PUBLICATIONS GEORGIA STATE POE THE TEIR 1884 VOLUME X J T HENDERSON Commissioner Or M A libb aby ATLANTA GEORGIA Jas P Haekison Co Printers and Publishers 1885INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME X The current volume and the nine preceding as the title imports embrace all of the publications of the Department of Agriculture of every character issued during the year This volume was not printed in its entirety at the end of the year but in ac cordance with the system adopted at the inauguration of the Department a specified number of each publication including questions sent to correspondents the replies to which constitute the basis of the Crop reports are filed in the office for binding at the end of the year The method thus adopted explains any apparent want of uniformity in the style and mechanical execution and in the quality of the paper For the convenience of indexing each publication is double paged the usual mar ginal figures denoting the page of the Circular while the figures in brackets denote the consecutive page of the Annual Volume The general Index refers to the pages in brackets The Annual Report has its appropriate Index and an Index to the Common wealth of Georgia is separately embodied in the General Index Some of the circulars are improperly paged but with the note of explanation at the head of the General Index the reader will have no difficulty in finding the subjects referred toCONTENTS OF VOLUME X CIRCULARS Circular No 51Analyses and Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers admitted to sale to January 20 1 52Analyses and Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers admitted to sale to February 22 H 53Crop Report for the month of April 29 54Oop Report for the month of May 81 55Analyses and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers and Chemicals ad mitted to sale 18834 129 56Crop Report for the month of June 151 57Crop Report for the month of July 193 58 Crop Report for the month of August 162 59Rules and Regulations and Special Instructions to Inspectors for the Inspection of Fertilizers 197 60Crop Report for the month of September 205 Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture 221 61Suppemental Crop Report 283 Commonwealth of Georgia 277 62Soil Test of Fertilizers 385 SPECIAL CIRCULARS Circular No 39Blank for Crop Report Returnable May 1 21 40Blank for Crop Report Returnable June 1 77 41Blank for Crop Report Returnable July 1 125 42Blank for Crop Report Returnable August 1 141 43Blank for Crop Report Returnable September 1 159 44 Blank for Crop Report Returnable October 1 191 45Questions for Supplemental Crop Report 177GENERAL INDEX Note The consecutive pages of the volume will be found in brackets on the inside margin These are duplicated in some of the circulars and whre this oc curs the number of the circular if given and the number of the page marked with the letter a A 229 230231 Acid phosphate Acreage of principal crops in wheat and oatsCircular 61 225 Agriculture Thoughts on fromabroadijoo Agricultural Experiments indfviszzz36o362 ilK pr0daCtS 61 111 Albumen 2gl Ammoniated Fertilizers Ammonium Citrate Analysis of Fertilizers3 13 129 2 Animal Substance Animals and plants active principles common to food substances required for 1 378 Area and population table of Assistant Commissioner Atlanta Inspector for T Augusta Dam at Inspector for B Bacon cash and time price for Circular 5M26a Baird Hon S F254 256 Beef poor and fat compared Boyce Ker 9 Bots in Horses prevention of Brands of Fertilizers number of Badworms Brobson E SoilTest experiment ofa Brook Trout Brown Hon J ESt Brunswick Inspector for Bryan Mrs J W SoilTest experiment ofd88vnr Cain Geo L SoilTe3t experiment of 392 Carbohydrates not exhausting the soil7ZZZ Zl89 arp45104 Circular 58 171a 226 253 Cary H H Caseine 224 61 89 61 115 224 150 213 331 341 287 301 224 13 129 223 Caution a word of Cellulose Nutritive character of Chemist State Reports of Chickens experience witb Chronology of the Colonies of Georgia Climate of Georgia Codes and Digests of Georgia Columbus Inspector for Commercial Fertilizers analyses of 3 receipts and expenditures relating to inspection of232 tons purchased compared to 1883 255 Commercial values of Chemicals and Fertilizers 3 12 130 Commissioner Assistant Commissioners Clerk Commonwealth of Georgia Complete Fertilizer for wheat for Irish potatoes 9q Confederate States o20 Corn and Bacon cash and time prices forZZZZZZZriufisaa price of May 1st 35 County and Towns comparative population of 390 County Names origin and significance ofZZ 329 Courts supreme and superior 299 Constitutions of Georgia consecutive 315 cttonzzzzzzzzzz362 CottonSeed and Cotton Seed Meal 9 Crop yield of principal 1884ZZZZZircular 61 233224 Crop Reports for April 0 for May85 for June VfiB orJulyZZZZZZZZZZZu4 for August for September 206 Supplemental 283 224 224 224 279 264 218 Comfrey nutritive character of 155 D DeWolf W S 223 224 Department of Agriculture United StatesZ 243IX 301 Digests of Georgia Laws DistillerleB 241I245 35 Distribution of Seeds Draining Carp Ponds 254 E 254 Edible Qualities of Carp224 Editing Clerk 29 Education Egg composition of compared to grain Elements of Animal Production Ensilage a new method of storing Euchocna Luxurians Executive Department Experiment Station Experiments agricultural SoilTest suggested Everett R W SoilTest experiments of F 2 Farmers suggestions to Pees Inspection Fertilizer Clerk Fertilizers Analyses of Brands below standard Comparative trade in Formula for Composting Statistics of Values of 62 61 48 242 300 237 246249 411423 388410 Circular 61 227a 3 13 3 13 Fibrine 130 14 134 8 10 130 61 249 224 249 257 Fisheries Superintendent of Report of the Circular 57 148a FishSeaseof hearing in 049 Fisheries 30 Fishways Food relative proportion to weight of animals for fattening beeves Forests Franklin Benj Freeman S A Soil Test experiment of Fruit 118 288 315 392 34 89 Fruit Trees injury to by a new insectCircular 58 176c G 224 Geologist 287 GeologyZZZs General Assembly 257 General View 279 Georgia General character of 284 372 Area ofOeorgia Boundary of 283 Chronology of332341 Climate OQ Sol Minerals of 00 Zot Natural Divisions of 288 Outline view of 283 Population of 290 Topography of 284 Georgia System of Inspection 924 Grain composition of compared to egg g2 H HandBookof Georgia 24 HarborsZZZZZZiZZ280 Hardin W P Hawkins SamI Henderson J T 224 Henderson W B History of Georgia salient points inZ 314 sketch of 311 Hogs feed excusively on Irish potatoes 114 results of perfect and abundant food with 14 Hog Cholera remedies forCircular57l58am 212 Horses prevention of bots in n Howard Miss E L o 39 Experiments of on Howard T C HowellW H ZZZZZZ223 I InsectsHow to destroy Inspection and Analyses of Fertilizers 224 237 mode of fi Inspection Laws of Georgia w Inspection of Oils Inspectors of Fertilizers 9 Special instructions to oqo Institutions of the State Instruction for Experimental Plats 214 isandszrzzzzzz286 K Kerosene as an Insecticide g5 L Labor Supply 34 Land price of via Lansford M D SoilTest experiment ofZZZZZ 393 Law in relation to Formula for Composting 8 Laws of Georgia the L Lawton J SZZZ24XI Lecture of Ville on Profits of Stock Raising 5l Stock and Stock Raising in Agricultural Industries 18 Soil Analysis by plants 259 What we gain with Barnyard manure aloneCircular 61 243a 296 Legislative Department T rPower mim Little Dr Geo 4 Livingston L Wi Losses to the Soil from Crops sold Losses by the War M Manual on Poultry of Sheep husbandry Manure heavily Manufactures Manufacturing Industries McCutchen A R McDonald Hatching Jar Fish way Meat Comparison of poor aud fat ATpohnics Meteorological Observations40 124 159 Circular 57 147a Circular 58 166a 210 281 Circular 61 232 233a 242 208 Circular 61 226a 287 244 245 Circular 61 250a 364 365 223224 252 250 120 368 Millo Maize as a bread crop Minerals required in a soil Mode of Inspection and Analysis 111 67 N 242 286 288 285 353 402 223 224 404 217 Natural Divisions of the State Natural Products Navigation Negroes relative increase of Nelson W K SoilTest experiment of Newman J S Newton J H soil test experiment of Nitrogenous Matter action of in soil Notes from Correspondents 96 160 168 211 234 0 407 J312 313 241 185 286 ZZ3i 223 283 256 Odom S P soilteit experiment of Oglethorpe Oils inspection of Kerosene as an insect destroyer Okefenokee Swamp Orchard sites suggestion for selecton of Organization of the Department Outline View of Georgia Overflow of PondsXII Pate John H Peat Formula for Composting Peach Yellows People the Characteristics of the Perdue G H SoilTest experiment of Phosphoric Acid determination of 93624f Pine use of and effects of growth on soil 18g Plants beneficial tosoil Population R Railroads Effecs of en value of property Powers as to Receipts of fees for inspection Redding R J Relative increase of whites and blacks Report of Chemist Fish Commissioner 224 8 101 290 325 40 290 Prickley Comfrey lfig Products agricultural Table form Productions grossZZZZZZswiW Qet35g Publication Pyrethrum as a poison for insects 185 35G 365 366 298 234 224 342353 150 233 236 Commissioner of Agriculture221276 growing crops 87 153 Cicuar58 164a 207 r Seds tributedCircular 61 234241a 224 Rules and Regulations for Inspection and Analysis 199 Salmon California Savannah inspector for Scenery 256 224 286 Seeds distribution of 241953 suggested experiments withCirc test of new41 Settlement of Georgia 227a 211 212 Circular 61 234241a Shad Sheep Husbandry manual of Smut in Oats suggested prevention of Soils 312 252 245 100 287 Circular 58 179a Circular 58 177a comparison of elements losses to from cropasold plants beneficial to 122 Soil Analysis by Plants 37 259XIII Soil Test of Fertilizers385423 Circular61 240 South Carolina Fish Commission of253 256 State Chemist reports of150233 236 Statistical Information33 Statistics of Fertilizers22 Stock of All Kinds Stock and Stock Raising Stock condition of in April 188434 Stock LawCircular 58 172a Suggestions to Farmers Supreme Court T Tabulated Reports of Crops38 92146 156 Circular 57 146a Circular 58 165a 228 Tags cost of232 Taxation Teosinte 165 242 Circular 61 226a Thomas E L 22 Time blue and red in Georgia32 25a Trout U United States Department of Agriculture243 Fish Commissioner V Ville M Geo245 246 259 Lectures of51 111 187 214 58177a Circular 61 243a W War losses by322 Washington Method238 Water powerou Wealth354 Weather Observers 258 Weather Reports 40 47 124 159 Circular 57147a Cir 58 166a 210 Cir 61 23233a What we Gain with Barnyard Manure aloneCircular 51 243a Wheat comparative yield White Prof H C224 233 236 Agricultural Experiments of411423 Witcher C M SoilTest experimentof40J Wooiclip89 Circular 61 232a Y Yield of Piincipal Crop 1884Circular 61 223a 225a 228a Yellows in the Peach101Circular No 51 New Series SEASON OF 188384 ANALYSES COMMERCIAL YALUES Commercial Fertilizers CHEMICALS INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA TO THE 20TH OF JANUARY 1884 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA ATLANTA GEORGIA 1884 Jas P Harrison Co Printers Atlanta GSUGGESTIONS TO FARMERS reprint from circular no 40 Farmers are advised not to buy any fertilizer or chemical for compounding or composting the same unless it has both the manufacturers guaranteed anal ysis and the Inspectors tag upon or attached to it and all farmers are re quested to inform the Commissioner of Agriculture of any case where a fertilizer is sold or offered for sale without having both the guaranteed analysis and the Inspectors tag attached Any farmer who desires to do so can save a fair sample of any inspected brand of fertilizer which he purchases and have it analyzed at the Department Laboratory if the following conditions are complied with 1 The sample should be taken before any of the fertilizer is distributeda small quantity from each package of the same brand or if a large quantity is purchased from a sufficient number of packages to fairly represent the whole lot 2 Then very thoroughly mix but not grind or triturate these small quan tities taken from different packages and from the mixture fill a common quinine bottle closely cork and seal it with wax 3 Attach a label to the bottle showing the correct name of the brand the name of the manufacturer the guaranteed analysis as taken from the packages and the name of the dealer from whom the fertilizer was purchased Also at tach to the bottle one of the Inspectors tags found applied to the fertilizer 4 Let the above be done in the presence of witnesses and the sample be placed in the hands of a disinterested party for safe keeping until wanted Then after the crop is made if the farmer has reason to believe the fertilizer was not such as it was represented to be let the sample be sent to this Depart ment either by the hand of some reliable disinterested party or by express prepaid and it will be analyzed without charge The above precautions are considered necessary for the protection of the dealer on the one hand and to give to the whole transaction that character of fairness without which the analysis when made would be of little value to the farmer The Commissioner is not required by law to have samples analyzed for farm ers and he trusts thai he will not ba expected to depart from the above rules in any case where compliance with them on the part of the person seeking analy sis Tiad been practicableCircular No 51 New Series ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OF COMMER CIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Season of 18884 Georgia to January 20 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Oa January 25th 1884 EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses and calculated relative commercial values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected analyzed and admitted to sale to January 20th 1884 In addition to the chemical determinations and commercial values a column Las been added which shows the numbers of tons represented by the samples whose analyses are given This information may sometimes be important to farmers and other purchasers Analyses of samples from subsequent or future inspections of a given brand may vary materially from those here given and it is well to preserve copies of the circulars as issued from time to time and note any such variations RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES After very extended correspondence and careful consideration it has been thought proper to reduce the valuations of ammonia and phosphoric acid from those of last season The following prices per pound of the valuable ingre dients or elements of plantfood found in the fertilizers by analysis have been adopted as a practical approximation to their true value at Savannah viz Available Phosphoric Acid10 cents per pound Ammonia18 cent8 per p0Und rotasn5 cellts per pound Last season the valuations were Available Phosphoric Acid10 cents per pound Ammonia20 cents per pound Potash 6 cents per pound It is ofien desirable to know the relative amounts paid by a farmer lor the several valuable ingredients in a Ion of fertilizers The following is a simple rule Multiply the per centage of ammonia as given in the tables by 36 that of available phosphoric acid by 2 and that of potash by 1 and the respective re sults will show the value in dollars and cents of each ingredient in a ton Thus Suppose a fertilizer analyzes as follows Available Phosphoric Acid 9 27 per cent Ammonia 2l5 per cent Pota8h 185 percent Then 927 multiplied by 2 1854 1M ill Total 2813 GL M J LIBEARYTABLES of Analyses Relative Commercial Values and Statistics of Commercial Fertilisers Chemicals etc inspected analysed and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 188384 to January 20 1884 TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphates of Lime NAME OF BRAND Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Alkaline Guano Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone o Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone AmmM PhosOrescent Brand for Cotton A P Wright Co s Solid Gnano Baldwin Cos Ammd Dis Bone Baldwin Cos Highly Ammoniated Vegetable Fertilizer Bradleys Ammd Dissolved Bone Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer Bakers Standard Guano Chesapeake Guano Chesapeake Guano ColeB Georgia Cotton Fertilizer h Columbia Guano Cotton States Soluble Phosphate Crescent Bone F rtilizer DeLeons English Fertilizer Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash Etiwan Guano Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer g Farmers Friend Fertilizer e Georgia Patapsco Ammd Dis Bone e Ga hem Wrks Complete Grain Fer Gossyplum PhosphoCotton Corn Fer Georgia State Grange Fertilizer FOR WHOM INSPECTED John Merryman Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore W B Seal Baltimore Md Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md John Merryman Co Baltimore Adams Co Baltimore Md Geo W Miles ACoMUfordConn aldwin Co Savannah Ga 12m 1160 1575 1000 1175 1310 1150 1525 1075 1200 1210 1590 110 1041 Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Pollard Robinson A Peid Augusta Weld Hartshorne Savannah Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore W T Cole Griffin Ga AlbertDeLeon Bro Baltimore Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga G Ober Sons Co GaltimoieMd Etiwan Guano Co Charleston S C Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Read Co New Yoik ia Chemical Works Augusta Ga M A Stovall Augusta Ja Geo WScott A Co Atlanta Ga Baldwin Co Savannah Ga BY WHOM AND WHERE HATT FACTURED John Merryman Co Baltimore Md Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md John Merryman A Co Baltimore Md AdamsCo Baltimore Md eo W Miles 4 Co MilfordConn Baldwin Co Newatk N J Baldwin A Co Newark N J Bradley Fertilzer Co Boston Mass Bowker Fertilizer Co N Y Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md Chisapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford Mass Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Baldwin Co Newark N J I m ported G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Etiwan Guano Co Chaileston S C Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC Head Co New York Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Georgia Chemical Works Au usta Ga Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga Baldwin A Co Newark N J O H a s a Si O n g 2 o d 1 5Georgia Pacific Guano Georgia Planters Favorite Hardees Cotton Boll Amd Superphos t Irwln Callan Cos Aromd Fer J J Ammd Bone Superphosphate Lowes Georgia Formula Listers Standard Fertilizer f hK C Ammoriatcd Dissolved Bone e Mastodon Guano g Matchless Cotton Grower Oglethorpe Ammd Dissolved Bone Patapsco AmmM Sol Phosphate Plow Brand Raw tone Superphosphate Plow Brand Guano Patapsco Guano Pendletons Ammd Superphosphate Kamspeck Greens Ammonlatd Bone Superphosphate Eamspeck Greens Ammd Dis Bone a St Georges Ammoniated Fertilizer Sol Ammd Superphosphate of Lime Sterns Ammd Haw Bone Superphos Stonewall Guano A Soluble Sea Island Guano Universal Ammd Dissolved Bone Wando Fertilizer 1690 186 1520 243 1726 245 1150 150 1275 085 1275 458 1K0O 105 1275 085 1215 440 1525 201 1280 082 1050 352 1050 320 1060 130 1150 410 1050 086 12K5 225 1300 220 1825 252 1400 225 1000 120 1240 400 1200 225 1430 2201 1350 2851 780 716 672 645 835 461 1035 885 4 48 456 735 565 600 621 5 84 652 621 690 506 825 620 525 520 700 705 180 960 225 120 275 990 265 282 904 280 145 335 980 255 155 131 966 213 255 501 962 263 114 08fi 1070 820 215 131 966 213 255 502 950 265 112 44 902 281 115 296 1031 240 296 379 944 26S 275 410 1010286 2 HI 339 960280 140 265 8 39 2 56 065 348 1000 320 200 884 1005 2 12 295 885 225 527 1033 260 130 172 997 2 65 76 465 985 301 i10 299 824 245 185 410 981 2Ml 240 31 1012 5i 229 984 261 160 28 50 27 81 30 33 29 54 29 65 35 07 29 54 29 66 27 51 32 22 31 28 32 46 30 68 26 65 33 52 27 73 25 80 31 32 81 28 33 64 27 15 80 00 29 42 29 70 31 60 50 150 100 112 50 100 50 200 5 o 200 234 100 70 35 15 20 20 5 50 12 lO Turpin Ogden Macon Ga Long Dugdale Baltimore Md N A Hardte Son Co Savannah EdisoPhoe Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga hemicai Works Augusta Ga Baldwin Co Savannah Ga HammondHull Co Savannah Ga Chemical Worts Augusta Ga Kead Co New Yoik Hammmid Hull Co Savannah Patapsco Guano Co BaitimoreMd V ait nWhann Co Wilmington Walton Whann Co Macon Ga Patapsco Guano Co BaltiruoreMd Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Eamspeck Green Atlanta Ga Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ga W B Seal Baltimore Md G Oher Sons Baltimore Md Winters Iegg Marieta Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer toBaltimoreMd Williams Clark Co New York Wando I hos Co Charleston S C Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford Mass Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC Port Royal Fertilizer Co PtRoyalSC Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Hammond Hull Co Port RoyalSC Georgia Chemical Wotks Augusta Ga Read Co New York Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga Patapsco Guano Co Baltirncre Md WaltonWhann Co Wilmington Del WaltonWhann CoWilmington Del Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga L Seldner Son Baltimore Md L Seldner Son Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md G Ober Sons Baltimore Md Sterns Fertilizer and Chemical Manu facturing Co New Orleans La Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Wiliams Clark Co New York City Wando Phos Co Charleston S CTABLE II Acid Phosphates Dissolved Boms Chemicals etc NAME OP BRAND Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate for cotton Acid Phosphate I Acid Phosphate J Acid Phos Patapsco Guano Cos Acid Phosphate Standard No 1 Acidulated Rock I AI Heaths Soluble Bone m Baldwin Cos Acid Phosphat n Barrys Acid Phosphate Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate I Boyds Acid Phosphate p Chemical Co of Canton Pure Dis Bolved S C Bone I Coles Cotton Acid Phosphate Cotton Plant Acid Phosphate m Crown Acid Phosphate Circle Bone and Potash Curries Raw Bone Meal Diamond Soluble Bone I Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Liine Dissolved S C Bone i DeLeons Dissolved Bone Edisto Acid Phosphate Edisto Kainit Etiwan Acid Phosphate p Etiwan Dissolved Bone q Excellenza Acid Phosphate tn Ezells Dissolved Bone G G K Genuine German Kainit Genuine German Kainit Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos phate with Potash u Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos Pwspheric Acid B O s 850 150 1470 1390 1560 960 1620 1175 1350 1325 1500 1175 1535 1175 1385 1350 i266 1390 1600 1325 1470 1260 253 085 035 030 275 308 120 005 120 265 116 095 064 095 205 120 1116 1860 175 030 332 200 035 200 QQ 1085 980 11 21 1465 00 1010 008 752 1184 891 1110 752 1162 752 891 1184 1560 275 1535 064 1350 186 1475 102 1410 1325 164 265 725 1465 1000 986 1121 590 K 451 187 134 169 2 76 305 3 35 623 250 417 211 623 379 621 417 250 00 1162 1000 1206 845 891 610 169 233 227 134 575 15 1167 1255 1634 10 76 1315 1343 1875 1434 138 1321 1375 1541 1375 1308 1434 276 379 275 214 667 417 1076 1641 1275 1419 1412 130S 110 080 iiio 68C g Is 3 080 110 1355 1634 1233 1213 1265 11651 280 391 125 20 1095 110 1185 1116 80 72 23 34 25 10 32 68 22 62 26 30 26 86 28 30 28 68 27 26 26 42 2880 30 82 28 80 27 26 28 68 t t 26 70 32 68 24 66 24 26 25 10 24 50 10 95 22 62 30 8 25 50 28 38 11 85 11 15 152 29 76 50 110 27 26 50 SO 250 100 100 200 40 Do 5 200 60 100 10 200 10 50 100 io 180 50 200 10 20 10 10 100 300 50 10 10 50 FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Ga Cheml Woiks Augusta Ga W B Seal Baltimore Md Savannah Guano CoSavannah Savannah Guano Co Savannah Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Ga Chcm Min Co Atlanta Edisto Phos Co Charleston 8C Ga Chem MingCo Atlanta Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Ga Cheml Works Augusta Ga Weld Hartshorne SavannahGa Ga Cheml Mining Co Atlanta Chemical Co of CantonBaltme Ga Cheml Ming Co Atlanta Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga Hammond Hull Co Savanh NAHardees Sons CoSavanh ade White Marietta Ga Walton Whann Co Macon Ga Savannan Guano Co Savannah Pacific Guano Co Chaaleston Chem CooiCanton Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC lEtiwan Phos CoCharlestonSC Iltiwan Phos Co CharlestonSC Long Dugdae Baltimore Md IHammond Hull Co Savanh Winters Legg Marietta Ga iStono Phos Co Charleston 8 C lS rvheTOrk6AngletaGa lGa Chemical Works AugustaGa Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Imported by W B Seal Imported Imported Etiwan Phosphate Co CharlestonSC Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga Edisto 1 hosphate Co Charleston S C Ga Chem MininaCo Atlanta Ga Baldwin Co Poll Royal S C Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Weld A Hartshorne Savannah Ga Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC Ga Chcm Mining Co Atlanta Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Poit Royal Fertilizer Co Port Roval Bradley For Co New WeymouthMass Geo E Curried Co Cincinnati O WaltonWhann Co WilmingtonDel Imported Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md Imported Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC Impid by Edisto Phos Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga Imptd by Stonolhos Co Charleston Imptd by Stono Phos Co Charlestone Georgia PlanersFavolte Acid Phos m Ga State Grange Acid Phosphate Geo W Scott Cob Charleston Acid phosphate Ground Bone Meal t Ground Bone Meal High Grade Acid Phosphate High Grade cid Phosphate t firmans Acid Phosphate Irwin Callan Cos Acid Phosphate Trwin Gailan Cos Acid Phosphate t 3 W Harle Co s Dissolved Bone i J W Harle Cos Soulh Sea Acid Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Pure German Kainit I 1350 1350 150 1225 15M 910 135d 910 110 a it Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit a Lang Dngdales Acid Phosphate L 0 Dissolved Fone Phosphate Lockwot ds Acid Phosphate Navassa Dissolved Bone Phosphate m Oglethoipe Dissolved Bone Phos Oriole Dissolved Bone u Patapsco Acid Phosphate Pendletons Phosphate for Composting Pomona A cid Phosphate m Port Royal Acid Phosphate m PortRojal Dissolved Bone Phos Pure Ground Animal Bone Pure Ground Bore 0 StonoAcid Phosphate i Stonewall English Acid 0 Walkers Dissolved Bone Wando Acid Phosphate Wando Dissolved Bone XX Acid Phophate 186 120 180 1185 200 118 065 200 186 200 2 00 200 1000 11 84 1385 1154 882 1000 882 882 882 1350 1850 351 1350 147 1110 1326 1451 350 1475 143S 1410 1391 14 0 1301 1335 146 186 12 200 015 102 265 265 1 28 100 102 105 2086 2121 0 65 i 80 065 300 228 088 1000 1184 585 1146 1215 1045 89 905 1196 1205 1200 956 14 65 96 900 100 1120 275 1275 250 14 34 353 080 236 825 11H 2IK 325 225 1465 1390 1107 12 75 1107 1101 1107 275 2r0 575 1 66 214 33S 417 309 2 19 214 220 2 1011 284 265 391 140 12 7 1434 11611 1812 1419 13 13IS 1214 14li 1419 1421 1240 16 34 1240 11 1395 12 60 295 2S5 481 4 IS 200 100 roo loo 100 11 60 220 1145 1225 1190 12 20 1185 1175 1110 1200 1120 lK 205 035 0 180 25 50 50 Long Dugdae Baltimore Md Long Dugdale Baltimore Md 28 08 2C0 Hammond H Co Savannah Hammond Hall 4 Co Port Royal SC 26 16 t t 29 30 27 80 23 14 25 5 23 14 23 14 23 14 11 60 12 20 11 45 12 25 11 91 12 20 11 85 11 75 11 10 12 00 11 20 25 50 28 6S 24 50 26 24 28 38 27 56 27 26 6 33 28 SO 23 38 28 10 t t 25 15 32 68 25 15 25 10 27 90 25 20 Geo W ScottCo AtlantaGa Baldwin Co Savannah Ga M Dotris Douglasville Ga John Merryman Co Baltimore John Merryman Co Baltimore J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga Ediso Phos CoCharleston SC Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga J W Hare Co Atlanta Ga Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Edisto Phos Co CharlestonSC Savannah Guano CoSavannah Wando Phos CoCharleston S C John Merryman Co Baltiuoie Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga Hammond H Co Savannah Walton W o Maeon Ga West Bros Savannah Ga Li pmanBros Savannah Ga WebsterDavis S Co Atlanta Long Dugdale Baltimo e Md Hammond H Co Savannah Lockwood MctlintockNew Y Weld v Hartshorne Savannah Hammond H Co Savannah Symnaton Co Baltimore Md Ga him Works Augusta Ga Pendlet n Guano Co AtlantaGa P Try M DcLoon lav nnah Ga Hammond H Co Savannah Hammond11 Co Savannah PendlelonGuanoCo Atlanta ia Winters Lfgg Marietta Ga Stono Phosphate Co r haileston Hanoi Johnson Co Americas Stono Phosphate Co harlcston Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Walton W o Macon Ga Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Baldwin Co Newark N J John Merryman CO Port Royal S C John Merryman Co Baltimore Md J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Edisto Pnosphate Co Charleston S C J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga Imported Imported j Imported Importtd Imported Imported Imported Imported Impied by West Bros Savannah Ga Imported Imp rted long Dugdale Baltimore Md Hammoi d Hull Co Port Royal SC Lockwo d McClintock New York Imported Hammond Hull Co Sevannah Ga Symington Co Baltimore Md Patapsco Acid Pho Co Augusta Ga Pendleton Guano Co Atl nta Ga Perty M DeLeon Savannah Ga Hammond Hull 4 Co Savannah Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Stems Pert I hem Mnfg Co N O StonoPh sphate Co Charleston S C Im by Harrold JohnsonCo Amencus tono Phosphate Co Charleston S C Wando Phosphate Co Chaileston SC Wando Phosphate Co Charleston SC Imported Kawbone or bone meal contains no rfverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as insoluble Jrtmctallj it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric aeid from other sources A good finelyground bone meal is worth about 40 00 ttXpuoaiSBkaWs In some instances fertilizers manufacture ry the same formula andaclua ly sacked ftvm the same bulkbeing in every respct identi cal are sold under different names Such brands are indicafc d in the foregoing tables by leters a ft c etc prefixed to the same those havng the same letter In the same table being identical or sacked and shipped from the same bulk 6 3 O d a p s S s 5 00 OO8 Department of agricultureGeorgia 8 PATENT FORMULA FOR COMPOSTING The Act of December 9 1882 prescribes that It shall not be lawful for any person to sell or offer for sale in this State any formulas for composting fertilizers patent or otherwise unless the same has been hrst submitted to the Commissioner of Agriculture and by him ap proved and a certificate of approval by the Commissioner of Agriculture to be presented by salesmen whenever offered for sale under penalty for violation as prescribed in Section 4310 of the Code of 1873 The Act further provides That the Commissioner of Agriculture after approving any formula shall not make public the same but when the same is not approved shall make it public Under the above quoted Act Mr A 1 McCormic of Miller county Georgia on December 12 1883 submitted certain formulas for my approval After care ful examination of the same they were submitted to Prof H C White State Chemist for his opinion The following is an extract from his reportunder date of December 14 1883 These formula in my opinion are devoid of originality are entitled to no money value and moreover are in some respects grossly incorrect scientif ically These views coincided with my own opinion and I therefore declined to issue my certificate of approval and the formula are made public as the law requires as follows No 1 12 bushels cotton seed 12 bushels lot manure 12 bushels ashes or rich soil 8 pounds rock potash 1 bushel lime i bushelsilt 10 pounds of saltpeter Continue the bulk to any size No 2 1600 pounds scrapings from under the house 1 sack salt 8 pounds rock potash 15 pounds saltpeter No3 1600 pounds rich soil 30 bushtls cotton seed 1 barrel of lime 1 sack salt 8 pounds rock potash 20pounis saltpeter Let stand 6 or 8 weeks before usiag either of the above formulae and cut A J McCORMIC9 ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1884 9 COTTON SEED AND COTTON SEED MEAL The Commissioner has had frequent inquiries from farmers and others for information concerning the relative fertilizing value of cotton seedas usually employed by farmersand cotton seed meal The desire for such information is the result of the establishment of cotton seed oil mills in several places and the consequent demand for cotton seed Farmers wish to know how many pounds of meal they should receive in exchange for a given number of bushels or tons of seed These inquiries have always been promptly answered and informa tion on the subject has several times been published In order however to present the comparison in a comprehensive and yet distinct form I requested Prof White to prepare the following tables and they are here presented 1 100 pounds of green cotton seed will yield Ammonia 350pounds Phosphoric Acid lOOpounds Potash 135pounds 2 100 pounds green cotton seed will yield Lint linters 2 pounds Oil If gallons 13 POds Hulls 50 POU Cotton Seed Meal 35 pounds 3 100 pounds cotton seed hulls will yield Ammonia025 pou Phosphoric Acid 025pounds Potash 085 pounds 4 100 pounds cotton seed meal will yield Ammonia 800 pounds Phosphoric Acid 275 pounds Potash150 pounds 5 100 pounds of ashes of hulls such as are usually obtained from oil mill furnaces will yield Phosphoric Acid OOOpounds Potash2000pounds 6 100 pounds of cotton seed meal is equal in fertilizing value to about 250 pounds 8J bushels of cotton seed The oil abstracted from the seed has practically no fertilizing value The phosphoric acid in seed and meal may be regarded as all available Based on the valuation of elements now adopted in this State for estimating the relative commercial values of fertilizers one ton 2000 pounds of cotton seed meal is worth about 4230 On the same basis one ton of seed would be worth about 1585 and one bushel 30 pounds of seed about 23 cents With cotton seed meal at 25 per ton seed should be worth fertilizing value 14 cents per bushel10 DEPARTMENT OF AGBICULTUBEGEORGIA 10 Says Prof White in conclusion I may remark that the figures here given are the average for ordinary seed and in the main are the results of analyses made in this Laboratory where for several years past work has been in progress looking to an exhaust ive study of the chemistry of the cotton plant In the above presentation of the subject no suggestion is made of the price per pound or per gallon the farmer should receive for the oil contained in the seed sold which is expressed and sold by the mill owners That the farmer should be paid a fair price for the oil which has no fertilizing value as well as for the other contents of the seed which have such value admits of no ques tion The law of supply and demand competition among mill owners the profits of the business etc will all have their effect in regulating the price A farmer should be certain that he gets the full value fertilizing of his seed in the meal which he receives in exchange for his seedfree of all expense of transportationand as much more as a fair competitive market will justifyCircular No J2 New Series SEASON OF 188384 ANALYSIS COMMERCIAL VALUES Commercial Fertilizers CHEMICALS INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA TO THE 22ND OF FEBRUARY 1884 UNDER THB SUPERVISION OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA ATLANTA GEORGIA 1884 Jas P Harrison A Co Printers Atlanta Ga Circular No 52 New Series ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OF COMMER CIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Bale in Georgia to February 22 Beaton of 18884 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga February 22 1884 EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses and calculated relative commercial values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected analyzed and admitted to sale to February 32 1884 In addition to tbe chemical determinations and commercial values a column las been added which shows the nnmbers of tons represented by the samples whoso analyses are given This information may sometimes be important to farmers and other purchasers Analyses of samples from subsequent or future inspections of a given brand may vary materially from those here given and it is well to preserve copies of the circulars as issued from time to time and note any such variations RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES After very extended correspondence and careful consideration it has been thought proper to reduce the valuations of ammonia and phosphoric acid from those of last seison The following prices per pound of the valuable ingre dients or elements of plantfood found in the fertilizers by analysis have been adopted as a practical approximation to their true value at Savannah viz Available Phosphoric Acid10 cents per pound Ammonia 18 cents per pound PotashScents per pound Last season the valuations were Available Phosphoric Acid10 cent per pound Ammonia20 cents per pound Potash 6ceutsper pound It is often desirable to know the relative amounts paid by a farmer for the several valuable ingredients in a ton of fertilizers The