Wealth should follow Gross Income Cost of Production Net In
come and the uses made of it in comforts style of living etc and
finally as the great and last item
SAVINGS
added annually to National or State wealth These items begin to
be more studied than formerly but we have usually got lost before
reaching them
In dealing with these items it is difficult especially in Manufac
tures to avoid the
DUPLICATION OF VALUES
in articles involving successive stages of production The incre
ment or added value is to be ascertained and the cost of this ad
dition to value so that the net increment alone may be computed
This which remains after paying cost of material in the stage at
which the new process begins together with rent interest and
wages is profitthe compensation of enterprise
In Agricultural computations on the other hand it is hard to
avoid the opposite error viz the
omission of values
which should legitimately go on the credit side such are the saving
of rent fuel and a score of sundries derived from the farm money
thus saved is money gained yet is seldom included in estimates of
the relative profits of farming and other pursuits
In the proper appreciation of statistical data
A GUIDE PROPOSITION
is of great service and a guide table to correspond presenting a
complete general view of which the following tables are the amplifi
cation Some strong statement of salient points may embrace all
the factors and complete the circle such as the following viz
Georgia with an area of 58980 square miles a population of
1542180 souls and a wealth in 1884 returned as about 317000000
probably in reality about 500000000 produces annually a gross
income of about 100000000 this amount and those that follow
given only as illustrations of which the cost of production is saySTATISTICAL INFORMATION
III
70 000 000leaving a net income of say 30000000applied to
payment of taxes Federal State and local then to the cost of liv
ing with greater or less comfort and the residue constituting the
annual savings is added to the wealth of the Statefive millions
ten or twenty as the case may be
With this guide proposition in mind we follow the tables in
telligently knowing the goal at which we are aiming and cooper
ating in attaining it or else suspecting and criticising the data
After the tables showing actual condition should lollow those
showing comparative condition as compared with other States and
other times
Such an outline will best answer the questionnot by guess but
by measurementWhat about Georgia How is she getting on in
the world as compared with her sister States and quite as impor
tant with her opportunities
Nor should we forget the object of it all and of all mformation
Knowledge is and ever should be but the guide of action
The results of
A SYSTEMATIC SURVEY
of theState is not disappointing as to the greatness and variety of
its magnificent resources These seem rather to grow than to shrink
under investigation But how is it with the use we make of them
Do we adequately improve our fine opportunities The scale to
weigh resultsperhaps the final testin any State or community
is to be found in the
PRICE of land
not the returned value however for even without wrong intent
the habits of taxpayers are lax and land is returned year after year
at the same rates The actual value determined by sale is the
unit which tests progress Adopting this test we have no reason
to be proud of the uses which we as a people make of our great
heritage
Statistics are virtually National Book Keeping and the Census
is the Taking Stock of the NationIV
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TABLE No 1
Areas Population and Wealth of Georgia by Csnsm of 1880
The State
SECTIONS
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
8 W Georgia
East Georgia
8 E Georgia
COUNTIES
4ppllng
Baker
Baldwin
Banks
Bartow
Berrien
Bibb777
Brooks
Bryan
BuJloch777
Burke
Butts
Calhoun
Camden77
Campbell
Carroll
Catoosa
Charlton
Chatham
Chattaboocuee
Ctmttooga
Cherokee
Clarke
Clay
Clayton
Clinch
Cobb
Coffee
Golquitt
Columbia
Coweta
Crawford
Dade
Dawson
Decatur
DeKalb
Dodge
Dooly
Dougherty
Douglass
Early
Ecttols
AREA POPULATION WEALTH
Sq Miles Total PerSq Mile Total PerSq Mile
58980 1542180 26 239472599 4050
11260 337000 30 44530000 3941
13060 568000 43 91790000 7028
14350 310000 21 42790000 2980
10470 207200 20 33280000 3178
9840 120000 12 26610000 2704
1080 5276 5 812316 752
340 7307 21 590883 1738
240 13806 58 1146004 4775
320 7337 23 842740 2634
500 18690 37 3259790 6520
760 6619 9 942240 1240
240 27147 113 8759462 36500
530 11727 22 1832549 3457
400 4929 12 428088 1070
900 8053 9 1050398 1167
1030 27128 26 2308517 2241
180 8311 46 865919 4810
280 7024 25 676810 2417
620 6183 10 619259 2091
240 9970 42 1449009 6037
540 16901 31 1987688 3680
160 4739 30 805115 5032
1060 2154 2 217193 543
400 45023 113 17672222 16672
220 5670 26 504418 2293
400 10021 25 1452245 3630
470 14325 30 1692209 3600
180 11702 65 4430265 24613
200 6650 33 760121 3800
140 8027 57 1225891 8756
900 4138 5 666053 751
410 20748 52 3338479 8346
980 5070 797548 814
550 2527 5 294634 535
290 10465 36 892415 3077
440 21100 48 2963015 6734
340 8656 25 712334 2095
180 4702 26 691392 3846
180 5837 32 567601 3153
1160 19072 16 2025725 1746
280 14497 52 2372986 8475
580 5538 9 681244 1174
780 12420 16 1328229 1703
340 12622 37 2398514 7054
190 6934 36 697462 3671
510 7611 15 805308 1579
400 2553 6 244896 608
STATISTICAL INFORMATION
TABLE No 1 Continued
COUNTIES
Effingham
Elbert
Emanuel
Fannin
Fayette
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
Fulton
Gilmer
Glascock
Glynn
Gordon
Green
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hall
Hancock
Haralson
Harris
Hart
Heard
Henry
Houston
Irwin
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Johnson
Jones
Laurens
Lee
Liberty
Lincoln
Lowndes
Lumpkin
McDuffle
Mclntosh
Macon
Madison
Marion
Meriwether
Miller
Milton
Mitcnell
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Murray
Muscogee
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
AKEA
Sq
Milus
POPULATION
WEALTH
Total
420
440
040
390
220
540
250
30
200
480
100
430
360
340
470
400
540
520
330
470
330
290
400
560
680
360
380
620
260
470
740
360
720
280
470
290
330
530
360
300
361
490
240
110
500
470
720
400
420
210
260
160
510
PerSq
Mile
5979
12957
9759
7245
8605
2441S
10599
11453
49137
8386
3 5771
649 T
11171
17547
19531
8718
15298
16989i
5976
15758
9094
8769
14193
22414
2696
16297
11851
15671
4800
11613
10053
10577
10649
6412
11049
6526
9440
6241
11675
7978
8598
17651
3720
6261
9392
18808
5381
14032
8269
19322
13623
6351
15400
14
29
9
19
39
45
42
35
246
17
36
15
31
52
42
22
28
33
1
34
28
30
35
40
4
45
31
25
1
25
14
29
15
23
24
23
29
12
32
27
24
36
16
57
19
40
7
35
20
92
52
40
30
640795
1344549
1247171
432883
863768
5193583
1227243
1227647
20343525
557047
415153
1170644
1826924
2092354
2405689
834939
2074198
2367398
630249
1 790073
986781
933510
1647632
2297564
516515
1780172
1133495
2066606
531202
1098849
1051931
979310
888193
671733
1298606
539309
805453
725358
1327807
882843
859588
1503062
324027
840992
1193900
2199282
730631
2090611
1074565
7634875
2024025
777935
1601480
Per Sq
Mile
1526
3055
1200
1109
3926
9614
4908
3720
101717
1160
4153
2722
5075
6154
5116
2087
3841
4553
1910
3806
2990
3225
4119
4103
760
4923
2983
3349
2043
2338
1308
2720
1233
2400
2720
1860
2441
1365
368
2943
2388
3068
1392
7645
2J388
4680
1015
5226
2558
36356
7515
4862
3140VI
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TABLE No 1Continued
COUNTIES
I
Paulding
Pickens
Pierce
Pike
Polk
Pulaski
Putnam
Qintman
Rnbun
Randolph
Richmond
Rockdale
Schley
Screven
iSpauiding
Stewart
Sumter
Talbot
Taliaferro
Tatnall
Taylor
Telfair
Terrell
Thomas
Towns
Troup
Twiggs
Union
Upson
Walker
Waiton
Ware
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
While
Whitfield
Wilcox
Wilkes
Wilkins
Worth
AREA POPULATION
Sq Miie Total Per Sq Mile
340 10887 32
230 6790 30
540 4538 8
290 15849 55
330 11952 36
470 14158 30
360 14539 40
160 4392 27
400 4634 12
400 13341 33
3v0 34665 108
120 6838 57
180 5302 29
720 12786 18
220 12585 57
440 13998 32
520 18239 35
360 14115 39
180 703S 39
1100 6 988 6
400 8597 21
420 4828 11
320 10451 33
780 20597 26
180 3261 18
430 20565 48
330 8918 27
330 6431 l9
310 12400 40
440 11056 25
400 15623 39
620 4159 7
290 10885 38
680 21964 32
740 5980 8
230 5237 23
180 5341 30
330 11900 36
500 3 109 fi
460 15985 35
440 12061 27
710 5892 8
WEALTH
Total
1210841
528469
544283
2357048
1673805
1566227
1682656
586078
316177
1642084
15328452
116099c
553483
1081722
2017879
1454896
2991898
1264018
684080
930359
815213
658682
1276405
2536 419
248277
2983851
653647
429570
1444657
1753MM
2362910
550615
1214270
2806251
670978
625786
479899
1920991
402572
2785087
1209195
623345
Per Sq
Mile
3561
2297
1008
8128
5072
3332
4674
3664
790
4105
47901
9674
3075
1502
9172
3307
5754
3511
3800
846
2038
1568
3988
3252
1379
699
1981
1302
4660
3986
5907
888
4187
4127
907
2721
2666
5821
805
6154
2748
878STATISTICAL INFORMATION
VI
TABLE No II
Population and Wealth of Georgia by Race White and Colored and Per
Capita by Census of 1880
POPULATION
The State
COUNTIES
Appling
Baker
Baldwin
Bauks
Bartow
Berrien
Bibb
Brooks
Bryan
Bullonk
Burke
Bults
Calhoun
Camden
Campbell
Carroll
Catoosa
Oarlton
Chatham
Chattahooehee
Chattooga
Cherokee
Clarke
Clay
Clayton
Clinch
Cobb
Coffee
Colquitt
Columbia
Coweta
Crawford
Dade
Dawson
Decaur
PeKalb
Dodge
Dooiy
Dougherty
Douglas
Eirly
Ecliols
Effi ogham
Elbert
Emanuel
Fannin
White Colored
Per Cent
WEALTH
WhteCold
816906 725133 53
4084
1742
4512
5830
12419
5783
1142
5670
2368
5797
6089
4277
2354
2091
6085
14591
4127
1794
17494
2130
7981
12699
5313
270S
4938
3300
14734
4028
2422
3030
9305
3940
3618
5479
8889
9954
3506
6592
1952
5463
3015
2053
3228
6085
6660
7112
1192
5565
9294
1507
6271
886
15700
605
2561
2256
21031
4034
4670
4092
3885
2310
612
360
515
3540
2040
1626
6388
3852
3C
838
6012
1042
105
7435
11797
4716
1084
356
10183
4533
1 52
5828
10670
1471
4596
500
2751
6872
3085
133
17 233708306
77
24
33
80
60
88
I
48
48
72
22
51
33
34
61
87
88
83
39
37
80
88
45
42
62
80
71
80
96
29
44
45
77
94
46
69
65
53
15
79
40
so
54
47
68
23
70
07
20
34
12
58
52
52
28
78
49
07
00
39
13
12
17
01
63
20
12
55
58
38
20
29
20
4
71
56
55
23
6
54
31
35
47
85
21
60
20
46
53
31
2
Colored
5764293
799523
552203
1092024
821750
3207936
936729
8503904
1774342
403869
1026080
2145269
845030
648523
577472
1415494
1970173
804702
212905
1772024
48493
1434159
1672324
4289629
738314
1209685
663878
3287889
775450
293659
846170
2899615
684154
688621
63924
1919193
2339778
6658781
1286356
2298412
683129
765548
241300
623539
1294953
1214041
442393
Per Capiia
Whte Col d
12793
38680
53940
20990
51854
5511
255558
58 202
24220
29318
163248
20889
28287
41737
33515
17515
5413
4288
200148
19483
18086
19875
140636
21807
16206
2175
50590
22098
975
46235
63400
28180
2771
3677
106532
33200
15366
41873
100102
14334
39760
3590
17256
49646
33130
430
286
187
337
240
133
254
156
750
313
171
170
372
19
283
276
230
130
189
109
994
231
173
121
812
275
245
201
224
192
121
280
311
173
190
103
216
236
190
192
1174
125
253
118
193
212
182
61
11
7
6
13
10
10
9
11
8
5
6
11
9
8
9
12
9
12
22
6
5
3
8
21
a
6
5
6
3
10
11
8
8
7
10
10
9
7
0
7
11
3VIII
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TABLE No IIContinued
Fayette
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
Fulton
Gilmer
Glascock
Glynn
Gordon
Green
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hall
Hancock
Haralson
Harris
Hart
Heard
Henry
Houston
Irwin
Jackson
Jasper
Jeflerson
Johnson
Jones
Laurens
Lee
Liberty
Lincoln
Lowndes
Lumpkin
McDuffle
Melntosh
Macon
Madison
Marion
Meriwether
Miller
Milton
Mitchell
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Murry
Muscogee
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Paulding
Pickens
POPULATION
White
5742
14958
907
8906
28295
8258
2506
2195
9347
5573
16016
7357
13040
5044
5821
6460
621
5074
7961
6024
2101
11139
4258
5581
3455
3753
5712
1739
3581
2254
5411
0075
3431
1546
4288
5392
4294
77
2327
5484
4189
6693
3510
4219
7302
8995
740
3327
5469
9903
6646
Per Cent
Whte Cold
2863
9460
1487
254
2084
12C
1071
4300
1820
11974
3515
1361
258
11943
153
9286
2882
3095
6229
10390
535
5157
7593
10090
1345
7860
4350
8837
7001
4158
503
451
6019
46
7387
25S
4304
9854
1393
777
5203
12115
1871
9s02
9 0
10327
6883
3024
9931
984
145
WEALTH
67
01
86
77
57
98
70
36
83
32
82
81
85
29
07
11
03
64
56
2
80
OS
30
16
34
35
49
94
36
25
37
07
50
44
03
87
45
30
6
30
ss
40
49
52
35
01
OS
33
39
14
23
43
2
30
04
17
67
1
10
15
71
3
59
32
36
44
73
20
32
04
05
28
I is
43
84
66
65
51
0
64
75
63
33
50
51 i
37
13
rry
04
35
70
12
54
51
48
05
9
2
White
Colored
839491
5105403
1208951
1209294
20061750
554815
409003
1112202
2069133
1767044
2373182
825057
2058041
2310500i
027932
1729527
960259
910510
1010494
2189109
503487
1742602
1092950
1985860
518845
1045080
1011243
92065
817230
654887
1248203
535210
778173
64931
1293303
857863
834439
1450248
320378
830349
1141265
2135560
707320
2023930
1066271
7495810
1973825
755830
1545510
1196809
524784
24272
88180
18292
18353
281
2 232
6090
58442
23221
59880
32507
8982
1015
56892
23r
60546
20522
23030
37138
10845
13028
37510
40639
80746
12357
53769
40588
58053
70963
16846
50903
4094
27280
7004
34504
24980
25149
47414
13049
10043
52035
03722
23311
66631
8294
139064
50200
22099
55970
14032
3 685
Per Capita
Whte Cold
146
340
133
136
709
67
163
505
221
317
148
112
158
458
108
283
156
161
202
304
233
156
250
356
150
276
177
529
28
291
231
88
227
418
301
159
194
182
139
151
272
316
202
470
145
833
293
227
282
121
9 25STATISTICAL INFORMATION
TABLE No II Continued
IX
POPULATION
Pierce
Pike
Polk
Pulaski
Putnam
Quitman
Rabun
Randolph
Richmond
Rockdale
Schley
Screven
Spalding
Stewart
Sumter
Talbot
Taliaferro
Tatnall
Taylor
Teifair
Terrell
ThomaF
Towns
Troup
Twiggs
Union
Upsori
Walker
Walton
Ware
Warren
Wsahington
Wayne
Webster
White
Whitfield
Wilcox
Wilkes
Wilkinson
Worth
White
65
7780
7805
5 24
3518
1773
4437
5545
17185
4149
2229
6173
5439
4376
6050
4448
2312
5014
4770
2660
4268
8384
3157
6595
2844
6321
6133
9492
9321
3015
4039
9449
4060
2667
4751
9689
2411
5173
6550
4068
Colored
Whte Cold
Per Cem
472
8069
4147
8225
11021
2619
197
7796
17464
2689
3073
6613
7146
9622
12189
9667
4722
1974
3827
2161
6183
1 13
104
13970
6074
110
6267
563
6301
1144
6846
12515
1920
2570
590
2210
698
1081
5511
1824
70
49
65
41
24
40
96
42
40
il
42
45
43
31
33
3
33
71
55
55
41
41
9
32
32
98
49
86
60
72
37
43
68
51
90
81
74
3
5
69
30
51
35
59
70
60
4
58
51
39
58
55
57
69
67
68
67
29
45
45
59
59
3
68
68
2
51
14
40
28
63
57
3
49
10
19
23
68
46
31
WEALTH
Colored
532370
2296207
1637089
1505467
1624722
559436
315256
1598814
15062552
1192058
528620
1031548
1957140
1399829
2893250
1214341
650021
904896
787025
647507
1232032
2435533
247072
2930413
615815
429363
1410661
1739514
2315998
538051
1204179
2713692
661609
611642
475247
1901171
394124
2712645
1175150
606198
Per Capita
Whte Cold
11913
60841
36716
60760
57934
26642
921
43270
265900
1893
2486
50174
60739
55067
98448
49677
34059
25463
17188
11 175
4437
100886
1205
53438
37835
206
33996
14377
46912
12564
10091
92559
9369
14044
4652
19819
8448
72442
34045
19147
173
295
210
260
462
316
71
288
875
275
237
162
360
31
478
273
281
181
165
248
288
291
78
444
217
68
230
183
250
179
300
287
163
229
100
195
164
525
179
150
8
9
3
5
10
5
6
16
7
8
8
9
6
8
5
7
13
5
5
7
9
12
4
6
2
6
26
8
II
2
8
5
6
12
7
6
10
i in the Tables are derived from the Census of 1880 and
these were taken from the Comptroller Generals Report being the State Assess
ment forTaxaton e true wealth of Georgia and of each county is esbmated
Sucn higher To illustrate By the assessment the wealth of the UniteI States
but 17 billions by the estimate the true wealth exceeds 43 billions The assesse
ment isbSpecent of the true value In Georgia the assessed value is 240
millions the true is estimated at 606 millionsDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TABLE No III
The State its Sections and its Counties Compared as to Area
Population and Wealth by Race and Per Capita 1880
AREA POPULATION WEALTH
White Colored Per Sent White Colored Per Capita
u 4 V
J3 is o o o U
The State 137 Coties 8980 816906 725133 53 47 233708306 5764293 286 8
SECTIONS
North Georgia 33 11260 270616 64180 81 19 43994496 591573 160 9
Middle Georgia 40 13060 256558 307739 46 54 89539291 2254153 349 7
Southwest Ga 32 14350 123234 183245 40 60 41405522 1438134 335 8
East Georgia 17 10470 98511 107489 43 57 32340223 977160 328 9
Southeast Ga 15 9840 57912 61443 49 51 26080739 567603 450 9
SUBSECTIONS
Northwest Ga 18 6400 157454 39069 80 20 28778892 372525 183 10
Northeast Ga 15 4860 113165 25111 82 18 14624031 219048 130 9
West Middle Ga 24 7600 189477 179660 51 49 64943942 1429809 343 8
East Middle Ga 16 5460 67081 128079 34 66 24595349 824344 367 7
Northern Tier 16 4990 102416 11929 90 10 12537000 05000 122 6
Second Tier 17 6270 169666 52261 75 25 30866000 497000 181 10
Average of State 430 5964 5297 53 47 1702425 42075 286 8
North Georgia 341 8200 1945 81 19 1333200 18000 160 9
Middle Geogia 424 6414 7693 46 54 2276965 56354 349 7
Southwest Ga 446 3851 5829 40 60 1293922 43600 335 8
EastGa 616 5795 6330 43 57 1902366 54634 328 9
Southeast Ga 656 3861 4139 49 61 1735160 37840 450 9
The State and its Sections Compared in Sundry Particulars
2 a 3 o a 1 o a u Pr Ct of Population Pr Ct of Wealth Wealth pr capita
3 o 65 a o O 2 is o O 3 Per cent of
3 o Eh 3
The State 137 33 40 32 17 15 100 19 22 24 18 16 100 22 37 20 13 8 100 33 32 15 12 7 100 9 42 25 15 8 100 8 38 18 14 11 100 19 38 18 14 11 100 10 39 25 17 9 155 132 162 138 161 100 85 105 89 104 143 100 56
122
117
111
157