following is a simple rule Multiply the per cenlage of ammonia as given in the tables by 3 6 that of available phosphoric acid by 2 and that of potash by 1 and the respective re sults will show the value in dollars and cents of each ingredient in a ton Thus Suppose a fertilizer analyzes as follows Available Phosphoric Acid 927 per cent Ammonia 215percent Potash 185 percept Then 927 multiplied by 8 Sl 21 88 1 1 vtriv 185 Total 38iaTABLES of Analyses Relative Commercial Values and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals etc inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 188384 to January 20 1884 TABLE L Ahmokiatbd Supkkfhosphatm or Luna k NAME OF BRAND Phosphoric Acid Amsraiated Dissolved Bone 1075 Ammoniated Alkaline Guano 1215 AnHnoniated Bone Superphosphate 1800 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone1365 Ammoniated Dissol ved Bone1825 Auiiaoniatod Dissolved Bone 1085 Ammd PhosCrescent Brand for Cotton 1400 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1125 Ashepoo DisBone with Am and Potash 1160 Atlanta Amuirniated Fertilizer 1325 Ammd Dissolved Bone Fossiliferious n25 Ashley Soluhle nauo 1300 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1400 A P Wright Co s Solid Guano 15 75 Baldwin Cos Ammd Dis Bone1540 Baldwin Cos Highly Ammoniated Vegetable Fertilizer1075 TO B A H Gnano ISlfi Bradleys Ammd Dissolved Bone1300 Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer 1550 Bakers Standard Guano 1475 Buffalo Bone liuauo 1075 Bradleys Patent Superphos of Lime 1350 Chesapeake Guano1150 Chesapeake Guano1200 Coles Georgia Cotton Fertilizer 1635 A Columbia Guano 1200 Cotton States Soluble Phosphate 1180 Crescent Bone Fertilizer1575 204 254 200 350 262 06 408 220 340 215 320 160 124 220 104 014 254 180 192 820 065 210 371 30 045 2 25 289 110 805 613 5S6 712 506 725 512 725 793 685 555 800 7 40 786 1036 935 6 IS 930 9 6 810 818 452 38 826 374 294 402 203 527 360 303 303 267 167 310 124 260 148 031 131 294 152 086 202 205 214 536 552 194 1179 2 907 2 2 915 1033 1085 815 10 30 1060 8 52 865 92 10 00 934 1067 106G 3 52 907 2 520 410 930 730 2G5 95 108 085 1065 082 1062 832 10 15 1030 989 936 1020 295 200 210 215 245 255 255 215 860 25 31 185 160 116 180 26o 275 125 165 1251 1151 110 155 210 9 310 185 165 150 2 00 200 105 0S5 085 145 240 33 88 29 64 29 46 27 12 81 8 31 92 27 84 34 29 65 26 32 26 65 30 43 21 10 30 85 34 96 73 tls cjj FOR WHOM INSPECTED 500 oo 50 10 10 200 10 00 ro 20 150 50 100 20 325 BT WHOM AND WHERE MAMJ FACTURED 37 09 90 29 64 50 83 91 104 29 94 4O0 26 20 inn 28 04 100 30 471 384 29 89 800 28 75 100 29 39 i 56 John Merryman Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore W B Seal Baltimore Md Patapsoo Gnano Co Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md John Merryman Co Baltimore Adams Co Baltimore Md JnoMerryman 4 Co Barren Island Ashepoo Phosphate CoCharleston Cheml Co of Canton Baltimore Pendloton Guano Co Atlanta Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston N W Fertilizer Co Ci icago 111 Geo W Miles Co MUford Conn Baldwin Co Savannah Ga 30 00 28 90 84 95 100 25 112 Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Pollard Robinson 4 Reid Augusta Weld Hartshorne Savannah Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Fur ans Farm Imp Co Atlanta Langston 4 Crane Atlanta Chesapeake Gunno Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore W T Cole Griffin Ga Albert DeLeon Bro Baltimore Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Baldwin Co Savannah Ga John Merryman Co Baltimore Md Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md Patapsco Gnano Co Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md John Merryman 4 Co Baltimore Md Adams Co Baltimore Md John Merryman Co Baltimore Ashepoo Phosphate Co CharlestonSC DeLeon4 Bro Baltimore Md Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C A a Fletcher 4 Co Marietta Ga eo W Miles 4 Co Milford Conn Baldwin Co Newajk N J Baldwin 4 Co Newark N J Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Bowker Fertilizer Co N Y Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md Furmans Farm ImpCoEast PointGa Bradley Fertilizer o Boston Mass Chi sapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford Mass Albert DeLeon Bro Baltimore Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Baldwin Co Newark N J O M 3 a W O s a p n a w O M O W aCumberlan 1 Bone Superphos of Lime Crown Guano Colgate Manure DeLeons English Fertilizer Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash DeLeons Complete Fertilizer Dngdales Ammoniated Superphos Diamond Brand Cotton Food Dissolved Bone Carolina Dixe Ammd Bone Superphosphate r Dissolved Ammoniated Bone k Eiipire Guano Etiwan Guano Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer Equitable Ammd SolubleSnperphos E Frank Coes Am Bone Superphos Eutaw Fertilizer Eddystone Guano Edisto Baw Bone Esmeraldo Guano j Flanriers Empire Ammd Compound a Farmers Friend Fertilizer Fairchilds Georgia Test Farmers Ammoniated Dips Bone e Georgia Patapsco Ammd Dis Bone t Ga Tiem Wrks Complete Grain Fer Gossypium PhosphoCotton Corn Fer Georgia State Grange Fertilizer Georgia Pacific Guano Georgia Planters Favorite Georgia State Grange Fertilizer Georgia Cotton Compound Hardees Cotton Boll Amd Superphos Harle Co s Raw Bone Superphos IrwinCallan A Cos Ammd Fer Inmans Imperial Guano J J Ammd Bone Superphosphate Lowes Georgia Formula Listers Standard Fertilizer f L C Ammoniated Dissolved Bone L R Guano L Dis Bone with Am and Potash e Mastodon Guano g Matchless Cotton Grower ivlartins Ammd Dissolved Bone r Mathis Chemicals Nassau Guano Oglethorpe Ammd Dissolved Bone Owl Brand Guano Oriole High Grade 1525 1560 1250 1000 1175 1625 900 12 50 1340 1150 1650 1100 1310 1150 925 825 1100 1750 1250 1750 775 1525 800 1050 1075 1200 1210 1590 90 1520 1500 1250 1725 12 50 1150 1271 1275 1275 1600 1275 1350 1150 1215 1525 1235 1550 1520 1230 1250 875 1 00 055 420 105 175 225 380 035 125 056 325 850 160 150 255 385 845 230 250 850 315 238 455 2 25 887 455 11C 110 186 243 365 115 245 275 150 200 0B5 45S 105 086 230 385 4 K 2K 230 3 25 2 00 082 235 366 7101 405 805 618 600 754 604 740 900 815 840 560 600 735 645 590 7 40 662 740 500 015 460 664 685 800 482 450 715 1041 780 715 915 740 672 6 25 645 65C 8 461 1035 835 750 790 448 456 4 95 560 900 735 490 755 335 207 245 316 270 164 311 324 256 254 280 335 366 270 443 156 435 847 345 217 249 215 508 502 375 024 180 275 020 360 282 899 335 274 181 501 035 181 1 1115 1140 820 845 1084 920 1010 1064 1126 1164 815 854 1015 980 966 1010 11 05 895 935 S 02 8 05 871 934 1015 991 952 1090 1065 960 990 935 1100 904 1024 980 930 9 962 10 70 966 265 270 240 240 255 235 280 265 135 240 220 260 265 255 200 280 282 205 255 200 2 45 267 268 245 255 270 304 321 225 55 245 268 2 2 40 855 255 213 263 100 220 165 125 310 040 165 110 100 1 225 165 155 195 00 425 125 275 iias o 162 115 210 215 120 i4o 155 145 100 155 075 255 114 84 984 27611066 502 95U 320 215 218 255 2101186 446 881 2 55 114 296 392 223 102 876 816 1014 1031 210 265 231 280 220 2 65 240 276 120 112 115 160 80 550 296 1 46 318J50 32 84 34 72 26 69 26 79 83 96 27 26 30 28 32 II 28 42 32 92 26 02 28 69 31 49 30 33 28 27 30 28 33 25 29 58 29 13 27 19 24 92 28 28 28 33 29 92 30 50 29 91 34 84 85 01 28 50 28 98 23 92 33 20 27 81 30 12 30 33 28 53 29 64 29 85 35 07 29 54 27 59 29 72 29 66 27 51 29 iq 26 02 35 32 82 22 29 03 33 51 300 30 20 50 1 50 36 100 50 500 30 200 100 50 10 300 200 100 100 15 125 10 200 60 200 100 100 224 70 31 500 60 60 50 50 100 150 100 112 50 10 ioo 100 50 10 20 50 200 50 Chas Ellis Savannah Ga Weld 4 Hartshorne Savannah Chemical Co of Canton Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga G Ober fe Sons Co BaltimoreMd PM DeLeon Savannah Ga Long Dugdale Baltimore Savannah Gnano Co Savannah Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston Langston Crane Atlanta Chemical Co of Canton BaiBin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C M L Allbritton Georgetown Ga John Merryman Co Baltimore Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston John Stephens Atlanta Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston TateMuller MillichenBaltimore L Seldner Son Baltimore Read Co New York John Merryman 4 Co Baltimore Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga M A Stovall Augusta Ga Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Turpln t Ogden Macon Ga Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Baldwin Co Savannah G Ober Sons Co Baltimore N A Hardee Son Co Savannah Georgia Chemical V orks Augusta Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C James W Harle Co Atlanta Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga Chemical Works Augusia Ga Baldwin Co Savannah Ga HammondHull Co Savannah Lorentz 4 Rittler Baltimore Langston Crane Atlanta Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Read Co New York Martin Erwin Rome Ga Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Weld Hartshorn Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Davie Whittle Petersburg Va Symington Bros Co Baltimore Cumberland Bone Co Baltimore Bowker Fer Co Elizaliethport N J Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Imported G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md P M DeLeon New York Long Dugdale Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston SC Michigan Carbon WorksDetroitMicn Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Equitable Fertilizer Co Baltimore E Frank Coe Barren Island N Y Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Clark Cove Guano Co New Bedford Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Kquitable Fertilizer Co Baltimore L Seldner Son Baltimore Read Co New York J D Fairhild Barren Island N Y HammondHull Co Port RoyalSO Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga Baldwin Co Newark N J Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Baldwin Co Newark N J G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Willi ms Clark Co New York Port Royal Fertilizer Co PtRoyaLSC Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Baldwin Co Newark N J Hammond Hull Co Port RoyalSC Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Bead Co New York Martin Erwin R ime Ga Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga Davie Whittle Pet rburg Va Symington Bros Co Baltimore Orif 819 oil UiwTABLE No IContinued a NAME OF BRAND Our Own Ammoniated Bone t Old Reliable Patapsco Ammd Sol Phosphate Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate Plow Brand Guano Patapseo Guano Pendletons Ammd Superphosphate Potent Pacific Guano Ramspeck Greens Ammoniatd Bone Superphosphate Russell Coes Ammd Bone Superphos Ramspeck 4 Greens Ammd Dis Bone a St Georges Ammoniated Fertilizer Sol Ammd Superphosphate of Lime Sterns Ammd Raw Bone Superphos Stonewall Guano 4 Soluble Sea Island Guano Sterns Ammd Raw Bone Superphos j Seldner Champion Cotton Grower h Soluble Sea Island Guano Soluble Pacific Guano Star Brand Guano Special Favorite Sea Fowl Guano Stokely McMahans Am B Superph Standard Bone Superphosphate Soluble Ammd Superphos of Lime I San Domingo Guano Trinmph Ammd Dissolved Bone I Universal Ammd Dissolved Bone I Victor Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Wnndo Fertilizer Walkers Geld Dust Zell8 Ammd Bone Superphosphate Phosplwrw Add 1240 1050 1050 1050 1050 1150 1050 1675 1265 1750 1300 1825 1400 1000 0 65 225 362 320 130 410 086 210 2 25 051 220 252 225 120 1240 400 1200 225 750 220 775 1100 1000 13 00 1540 1300 750 325 1075 1431 1825 1430 1430 13 BO 1085 125C 315 350 370 2 20 215 225 450 150 22 220 060 220 2 20 285 140 452 j 85H 800 565 60ij 621 5 84 6 52 620 621 H3I 690 56 825 620 525 520 692 460 600 73 6S5 6 52 776 710 790 76 700 615 700 700 705 164 65S I M 170 215 379 410 339 265 348 332 384 3 22 29 527 172 465 29 410 486 345 254 275 299 184 254 220 260 128 312 385 312 312 229 218 316 1025 1015 944 10 10 960 8 39 1000 952 243 315 2 45 080 268275 285J200 280140 2 56065 320 200 240 130 1005 212 959 298175 180 176 310 885 225 1033 2 60 997 2 65 985 301 824 245 931 2f0 1178 245 8 05 245 851 260 1010 27 984 2 42 8 36 2 a 1030 250 93o 272 10 50 200 8t 290 012 256 01 265 012 255 012 255 9 31 61 882 275 968 2 06 185 2I0 30 225 146 300 145 100 i 26 176 ias 160 100 1 15 3 32 39 29 92 31 28 32 46 30 68 26 65 33 52 28 98 27 73 30 74 25 80 31 32 31 28 33 64 27 15 30 00 35 38 24 92 28 68 31 55 31 39 27 21 SO 60 28 39 29 45 21 95 29 42 80 45 29 42 29 42 29 68 28 54 27 93 p CO CO a O p J O w 500 50 500 200 234 100 70 70 35 478 15 20 20 5 BO 12 410 417 200 111 50 100 100 50 50 545 80 50 100 20 100 fO 20 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Savannah Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Patapseo Guano Co BaltimoreMd WaltonWhann Co Wilmington Walton Whann Co Macon Ga Patapseo Guano Co BaltimoreMd Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Webster Davis Co Atlanta Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ga J F Wheaton Son Savannah Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ga W B Seal Baltimore Md G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Winters A Legg Marietta Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Raisin FertilizerCoBaltimore Winters Legg Marietta Ga L Seldnev Son Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Adair Bros Co Atlanta Allison Addison Richmond West Bros Savannah N A Hardees Son Co Savannah John Merryman Co Baltimore Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston Q Ober Sons Co Baltimore Williams Clark Co New York N A Hardees Son CoSavannah Williams Clark Co New York Williams Clark Co New York Wando Phos Co Charleston 8 C Stono Phosphate Co Charleston The Zell Guano Co Baltimore BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Savannah Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Port RoyalSC Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md WaltonWhann Co Wilmington Del Walton Whann Co Wilmington Del Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Webster Davis Co Atlanta L Seldner Son Baltimore Md Russell Co Linden N J L Seldner Son Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Sterns Fertilizer and Chemical Manu facturing Co New Orleans La Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Stems Fertilizer and Chemical Manu facturing Co New O leins La L Seldner Son Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Pacific Guano Co Woods Hole Mass Allison Addison Richmond Va Russell Coe New York Bradley Fer Co N Weymouth Mass Jno Merryman CoBarren IslandNY Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S O G Ober Soni Co Baltimore Md Williams Clark Co New York Williams Clark Co New York Williams Clark Co New York Williams Clark Co New York Wando Fhos Co Charleston 8 C Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C The Zell Gutno Co Bultmvre MdDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 224 The crop may be regarded as about an average for the State It vanes greatly however in the sections and even in the same county some cor respondents reporting the crop much above and others below an average The yield per acre 106 bushels in comparison with the yield of 112 given as the general average for the State would indicate however that the crop falls about 5 per cent below an average The average price per bushel Dec 1st is 63 cents in North Georgia 74 in Middle Georgia 65 in Southwest Georgia 71 in East Georgia and 80 in Southeast Georga The average price for the State ia 71 cents OATS The yield in comparison with an average in North Georgia 76 Mid dle Georgia 62 Southwest Georgia 75 East Georgia 73 Southeast Georgia 87 aid in the whole State 75 The yield per acre in North Georgia is 16 bushel in Middle Southwest and Southeast Georgia 11 in East Georgia 12 and in the hole State 1202 bushels The average price per bushel December 1st in North Georgia 49 cents in Middle Georgia 58 in Southwest Georgia 59 in East Georgia 66 aud in Southeast Georgia 72 The average price in the State at this date 71 cents per bushel About 56 per cent of the crop as shown by the April crop report was sown in the fall and about half of this was winterkilled In some lo calities the entire fall sowing was lost and a large part of this area was reseeded in the spring The area for the entire crop as reported for the month of April was 98only two points below that of the last year The yield of the crop of the census year 1879 was 5544161 bushels and the yield per acre as reported by the correspondents of this depart ment was 12 5 bushels With this as data for an estimate of produc tion together with the reported increase of 18 per cent in the acreage since that date and the average yield of 116 bushels for 1884 the total yield appears to be about 6385000 bushels WHEAT The yield in North Georgia 98 Middle Georgia 84 Southwest Georgia 80 East Georgia 85 and in the whole State 87 The yield per acre in North Georgia 8 bushel in Midde and South west Georgia 7 bushels in East Georgia 6 bushels and the average yield for the State 7 bushels The avergi price per bushel December 1st was 71 cents MISCELLAN EOUS CEOPS Sugar Cane The acreage owing to the scarcity of seed is nearly one third less than thai A 1883 The total yield compared to an average isIt DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA FARM SUPPLIES 226 The amount of farm supplies purchased in comparison with last year in North Georgia 101 Middle Georgia 93 Southwest Georgia 88 East Georgia 89 Southeast Georgia 100 and the average for the State 94 CASH AND TIME PRICES FOR CORN AND BACON The average cash price for corn in North Georgia 80 cents Middle Geor gia 86 cents Southwest and East Georgia 88 cents Southwest Georgia 95 and the average for the State 88 cents The difference between the cash price and the time price payable No vember 1st in North Georgia is 28 cents in Middle Georgia 25 cents in Southern Georgia 29 cents in East Georgia 28 cents in Southeast Geor gia 20 cents and the average for the State 25 cents The average cash price for bacon for the sections in North Georgia 11 cents Middle Georgia 10J cents Southwest Georgia 11J cents East and Southeast Georgia 11 cents and the average for the State 11 cents The time prices in the sections are 14 13 14 14 and 15 cents and the av erage for the State 14 cents These prices show an average of about 28 per cent on ccrn and nearly 80 per cent on bacon for less than six months timeequivalent to 56 and 60 per cent per annum MILLO MAIZE Nearly all tLe correspondents to whom seeds have been distributed re port favorably of this cereal The grain is about equal in nutritive char acter to that of wheat and it is a much more certain crop in this climate than either wheat or corn as it endures better the excesses of either wet or dry weather The cultivation lequired is about equal to that of corn and the yield per acre much greater The grain is relished by stock of all kinds and when ground into meal makes a very fair article of bread TEOSINTE Thie plant is said to be a native of Central America and being accus tomed to the long growing season of a tropical climate it has failed except in one known instance to mature seed in our latitude Mr Chas Pratt of Decatur succeeded in getting matured seed from one plant the present season the larger number of stocks from seeds with the same treatment failing to show signs of blooming It is believed that with care and proper selection from such seeds as mature earliest it may be accli mated and become a valuable addition to cur list of forage plantsTABLE No LCONSOLIDATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORTS FOR 1884 NORTH GEORGIA COUNTIES Banks Bartow Catoosa Chattooga Cherokee Cobb Dade Dawson Fannin Floyd Forsyth Franklin Gilmer Gordon Gwinnett Habersham Hall Haralson Hart iackson umpkin Madison Milton Murray Pauldiag Pickens Yield Compared to an Average of Average Yield per Acre in 1884 180 13 1 Average price cember 1st De V c V JS s 43 3 0 ex a r a 0 c V 0 U 0 U n O 9 75 roo 60 9tt 60 8c 40 5 75 35 10 75 95 5 9 6s 90 50 9i 75 go 60 9 S go 9 60 I 00 S SO 1 00 4 66 t 00 4 62 2 50 9 80 go 65 50 go 5 IO 55 75 4 9 75 QO 5 9lA 6a 82 55 9 80 I 02 62 9 75 05 62 9y 60 1 00 5 65 80 35 9 S 85 5 9H fc 100 So A verage Yield per Acre for a peri od of 10 Years MISCELLANEOUS 2 XI V o d C Q 3 e 2o B o a O 2 5 115 IOO 75 9 ji i IOO 90 lOO1 IOO 100 75 B IOO IOO IOO IOO 135 IOO 971 IOO no 98 100 102 v 8 IOO 5 OX 130 no 90 100 IOO IOO H5 90 IOO 98 no 120 5 no 5 IOO 120 IOO IOO o g o o 1 12 I2W 128 X io 15 1 7 14 13 14 5 15 M M M M t4M 95 1 701 5 801 70 I 89 I 80 Co 75 80 7s 92 80 I 00 80 75 80 1 22 116 1 25 i 00 1 00 I 10 Oct 20 Oct o Oct 15 Oct 3 Oct 24 Oct 23 Oct 22 Oct 24 Oct 22 Oct 16 Nov 5 Nov 1 Oct 4 Oct 26 Nov 6 Oct 15 Oct 28 Nov 1 Oct 20 Cli o M H S w 55 H O o o G f H c o w o oTABLE No IContinued SOUTHTTEST GEORGIA Yield compared to Arcraae vfcM per Xrwane rrrict Df i a rage Yiec per MISCELLANEOUS on average of aren884 cember let od of 10 years V rt O 0 V X si 11 to 60 100 70 30 S 0 Is s Sis 0 SI t S 0 0 200 70 50 101 81 30 20 125 V 3 w a 0 u a c a E u 97 102 95 150 102 400 90 80 100 luj 95 100 98 85 75 110 110 105 120 s 0 u O x o 2 g 3 D Z 9 83 9 2 0 103 120 85 90 100 102 107 100 100 82 80 ro 112 12 0 J a 0 3 8 3 of U a u 0 32 75 0 75 58 40 75 4 85 2 45 20 85 22 60 50 30 1 a S 8 a a V 0 xi JE 12 SB 100 9i 75 110 1011 95 102 120 100 98 100 50 120 100 85 v rt c 0 rt a i 3 O 0 0 100 91 100 125 80 70 111 0 95 75 9 0 10 85 80 125 1C0 100 70 y is IS si 7P 108 90 75 l2 10 9u 10 95 90 105 70 102 90 120 75 106 85 S 0 u tn O V 3 n g fa V i a a 10 1112 100 lO 81 HO 105 100 95 91 115 90 10 100 125 100 105 125 90 lfO u y is fi a 8 3 C 3 O a s a V y t ft X an rt c 0 8 a a U J O a O Z c 05 U V Ex v 0 2 3 v a u Q xu SI x 2 O M P u a rt u O COUNTIES a o o u a c 0 0 0 X 60 110 5 0 90 68 60 101 60 85 K m 70 65 75 fO 80 75 60 75 67 66 60 50 80 5 7 a c 0 U 110 200 141 150 100 ion 125 15 75 1C5 112 125 175 100 150 160 180 150 110 166 16 J3 V X V 3 X 1 c u 0 U 9 9 8 12 7 8 12 s 10 7 9 6 12 9 10 7 11 11 8 5 9 V X Ul S 1 6 7 5 4 11 IV 7 5 2 2 x 1 x 1 O 9 11 9 15 7 12 JO 15 9 9 8 10 10 10 7 15 12 9 1 X V 0 B 0 0 0 yk 6 x 9 8K G 9 9 8 0 9M 9 v X en 3 v 8 C u O u f 92 8 5 7 80 75 80 60 75 60 75 1 02 61 75 65 62 6 60 75 60 76 X lI 3 X u a a rt G X j 90 125 l25 125 13 100 110 100 100 3 A d X h V a O 68 75 44 fO 52 50 50 76 65 65 75 62 60 00 0 0 0 60 66 a 3 X c 0 0 CJ 116 158 17n 150 151 121 16 20C 9f 15 11 151 200 116 133 151 175 200 150 150 X tfi 3 X e c 0 u 8 9 9 ll 7 10 13 10 10 8 9 7 11 8 8 6 9 10 8 0 X 3 X rt X s 3 6 7 7 6 m V X Ji 3 X O 10 17 12 12 10 21 12 22 11 10 11 s u a 2 2 0 1 Baker Chattahoochee Clay 3 103 78 85 65 75 75 75 92 95 00 1 90 90 95 fO 95 8 1011 75 97 12 80 125 75 9 96 125 100 100 50 90 85 75 OH 12 11 11 10 12 UH 11 10 11 12 1 Ill 14H 16 12 15 13 15 14 19 14 14 15 15 14 78 1 00 72 7ii 80 80 1 00 1 10 98 88 90 85 1 0 95 90 1 00 83 65 85 00 1 15 I 24 81 25 1 0 1 26 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 15 I 22 1 30 I 12 1 20 1 25 Nov 8 Nov 24 Noz 21 Nv 8 Nov 1 Colquitt Nov 25 Oct 18 Dougherty 75 74 90 70 120 70 7S 100 72 95 6i 75 75 100 87 115 70 10 105 90 85 110 10 9 85 nr 70 65 100 80 85 60 90 Nov 12 Nov 15 76 7 10 8 7 70 70 30 12 12 7 15 20 11 12 102 Nov 8 10 VM 100 50 bo 33 110 75 20 SO 60 35 110 10 3 9 11 12 16 12 12 12 14 Nov 8 1 30 1 15 1 00 1 10 1 16 Nov 6 Nov 8 Nov 22 Taylor w H S w z c 2 c r a 012 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 1232 Summary of meteorological observations taken by Georgia voluntary State observers for November 1884 NORTH GEOKGIA COUNTY OBSERVERS NAME Temperature lrrilall STATIONS 07 03 6 TO a 1 d s a 1 RabunGap Rome 2S 84 80 26 5II1H 4012 4366 480U M Iiimpkln 248 8 115 8 Floyd 4 herukec Moans BB7S lUfO 477 H4S M IDIHK CEORGI Atlanta rarrollton Lairange Oxford Thomson Ellerslie Miiledgeville Sandersville Athens i Fulton Troup ewton McDufllo Harris Baldwin Washington Clarke It J Heading S J Btown rr II II tary Mis Emma Stewart A E Stumis T W Kryan Prof I H Hill Ir Dr W II Whitaker Prof L H Charbounier Mean 1101 413 MI70 2Hi 6il 22 4IH1 1 70i 7 28 5030 26 J 75 30 6300 29s 78 20 5221 1 55 63 30 43UO 150J 76 28 5M2 irA 70 24 4914 3d 7075 2862 5677 271 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Fort Valley Amerirus Quitrran W J Anderson John A Cobb 78 81 81 800 82 38 a 5710 16 1 6200 I4 5700 271 Brooks 2 W T Gnulden Prof K T Hunter i Hawkinsville It Sanders Means 3361 5S83 19 EAST GEORGIA Hcrndon lurkts W K Nelson Dr W B Joue8 76 80 28 32 54 V rSOO 56 0 1 45 25 19 4 1 Means 7100 300i 1 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Giynn Camden 75 78 76 38 36 46 65 CO 678 610 3 Nil 210 465 6 E A McWhoi ter 7 Means Means for the State 7633 4001 6036 843 7136 3035 5615 229 The following Stations report frost and ice Atlanta on the 8 st first goneial killing fro t Carrollton ice on 5th and 6th EllersR ice on 7th Athens rost on 1st to 12ch inclusive 17tn 21 24th 2ith 27th 29th 3 th ice ou tjth to 10th inclusive and 2oth Walthourviile frost on 24th 8 th St Marys frost on 25th The following report snow Kabuu Jap on the 30th The followingreport high wind Athens on 2th Tuouison ou 28th Ellersle on 26tk The following report thunder storms St Marys on 26th Notk to Orsccvkks The instruments have ai btrn expressed to the new observors If Ot received by tltem they wll notify CornimsRionsr J T Henderson at Atlanta It is desirable that all observers should fill out notesof frost ice suov high win Is or storms and other paenuaioni in order that the record my bo completeTABLE IIAcid Phosphates Dissolved Bones Chemicals etc NAME OF BRAND w Ashepoo Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate for cotton Acid Phosphate t Acid Phosphate Acid Phos Patapsco Guano Co8 Acid Phosphate Standard No 1 Acidulated Rock 1 A T Heaths Soluble Bone Ashley Acid Phosphate Ashley Dissolved Hone Atlantic Acid Phophate 2 Aocabee Acid Phosphate Acorn Acid Phosphate Ashepoo Bone Ash Acid Phosphate m Baldwin Cos Acid Phosphate n Barrys Acid Phosphate Bowker s Dissolved Bone Phosphate I Boyds Acid Phosphate p Chemical Co of Canton Pure Dis solved S C Bone I Coles Cotton Acid Phosphate n Cotton Plant Acid Phosphate m Crown Acid Phosphate Circle Bone and Potash Carries Raw Bone Meal C F Sasseen Acid Phosphate Diamond Soluble Bone t Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime Dissolved S C Bone i DeLeons Dissolved Bone Dobbs Chemioals Edisto Acid Phosphate 1100 1850 1500 1470 1890 1560 950 1620 1175 1300 1400 1280 950 1150 1000 1350 1350 1325 1500 1175 1535 1175 1325 18 M 1275 1200 1390 1600 1325 1470 1225 1260 Phosplwric Acid 065 258 085 035 030 275 308 120 095 280 300 300 3 O 200 320 160 120 265 116 095 064 095 268 180 1116 1860 350 175 0 332 260 036 135 200 QQ 1021 1085 980 1121 1465 800 1010 1008 752 715 1020 50 775 9 80 7 1085 1184 891 uio 752 1162 752 891 1184 750 725 1465 1000 9S6 1121 608 590 M 540 451 187 1S4 169 276 805 885 6H 31 195 446 4 316 365 257 250 417 211 623 379 623 417 250 2 80 610 169 233 227 134 577 575 1560 1536 1167 1256 1634 10 76 1315 1343 1875 1025 1215 1026 1252 1296 1145 l42 1434 138 1321 1375 1541 1375 1308 1434 10SS 1355 1634 1233 1213 1255 1185 1165 280 391 110 080 150 260 100 p 5 hi o S S2 o a d 15 110 0f 80 82 080 28 30 10j 27 26 28 68 t t 11 95 26 70 32 68 24 66 24 25 10 24 50 24 50 125 125 080 120 FOR WHOM INSPECTED 100 Ashepoo Phos oCharlestonSC 50 Ga Cheml WoikB Augusta Ga 250 W B Seal Baltimore Md 100 Savannah Guano CoSavannah 100 Savannah Guano Co Savannah 200 Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore 40 Ga Chem Min Co Atlanta 50 Edisto Phos Co Charleston 8C 5 Ga Chem MingCo Atlanta 100 Ashley Phos CoCharleeton8C SO Ashley Phos CoCharleston8C SOO Atlantic PhosCo CharlestonSC 50 Ash epooPhosCoCharlestonriC 50 N A Hardees Song A CoSavanh 20 Ashepoo PhosCoCharlestonS 200 Savannah Guano Co Savannah 200 Baldwin Co Savannah Ga 60 Ga Cheml Works AugUBta Ga 100 Weld A Hartshorne SavannahGa 10 Ga Cheml Mining Co Atlanta 200 Chemical Co of CantonBaltme 10 Ga Cheml Ming Co Atlanta 50 Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga 100 Hammond Hull Co Savanh NAHardees Sons CoSavanb 10 I Wade White Marietta Ga 20 G Ober t Sons Co Baltimore 180 Walton Whann A Co Macon Ga 50 Savannah Guano Co Savannah 200 Pacific GuanoCo Chaaleston 10 IChem CoolCanton Baltimore 20 Savannah Guano Co Savannah 100 8 C Dobbs Athens 10 lEdisto Phos Co CharlestonSC BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston 8 C Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Imported by W B Beal Imported Imported Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston 8 C Ga Chem A Mining Co Atlanta Ga Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos CoCharleston S C Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C WilliamsClark Co New York Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Savannah Guano Co Havannah Baldwin Co Porl Royal 8 C Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Weld Hartshorne Savannah Ga Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC Ga Chem Mining Co A tlanta Ga a Chemical Works Augusta Ga Port Royal Fertilizer Co Port Royal Bradley Fer Co New WeymonthjMtSfl Geo E Currie A Co Cincinnati O G Ober Hons Co Balttmore Walton Whann 4 Co WilmingtonDel Imported Pacific Gnano Co Charleston S C Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md Imported he Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C i o o K 2 M W Q HI a w 00TABLE No IIContinued NAME OF BRAND Kdisto Kainit Etiwan Acid Phosphate Etiwan Dissolved Bone p Excellonza Acid Phosphate m Kzells Dissolved Bone w Butaw Acid Phosphate Furmans Formula G G K Genuine German Kainit Genuine German Kainit Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos phate with Potash Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos q Georgia Planters Favorite Acid Phos m Ga State Grange Acid Phosphate Geo W Scott Cos Charleston Acid Phosphate Ground Bone Meal Ground Bone Meal Genuine Leopaldshell Kainit t Georgia State Grange Dlssold Bone Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phoi High Grade Acid Phosphate High Grade Acid Phosphate High Grade Acid Phosphate t Inmans Acid Phosphate ff Irwin Callan Cos Acid Phosphate I IrwinCallan Cos Acid Phosphate t J W Harle Cos Dissolved Bone J W Harle Cos South Sea Acid Kainit 1560 1535 1350 1475 1100 1225 PkA lotuj Acid 375 0 64 1 102 065 100 1410 1325 1350 1350 1450 Kainit Kainit Kainit s fare Getman Kainit 1425 355 1225 1525 1560 910 1350 810 J10 SUO 164 265 186 120 180 1185 1200 800 1162 1000 1205 1020 805 276 379 275 214 640 2 57 155 221 115 065 325 200 186 200 200 200 846 891 1000 1184 160 1110 12 40 1386 1154 1080 882 1000 882 882 882 667 417 2 1076 1641 1275 1419 1560 1662 1412 1308 1275 2601434 353 2 146 080 236 186 221 275 225 2 1208 1340 1586 1465 1390 1215 1107 1275 1107 1107 1107 1095 110 25 2S5 325 118 1116 152 110 200 1215 3 a S O i 100 100 100 100 1160 1220 1145 1225 1190 10 95 22 62 30 82 25 50 28 38 31 20 24 49 11 85 11 15 29 76 27 26 26 60 28 68 26 16 t t 12 15 26 80 SI 72 29 30 27 80 24 30 23 14 25 50 33 14 23 14 23 14 11 60 12 20 11 45 13 26 11 90J 10 1011 300 50 10 200 400 10 50 50 60 60 200 50 12 12 50 100 50 S00 10 28 60 10 16 60 50 oo 10 100 100 2 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC Etiwan Fhoj CoCharlestonSC Ktiwan Phos Co CharlestonSO Long A Dugdale Baltmore Md Hammond Hull Co Savanh Ashepoo PhosCo Charleston S C Furiuans Farm Imp Co Atlanta Winters Legs Marietta Ga Stono Phos Co Charleston 8 C Ga Chem Works Angu9ta Ga Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Hammond H Co Savannah BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Iraptd by Edisto Phos Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston 8C Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Funnans Farm Imp Co East PtGa Imptd by Stono Phos Co Charleston Imptd by Stono Phos Co Charleston Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Hammond Hull Jt Co Port Royal S C Gco W ScottCo AtlantaGa Baldwin Co Savannah Ga M Dorris Pouglasville Ga J H Jones Sons Elberton Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga Cnemlcal Works Augusta Ga John Merryman Co Baltimore John Merry man A Co Baltimore John Merryman Co Baltimore J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phos CoCharleston SC Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga J W narle Co Atlanla Ga Baldwin Co savannah Ga Edisto Phos CoCharlestonSC Savannah Gnano CoSavannah Wando Phos Co Charleston SC John Merryman A Co Baltimore Geo W Scott A Co Atlanta Ga Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Baldwin Co Newark N J Imp by J L Middleton Baltimore Hammond Hull 4 Co Port Royal SO Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga John Merryman Co Port Royal S C John Merryman Co Baltimore Md John Mrryman Co Baltimore Md J W Harn Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston 8 C Edisto Pnosphate Co Charleston S C J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga Imported Imported Imported Imported ImportedKainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Long 4 Dugdales Acid Phosphate C Dissolved Eone Phosphate Lockwoc ds Acid Phosphate Martins Potash Phosphate Naussau Dissolved Eone Phosphate m Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phos Oriole Dissolved Bone 2Owl Brand Phosphate v Patapsco Acid Phosphate Pendletons Phosphate for Composting Pomona A cid Phosphate m roit Royal Acid Phosphate m PoitRoyal Dissolved Bone Phoe Pure Ground Animal Bone Pure Ground Bone Pioneer Acid Phosphate Pure Pine Ground Bone z Palmetto Acid Phosphate Port Royal Pure Dissolved Bone 0 Stono Acid Phosphate i Stonewall English Acid Echaefers Acid Phosphate 0 Walkers Dissolved Bone Wando Acid Phosphate Wando Dissolved Bone XX Acid Phosphate 1350 3E0 1260 1875 1360 1475 noo 1500 1325 1450 1350 1475 1436 1280 950 1425 1400 1890 1225 1400 1800 1836 14 65 1861000 1201184 200 685 810 910 0161146 102 1206 285 200 266 126 100 102 105 5086 2123 800 2274 365 155 065 0 80 200 065 800 225 038 1045 885 891 906 1196 1205 1200 585 776 11 10 956 1465 S85 956 900 1005 1120 276 250 675 286 166 214 883 285 417 809 219 214 220 485 i77 280 284 169 290 284 266 890 140 1275 1434 1160 1145 1812 1419 1878 1120 1308 1214 1415 1419 1420 1010 1262 1840 1240 1684 12 75 1240 1165 1395 12 60 1220 1185 1175 1110 1200 1120 1180 1175 1200 1180 1840 li 140 461 41 406 095 110 205 225 ioo oii 085 180 12 20 11 86 11 76 11 10 12 00 11 20 11 80 11 15 12 00 11 80 13 40 25 60 28 68 24 60 24 SO 26 24 28 38 27 56 23 86 27 26 26 28 SO 23 88 28 40 t 22 65 2604 26 80 25 15 82 68 60 25 16 2 10 27 90 25 20 60 Perry MDeLeon Savannah Ga 60 Hammond H Co Savannah 800 Walton W Co Waeon Ga 50 Weet Bros Savannah Ga 50 LljpmanBros Savannah Ga 60 Webster Davis 4 Co Atlanta 100 Weld 4 Hartshorne Savannah 60 Ashepoo Phos Co ChariestonSC 100 H M Comer 4 Co Savannah 72 Adair Bro Atlanta Ga 100 Ashley Phe Co CharlestonSC 50 Long Dugdale Baltimore Md 50 Hammond H CoSavannah 100 Lockwood NcClintockNew T 10 Mortin Erwin Kome Ga 60 Weld Hartshorne Savannah 110 Hammond H Co Savannah 25 Symington BroeCoBaltimore 50 Lavie Whittle Petersburg Ya 200 Ga Chem Woiks Augusta Ga 36 Pendleton Guano Co AtlantaGa 60 Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga 220 Hammond H Co Savannah 200 Hammond H Co Savannah 60 PendletonGuanoCo Atlanta Ga 62 Winters Legg Marietta Ga 200 Ashley Phos Co Charleston SC 12 McKenzie Warren Marietta 50 Ashepoo Phos Co thsilestou 100 Hammond Hull Co Savannah 00 Stono Phosphate Co harleston 100 Harrold Johnson Co Americus 50 Hammond Hull 4 Co Savannah 100 Stono Phosphate Co harleston ISO Wando Photphate Co Charleston 00 W ando Phosphate Co Charleston 450 I Walton W Co Macon Ga Imported Imported Imported Iropted by West Bros Savannah Ga Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Bammond Hull Co Port Boyal SC Lockwocd McClintock New York Martin Ernin Rome Oa Imported Hammond Hull 4 Co Sevannah Ga Symington Bros A Co Baltimore Md Davie Whittle Petersburg Va Georgia Chemical Works Atlanta Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Pony M DeLeon Savannah Ga Hammond Hull 4 Co Savannah Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Sterns Fert Chem MnIg Co N O Ashley Phos Co Charleston 8 C Chemical Co f Canton Baltimore I Ashepoo Phos Co Charteston S C Hammond Hull Co Port BoyalSC Stono PhcBpbate Co Charleston S C Im by Hanold JohnsonCoAmericus Port Royal Fertilizer Co Pt RylSC Stono Phosphate Co Charleston 8 C Wando Phosphate Co Charleston SC Wando Phosphate Co Charleston SC Impoited t Rawbone or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated Tto whole ofthe phosphor icacidto insoluble though practically it is much more available as plant fcocf than phosphoric aeid from tbfA Yct identi Ctjplioatk BBANDSInsome instances fertilizers manufactured ny the same formula and actually sackedfrom the tae J h hn thi same letter in calarJsold under different names Such brands are indicated in the foregoing table by letters a b e etc prefixed to the same those having the same letter in t he same table being identical or Backed and shipped from the same bulk ss 1 on O a o S s w a 1 w Special Circular No 39 New Series REPORT OF THE AVERAGE CONDITION OF CROPS IN GEORGIA MAY 1ST 1884 RETURNABLE MAY 1st 1884 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga April 10 1884 Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the first day oj May or as early as possi ble after that date and mail promptly Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent AN AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus it the corn crop at any time is IO per cent better than last year or IO per eent better than an average it should be reported as 110 in each case and it 10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never reportIO per cent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 90 as the case may be So avoid vague comparisons such as some better hardly so good above an average etc In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your ovmfarm If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank BCorrespondents will please file a copy of the last Supplemental Report for reference and comparison in making out their reports of areas and yield The census returns give a fixed and definite basis of comparison which they can use to advantage Correspondents will please also give their nearest express office in order that seeds may be shipped direct to them in future The Commissioner takes this occasion to return his thanks to the crop correspondents for the valuable aid which they have rendered the Department in its efforts to advance the interests of the farmers and planters of Georgia He feels that they are entitled to his especial consideration and to a participation in all advantages to be derived from the work of the Department Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture I For what county do you report county II Your name 111 Your postofficeDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 22 CORN Acreage compared to last yearPer cent Preparation of soil compared to last year Date of planting compared to last year State how many days earlier or later Stand compared to a good stand Per cent What casualties have affected the cropsuch as storms insects etc and to what extent injured by each OATS Acreage compared to last yearPr cent What per cent of the crp was sown last fall What per cent of the crop is sown with rustproof varieties Condition and prospect of fall sown compared to an average To what extent winterkilled Condition and prospect of spring sown compared to an average Condition and prospect of whole crop compared to an average WHEAT Acreage compared to last yearper cent What casualties have affected the wheat and to what extent injured by them Condition and prospects compared to an average per cent COTTON Acreage compard to last yearper cent Acreage time of planting compared to last year Earlierdays Laterdays Amount of commercial fertilizers used on cotton in your county compared to last year 231 QUESTIONS FOR APRIL CROP REPORT 3 19 What per cent of the total area in cotton in your county is manured with either commercial fertilizers home manures or composts percent ao What per cent of these was home manure or compost at What per cent of the crop is up 32 Where up what is the stand compared to a good stand 23 Condition of plants compared to an average 24 Compared to the whole area in grain cropscorn oats and wheat 100 representing such area what is the area in cotton in your county SUwAK CANE 25 Area compared to last year Per ccnt Stand compared to an average RICE 37 Area in low land rice compared to last yearPer cent 38 Area in upland rice compared to last year SORGHUM 29 Area compared to last year CLOVER AND GRASSES 30 Area in clover and cultivated grasses compared to last year per cent 31 Condition and prospects compared to an average FRUIT 33 What per cent of a full crop of peaches has escaped frostpercent 33 What percent of a full crop of apples have set 34 What percent of a full crop of pears have set 35 What is the grape prospect compared to an average 36 How many acres are planted in orchards in your county 37 How many in vineyards iirrvi4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTORKGEORGIA 24 STOCK 38 Condition of sheep compared to an average per cent 39 Drop of lambs to number of ewes kept 40 Condition of work stock compared to an average at this season 41 Stock of hogs all ages compared to last year M 42 What diseases if any have affected stock this spring Describe the diseases and state the remedies used with results L BOR SUPPLIES ETC 43 Supply of labor compared to last year per cent 44 Wages paid compared to last year If higher what per cent If lower what per cnt 45 What per cent of the farm labor is hired for wages 46 What per cent of the farm labor is hired on shares 47 What per cent of the farm labor works as renters 48 What wages with board are paid full hands 49 What is the cash price per bushel at which corn sells in your county May ist cents 50 What is the credit price paid per bushel at the same date8 51 Quantity purchased compared to last yearper cent 5a Quantity of hay being purchased compared to last year M25 QUESTIONS FOB APRIL CROP REPORT O 53 Tons of commercial fertilizers purchased in your county compared to last year per cent 54 Price paid compared to last year 55 Average cotton option price in lint cotton for ammoniated superphosphate pounds 56 Average cotton option price in lint cotton paid for nonammoniated superphos FISH 57 How have the carp introduced into ponds in your county succeeded TIMBER LANDS 58 What per cent of timber belonging to farms on grounds reserved for timber has been removed for all purposesPer cent 59 What percent of the timber used on farms is for fencing purposes 60 What is the annual expense of fencing in your county for each plow run 61 Name each of the most common timbers of your county in the order of prevalence beginning with the kinds found in greatest abundance If sections of your county differ in forest growth slate the character and limits of such forest areasDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 26CIRCULAR No 53 New Series J CROP REPORT For the Month of April 1884 SHOWING AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA x i xsEtriDEiEsoaT Commissioner ATLANTA GEORGIA Jas P Harrison Co Printers Binders andElectrotypers 1884Criculcw No 53 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL 1884 RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MAY 1 1884 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga May 12 1884 y CORN Correspondents report the area in corn the same as that of last year The area in North Georgia compared to 1883 is 99 in Middle Georgia 100 in South west Georgia 102 in East Georgia 96 and in Southeast Georgia 102 The preparation of the soil for this crop over a large part of the State owing to the unfavorable fall and spring is much below an average This is espe cially true of Northern Georgia where the lands are commonly turned for this crop in the fall or winter In Northern Georgia the preparation of soil com pared with that of 1883 is reported 73 in Middle Georgia 90 in Southwest Georgia 100 in East Georgia 100 and in Southeast Georgia 105 The average time of planting is 7 days later than that of last year North Geor gia is reported 13 days later Middle Georgia 13 days later Southwest Georgia 1 day later East Georgia 6 days later and Southeast Georgia 5 days later The stand in the whole State compared to a good stand is reported 93 In North Georgia 92 in Middle Georgia 95 in Southwest Georgia 96 in East Georgia 100 and in Southeast Georgia 105 The stand has been injured by hard rain storms in nearly every part of the State and by bud worms in some sections The general condition of the crop is reported as impaired by casualties such as storms insects etc in the whole State 7 per cent In North Georgia 9 per cent in Middle Georgia 4 per cent in Southwest Georgia 6 per cent in East Georgia 7 per cent and in Southeast Georgia 5 per cent OATS The acreage in comparison with the crop of last year is reported for the whole State at 98 In North Georgia 95 in Middle Georgia 91 in Southwest Geor gia 86 in East Georgia 98 and in Southeast Georgia 119DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 32 Fiftysix per cent of the crop was sown last fall and 53 per cent of this sowing was winter killed In North Georgia 47 per cent of the crop was sown in the fall and 65 per cent was winterkilled in Middle Georgia 63 per cent was sown and 61 per cent killed in Southwest Georgia 37 per cent was sown and 59 per cent killed in East Georgia 70 per cent was sown and 46 per cent killed in Southeast Georgia 66 per cent was sown and 34 per cent killed Some correspondents report all the fall sowing killed and a large part of this area in some sections was reseeded in the spring The area in this crop would probably have exceeded that of any previous year except for this disaster and the consequent scarcity of seed coupled with the unfavorable spring for resowing Corroborative of this it will be observed that the area exceeds that of last year by 19 per cent in Southeast Georgia where the fall crop sustained comparatively little injury from frosts The condition and prospects of the fall sown compared to an average is 59 and that of the spring 89 The condition and prospect of the whole crop compared to an average in the whole Slate 79 In North Georgia 74 in Middle Georgia 69 in Southwest Georgia 80 in Eist Georgia 79 and in Southeast Georgia 95 WHEAT The acreage in wheat compared with last year in North Georgia is 103 in Middle Georgia 93 in Southwest Georgia 85 in East Georgia 96 and in the whole State 94 The condition and prospect compared to an average in North Georgia 86 ill Middle Georgia 84 in Southwest Georgia 82 in East Georgia 93 and the whole State 86 The crop is reported as injured by winter killing and other casualties in North Georgia 14 per cent in Middle Georgia 20 percent and in Southwest Georgia 12 per cent COTTON The area devoted to cotton is reported one per cent less than that of last year in the whole State In North Geoigia the acreage compared to that of last year is 94 in Middle Georgia 100 in Southwest Georgia 99 in East Georgia 101 and in Southeast Georgia 102 The average time f planting is reported in the whole State seven days later than that of last year In North Georgia twelve days later Middle Georgia twelve days Southwest Georgia four days East Georgia four days and in Southeast Georgia two days The amount of commercial fertilizers used on cotton compared to last year is reported in North Georgia 97 in Middle Georgia 107 in Southwest Georgia 100 in East Georgia 98 in Southeast Georgia 77 and in the whole State 96 Eighty per cent of the cotton crop of the State is manured with commercial fertilizers or home manures In North Georgia 94 per cent in Middle Georgia 84 ptr cent in Southwest Georgia 79 per cent in East Georgia 80 per cent and in Southeast Georgia 67 per cent88 CROP EEPOET1884 In North Georgia home manures or composts are reported as constituting 33 per cent of the fertilizers used on this crop in Middle Georgia 29 per cent in Southwest Georgia 33 per cent in East Georgia 25 per cent in Southeast Geor gia 54 per cent and in the entire State 35 per cent In North Georgia 5 per cent of the crop was up May 1st in Middle Georgia 14 per cent in Southwest Georgia 72 per cent in Bast Georgia 46 per cent and in Southeast Georgia 82 per cent In some portions of North Georgia the crop was not all planted at this date The stand where the cotton is up compared to a good stand is 90 in North Georgia 86 in Middle Georgia 97 in Southwest Georgia 91 in East Georgia 97 in Southeast Georgia and 92 in the whole State The condition of the plant compared to an average is 93 in Nc fVl Georgia 84 in Middle Georgia 97 in Southwest Georgia 91 in Eas George Southeast Georgia and 93 in the whole Stale Compared to the whole area in grain crops 100 representing such area the cotton in North Georgia is reported 36 in Middle Georgia 62 in Southwest Georgia 63 in East Georgia 14 and in the whole State 43 The proportional area in cotton is reported less by 11 acres than in 1883 It was then reported 4 per cent more than half of grain crops and for the present year 7 per cent less than half the grain area SUGAR CANE The area compared to last year in sugar cane is in Middle Georgia 93 in Southwest Georgia 67 in East Georgia 63 in Southeast Georgia 67 and in the whole State 67 The stand compared to an average in Middle Georgia is 90 in Southwest Georgia 82 in East Georgia 79 in Southeast Georgia 93 and in the whole State 86 The area in this crop has been greatly reduced the present year by the scar city of seed cane A large part of this was lost by the severe freeze in the fall The reports in comparison with last year show a reduction of 33 per cent and leaving Middle Georgia where comparatively little of the crop is planted out of the general average there is a reduction in acreage of 41 per cent From the reduced area and the imperfect stand reported it is now proba ble that with the most favorable conditions for the balance of the season that the sugar cane will not exceed a half crop RICE The area in North Georgia in comparison with last year is reported 100 in Middle Georgia 90 in Southwest Georgia 91 in Eist Georgia 103 in Southest Georgia 92 and in the whole Slate 95 SORGHUM The area in sorghum in North Georgia is 97 in Middle Georgia 96 in EoJth west Georgia 103 in East Georgia 108 in Southeast Georgia 100 and in the6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 84 average for the State 101 The increased acreage is confined to the cane grow ing sections of the State and designed to supply to some extent the deficiency of that crop In 1883 the sorghum crop was not reported in Southeast Georgia CLOVER AND GRASSES The area in clover and grasses in North Georgia is reported 104 a Middle Georgia 105 The condition compared o an average in North Georgia is 89 and in Mid dle Georgia 93 FRUIT Peaches are reported at 52 per cent of a full crop in North Georgia in Mid dle Georgia 88 in Southwest Georgia 94 in East Georgia 92 in Southeast Geor gia 92 and in the whole State 82 In North Georgia the fruit that escapes injury from frosts is situated in nearly all instances on high groundseither upon hill tops or mountain slopes A more general observance of this fact in the selection of orchard cites would go far towards insuring to that section an unfailing peach crop Altitudes of from two to six hundred feet above the general level of the country have a certain immunity from late spring frosts that often save to such localities a supply of peaches when they are entirely killed on the lower grounds ApplesThis crop in North Georgia is reported at 67 in Middle Georgia 72 Southwest Georgia 73 East Georgia 09 Southeast Georgia 99 and in the whole State 76 Pears in North Georgia 61 in Middle Georgia 73 in Southwest Georgia 72 in East Georgia 67 in Southeast Georgia 97 and in the whole State 74 Orapes in North Georgia 88 in Middle Georgia 96 in Southwest Georgia 98 t Georgia 108 in Southeast Georgia 100 and in the whole State 100 STOCK The condition of sheep is reported 92 in the State compared to last year In North Georgia 88 Middle Georgia 91 Southwest Georgia 91 East Georgia 95 and Southeast Georgia 95 The average drop of lambs per one hundred ewes is 74 The condition of work stock is 96 In North Georgia 94 in Middle Georgia 93 in Southwest Georgia 96 East Georgia 99 and Southeast Georgia 9ft The stock f hogs compared to last year in North Georgia is 96 in Middle Georgia in Southwest Georgia 100 in East Georgia 99 in Southeast Geor gia 100 and in the average for the State is 97 Stock of all kinds are generally reported free from diseases A few corres pondents report cholera among hogs and distemper among horses and mules LABOR supply of labor compared to last year is reported in North Georgia 99 in Middle Georgia 97 in Southwest Georgia 97 in East Georgia 96 in Sornth east Georgia 103 and in the whole State 98185 CHOP REPORT1884 Thirtyfive per cent of the labor on farms is employed for wages 38 per cent is hired on shares and 27 per cent work as renters The average monthly wages paid full hands for farm work In North Georgia is 995 in Middle Georgia 9 20 in Southwest Georgia 923 in East Georgia 920 in Southeast Georgia 1157 and the average for the State is 983 PRICE OF CORN The average cash price of corn per bushel May 1st was 90 cents In North Georgia 86 cents in Middle Georgia 86 cents in Southwest Georgia 89 cents in East Georgia 93 cents and in Southeast Georgia 96 cents The ime price for corn May 1st in North Georgia 109 in Middle Georgia 108 Southwest Georgia 118 in East Georgia 119 and in Southeast Georgia 116 The average time price for the State is 114 The difference between the average time and cash price is 24 cents or nearly 27 per cent on the cash price COMMMERCTAL FERTILIZERS average number of tons of fertilizers purchased compared to last year In he whole State is reported 100 In North Georgia 102 in Middle Georgia 108 in Southwest Georgia 97 in East Georgia 104 and in Southeast Georgia 91 The average cash price is one per cent lesp than last year and the average cotton option price for ammoniated superphosphates is 424 pounds of Knt cotton and for nonammoniated superphosphates 389 pounds TABLE No 1 CONSOLIDATION OF CROP REPORTS FOR APRIL 1884 NORTH GEORGIA CORN OATS WHEAT COTTON SUGAR n o 3 a o P 100 B u et a S o o a a A wit S x 02 CLOT r a TRUIT STOCK LABOR SUPPLIES ETC at o o c a e o u CU z 5 a 03 O T3 b et fi S Q 1 02 DU O o V i as a S O S o o is Po3 P P c c o rt T3 P B c 3 0 O 71 O TJ V h a a o u h BJ s S 110 oj j be O CO O 03 Bg O aj s 108 B a o a 3j s l 100 ajf Bg m 03 N a o ej o a j o c b o O aS 25 a a o a p o o oj B OH O B O h B P s o a s Si B Vs Be grasses 00 O a C 60 a V B 60 11 03 s PI 45 n B 01 O 100 s BE d bS p0 70 i p p 0 90 a 03 m 4 0 B c 0 70 0 w 05 Zl SB 0 i B B O O 75 0 B 0 103 B a 0 a 03 B 03 g 5 rr U s S a 0 11 S3 p u 0 V u 0 9 0 V a m 6 to 03 g a u 0 0 u 0 OJ 0 B 3 aj 5 eg t 03 03 B a u Pa g P 03 N oj u co V p 1 0 8 go 0 H a j COUNTIES O M a o 3 3 i to 03 55 O B V u St B a o O it 100 iio 105 125 110 105 fi a flS O OJ a p100 il i a a 2S 0 9 fl s S otJ B SOD O B O a p si oS i5 B B a a 3 O g O rr f B a S U 103 80 88 75 95 S 1 16 n 2 65 Catoosa 100 100 100 100 96 100 105 108 100 103 100 100 105 88 80 86 90 92 110 ioo 95 100 100 60 90 80 100 95 90 90 15 105 108 85 120 110 1 0 45 85 75 77 82 80 70 58 80 96 100 95 100 108 100 10S 85 100 65 8C 75 81 85 80 100 70 95 85 10 100 100 76 105 90 107 100 103 40 95 126 102 85 100 90 100 107 116 01 07 05 90 95 100 10 100 100 95 100 101 80 10 64 50 66 28 50 60 60 95 55 85 61 75 83 85 85 05 28 50 100 55 85 40 ro 20 75 85 81 75 100 75 75 ioo 110 95 05 65 100 90 98 100 65 95 100 95 75 100 82 75 70 75 90 76 75 90 100 75 100 95 95 102 100 8 9 ll 80 90 J25 110 110 95 95 85 100 100 75 1100 12 00 8 00 75 100 80 82 78 1 00 1 25 1 00 1 0 1 01 Oobb 100 125 50 i66 Y66 Dade Floyd 25 90 100 90 110 10 100 100 100 60 0i 33 30 65 85 10 00 10 00 10 00 io 00 10 00 9 00 80 87 98 78 80 90 1 01 1 12 1 25 90 1 00 1 25 88 ForByth 05 100 100 112 85 85 108 3 85 2 85 Habersbani 107 105 105 4 25 4 00 3 25 8 00 Hall 90 75 70 105 100 100 85 75 95 100 110 90 110 126 100 100 75 50 90 60 50 75 100 20 26 90 100 80 100 so 100 75 100 85 180 100 12 00 8 00 10 CO 90 80 90 1 30 1 25 1 20 115 12ft 100 3 00 4 00 3 80 Hart 2 ioo 3 50 2 90 Jackson Milton ICO 100 100 ico ioo 100 80 ICO 90 101 100 ICO 75 100 60 90 100 125 110 90 110 75 95 75 75 SO 5 80 75 10 0 75 100 100 98 100 90 90 ion 100 100 100 105 95 20 10 75 90 100 80 100 115 100 1C0 105 85 102 70 50 60 IOO 80 100 ICO 60 lOO 85 166 110 1C0 100 104 100 8 00 10 00 1 00 90 1 15 1 00 100 105 8 90 4 00 2 75 3 00 Polk Babnn 100 100 150 125 115 100 90 100 75 85 75 110 98 ioo 06 ioo 100 IOO 100 90 100 100 100 110 80 100 100 HO 80 76 60 40 50 50 30 90 75 IOO 100 75 75 80 75 100 5 61 100 100 100 100 80 10 75 85 HO 90 75 90 76 150 100 60 90 100 100 100 96 80 100 75 100 76 105 60 12 50 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 80 85 90 1 CO 85 1 CO 1 10 1 20 iio 100 4 20 4 60 soo 100 100 1 00 Walker 100 100 bitfield 100 99 92 100 95 70 74 ltO 108 86 85 94 100 97 100 97 100 104 10b 89 10 52 85 67 61 100 68 95 88 9U 86 100 96 10 00 80 i 60 100 5 93 100 Average 94 96 9 95 86 1 09 10 8 92 8 71 o w a w i H O 0 Q s o d t1 d 1 o w o W o 03MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldwin Bibb Wtitts Campbell Carroll Clarke Clayton Columbia Coweta Dekab Douglas Elbcrt Fayette Fulton Green Hancock Harris Heard Henry Jasper Jones Lincoln McDuftte Merriwether Monroe Morgan Newton Oconee Oijlethorpe Pike Putnam Rockdale Spalding Taliaferro Talbot Troup Upson Walton Warren Wilkes Average 100 95 91 95 100 1110 98 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 112 92 ino 100 113 90 115 110 105 108 95 97 100 111 IIP 100 lOi 100 102 100 80 100 ioo 100 90 110 10 100 95 105 90 100 75 80 90 95 100 80 00 80 100 75 85 9 95 92 100 105 95 90 100 95 95 100 95 90 100 90 100 100 99 110 85 80 IOO 85 95 100 9 110 75 S3 110 100 75 92 85 105 105 100 105 76 118 120 107 llli 120 130 100 112 85 05 95 50 lO 110 90 81 90 100 100 85 75 100 80 90 100 ICO 110 85 100 00 110 100 10 100 95 87 95 IO11 100 105 110 85 70 85 100 95 110 15 65 50 IOO 80 00 90 85 8 85 80 75 ioo 105 90 100 85 80 100 80 BO 75 95 100 98 110 95 100 92 100 95 100 90 110 80 105 100 11 100 110 100 100 115 95 95 100 no 100 no 95 120 100 110 110 100 105 10 105 i05 loo 100 100 ins 115 100 121 100 111 100 10 125 120 K5 11 110 110 176 15 100 40 96 100 100 125 100 lOoj 105 IOO 100 1001 100 1001 110 110 15 IOO 1O0 100 901 90 601 00 108 loO 69 93 811 100 107 14 81 93 9090 6105 9ct83 72J3 69l8l 395 100 100 100 100 90 85 85 75 95 MO 90 60 too 75 75 75 95 95 100 95 95 95 40 70 95 100 95 85 75 75 55 100 80 70 9i 75 50 100 50 85 75 75 90 100I 90 85 75 too 100 95 70 75 100 50 is 79 60 90 85 85 80 so 95 50 60 103 100 100 SO 75 90 100 100 100 100 95 110 80 85 10 100 100 IOO 85 85 90 loo 1111 100 100 100 10 101 100 10 100 100 100 ioo 100 85 100 851 75 1001 80 80 100 95 100 50 75 100 100 90 50 105 110 100 10 00 100 100 85 100 100 101 75 90 100 10 9 95 95 90 90 ioo 90 100 100 90 75 75 9 100 90 95 80 85 100 80 100 100 90 86 siio 8 00 9 00 10 00 10 00 8 OO 10 00 9 00 10 00 8 00 10 00 8 00 10 00 9 Oli 8 00 8 00 8 00 8 0 10 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 9 8 00 9 00 10 00 10 00 9 0 10 00 9 00 10 0 10 00 8 0 5 00 8 66 10 00 8 00 8 00 90 80 90 80 90 85 85 8 85 85 85 90 85 80 95 90 85 90 85 90 80 80 90 85 85 85 85 90 85 90 85 90 90 90 Si 85 1 00 85 85 1 15 1 00 1 15 1 00 1 10 1 15 1 10 95 1 00 1 0 1 00 1 10 1 05 1 00 1 10 1 10 1 05 1 05 1 10 1 15 i 05 1 05 1 05 1 10 1 10 1 1 1 10 1 05 1 1 1 00 1 10 1 05 1 15 1 15 1 10 1 20 1 10 1 15 86 1 95 1 00 1 13 1 00 1 83 1 00 95 1 00 1 05 90 1 10 1 05 1 20 4 00 4 50 3 95 3 90 3 90 4 00 3 90 3 65 4 00 4 00 1 15 1 15 1 00 1 12 1 10 1 02 Tio 100 110 4 00 3 90 3 00 4 00 3 00 3 50 3 00 3 25 2 50 2 65 3 00 3 25 4 35 4 00 4 35 4 25 3 90 4 12 i20 4 25 4 25 1 20 1 25 1 00 1 20 1 00 1 20 1 00 1 00 1 25 1 15 1 10 1 00 1 10 1 15 1 80 4 00 4 25 4 50 4 10 4 10 4 25 8 80 4 20 4 30 4 35 4 00 4 00 4 12 3 00 3 00 3 15 3 50 4 00 8 50 8 30 3 20 315 3 00 2 90 3 60 3 75 2 70 3 00 3 25 3 00 2 75 3 25 3 00 3 25 3 00 2 87 Q w o 0 w M d o w CO GO 4 09 8 15TABLE No 1CONSOLIDATION OF CEOP REPORTS FOR APRIL 1884Continued SOUTHWEST GEORGIA CORN OtTS WHEAT cottop SUGAR Q 3 33 5 a o a 33 73 a a o clovka FRUIT STOCK LABOR SUPPLIES KTC 70 33 O a 33 a Q3 o 73 O a 3 5 07 73 5I m CO 1 2 33 33 o T3 e o 2 o a a o a o a o o li 7 33 o a 03 o GRA O o a O o 9 a a a 14 1 u S O u o a V 33 a h 93 O to 7a 00 03 3 a S3 S a 3 2 03 a aj 7 a V a a 5 oi To a a 07 0 figjS a 33 a Sa COUNTIES 3 a 3 o o Si hi a u 3 P 0t s3 a 3 o so 2 03 O a o u o o Sr afe o a w a 9 a oa 3 K 2 c g 3 03 u si 33 O 03 2 s 31 a a o D g 5 37 fe a Z o a o a o a 2 5 o fa n a 0J S3 a a o s a u Si 33 O e O 37 O tt 33 a S 3 3 s3 a O O 37 u a a a sr g s SS 5 T3 S3 a o u a rvOJ Is a a 5 a a o o u 05 V a3 o 33 77 ai a a 03 77 V g ss sS no S5 si a S Q 25 a 03 77 i 57 sg is o at O S3 C oIs a o y as ag 11 07 07 CJ 03 is 7 a o O u 07 U to a 77 o u o 07 O a o 07 N M C7 u 3 S3 a H a s 62 a 7a 0 77 a 0 fe 0 tr a 00 0 rr3 S62 70 o o a U l Z u Ph Ph O a M o CJ H O J Baker 101 110 75 12 101 100 90 100 II 90 10O 150 10 10 100 100 50 50 101 76 mo 6 1 00 S 1 25 100 4 25 4 00 108 00 107 so 100 too 60 100 95 I0o 100 100 80 80 100 97 55 97 10 10 00 1 25 10 4 80 as 10 97 98 104 9S 100 103 50 100 97 30 30 8i 90 S7 10 30 90 1 10 4 15 3 50 CalhoaD Chatiahoochee 98 95 RS 88 90 90 ioi 90 s 97 rs 90 97 95 90 97 ill 85 8 100 8 30 85 1 05 no 4 25 3 50 Clay lOo 10 95 87 90 100 05 105 85 100 37 80 85 130 HO 411 25 100 Do 77 10o 100 8 50 87 1 25 10 4 40 3 20 CVlqnitt llll 105 95 loo 90 75 90 50 100 75 SKI 100 100 105 85 50 95 95 110 50 100 75 10 SO 100 75 100 110 90 33 Si 80 9 no 9 00 9 00 1 25 1 25 100 110 4 50 4 25 3 50 80 3 CO 110 8 75 75 90 80 105 Id 80 100 50 50 100 90 100 60 60 so li 10 10 no 8 00 7 1 10 100 4 27 3 00 Dougherty 105 9J 75 92 91 70 100 20 55 95 85 7 95 95 80 75 96 107 9 00 92 1 25 90 4 35 3 25 Early 10 9 01 90 97 SO HC 100 50 90 100 60 10 9 0 90 1 25 80 4 50 3 60 97 v 85 7 90 80 111 110 M 98 5 90 100 85 10 50 50 95 95 95 Kill 9 00 90 1 25 108 4 50 3 30 10 85 to 100 75 7 60 100 no 110 100 75 1l 95 100 20 20 90 60 I0D 40 10 100 75 100 100 100 85 100 25 80 100 100 loO 70 10 01 9 00 1 00 75 1 25 1 00 Lee 50 5 00 4 50 Iowndes ioa 9 90 6 92 81 9S 105 70 97 85 70 10 ioo 100 60 60 100 ioo 70 95 11 8 9 30 88 1 15 no 4 35 3 40 Ma ion Hit 90 lo 75 70 8o ss ion 10 80 9J 100 100 90 100 100 loo 90 SO 90 110 9 0 1 15 4 25 3 00 Miller 101 11 o llll 75 811 111 17 ln2 70 75 10 no 75 105 110 75 80 70 105 100 75 100 loll 105 101 95 8 00 85 1 25 110 4 6 4 00 Mitchell 105 9 75 76 90 9f 10 75 95 108 10 10 i 100 125 100 90 66 50 100 95 50 90 110 9 5 1 30 4 50 105 loo 101 100 92 So 90 I11ft 0 95 9 95 110 75 50 91 90 65 50 90 lOo 120 llll 85 87 ino 100 100 ioo 105 SB 100 Si 80 90 95 110 105 10 00 9 00 80 SO 1 05 1 10 no no 4 00 4 5 3 10 60 75 3 00 101 05 7 75 91 lor 65 101 lid 101 75 75 50 100 100 ioo 9 00 86 100 100 4 50 in 111 HO 7 loo ioo 100 K 50 100 123 in 100 111 90 111 75 17 17 HO 75 00 73 75 75 90 80 75 ioo Kill 100 107 87 90 90 1 25 i25 1 25 110 97 25 4 3 i25 4 60 3 35 Taylor GO 8 ft 90 65 85 70 105 97 III 10 97 22 50 25 75 60 105 70 35 75 85 25 95 102 9 00 10 00 Terrell 105 97 3 25 Thomas 50 Webster 105 9 85 90 110 85 90 6 70 103 95 95 60 35 90 10 20 85 100 140 65 Si 75 Ml 80 95 80 45 io 9 50 9 50 75 95 1 25 95 95 4 25 4 61 3 20 3 60 Worth 10V 118 97 9 110 82 102 30 75 25 75 75 90 95 85 85 105 90 9 60 1 25 1 IS 125 4 50 109 90 tin St 85 8 99 inn 79 97 47 82 91 103 44 73 7 OS 91 68 40 100 9 23 Ml 07 i i 3 41 H H 72 H O 1 to a w o d si H d M o M o OEAST GEORGIA AppJinj Bryan Caiuden Charlton Chatham Clinch Coffee Echuls Eflinham Gljnn Liberty Melntoih Pierce Ware Wayne Average 107 105 103 if o 98 15 iio 100 105 J0O 100 100 C5 95 100 96 100 95 95 99 80 105 ios 90 99 100 102 81 100 90 95 88 130 91 70 166 88 100 110 100 106 ii2 110 100 90 75 98 82 87 56 90 63 ioo As 98 TO 80 73 65 70 79 100 88 105 80 100 98 100 100 90 107 95 103 100 65 150 70 30 ao llR 89 76 37 62 33 95 76 60 lit 15 98 100 100 75 86 91 80 9 100 117 115 87 87 95 100 65 60 62 92 95 95 87 96 110 10 00 9 00 9 00 95 87 1 06 S 1 26 1 22 1 28 1 00 70 1 75 J4 12 4 00 4 00 3 50 8 75 Emamiel 80 96 100 75 100 95 100 100 91 100 IOO 110 97 120 20 43 10 75 75 50 15 90 2i 35 0 65 46 100 83 1U0 100 90 95 80 lfO 90 80 100 91 100 E6 501 49 80 100 75 ioo 100 100 150 100 100 120 87 60 75 25 100 65 25 75 100 100 100 110 100 86 92 82 30 50 10 97 100 80 80 96 120 95 8 00 9 CO 10 00 9 fO 8 CO 9 00 10 CO 10 00 9 CO 9 CO 9 CO 10 00 90 86 1 CO 1 02 90 78 1 0 1 00 1 co so 90 90 1 15 1 16 1 35 i io 1 5 92 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 10 1 15 1 20 1 0 93 1 25 1 00 1 0 1 05 80 1 00 90 1 02 1 00 1 20 4 00 4 00 3 00 3 10 120 Montgomery 9 ioo 4 40 400 4 80 100 105 1C0 16 85 102 105 100 101 101 80 76 90 100 no 100 105 98 75 80 40 50 90 60 50 63 90 60 75 10 98 75 79 100 105 100 103 78 90 liO 80 94 100 65 92 75 90 6 5i 65 65 45 60 60 75 60 60 75 65 67 ioo 101 100 ioo 100 102 HO KO 100 100 98 95 90 90 76 105 o 95 75 90 95 90 110 80 91 100 100 107 KO 110 90 102 105 90 2 60 4 CO Tatnall Telfair 4 30 4 30 4 05 4 00 4 00 3 00 3 25 3 00 Twiggs M atnington 88 IOS Average 95 73 99l 99 9 20 93 1 19 1 01 4 16 3 32 CO SOUTHEAST GEORGIA 102 96 119 100 13 1 100 iio 100 75 ioo 260 00 100 80 95 1001 100 80 105 67 91 lOOl HO 100 k so 100 9 90 99 97 100 100 98 74 100 loo KO 40 100 90 60 RECAPITULATION Aorih Georgia Middle Georgia S W Georgia East Georgia S E Georgia Aver State 1881 99 93 98 79 94 86 99 Aver State 1883 99 91 95 94 85 88 99 1 101 97 91 90 9il 90 47 82 91 103 63 79 103 108 67 93 92 100 67 86 95 mi 105 94 98 95 104 105 101 105 10 0 12 CO i266 nix io60 15 00 10 co 100 11 v 90 1 Olj 1 00 84 1 00 8 ift 1 CO 1 05 1 10 1 2 1 25 1 12 1 00 Tio 1 25 1 25 96 1 16 85 1 20 iio 80 0 1 00 4 25 4 50 91 4 3 9 95 86 1 09 1 02 8 92 3 92 9 20 r6 1 OS 1 OS 4 09 3 15 9 21 89 1 18 97 4 42 8 41 9 2l 91 1 19 1 04 4 16 3 32 11 67 9C 1 16 91 4 37 9 83 90 1 14 1 00 4 24 3 89 9 00 72 9 1 00 t a w c w w12 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA TABLE No II 1401 Synopsis of Weather Reports from January 1 to April 30 1884 NORTH GEORGIA JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL Temper Rainfall Tamper Rainfall Temper Rainfall Temper Kainfall STATIONS i n a 5 5 M X s 60 511 64 60 lit S B a 5 1 5 6 a 5 53 366 361 343 340 352 u a hi 850 621 6 30 465 641 a p si B 6 13 14 9 5 li a B S s to 75 67 66 70 69 a 10 12 7 U 11 a 524 408 461 497 471 ja a 900 964 895 582 S35 93 SB O 10 17 10 8 11 a 11 M a s 75 11 77 17 76 a 79 22 176 15 53 529 560 491 540 530 V a 935 1399 1620 779 CO C3 a 14 15 14 12 14 a S X 86 86 S6 83 85 S B a a 2 34 26 3 32 B eC D s 586 582 533 580 570 a a i 711 54 697 6 49 j d MossyCrkWhiteCo 12 9 5 8 r Means 1183 8 MIDDLE GEORGIA 1 57 S2 84 87 57 90 86 S3 35 32 41 37 34 35 554 607 5926 22 582 760 650 247 620 410 612 4 75 602520 18 62 64 65 65 65 64 1 7 5 10 4 356 349 379 386 388 372 454 465 217 315 236 337 6 5 3 4 8 5 74 75 77 76 76 75 12 506 5 81 810 200 292 395 456 10 7 6 7 6 7 78 78 SO 78 S2 79 25 22 27 25 24 25 540 551 587 540 572 55 8 989 1825 762 1050 900 1003 12 11 10 12 14 12 S Carrollton 10 18 15 20 497 535 520 52 2 6 7 3 9 Me ns 15 51 6 8 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA 70 70 70 14 16 15 443 120 431 210 420 315 6 7 75 80 79 24 29 26 580 640 61 225 485 S55 6 7 7 8u 85 82 28 37 32 630 680 655 950 400 6 75 9 5 7 88140 8449 86144 650 610 630 t80 485 407 6 mmMeans 5 5 EAST GEORGIA Augusta 410 410 3051 3 051 510 51 0 355 355 81121 si ai 580 58 0 625 625 600 600 3 8 60 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Brunswick Walthourville Mean Mean for State 1714801393 20 468 18474 lo408 320 353 391 58 0 552 566 535 297 265 381 466 36650 40 38 26 18 0 340 650 329 594i 7 667 667 514 285 286 4 44411 CROP REPORT1884 18 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Banks The prospect for a crop in this section is the poorest I have seen in years owing to the heavy rains It matters not how favorable the seasons may be there cannot be a full crop made as there has been so much rain that the land has not been prepared and I think has been injured at least ten per cent by heavy rains J K Sewell CatoosaOwing to the incessant rains and cold waves farming has been greatly retarded The peach crop in the valleys is a failureabout half crop on highlands The apple crop like the peach and grape it not sufficiently anvanced to give results Cotton all to plant yet and 75 per cent of the corn John B Henderson ChattoogaThe farmers have just commenced planting cotton this 30th day of April and if the weather will permit will soon get through planting It will take about ten days to finish Prospects gloomy at presentrations shortbut most of the people seem in good spirits W F Tapp We are having agreat deal of wet weather at present which is putting the far mers behind with their work None have touched their bottom lands yet and a great many that have planted uplands run them off and planted without breaking up The only way we can make farming a success in North Georgia is to turn in the fall the lands we expect to cultivate the next year then we could devote time in the spring to harrowing to making and hauling out manure and in the im provement of lands instead of wearing them out in trying to make cotton The grain farmer is ahead of the cotton farmer and will always be in Chattooga J J T Henry Forsyth Tie season is late and the lands are very much injured by hard washing rains Nearly as much wheat and oats destroyed by sand drifting on it as by freez ing Very little said about Carp this spring I presume we will hear of numbers of ponds being broken by heavy rains Sheep are not raised in sufficient numbers in this county to reportdogs have been so numerous that it was almost impossible to keep sheep Mrs H M Sutton Corn planting began fifteen days later than usual and but little of the crop is upatthii date Owing to the smaller streams being higher this month than ever known before bottom lands that were planted will have to be planted over and the result is that a large per cent of such lands will be seeded in May Among the varieties of oats sown in the fall Henderson Winter and Grazing or Turf only stood the extreme cold While the acreage in wheat is below lastyear at this date the plant is looking very healthy The casualties affecting it heretofore have been the extreme cold and overflow of low land A good per cent of the crop was manured and if favor able up to time of maturing I think the crop will be above an average Owing to late date of planting no cotton is up yet Threefourths of the crop will be planted in May B H Brown14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 42 GordonWe have had the most remarkable seasons I think that ever came In the winter season cold rain and stormy Now the spring is almost one continuous rainy spell Less plowing has been done up to date than I ever knew Corn plant ing is only on uplands and but little of that as we have nearly quit planting up land in corn from repeated failures from drought cotton not more than three fourths planted and but little up to date May 5th Wheat has improved very much in appearance but according to past experience will be a failure If rain continues rust is sure to take it 0 H Davis At this date thers is not more than 25 per cent of the corn and cotton planted in this county A good portion of our best farming lands are creek and river bot tom lands all of which have been overflown several times this winter and spring On all such lands the wheat is very materially injured and the oat crop ruined J M Hablan HarahnnHogs have died the past winter and spring from cholera and we notice fewer pigs in the country than has been the case in several years The ribbon cane is being planted on a small scale by a great many farmers and it is thought that it will take the place of sorghum as soon as seed supply is ob tained The oat acreage is larger as stated but the fall sowing is a total failure and the early spring sowing is short of a stand W C McBeyer JacksonWe have had one of the worst years I ever saw It has rained nearly ever since Christmas the farmers are the worst behind I ever knew them to be I do not think there will be 10 per cent of the cotton crop planted by the 1st of May and that will be in very poor condition We have had some of the worst wind storms and cyclones Notwithstanding the farmers are all pushing ahead The oat crop will be a failure in this county Wheat looks tolerably well at this writing The land is the worst washed I ever saw in my life both bottom and upland John G Wikr Murray The spring has been unusually wet and cold causing a late spring Everything is fully twenty days late we have had three days of warm growing weather and prospects are now more encouraging G Jackson Pickens Owing to so much rain large freshets and the destructive cyclone the farmers are a great deal further behind with their work this spring than last and there is prospects for the tightest year for the poor that has been experienced here forseverat years E A Alired Polk The flood about the middle of April did immense damage to lands fences mill property bridges etc This is the cause of late planting of cotton Notwith standing the severe winter and spring our people were nearly up when the flood came Some planters will not finish panting cotton before the 10th Jno 0 Waddell Raoun Owing to the heavy rains in the latter part of the winter and early spring our farmers are further behind than for ten years some not more than half done planting Very little corn up yet We have fine weather now and farmers are making good use of the time There has been but few Carp brought to our county yet and they have not developed sufficient to make a definite report There are a few farmers using fertilizers probably as much as one ton which is more than ever used in the county before There is a considerable excitement in this county