NoteThe Counties forming the Southern tier nine in number are large in area
averaging 700 square miles Small in population averaging about000 and below aver
age in wealth about 1100000 each
Since 1800 great changes have occurred in the rank of counties as to weaUh Fulton
which now heads the list then stood as No 21 Wilkes county being No 20 The large
agricultural counties then had a higher relative stand than they now have Troup No
4 Houston 6 Monroe 7 Burke 8 Meriwether 9 Talbot 10 Stewart 11 in order of
wealthSTATISTICAL INFORMATION
TABLE No IV
The following Counties Compose the Several Sections vis
XI
North Georgia 33 Middle Georgia 40 i o 0 O s t 0 Q 2 So o 5 o m B w ft o u O Si B o
NWest 18 16 Ed a m 5 o 3 s CO a
Bartow Chattooga Cherokee Cobb Dade Floyd Gordon Murray Paulding Dawson Franklin Gwinnett Habersnam Hall Hart Bibb Saldwin Columbia Elbert Morgan Oglethorpe Talialerro Calhoun Chathoocbee Clay Bullock Emanuel Jefferson Montgomery Richmond Telfair Twiggs Washington Wilkinson Appling
Butts Campbell Carroll Clayton DeKalb Meriwether Bryan Camden Charlton Chatham Clinch
Crawford Dooly Dougheity Early Coffee Echols
Mad ison Union Bmnghm Glynn Liberty Mclntosh Pierce Ware Wayne


Randolph t




NoteTo study a particular county by the tables take Pulton county for
illustration By Table No 1 the area of Pulton is 200 square miles its popu
lation 49137 being 246 to the square mile its wealth 20343525 being 101717 to
the square mile
This is the assessed and not the true wealth The true wealth is nearly two and
a half times as greatsay nearly 50000000
By Table No 2 we see the white population of Pulton to be 28295 and the colored
20 842the white being 57 per cent and the colored 43 per cent of the whole The
wealth of the whites is 20061750 being 709 per capita and of the colored peo
ple 281775 being 14 per capita The true wealth is probably about 1750 per
capita for whites and 35 for colored
By Table 4 we see that Pulton is embraced in Middle GeorgiaWestern part
By Table 5 Fulton is one of the counties of least areathat it has the largest
population the largest white population and the largest wealth of any county m
the State In wealth per capita it stands as No 7 in wealth per square mile a
No 1TABLE VCounties in Georgia Compared as to Area Population and Wealth
X
AREASQUARE MILES
Average County 430
LARGEST AREA
Jlecatur SW Ga 1100
Tatnall E Ga1100
Appling SE Ga 1080
Charlton SE Ga1000
Emanuel E Ga1040
Burke E Ga1030
POPULATION
Av County 11201
LARGEST POPULA
TION
Fulton19187
Chatham45023
Richmond3406i
Burse2712S
Floyd24418
Hunter22114
Washington21901
Coweta21 109
Pobb20748
Thomas20597
Troup 20505
Eleven counties
over 20000 Eigh
teen counties from
15000 to 20000
WHITE POPULA
TION
Average Co 00C0
LARGEST WHITE POP
ULATION
Fulton28295
Chatham 17494
Richmond17185
Gwinnetf10010
Flovd 14958
Cobb 14734
Carroll1459
Hall13010
Rartow121 9
Bibb11429
Jac son11139
Twelve counties
over 10000
4
WEALTH
Average Co 1744500
LARGEST WEALTH
WEALTH PER
CAPITAWHITE
Average Co 286
LARGEST PER CAP
ITA
Fulton820341525
Chatham17072222
Richmond 15328452
Bibb 8759462
Muscogee7034875
Flovd 5191588
Ciafke4430265
Cobb 8338479
Bartow 3259790
Nine over 3000000
Sumter 2991808
Troup 2083851
Coweta 2963051
Washington 2806251
Wilkes 2785087
Thomas2836419
Six from 82500000 to
3000000
Dougherty 1174
Chatham 994
Richmond 875
Muscogee 833
ClarKe 812
Bibb 750
Fulton 708
Lee 529
Wilkes 525
Glynn 605
Sumter 478
Magee 470
Putnam 402
Hancock 458
Troup 444
Mclntosh 41s
Ten over 500
Eight 400 to 8500
WEALTH PER
CAPITACOLED
Average Co 8
LARGEST WEALTI1
26
25
34
Clarke 22
Coffee 21
18
Bibb 17
Mclntosh 16
Richmond 155
Harralson 35