over the mica business and several mines 1 learn are paying good dividends P A Blecklet43 CROP REPORT1884 15 TownsCorn is the scarcestever known in this county since the war Farmers very much back with their work Impossible to make a full crop for want of provisions Thirtyfive miles travel to a railroad over the Blue Ridge and no money to buy with will be a slow process to procure bread stuffs W B McConnell The peach crop is short but there will be a full crop of apples We have large quantities of iron ore and micain this county and mica of good quality is mined here The mountains are full of rich ores and there are fortunes in them in my opinion if any men of capital would take hold of them Joseph M Rabun WalkerThe rainfall has been the greatest I ever knew Farmers are farther behind than at any period since I can remember Bottom lands are almost all to be turned and planted yet It is now raining The weather is now warm and vegetation is progressing rapidly Bat little corn is up yet Cotton planting ia nowgoing on rapidly and will be finished in a few days J Y Wood The winter was very severe with long excessive and continued rains In De cember January February and March we did not and could not labor on the farm No plowing was done The land was worse washed and gullied than ever before The soil is not prepared or in a condition to bring a fair crop There are an abundance of provisions of all kinds in this county to supply all home demands but many farmers are buying in consequence of the drought of 1883 A I Leet Whilfield The farmers are much dispiritedso far behind with their work No chance for plowing and preparing land for crops since early in December last Gardeningis also almost a failure seeds that were not lost in the mud but came up were bitten by the frost and killed A fair prospect for fruit W C Richafdso MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldwin The land owners are almost a unit for the Stock Law Two districts have it now just begun cannot say how it will work The finest prospect for peaches and plums for years ButtsWe have but few fall sown oats There was a heavy crop sown last fall but nearly all got killed by cold A great many farmers have sown over but many could not get seed Those thatere sown in January are looking very promising Wheat was killed out some by cold but a very good stand is left Very good crops but ten days latejust commenced to head out We have had so much rain that farmers are at least two weeks behind last year We are having fine weather now and farmers are pushing ahead with renewed energy H C Thaxton Fall sown oats were veryearly all killed What escaped I consider at best only 50 per cent of an average CorrottI have never seen such depression in the farming interest as now First the cold killed out all the fall oats and damaged the wheat crop then the destruc tive rains have washed the hill lands badly and utterly ruined large quantities of it and run over and washed the bottom lands to such an extent as I never saw be fore The good that the winter freezes did seems to be all gonethe land is hard baked and appears to be dead What the result will be I cannot tell but in my past observation I have noticed that after so much wet the land looses its vitality and refuses to produce Another drought like last years will ruin the farming16 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 44 interest of this county As an indication of the above I have never seen oafs look 10 badly and if we have a dry season many will hardly get their seed back 0n unmanured lands oats are so poor that the fields look bare or nearly so at a distance R H Springer The oat crop is quite flattering Wheat is also lookirig finely S C Candler ClakeThe Henderson Winter oat received from the Department stood the hard freezes of last winter as well as wheat It matures two weeks later than the Burt oat and one week later than the Red Rustproof If it proves to be rustproof it is a valuable oat The Hawkins Hill oat was received too late to sow in the fall I sowed it in February between the Burt oat and the Red Rustproof The oats were sown the seme day and were coming up beautifully when the freezes about the 21st to 24th of February caught them an killed 75 per cent of the Hawkins Hill oat and about 50 per cent of the Burt The Rustproof were not damaged more than 10 per cent John S Linton ColumbiaThe farmers are very much behind the continued rains have hindered the plowing Cotton is usually planted here April 10th and up to date April 29th verj few have planted and none are done Good stands of corn and looking well J A Walton CowetaThe prospect for the present is very gloomy indeed I dont remember to have seen such a spring since I have been farming for 30 years so much rain and cool weather in April Wm A Smith DeKalbThe past winter has been the hardest that has been for half a century in my judgment and the spring lains have been the most constant and hardest I ever witnessed Lands are washed worse than they have been for years The prospect for a crop the present year is unfavorable The last six days have been fine for planting and farmers have made good use of the time If the month of May is not too wet we hope for a half crop of wheat light rains in May will make half oat crop if dry it will be short But a light crop of upland corn planted and this was badly damaged by the rain storm 15th of April Bottom lands have been overflowed so that little has been done on them After all the unfavorable spring to prepare and start the crop we are hopeful that the present crop will be a good one Cotton corn peas potatoes and a good crop of hay and other summer crops by good at tention will supply the needs of the country G W Morris ElbertThe wheat prospect is very promising though bottom land wheat is somewhat damaged by overflow The lands are very badly washed and injured both on uplands and bottoms The oat crop is looking well enough but is only in bunches owing to the cold weather J D Goer HarrisOur people are improving in their system of farming The Agricultural Society in our county has done and is still doing great good We have monthly meetings at the countysite and the various questions pertaining to agriculture are systematically arranged and discussed Flynn Hargett Jr Our county has had an unusually wet spring and farming operations have been greatly retarded The lowlands have been badly injured by the heavy rains also the uplands have been badly washed We have had some of the heaviest rainfalls that the county has ever experienced so says the oldest settlers men who have lived in the county for fifty years say that they have never experienced such ex traordinary rains rains that have damaged the land at least one half of its actual Talue D C Ccc45 CEOP REPORT1884 17 Oglethorpe The Southern people can never succeed until they become a manu facturing as well as an agricultural people There is no money for us so long as we buy everything nearly we use and expect cotton to settle all bills We need diver sified industry improvement of our lands less acreage to the hand better judg ment and better cultivation C A Stevens PikeThe Carp is a complete success I put 208 in my pond on the 18th of April 1883 and one that was from four to six inches long and would not have weighed more than two ounces On the 15th of April 1884 I caught one and weighed it and it weighed five pounds good weight 0 R Wilson Putnam The oat crop is very poor and wheat will not make over a half crop Stands of all early corn are good and looking well A great deal of corn not planted yet Two very disastrous storms passed through our county this year doing serious damage to stock buildings fences and timber Those not damaged have helped those that were and have them now in a condition to make a crop The weather has been very unfavorable for farm work therefore every kind of farm work is very much behind J T Dennis Rochdale The wheat crop is three weeks later than usual due to the extreme cold in December and cold rains during the spring Bill Dallas was killed out worse than the Parple Straw There will be a great deal of experimenting in heavy fer tilizing this spring with corn and cotton Jno S Albert Spa ding There is no doubt but what the fish industry should be encouraged to the utmost extent It is incredible to tell how fast the Carp grow They grow about an inch per month I think one acre in a Carp pond is worth 1000 Samuel P Gkay TalbotThe fall sowing of oats was nearly all killed in this county S A Freeman This county has done away with fencing running the Stock Law which seems to be working very well and all seem to be well pleased and satisfied So much rain this spring has caused the planting to be behind about 25 days S B McCray Wilkes The fall sowing of oats is really but little account and badly killed out The spring sowing is now the best prospect On my own place the order of winter killing under exactly similar circumstances Hills from Department almost to tally Rustproof badly Tennessee Turf not so badly whil j the Virginia oat from TJ S A Department not at all Wheat in some localities is badly winter killed John T Wingfield SOUTHWEST GEORGIA BrooksIt was so dry and the ground so hard that no fall oats were sown De cember oats were badly hurt but spring oats work well C S Gaulden ColquiltWe have had a wet spring Farm work much retarded in consequence F J Walker DoughertyAs most of the oat crop was sowed in January it will amount to but little unless the rains continue through May While the stand of corn is good it is very small but looks green and healthy and a good crop has been planted Stands of cotton are very good 20 per cent of crop to plant yet Sugar cane was all killed out last fall by the freezs and wet will probably raise seed for next year J L Dyer18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 46 HoustonThe outlook not so promising this year for farmers to start with Many of them are in debt from the short crop of cotton of last year But all seem hope iul and are starting out expecting the seasons to be more favorable and crops more remunerative A few farmers are disposed to adopt the intensive system to some extent prepar ing the land better manuring heavier removing stumps roots etc for the better use of improved implements There is a heavy drain on the fertility of our farm lands that is comparatively overlooked the washing away of the soil by hard rains This has impoverished more farms than all else combined A proper system of ditching or terracing and the rows run on a perfect level according to the teachings of your circulars and the Southern Cultivator will remedy this evil to a great extent J D T MaoonThe sugar cane seed was nearly all killed by the sudden freeze on No vember 3d and tbis very important crop will be almost a failure 25 per cent is too much The farmers will do well to make seed Farmers generally are well up with their farm work We are needing rain now to bring up cotton We are planting an unusually large crop of ground peas and chufas If no dis ease kills out the hogs we will not have to depend on the west for meat J B Mukkay MitchellTruck business not increased except as to watermelons Some three hundred acres planted Melon stands good On Sunday evening 20th of April we had in this neighborhood one of the hardest rains I ever saw fall Rainfall eight inches equal to the April flood Seasons have been fr the most part favorable Some little frost on 22d and 23d Plants thrown back Now pleasant and farmers are hopeful MuscogeeI am of the opinion that the oats that put out from the roots of the oats after the freeze will be very poor as they are heading out from six to eight inches high have a yellow color and appear to have very little sap in the stems and the root is dry and has not run out to get food from the soil to support the straw and by that means the grain will be very lght C Ogletuee QuitmanRainfall for March 52inches Maximum temperature 79 Minimum temperature 47 Mean temperature 58 The late cool spell caused the cotton to die out some but the ample stands secured are not materially effected by it J E Smith RandolphThe wheat crop was a little late on account of the fall being so dry and badly winter killed Chas Stubbs SchleyHeavy rains have packed the ground and plowing is very difficult now Wheat is free from disease and is promising Oats need rain We have had no xain in 15 days J N Hudson SumterWith cotton the stands were at first good but owing to recent heavy rains followed by present dry weather the ground is very hard and the cotton is dying extensively by reason of its having prized the ground up in cakes How Jong this may last or what extent the damage may reach depends on when it will in Mo corn has been bought for farms yet but considerable must be before the qrops are made M B Council Winter oats nearly all killed The spring oats are not what we would desire Thecold has kept them from growing nowit is warm and everything looks lovely With the early planting of cotton the stand is good the later was caught by the147 CROP REPORT1884 19 recent cold while the seed were in the ground trying to come up and a hard crust formed on top and the stand of late cotton is not so good Chas C Shepherd TerrellOwing to the protracted drought last fall grain could not be sown until late in December Crops of small grain have been generally sown on good land and are promising Sugar cane will be sorry Some seed was killed by the cold last fall Peaches promise well Apples are not extensively grown in this locality E G Hill Owing to the very cold cloudy weather the cotton planted is dying out very badly I fear the stand will be injured on white land The oat crop is badly killedin places not a half stand Elisha Belfloweb Thomas The season shave been very favorable for farming operations until the last ten days On the 20th and 21st we had a 4inch rain followed by cold windy weather nearly to the frost point But the last two or three days have been calm and pleasant Corn and cotton that was up shows tve effects of the rain and cold but a few more days such as the last three will set things all right Stubble cane is almost an entire failure which will be a severe loss as nearly all the seed cane is made from the stuble The seed cane having been damaged by frost before banking the amount planted is less than usual and the stand will not be so good Farmers generally are in good spirits and on the whole prospects are favorable for a good crop David A Horn WebsterThe unusually dry fall prevented the usual sowing of small grain and 90 per cent of that which was sown before the first of January was killed by cold A continuance of cold and excessive rains have been unfavorable to spring sowing The outlook is unfavorable There is still hope for improvement of the oat crop as warm weather approaches Farmers are working with a will and labor is cheerful and contented Jas P Walker EAST GEORGIA JeffersonOats were planted only in a limited quantity in the fall owing to the extended dry waether When planted in December and January they were mostly killed out We only have the February planting of course they are too late ever to make much Cotton does not look as vigorous as we have seen it at other times or years owing I trust to the extreme late cold spring I think planting Is at least ten days later than usual Commercial fertilizers have been used about the same as last year but they have been a saving of 25 per cent to the farmer S M Clarke SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Glynn St Simonds IslandI have reported wheat 100 This is the first year it has been planted We have three and a half acres and it looks very fine It is now heading and if it turns out all right it will be largely planted next fall James PostellDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 48 A NEW METHOD OF STOKING ENSILAGE The following letter written by request gives the details of an interesting and succesf ul experiment in storing uncut ensilage Commissioner T J Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture SIRIn reply to yours of the 5th inst it gives me great pleasure to give you the following information My silo is constructed as follows An excavation in the ground twentyfour feet long eight feet wide and four feet deep from the bottom of that pit side walls made of plank 2x12 not tongued and grooved were run up eight feet high The posts upon which the walls were made extended on the rear side two an front side four feet above the walls and upon them the roof was made The spaces at the two ends and front were left open to place forage in while the dirt that came out of the pit was banked up on the sides of the silo as high as it could stand Along the front and ends of the silo I placed two steps to enable any one to get in and out of the silo without disturbing the banked earth The silo was divided in half and one half subdivided the divisions being made of 2x6 plank held in place by strips nailed on the sides of the silo The silo being built on a hillside I sank an underdrain on the upper side six inches below the bottom of the pit but twelve inches would have been better In July the forage corn was cut when it began to tassel and before the stalks became hard the cutting was done with a common grass blade and the forage hauled at once to the barn and thrown from the wagon into the silo without being run through a chopper When a load of the forage came it was spread as evenly as possible over the bottom of the pit which had been cover ed with refuse plank until it was a foot deep when the tramping commenced which continued until all the forage had been hauled each load having been carefully spread before it was tramped When the pile had been tramped until it would sink no more the board covers made of 2x12 inch plank cut two inches shorter than the width of the pit were then laid on the corn as close to each other as they would fit Rocks to the amount of 1000 pounds to the square yard were then placed as evenly over them as possible and the job was finished One month from the day the forage was packed away I removed one plank and found that my pit contained ensilage and not rotten stuff as had been predicted would be the result In November I commenced to feed it and when I removed the first plank which was the one next to the subdivision I found that some of the ensilage had become entirely spoiled A close investi gation of the cause revealed the fact that when the last plank was cut no calculation was made for the division braces and the plank did not fit snugly on the forage but was jammed on the braces for this reason more ail than wa49 CROP REPORT1884 21 expected got to the forage and decay was the result The loss however was only fifty pounds the rest of the pit having kept perfectly sweet I had commenced feeding from that portion of the pit that contained the decayed forage and my cows at first did not eat it with a relish but would do so if it was salted When the second plank was reached the ensilage was found to be perfect and from that to the end of the silo the cows ate all that I would give them either salted or unsalted Finding that my cows and calves would eat it in preference to the best cured hay I could purchase T determined to try feeding it to my horses At the end of a trial of six weeks I would have continued longer but ensilage gave out I found that not only the cows but the horses were in splendid condition much better than I had ever seen them at that season of the year The feed given the cows was twenty pounds of ensilage per day divided into two feeds with four quarts of bran at a feed The horses had the same amount of ensilage with four quarts of corn in the place of bran No hay was given them during that period My impression is that chemical analysis shows that one pound of hay is equal to two or two and onehalf pounds of ensilage as food for horse or cow My belief now is that one pound of ensilage is a little better than one pound of the best cured hay as food for either a cow or a young calf My belief is based on the condition of my stock when fed on ensilage as compared with their condition when fed on hay the other feed given being the same In October I filled two divisions of my silo with potato vines but that exper iment proved a total failure the cause I think was the vines not having been run through a chopper could not be pressed sufficiently close so as to exclude theair Wherever the air can get into the silo there you will find rotten stuff and not ensilage It has been suggested to me by Mr McCutchen of your depart ment that if the vines were first run through a cane mill they could then be pressed as close as forage corn If I had a cane mill I would try the plan for I think it will answer the place of a chopper I will this summer try and keep pea vines mixed with crab grass hay and will send you result of the experiment Very respectfully yours Atlanta Ga March 8 1884 W I Hey ward 22 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 50 THOUGHTS ON AGRICULTURE FROM ABROAD It has long been felt as a most desirable help to our agriculture that we should be placed in close correspondence as it weie with the leading States abroad which have distinguished their history by the magnitude and value of their achievements in the cultivation of the soil While it may be that many methods pursued by foreign States may be inap plicable to the wants of our people it is yet nevertheless true that in the leading States in Europe agriculture has been carried to such a degree of advancement as to invite our emulation and in a vast majority of processes practiced by them ideas are suggested that would be invaluable to us It is not at all wonderful that where for ages countless treasure and transcendent ability and science have been utilized in advancing tillage that as young a nation as ours should be in the rear There is no disparagement in this Blame will begin to attach to us only when we refuse the help which better informed and more successful people offer to us If upon a test of the public judgment in Geor gia the effort shall be approved which we have begun to afford to the people of Ibis State what aid may be accessible to us from abroad that effort shall be continued The encouragement which foreign States have for a great period of time been giving to the supporting industry of the world commands the admiration of all true statesmanship and it does seem should provoke imitation everywhere on earth where men are seeking to lay the prosperity of the Slate on its surest foundations It proved to be a most difficult task to find one prop erly qualified for the work of the translator who could present thebest product of foreign agricultural practice in a popular and available shape This achieve ment we are sanguine that we have made and the papers which we shall from time to time be able to give to the farmers of Georgia developing the progress of foreign tillage and its methods and economies may be depended on as ac curate and full In our anxiety to benefit the tillers of Georgias soil we make this venture and if approved and sustained in the effort by those to whom I am responsible and who are directly interested I shall increase the effort to be of service in this enterprise Commissioner51 CROP REPORT18S4 LECTURE BY GEORGE VEILLE WE WILL NOW SPEAK OP STOCK OP ALL KINDS Itakc up the subject where I left it last year when in reply to a farmer who sked me for a system of farming I said ui Fill your barns with hay and straw manure your meadows with chemicri fertilizer and when you have plenty of stock food then thnk of buyng stock Is stock indispensible to good farming orll No since the introduction of chemicai fertilizers we know that barnyard manure is no longer the only source of fertilization Do chemic d fertilizers exhaust the soil No for they give the soil more than the crops take from it Is it true that we must have imeadow and arable land in equal proportions to make farming certain and profitable No this system is neither certain nor profitable for it exhausts the sol Let me show you by the help of a few figures the place stock occupy on a farm where only barnyard manure is used what part of the capital is invested Them I what profit they give if any In other words let us fix exactly the Place and part occupied by cattle in a system of farming founded oa the use of barnvard manure alone I take for example the celebrated f arm of Bechelbronn at the time it was directed bv M Boussingault Of the two hundred and seveutyfive acres which composed the farm one hundred and fifty were in meadow and one hundred and twentyfive in cultivated land 125 acres Arable land loOacres Meadow First if this system has a merit it certainly is not that of simplicity since to keep up tbe fertility of 125 acres we have the burden of 150 acres of meadow not to mention stables and stock ire these disadvantages counterbalanced by the large profits from this SyNofor from the capital of 700000 to 8000 00 invested we hardly get 660 oa profit This you will acknowledge a poor return This profit comes from the sale of 270900 worth of vegetable food But to secure the continu ant and permanence of this sale the presumed source of profit there must be produced at the same time 285300 worth of animal food which figures m the farm account as incidental expenses Consequently the greater part of the cap S is found to be absorbed by this part of the system which gives no profit while to this 5300 just mentioned must be added the value of the animals whch is not less than 6000 I now give you the detail of this farm account and for easy discussion condensed it af rwwds24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 52 Farm account at Bechelbronn when managed by Mr Bousshgault Barnyard alone being used Crops uncertain Profits GC604 Cultivation of 125 acres Dr CULTIVATED LAND Rent of Land Costof Culture Manure Profit V 900 00 1068 00 740 00 510 00 3248 00 Vegetable Products consumed Potatoes 744001bs Beetss 161050 Its Cloyer 110700 lbs Wheat straw 105500 Oats 715 bushels 1C39 Ch Vegetable Products Fold Potatoes 1417I51bs 506 00 44 00 22 00 1449 00 Beets 34050lbs Clover 4900 lbs Wheat 816 bushels Wheat straw 56700 lbs Oat straw 46850 lbs 75 00 2209 00 125 00 159 00 854 00 106 00 295 00 1039 00 3248 0053 CROP RETORT1884 STOCK Consumed Live weight derived from the stable 56120016 Dried Clover 8 1322 64 1147 50 353 50 295 10 Milk nnconsnmed 28200 lbs Weight acquired by the swine2100lt 676 80 815 Bushels Oats 252 00 29360016 of Potatoes 125 66 159 60 105 60 516 00 1501 day s work of horses 65450016 of Beets 4220016 Siraw 2592 30 261 50 345 days work of oxen J 2362 00 740 50 S 18 00 97 38 Interest at 6 per cent on stock Interest at 13 per ceut on horses 86 63 83 48 78 40 89 60 273 84 14 77 80 25 33 84 2 28 42 56 46 73 Interest for 6 mos at 5 per ct on above 5 14 Cost of Veterinary Surgeon and 21 86 3 12 108 42 Value of wagons plows harness maclrnery tools valued accord ing to the inventory at SI460 In j 146 00 3594 30 3594 30 Dn THE MEADOW Ck 1082 00 483 CO 126 6 32500 of hay sold C 1322 64 369 00 Profit c 1691 1691 64 26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA FINAL RE ULT L54 Profit from cultivated land Profit from animals Profit from meadow 540 CO OCc 126 64c 666 6lc Farm account at Bechethronn Exclusive use of barnyard manure The food used is priced at the cost of production Dr FirstCULTIVATED LAND Ce 900 03 1068 00 740 00 540 00 Vegetable food products consumed 82209 00 1039 00 3218 00 3218 00 Dr SecondSTOCK Cb 2380 00 1214 00 3591 0C1 2 92 00 262 00 Expenses of all kinds 740 00 3594 00 Dr ThirdMEADOW Cr Rent of land 1082 00 483 00 120 04 183700 lbs of bay consumed at cost of production at 72 cents per 100 lbs 32600 lbs hay sold at 113 per 100 H3 Cost of Culture 1322 65 369 00 1691 01 1691 64 SOURCE 1 OF PROFIT Cultivated land Meadow by sale of hay 540 00 126 64 666 61 I have admitted for the ke of simplicity that all the profit was derived from the cultivated land but you see that the meadow contributed onefifth of it by the sale of hay which reduces the profit attributed to the land and gives increased force to the criticism on this system But this is not all This account exact in its generalities is none the less a tissue of illusions The straw and forage are charged to the animals at the cost of production Now this is amis take against which I have long protested In support of my opiuion 1 have cited the example of distilleries and sugar factories Do they put down beets at the cost of production L55 CROP REPORT1884 27 No why proceed differently in regard to stables If you make this correction to which no one can object instead of closing the accouut by a profit of 54000 the cultivated fields show a loss of 106 00 and the meadow becomes the sole source of profit As there was no profit from the anamals kept they remain a burden and a fact which is evident the manure quoted in the first account at 104 per ton now actually costs nearly 300 per ton The food used valned at the maaket price Dr FirstCULTIVATED LAND Cb 900 00 1216 00 2117 00 4233 00 Vegetable food products consumed 2209 00 1919 00 105 00 4 233 00 Dr SecondSTOCK Cb 3958 00 1214 00 2592 00 463 00 3117 00 5172 00 5173 00 Dr ThirdMEADOW Cb Rent of land Cost of Culture Profit 1082 00 535 00 772 00 823S9 00 183700 lbs hay consumed 33500 fts hay sold 2020 00 369 00 2389 00 FINAL CONCLUSION Profit from Meadow Loss on cultivated land 772 00 105 00 667 00 I repeat that the profit account of the cultivated fields is balanced by a loss of 10300 which is very plain because the barnyard manure amounts to 300 a ton and is scarcely worth from 200 to i 40 But besides the manure beirfg too expensive the quantity produced is too small to give good crops Do we not know that large crops alone are remunerative Insufficient manuring The price of manure is too high No profit But from the moment the meadow is profitable and receives no manure is it not evident that this special form of manure is not necessary to success On the other hand as there is a profit is not that the proof that the meadow28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA receives by irrigation more manure than the cultivated fields receive from the barnyard manure which is given them The conclusion is thus forced upon us that in order to have profit we must manure the ground more heavily and to do that we must get manure from elsewhere as we did for the meadow Let us reexamine the items of the account You cannot fail to observe gentlemen that in this new account the expenses of every kind have shown a considerable increase It was inevitable From the momont that we come to facts and charge the stock with the forage and straw at their real price the price of the barnyard manure rises from 104 a ton to 300 and the expense of this item of 74000 to 211700 this explains the loss already shown The cost of cultivation has considerably increased but this time the increase of cost is balanced by the higher price of the days work of the teams which is credited to the animals This exact manner of making the account is not the habit of the agricultural world However in spite of their interest these corrections have only a secondary importance The prin ciple and unexpected fact which resilts from this second account is showu us by the meadow Instead of figuring any longer as an incidental account the meadow becomes on the contrary the source of the whole profit All the corrections being made the final result is not changed The profit always continues 66604 What does the first account say That the cultivated fields are profitable from which we conclude the ground is sufficiently manured We are satisfied and therefore continue to produce only 20 bushels of wheat per acre 10560 lbs Irish potatoes equal to 176 bushels per acre 22880 lbs beets What does the second account say That the barnyard manure costs more to prodvee it than it is worth It says moreover hat the land is not sufficiently manured Is this situation without remedy No we have found the remedy Buy fertilizers Manure both the cnltivated land and meadow more heavily Produce more to the land The first account is a sedative which gives false security The second account is au incentive to exertion Which ought you to prefer You do not hesitate you decide upon the second In this case you cannot remain passive Profiting by the teaching of science in the use of chemical fertilizers you give the meadow 5800 to the acre of acid phosphate and nitrogen Give the cultivated fields 1000 to theracre of acid phosphate nitro gen potash and lime The result immediate sudden and almost magical Judge for yourself from this third account57 CROP REPORT1884 29 Farm account at Bechelbronn Barnyard mmure and Chimical fertilizers mixed Food consumed put down at market price Stock badly fed Dr FirstCULTIVITED LAND Dr SecondSTOCK Dr ThirdMEADOW Kent of land Cost of Culture Chemical fertilizers Profit SI082 00 624 20 1000 00 2072 20 84778 40 183700 lbs of hay consumed 20700 lbs of hay for sale FINAL CONCLUSIONS Profit from cultivated land Profit from meadow Total profit Cr 900 00 1419 80 2117 60 1200 00 555 40 Vegetable food products sold Vegetable food products consumed Vegetable food products for the ani 83313 76 1919 40 959 65 86192 80 6192 80 Cb 83958 00 1214 20 2592 25 462 25 2117 70 85172 20 5172 20 Cr 82020 76 2757 70 4778 40 555 40 2072 20 2627 60 The improvement is considerable Id fact in spite of an increased expense of 120000 incurred solely in the purchase of fertilizers of certain efficacy the account of the cultivated fields no longer charged with a loss of 10500 but credited with a profit of 55540 and this proves again the truth of this propo sition which has become an axiam that in order to make farming profitable the soil must receive more than the pi tnts take from it la this way only are the crops abundant and certainly profitable A further examination of the account shows a defect in this method of farm ing which requires a prompt remedy The barnyard manure costs decidedly too much At the rate of 300 a ton it is at least 00 cents above its real value What can be the cause of this high price There is only one reason The stock is imperfectly fed The best stock30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 58 raisers say that by fixing certain rules in feeding the animal stock raising leaves the manure as a profit which would bring the annual profit from Bechelbronn 278420 instead of G00liO Without denying the possibility of such a result I think it best to be more cautious According to M Keeher whose authority cannot be disputed when we apply to the feeding of animals the rules which I will presently give you we gain over 20 cents per ton on the hay consumed The amount consumed at Bechelbronn was 1837 tons an increase of profit on the animals of 55100 and this would lower the price of the barnyard manure from 300 to 220 which is the real value but by a re aclion easy to foresee the account of the cultivated land would be affected by this reduction so that the profit changes from 55540 to 110060 which leads us to the fourth account Farm account at Bechelbronn Barnyard manure and Chemical Fertilizers mixed Food consumed put down at market price Slock well fed Dr FirstCULTIVATED LAND Cb Dr 900 00 1419 CO 1566 60 1200 01 1106 6 6192 S Vegetable food products consumed 4273 40 1919 40 SB 192 80 SecondSTOCK Cr Food 3958 00 1214 20 3143 70 462 20 1666 60 5172 20 15172 20 Dr ThirdMEADOW FINAL CONCLUSION Cr 1082 00 624 20 1000 00 2072 0 250700 lbs of hay sold at 2020 40 2757 70 Profit 84778 40 4778 40 Profit from cultivated land Profit from meadow Tolal profit 11C6 60 2072 00 3178 6059 CROP REPORT1884 31 You see that account for the animals is balanced without either loss or profit Under these conditions it is however advantageous to develop the stock indus try because the stock pay for the forage at the market price and that in spite of this high price the barnyard manure amounts only to 220 a ton which is I repeat its real value Here a new idea presents itself If the increase from the stock instead of amounting to 53110 is 93110 how shall we balance the account Shall we reduce the price of the barnyard manure to a corresponding value No We must keep the price of barnyard manure to its real value of 220 a ton and carry the excess to profit In this way the account changes Dr SecondSTOCK Ck Food Expenses of all kinds Profit 3958 00 1214 20 400 00 35572 20 Animal Products Labor 702 tous of manure at i543 40 462 20 1566 60 tj572 20 To be consistent with these rules I should have proceeded in the same manner in the second account of Bechelbronn where the barnyard manure is quoted at 300 a ton debted the cultivated land with the manure at 240 and balanced the account by a loss to the animals Cr Dr Second STOCK Food Expenses of all kinds 395S Ou 1244 2d 8172 2 Animal products Labor 710 tons of manure at Loss 2598 20 462 20 1566 60 5S1 20 t5172 20 I bave not done it so as to show more plainly that the loss should be charged to the animals instead of the cultivated land The better to show you the bearing of the changes of these different acts and the corresponding progress in a more striking manner I place the results before you ANNUAL PROFIT OF THE FARM Cultivation with Barnyard manure alone Stock badly fed Cultivation with a mixture of barnyard manure and Chemical fertilizers Stock badly fed Cultivation with a mixture of barnyard manure and Chemical fertilizers Stock well led 9 666 64 2627 60 3178 60 Finally as the agricultural question comprehends two term the interest of the producer who demands a profit and the public interest which requires cheap and abundant fond with the inciase of the profit we give tte value of the crops themselves32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 60 THE GROSS VALUE OP THE CROP3 INCLUDING THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS Cultivation with barnyard manure alone Stock badly fed Cultivation with a mixture of barnyard manure and Chemical fertilizers Stock badly fed Cultivation with a mixture of barnyard manure and Chemical fertilizers Stock well fed 9573 80 14025 80 14576 80 You see by this comparison that if large crops are the most remunerative the total profit from the cultivated field is much above that from the stock and it notjudicious to limit the farm to stock raising Practically the use of chem ical fertilizers is of such great advantage that I have only to give you the testimony of 6000 witnesses from all countries They report that the wheat crop increased from 30 to 30 bushels per acre Irish potatoes increased from 10560 lbs to 15810 lbs per acre Irish potatoes increased from 17G bushels to 264 bushels per acre Beets increased from 22880 lbs to 35503 lsb per acre This is not all that is shown by the last account We have besides the ncreased profit a superabundance of forage and straw What shall we do with it You have the choice of three ways If you are near a city nothing is better than to sell it If you cannot do this reduce the meadow and cultivate more land with chemical fertilizers The third way is under certain conditions better than either of the other increase the amount of stock Which of these three methods is the best It is impossible to say The situation of the farm the distance from large cities and means of trans portation are all to be taken into consideration We must not overlook the value of chemical fertilizers for the meadow where stock raising might be profitable The hay at Bechelbronn without fertilizer was 18370J pounds the feeding of which produced 710 tons of manure with chemical fertilizers the meadow gave 434400 pounds the feed ing of which produced 1600 tons of manure at a cost of 220 per ton and 75050 profit from the stock It would be right here to give you a fifth account of this last change I do not do it because I have not the facts sufficiently exact I have said enough to show that it is as necessary to manure the meadow as to manure the cereals If you wish manure at the lowest price buy fertilizers As a proof of this we call your attention to factories that utilize their refuse as stock food thereby adding to their profit the equivalent of an importation of fertilizers And now gentlemen that we have put stock in their proper place and have shown how they may be used to advantage and above all as you know in what spirit I have approached this new subject let us go at once to the foundation of the whole matter ANIMAL SUBSTANCE The number of known animals is not hS than the number of plants If we take account of the inferior types such as infusoria etc they amouat to the hundreds of millions If we examine animals in the sane way we hate examined plants analyzing 61i CROr REPORT1884 and the mineral ELEMENTS OP ANIMAL PRODUCTION Mineral Organic Phosphorus Cwbon Sulphur Hydrogen Chlorine Oxygen Silica Nitrogen Iron Manganese Lime Magnesia Soda Potash Conseuently in losing at arimals and plants but arthei stance we may say tl ey have a common foundn The reauo tnese dements are abated in o Ungdoehange but series of products not yet organized but on theu way to become TRANSITORY PRODUCTS OP LIVING NATURE Albuminoids Hydrates of Carbon Cellulose Albumen iron Shrine Sugars We push the parallel futter Analyze the active PJ to be taken the one for the other Take the following table for instance ACT IE PRINCIPLES COMMON TO ANIMALS AND PLANTS ALBUMEN CASEINE F1BEINE Animal Vegetable Animal Vegetable Animal YegCvte Carbon 35 8 Nitrogen lb5 1034 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 62 Continue the comparison to the organized system or to where the first mani festations of life are produced in the egg and the grain Elementary composition is the same active composition still the same This table will show you this point better than a long list COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION OF THE EGG AND THE GRAIN Egg is composed of Albumen Fatty Matter Sugar of Milk Glucose Sulphur Phosphorus Different Salts Phosphates Water 05 to 90 per cent Grain is composed of Albumen Fatty Matter Starch DextrinCongener of Susrar Sulphur Phosphorus Different Salts Phosphates Water 10 to 12 per cent On both sides the composition is the same except for the larger amount of moisture in the egg than in the grain But an unlooked for fact is that the condition which gives to plant life its first impulse is the same which gives the first impulse to animal life What is necessary to both Moisture and heat The egg possesses the moisture natur allyGive it to the grain by placing it on a damp sponge raise the tempera ture and in both cases the life until then latent manifests activity The grain absorbs the water its tissues swell and fill out The starch contained in the cotyledons is dissolved it takes the form of dextrin and glucose a part of the nitrogenous matter fibrin legumen vegetable caseine itself dissolves and takes the form of albumen finally the grain absorbs oxygen and disengages car bonic acid it breathes and the germ assimilating these modified principles of the grain send out what botanists call the two axilary systems the stem furnish ed with leaves the roots provided with their capillary flla nents which are the main canals of plant absorption Thus by a transformation of the substance of the grain itself the plant is formed possessing in a variable degree an irritable organization but is deprived of the power of motion and remains fixed in the soil where the grain ermi nated In the egg the egg of the fowl for example an increase of temperature is also sufficient to determine the evolution of the germ and make it pass through all the phases of embryonic life but this evolution requires oxygen The egg breathes like the grain like it it disengages carbonic acid Its contents undergo an extraordinary chemical and organic transformation A part of the yolk is changed into glucose at the same time it becomes the seat of the work of segmentation the prelude of the formation of the organs which form the chicken which will come out of the shell on the day fixed just as th plant comes from the grain endowed like it but in a higher degree with organ ic irritability and possessing the power of locomotion From whence comes the plant Entirely from the substance of the grain and the chicken Entirely from the substance of the egg and what was nec essary in the two cases an increase of temperature and the presence of oxygen From this we have two legitimate conclusions of prime importance First plants and animals pr jceed from a foundation radic 1 y the tarn63 CROP REPORT1884 35 Second they are born from similar actions determined by a common cause heat It iawell understood that in saying they are born I mean that their vital activity begins But at the moment when the leaves coming from the husk of the grain receive the action of the rays of the sun the moment when the Chicken com ing from the shell begins to subsist on food drawn from without they produce the contrasting effect of plants and animals and if we look only at the final resulttwo essentially different systems We will now examine these contrasts and when we have theoretically fixed the conditions of both plantnd animal life we will consider the application of this theory for we have not lost sight of the object in viewnamely to make stock raising really profitable When the leaves first come from the grain they are sickly but they have hardly felt the influence of light when there is a sudden transformation in their organization from a whitish yellow they become a deep green by exam ining their tissues through a microscope we find them gorged with green granu lations Now these granulations profusely spread through the tissues of the leaves are the principal source of vegital activity Each granule is truly a vegetal atom uniting in an almost infinitesimal form all the power and activity possessed by the plant We will now show what remarkable activity exists in thee granules When the morning sun strikes upon the suface of the leaves wesee the granules of chlorophyl swell and multiply and form other white granules around them which are simply starch and when in very rare cases the granules of starch are lacking then the tissues of the leaf are gorged with sugar or glucose But from whence comes the starch or glucose formed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen From the carbonic acid of the air and rainwater of the soil from the carbonic acid of the air which the granules of chlorophyl absorb at first and then decompose so as to separate the whole of the oxygen This extraordinary act of reduction is itself followed by the combination of carbon with the elements of water Truly speaking these two acts are simultaneous We must acknowledge that the leaves often of the delicacy of the finest lace are more powerful than the best apparatus our labratories can boast But the grains of the chlorophyl must have the rays of the sun to vivify and animate them in order to manifest activity In fact when the sun disappears from the horizon a sudden change is pro duced in the functions of the leaves The absorption of carbonic acid ceases The absorption of oxygen limited until then to very small quantities and only to preserve the irritability of the tissues becomes the dominant act of their activity Consequent on this absorption there is a change in the compo sition of the leaves The grains of chlorophyl remain but the grains of starch disappear they are dissolved Once dissolved they enter into the general circulation of the plant and there meeting nitrogen ammomacal compounds and nitrates by a combination as yet unexplained that determines a return of light they are partly transformed into protiene bodies During the transformation the plant pushes out new leaves which find he firstoutlines of their tissues in the dissolvedstarch or in the glucose and the36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 64 protiene bodies whose origin we have already explained just as the embryo had itself found them in the substance of the grain and thus from older to newer formations the plant is each day built up The last organs being the product of a part of the substance of those which preceded them increase the powers of absorption This succession of remark ablo effects is continued without interruption but with a variable intensity until the period of flowering At this time a new order of things commences Vegetal life begins a different course which by degrees fits it for animal food As soon as the flower is withered and the grain is developed the growth of the plant is diminished and soon ceases altogether and the flower instead of absorbing carbonic acid into its substance and breathing it out to extinguish light and heat like the leaves on the contrary absorbs oxygen throws off car bonic acid and radiates heat There are flowers certain Arums whose temperature rises to 10 20 30 and even 40 degrees above the surrounding air An important part of the substance of the plant is carried to the grain to form its growth After this the plant absorbs nothing more from without It lives upon itself to assure the organization of the embryo and the rain which must reproduce it and which is the result of all its previous efforts Thus there ae three distinct phases in plant life In the beginning and at the end the plaot absorbs oxygen and in the inter mediate period carbonic acid The contrast of these three periods goes further At the beginning the plant when it germinates produces heat at the end of its evolution when it flowers it still produces heat In the intermediate period on the contrary it absorbs heat and this heat which it has received from the sun it changes into chemical affinities which remain in a latent state through all its productions Now as this period greatly influences the two others by its intensity and the importance of the products which are born of it we may safely say that plants are great consumers of heat Finally we will add as a last trait of vegetal life that the plant proceeds from relatively simple compounds carbonic acid water nitrates ammoniacal salts nitrogen mineral salts all substances whose affinities are satisfied and by an absorption of heat fuses them into more complex compounds whose affinities are in a high state of tension such as starch sugars cellulose albuminoids whose texture composition and properties are modified by the slighest action We repeat the motor of vegetal activity is the sun and the chief characteristic of vegetation is the faculty of drawing its power of production from the light and heat of the sun Gentlemen we will now take up the subject of animals The conditions of its activity are quite different We will take the chicken as it comes from the egg As soon as it lives it absorbs oxygen it consumes products of variable affinities to form others whose affinities are satisfied it disengages heat this heat it has drawn from the combustion of a part of its food or from its own substance produced from it as long as it lives it absorbs oxygen and the final result of its activity is resolved into a series of acts of combustion If parallel with these effects it produces others forming through special compounds sugars fats albuminoids the muscuhir or nervous tissues accomplishing these65 cRor KEroRT1884 37 Inefaas of the source of the heat which animates the animal SeSr1 first condition of physiological mal needs air a alone it would die Its y ars from J b to p ed and the other J SS and similar effects but if we doms life acquires a multitude oi com and characteristic work we find consider the final resut alone whichis the f and x frrir v0yi toL h it by mln most perfect stea engine with the same power consumes 38 ounces The animal machine is superior in economy and perfection but the useful effect obtained is due to the same cause 1 plant oh the contrary nes9f ounces of carbon throws out at the same time 2880 calories equivalent to onehalf a days journey of a locomotive On this point there is a radical opposition But the contrast between he two kingdoms is most apparent when we show that the plant receiving en Senteof fertility through the sun gives one hundred n the crop while the Sal to whom we give 100 of food hardly gies us ten of organized duct This is the reason the sun is the motor of vegital activity air and water the sources from which it draws ninetenths of its substance wnife the animal must draw from its food both the heat which animates and The suSance which nourishes it Now you know to disengage the heat from impounds which contain it in the form of chemical affinities it absolutely necessary to burn and destroy them If we compare animals and plants m relation to their substance there is complete identity between them If we compare the active principles the identity is maintained but if we extend the parallel to the forces which animate the two kingdoms the opposi tion is radical Plants absorb light and heat which they change into chemical rnUies as on the contrary bring these chemical affinities back in the firm of neat The contrast is maintained if we compare the original substance of both Plants proceed from mineral compound of satisfied affinities and animals from organic products where the affinities are not satisfied that is to eaThen they are in a variable former of a high tension like in fulminating founds though in less degree If we look only at theractica and usefu results we find a new trait common to both kingdoms We find that in agri culture plants and animals are simple machines If we wish to produce bread wpsow wheat for sugar the beat for oil colza The cllony of Australia which furnishes Europe with suet and wool gives the ground to the meadow and the meadow to the sheep Two successive acts of trlnsformation are accomplished acts which we can regulate and govern Ind whose effects though shown in varied and strong contrasts are really pro uced by the same lawsI DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTUREGEORGIA 66 The whole art of slock feeding rests upon the principles of collective forces and their dominant economical production of stock upon the principle of intensive feeding We no longer a ly the laws of regulation but the laws of life The next lecture will be devoted to the practical demonstrations of this67 CROP REPORT1884 39 THE MODE OF INSPECTION AND ANALYSIS The Commissioner is constantly admonished by the vast interest at stake of his heavy responsibility to the farming public in seeing to it that no imposition shall be practiced in the manufacture and distribution of commercial manures placed on our market He feels every assurance that in the consumate ability and wide experience of the Chemist who is charged primarily with this im portant branch of the work of the Department of Agriculture that the public is abundantly protected Believing that it will be of value to the public interested in this subject it is deemed important to subjoin the answers of Prof White to certain searching interrogatories made by the Committee of Investigation appointed by the Legis lature of Georgia for the purpose of looking into and reporting upon the trans actions of this Department Wednesday 8 a m July 25 1883 Professor White State Chemist sworn Mr Livingston Professor there are rumors abroad that there are irregularities in the inspection of fertilizers and perhaps also in your department in the analy sis and I am not sure if the rumors and charges do not reach the Commissioner of Agriculture also tht there may be a collusion between parties in this matter and that the mass of farmers are not protected as they should be State your sys tem of analysis how you receive your samples what you know of the present sys tem whether it is effective or ineffective A The present system of inspection since my connection with the office has had the chemical analysis of the Department separate from the office in Atlanta My office is in Athens at the laboratory of the State University and commu nication with this office is therefore either by mail telegram or express when sam ples are to be sent There is no personal communication whatever I do not know of a single instance when I have taken a sample from this office and carried it to Athens I do not know when a report has been returned by me in person Communication is by mail or telegram or through the express The samples when they are drawn and how I do not know The first fact that comes to my knowledge is the receipt of the sample at Athens Taking up a sam ple bottle Here is the form in which the sample comes to me with the exception of that top part which is cut off containing the inspection number and the name of the inspector is cut off from the bottle before it is sent to me I do not even know who inspects the goods This was inspected for instance by Troup Butler They cut that off so that when the sample comes to me I cannot tell who the inspector was The first step in the work so far as I am concerned is at Athens to receive by express I have never received any in any other way so far as I remember any sample They always come by express packed in boxes usually from twenty to forty When they reach me they are labeled in this way with the exception of that part up there The number of the inspection and the name of the inspector are cut off I have only the number 934 for example40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 68 You observe these three forms if the sample contains no ammonia then the clerk here runs a pen through there so that strikes ammonia If it contains no potash then he runs the pen through potash If it is simply a chemical alone he runs it through the other Mr Livingston If it was an acid phosphate only he would run his pen through ammonia and potash A Yes sir so except for that I do not know whether it is acid phosphate or what There have been a number of cases where the dealers have made false requests and asked for ammonia when it was not there and I have gone to the expense of hunting for ammonia when there was none After the sample is submitted to me I go through an analysis It takes from two to three days to make an analysis When I have as many as twenty in hand I run twenty at a time I have two or three assistants and we can conclude twenty on an average in about ten days when we are pushing things Mr Livingston Get them back into the hands of the Commissioner A After I finish the analysis I simply seal it up and put it on my shelf and re tain it Then I write down the number and the analysis right after it I have a sheet which I show you containing a printed form for nineteen analyses on the sheet intended for twenty I suppose but really containing only nineteen I sign my name to it direct it to the Commissioner and send it to Atlanta And that ends my connection with the concern Q You have examined the soil tests of course all over the State State how your analysis and the soil tests compare if you please A I made that examination a month or two or ago I went back for three years during the date of my own connection with the Department and I find that the chemical analysistake for example the best fertilizer the best ammoniated oods etc and then compare the general returns on the crop reportsand I find ninety cases in about one hundred where they agree It is about that proportion about ninety times out of one hundred the best fertilizer by the chemical analysis was shown to be the best by the soil test Then I went over and took the bad sea sons out and found that the proportion was larger as much as ninetyfive in a hundred Q We learn from that that from ninety to ninetyfive per cent of soil tests cor roborate your work We can therefore depend upon your analysis without a soil test A There is no doubt about it I think that of the chemical analysis every ninetyfive out of one hundred may be relied on as a safe test There is no doubt that the chemical analysis is the best method of determining the quality of the fer tilizer It is the method that the manufacturer relies on He makes his formula in accordance with this analysis Q Do they not make their analysis from the plants in the soil and make their fertilizers to meet the demands of the plant A Chemical agriculturists have been at work on this for many years and the accumulative work of scientists shows that it is necessary and manufacturers avail themselves of that information in making their formula Speaking generally we know that phosphoric acid potash and ammonia are the main ingredients of fer tilizers But they are all analyzed and manufacturers have chemists and their work is carried on by chemical analysis Q The dealer i required by law to send a guaranteed analysis on each sack How does your anjysis and those guarantee analyses compare 69 CROP REPORT1884 41 A I know nothing about that I have no knowledge of what the guaranteed analysis is and the probabilities are that I never would know Mr Peeples You do not know who the manufacturers are A No sir I do not know who the manufacturers are I could go back over my books and find that out because I could check that sheet there for example or ask the Commissioner and he would furnish me the names But as a matter of fact when the season is over after I have analyzed as I did last season four hundred and fifty odd samples I am tired and sick of the thing and I do not care who the manufacturers are Mr Livingston In those four hundred and fifty samples was there much sand or dirt found in the guano A In some few instances there was Q Was there a sufficient amount to induce you to believe that it was put there fraudulently A I rather think that was the case In one or two instances my suspicions were aroused as to the propriety of that admixture and those cases were reported to the Commissioner I do not now remember the numbers because they were reported immediately and I forgot it There is always more or less sand and dirt necessa rily and these admixtures may have been unintentional or may have been inten tional I do not know There are several thingsfor instance I had my suspicions as to the use of shoddy All those things have to be carefully looked after I know from my general correspondence and from my acquaintance with the manu facturers that ammonias are very high The consequence is that the manufactu rers are of course constantly trying to get a cheap source for that supply They use leather scraps and this woolen stuff On analysis they all show nitrogen but as a matter of fact it is worth nothing in that shape and to the plant I have de tected leather scraps on one or two occasions but in very small proportion I heard of one manufacturer who I rather thought was going to use leather scraps Seiner of Baltimore and I took occasion to notify their agent if they put any in their guano I would find it Q If there was no inspection of fertilizers couldnt they constantly palm off these swindles upon us and we could not detect it A I think so Unless you have a chemical analysis at one end of the line not only spurious articles would be put on the market but introduced into the manu facture these articles leather scraps and shoddy that I spoke of I met a gentle man yesterday who asked if there had not been invented a process of preparing pure nitrogen from leather scraps And a man unskilled in those things might be deceived The appearance of the guano would not show what it was It requires careful analysis which cannot be made by the planter Q In the preparation of sulphuric acid can they not lower the grades of the commercial acids and not be detected A The strength of the acid makes a very great difference for one costs much higher than the other Q If they use the lower grades of commercial acids in the dissolving of these hones or if they use the higher grades what is the benefit or loss to the farmer A The lower grade acid makes a lower grade phosphate and that can only be de tected by chemical analysis We can detect whether it contains six per cent of soluble or thirteen per cent The lower grade has six per cent of soluble the higher thirteen per cent Not only the acid but the phophate itself varies For instance there is the phosphate of iron which may or may not be valuable as a plant food They can use it in making a fertilizer The planter cannot tell it42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREEORGIA 70 Simple inspection will not determine whether it is phosphate of ammonia alumina phosphate or iron or what Nothing but chemical analysis will do so Q Then there is another point that seems to be ascertained and that is that you must have some samples from some source or other How ought those samples to be taken without any reference as to how it is done A I have never seen I believe an official inspector draw a sample in Georgia I have drawn them myself frequently but not for the Department But I do not think I have ever seen an official inspector draw a sample in Georgia But I know how they ought to be drawn The samples ought to be very carefully drawn Q Where it is in bulk unsacked for instance and we have some inspections of that kind where they cannot get at it by sacks or packages please say how that ought to be done and then take the sacks A Of course I can only give in general terms my notion about that thing The inspector must be guided largely by the circumstances of the case If he has a large bulk of material he ought to go at it with a hoe or some such instrument so he can pull it out everywhere from every part of it If it is lumpy he ought to avoid the lumps he ought generally to go to all parts of it Q Would you advise him to go to the bottom A Of course I should go through If it is extra damp at the bottom that fact oughl to appear What he wants is an average sample and an intelligent man can tell when he has a fair sample If they were inspecting a thousand tons in bulk I would take enough to cover this table a foot deep mix all that thoroughly and we have rules for mixtures mix it all thoroughly and spread it out in a thin layer and then divide that layer into little squares with a rule or some such thing and take a little out of each square and that will give an average sample I would throw the balance back into the bulk And these samples would give the average Q How would you sample the sacked stuff A The sacks are probably more easily sampled than the bulk There is a little tin scoop to run into the bag at least that is the way I sample them A man may open a bag and run his hand or a trowel into the sack stir it all up and get a little from each particlar sack I run it into the center end or sides into every bag or as many as I please out of the lot and mix it all up The number of sacks to be examined of course depends upon circumstances If a large number of sacks come jn under one brand I should look into the sacks or estimate from the outside whether it was likely they all coaitained the same goods Then run this instrument into one in every five or ten and get out a sample and examine it in the same way Of course you are running a risk but the risk is infinitely small it seems to me A man might bring in a few inferior sacks and you run the risk of missing those but the risk is small If the goods were not uniform the appearance would indicate the fact The inspection requires skill as well as does the analysis and they soon become skilled A man soon knowshow te sample In the city of Baltimore they have men there who are noted as skillful inspectors They used to inspect the old Peru vian guano They were largely sought after there on account of their skill in liandling goods and making inspections Mr Payne In making your anaiyses what proportion of the sample do you use A This is about the average size of the bottle I unseal that and pour it out on a clean sheet of white paper and look at it carefully to see if there is any apparent rock or sand in it Some years ago I detected absolutely pieces of sand and clay sticking in the sample And that is a good time to find it if there is any there The sample is broken up coarsely so as to get a moderately fine powder that will go71 CEOP REPORT1884 43 through a coarse sifter with meshes about eight to the inch It is mixed so as to thoroughly incorporate it and out of that I suppose only about onefifteenth would be necessary for analysis Q From that quantity you can make a correct analysis A Oh yes The fact that it is a correct analysis isshown by the revisions Fre quently revisions are called for and I have taken another portion of a sample after I have completed one analysis and gone back and taken some more to make another analysis and I almost always have them coincide showing that the little bit I took correctly represents the whole if this sample correctly represents the stuff that is taken my analysis correetly represents the goods on the market Mr Livingston Your analyses you say are corroborated by the soil tests in ninety to ninetyfive cases out of the hundred does not that show that inspections are good A I should think so That of course is a matter of opinion in which any other mans is as good as mine The fact that my analyses are fixed to a certain brand and that brand under a soil test produces certain expected results is not evidence that my analysis indicates the quality of goods but that my sample did absolutely represent that brand I should think that would be an excellent indication of the use of inspections You have the crop reports here you have my reports here you can make up the estimate for yourself Mr Crenshaw If you analyze any brand of fertilizer when sacked up and it shows certain results so mueh ammonia so much potash and so much acid and it is exposed to the winter rains and carried over till the next season and analyzed again will it show the same result as when you first analyzed it A I should say generally no That of course you ask me is a speculative ques tion and I would rather find out by the examination But generally I should say that goods exposed to the rain would be changed the soluble matter washed out but not as much so as you would suppose because the rain would soon form a hard crust on the outside concreting it and that would protect the interior Q Would it not lose the ammonia A No sir the ammonia would be the last thing to lose The ammonia may be present in several forms There may be sulphate of ammonia which on contact with lime will give up its ammonia but that is rarely used The nitrates have no ammonia at all but nitrogen which is capable of making ammonia in the soil It does not make any difference how you expose it the ammonia would not escape The material out of which the ammonia is produced is cotton seed meal dried blood fish meal etc those bad smelling stuffs those things contain no ammonia at all They contain nitrogen and nitrogen becomes ammonia on the decomposi tion of those materials in the soil when we say that the goods contain so much ammonia it is not meant that the ammonia is present in the fertilizer but it means that it is capable of producing so much ammonia in the soil If this vegetable matter were exposed to the air under certain conditions it might be converted into ammonia and the ammonia escape into the air but those conditions are not likely to happen And if they were to happen the acid present would unquestionably retain the ammonia after it was produced So it is a mistake to suppose that fer tilizers decrease in value by being kept from one winter to another J When exposed to the rain A It migkt be leached It might lose some of its soluble matter some of its pot ash etc Q It would not show the same commercial value A No sir I should say it is damaged goods44 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 72 Mr Zachry Suppose it is not exposed to the rain but carried over A I think it is not injured but on the contrary improved I can expain The phosphoric acid is made soluble by the contact with sulphuric acid The longer the acid stands in contact with the rock the more available phosphoric acid is pro duced So it Is improved by standing over from year to year if it is not exposed to the weather and so on Mr Crenshaw What effect would heat have on guano guano in a fire for in stance A Heat would destroy the cotton seed meal and potash and so on It would not much injure it however if it was not ammoniated goods Mr Peeples You give the commercial values in making these analyses A Yes sir Mr Livingston Has there been any improvement in the grades of fertilizers shipped to Georgia since you have been serving both the State Society and the State A Yes I began this work for the State Society in 1873 ten years ago The first public inspections were made at the instance of the State Agricultural Society and made at Athens by the State College of Agriculture and I was professor of chem istry as I am now and the results were published by the State Agricultural So ciety And the first publications we made disclosed tue fact that there was a num ber of fertilizrrs of low grade on the market and in use by the farmers At these disclosures the manufacturers were inclined to be abusive and hostile But we went on with the work aud after awhile the duty of making the analyses was put upon the Department of Agriculture And since then the character of the fertil izers has improved rapidly and materially increased in value I mean that the in crease in grade is perhaps fifty per cent if not more fify per cent under these public inspections than they were before In the long run I would attribute all that to the inspection laws I do not think that would be fair A good deal of it is attributable to the process of manufacture In the first place the facilities for making the fertilizers were not formerly as good as now and they did not have as good material then as now The inspection laws of course did not improve the methods of manufacture and did not bring down the price of goods but it drove out of the State all the wildcat concerns and therefore enabled the honest manu facturers to increase their facilities and plants and increase their sales and make fertilizers not only better but cheaper The inspection laws have cheapened the prices of valuable fertilizers in that way Mr Crenshaw