WEALTH PER SQ
MILE
Average Co 84050
LARGEST WEALTH
Fulton8101717
Richmond 47901
Bibb 30500
Muscogee 30350
Clarke 24613
Chatham 10 072
Rockdale 9074
Flovd 9014
Scalding 9172
Clayton 8750
DeKalb 8475
Cobb 8340
Polk 8128
50
W
H
O

o
50
o
c
F
H
C
SMALLEST AREA
ilascock E Ga100
Miller N Ga110
Rockdale Middle Ga12
Clavton Mid Ga140
CatoosaN Ga100
Oeouee Mid Ga100
Quitmai SW Ga160
Dade Thomas 10
White Dawsonm
Butts Clarke 1sn
Taiaferro Sehley I0U
Douglas190
Fultm201
Cl y20J
Six counties over 1000
Thirtyone 600 to 1000
Largest counties in East
and Southeast Georgia
Eighteen counties not
over 200
SMALLEST IOPUTION
Irwin2090
Charlton2151
Colquitt2627
G hols2538
Wilcox3109
Towns3201
Glascock3577
Miller372
Eight below 01110
Ten counties 4000
to 5060
SMALLEST WHITE
POPULATION
Lee1789
Baker1743
Quitman1773
Dougherty 1952
hattahoochee2130
Irwin2161
Lincoln2251
Taiiaferro2312
Miller 2327
Calhoun2 354
Ten counties un
der3000 Four from
3000 to 40i0
SMALLEST WEALTH
LEAST PER CAPITA
harlton217193
Echols 244890
Towns 248277
Colquitt 294634
Rabiiii 31017
Miller 331027
Glascock415 163
Btyan 4288
Union 42967
Fannin 432853
White479899
Eleven below 500000
Fiftytwo 500000 to
1000000
Fannin 61
Gilmer 07
Union 68
Rabun 71
Towns 78
Pickens 79
Lumpkin 88
Seven under 3100
White 100
Dawson 103
Haralson 108
Habersham 112
Echols 11s
Pa lding 121
Colquitt 121
Douglas 125
Eight 100 to 8125
LEAST WEALTH
Hancock 4
Rabun 4
McDuffie 4H
Troup4
Fannin 3
Dade2U
Clinch2J4
Union2
Warren 1
Ten Cos over
15 Five 812 to
11 Nine below
85
LEAST WEALTH
Wayne8 907
Ware 883
Worth 878
Tatnall 846
Coffee 811
Wilcox 86
Kabun 790
Appling 752
Clinch 752
Irwin 716
Echols 008
charlton 543
Colquitt 535
Thirleen counties
over 88000 Thirteen
under 81000CIRCULAR No 62
new series
REPORT
SoilTest of Fertilizers
CONDUCTED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSIONER
OF AGRICULTURE OF THE STATE OF
GEORGIA AND OF
EXPERIMENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY FARM
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE
STATE CHEMIST
For the Year 1884
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
ATLANTA GA
Jas P Harrison Co State Printers and Publishers
1885Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga January 15 1885
DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING SOILTESTS OF FERTIL
IZERS FOR THE YEAR 1884
The following instructions were furnished each experimenter as a guide in con
ducting the soil tests of sampes of commercial fertilizers assigned them
Dear Sir
You will please comply as far as practicable with the following directions in
conducting the soil tests of fertilizers sent you from this Department Without the
utmost care and accuracy in al observations and in every detail of the work from
the preparation of the soil to the gathering of the crops experiments are valueless
Agricultural experiments are nothing more nor less than questions asked of Na
ture If a question is not accurately and clearly asked the interpretation of the
answer will be difficult if not impossible
Experimenters are therefore urged to give their personal supervision to every
detail connected with the soil tests of commercial fertilizers received from the De
partment in order that they may possess when the crop is gathered all the data
necessary to give a full and accurate report not only of results but of every essen
tial circumstance connected with the experiment
10Reports are expected whether the experiment results in success or failure
1 Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character and fertility as possible
2 If the test is to be made with corn cotton or any crop planted in rows apply
each fertilizer to four consecutive rows 35 or 70 yards long leaving four rows un
fertilized bttween those fertilized with different brands thus A four rows with
out fertilizer four rows B four rows without fertilizer four C four etc through
the plat When the crop matures gather the two middle rows of each fourfertil
ized and unfertilized and weigh and record the same accurately If it is cotton
weigh and record carefully each separate picking and the date of each If the test
is made with small grain or any crop sown broadcast lay off plats 35 or 70 yards
long and 6 feet wide with a vacant space one or two feet wide between the plats
and apply the fertilizer to each alternate plat and when the crop is gathered re
cord separately the product of the fertilized and unfertilized plats In all small
grain tests give the weight of the grain and of the straw after the grain is threshed
out
3 In these experiments use each fertilizer or compost at the rate of 200 or 100
pounds per acre regardless of cost on cotton or corn 200 pounds broadcast on
small grain
4 In conducting these tests be careful to have the quality of the soil theprepa
ration planting stand and cultivation identical on each four rows the only difference be
ing in the kind or quality of the fertilizer used Without this the test will not bereliable
5 If compost is used state the formula adopted in composting giving the quantity and
character of each ingredient ani the method employed in compostingDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
388
6 If convenient purchase on the market some of the same brands as those sub
mitted for test and report the result as directed in No 2 above
7 Use on the same plat any other brand which you may have
8 Use a portion of the samples submitted for test in contrast with any others
you may have orany other crop on your farm or garden and report result
9 When Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bonenot ammoniatedis tested compost
it by formula for composting given in the circulars of this Department
10 Conduct any other test in any manner you may prefer and report results and
facts as above requested
11 Make a careful and accurate record of everything as it is done or as it takes
place Let your record also contain the following viz
a The character of the soil and subsoil in which the test is made whether sandy
clayey marly or calcareous and whether upland or bottom how long in cultiva
tion and the character of ihe original growth
b Its previous treatment both as to crops cultivated and fertilizers used for sev
eral previous years and if practicable select a plat which was not fertilized in
1883
c The time and manner of preparation time and manner of planting modes of
cultivation seasons both as to temperature and rainfall and any other fact of in
terest connected with the test of fertilizers
12 When the crop is gathered make a full report to the Department embracing
everything laid downMn the foregoing or that is connected with the experiment
Blanks on which to make out this report from the record made by you during
ihe year will be sent to you in November next
These experiments to be valuable should be conducted with great care and the
results accurately reported by the first day of December next or as soon thereafter
as the results can be ascertained
SOILTEST EXPERIMENTS FOR 18S4
NoteIn the following pages the brands of fertilizers marked a were furnished
by the Department of Agriculture for soil tests All not so marked were furnished
by the experimenters themselves
In determining the per cent of increase for each fertilizer in the tabulated results
the average yield of the two adjacent unmanured plats when these are given is
assumed as the product of the soil without fertilizers
The per cenrof gain or loss on the investment when shown is calculated from
the cost of the fertilizers as furnished by the experimenters The cotton option price
when given is taken as a basis for this estimate 7 per cent is added to the cash
price when this only is furnished
Experiment of Mrs J W Bryan Dillon Walker County
Thin Sandy SoilVine years in cultivation in Bartlett pear trees
Previous TreatmentOnly peas sowed broadcast and allowed to decay on ground
More or less commercial fertilizer sowed with peas every year
Preparation of the soilGround in fine condition Bull tongue plow used Fertili
zer applied at the rate of 200 lbs per acre in drill Rows 3 feet apart 35 feet long
Fertilizers were appUed at the rate of 200 lbs per acre in drill at time of planting
No compost389
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1384
5
Planting and CuWaOonPlanted May 8th in drill corn 2 grains to a hill and
hills three feet apart
The seed used was that of the Blount corn
Plowed and hoed June 3d plowed June 19th
SeoSCorn had a good start but suffered in a measure afterwards from the
drought
The early maturing of the Blount corn makes it specially alapted tor standing a
dry season
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Ashley Acid Phosphate
a Oar Own Ammoniated Bone
a Bales Phosphate Guano
Raw Bone
No Fertilizer
Yield per acre in Bushels Per cent of Increase over unfertilized
15 Per Ct 50
14 45
15 55
13 30
10
Experiments with Ieish Potatoes
Soil Sandy mountain soil thin
Growth Chestnut oak and hickory When first cleared 1876 planted in peach
trees 18x18 with one row of Kittatinny blackberry vines between each line of
trees For three seasons the blackberry vines were cultivated and kept in line
Then for four years vines allowed to grow freely with no cultivation Spring of
1884 vines and peach trees cut off and potatoes planted
No fertilizer applied previous to 18S4 except one year 1877 a shovel full of
rough stable manure to each blackberry vine
Peach trees proved an unsuitable variety to the mountain and so were not cul
tivated
The preparation of the soil and arrangement of the plat Rows 70 yards long three
feet apart Four rows with fertilizer and four rows without Ground thoroughly
plowed and harrowed
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 lbs per acre in hill In using Ashley
Acid Phosphate composted with cotton seed meal onethird Ashley Phosphate
and two thirds cotton seed meal mixed at time of planting
Time and manner of plaiting March 31st 1884 Peerless Irish Potatoes seed cut
to two eyes Laid off rows with twister doublefurrowed and covered with bull
tongue Seed dropped one foot and a half apart fert lizer near seed After plant
ing harrowed field level with light harrow
Cultivation May 8th plowed with bull tongue May 23th plowed and hoedDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
390
Season very favorable at first but later too much rain as the ground was rather
low Last half of season very unfavorable
Harvested July 24 The potatoes were of fine size and smooth but small in
quantity
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of fertilizer applied per acre Irish potatoes in Bushels Per cent of increase over unfertilized
a Star Branl 203 200 200 200 61 4 76 40 24 154 88 217 66
a Ashley Acid Phosphate composted with Cotton Seed Meal a DeLeons Complete Fertilizer


Experiment with late Irish PotatoesTried the experiment of strewing Ashley
Acid Phosphate in drill on new ground for Irsh potatoes but owing to drought I
could see no appreciable difference The ground was of the best of our mountain
land and cleared in the spring of 1884 Timber burned on the land and ashes
strewn over the ground An ordinary season the Peachblow on such ground
makes 100 bushels per acre but owing to the drought it brought only 30 bushels
to the acre
I used the Ashley Acid Phosphate at the rate of 200 lbs per acre and thought it
would act well with the leaf mould that was turned under From my observation
now I do not believe there was anything gained
The soil of Lookout Mountain has responded so freely to the use of commercial
fertilizers that I have not done much composting This year am much pleased
with the compost of Ashley Acid Phosphate and cotton seed meal
Experiment of Mr Edwin Brlbston Madison Morgan County
SoilGry top soil subsoil red upland in cultivation since 1876 when it was
cleared of a heivy growth of old field pines The original growth must have been
oak and hickory
Previous TreatmentCrops were treated in the usual manner being cultivated
with turnplow scrape and scooter Planted in cotton every year except 1879
when it was planted in corn Fertilized every year with Whann Baldwin or Cum
berland guanos
Preparation Land broken with twohorse turnplow Rows 70 yards long 3
feet wide Bedded with onehorse pony turnplow The pat was laid off accord
ing to directions of the Ag icuHural Department391
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
FertilizersOne thousand pounds barnyard and stable manure applied broadcast
and turned under in breaking First four rows bad compost made of Georgia State
Grange acid second four contained nothing third four contained Baldwins acid
composted fourth four contained nohing fifth four contained S C guanos
sixth four contained nothing seventh four contained Baldwin guano
Compost was made according to formula issued by the Departmentfor compost
ing cotton seed acid stable manure and kainit Applied in the drill at the rateof
1200 pounds per acre Guano applied in drill at the rate of 200pounasper acre
Planted 20th April with cotton planter
CultivationBarred off first week in May with turnshovel and chopped to
stand In a few days dirt was thrown back with scooter and scrape Run over
with hoes last of May to get bunches of grass Plowed again with small shoveland
scrape Middle of June ran around with scooter and scrape 10th July laid by
with three furrowsscooter and scrape
Seasons unfavorable owing to protracted drouth in May
The crop was gathered in three pickingsSeptember 1st 30thand October 39th
Results
NAME OP FERTILIZER ounds of fertilizers applied per acre Total yield of seed cotton per acre Per cent of increase over unfertilized plots
Georgia State Grange Acid Compost Libs 1200 1200 200 200 590 945 TOO 1405 604 00 56
15
Baldwin Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 132 00

Mr Brobston says A very satisfactory and profitable experiment wasmade
with cotton Sorry I have not the exact dates and figures Last April
we took an od field that hal been in cultivation five or six consecutive years
in cotton We broke it thoroughly wth one and twohorse turnplows abouf the
midde of May We rolhdour seed in guano took an Allen planter and pufthem
in on this fiat suifaoe without bedding or anything just laid off planted and
covered all in one Owing to a defect in the planter we did not get a good
stand a good deal had to be panted over During the rainy season of June grass
threatened to take us but a wideshovel furrow passed between every row and the
bar side of a turn plow clo e to the cotton fixed the business by burying all grass
in the middles and leaving only a small margin for the hoes Soon after the hoe
we followed with scooter and scrape throwing dirt to the young plants Two more
plowings with scrape and scooter and we laid by having cultivated thirtycres
with more eaeand less expense than twenty acres worked the old way while the
vied of seed cotton per acre was 20 per cent more Never expect to work crop
any other way that is unfertilized crop
My experience has been that guano does not pay In the long run I have found
compost to be quite profitable one application either in drills or broadcast will
last for three ytars The rows on which I conductetl an experiment for the
Department last year were planted in cotton again this year and the difference
between the fertilized and unfertiized rows was more marked than last year8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
392
Experiment of Me Geo L Cain Louisville Jefferson County
Soil sandy gray with clay subsoil upland and has been in cultivation about four
years oak and pine original growth
Previous TreatmentLand was planted in cotton and fertilized in 1883
Preparation The land was sowed in oats in December 1883 which was killed by
cold weather Rows run off with six inch shovel three feet three inches wide by
70 yards long
Fertilizers used at the rate of 200 lbs per acre applied in opening furrow and
bedded out Compost of Navasso Acid Phosphate with stable manure alone I did
mot restrict myself to any given quantity of stable manure but used I suppose
about at the rate of 70 or 80 lbs of acid I mixed in alternate layers of acid and
stable manure some three or four weeks previous to putting it out
Planting and Cultivat onPlanted first week in May with Dow Law plan
ter Cultivated entirely with sweep plows
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Cash price per ton including freight Amount of fertilizers ap plied per acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking Total yield of Seed Cotton per acre Per cent in crease over unfertilized plots 1 Per cent iGain on investment
j Lister Bro Pare Bone Fertilizer D Cts Lbs 200 lbs 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 lbs 6 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 lbs 5 4 sy2 5 3M Lbs 845 455 812 422 585 422 845 422 86 85
No Fertilizer
a Georgia State Grange 200
Ko Fertilizer
34 00 200
Orchilla Guano No Fertilizer 38 48
Navasso Acid Phosphate Composted 24 00 200
100
No Fertilizer 443

Mr Cain says I can only reiterate my previous opinion
It is the only safe method to use fertilizers
in favor of compost
Experiment of Mr S A Freeman Ypsilanti Talbot County
The sol is gray with red clay subsoil and overlaid with small flint rock Has
teen m cultivation about 15 or 16 years Original growth pine oak and ckorv
Previous Treatment plat was in oats in 1883 no manure previous to 188
The crops were alternated in cotton and corn using guano or compost
PreparahonThe plat was veil broken in February with small turn pows plow
ing close and deep rows 70 yards long 3 feet wide P
April11th rows laid off with large shovel plow and guano applied in these fur
trows 200 pounds per acre Middles thrown out with turn plows
covSJS BeaS Pened WUh SmaU S00ter ed by hand and393
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
CultivationFirst working May 13th run around with scooter and heelscrape
15th chopped out June 17th plowed with scooter and scrape and after the cul
tivation done as needed with shovel and scrape
SeasonsThe weather has been somewhat upon the extremes this year April
May and to the Gth of June there was scarcely any rainfall From the6th of June
to August 12th it rained almost constantly from August 12th we had about four
months drouth There was not more than half of a bottom crop and very little
top cotton made this year our crop consists more of the middle crop
Results
minds of Fertilizer applied per acre IstPkng id pk ng 3d Tk ng 4th Pkng Yield in seed cotton pcracre Prct of incrse
FAME OF FERTILIZER Sept 3 Sept 10 Oct 10 Nov 1st unfizl r ovi
200 200 200 200 200 lbs ez 3 S 3 2 S 3 8 3 lbs 5 4 5 5 4 07 8 8 8 8 lbs 3 4 4 2 3 oz 8 8 lbs 5 5 5 5 5 oz f 8 8 S lbs 595 595 612 595 560 350 70
70
70
a Georgia State Grange Chesapeake 75 70 60
Mr Freeman says My experience with compost has always been satisfactory
and I believe really is better manure than guano I think it more durable stronger
and still less inclined to fire the crops Everywhere noticed its being used this
year the crops did well both for cotton and corn and further I believe it is bet
ter for corn than any manure we can use
Experiments of Mr M D Lansford Peavine Catoosa County
EXPERIMENT WITH COTTON
The plat for experiment with cotton is of red gravelly upland or mu
latto land had been cultivated for seven years previously in alternate crops of
wheat and corn Original growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe land had been alternated with wheat and corn for several
years previous without fertilizers
PreparationTurned with Oliver twohorse plow then with steel scooter laid off
rows three feet wide and seventy yards long and bedded with onehorse Louisville
Excelsior turning plow
Application of FertilizersQuantity applied per acre in both the experiment on
cotton and on corn was 200 pounds per acre of uncompoited guano such as Bakers
Standard Fertilizer and Plowbrand But I composted the C Bone fertilizer with
twice its weight of stable manure and twice its weight of cotton seed thus making
half a ton I also composted two tons acid phosphate in precisely the same wy
Of these composts fourteen pounds were applied to a row or such quantity as
would carry with it 200 pounds per acre of the commercial fertilizer
Time and manner of plantingBedded on fertilizer 21th April opened the bedsIO
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
394
with short scooter and covered with onehorse harrow on the 3d of April Every
alternate four rows being unfertilized
CultivationRan through with cultivator May 21st and chopped out Plowed it
out with gang plow and thinned to a stand on June 4th Plowed with gang plow
and hoed June 14th Plowed with sweep and hoed Jane 29th Similar working
July 12th and again plowed it out July 28th
The crop was gathered in three pickings 1st Sept 25 2d Oct 17 3d Nov 18
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Cash price per ton iucluding freight Cctton option price per ton in the lint lbs ot fertilizers appld per acre Total yield of seed cotton per acre Per cent of increase over unfertilized plots Gain per cent on investment
0 Crescent Bo Fertzer Coin 40 oot 450t 1000 1785 630 1400 700 1225 065 1505 560 1S3 110 84 150
a Acid Phosphate Compost Unfertilized 25 OOt 346Kt 100
a Bakers Standard Guano Unfertilized 40 00 450 200 3ul
a Plowhrand Guano Unfertilized 40 00 450 200 698

Tbe variety of cotton used in this experiment was the Osier Silk
t The prices here given are for the fertilizers only that were used for compost
EXPERIMENT WITH CORN
This plat is second bottom land with red soil and friable red clay subsoil Had
been in cultivation about thirty years Original growth oak hickory walnut
poplar and mulberry Land in good heart that would easily make thirty bush
els corn per acre in an ordinal season
Previous TreatmentHad been alternated with wheat and corn for several years
without fertilizers
Preparation Turned with Oliver chilled twohorse plow harrowed and the
rows laid off with steel scooter plow Rows four feet wide and seventy yards long
Time and manner of plantingPut in fertilizers 27th of April and planted two
feet between the drills 1st day of May Covered with long narrow bulltongue
plow and harrowed off the rows with onehorse harrow Every alternate four rows
being without fertilizer
CultivationPlowed on 30th May and thinned to a stand Plowed with gang
plow and hoed 14th June Similar working 18th July and plowed with sweep the
29th July
Seasons So unfavorable were the seasons that I sincerely regretted that it had
fallen to my lot to make a soil test and on this account I did not procure other
fertilizers as I intended Excepting about two or three weeks in May the earth
was too wet to work from early spring to the middle or 10th of August Corn
where it was kept clean grew luxuriantly like water plants with its abundance of
roots near the surface The temperature also ranged high and when drou h set in395
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
II
in August the roots and succulent growth scalded and the fodder fired in both ma
nured and unmanured lands while cotton fed on in its early stages by lice and in
sects in myriads could not grow until about the last of July Itjput on a spirt on
the homestretch and did better than we expected But so unfavorable were the
seasons I deem all experiments very unsatisfactory
Results
NAME OP FERTILIZER Pounds of Fertilizer applied per acre Yield of Corn Per cent of inper Acre cease over in BusheH unfertilized
1000 an b fi 32
288 SI7 295 2917 284 298 2917
1000 87

200 0 76

200 35


Mr Lansford says I also arranged a plat for experiment in bottom land but
after applying fertilizers and planting the whole plat was drowned out
I also tried the same fertilizers experimentally on melons and they grew luxuri
antly until the dry weather set in when like aquatic plants they fired both fer
tilized and unfertilized as soon as moislure was withdrawn
From my observation I am satisfied that composts are much more profitable
than guanos alone in fact I am convirced that although guanos applied without
composting will sometimes pay handsome profits as seasons suit yet taking one
year with another as they come composting is the only profitable way of fertilizing
Besides while guanos sometimes cause liberal yields by stimulating dormant prop
erties of soil to action the compost adds to and permanently builds up the soil for
future use and at the same time compensates for trouble and expense in present
crop
Experiment of Mr J R McLean Barnesville Pike County
SoilCharacter of soil gray subsoil clay upland been in cultivation thirty years
from the best information gathered Original growth oak and hickory
Previous TreatmentThe plat was cultivated in cotton and fertilized with com
mercial fertilizer several years previous to 1880 was planted in cotton in 1880
since then has been used as a pasture being considered too poor to cultivate
PreparationThe soil was broken with Dixie turn plow the plat was
arranged by having the row straight four rows to be fertilized and four between
each plat without fertilizers rows 140 yards long and three and a half feet wide12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
396
Applied two hundred pounds per acre of each fertilizer April 14 by laying off
rows with shovel plow distributing fertilizer and followed with subsoil plow
bedded on fertilizer with Dixie plow
Time of Plantingplanted 28th of April with planter
Cultivation15th May plowed with Hancock cultivator 3d June plowed with
scooter and scrape 21st June plowed with Planet jr cultivator and hoed 8th
July plowed with Planet cultivator and cultivation stopped
SeasonsHad plenty of rain in fact too much until loth of July from then on
no r jin until the crop was gathered
Results
Cash
price
NAME OP FERTILIZER per ton
includg
freight
Orchilla
Natural soil
Gossypium
Natural soil
Harle
Natmalsoil
Hunt Murphy Compound
Natural soil
CottOE
optioD
price
per ton
36 01
66 00
30 00
Lbs of 1st
frlilizrs pickg
applied
per acre pti5
380
2d
pickg
00
200
Lbs
3d
pickg
Lbs
23
10
2S
12
25
10
26
11
Novl
Lbs
71
1G
CO
r
61
17
55
16
Total
yield of
seed
cotton
per acre
Lbs
832
225
227
637K
226
810
26
prctofi
increase Gain
over perct
unfrtil on in
zdplots
263
208
254
vstmt
373
287
475
Mr McLean says My observation in regard tocommercal fertilizers compared to
compost is that compost paj s the best while some of the fertilizers where they are
not too costly such as Gossypium or Hunt Murphys compound pay equally as
well for the first year but will not permanently enrich the soil as quick as com
post There is an objection to compostit is too bulky to distribute over a large
farm
Experiment of Mr W B McDaniel Faceviile Decatur County
017Dark sandy land with a stiff cay subsoil has been in cultivation about
twenty years
Original GrowthHound leaf black jack dogwood redoak hickory postoak
and longleaf pine
Previous Treatment In cotton in 1880 with 200 pounds of Cumberland Bone
Superphosphate of Lime In corn in 1881 with fifteen bushels of cotton seed
killed and 100 poihds of Russell Coes Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate In
cotton in 1882 with 200pounds of Lttawan Guano In oats 18S3 sown broadcast
without any fertilizers
PreparationBedded out the plat with a Dr E Watt turning plow using the
large wing running four farrows to the row then put on the small wing and run
The fertilizers used in this SoilTest werefurnished by Mr McLean397
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
13
twice in last furrow in bedding and put in my guano and compost and then re
bedded with large wing of the same plow The rows were seventy yards long and
three feet wide
Commercial Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre and com
post at the rate of 500 pounds per acre
Method of CompostingThe last days of December I composted my cotton seed
and stable manure together in rail pens eight feet square and fourfeet high where
it could rain on the heap using about one hundred and fifty pounds of cotton
seed to three hundred pounds of stable manuTe I let it remain until I wanted
to put my fertilizers in the ground when I added one hundred pounds of guano to
five hundred pounds of the compost
Time and manner of PlantingPlanted on April 10th by opening the beds with
a smal scooter plow on a stock with a Y drag made U the stock by having two
helves one for the pow and front end of the drag and at the end behind
so as to hold it steady In this furrow I sowed my seed by hand and covered with
a heavy board
Cultivation May 1st I run around the cotton with a threetoothed harrow
which knocks the trash and clods to the middle of the row May 6th chopped out
bringing it to a sand of from one t three stalks in a hill May 10th run around
with a smaT sweep May 21st plowed again with twentytwo inch sweep running
in the same furrows of the previous plowing June 3d hoed June 13th plowed
rows out with twentyinch sweep throwing some dirt to the cotton Juiy2d
plowed again with same sweep very shallow July 25th plowed with a large sweep
and laid by
SeasonsRain commenced here and rained almost continually from the first ot
Junetothefirtof August greatly damaging the cotton crop I think even too
much for corn the ear running too much to shuck and cobH
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
398
uarn
1S3AUI uo ii T S3 0 0
30Djd nnf N Ol
80d uAHi CO
i9JUU JOAO Vj c CO 0 rf Q O 0 O CO