Do you know whether the commercial value of fertilizers in Georgia where they have inspection laws is higher than it is in Alabama where they have no inspection laws A My opinion U of course limited on that point merely to my correspondence I believe the commercial fertilizers are higher in value in Georgia than they are in the neighboring States I know they are higher than they are in Alabama I know they are much higher than they are in Mississippi Q Isnt the same brands sold in Georgia as in Alabama A The same brands and very often the sama goods and very often they are not the same goods A number of correspondents in Mississippi and Alabama send to me to know whether certain goods are up to the Georgia standard And goods are sold today in Mississippi under a guarantee from the manufacturers that they have the Georgia standard That is done in Mississippi almost universally Mr Livingston In Mississippi they are simply satisfied if the dealer will guar antee it is up to the Georgia standard They go upon that guarantee 73 CROP RETORT1884 45 A Yes sir I can refer you by name to some of the parties Reeves Co of New York They have an agent here who will tell you the same thing I can give you the names of parties in Mississippi who have bought by that g jarantee The same is trueto a less extent in Alabama Mr Crenshaw Do you know any guano sold in Georgia that does not come up to the standard A No sir Q Do you know any that is shipped to Georgia that does not come up to the standard A No sir If I did it would be reported here very promptly Q Have you ever analyzed any that did not come up to the standard A Yes sir I have done that Q What brand was it A I do not know that I do not know the names Q Have there been many brands of that kind A The books will show I cannot carry that thing in my head I should say out of five hundred analyses probably ten or fifteen or twenty are below the stand ard What is done with those goods I do not know I simply report the fact to the Commissioner and I do not know what he does after that Q Were there this year as many as twenty A I do not know the books will show I could tell of course by reference to my office but I really do not know how many I could have prepared myself on that point if I had thought of it but the books are here a counterpart of my own except the inspection brand Q Yours you say show only the numbers A Yes only the numbers I may have had different samples of the same goods I do not know Mr Peeples I want to ask one question upon this report in reference to the relative commercial value of the guauo Is that the cash value A Yes Here is the thing For instance we go at it in this way An acid phosphate is sold by the unit That is to say a manufacturer in Charleston or elsewhere will sell an acid phosphate that he represents to contain ten per cent available acid say for twenty dollars a ton We send inquiries to Charleston and Savannah and to all the points to find out what is the ruling market price You observe under the influence of a very active competition these things are kept at a fair price And we ask what is a fair price We learn that it is worth twenty dol lars a ton cash in Savannah not more than that They can be bought for less but not where they contain the full ten per cent So we estimate that acid phosphoric is worth twenty dollars a ton in Savannah Twenty dollars carried out will give ten cents a pound for phosphate acid Two thousand pounds for twenty dollars is exactly ten cents a pound In the same way we get at the potash Kainit can be bought for from nine to twelve dollars a ton containing thirteen per cent of pot ash and we put potash at six cents a pound We find sulphate of ammonia can be bought for so much cotton seed meal for so much and ground bone dried blood and fishmeal so much This will produce a certain amount of ammonia and we say ammonia is worth so much and we put it down at twenty cents a pound These ingredients will give the value If a man makes a manipulated fer tilizer all he has to do is to take a certain proportion of these ingredients and mix them together and it is worth so much We say it is not worth more than these ingredients because the farmer can mix it up himself Add the ingredients to46 DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUEEGEORGIA 74 gether and we get the commercial value We say that that fertilizer can be made for that money and sold for that much in Savannah for cash Q It is really worth that to the purchaser A Yes We simply adopt that method because dollars and cents is an easy standard for comparison easier than for the farmer to compare the ingredients Q You do not include in the value the cost for manipulating freight or any thing else A No sir nothing If it is bought in the upcountry it is worth more But some are not worth as much in the upcountry as below because some are made out on the Georgia Railroad near Atlanta But speaking approximately that is a fair valuation Mr Payne You only give the commercial value not the agricultural How does the commercial value compare with the agricultural A In ninety times out of a hundred the crop reports prove the commercialval ue they corroborate the chemical analysis But you must remember that some fertilizers might have a high per cent of ammonia as shown by analysis and that would give them a high commercial value But the amount of ammonia might be so great as to injure the crop and its agricultural value then would be nothing or worse than nothing Q Is this analysis of the soil necessary so as to know what particular ingredient is necessary Is it not absolutely essential to the farmer to know what to put into his soil A There are many difficulties in the way in the analysis of the soils and get ting at fair samples of the soif and telling the conditions of the mineral food in the soil so that we rely nowadays very little upon soil analysis but the general idea is correct if you know what the soil contains it would help you very much in se lecting the fertilizers Q A purchaser buying guano of a certain analysis that does not suit his soil might get his land injured A That is true and therefore I think it would be very wise if we had some ar rangement by which we could indicate to the citizens of the different parts of the State the general character of the best fertilizer for certain kinds oflands But it would not require an analysis of the soil to do that Q Is not your department deficient in that respect A I cannot say that its efficiency would be very much increased if it had some thing of that kind if it gave that information You understand that information can only be obtained at considerable expense and dissemiuatedat considerable ex pense The Commissioner af Agriculture and myself have had that matter in con versation and talked it over and we designed getting up shortly a little pamphlet indicating from our knowledge the kind of fertilizer that would specially suit large tracts of the State There are a great many troubles surrounding these questions Before you dismiss me I want to say one little word Mr Crenshaw asked me individually a question which I want to explain here and it is this Sometimes the regulations of this department permit a farmer to draw a sample of his guano under certain conditions in the presence of witnesses and seal it up and send it to the Department if his crop is a failure he sends it to the Commissioner for analy sis and the Commissioner has that analysis made But there is some objection to sending the name of the goods along with the sample The Commissioner does not send me the name of the goods any more than he does when it is an original sam ple and I do not know what it is whether it is original or not And there is no75 CROP REPORT1884 47 chance if I were so disposed to save myself the labor of making the new analysis I cannot do so Mr Livingston If the Commissioner is honest then the party is protected A Protected perfectly and I see no temptation for the Commissioner to be dis honest for the trouble of the analysis falls on me I would like to say just here too and I think I ought to say it too because I think this investigation has not touched my office at all and if any complaints have been made I have not heard of them on the part of the farmers I have on the part of the dealers In connec tion with the administration of this office the Department of Agriculture so far as my information goes the Commissioner has been extremely active and careful and 1 know that he has put work upon me much against his inclination because he knew it was at positive expense of time and money to me simply with a desire to protect the farmers of Georgia as well as he could Of course my opportunities for knowing anything about the methods of inspectionhow far it has been done properlyare very slight I know very little about that But from the tenor of my correspondence with the Commissioner I know as far as I am able to judge any man that he is extremely careful and anxious to protect the farmers in this work Q How are these inspections paid for A i do not know Q How are your services paid A My services are paid for out of the general treasury My office is created by a special Act of the Legislature Q You are not paid out of the fund coming from this department A fro sir It is charged against the fees of inspection Q What salary do you get A My salary is three thousand dollars including the pay of the assistants and cost of chemicals Q How much are the assistants paid You say you pay them out of the three thousand dollars A Yes sir I have been in office three years and it has not netted over six hun dred dollars a year Q What is the cost of a single analysis A Twentyfive dollars on an average Of course that is not the cost of each one Mr Crenskaw Are you allowed any expenses out of the three thousand dol lars A Not one dollar The Commissioner did allow me traveling expenses once He summoned me to attend a meeting here to fix upon a method of arriving at these commercial values I think the amount was nine dollars and I was hard pressed at the time because the analyses were accumulating upon me Q I reckon you stay at home pretty closely A If you make four hundred and fifty analyses you have to Mr Hoge Do not different chemists sometimes vary very much in these analy ses A There is some variation but not as great as probably you would suppose The chemist who works for the manufacturer is of course always trying to get high re suits The official chemist wants to get at the truth So sometimesit was espe cially so three or four years agothe chemist for the works would come back at us and insist that we were wrong and it required some pretty stiff backbone to resist them but we did and at the present lime there is very little difference on that score We differ sometimes on the point of the reverted phosphoric acid One 48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 76 time there was a convention of all the chemists We had a convention at our own expense and decided a method of analysis which has been in use for three or four years and there is not much complaint on that score now You may see how lit tle complaint there is For instance a manufacturer in New York will take his chemists analysis and make up a thousand tons of fertilizer to be sold in Georgia upon my analysis He must have confidence in the analysis or he would not put that much money into it Mr Hoge I would be glad you would tell us something about the inspection of oils how the people are to be protected against these lowgrade oils A That is a matter that does not come under my own observation There are inspectors appointed Q Is the inspection reliable Do you know how the oils are inspected in Geor gia A Yes sir Q Is there any uniformity or reliability in that system A Yes sir I believe there is I have got to testify in a case this morning in court and I have in my satchel a pyrometer the instrument designed by the Com missioner of Agriculture following I suppose after the New York law Q Please show ns the instrument and explain it so we can understand it The instrument is brought and exhibited Here is a brass cup rilled with water and here is the cup which contains the oil that rests on these little points there so that it does not touch this solid matter any where It rests in the water Underneath is an alcohol lamp and here is a thermometer that has a bulb that is protected This cup is filled with water and the inner cup filled with oil A small flame is applied and the water is heated very carefully This cup is kept closed up and the vapor from the oil accumulates in here I light a string and every now and then apply the string till the vapor catches fire and we note the temperature at which it catches fire That is called the flashing point The temperature of the oil still rises until it takes firethat is the test We note the number of degrees at which the oil takes fire The Code prescribes that it shall1 not be below 120 degrees Q What goes wilh the vapors A The temperature above that is more than sufficient when this is open they cannot accumulate If we keep that closed it goes on flashing Then the tem perature reaches a point at which the oil will burn Q State what will happen if a poor article of oil is put in there A A poor article will take fire at a low temperature Oil cannot possibly take fire under the Georgia law under 120 degrees If it does the oil is condemned You can see how much skill is required to inspect the oil Not much After a man has done this a few times if he has any skill at all he can very easily become an oil inspector so that the amount of intelligence required isnot above that pos sessed by an ordinarv man and I presume that the inspectors do their duty faith fully Mr Hoge What is our system of inspection A It is laid down in the Code Q Do you use that instrument Commissioner Henderson No sir they cost too much That costs about fif teen dollars ours about six We have no occasion to use one here except in a few instances Mr Hoge Couldnt you with that instrument or such an instrument as is used by the State raise the temperature very much without producing the flash Professor White Yes sir It is necessary to keep it out of a draft You want the accumulated gas Q Suppose you used a larger toper than the lighted string could you not in that way raise the temperature of the thermometer without raising the tempera ture of the oil A Yes sir That is the reason the directions in the Code are so specific The instrument used is Tagliabues Adjourned to 230 p m Special Circular No 40 New Series REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1884 RETURNABLE JUNE 1st 1884 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga May 19 1X84 Dkar SikPlease answer the following questions on the first day of June and mail promptly so that your report may reach this office by the d day of June if possible Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in each direciion as your knowledge may extend not simply to your ownarm In all cases where the crop is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture jy a if your mail facilities are not such that matter mailed on the 1st of the mon h will not reach this office by the 3d please make out your report so long before the end of the month as will be necessary to have it reach this office by the 3d I For what county do you reportcounty II Your name III Your postoffice Or fcli Jt X X13 b z2 DEPARTMKNT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 78 CORN 1 Condition compared to this time last yearper cent OATS 2 Yield where harvested compared to averageper cent 3 Prospective yield where not harvested compared to averagepercent 4 To what extent injured by rustper cent WHEAT 5 Yield whereharvested compared to averagepercent 6 Prospective yield where not harvested compared to average per cent 7 To what extent injured by rustper cent 8 What variety has given best results in yonrcountyper cent COTTON 9 Stand 1st June compared to averagepercent 10 Condition compared to averagepercent SORGHUM 11 Condiion compared to average percent SUGAR CANE U Stand compared to a good standpercent 13 Condition compared to an averagepercent POTATOES 14 Prospective yield of Irish potatoes compared to average per cent 15 Area in sweet potatoes compared to last yearpercent 16 Condition compared to averagepercent MISCELLANEOUS Condition compared to average of 17 Ricepercent79 QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT 18 Ground peas 19 Melons ORCHARDS 20 Peach prospect compared to average 21 Apple prospect compared to average 22 Pear prospect compared to average 23 Grape prospect compared to average STOCK 24 Clip of wool compared to last year 25 What diseases have affected stock per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent tonreXf TT ho are wilUng questions suggest a suitable person to take hisRCULAR No 54 New Series CROP REPORT For the Month of May 1884 SHOWING AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA X T HEITEEBSOIT Commissioner ATLANTA GEORGIA Jas P Harrison dTCcTrfnters Binders and Electrotypers 1884Orioular No 54 New Seezs CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1384 RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JUNE 1 1884 Department op AaRicoutraE Atiatta June 1118845 CORN The condition of the crop in North GeorgU compared to this timelast year is 95 in Middle Georgia 93 in Sjuthwest Georgia 98 in East Georgia 101 in Southeast Georgia 102 and in the whole State 98 The crop has been kept back by the low temperature of the month of May The cold has also favored the destructive work of the bud worm by which the stand has been injured on low grounds Notwithstanding these casualties the average condition for the State is seven per cent bet ter than last year and but two per csnt below an average The dry May has favored the proper cultivation of the land and the cnp is considered in promising condition OATS The yield of this crop when harvested compared to an average yield in Northwest Georgia 63 Middle Georgia 70 Southwe3t Georgia 77 East Georgia 75 Southeast Georgia 84 and for the State 74 The prospective yield where not harvested compared to an average in North Georgia is 66 Middle Georgia 68 ia Southwest Georgia 75 in East Georgia 74 in Southeast Georgia 75 and in the whole State 72 The harvested portion of the crop is confined in most of the State to the fall sowing In North Georgia a very small portion of the crop was ready to cut at this date June 1st The yield and condition of ihn crop falls nearly ten per cent below the prospective estimates of April As the rust was making its appearanceDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 881 in some sections of Northern and Middle fXXl of correspondents were forwarded Jane 1t tM may The with the late sowings below the prospective indication8 o ttia to the rust had made its appearance otbtrs where the crop is reported by one correspondent at 15 per caat disease had made its appearance give the damage at WHEAT 87 in East Georgia 93 and in the State 89 North The prospective condition where not harvested is wor Georgia 95 Middle Georgia 87 in Southwest Georgia 85 in East Ueor gia 91 and in the whole State 89 rPnrcria sixteen counties of Rust is noticed in three counties of North eorgia sixieeu o Ktor suits in your county eightysix cor respondent n mebe Yurp or Blue Stem twentyeight the D Jlas and eight the Ked May varieties COTTON The stand of this crop the first of June compared to a good stand in Northwest Georgia is 97in Middle Georgia 96 in Southwest Georgia 97 fnrEasTGeoGrgiag93 in Southeast Georgia94 ancin th whjfc Se97 JSiSSS GeoIl inS SS ft tiandTerd month SUGAK CANE AND SORGHUM The stand of sugarcane compared to a good stand is 87 and the con dition compared to average 89 The condition of the sorghum crop is reported 75 MISCELLANEOUS CHOPS The Irish potato crop compared to an average is 95 This is reported arJ an average in East Georgia only where the average is given at10 Tne sweet potato crop in area compared to last year is 9 and the condition compared to average 94L89 CROP RErORT1884 The condition rnJ rospect compared to average of rice is 96 ground peas 95 and melons 95 FRUIT The prospect for a fruit crop is better in most parts of the State than any time since 1878 Tie average for the State for that year was peaches 116 apples 96 and pears 93 for the present year peaches 90 apples 56 and pears 70 The grape prospr ct is reported for the State 96 In North Georgia the peach prospect is reported 69 in Middle Georgia 99 in Southwest Georgia 113 in East Georgia 102 and Southeatt Geor gia 66 Correspoidents from North Georgia etale that some orchards in that section have fail d entirely but the lowest report is 10 per cent of an average STOCK The wool clip is reported in North Georgia 96 in Middle Georgia 98 in Southwest Georgia 96 in East Georgia 96 in Southeast Georgia 100 and the average for the State 97 There are complaints of loss of sheep fr m dogs in eveiy fecticn of the State Some correspondents state that nearly all of the sheep have been killed Stock is generally reported in healthy cc ndition Cholera amorg hogs and murrain in cattle are mentioned es existing in a few localities A WORD OP CAUTION It is most reasonable to expect a state of great stringency in the ensuing season so far as forage is concerned unless the farmers of Georgia take such precautionary measures as will relieve the pressure occasioned by the loss of our fall sowing of oats and the damage to the spring sowing from drought While the accounts from the spring crop of oats re quite variant and in some sections of the State that crop is very satisfactory still we regret to say this flattering report is not general by any means Forage we must have on our farms and in liberal amount if we are to have a prosperous state of things or even one of tolerable comfort The amount of long forage required for anything like an adequate supply is vastly greater than most of us without close figuring would be willing to admit Even with a strict and wise economy the amount of provender which an ordinary stock of cattle will consume for four or five months in the season of scarcity is simply enormous What then in view of pres ent unfavorable indications should we do The course is plain in our jidgnient Let us begin in time and plant such forage crops as the length of cur seasons will mature First sow Indian corn in drills four feetDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 90 G apart and if the sweet corn varieties Z percenters is vastly preferred then any etJQJed at the rate Brown who is high authority in this 1 ne oomj he very of six bushels of seed to the acre BaZathJthe yield will be heavy manuring but we can say from observation tha U y enormous Then we have pea eithe in the dnU or bma sons will permit of a perfect curing d ie pea with best of our resources It tiller welL stands drough y earlier in maturing than any othytShprSlan and 88ed parts is three times during the season and both fg a late as the effects of our hot sunshine LECTURE OF VILLE ON STOCK AND STOCK RAISING entitled to the highest respect The PaP we g relete with sug while it is minute and haMber I wofd recommend gestiens and items of very great practical value 1 o Sat all into whose hands this lecture of Pro Vile on Villthus making available to the farmers Qeorgf me met with decided encouragement and from some of the S our State most interested in such matte 1 resp fully ask a further expression of opinionfrom our in regard to this new enterprise and for any suggest91 CROP REPORT1884 may occur in the manner of prosecuting it No reasonable labor or ex pense should be grudgingly withheld in our attempts to stimulate in quiry or effort in behalf of the greatest of all our industries the proper tilling of the soil but at the same time we should guard against a futile or reckless expenditure of money even in the line of such a commendable and allimportant workTABLESHOWING THE CONDITION OF CROPS ETC IN GEORGIA JUNE 1ST 1884 NOETH GRORUIA Bunks Krtow Catoosa Chatlooga Cherokee Cobb Dade Dawion Fannin Floyd Forsyth Franklin iilinor Gordon Jwinnctt TTftlierpham Hall HaralEou Hart lackpon Lnmpkin Madison Milton Murray Pailding Pickcns Polk Rabun Towns Union Walker White Whitneld Average a w H O S P o w o d t1 n a w M o M O W o CDMIDDLE GEORGtA Bibb JO 95 ii J 70 50 77 B0 07 70 100 100 75 95 100 90 80 105 80 87 97 95 80 100 90 llll 75 911 90 100 60 80 90 9 55 80 95 100 60 60 90 1 H5 100 00 10 95 50 80 95 1 II 9C 995 12 85 i 101 li 1 5E 75 60 80 65 75 HO 95 100 100 75 10 II 0 Butts loo 4 SOl 5 100 8 110 11c 110 101 100 105 SO 80 75 85 90 10 105 100 95 100 85 100 100 50 80 110 110 90 iot 108 95 90 85 110 85 112 90 85 99 7C 8 85 65 26 101 85 55 80 50 56 72 55 70 60 35 65 65 74 40 85 25 85 85 50 80 60 60 55 40 62 50 60 50 57 100 90 IOC 95 2 88 95 95 9 82 95 96 75 92 98 90 92 102 ICO 91 95 9 75 110 100 90 96 101 75 112 9 82 95 88 9 100 93 50 85 85 65 80 45 65 72 75 75 ioo 90 60 50 50 91 75 ioo 50 70 70 60 80 82 55 66 82 52 68 70 40 61 58 82 68 40 65 100 105 65 00 45 75 40 83 nn 65 76 76 8 66 65 58 52 65 80 68 110 95 100 85 ios 90 62 85 ioo 165 105 65 10 95 ioo 110 75 90 110 62 100 50 70 10 100 90 105 72 86 5 1112 80 70 92 75 78 75 84 65 85 100 105 80 88 9il 108 110 75 85 85 90 115 95 60 85 91 75 S7 10 95 15 88 92 105 100 95 100 100 108 81 85 92 92 95 100 105 97 110 92 90 93 86 KM 100 10 no 115 93 87 95 92 110 100 96 95 100 100 90 88 100 95 90 95 100 100 90 100 105 100 100 1C0 100 96 1C0 K0 85 KO 90 100 100 100 75 112 100 87 105 105 105 8 100 100 90 95 100 100 80 100 100 10 80 100 100 100 ioo 90 100 85 9n 100 ICO ioo 90 76 110 80 100 90 95 100 90 95 95 100 60 75 75 8S 91 80 80 75 80 ioo 100 ioo 100 90 90 85 75 100 75 87 95 95 100 TOO 00 50 90 100 ioo 9 90 95 ICO ioo 75 100 85 85 66 mo 90 89 65 80 110 90 90 95 90 95 85 85 95 90 100 76 101 HO 100 100 90 90 62 90 90 100 83 100 100 95 100 75 100 no 69 100 105 100 90 90 100 90 100 120 92 1H5 60 100 110 ICO ICO 10 95 IOC 100 100 50 105 100 75 9li 95 100 100 lO 95 106 100 10 96 88 95 95 9U 93 100 100 95 1011 95 110 68 100 100 90 ioo ICO 90 90 so 25 100 90 iro 95 95 100 10 90 85 105 9 90 90 100 90 101 101 0 90 90 105 BO 6 110 106 100 85 SO 80 90 85 85 90 105 95 95 10J 100 85 70 95 100 85 100 100 100 90 Cowetii DeKalb lO 100 80 100 23j 80 95 100 10 Elbert 95 85 85 70 50 65 55 50 60 50 60 75 80 91 85 50 80 100 85 75 80 oo 10 90 95 70 100 74 IOO 100 100 100 KO 95 100 ICO 100 ioo luO 100 100 100 1110 100 100 10 10 10 no 10 100 101 100 100 105 100 98 90 Payette 100 1ulton Green Hancock 90 ioo Harris 100 Jasper Jones Lincoln McDuftie 90 100 100 100 95 Monroe 100 100 100 Newton 80 911 100 90 III 100 100 100 90 95 90 90 5 110 95 10 KO 75 90 lO 96 90 100 100 100 100 110 KO 100 Putnam Rorkdale Spaulding Taliaferro ico 100 100 lid Troup 100 95 100 85 100 at 94 93 92 98 I 1 CO CO o w o 3 w M 3 o S3 HTABLESHOWING THE CONDITION OF CROPS ETC IN GEORGIA JUNE1 1884Con SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Oats WAea Cotlon J Suqar Potatoes Condition Fruit Prospect k Compared to ompared to j O 9 V So aj a 0 Hi 5 Average Average COUNTIES o trn 2 M 5 s S as a li ft S 0 0 c3 ft s 0 0 a V 5 ft at 0 13 13 ft E 0 O a si So 26 a I 6 5 R 0 S3 p 0 o E 11 ft 1 O S UC3 ftw c C g 13 fty i c 5 Ifi 73 5 go a a 6 0 fcf c w S 2 3 0 2 c 7 O 13 73 0 c 0 tr go ft 13 V 5 S 99 013 0 C ft 0 E 0 1 k ft 13 c 5 c IK 0 as 0 ft v ft ft ft 5 10 0 87 H7 W 102 75 7o ns 7 85 75 100 100 75 1110 15 106 0 15 in inn Im 95 li s Mil 97 mo 9 91 9 Il 0 10 juo 9 I 11 85 H7 ins 10i 91 ino 87 r 1 1 i ll i6 10 00 100 100 90 75 7 IT fp or sn A r K n 75 91 111 7 125 75 o 85 80 l 1 on inn ion IliU 10 111 105 9 65 81 ino 00 100 50 100 60 10i ion 100 50 1 0 I2 IS 10 69 56 100 100 i20 110 on 80 inn llli 95 100 10i HI i 102 III 95 100 95 100 10 11 50 60 sn 83 08 07 05 80 80 92 101 9 10 Id 111 50 50 110 103 10 100 90 8 72 80 50 93 sn 100 8 r2 so so 8 00 80 75 iio 75 so f0 iio 75 100 9 05 98 10 105 95 IIO 95 1 0 ioo iu 107 ioo on 100 95 75 51 75 75 75 50 75 90 90 70 85 100 101 75 100 85 92 I 100 ICO 105 Hill 95 9 10 iix 00 9 101 10 9 97 100 111 101 80 100 lin 76 110 10 9110 130 15 iis 100 75 8 40 25 140 20 85 100 100 100 95 KiO 9U 95 116 110 5 10 150 20 9j iio 100 iio 70 02 60 icn 95 92 91 91 110 Miicou 95 5 75 n 80 100 105 inn 10 105 UK ln5 so 75 100 80 ion 90 1111 9fl II 75 77 85 75 58 75 75 i 75 95 105 ion 95 100 95 103 90 ion no 75 no 55 80 83 120 87 103 100 165 80 80 ion 75 100 90 10i 100 ion 105 105 97 no 110 105 100 50 95 25 100 100 105 KO 10 Jllb iumier 8U 90 6n 75 10 75 107 17 90 Ml 85 9li 75 10 75 100 90 9 90 102 95 100 112 90 ICO till 110 51 40 40 50 10 110 inn 81 8 95 mo 95 100 90 90 100 90 q 8 ins ino 91 95 85 87 95 90 90 91 110 lid 110 100 icn 90 nn 10 100 101 100 0 lull 75 1111 90 7o 100 125 10 lOi ion Terrell in 75 75 70 55 ST 85 40 93 75 Bo 41 105 85 lilt 50 911 100 92 inn fifl 100 15 77 R2 91 100 90 92 95 1 i 25 80 ion ii in ill inn 97 98 88 95 on 87 9fi 81 80 102 4b 90 98 92 ion ion lio 60 100 too 100 90 ino 90 100 on IOO 80 106 110 80 80 loo 80 ioo 100 120 75 90 110 125 80 125 100 100 ion 100 102 80 98 77 75 87 85 97 99 94 75 85 93 90 91 90 98 91 113 69 80 100 95 M w V H o Hi a W a H o w ra EAST GEORGIA 107 105 110 96 105 100 90 123 106 60 65 75 75 90 60 75 95 60 62 87 62 58 60 90 100 100 100 70 ICO 1M 105 TO 105 90 105 106 105 100 90 100 100 lO 10 97 100 97 99 102 80 15 102 104 100 90 100 100 100 IOC 90 KiO 103 98 87 100 100 100 101 90 90 10 95 75 100 101 IOC 70 75 90 100 75 75 87 87 i6 92 10 ico 100 75 62 90 ICO 90 95 60 95 90 88 10 112 lot 100 m 90 110 l0 ICO 1210 100 lO 112 105 112 10 18 105 100 100 95 115 101 lie 110 106 115 100 112 105 90 100 96 10 100 105 100 100 100 101 95 w 100 100 ICO 80 92 91 IOC 10 80 0 95 91 110 80 100 100 92 no 101 100 90 80 105 90 105 86 90 100 95 95 105 120 150 80 115 110 105 105 80 100 100 92 75 102 70 40 50 35 60 85 50 60 70 48 45 25 49 50 60 60 60 80 70 90 70 100 67 115 100 100 100 100 100 95 110 100 100 85 100 99 100 100 100 100 80 90 80 95 Glasscock 102 102 100 85 95 97 101 85 80 70 CO 75 85 85 92 81 70 62 74 96 ios 9 93 85 90 75 105 90 91 110 100 100 100 95 9fi Tatnell Tolfair SOUTHEAST GEORGIA 100 87 90 100 100 100 105 166 00 75 100 90 95 82 90 70 105 100 110 ioo 100 100 101 100 100 100 ICO 100 112 100 10 125 100 100 100 100 105 65 100 100 100 95 105 110 no 102 100 120 80 70 60 80 93 100 90 70 40 60 65 90 100 100 100 100 100 115 100 100 95 100 100 100 12i 100 100 ioo 110 100 ioo 100 100 90 105 100 95 103 100 100 100 ICO 100 80 100 95 100 166 75 96 100 95 120 90 75 92 80 85 75 85 70 100 100 100 Coffee ktiingham ioo 70 100 95 60 20 9j 80 SO 50 20 90 100 ioo 102 84 75 91 97 100 92 91 100 1114 101 102 101 99 66 62 66 97 100 o w o T W M O CO CO 1 KECAPITULAT10N North Georgia Middle Ge rgia Southwest Jeorgia East Georgia Southeast Georgia Average for State 1884 Average for State 1883 95 03 H6 K5 95 97 92 91 95 91 88 90 89 10 9 96 69 41 65 88 93 VO 6S 91 87 90 90 94 S7 89 8s 96 90 93 9 99 57 74 98 98 77 75 87 85 97 99 94 75 85 93 90 91 90 98 91 113 69 80 100 101 To 74 93 91 99 98 95 86 88 106 106 tll 92 92 95 1 49 07 99 102 84 75 94 97 100 92 91 100 101 101 102 101 99 66 62 06 97 98 74 72 89 89 97 6 95 87 89 3r 97 94 96 95 95 90 56 70 96 90 88 85 93 93 94 94 98 92 97 99 91 92 96 95 61 71 63 96 96 98 96 90 10012 DEPARTMENT v F AGEICULTQEEGEOKGIA 96 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA BanksMay has been very favorable weather for firm operations and farmers have put in good lime The wheat prospect i very good it has filled very well and no rust to iojure Cotton and corn are small owing to its being two weeks later than usual Gent rally a good stand both of corn and cotton Wii M Ash The crop lookinghealthier except corn on bottom land the budworm isdoinga great deal of damage Hardest will not commence before the 8th of June wheat is fine clear of rust Oats is almost a failure in this section We are needing a general rain Stock hai been healthier than usual John K Sewell May was very dry and up to this time June 2d in rain has fallen since April but the crop prospect is fine Ciops are clean and small grain looks well Wheat is extra fine Oats are low but heading out and where partial showers lave fallen are high enough to cut The Burt oats you sent us are very good they were towed the last of February and headed by the loth of May and are now nearly ready for the cradle notwithstanding the drought The fall oats turned out to be cheat or chess Peach crop fine Apples not so good as last year Pears rather above the average Have just returned from a pond stocked with carp from H P Farrows Porter Spgs and saw them fed They came in a very ingeniously made house in the pond at the sounding of a bell and were from ten inches to two feet long R W Joyner Bartoiv Corn cotton oats wheat are all late from excessive rains in the early spring followed by dry weather so the late planting of cotton is just up All the cotton not yet chopped out J 0 McDaxiel Chattooga The rains ceased about the first of May The farmers went to work and kept up the lick unil they are fully up with their crops and I can truly say I never knew crops the first day of June in better condition in my life before Crops are small though they seem to be healthy and vigorous and with seasons I think Chattooga can boast of as good crops as 1882 Wheat and oats will do to harvest by the 10th and if no disasters befall them they bid fair at present for a larger yield than seven years past All those garden seed you sent me are doing as well as heart could wish There are no diseases except cholera among chickens J J T Henry No ust in wheat or oats and the prospect is good The condition of the crops is flattering for the time we have had to work Needing rain now The farmers are working well and using a great deal of economy More clover and grass sowed than usual Corn scarce K R Foster Cherokee We are suffering some for rain Oats will be short Crops are being97 CROP REPORT18S4 13 worked better than usual Some wheat will do to cut by 4th of June The Burt oats are ten days ahead of the Red Rustproof What will prevent bud worms killing corn on bottom lands I know of no means except that of late planting to escape the destruction of this worm Defer planting until June Soaking the seed before planting in a solu tion of saltpetre has been recommended for this purpose Commissioner I sent you monthly statement yesterday Have been out in the wheat fields since passed over several miles of road yesterday find the wheat much better than I expected compared with last year the yield will be much better Cotton is better than I thought in fact I am happy to stae the crops in good fix J J A Sharp Wheat here is good but thin on land Farmers have been terribly beated this spring on account of rain etcbut are now pretty well up Have had nice farming weather for the last few weeks Pine wheat you sent me last fall froze out entirely J J A Sharp CobhSmall patch of Hawkins Hill oats from Department seed sowed in Febru ary grew off well but when heading out an average of one in every five heads afflictediwith blast Had to cut and feed fearing to save for seed Burt oats equally foiward with no blast Twentyfive acres spring oats now just in flower 27th May free from blast or smut All on same character soil H N Starnes Have had no rain since April 2th Oats entirely ruined All cotton planted since May 8th has not come up Thermometer CO9 at sunrise 75 at noon Far mers blu No diseases arnoag stock Wm Alston Jr Owing to the continuous rains we had this spring farmers are generally behind with their work though during this fine weather they are making go d use of time to catch up Wheat is thin on the ground and the heads are short there cannot be more than threequarters of a wheat crop male thii year in this section Coton looks fine for the chance it has had it being plantel before the ground was rightly prepared H T Martin DadeThe oat crop is very poor There has been 8 or 10 horses died of bots in rn neighborhood within the last few weeks Can you give orprescrbe a cure All remedies that were tried failed to cure Will S Taylor There is said to be no ceriain way of removing the bot once fixedin the stomach without injury to the animal Any possible injury resulting from these pirasites may be prevented by carefully removing the eggs from parts to which they are at tached before they are taken into the stomach The symptoms attributed to bots may uually be relieved by treating as in case of colic Commissioner I have reported corn 98 yet with the exception of being at least 10 days later its condition is good Wheat is above an average as to appearance but thin oats was promising of an abundant crop up to about 10 days ago since then we have been dry no rain of any consequence for three weeks There is no peaches to amount to anything No wheat or oats or any small snAns harvested in this county no hay mown yet G A R Bibb Floyd Crops in this neighborhood are in a diversified condition Owing to washing rainsin early spring the ground is in bad condition as a rule for realizing afullcrop Oats being cut off by dry weather Corn ater