9J0B J9d noj 0 0 N 3 4 IN 0 CO 0 n 0 iC O to a 3 JO W CC
1 co 0 d O 00 0 Cr a lO to to to s LQ n
p9TA TBJOJ
W
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TJ fc to CO to O CO 00 I 00 to 0 t Ci cc to b 00 CTi L Ci


fefl
3 0 Uj CO CO CC ro GO 00
2 5
Ph
0 r CO to Tf 10 V 95 t CO Tf to to to cr
T3 3

Ed 3 rt 0 CC r DO 32

Q CO tN O m CO O CO
PTidv sjozit
oaiid uoij
do aooo
ft
si
H
O
A
eocccOMooosiOroo

S

a fe
5 3 a a
f h h
a to S au
S g
S s 5 a
O O3991
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
15
Results with Corn
Tabular statement of Corn and Fodder produced per acre
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Ceres No 2
a Cotton Food Ammoniated Bone
Ceies P of H
Ceres Superphosphate
Ceres Com Fertilizers
Eamspeck Green Ammoniated Bone
Ramspeck Green Ammd Bone unaralyzed
a Stono Soluble Guano
a Stono Acid Phosphate
Without Fertilizers

o c
25
Lbs
200
2C0
200
200
20G
200
200
200
200
Bn
20
21
20
21
21
14
16
20
17
13
Lbs
SCO
fOO
500
500
00
400
450
50
400
400
Per cent of increase over
unfertilized rows
Corn
Per Cent
54
61
54
61
61
08
23
54
SO
Fodder
Per Cent
09
09
09
09
09
09
00
00
09
00
Mr McDaniel says My candid opinion is that the use of commercial fertilizers
is almost a necessity to farms of this section but any brand of fertilizers mixed
with compost increase the value of both I think the application of compost payg
best to the farmers for the money invested and the benefit derived from some land
another yearin corn when following cotton which all farmers should do
Experiment of Miss E L Howard Dalton Walker County
SoilVery thin sandy soil upland had been in cultivation seven years orig
inal growth chesnut and oak Subsoil eandy like the surface
Previous TreatmentDo not know what crops had been grown or how treated So
poor when this experiment was tried oats grew only six inches high and not thick
nough to covsr the ground Part of the ground had been used for a broad wagon
road for six years and allowed to wash
PreparationSoil turned by close plowing with acomtnon Jack plow or twister
a few days before planting harrowed until smooth with small garden harrow
rows 35 yards long 2K feet wide stalks stood 18 inches in the row After break
ing no tools used but harrow sweep and hoe The rows ran north and south
ground sloping from the middle both east and west
Application of FertilizersFive hundred pounds of fertilizers used on half acre
200 pounds applied broadcast and harrowed in day before planting 100 poundsin
drill at panting 100 pounds hoed in around stalks when 18 inches high 100
pounds hoed in around the stalks just at tasseling Fertilizer mixed as follows
176 pounds superphosphate 88 pounds chloride potassium 61 pounds sulphate
ammonia 70 pounds nitrate of soda sulphate of limeProf Villes formula
These chemicas after mixing thoroughly were again mixed with twice theiri6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
400
bulk of fine earth from scraping of barnyard before broadcasting or applying in
drills
Time and manner of PlantinjXny 1st 1832 Furrows opened very shallow with
small scooter Corn dropped 18 inches apart in furrow Covered with small
twister
Seasons The seasons were favorable
CultivationMay 10 Run around corn with sharp twister running close to the
plants cleared out middles with sweep hoed out rows
May 20 Cleaned out middles with sweep hoed in fertilizer By this time the
roots of the pants reached nearly to the middle of the rows
May 30 Cleaned rows with sweep Roots of corn meeting in middle of rows
June 9th Cleaned rows with sweep
June 23d Corn making ready to tassel Hoed in fertilizer cleaned middle
with sweep
In all the work the corn roots had not once been broken they lay like a net
work of white threads just under the surface of the ground The plants were
now so luxuriant that no grass could grow The ground remained perfectly clean
until the corn was cut and shocked the middle of October Eighteen bushels of
shelled corn were made on this halfacre weighing GO pounds to the bushel Variety
of corn the Blount The forage stalks after the corn was taken off fed two milch
cows for five months the stalks were run through a feed cutter before feeding
Ground planted in rye a5 soon as corn was taken oft Rye turned under in spring
In 1883 this same ground grew a heavy crop of okra333 pounds of cleaned seed to
the acrefollowed by a crop of rye which seeded in 1884 7 bushels
Until I used this fertilizer the ground refused to bring a crop of any kind worth
the cultivation I have used this fertilizer for different crops on poorest soils for
four years and find the land steadily increasing in fertility The ground was too
poor to grow clover it now yields fine crops of clover orchard grass and tall
meadow oat The half acre in corn is a part of three acres in one field all
equally poor and all treated alikethe whole now equally fertile
EXPRIMENT OF E W EvEEETr FlSH POLK COUNTY
SoilBark gray full of gravel with stiff red clay subsoil Considerable slope
facing the East Forty years in cultivation Original growth oak and hickory
with an occasional pine
Previous TreatmentIn Nov 1879 the plat was sowed in wheat and in the fol
lowing February the wheat was thoroughly harrowed with a heavy double V two
horse iron tooth harrow and sowed in clover Made a fine crop of wheat and se
cured a splendid catch of clover Clover was cut from the plat in the years 1881
82 and 83 Was not grazed or manured at all during this period
PreparationThe pat being clover sod was on March 31st turned with a one
horse Watt plow and thoroughly pulverized with a Disc Harrow April 2d
plat was laid off with combination double wing plov rows four feet apart fer
tilizers distributed and bedded with four furrowsWatt plow
Application of Fertilizers 200 lbs per acre applied as above stated Com
post was made of 300 lbs cotton seed 300 lbs dry stable manure and 200 pounds
Ashley phosphate put up on the 15th March dpmpened and thoroughly mixed40i
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERSIS84
17
then put in a compact heap where it remained undisturbed until carted to the
field
Another compost of cotton seed and stabe manure alone manipulated as
above
Time ami Manner of PlantingPlanted April 28th by opening the bed with a
short scooter and covering with harrow Intended using cotton planter but the
beds became so compact by reason of the disastrous flood of April 14th found its
use impracticable In fact I was obliged to run a scooter and scrape in the mid
dles before I could locate the rows in many places the beds having been com
pletely obliterated
OutHvationMay 5th had a good stand May 20th chopped leaving four to six
stalks May 23d sided with doubletooth plow using twoinch scooter next the cotton
and three inch scooter and eight inch scrape on other part June 2 hoed put
ting to stand one to three stocks June 9th plowed with doublefoot plow using
scooter and small scrape on each foot July 15th plowed as above July 18th
hoed July 21st laid by running three furrows with scooter and eighteeninch
scrape
SeasonsOrdinarily propitious until April 14th when we had the most destruc
tive rain ever known here Bottom lands washed away by the acre and hill lands
most frightfully gullied necessitating a universal repreparation of corn land and
partial rebedding of cotton lands May 5th good rain favorable to securing stand
of cotton May 14 rain May 25th rain June 4th showery June 6th 10th 11th
12th 13th and 14th rains very destructive to small grain Prom June 3d to July
3d there was not I think a single fair day From July 4th there was no rain to
benefit crops The excess of rain in spring and the absence of it in summer well
nigh ruined bottom land corn and completely cut off the turnip crop I sowed
three times and have not a turnip
Result
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Ashley Acid Phosphate Compost
Stable Manure and Cotton Seed
Nothing
Our Own Ammoniated Bone
Nothing
Ashley Acid Phosphate alone
Nothing
Total yield of seed cotton per acre Per cent of increase over unfertilized plats
1050 997 997 879 893 918 842 053


058
Mr Everett says My Test Patch was very materially injured by the heavy rain
of 14th April being badly washed That part lower down the hill being most
injured which in a great measure accounts for the discrepancy between the three
sets of rows marked nothing and also had its due effect on the fertilized rows
The top of the tabulation represents the top of the hillDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
402
Received from the Department a few seed of Rena Luxurians or Teosinte
The crop was left until frost hoping to secure seed from it Did not show any
sign of seeding and after frost was cut and fed to stock Cows and horses ate it
with apparent relish but had not enough of it to form an estimate as to its value
for soiling or other purposes
Madeagood crop of the Coffee Pea which in growth very much resembles the
Whippoorwill or Speckled Pea
In relation to the use of fertilizers Mr Everett says My observation induces the
conviction tbat ammoniated goods have paid less this year than at any time with
in my knowledge This deficit I think is not attributable to a deterioration in the
goods but to the peculiarly unfavorable seasons Good many farmers in this conn
ty for the past two seasous have used phosphate alone and there seems to be no
appreciable difference between the result of crops thus fertilized and of those
upon which were used ammoniated goods while the difference in price is greatly
in favor of the former
There is an evident growing disposition to make more compost in the manipula
tion of which some of the most successful farmers discard commercial ingredients
entirely
Experiment of Mk W K Nelson Augusta Richmond County
SoilGray sandy red cay suhsoil upland four years in cultivation Short leaf
pine and scrub oak
Previous TreatmentTwo years in cotton Fertilized last year with cotton seed
meal
PreparationBedded up in January rebedded in April rows three and a half
feet length seventy yards Onehorse turn plow used
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of two hundred pounds per acre
Opened top of bed planted by hand 4th of May
CultivationFirst working barred off with turn plow chopped out All after
working was with cultivator and sweep
Season too wet up to 1st of August Rain set the grass to growing again after
each working
The fertilizer used was the Gate City Potassi Done applied at the rate of 200
pounds per acre
ResultsThe total yield of seed cotton per acre 370 pounds and the increase
over the unfertilized rows six per cent
In reply to the request made for the result of any other experiment Mr Nelson
says Four hundred pounds Acid Phosphate 300 pounds Kainit composted with
twelve cart loads barnyard manure applied to three acres yielded 600 pounds seed
cotton a gain of fifteen per cent over the natural soil
Experiment of Mr Green H Perdue Barnesville Upson County
SoilRed stiff red clay subsoil upland Red and postoak hickory Has been
in cultivation 35 or 40 years
Previous treatmentThe plat selected has been alternately planted in cotton and
seeded for several years Liberally fertilized well cultivated and yielding remu
nerative crops until last year when the grain was froaen out so that a poor crop403
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
19
was produced But after taking off the grain a pea crop was plan ted dnHs and
cultivated making a fine crop of peas The plat contains two acre Irone
acre the vines were gathered on the other acre they were allowed to rot on the
grprSrmEarly after Christmas it was broken with single homta
plow April 1st it was rebroken as at first with a narrow scooter ollowmg ach
turnplow in the same furrow The rows were 70 yards long between iV and i
Fertilisers were put in April 12th at the rate of 200 poundper acre
applied in beds The plat had been hard and had broken cloddy especiaywhere
the vines had been taken off I received the guanos too late to compost on this
Pltine an manner of plantingApril 12thAfter bedding I
the plat by opening with a short narrow scooter and planted the s ed at the rate
of from one and a half to two bushels of seed per acre using the planter and to
lowing over the bed with a heavytoothed harrow to crush and remove the clods
so as to insure a stand beared the
CMvationThe stand was so imperfect on the plat where I hadewed the
vines off I despaired of success and hence failed to keep a diary but feel safe
Dresenting the facts noted uKnn
P 1st I commenced replanting assoon asl could safely doit on theplat wthpoor
stand which was confined to the clean plat for where the vines were not removed
he sand was perfect It was all rapidly worked but the working on he clean
plat was not so clean as the other plat owing to the cloddy condition o e s oil
and the imperfect stand of cotton for even the seeds that generated seemed feete
hut it soon gained strength and took on vigorous growth and commenced rapid
fruitage
1st deduction On clean land it is unsafe to use an acid fertilizer
2d Where there is stubble that can be turned under it is equal to the best
standard fertilizers for cotton I refer to Oriole Acid and the Champion Cotton
GTZnsU was too cool and wet in the spring except May which was cool but
dry after which it was too wet for the best fruitage of cotton resulting in a ten
dency to weed until late in July Afterwards the drouth set in wbica lasted all
theseason While our crop was not a full crop it was better than was expected
15th September
Result
NAME OF FERTILIZE
No Fertilizer
aOriolc Acid Phosphate
SeldnerB Champion Cotton Grower
Gossyplinn Phosphate
fertilizers of seed cot
applied per
acre
Pounds of Total yield
ton per acrc
in lbs
200
2C0
200
Per cent in
crease ovr
unfertilised
plats
780
981
1058
26
28J20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
404
Mr Perdue says The first two rows no guano used made more cotton than the
second two rows where Oriole or Champion Cotton Grower was used owing to de
fect m stand Where Gossypium Phospho was used the result was increased slightly
above the unmanured but the row without guano next to the Oriole was increased
onethird over the first row But where the vines rotted on the land the above re
suits were obtained There is about the same to gather on each of the guanos
perhaps 20 pounds to the acre On the imperfect stand there is more to gather
than on the perfect stand
I would not use acid on clean laud if given to me It hastens maturity on any
In reference to the request made for the results of any other experiments Mr
lerdue says I used Hunts Gossypium Phospho and Carl with the following
results a
Land weedy stubble in excellent condition Planted April 25th rows 140
yards 9 pounds each for two rows
Result
NAME OF FERTILIZER
No fertilizer
Hunt
Gossypium Phospho
Carl
First
Picking
Lbs
4
9
9Ji
Second
Picking
Lbs
5
13
12J4
Third
Picking
Lbs
0
18
21
1794
Total vield
of
Seed Cotton
per row
oi 140 yards
Per cent of
increase
over unfer
tilized rows
Lbs
18
125
141
110
I had one acre Iused 100pounds Gossypium on planted May 8th too dry to ger
mxnate Came up Jane 3d made 1400 pounds seed cotton 500 pounds of lint
would have made unmanured 800 pounds seed cotton It grew vigorously and took
on forms rapidly was cut off terribly by drouth But I do not think guano dries
up cotton for this plat kept green when everywhere else bad yielded to the drouth
but not one form in one hundred matured after 1st September
neJthn0VCryfarmer Wh haSSee sults of composts can not doubt the
necessity of composting all in their power
1st These results are equal to other fertilizers
2d It is safer under the uncertain seasons of Southern skies
UZ CheaJer U develops the enterprise and energy of each form
welltlcr ieTUrmtinCreaSe the Ski a1lklvledge of the farmer as
well as create a thirst for increased knowledge
Experiment of Mr James H Newton Cuthbert Sandolph County
SWiGray sandy upland with a red clay subsoil The soil on top about eight
inches thick Has been in cultivation fifteen or twenty years
Previous treatmrntPrevioxialy there were very few fertilisers used on this plat
pnd crops were cultivated as usua1 in tins section405
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
21
fteparaltaBedded first on last years middles in February Put dow mam re
in water furrow and rebedded on same in April with turnplow each tune to hst
and shovel to burst out middles Rows 70 yards long and 3 feet wide
ftrtimThe quantities varied as you will see in tabular rtatement Vml
compost made as follows stable manure 700 pounds cotton seed 700 pounds
kainit 200 pounds acid phosphate 400 pounds Total 2 000
Time and manner of plantvujFlntei second weekm April run oil rows with
small scooter put down seed and covered with board nhamA
CuttJumWorked 2d of May run around with scooter and boaid and chopped
Worked20th of May ran around with scooter and scrape and hoed over
Worked 30th June run around with sweep
Worked 4th of July hoed over
Laid by 30th July with sweep very shallow
Remits
NAMK OP FERTILIZER
Pounds of
fertilizers
applied per
Total yield
of seed cot
ton per acre
Lbs
Three rows not fertilized
a Our Own Anunoniatod Bone
a Our Own Ammoniated Bone
oOnr Own Ammoniated Bone
a Our Own Ammoniated Bone
a Excelsior Ammoniated Bone
a Excelsior Ammoniated Bone
a Excelsior Ammoniated Bone
a Excelsior Ammoniated Bone
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
Plow B and Raw Bone Superphosphate
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphato
Plow Brand Raw Bone Kuperpbosphato
Compost Kainit Cotton Seed Stable Manure Ashley Phos
Compost Kainit Cotton Seed Stable Manure Ashley Phos
Compost Kainit Cotton Seed Stable Manure Ashley Phos
Excelsior Ammoniated Bone
Excelsior Ammoniated Bono
Wilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guano
Wileox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guanc
Potash alone
Phosphoric Acid alone
Nitrogen as blood
ICO
200
300
SCO
100
200
300
500
100
200
300
501
200
600
1000
100
200
100
200
200
200
500
Per cent In
crease over
fertilized
lots
394
483
409
492
SWA
454
485
4GS
531
466
491
564
563
563
682M
75SK
490
483
495
520
381
428
22
19
25
31
15
23
19
47
18
25
43
41
43
47
92
24
22
25
32
09
2622
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
406
SeasonsThe seasons were very unfavorable for cotton on sandy land very cold
at finish and then the rains commenced and rained almost daily during last of May
and June
In comparing commercial fertilizers with compost Mr Newton says Com
post is incomparably better especially on sandy lands and a dry year
Experiment of Mr C M Witcher Point Peter Oglethorpe County
SoilGray sandy loam rather porous clay subsoil been in cultivation fifteen
years Original growth oak black gum and some hickory judging from that on
adjoining lands for the original growth must have been cleared seventyfive years
ago after which it had grown up in pine which was cleared fifteen years ago for
the third time
Previous TreatmentHas been in cotton almost continuously for the last fifteen
years having been in oats only about two years had been manured with fertilizers
with exception of three years with stable and barn manure last year lightly
PreparationIn cotton last year opened in middle of old rows running twice
witli long ripper listed with same plow and bedded with turn plow Rows thirty
five yards long and four feet wide
Fertilizers20 lbs per acre except cotton seed meal alone which was 400 lbs
per acre Compost of acid twothirds and cotton seed meal onethird applied
200 lbs per acre Put in April 10th in manner as stated above
Time and Manner of PlantingApril 30th planted opening with small ripper
covering with board cutting the beds down pretty low
CultivationMay 15th sided with Johnson combination plow May 24th chop
ped out with hoe June 4th sided with eighteen inch solid sweep June 23d
sided with same plow July 2d hoed second time July 3d plowed out middle
with solid sweep July 8th sided with solid sweep July 18th hoed July 22d
split out middles
Seasons Too much rain in June which caused cotton to rust to some extent
Not enough rain in July and August Temperature not excessively high until
September when we had the warmest weather of the season which injured cotton
badly as the low temperature in May and June made the cotton late With only
two inches rain in June and four or five each in July and August we would have
had a line crop in spite of the September drought
Date and Amount of RainfallMay 5th 04 inches May 20th02 May 23d 06
Total 12 inches June 7th 03inches June 8th 0 2 June 9th 02 June lOlh
02 June 10th at night 01K June 11th 02K June 12th 03 June 13th 03
June 15th 09 June 24th 20 Total 54K inches July 1st 00 July 2d 01
July 3d 02 July 4th 11 July 11th at night 03 July 28th 04 July 31st
04 Total 31 inches August 1st 04K August 6th 11 August 7th 02 Au
gust 9th OX August 25th 06 August 29th 04 Total 33 September no
rain October 10th 12 October 22d 05 Total 17 inches407
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
Results
n
NAME OF FERTILIZE
Cottou Seed Meal Acid
No Fertilizer
a Baldwins A D Bones
No Fertilizer
Franklins A D Hones
No Fertilizer
a Alkaline A 1 Bone
No Fertilizer
Cotton Seed Meal alone
Lbs ol
fertili
zers ap
plied
per
acre
1st 2d
Picking Picking
Oct 2 Oct 31
200
Lbs
15
8
11
8
15
8
17
Lbs
VA
2
1
2
1
ix
2
1
Total
Lbs
15
11
16
11
12
11
10
10
18
Tola
Yield of
Set
Cotton
per
acre
Lbs
80i
570
829
570
622
570
842
557
953
Per
cent in
crease
over nn
fertiliz
ed plats
45
Mr Witcber says Judiciously used in an experience antedating the war I have
never known fertilizers to fail to pay but two years those were exceptionally dry
Composts are a little better but with me cant be had insufficient quantity I
prefer composting in the furrowtis more economical and safer I consider my
manure safe from loss when I get it in the soil The only method of escape is as
plant food and I prefer those which will be consumed by the plant most rapidly
Experiment of Mr S P Odom Drayton Dooly County
SoilGray land with clay subsoil has been in cultivation eight years original
growth was longleaf pine mixed with oak
Previous TreatmentIt was cultivated in corn in 188081 and82 and fertilized
with cotton seed using seven bushels to the acre and was cultivated in cotton in
1883 without any fertilizer
PreparationBroken up deep with shovel March 1st April 2d laid off rows three
feet apart with shovel running twice in the same furrow Length of rows seventy
yards
Fertilisers Applied at the rate of 250 lbs per acre and using compost at the rate
of 1000 lbs per acre For composing used the formula of the Department And
bedded up with half shovel April 3d
lime and Manner of Planting April 10th opened the beds with V block Sowed
seed with hand and covered with board
Cultivation May 4th sided with scooter and chopped to a stand May 19th sided
with sweep and hoed and June 13th plowed with large sweep and hoed June 19th
and plowed again June 30th and hoed July 10th
Seasons were tolerably favorable in the months of May and June and in July we
had too much rain sapping the cotton to a very high degree and then followed
the long drouth commencing August 2d completely divested it of its fruit and fo
liage24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
t4o8
ci
rZ S
0 ti C
P
3 P o