replanting owngto14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 98 bud cut or grubworms hardly wow a stand Cotton backward in coming up ftie earth being so dry in many places W S Sanfoed Oats have suffered first from the late cold spring and for want of rain since in boot and heading they are healthy the only trouble is they are short in height and will be troublesome to cut This though is not general only where the ground is flat and has been wet all spring and now hard and baked Gardens are suffering much for rain and Irish pitatoe3 Crop are clean and look well but small in size John H Dent ForsythThe cattle are dying I have not learned the name of the disease Rain needed badly have ha I some light showers nothing like a season Oats are so low that it will be difficult to harves them if it does not rain soon I hear no com plaint of rust Mes H N Sutton Had but one season this month 5th Dry weather has been favorable for wheat Since last report I find that the fly has injured the crop some Grazing and wnter Henderson oats sown last fall since heading show to be almost entirely cheat very little if any cheat mixed with seed sown Land sown was wheat stub ble not pastured any during fall or winter Cotton is looking remarkably well and far her advanced than at this date last year Some cattle have died with a distemper In one or two cases on examination aftfr they had died a dark colored worm was found under the tongue Clover and grass will be the shortest for years All spring oats sown on ordinary land will not be tall enough to harvest B H Beown FranklinThe peach crop is not near as badly killed out as reported April 1st There is not a full crop but a full average May has been dry and consequently the spring oat crop is nearly a failure the only hope being the white or the Egyptian oat sown last August September and 0 ctober 1 have a lot of ten acres of the Egyptian oat which was sown last Septem ber in the cotton before it had opened which is as fine as I ever saw Put the oat crop down short W G Alexander GilmerThe spring has been unfavorable for planting The last thrae weeks of good weather has enabled our farmers to getongxtd headway with their work Corn wheat and oats is in a healthy condition No rust in wheat and oats June 1st The apple crop of this county will not be more than half Causefailure of bloom Stock comparatively healthy N L Osborn GordonCondition of wheat good except the stand which will affect the quan tity but the quality if no disaster in tae future will be superior All crops backward and needing rain Weather very cool for the season Lie making their appearance on cotton 0 H Davis Corn planting is still progressing lowlands continued too wet to plow until re cently Breaking up and preparing land on which weeds are kneehigh is slow business planting will not be finished this month Cotton his very short stalks or shanks have generally worked over Corn early planting on upland looks well Wheat rus ing some on the blades cannot tell yet what injury may be done It is now in bloom the late sowed is very thin stand Oats quite inferior stand gener ally poor fall sowing nearly all killed Much of what seemed to be oats has proved to be cheat or chess reviving the opinion among many that the oats have turned to cheat Weather favorable for field work everything growing rapidly N B Hall ChsinnettWheat is filling well Cotton though a little late is on a boom Never99 j CROP REPORT1884 15 saw it more healthy nor better stands Corn equally promising Fall oats a failure Spring oats not promising A good crop year is the ouilook rom my standpoint r r wikn Though I have reported corn at 80 per cent compare 1 to last year I think by next report it will be 100 per cent compared to an average crop Coton is small for the season Cold mornings are having a telling efftct making it sickly and the leaves to curl There is a good stand and devoid of gras A great many chickens have died of cholera some families losing allforty to seventyfive hens Millo Maize looks fine promising a tine yield of forage Most of the fruit fell from the trees caused by the late frost J T Baxter Hnbi rshamYou will notice as I have before informed you that I only report for a small portion of Habershamthat portion east and south of the Chattahoochee Ridge where we have so far the heaviest peach crop I have ever seen or heard of But I am informed by others that the peach crop west and north of the Ridge is comparatively ligit in some few places being an average crop while in others it is light and very scattering and yet in a few other places none at all The reason of this difference we are unable to account for Philip Martin We near Clarksville have had no rain during May Corn though late looks more luxuriant than for years I got tired wailing for rain and have planted potato slips by irrigation I will report to you the manner if it is a success as any who might be disposed to try it would probtbly be loo late for this season But is it not strange when the cost is so little that so few men utilize the branches For early grass aside from fertilization it will pay I wish some farmer would report his ex perience with Kemps distributor I would long since have tried one but was not able though I think it would pay well Jas P Phillips HaDogs have been destructive to sheep Many of the dogs have hydrophobia which has caused some to be killed E B Thompson HaralsonCotton is two weeks late hut is looking well considering its age The western part of the county had good rains on the 25th and 20th but the eastern part has had only light showers since the flood on the 14th of April The ground is getting very dry and farmers are fearful of a drought If it does not rain in a few days oats will fall far short of the estimate given here W C McBrayee JacksonHog cholera and hollow horn have been very prevalent in this county this year owing in a great measure in my opinion to the neglect of good shelters John G Wily Owing to the dry cool weather spring sowed oats are very nearly ruined It is favorable to wheat The outcome in the wheat crop is very great in the last few weeks in this county According to the stand wheat is almost an average W J McRee MiltonThe drouth of near four weeks has cut the oat crop about half Have never seen a better prospect for cotton H Summerour PolkCrops are looking well considering the very wet and backward spring The weather has given the farmers a good chance to clean out their crop and they have generally done so 8 M H Byrd We give 90 per cent in condition compared to average in cotton on account of the sickly condition of the plant caused by lice from cold nights The weather is and has been for teu days unusually cold for this season Cotton has been better worked and is freer from grass than for years Rain is needed for corn and oats Jno O Waddell16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 100 Spring oats and there are few of any other variety having frozen out last win ter in most places are very poor Been too dry Where headed out and tall enough to cat they are very much injured by blast more so I think than I ever knew QueryWill there be danger to stock in feeding oats so affected Have seen some fields in which apparently 10 per cent of the heads are blast Is there any known cause Remedy I hear considerable compaint of smut in wheat My Dallas wheat is very fine being tall and heads long but as usual is very late ten days or two weeks later than other varieties It is very much mixed being about half bearded and half not Was so when I received it from the department QueryIs the genuine Dallas wheat mixed If not which is the genuine the bearded heads or the smooth K W Everett I have heard of in injury to stock that was known to be the result of feeding blasted oats When the blasted heads are abundant it is probable that inj ury might result if in no other from breathing the dust when fed in the sheaf There is no known cause other than the recognized fact that all the smuts and blasts are produced by a parasitic fungus of a vegetable nature The parasite destroys or eats up the substance of the grain and leaves as the result in its place its own developed spores or seeds Soaking the grain in a solution of Milestone before sowing has been a successful treatment for smut in wl eat and would probably also prove an effectual prevent ive of similar diseases in the oat The Dallas wheat is all mixed that I have seen Commissioner The weather is now very dry young crops suffering for rain Wheat is doing well filling all right and if nothing happens it will be of good quality The stand is not ood perhaps 66 Fall oats are all killed spring sowing is small and unpromising suffering terribly for rain J Y Wood TownsWheat in this county is fully 10 days late just now in bloom and owing to heavy freezes very thin Farmers are looking for rust Frost reported in this county 28th of May did no damage W E McCoxnell WalkerCorn and cotton though both are late have a healthy and thrifty ap pearance Wheat is almost entirely free from rust and was it not for a bad stand promises more than an average yield the grain will be good Clover and grasses are generally very poor Altogether the outlook is not discouraging for farmers though not so promising as in some seasons J A Clements Our crops are late in this part of the country owing to so much wet weather during the latter part of the winter and fore part of the spring Wheat looks toler ably healthy but is quite thin on the ground Spring oats sown too late to make a good crop Weather dry and cool W C Kid ore WhitfieldThe fall crop of oats from injury sustained by the heavy freezs during the winter have been nearly all converted to cheat also a great deal of wheat has gone to cheat That doctrine of change from oas and wheat to cheat may not be acceptable doctrine by your department or by some of your correspondents or re porters still it is true J F Guov Up to the 10th rains prevented farm work since then the land has been so hard that it breaks into a mass of clods heavy harrows h ive to follow close up to the plows or there would not be enough fine earth to cover the seeds If we could have some rain cornplanting would b3 completed by the 15th of June Much cotton not up yet101 CROP REPORT1884 17 All we will have to do in cultivation will be to dissolve the clods and we expect rains to soften them W C Richardson Fall sowing of oats is entirely winter killed Spring sowing have been injur ed by the drought in May about 25 per cent R M Williamson MIDDLE GEORGIA BaldwinI am willing to aid the Department in any way that I can and trust you will continue the valuable letters etc in the crop reports Birds have been very destructive to all grains this year Small patches of barley and wheat almost totally destroyed The Burt oats are now ripe that were sown the first of February We think them a fine spring oats Jas C Whitakeh BibbCorn is smaller than usual but is looking remarkably well not to have had any more rain than has fallen for the past five weeks The stalks are stocky and well rooted and of fine color having been worked well So far the prospect for a good yield is promising Oats are not turning out as well as was anticipated While the heads are long and heavy the stalks are too scattering on the ground Wheat where cut is of good quality and heavy Cotton is quite small stand not good has been worked well and is much freer from weeds and grass than is usual at this time of year Many peach trees have a disease known as the yellows the symptoms of which are a failure to fruit the leaves do not attain to more than half their usual size and are inclined to bunch on the twigs and the outer edges twist or curl toward the center After being attacked they die the succeeding fall or the next year Is there a known cause and lemedy Seedling and grafted trees suffer alike W D H Johnston There is no known remedy for yellows As it is liable to spread from infected trees they should be cut out and burnt to prevent the extension of the disease Commissioner The weather has been very dry in this section of the country since the 22d of April consequently oats will be very short though free from rust The Multiheaded wheat received from the Department of Agriculture is very fine though late No wheat or oats harvested yet W S Henley Corn is late owing to drought We have been dry since the 15th of April in my section though a good portion of the county had good rains on the 25th and 20th of this month In my section we have not had a season in six weeks a good deal of the cotton is not up and we put it at 75 per cent of a good stand and what is up is looking well and we put it at one hundred There is but very little wheat harvested and think the yield will be 90 per cent The dry weather has improved the wheat wonderfully I think oats will not go above 75 per cent they are low but the most of them can be harvested I think the Hawkins Hill oats a good kind They are three days earlier than the Durt oat3 H C Thaxton CampbellWe are exceedingly dry in this part of the county No rain since the 22d of April late planting of cotton is not up yet corn small crops are clean Oats are near a failure JSDow The wheat prospect has increased materially since last report though it is sev eral days later than usual Oats are generally late spring sownand are at this writing May 31st needing rainin some parts of the county badlyIS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEO 101 The cotton stand and prospect where planted after the heavy rain of April 15th is all that could be desired some planted prior to that time is deficient in both Corn though late is in a fair condition not having suffered much from depreda tions of bud worms etc W G Mason slips Lintok ClarkeCholera in hogs but not to any great extent The failure of the oat crop is the most serious blow the fanners have received in many years and it will be hard to recover from it Seed will doubtless be worth 100 per bushel this fall The quality of wheat will be excellent R F Pittaed The Flat Dutch turnip seed you sent me proved very good turnips smooth and sweet The weather is very dry Spring oats Irish potatoes and garden vegetables are suffering greatly Jefferson Jennings Corn is generally clean stand good but small In my immediate neighborhood there has been no rain since the 20th of April The result is that cotton planted in May is not up The dry weather has shortened the oat crop I do not think i has seriously injured the wheat Very few sweet potatoes have been set out abundantground too dry John S ColumbiaMy Shockley apple trees are not bearing the leaves look ss though they had rust the bark scaly as if attacked with insects I have washed the bodies with a weak solution of carbolic acid with no improvement J A Walton The stand of cotton throughout this section of country is the best I have ever seen and the plant looks healthy and growing off well but during the past week the weather has been unseasonable the thermometer standing at 00 on the morn ing of the 29th and if it continues am fearful it will have an injurious effect on cotton Early planted corn looking well bat most of the crop in this vicinity was planted late which is improving M J Branch DeKalbDry at this time Wheat is maturing well will be harvested from the 1st to 10th of June Oat crop is cut short by the drought in May It depends on the seasons of June July and August for the present crop G W Morris Theblight has ruined the crop of apples and pears I am satisfied that the cold spell in last winter has had a great deal to do with the present condition of the trees I noticed very early in the spring that some of my five year old apple trees were entirely ruined by having the bark bursted from the trunk and the sap sour Upon a more particular examination I found nearly all the trees more or less af fected the bark on the trunk presenting the appearance of having been bruised and the sap more or less sour I believed then that the blight would follow which it did in both pear and apple T J Flake Douglas Fall sowed oats a failure The spring sowing on good land will about come up to an average Wheat bids fair for a promising yield though some fields have been almost entirely destroyed by Rice birds could not get rid of them with all the guns we could command until they saw proper to leave Farmers are badly behind in consequence of so much rain March and April but with the two weeks good weather just passed they are rapidly gaining ground Peach apple and plum prospect is better than has been for years Though we have passed through an unusually severe winter and have had nu merous calamities visited upon us in the shape of storms cyclones and freshets yet the people are cheerful and are looking forward with sanguine expectations to a promising yield in the fall J E Henley102 CEOr REPORT 1884 19 FultonThe planting season as you are aware has been one of the most unfa vorable that we have had for many years causing many farmers to put their crops in without preparation of the land which will of necessity lessen the product and now the crop being fairly in the dry weather has hardened the ground so that it is very cloddy when broken and this will also lessen the yield taking all together I think our prospect is unfavorable for a full crop but cant tell what the result will be The wheat is cut short from the cold but what is left seems to promise a good yield I havent heard of any rust as yet The oat crop will be very short on account of all fall sown being killed and the spring sowing badly injured by the cold Hawkins Hill from the department a little earlier than the Burt and about the same height The fruit prospect is as good or better than usual especially the pear apple and grape Too dry for strawberries The general crop looking well Most of the farmers are over their cotton the first time with the hoes which speaks well for their energy since planting which was two weeks later than last year W L Mangum No rain Crops suffering very much Prospects gloomy Robt Widdows HancockThe outlook is as good or better for a good crop as I have seen in many years John W Cawthon HarrisCotton planted before the big rain the 14th of April is a poor stand and the cotton after that as long as the season lasted is good but the late planting is poor but that will come yet James Pattillo There has not been enough rain in my section since the 14th of April to wet the land consequently stand of cotton is poor corn little no potato slips set and there is no prospect of rain at this date May 31st R E Fobt I will again consent to report for your Department as I think every citizen in the State is interested in its success Nearly every section in our county has suf fered for rain and for this reason crops are not so good as they would have been could we have had good seasons The area planted in sweet potatoes is not so large as it would have been but for the drought Flynn Hargett Jr HeardWe have had a drought of about five weeks that injured the oats but have had good rains recently that brought out the oats except the very forward Wheat was the worst killed but it has fallowed out and the most of the fields will make good wheat Fields that were not thinned out by tha cold were never better Corn is rather small but in fine condition Farmers have been pushing their busi ness and are fully up with their work J C Brewer HenryHarvesting has not commenced yet Wheat was badly winterkilled therefore bad stand but the heads are fine no rust It has been very dry oats badly cut off hardly high enough to cut Burt oats very light but will do to cut We wouldnt be without them if we could help it will be the oats for this section J M McDonald JasperFarmers pushing business ahead vigorously Living more economically than usual wearing old clothes and going in debt less H M Wisdom JonesThe progress in farm work is fully up to the standard and crops are gen erally clear of grass The dry weather with us during the month of May has been disastrous to spring oats on thin land and has caused poor stands of cotton in places of late planting Rust in late wheat in many places The plants corn and cotton are healthy but small owing to the dry weather We are having good sea sons now and as the crops are in good condition will improve rapidly R T Ross I20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 104 McDuffieWe have had fine rains and the crop prospect is reported good from every section ot our county A few localities have been damaged by hail H McCorkle The best stand of cotton in the past five years and plants healthy The oats are very heavy which will make up largely for the thinning out by the cold The best wheat crop in several years A E Sturgis MeriwetherI am more than willing to serve your Department not only as cor respondent but in any other way that will aid you in your noble work for it has been a godsend to the farmers of this as well as other States The majority of our farmers are disheartened on account of the failure of the fall oat crop I am fearful that it will be hard to get them to sow noxt fall but we must insist as it is one of the best crops that we can make The Carp seems to be a success I have commenced to build a pond and will stock it with them will have one acre in it John Milton Ingram Jr MorganSpring oats badly hurt by dry weather a great many too short to cut Been no rain to wet the ground in six weeks Late planted cotton has a poor stand J H Ainslie Have had a dry May Good time to work out cotton bat some was planted too late to get a good stand We are needing rain very bad now G D Perry Early varieties of oats spring sown and well manured are very good While the drought damaged the oat crop early vegetables pastures etc it was an advan tage to the wheat There has been a great improvement in wheat this month and it bids fair to yield an average crop The heavy and successive rains commencing about the 1st of March and contin uing up to the 22d of April left the farmers greatly behind in their work and the lands in a washed and baked condition Since there has been no rain scarcely consequently nearly half the land was plowed up in an unpulverized condition Most of the cotton crop was planted within ten days after the rain ceased and the stand is excellent where planted before this time the rains on it were cold and the land crusted before it could come up and that which was planted after this time unless very deep the soil became too dry and the stands are not so good Jeff H Gaissert NewtonA disease that is quite prevalent among cattle in this county is very alarming at this time I have lost my third milch cow and have fears for others The first indications of the disease is a refusal to eat or drink and a constant rubbing of the head on bushes or trees ears drooped and a constant running of water from the mouth like a ropy discharge obstinate constipation no bloody urine at any stage and occasional gritting of the teeth I drenched with every drug that I could think of or had heard of to no effect I made a pott mortem examination and found the rumen filled hard and tight and entirely destitute of gastric juice and dry as a shoe sole J E MoConnell OglethorjieHaving qulteaprotracteddrouht Some partial showers no general rain in May On the whole wheat perhaps benefited Spring sown oats badly in jured Late planted cotton failed tq coirje up The bud worm unusually severe on corn C A Stevens The weather ii very dry Gardens well nigh ruined Spring oats badly in jured for want of rain Wheat is generally good The land is so hard where ithas not been broken since the big rain in April that we cannot work to any aJvantage n sotn9 crops are injuring in qq lsequence James J Green105 crop report1884 21 Putnam Cotton prospect is good cotton was planted late but stands very good and the plant has grown fast and is equally asfar advanced as last year Corn late but promising Wheat and oats are now being harvested Fall oats good but stand very poor spring oats better than usual Wheat better than we expected one month ago Farmers areaboutup with their work J T Dennis RochdaleCrops are about ten days late but are in good condition Farmers are up with their crops and ready for harvesting wheat aod oats which will commence in eight or ten days J W Geanade Spalding Receipt for colic or botts in horses or muleshave never known it to fail Take half pint of whisky one table spoonful of chloroform half pint of warm water Give as a drench every thirty minutes until relieved Samuel F Geay Taliaferro Urge the faimers to plant drilled corn sorghum peas German mil letany kind of forage to supplement the short oat crop Fall oats are extra good heads but the stand is too defective to make a crop Spring oats are poor Sowed Burt and Hawkins Hill oats on the 6th of February Hawkins Hill were the most promising up to the time of heading but were utterly ruined by blast There is no blast in Burt or Red Rust Proof which were sowed the same day and in adjoining rows All the Hawkins Hill oats that I have heard from are ruined by blast 30 per cent is blasted and 10 per cent has no kernel in the shuck Carp received in December 1882 have increased from to 14 or 15 inches in length and have spawned already As a table fish they are good or poor according to the char acter of the pond D N Sanders TalbolWa are now having some very dry weather It has been six or seven weeks since we have had a Tain of any consequence While the outlook seems somewhat gloomy yet the farmers do not despair and are moving ahead and doing what they can Crops are being well worked and put in good condition ready for the rain when it does come Corn is still growing slowly and has a good color Crops have had or are having now their second working Cotton chopping is about through Spring oats owing to the dry weather have been cut off Wheat is not so good as expected the first of May While we have failed to a large extent in wheat and oats we hope for the best in the future S A Freeman Rain is much needed to get up a stand of cotton The wheat crop will be short It was killed out at the time of the heavy freeze last winter L B M Ceoeey TroupWe have upon us a very severe drought But little rain has fallen for nearly 40 days The entire rainfall for May was only 1 inch and that in broken doses The result is oats are badly injuredlate ones a failure My Burt oats are fine and harvested H H Cary Walton Stock of all kinds including horses mules cattle hogs and sheep were never more healthy here They were alll wintered on Georgia raised corn fodder and shucks Though a great many farmers here are beginning to feed on Western corn I am one of the few men that believe that our stock have suffered more gen erally from eating damaged Westerncorn than from any three causesknown toour climate This same calamity sooner or later will come upon us as a people unless we quit using so much Western grain and many other articles we buy called family supplies I am satisfied in my own mind that very many articles of foreign import are far from being what they were when I was a boy forty years ago Hence the rapid increase of various kinds of diseases This by the way but then it is my Conviction I22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 106 I made my report on our crop prospects a little full simply because there is noth ing the matter except a little dry weather Nothing is hurt yet Everything is well worked out and good stands My experience has been a dry May for a good crop year if the land is well prepared and well worked I have seen it the case that crops suffer for the want of work more than for the want of rain A farmer should prepare and plant what he can cultivate well and the results will always be more satisfactory Seaborn C Burson We are very dry but two showers having fallen in the county since the 24th of April and they covered but very small areas Hence very late plantings of cotton are not up Crops up except oats are doing well Josiah E Nunnally WarrenCorn has been badly damaged by bud worm It has been impossible to get a stand in wet places even after several replantings With that ex ception prospects for a good crop at present are favorable I am glad to be able to state that farmers in this county are gradually beginning to raise more home supplies than formerly and diversifying their crops more every year doing away with the necessity of so much credit and cotton Present indications are that a larger area of the oat land will be planted in peas this year than ever before a step too the importance of which cannot be too deeply impressed on the minds of Southern planters generally Cholera has affected hogs to a small extent R M Haedaway This county is fully 15 to 20 days later in growing crops of corn and cotton The stand was never better for cotton Corn is good only in wet places The bud worm has been very damaging Cotton chopping goes on bravely The oat crop is a good stand though imperfect Wheat is fair Jas A iShims WilkesI cant give an estimate of fruit On my place there are virtually nona but pearsno horse apples and very few of any kind The oat crop is badly mixed As to results the fall sowing where not entirely killed out is fine especially on thin landgood land generally badly or entirely killed Spring sowing fine where seasonablevery poor where there was no rain till the last of May The wheat left by the cold fineit is very difficult to estimate yields with such diversified stands It is too cool for cotton stand good but very late The weather has been fine for wheat John T Wingfield SOUTHWEST GEORGIA BrooksI have just examined one LeConte pear tree and I estimate the crop to be forty bushels and have other young trees very fine This is certainly the home of this pear Wiley W Groover First cotton bloom I have seen on my cotton 28th of May planted about the middle of March E Wade Corn and cotton unusually clean as the season has been very fine for cultiva tion The stand of cotton and condition generally above an average Oats not above half an average owing to late sowing which reduced the acreage planted and cold snaps which injured the stand Thomas W Jones BerrienOur dry May gave cotton a good sendoff and did not injure corn but cut off a short crop of oats Beautiful rains past week put vegetation on a boom Crops generally clean H T Pebples CalhounCrops are in a better condition at this time than for years the seasons have been fine neither too much nor too little rain Stands of cotton unsurpassed1071 CROP REPORT 1884 28 by any previous year stand of corn as good as could be expected Crops are about ten days later than last year Cotton well laden with forms though no blooms You can perhaps get an idea from this sheet Late fruit will be fine F P Griffin CrawfordCertain portions of this county have had good rains in the last ten days while other portions have had none or but little in five or six weeks Cotton just at this time is looking badly from the late cool winds Early oats have done well considering the dry spell The Burt variety is becoming popular in this section Those sowed in the latter part of January and the first of February have been cut and housed B W Sanfokd ColquittThe seasons and weather temperature have been highly favorable to the growing crops during the month of May Corn has almost recovered from the injuries received from excessive rains which fell in March and April Farmers are well up with their work cotton clean of grass and looking well the oat crop as indicated in my report will approximate an average in yield but not in acreage Cannot the Department get us up something on the importance and benefits of under drainage and how to do it F J Walkee DoolyCorn is generally small compared to an average but is clean and as the rains for the last week have been very general in this county the prospect for a fair corn crop is good Cotton is in a good condition the dry May has enabled the farmer to clean it out and as the stand is good the present outlook is very good for a cotton crop Hardly any seed corn saved in this country hence the corn crop is small S W Coney Houston Corn and cotton both were planted from 6 to 10 days lster than last year but the stands are fair and it is growing well There was a very small crop of sugarcane planted in this countycause loss of seed by the cold spell last fall Apples and peaches are cut off more than onehalf some neighborhoods will have threequarters of a crop and in others not near half a crop Small fruits are being cultivated for market in this county sueh as strawberries and raspberries They do well in this county Wm J Anderson DoughertyThe oat crop was sowed in January and only partial showers of rain nave fallen since April 20th some neighborhoods have not had any rain since April 20th Where partial rains have fallen the oat crop is very good but where no rain has fallen in six weeks the oat crop is almost a failurenot a half cropand all vegetation is suffering very much Corn is green and healthy and good stands but very small for June 1st I have no fears if we get rain in plenty for the corn crop j it has been well cultivated and has stood drought splendid Cotton that was planted early highly fertilized and cultivated fast is fine late planting of cotton has not come up a good stand on account of moisture to germinate the seed but with favorable seasons from now the prospect is fine for an abundant harvest J L Dozier MaconThe peach prospect is the best we have had for several years We will finish chopping cotton by 10th inst the plant is not doing well on account of cool mornings We had nice rains 8th 16th and 24th May Farmers are now harvest ing wheat and oatsthe crop will be light The Chili wheat sent me from De partment 1883 has rusted badly this year will not sow it any more I have given it two fair trials It is 10 to 15 days later than our common wheat J B Murray MarionMurrain is reported to have killed some cattle and some have lost all their hogs some have lost mules but the causes show no disease in epidemic form as some die from one disease and some from other causes Crops generally are in u DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 108 fine condition but corn is remarkably small but healthy and growingcottn looking more healthy than I ever saw at this season before My individual crop of oats are fully an average of spring oats Hawkins Hill cut for seed 23d will cut Burtoats 31st tomorrow Common rustproof sown in September are fully a week later than the Burt and two weeks later than Hawkins Hill sown 5th of February Gen eral rain 9th not much since except in a small portion of the county Rye has done finelynever better Oats wheat and rye have relieved the strain for feed for man and beast Gardens never better Geo W C Munro MuscogeeThe cause of my putting some things at so low an estimate is that we have a drought prevailing that has done great damage to crops The spring oats is a complete failure and the Irish potatoes is very much cut off the sugarcane is a bad stand the stalk small and not healthy The corn prospect is good all early planted corn is doing well the late plantings or bottoms has a bad stand owing to drought bud worms and birds An early rain will make the bottoms bring good corn Corn planted in June We have not had a season in four weeks and a very light rain at that time Crops of all kinds have been suffering for three days past as the wind is norlheast and very cool nights and mornings and I fear will injure the cotton plant which it will on sandy land as it will cause it to die out on sand C Ogletree QidtmanThe field crops o our entire county though a little later than last year at same time are entirely satisfactory to all fairminded farmers oats ex ceptedand never were in a better condition though needing rain generally Good rains have fallen in the southern and eastern portions of the county Farmers gener ally feel much encouraged with the present outlook Maximum temperature for the month 85 minimum 52 mean 70 rainfall 17 in J E Smith We are very dry rain much needed Potato planting behind Oats were all sown since Christmas consequently are late and not so good as would have been with a good rain ten days ago Dogs have killed all lambs and some of the old ones consequently the clip is not so good T P Kimble Randolph The weather has been so dry a great deal of the early planted cotton did not come up well Think the prospect not quite so good as last year very little grass and the plant looks healthy Too sood to say anything about sweet potatoes or melons Very lit tie land planted in potatoes yet in consequence of the dry weather what is looks very well Small patches of wheat planted look very well Oats almost a failure very thin and low been cut off by cold and dry weather Jas E Godfrey TerriUMy county is very dry no rain in May till the 24th and only in spots My neighborhood is very dry crops look like they will die the body of the earth hasneverbcen wet since the fall and winter Dry weather fields of cotton not up yet and cant come up until itrains It is disheartening to look at crops where itis so dry The oat crop is not