H
K
W
fa
o

gi co go
to
r CO CD O rr r CO 00 o i t
S 8
t Tji rl Id
a O
111 i 1
P w t s
m N

a s
y P
O P409
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
25
Mr Odonasays We are of the opinion that Compart is decidedly the cheap
est fertilizer that the farmer can use Any of the ammoniated fertilizers with a
good per cent of patash will pay with good labor
Keports of Other Experiments
Mr Robert Burton EUaville Schcy county who was furnished with Stono
Acid Phosphate Gate City and Plowbrand conducted an experiment with cotton
and after giving the details of the experiment to the first of July says Iregret
that further report cannot be made About the 10th of July the cotton took the
rust and was so nearly destroyed that I kept no further account as nothing could
be learned thereby
Mr Clements Villanow Walker county who wai furnished with Lester s
Standard Fertilizer Georgia State Grange Dissolved B me and Plowbrand says
The stand in the experiment plat was very irregular and the crop was so utterly
destroyed by rain and insect that I can make no report that would be worth any
thMrc C Oleghorn of Summerville Ohattooga county who was furnished with
Gossypium Phospho Patent Pacific Guano Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate and Port
Royal Acid Phosphate commenced two experiments with cotton on different
characters of soil but reports that the crops were entirely destroyed by the exces
SlMraDelany Woodstock Cherokee county was furnished with Ashley Acd
Phosphate Ashley D ssolved Bone Excelsior Ammoniated Bone and Plowbrand
He says For the first time since I have been conducting soil tests for the Depart
ment I have to report a failure I carefully prepared and planted a plat of ground
in cotton usiug the samples of fertilizer sent me but failed to get a stand of
plants in consequence of the dry weather that prevailed at the p anting time
Then later in June the excessive weather caused the plants to die making skips in
the rows five or six yards long which rendered a report of the yield entirely im
MrlTasD Frederick Marshallsville Mam county says February lSrlast
you shipped me one sack of Port Royal Pure Dissolved Bone also one sack of Ogle
thorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone The soil fst was made in connection with
Gossypium and John Merrymans Dis Bone The crop was properly gathered and
weighed Now comes a trouble When I put out the guano sent me by your Depart
ment although an outer sack covered t e inner one the mark was so ob iterated
that i could read neither brand In putting theca out I designated the one ae
white guano an 1 the other as black thinking that by washing tnem I could detect
sufficient to indicate the name of the guano but I was mistaken It can t be d ne
Mr A W Rhodes Hephzibah Richmond county was supplied with L111 versai
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Jno Merrimans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone and
Cotton Food Ammoniated Bone The report of the experiment was lost in the ma 1
and the original notes being misplaced it could not be duplicated
Mr W B Henderson Edgewood Fulton county was furnished with Gossypium
Phospho which was reserved for an experiment with small grain and the results
will be published in the next SoilTest Report
Mr Chas Pratt DeKalb county was furnished with one brand for experiment
He says The sack of Universal Ammoniated Superphosphate was used at the rater6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
410
of 150 lbs per acre on late corn Under the influence of the rains in June it came
up finely and started off well the manured corn showing especially well but the
drouth that began in July and continued until late in the fall ruined the corn
Got no corn at all and but little forage
Fertilizers for Soil Tests were sent to the following gentlemen fromjwbom no re
ports have been received
To Mr E J Benton Homerville Clinch county were sent Ammoniated Bore
and Oriole Heigh Grade
To W Y Elder Athens Clarke county were sent Baldwin ifcCos Amraoniated
Dissolved Bone Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate and Seldners Champion Cotton
Grower
To W A Speer McDonough Henry county Plowbrand Georgia State Grange
Fertilizer Chesapeake Guano and Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate
To W P Perry Keyton Calhoun county Oriole Fertilizer Port Royal Cotton
Fert lizer and Plowbrand4ii
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
27
REPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS
At the University Farm in Athens Georgia Directed by Prof H C White
State Chemist Under the Auspices of the Department of Agricultvre
It has for several years been a prime object of the Commissioner to have es
tablihed in the State one or more Agricultural Experiment Station Long re
flection as well as large experience of what other Statrs have accomplished by
these agencies confirm his convictions of the important services which Expenment
Stations may reasonably be expected to render
The spirit of inquiry is abroad among the tillers of our soil and at no time be
fore in the history of farm husbandry have so many pregnant questions been asked
or so much desire for improve d methods manifested as of recent years These evi
denced an improving state of our farm economy should have all proper aid and
simulation The commissioner must be allowed to express his regrets hat he has
nJh dtha encouragement in reducing to practical effects his well settled no ions
of the great benefit which could be secured by one or more Experiment Stations
Published in the interest of the farmers of Georgia
The tender of the University farm at Athens by Prof White for such initiatory
eWnients as cculd be inexpensively made together with his own voluntary ser
vices in the direction of the work has made possible aseries of field experiment
tl at we are hopeful will result in much benefit to our farming merest
Tierare qualifications of Professor White and his earnest zeal in the cause of
progressive agriculture gives the strongest assurance of success The plans and
opefatLs as far as they have teen developed on the ground give encouragement
teat at Wl cost we may have an experiment station that m spite of many draw
backs shatl reflect credit upon Georgia enterprise and result in abundant good to
the cause that suppcrts the whole fabric of our national prosperity
University of Georgia Chemical Laboratory
Athens Ga January 24th 1885
Rom J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear Sir I have the honor to transmit herewith at your request the details
and resultsof certain experiments conducted last year upon the experimental
farm oTtee University under my direction I have selected from the Record Book
uch experiments as are of special interest to farmers generally and have no em
braced in this report a number of others of minor importance or the results of
which were not es trustworthy as I would desire The experiments herein reported
conducted with extreme care and with scrupulous attention to all the details
ZJZtcsecure reliable results The details are not reported in full Of course
the effects of the season were beyond control
I have to thank you for many valuable suggestions and for liberal assistance in
the udp1v of materials etc
lam perfectly well aware of the fact that yield experiments are twoedged
swords in the hands of even the best of men and that it is a hazardous thing to
deduce conclusions from single experiments Indeed no better evidence of the
fact couldbe furnished than the erratic results of some of the experiments here re
ported Nevertheless in order to make the work intelligible I have ventured to
append certain conclusions to certain of the experiments I hope to be thor28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
412
oughly understood however as intending these conclusions to be tentative and
by no means final and absolute
I hope to continue experimentation at the farm and in the course of a number
of years by numerously repeated tests to be enabled to reach conclusions upon
some points which may be regarded as measurably safe and certain
Respectfully
H C White
EXPERIMENT NO 1
PatA Crop Oolton
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT
To determine
1st Whether the cotton plant derives the nitrogen necessary for its growth from
the atmosphere or from the soil or from both
2d If in whole or in part from the soil which of the following nitrogenous ma
terials it prefers viz Xitrate of Soda Sulphate of Ammonia Dried Blood or Cot
ton Seed Meal
3d The maximum limit to which it is safe or proper to employ the materials
named
4th The relative economic or money value of the various materials and of
varying proportions of each
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENTS
To each of the fertilized sections of the plat sufficient mineral food mixed min
erals for the use of the crop was applied The nitrogenous materials were applied
in onethird twothirds and full rations The full ration in each case is
approximately the quantity shown by analysis of the plant to be requisite to pro
duce a crop of about 300 lbs lint cotton per acre Each section of the plat con
sisted of one row 622 310 feet in length and three and a half feet in breadth
making an area of onetwentieth of an acre Twentyfour such rows made up the
plat and the manner of their fertilization and yield per acre is shown in table
below
CULTURE
The whole plat was planted May 1st with the Rameses variety of cotton seed
The land was thoroughly and uniformly prepared by deep plowing subsoiling
and harrowing Laid off on April 20th fertilizers distributed by hand April 27th
and covered by a shallow list Seed rolled in ashes and planted with a Dow Law
planter Plowed and hoed 1st May 27 th 30th 2d June 3d 3d June 19th
Very poor replanted several times
GENERAL REMARKS
Excessive drought during May warm days and cold nights hence the difficulty
m getting a good stand June very wet and followed by a long drought which
lasted until November413
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS 1884
RESULTS IN SEED COTTON
O
u
CD
a
la
Ja inier 0 Fertilization
No Manure
Nitrate of Soda
Acid Phosphate
Muriate of PotashVnV
Acid Phosphate and Nitrate o Soda
11 Mixed Minerals and Nitrate of Soda full ration
ferf Minerals fflalphiito ol AOTiV onethirdTation
4 Mixed M nerals and Satiate of Ammonia twothudration
14 wl5 m1s and Sulphate of Ammonia full lation
Mixed Minerals and Sulphate
Mixed Minerals alonejW
M ved Minerals and Dried Blood onethird ration
Mixed Sals and Dried Blood twothird ration
Mixed Minerals and Dried Blood f
15
16
17
18
1
20
21
22
23
24No Manure
full ration
E x d M ne a andCo ton SeedMeal onethird ration
Mixed M nera s and Cotton Seed Meal twothird ration
M xed M nerals and Cotton Seed Meal full ration
GAIN OR LOSS COMPARED WITH NO MANURE
C3
oj ft
a
CO O
440
635
385
625
1000
575
930
450
820
965
948
85714
880
040
20
80
05
855
755
612
947 K
665
685
475
Pounds per acre
No Manure average
Acid Phosphate alone
Muriate of Potash alone
Twothird ration
Full rationv
Mixed Minerals and Sulphate of Ammonia
Onethird ration
Twothird ration
Mixed11MSsand DriedloodVonethirdration
Twothird ration
Mixed MirneraVand CoUonSeed Meaoneird Vation
Twothird ration
Full ration
30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
414
GAIN OK LOSS DUE TO NITROGENOUS MANURES ELIMINATING THE EFFECTS OF ACID
PHOSPHATE AND MURIATE OF POTASU COMPARED WITH NO MANURE
titrate of Soda onethird ration
Two third ration
Full ration
Sulphate of Ammonia one thirdration
Twothird ration
Full ration
Dried Blood onethird ration
Twothird ration
Full ration
Cotton Seed Meal onethird ration
Twothird ration
Full ration
Per Acre
Gain
25 lbs
170
153
85
145
Loss
75 lbs
90
00
40
153
130
110
ECONOMIC RESULTS PER ACRE
No Manure
Acid phosphate alone
Muriate of Potash alone
Nitrate of Soda alone
Mixed Minerals
Mixed Minerals and Nitrate of soda one third ration
iwotlnrd ration
Full ration
Mixed Minerals and Sulphate ofAmmonia
Onethird ration
Twothird ration
Full ration
Mixed Minerals and DriedBiooaoneVthiraration
iwothird ration
Full ration
o
O
IS
0
Si

Mixed Minerals and Cotton Seed Meal
Onethird ration
Twothird ration
Full ration
0 00
4 00
5 36
7 50
9 36
16 86
24 36
31 86
15 51
21 66
27 81
14 31
19 26
24 21
14 36
19 36
24 36l
18 20
35 40
25 00
25 40
31 80
32 80
38 60
37 90
35 20
39 60
28 80
28 20
34 20
30 20
37 90
26 60
27 40
Compared
with no Ma
nure
Gain Loss
13 20
1 44
4 24
30
2 26
3 96
12 16
1 49
2 26
17 21
4 31
3 26
12 21
5 34
10 90
13 10
iroundlortedr1018 in thrnpdn7ai
per pound for seed cotton
CONCLUSIONS
a ion of nZlrI 8UPPUe1 thrUgb the Soi1 at le ppli
Ead S ln0rea9eS the feedin cPity of the plant
2 Lach of the lour nitrogenous materials used increased the yield in varyine4iS
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
3
3 Cotton seed meal is onetbird ration and the other materials JWBurdia
tions give the maximum gains Excessive nitrogenous manuring does not con
spondLgly increase the yield Probably onethird ratioandposy much le
mav be considered a safe maximum point beyond which s loss The
evidently much influence upon this question Experiments of form y ears have
indicated that nitrate of soda especially and sulphate T
n This Tjpqr there was much rain in the spnng su
nitrogenous manures for cotton this year there mu r
ceeded by a long drouth The soluble nitrate and sulphate wereprobaUywash4
into and distributed in the soil and were drawn upon by the plant througn
1TFTa2itrammonia onethird ration paid a small profit and
cotton eedmai onethird ration a very fair profit The use of the o her m ro
gen 4 materials was attended with dead money loss All
ton seed meal appears to be the best and cheapest nitrogenous manure for cotton it
used at a rate not exceeding onethird ration This corresponds to an application
of about 400 pounds per acre eri
Incidentally the following intimations are given by the results of this expert
T Phosphoric acid is the fertilizing ingredient that produces the largest and most
PlXiatof potash does not appear to be well suited to the plant as a source of
potash
EXPERIMENT NO 2
PM Crop Cotton
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT
stThfrevive agricultural and economic values to cotton of different forms
and combinaUoiis S phosphoric acid as follows viz Soluble
of lime everted phosphata of lime insoluble phosphate of lime in the form
oSSleston floatsP insoluble phosphate of lime in the form of bone dust
heeSJStPportions of the various phosphates men
tioned
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT
To each of the fertilized sections of the plat sufficient nitrogen and potash for the
L inttotrty 1 portion lubl phoph d o
mari32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
416
The culture of this pat was in all respects the same as that of Plat A The
planting was done on the same day May 1st and the same variety of seed the
Rameses was used
STAND
The stand in this pat aso was very poor necessitating several replanting
Results in Seed Cotton
o
W
J 4l
D O
s
a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
Manner of Fertilization
itashBasil Mixture
Nitrogen Mixture alone
Acid Phosphate aone
Muriate of Potash alone
Nitrogen Mixture and Acid Phosphate
Muriate of Potash and Ai id Phosphate
Nitrogen Mixture and Muriate of Potas
No Manure
Bsal Mixture with Acid Phophate 16 ration
Basal Mixture with Acid Phosphate i ration
Basal Mixture with A id Phosphate ration
Basal Mixture witu Acid Phosphate lull ration
Basal Mixture alone
Basal Mixture with Reverted Pho phate 1 6raiion
Basal MixU re witb Reverted Phosplate ration
Basal Mixture with Reverted Phosphate ration
Basal Mixture with Reverted Phosphate fuil ration
Bafal Mixture alone
Basal Mixture with Bone Dust 16 ration
19Baal Mixture with Bone Dust ration
20 Basal Mixture with Bone Dust ration
21 Basal Mixture with Bone Dust full
22 Basal Mixture alone
23 Bsal Mixture with S C Pioa s 16 ration
24 Basal Mixture with 8 C Floats 4 ration
25 Basal Mixture with S C Floats ration
26 Basal Mixture with S C Floats lull tation
27 Basal MXture alone
28 Basal Mixture with Orchila Guano 16 ration
29 Basal Mixture with Orchilla Guano i ration
30Basal Mixture with Orchilla Guano ration
31 Basal Mixture with Orchilla Guano full ration
32 No manure i
33 Basal Mixture with Land Plaster 2t0 lbs per acre
T3 Z
It
2
Lbs
635
535
510
695
610
410
405
550
695
675
975
505
800
770
915
1010
635
580
840
685
840
575
770
780
970
895
690
770
750
885
1105
670
565
NoteThe full ration in each case in the above table is 600 pounds per sere of
the Phosphatic materials417 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
Gain or Loss Compared with No Manure
33
No ManureAverage of 732
Lbs Per Acre
10
11
1
Nitrogen Mixture aone 1
Acid Phosphate aone 2
Muriate of Potash aone 3
Nitrogen Mixture with Acid Phoshatr 4
Muriate of Potash with Acid Phorphae 5
Basal Mixture average of 6 12 17 22 27
Basal Mixture with Soub e Ph sp ae 1 6 ration
Basal Mixture with Soluble Phosphate y ration
Basal Mixture with Soluble Phosphate ration
Basal Mixture with Soluble Phosphate full ration
Basal Mixture with Reverted Phosphate 16 ration
Basal Mixture with Reverted Phosphate ration
Basal Mixture with Reverted Phosphate ration
Basal Mixture with Re erted Phosphate full ration
Basal Mxture with Bone Dust 16 ration
Basal Mixture with Bone Dust lA ration
Basal Mixture with Bone Dust ration
Basal Mixture wth Bone Dust full ration
Basal Mixture with S C Floats 1 6 ration
Basal Mixture with S C Floats y ration
Basal Mixture with S C Floats ration
Basal Mixture withS C Floats full ration
Basal Mixture with Natural Guano 16 ration
Basal Mixture with Natural Guano y ration
Basal Mixture with Natural Guano ration
Basal Mixture with Natural Guano
Basal Mixture and Land Plaster full ration
531 y lbs
Gain
Lbs
157
72
25 y
ny
151 y
137 K
437
262 M
232
377 K
472
42
302 y
147 K
302
232 y
242 X
23214
357
232 y
212K
347 y
i5iy
27y
Loss
zy
27 y
Gain or Loss Due to Phosphatic ManuresElementary Effect of Nitrogen and
Potash Compared with No Manure
Pounds Pr Acre
Soluble Phosphate 16 ration
Soluble Phosphate y ration
Soluble Phosphate ration
Soluble Phosphate full ration
Reverted Phosphate 16 ration
Reverted Phosphate y ration
Reverted Phosphate ration
Reverted Phosphate full ration
Bone Dust 16 ration
Bone Dust y ration
Bone Dust ration
Bone Dust full ration
S C Flo sts 1 6 ration
S C Floats y ration
S C Floats H ration
S C Floats fall ration
Natural Guino Orchi a 16 ration
Natural Guano Orchila y ration
Natural GuanO Orchilla
Natural Guano 0 chilla full ration
34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 418
Economic Results Per Acee Compared with No Manure

No Manure
1 Nitrogen Mixture alone
2 Acid Phosphate alone
3 Muriate of Potash alone
4 Nitrogen Mixtureand Acid Phosphate
5 Acid Phosphate and Muriate of Potash
6 Basal Mixture
7 Basal Mixture with Soluble Phcs 16ration
Basal Mixture with Sohible Phosphate ration
Basal Mixture with Soluble Phosphate ration
Basal Mixture with Soluble Phos full ration
8 Baal Mixture with Reverted Pho 16 ration
Basal Mixture with Reverted Phos ration
Basal Mixture with Reverted Phos ration
Basal Mixture with Reverted Phos full ration
9 Basal Mixture with Bone Dust 1 6 ration
Basal Mixture with Bone Dust ration
Basal Mixture with Bone Dust ration
Basal Mixture with Bone Dust full ration
10 Basal Mixture with S C Floats 10 ration
Basal Mixture wth S C Floats A ration
Basal Mixture wiih S C Floas ration
Basal Mixture with S C Floats full ration
11 Basal Mixture with Natural Guano 1 6 ration
Basal MixurewMi Natural Guano ration
Basal Mixture with Natural Guano ation
Basal Mixture with Natural Guano full ration
12 Land Plaster 240 pounds per acre
Cst of Manure Value of Product PER ACRE
Gain Loss
21 50 25 40 21 40 20 40 27 80 24 40 22 60 22 00 27 80 27 00 39 00 32 00 30 80 36 60 40 40 23 20 33 60 27 40 33 60 30 80 31 20 30 80 35 80 30 80 30 00 35 40 39 80 22 60 0 30
3 60 6 00 5 36 9 60 11 36 8 96 9 96 10 96 12 96 14 96 9 96 10 96 12 96 14 96 19 46 11 96 14 96 17 96 9 96 10 96 12 96 14 96 9 96 10 96 12 96 14 96 6 00
6 10
6 46
3 30
8 46
7 86 9 46
4 66
7 46
2 54 0 54

1 66
2 14 3 94

8 76
0 14
9 06
5 86
0 66
1 26
3 66 0 66
0 66
2 46
0 94 3 34

4 90
CONCLUSIONS
1 All forms of phosphatic manures increase the yield
2 Generally the yield increases correspondingly with larger and larger applica
tions of the manures
3 Considering the results of full rations alone the phosphates exhibit the
following order of excellence
1 Reverted Phosphate 2 Natural Phosphate 3 Soluble Phosphate 4
Floats 5 Bone Dust It is but fair to state that the larger bulks of the other
materials employed probably gave them an advantage physically over the Soluble
Phosphates and thereby influenced the results to some extent
4 Financially Bone Dust and Floats do not pay Full rations of Soluble
Reverted and Natural phosphates pay a fair profit
Plat C
EXPERIMENT No 3
Crop Cotton
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT
To determine the relaiive agricultural atd economic values to cotton ofthetwo
principal Potash salts sold in commerce viz Muriate of Poash an 1 Kainite419
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS184
35
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT
To each fertilized section of the plat sufficient nitrogenous phosphatie and other
food except Potash for the use of the plant was supplied The Nitrogen in the
form of Nitrogen Mixture as described in Experiment No 2 the Phosphates
in the form of Acid Phosphate of Lime Different sections were treated with
different proportions of Muriate of Potash and Kainite as indicated Four rows
each 1556 feet in length and 3K in breadth constituted one section with U
sections in the whole plat The culture was the same as in the two previous expe
riments the same seed were used and the planting was made on the same day
May 1st The stand likewise was poor replanted several times The following
table shows the results obtained and the manner of fertilization
RESULTS IN SEED COTTON
1 u
Manner of Fertilization
1 No manure
2 Nitrogen Mixture alone
3 Acid Phosphate alone
4 Nitrogen Mixture and Acid Phosphate
5 No manure
6 Muriate of Potash alone full ration
7 Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Muriate of Potash ration
Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Muriate of Potash ration
Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Muriate of Potssh full ration
10 No manure
11 Kainit alone full ration
1 Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Kainite 14 ration
13 Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Kainite ration
14 Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Kainite fuh ration
15 One row remainingno manure x 4
Lbs Seed
Cotton per
Acre
665
666
667
1025
46714
520
90614
993
1032 14
581J4
662 yi
109214
1138
1285
390
NoteThe full ration of Muriate of Potash was 134 lbs to the acre The
full ration of Kainit was 600 lbs to the acre
GAIN OK LOSS COMPARED WITH NO MANURE
No manure average 110 5 15
Nitrogen Mixture alone 2
Acid Phosphate alone3
Nitrogen Mixture and Acid Phosphate 4
Muriate of Potash alone 6
Kainit alone 11 T
Basal Mixture and Muriate of Potash ration
Basal Mixture and Muriate of Potash ration
Basal Mixture and Muriate of Potash full ration
Basal Mixture and Kainite ration
Basal Mixture and Kainite ration
Basal Mixture and Kamite full ration
Lbs per Acre
528 lbs
Gain Loss
Lb
137
139
497
134
378J4
465
504
564 K
610
757
Lbs36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
420
GAIN OE LOSS DUE TO POTASH SALTSELIMINATING EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHATES
COMPARED WITH NO MANURE
Murate of Potash 14 ration
Muriate of Potash ration
Muriate of Potash full ration
Kainite 4 ration
Kainie ration
Kainite full ration
Lbs per Acre
Gain
Lbs
7
67 M
260
Loss
Lbs
118
31
ECONOMIC RESULTS PER ACRE COMPARED WITH NO MANURE
Nitrogen Mixture alone
Acid Phosphate alone
Nitrogen Mixture and Acid Phosphate
Muriate of Potash alone
Kainit alone
Nitrogen Mix wTith Acid Phos and Mu Pot lA ratn
Nitrogen Mix with Acid Phos and Mu Pot ratn
Nitrogen Mix with Acid Phos and Mu Pot full rn
Nitrogen Mix with Acid Phos and Kainit Vz ratn
Nitrogen Mix with Acid Phos and Kainit ratn
Nitrogen Mix with Acid Phos and Kainit full ratn
No manure average 1 5 10
en r
O
3 60
6 00
9 60
5 36
4 50
11 39
13 18
14 97
11 10
12 60
14 10
0 00
a0
3
26 60
26 70
41 00
20 80
26 50
36 25
39 75
41 30
43 70
45 55
51 40
22 85
0 15
Lbs per Acre
Gain Loss
8 55
2 01
3 73
3 49
9 75
10 10
14 45
2 15
7 41
0 85
1
CONCLUSIONS
Kainit is a much better and more economical source of potash than Muriate of
potash
EXPERIMENT NO 5
Plat E Crop Cotton
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT
To test the result of fertilizing with a cheap composted fertilizer compared with
equal quantities of highpriced commercial fertilizers
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT
A compost was made of the following substances in the relative proportion
named viz
Acid Phosphate1250 lbs
Cotton Seed Meal 500 lbs
Kainite 250 lbs
This was appied on one portion of the plat side by side with three standard ferti
lizers A B and C each at the rate of 300 lbs per acre The plat contained four
sections whose area was each onehalf acre42l
SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884
37
CULTURE
Land was thoroughly prepared by deep V
off on April 14th to 16th fertilizers app bed by drill on April l
with shallow list Plowed and hoed st May 13th 20th XL T
3d June 2d 7th A fair stand was obtained except on portion
next to fence
as
pec
EBSULTS IN SEED COTTON
Manner of Fertilization
1 Cheap Compost
2JStandaid Fertilizer A
3Standard Fertilizer B
4JStandard Fertilizer C
No Manure
Pounds
Per
Acre
890
79554
948 M
863
455
KCONOMIC RESULTS PER ACRE COMPARED WITH NO MANURE
No manure
1 CheapMixture
18 20 0 00 0 00
0 00 w
3 10 35 62 14 32
6 00 31 82 7 62
13 74
10 4
2 Standard Guano A 6 00 37 94
3 Standard Guano B e 00i 34 54
4 Standard Guano C
CONCLUSION
T1ie mixture described
three fertilizers used in competition with it As it costs
these it is much more profitable
Plat F
EXPERIMENT No 6
Crop Cotton
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT
To test the effects of different quantities of the same ammoniated fertilizer upon
cotton
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT
Xhe same fertilizer was applied to different
ol 200 400 600 and mfounds per ace The j prepare and
tTJry dandagoodstandwas
obtained3
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
422
RESULTS IN SEED COTTON
0 o
c v
C m

1
2
3
4
Manner of Fertilization
200 pounds Standard Guano
400 pounds Standard Guano
600 pounds Standard Guano
800 pounds Standard Guano
Pounds
Per
Acre
765J4
724
943
ECONOMIC RESULTS PEE ACHE COMPARED WITH NO MANURE
B
2
H IK
1
2
3
4
No manure
o c
t i 00
8 00
12 00
16 00
000
o
30 61
28 98
35 46
37 75
18 20
Per Acre
Gain Loss
8 41 2 78 5 26 3 55


Plat H
EXPERIMENT No 8
Crop
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT
Cor
To determine the effect of nonnitroenous organic matter when mixed with
mineral manure upon corn compared with the effect of nitrogenous organic mat
ter under the same conditions
DETALS OF THE EXPERIMENT
An acre of land was accurately laid off a fertilizer was ma3e as follows
Acid Phosphate containing Potash200 lbs
Pine sawdust q
These were intimately mixed and appHed to the acre just previous to planting
By the side of Plat H Plats I and J are also measured acres fertilized with Acid
Phosphate containing Potash composted with Cottonseed Meal and stable Manure
See experiments 9 and 10 It is a matter of common experience that cotton seed
is a good fertilizer for corn Experiments have indicated that nitrogenous manures
are not necessary for corn If this is true then the value of cotton seed is proba
bly due to the physical action of the organic matter in which case any other or
ganic matter even if nonnitrogenous should act as wel Sawdust was selected as
such nonnitrogenous organic matter
CULTURE
The land was plowed in the fall after the removal of a crop of oats plowed aain
in January laid off March 14th fertilizers applied in the hill panted March 22d
plowed and hoed April 25th and 26th May 8th 9th 29th and 30th June 30th
July 1st Seed Searcy white corn 423 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 39
STAND
Very good Crop less forward than the adjoining plats up to middle of June
after that date but little difference observed
KESDLTS
Fodder pulled August loth and 16th weighed August 16th 237 lbs
Com gathered October 15 and 16th shucked 16thear corn 881 lbs
Shucks
EXPERIMENT No 9
rial J CrP Corn
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT
Same as for No 8 the two being taken in connection with each other
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT
A compost was put up on December 20th 1883 as follows
Acid Phosphate containing Potash
Cotton Seed 20 bu
Rotted stable manure
This was allowed to stand under shelter until planting time when it was cut
down and applied in the hill at the above rate per acre The culture in this rat
also was exactly similar to that of Plats H and I Planted March 22J with Sear
cy white corn The stand was very good
RESULTS
Fodder pulled August 15 and 16 weighed 161h1W
Corn gathered October 15 and 10 shucked and weighed ear corn84
Shucks
EXPERIMENT No 10
Plat I CrP Corn
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT
To determine the relative values of home made fertilizers composted some
months previous to use and at the time of using
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT
A fertilizer was used as follows
Acid Phosphate containing Potash s
c 20 bu
Cotton Seed 2Q feu
Rotted Stable manure
This was intimatey mixed and applied at once The area of the plat was one
acre The culture m this pat was in all respects the same as in Plat H same date
of p1 anting same seed very good stand obtained
RESULTS
Fodderpulled August 15th and 16th weighed 16th uB
Corn gathered October 15th and 16th shucked and weighed 16thll57 bs
f 209 lbs
Shucksft
DATE DUE
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