half a crop killed with winter freezes and a dry May No rain since the 3d Saturday in April Elijah Belflower Thomas Planters well up with their work Crops in good condition but now wanting rain I notice within the last few days a good deal of cotton dying but not enough to affect the stand yet Oat harvest will begin next week Crops will be very light Corn short but good color Farmers all in good spirits and prospects very good for all crops but sugarcane and oats David A Horn WebsterI have put the prospective yield of oats at 50 per cent of an average crop but fear that they will fall below even that The package of bearded wheat sent109 crop report1884 to me from your Department was not planted till the first day of January but has proved to be a good wheat We have not had a general rain over our county since the 8th of May and a light one then I understand that a fine rain fell over about the southern half of the county on Sunday the 25th of May but in the northern half it is very dry and not a sign for rain at this writing Farmers are generally well up with their work and the only complaint I hear among them is the dry weather which is getting to be fearful Reason A Bell Murrain in portions of the county has prevailed amongst the cattle but few deaths resulting Cholera has been fatal to hogs in the northern partof the county A few horses and mules have died from careless attention or from local diseases Thecounty is generally dry exceptionally no rain since 19th of April ult Small grain severely damaged Corn and cotton vigorous and promising The dry weather Iibs materially aided farmers in cleaning their crops James P Walker EAST GEORGIA BurkeRecent rains have much improved the status of crops as reported for May 1st W B James DodgeWe have just passed through a five weeks drought which has injured the spring oats very badly the fall oats were all killed James Buciianxan JeffersonCrop prospects of corn and cotton good at present It has been the best winter and spring for farm work I ever saw hardly a day lost by bad weather Planters generally well up with their work Cotton chopping nearly done Andrew E Tasver Have had fine rains the past week which has helped the backward or late oats very much The rain was accompanied with hail in some parts of the county doing some damage to corn and cotton S H Clark Had fine seasons May 24th and 25th The crop prospect as a whole was never better and the outlook gnerally is highly encouraging With a few more true bills and convictions for vagrancy the labor problem will be solved Our la t grand jury and Judge Cain deserve the thanks of our entire county H L Bi TTTE MontgomeryI am glad to say that almost all the growing crops of this county are in fine condition Farmers are well up with their work Sugarcane is almost a failure for want of seed there will hardly be enough grown in this county to sup ply seed for another year The much abased sorghum is planted by all that coald obtain seed I think it will become more popular in this portion of the State than ever before 1 have tried ncary all the different varieties in the last fifteen years and have never allowed myself to run out of seed of the best varieties for this sec tion I offered seed last fall to every man that wanted to plant it free of cost and found very few that wan ted to plant it depending on their sugarcane roots for seed but when it was found this spring they were all killed I could have sold my entire crop of sorghum seed if 1 had saved it then but only saved what I wanted for my own use There is a heavy falling of in the sheep throughout this entire section there are but two main causes for the falling off and that is dogs and hogs There are no bet ter sheep ranges than this in Georgia if they were properly protected by our law makers 6 M T McClocd We have had good seasons up to date Corn crop is pOJiising The appleDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 110 crop is a failure Peaches never better With good seasons from now on we ex pect to make plenty j Clayton Clements The prospect for a full crop was never any better Had no rain to 23d light Showers 24th 25th 26th and 27th Dry fair and cool east wind the last two days J A Wooten RkhmondThe peach and apple crops were greatly injured by the hailstorm Old field plums the common plums are almost an entire failure Acorns are more abundant than they have been in years The fence men are apprehen sive the Supreme Court will sustain the decision of our judge and their hogs will have to be fed from their cribs We ones hate to see so many acorns throwed away R M jjcXair Twlggs Having failed to get blank from you for making crop report for this month 1 write not wishing my county to be left entirely out Over a large portion of the county no rain of consequence has fallen since mid dle of April Wherever up to a stand which is the case except the laest plant ings the crops are doing very well and will report yield of oats 80 wheat 75 con dition of corn S5 not up 14 condition of cotton 90 not up to a stand 24 F D Wimberly Wilkinson Partial showers in some sections Needing rain in most all parts of the county James A Mason SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Effingham Of the oats sent me from the Dep irtment last winter I sowed seven sacks containing probably a quart each on i of an acre of medium fair land I cut 256 bundles beet off 5 bundles and got 5 quarts and a fraction OTer a pint of clea oats I shall beat oil and save all for seed The seed were sowed on the 2d day of January T R Tarvkr CoffeeI have reported sugarrane at 60 per cent which is probably toohigh Owing to the Eevere freeze in the fall most of the seed cane was badly injured Stock is looking well The clip of wool was lighter than usual On account of the early spring and late shearing a great many have shed off hence the cause of the light clip Joseph Bailey Ohjmil report no wheat for Glynn as a general crop Some few acres have been sown on St Simons by Mr James Postel and Mr Shadman and these gentle men say it looks fineand if it turns out all right the supposition is that it will be planted on a larger scale next fall Jno R Dorflinge LibertyYour reports are valued and full of interest The time spent in filliDg out blanks is well spent The only tender spot is the accuracy of percentages still if one does his best conscience should approve The Department is a blessing undisguised and highly appreciated by your correspondents and brother farmers and planters So long as I can serve effectively and intelligently I am yours to command j a M King The spring we thought was too cool and crops kept back farmers were also disposed to growl for more rain but the svowers set in a week ago and all the crops are looking splendid Those that were well plowed in winter will yield a fine harvest with but little rain Alfred J Hendry There is no known disease among stock but from some unknown cause the in crease in lambs is very smallnot more than 33 per cent The damage to oats was not caused by rust but cold March winds and subsequent drought Geo M MillsIll CHOP KEPRT1884 27 LECTURE BY M GEORGE VILLE ON STOCK AND STOCK RAISING Gektlemen tilizer Translated from the French You know we must give the soil four different substances in a fer Acid Phosphate Potash Lime Nitrogen if you expect fine and abundant crops Animals must also have four substances in their feed Albuminoids Fats Carbohydrates Salts or minerals that they may live grow be well developed and give flesh milk wool and strength In a practical point of view the analogy is remarkable The products are different the number is the same You know also that the four substances composm the fertilizer cannot pro duce their full effect except the four are united This association is so essential that the suppression of one materially reduces if it does not really destroy the efficacy of the three others It is the same with animals The suppression of one of the four terms of the feed Albuminoids Fats Carbohydrates or Minerals so affects the work of nutrition that the animal becomes diseased and death generally ensues A dog fed upon meat carefully washed so as to be as nearly pure fibrin as possi ble soon shows a repugnance to it followed by intestinal troubles which end in death Carbohydrates are equally injurious Magendie has leftus classic experiments on this point An ass fed upon rice alone lived only three weeks A food of fats is stil more defective A duck fed entirely on butter died of inanition at the end of three weeks The butter sweated from all parts of its body It exhaled an odor reminding one of butyric acid The excretions were formed almost entirely of fat The suppression of minerals neutralizes the rest of the food and among minerals the absence of common sjlt chloride of sodium alone will finally produce death To maintain a healthy nutrition that is not only to keep up a satisfactory state of health but an uninterrupted increase of weight we must have I repeat the association of the four terms Albuminoids Fats Carbohydrates Minerals Starch sugars dextrin gum and cellulose28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 112 The effect of each one of these four classes of substances is increased not only by association with the three others but still more by the relative proportions to each other when fed In fact if you alternately vary the quantities of each one of the four terms of the feed you will find that the albuminoids and fats have more influence than the hydrates of carbon We will demonstrate these two fundamental principles by a simple example in the use of milk the most perfect of foods Its composition proves the necessity of the four terms It contains CaseineAlbuminoids ButterFatty matter Sugar of milk Carbohydrated Salts Minerals I take up the second proposition the superiority of fatty matters and albuminoids To prove this here are three parallel experiments a calf fed on skimmed milk another given the same quantity of skimmed milk with the addition of butter milk and a third the same quantity of milk with cream added The results are different In a week the first calf had gained thirteen pounds the second twentysix pounds and the third fortyeight pounds What more had the second calf received than the first Sugar of milk and hydrate of carbon and the third than the second More fatty matters and albuminoids The following weights are the exact quantities used in this important experiment To one hundred of live weight was given in the week to each of the three calves Caseine 1 Skimmed milk 9 2 Skimmed milk and butter milk 9 3 Skimmed milk and cream11 Observe the increase of weight Fatty Matters lbs 3 5 15 Sugar of Milk Weight Gained lbs lbs 11 13 15 13 26 48 Weight Gained 1 Vith insufficient food13 pounds 2 With more hydrate of carbon26 pounds 3 With more proteine and fatty matter48 pounds Let us compare these results with those obtained from Eape with a mineral fertilizer and a complete fertilizer Amount of Grain to the Acre Soil without fertilizer10 bushels Mineral fertilizer without nitrogen21 bushels Mineral fertilizer with 89 pounds more of nitrogen30 bushels Mineral fcrtilzer with 78 pounds more of nitrogen56 bushels In this experiment the mineral fertilizer corresponds to the ration with the addition of carbohydrate and the complete fertilizer with 89 to 78 pounds of nitrogen to the ration with excess of proteine and fatty matter With these proofs before us can any one deny the superiority of fatty matter and proteine or of nitro genous matter in the fertilizer The idea of dominants and the principle of collective forces is then as applica ble to animals as to plant and brings the conditions of production of the two kingdoms under the same laws The great superiority of fatty matters over carbohydrates is due to theirHI CROP REPORT1884 29 beating power With equal weights the combustion of fatty matters produces two and a half times as much heat The amount of fatty matter one can consume in high latitudes is incredible The Laplanders drink pure fish oil as we drink wine or beer The increased activity of respiration necessary to warmth in cold climates ex plains the desire for and power to take such food By the help of fatty matters animals utilize with less effort that part of their food which is to be assimilated and converted into animal products Fatty matters hold the firt place as heaipioducing food then come the carbohydratps and lastly the albuminoids which however are again promi nent as physiological elements in the formation of tissues and generally of all animal production Do these distinctionswhich recmt experiments have proved correct justify the general belief that animals are incapable of producing anything of themselves and that their rower is limited to the accumulation in their tssues of the different substances in their food by isolating them Nothing is more contrary to the reality of their phenomena than such a belief The truth is that animals create their substance themselves as plants do While in preparation for this work of creation their foods undergo such modifications as to completely change their nature In the words of Mr Chevreul Cooked foods are uncooked and partly changed into flesh fat and living tissues by the animal organisms The idea that albuminoids take no part in the production of animal heat is equally unfounded The incessant formation of urea which is derived from them by oxidation is a proof to the contrary But it is also true that in this part of the physiological work fatty matters and the hydrates of carbon are superior to the albuminoids in the work of nutrition In a word all these elements nou ish and burn sooner or later but under different conditions or relations The work of nutrition in both kingdoms takes place through a number of analo gous and sometimes identical acts But above all these analogies there is one contrast which overpowers all others and finally assigns different fumtions to the vegetable and animal kingdoms in the economy of living nature Let me once more remind you the plant proceeds from mineral compounds of satisfied affinities It absorbs the heat and light of the sun which it extinguishes in its substance where it pases into a state of imperfectly neutralized chemical affinities The animal on the contrary proceeds from organized compounds whose im perfectly satisfied affinities are in a frgh state of tension from whence it draws both the heat which animates it and the substance which nourishes it This is the great opposition difference But we will return to the practical part of our subject and support the laws 1 point out to you by another example and show that if intensive culture only is remunerative so also abundant and judici ously proportioned feed alone can make stock profitable consumers The facts for this new demonstration I take from an old experiment of Prof Boussingault If you feed a young pig of 132 pounds exclusively on Irish potatoes he will have formed fifteen pounds of flesh at the end of ninety days He weighed 132 pounds at the beginning of the experiment and at the end of it he weighed 147 pounds To produce these fifteen pounds he consumed 1172 pounds of Irish potatoes This is certainly a poor result Let us make a second experiment upon anotherSO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 114f pig also weighing 132 pound adding rye mei ground peas greasy water and scraps from the table to the Irish potatoes The Irish potatoes though rich in hydrates of carbon contain but little fatty matter and very few proteine elements By an addition of peas rye meal and greasy water we change an imperfect and insufficient feed into a eompete intense and well proportioned feed This approaches though it does not equal the food of the sucking period The growth is greater and more rapid with this second feed In ninetythree days it is raised to 101 pounds instead of fifteen pounds How much food had the pig fed exclusively on Irish potatoes consumed 1172 pounds equal to 280 pounds of dry matter The amount of food consumed in the second experiment was 3065 pounds equal to 363 pounds dry matter twice as much as in the first But on the other hand by doubling the feed we increased the product sixfold Food Consumed Weight Gained Feed of Irish potatoes alone280 pounds 15 pounds With a perfect and abundant feed563 pounds 101 pounds FEED OF HOG EXCLUSIVELY OF IRISH FOTATOES Hvdroear Irish potatoes Irish potatoes Proteine Fatty bonaceus mois dried matters matters maters Salts 12 pounds 3 pounds 007 pounds 004 pounds 25 pounds 002 pounds In ninetythree days the length of the experiment the food consumed was 1078 pounds 286 pounds 28 pounds 3 pounds 237 pounds 9 pounds In this period of ninetythree days the pig gained 15 pounds At the beginning of the experiment it weighed 132 pounds At the end of the experiment it weighed117 pounds FEED OF HOG WHEN PERFECTLY AND ABUNDANTLY FED DAILY Irsh Potatoes Rye Cracked Rye Meal Groupd Peas Greasy Water In NinetyEight Days Solid Dry Protine Matters Matter Matters pounds 5 pounds 3 pounds 04 0450 3387 0056 0320 0273 0050 0340 0309 0085 22000 0472 0088 28110 4441 0319 244780 437918 31416 Fatty Matters pound 0009 0009 0011 0007 0040 0076 744S Hydrocar bonaceous Matters pounds 1000 0 293 0218 0193 0 280 1 9S4 194632 Salts iounts 0009 0011 0006 0011 0062 0099 9720 In this period of ninety eight days the hog gained103 pounds At the beginning of the experiment he weighed143 pounds At the end240 pounds Suppose we have a speculation in pork If the animals arj badly fed we must115 CRr report1884 31 have 14 bead of hogs to produce 220 pounds of flesh in 93 djys If well fed two heps will make the same amount viz 220 pounds Which of these two methods is the bettereconomically the most advantageous Ts it better to raise 14 pigs or 2 only Jor 14 pigs we need more housing more time etc The general expense the handling the buildings the interest on capital are the same whether the animals are well or illfed Now the cost of the meat per pound is If ss as the increase of weight is greater Always the theory of intensive culture Pigs abundantly fed culture intensive and remunerative Stock are considered a necessary evil How is it to be otherwise if animals are badly fed What can we expect of an animal fed on straw What better is the feed given in our departments of the South and the mountains of PuyduDomeand of Vivarais We repeat again When the feed is imperfect and illproportioned its effect is lets with equal weight than when plentiful and containing in proper proportions the four terms which you know If we give a pig Irish potatoes alone 220 pounds of feed produce only 13 pounds increase If the feed is plentiful and wellproportioned 220 pounds will give 39 pounds This same fact is more strikingly shown in the three cilves fed on skimmed milk adding first buttermilk and then cream for in this case the feed is richer and the increase is naturally more rapid during the sucking period 220 pounds skimmed milk produced 116 pounds live weight 220 pounds skimmed milk and buttermilk 198 pounds live weight 220 pounds skimmed milk and cream 257 pounds live weight Mr Kuhn reports that six beeves weigiing 1214 pounds each gained 1397 pounds with a feed rich in fatty matters while six other beeves weighing 127 pounds each gained only 940 pounds in the same length of time on a feed not so rich in fatty matter We find always the same facts high feeding with quick in crease of weight is most economical and remunerative Acknowledge gentlemen these analogies are singularly instructive and throw an unexpected light on the rules to be applied to stockraisingthey are two viz abundant feed properly proportioned If a feed contains too much carbohydrates in the form of meals and is conse quently wanting in fatty matter and nitrogen a part of the meal and cellulose is found in the excretions without undergoing the least alteration and the meal in the manure is of no use It contains only carbon hydrogen and oxygen that is to say the elements which the plants draw from air and water On the contrary if the amount of nitrogenous matter is too large and the fatty matter too small a part of the nitrogenous matter in its turn passes through the animal But this time the loss is not entire for wc know that nitrogenous matter of animal or vege table origin are powerful feitilizersbut as nitrogenous matter ismore useful as food than as manure there is still a loss Finally if the quantity of fatly mater is too large the digestion is impaired and we find both nitrogenous matter and hydrates of carbon in the manure For a long time it was believed that cellulose was not nourishing but a large number of careful experiments have demonstrated this belief to be unfounded and that at least 50 per 100 of the cellulose contained in forage aided in the work of nutrition but certainly with less influence than meals and sugars Salts are also essential32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 116 A dog whose food was wanting in potash though otherwise well fed showed signs of inanition in less than a month In a practical point of view we have only to supply the phosphates and salts for the animals receive more of the other minerals in their food and water than they can make use of The conclusion from all this is that there is a proper balance to be maintained in the relation of the feed to the live weight of the animal and the composition of the food itself To come to simple and practical ideas on these two points we must avoid the comparison of two dissimilar substances in mixing feeds and substitute for each other only such as are analogous that is to say those whose digestibility volume and richness arg nearly the same It is very evident that in equal quantities the proteine in wheat peas or corn is of much greater value than the proteine in broomgrass or buckwheat stalks and the fatty matter in linseed cake of much greater value than the green matter ex tracted from dry leaves by means of ether Thus our ideas on thesa points can be brought to precse terms of a highly prac tical value The volume of the feed and its relation to the digestive apparatus of different domestic animals if we consider the weight alone may be fixed by the following table TO 100 OF LIVE WEIGHT Weight of dry feed Cows 2 to 250 Draught Oxen 2 to 250 Fattening Oxen 3 Sheep 2 to 250 Hogs 3 to 4 If we take the mean weight of a cow or ox to be 1100 pounds and use this weight as a unit of comparison for the different animals we have in round numbers the weight of the feed for 24 hours Dry fted fr 1100 pounds of live weight Cow 26 pounds Draughtox 26 pounds Fattening ox 35 pounds Sheep 26 pounds Hog 41 to 44 pounds What in these different feeds ought to be the part taken by the terms proteine fatty matter albuminoids and salts The following tables of Emil Wolf have received the double support of science and practice TO 1100 FOUKDS OF LIVE WEIGHT PER DAY OF 24 HOUKS Hydrate of Proteine Fatty Matter Carbon Milch cow 3 pounds 11 ounces 17 pounds Draughtox 2 pounds 8 ounces 15 pounds Fattening ox 4 pounds 12 ounces 13 pounds Stock sheep 1M pounds 4 ounces 15 pounds Fattening sheep 2 pounds 8 ounces 13 pounds Hog M pounds 8 ounces 38 pounds Fattening hog 9 pounds 2 ounces 27 pounds117 OEOP EEPORT1884 3 I say nothing ofsalts because apart from common salt cf which every oee knows the use with such a feed the animals are abundantly provided with them You see in these different feeds the fatty matters are nearly onethird of the al buminoids and they in their turn vibrate between the third and the fifth of the sum of the fatty matters and carbohydrates We are accustomed to express these relations in this way Relation of fatty matters to proteine 13 Relative nutrition of feed 15 While recognizing the utility of these expressions as a whole it is well to bear in mind the respective quantities of the three terms of the feed remembering that when we increase the amount of fatty matter by addition of cakesor that of pro teine by addition of flour or peas the carbohydrates weaken a part of the good effect which the feed receives by the addition of the cakes flour or peas In milk which corresponds to the most active part of animal life we find the fatty matter is in the fame proportion with the proteine and this latter is almost the half of the united sum of the fatty matter and carbohydrates Percent Theory Relative of milk nutrition Casene 3G0 Proteine 100 Butter 403 Fatty matter 1 Sugar of milk 550 Butter and sugar of milk 950 Hydrocarbonates 260 Practical stock raisers are unanimous in saying that in the feed for raising stock it is sufficient for the fatty matter to be onethird of the proteine and the proteine in its turn the fifth of the sum of the fatty matter and hydrates of carbon but in a fattening feed the fa ty matter must be increased onethird and stand instead1 of V3 and the relation of the proteine to the sum of the fatty matter and hydrates of carbon must stand 13 instead of 1 5 This approaches the composition of milk without quite its richness As an application of the preceding rules the following are two examples of milch cows and beeves The progressive feed is according to Prof Kuhn the one to be followed to obtain the maximum yield of milk No 1FEED USED IN A STABLE OF 20 COWS 17 nn Assimilable itrTnrt7 Dry Fay nonnitroge pernaci matter Proteine matter nous matter lbs lbs lbs lbs 5 pounds clover hay 3465 0180 0070 0764 24 pounds meadow hay 3285 0145 0045 0575 1 pound hay 0460 0000 0008 ol20 834 pounds barley straw 8606 0055 0070 3J45 5X pounds wheat straw 4045 0060 0037 0705 2 pounds cake 0755 0065 0015 0300 55pounds beets 8650 2000 0088 5260 28666 2508 0333 10869 No 2PROGRESSIVE FEED No 1 feed with 28666 2508 0333 10S69 3 pounds crushed rye 1333 015 0035 2175 29999 2513 368 1304434 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA H8 Assimilable ed per day Dry Fatty ronnitroge per head matter Proteine matter nous matter lbs lbs lbs lbs 2 Feed No 1 with 28666 2508 0333 10869 4 pounds of beans 2000 285 0065 2005 30666 2793 398 12874 3 Feed No 1 with 28666 2508 0333 10869 2 pounds cake 0833 0283 0195 0245 29599 2791 52S 11114 4 Feed No 1 with 280f0 2508 0333 10869 2yi pounds cake 2002 0335 0125 0290 30668 2843 0458 11159 In these feeds the quantity of proteine is a little less than in the formulae of Wolf but the fatty matter is a little larger Here are three formula from the same author for fattening beef and are for the three periods the beginning the middle and the end 1ST PERIOD THE FATTENING COMMEKI Assimilable Fee d per day and Dry Fatty matter non per head of 1100 lbs matter Proteine matter nitrogenous lbs lbs lbs lbs 55 pounds beets 7000 0275 0025 4250 4 pounds of oat straw cut 44 pounds oats straw given 7850 0112 0090 2002 at the end of night feed j 54 pounds red clover hay 7360 0536 0128 2140 2J4 pounds rye bran 2312 0205 0046 0750 4 pounds rape cake 2700 0566 0190 0486 pound flax seed meal0220 0504 0092 0043 pounds of salt 0050 27498 2248 0571 10277 2d period Assimilable fred per day and Dry Fatty noinitroge per head of 1100 lbs matter Proteine matter nous matter lbs lbs lbs lbs 66 pounds beets 7000 0330 0030 4700 4 pounds oats straw cut 4 pounds oats straw given I 7428 0100 0030 2424 after night feed J 84 pounds red clover hay 7360 0536 0128 2140 2X pounds rye bran 2312 GlA pounds rape cake 4550 0849 0285 0729 4 pound linseed cake 0441 0108 0185 0087 15 pound salt 0 067 1 29758 2128 0754 10830nx9l CK0P liErORT 1884 3d period Assimilable rrv Fatty uonnitroge pJSMMS 2 protelM matter noisraitter lbs lbs lbs lbs 55 pounds of beets 7000 0275 0025 4250 214 pounds cut oats straw 060 2 Qgg 2 pounds cut oats straw 451 005 ouou given after night feed J 8 pounds red clover hay 7360 0536 0128 2 40 Sa pounds crushed barley 2714 0200 0046 2282 5 nounds rape cake 4125 0707 023 060 SSZeed cake0661 0163 0277 0130 i pound salt 0S3 26514 1056 0773 11477 If these rules are neither so simple nor exact as those I have given you for plants and the facts less numerous they are nevertheless most valuable indications According to the old system a fattening beef hardly gamed two pounds a day while with a feed like the above it will gain nearly four pounds a day We cannot be too particular when changing animals from ordinary feed to a fat tening feed or when changing from a dry winter to the fresh green All domestic animals do not possess the same power of 2JS0rlL suming the same amount ot food they do not give either the same products or the same labor For 2422 pounds of food the ox gives 220 pounds live weight For 2 422 pounds of food the sheep gives 240 pounds live weight For 2422 pounds of food the hog gives 572 pounds live weight This difference is greater still as to time With equal feed in a week 600 per cent The hog gains 1 75 per cent The sheep 100 per cent Theox We may find the like analogies in the making of perfected races A Durham ox is fully developed at four years of age while the native ox gene allt required six years By crossing the Merino sheep on the Dishley we get both finenes of wool and a greater development of flesh With the milch cow we can even rjrolong the milking period Tut what is still more remarkable iu high bred animals besides their preOCity allowing the quicker movement of capital invested is the extraordinary develop nenT of the fleshy parts the choice morsels as the butchers say over the coarser aTurhamorfor instance the head and bones are reduced to the smallest dimensions the legs are short the paunch straight the skin fine and supple while T cle isiargethesp1Ce between the haunches well developed and the muscular m so great that it alone is onethird the whole weight of the animal nis the same with the Dishley sheep besides having very fine wool the fat con centlted i i the flesh is gathered in close pressed pelleta which gives the mutton a most agreeable and highly appreciated flavor The flesh of wellfed animals in It Son when butchered contains onefourth more nuWmnt than the same IZl piece from a poor animal or one that has been illfed What an argument n favor of a plentiful and wellproportioned eed I86 DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTUREGIOEGIA 120 COMPARISON OF FAT MEAT WITH POOR MEAT Muscular substance Fat Ash Water The flesh of a fat ox con lains 356 239 15 390 The flesh of a poor ox contains 308 81 14 597 Difference in favor of fat beef 48 158 1 207 POOR BEEF FAT BEEF T irst 3 flist Neck Rib roasts Neck Fdb roasts Water 770 774 765 735 634 505 Fat 09 11 13 58 167 340 Ash 12 12 12 12 11 10 Muscular substance 204 20 3 210 195 188 145 Pry matter 225 220 235 26 5 366 495 No one admires more than r the wonderful and imperishable creations of art but is it not also a grand art which moulds forms of life which carves not dead inert matter without reaction or resistance but animated marble which shapes life and models with blood nerves movement and will When Bakewell lived it was thought parentage was more important than feed but this is now a recognized error and of the two means the food is on the whole the most efficacious ami gets the best results from stock raising Descartes has truly said Nutrition of itself is a breed The first improvement in a species is the result of diet The influence of parent age added to that of the feed is in reality but one degree more of perfection in food because the qualities transmitted by the parent to his descendants increases by heredity the influence of treatment adds to the good effects of the present nutri tion Who does not know that the sexual form with bees depends upon the food they receive and that it is to the superior food that the queens owe the development of their sex As an example of this alfo we mention the tadpoles which William Edwards prevented turning to frogs by keeping them from light and forcing them to breathe under water What food for ihought we find if we study the training which makes part of the education of a horse and pass from this animal to man himself in the varied situa tions of climate customs fortunes and professions What is the disease among children called rickets but the consequences of a food either too poor or too rich in nitrogenous matter to the exclusion of the carbo hydrates How can we overlook the extraordinary effects of diet among pugiliss which by freeing their limbs and muscles from fats gives them a firmness suppleness and power of expansion and contraction that makes them insensible to blows All these effects come under the same law and are due to the same cause the diet this great modifier of constitutions individuals and even species We now return to the one point in view viz stockraising This maybe carried on under two very different conditions 1 As independent of farming operations This is generally the case near large cities where the principles of good feeding we have laid down are sufficient 2 On the contrary and this is generally the case where stock enter into andfc121 chop eepjET 1SS4 37 i form a part of the farming operations there id one need which dominates all Biers and that is to fertilize abundantly both meadows and all forage crops f Where we find the cultivated land is only profitable when heavily manured why not give the meado ws the same chance with the cereals Suppose you have a mea low which gives hardly 3900 pounds of hay per acre Ill at the cost of 800 or 900 worth of fertilizers you could get 7 800 pounls per iacre would you hesitate Woud not this be a necessary condition to success and a certain means of profit Am I not right then in spying stockraising owes its greatest success to the doc Itrineof chemical fertilizers and th it barnyard manure will not be priced by its true value until chemicil fer ilizers are applied to the meadow also This is my Ireplv to thoe who accuse me of condemning the SB of barnyard manure It has been well said we cannot change the nature of things Th facts are here imperious inflexible and unalterable When we attempt to draw both crops and manure from our cultivated fields all I the harvests must be small and there is no profit and when the crops are poor the 1 illfed animals are a source of unavoidable loss How can it be otherwise With the use of chemical fertlizers all this is changed When fanatically deify ling a formula which enlightened practice condemns you say meadow cattle I cereals you voluntarily make yourselves helpless y u throw away liberty and I freedom of action cattle all stock are then a hindrance becave they are not well I fed and the soil is not properly manured If on the contrary you follow the rules which I ceaselessly advise viz buy H fertilizers the price of forage will diminish the cost of producing cereals will be B less your crops will be bountiful the animals will be better fed the manure will be better in quality and its price be fixed by its real value The rise in the price of meat in the last thirty years and the mceased demand for it favors its production We live at least three times as fast as our fathers and to sustain this relatively feverish life we require a better diet To appreciate how pressing is our need I have only to tell you the price of meat rose from 1847 to 1862 25 to 45 per cent and from 1847 to 1873 40 to 70 per cent Is not this a proof that the production is insufficient Now with our old meth ods how can we increase production if the production of forage does not increase in proportion We can but expect an increase of the evil How is the workman to be fed if in the ten years to come this continues Do not misunderstand me I take back nothing previously said but on the contrary repeat the same question and give the same answer Are stock a necessity in farming No They are to be used as a convenience and their keeping entirely regulated by the profit they give Nothing more nor Before we separate gentlemen let me say a few more words I trust that this lecture to which I attach particular importance has proved to you that farming with barnyard manure by the old methods U not only unprofitable and uncertain but exhausts the soil I have said it exhausts the soil The exhaustion is slow but real and continued andafter a Century or two the proofs are positive Sad and undoubted explanation of the present desolation of regions that were once flourishing This is too grave an assertion to leave the proof to exceptional circumstances 1 do not therefoe speak of small farms where no manure is used and the ill effects38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 122 at once apparent but from Prof Wolf who has devoted much time and careful study to the best methods of making and applying barnyard manure The farm in question is situated on the other side of the Rhineconsists of 263 acres 105 of which are given up to crops for sale 90 to permanent meadows and 30 to forage plants If I prove to you that on such a farm the soil is growing poorer will you believe my proof decisive 1 According to Prof Wolf the soil loses every year LOSSKS FROM CROPS SOLD Vegetable Animal Produes Products Totd Loss lbs lbs lbs Nitrogen 2281 704 2985 Acid Phosphate 1003 264 1267 Potash 658 158 816 Lime 145 242 387 This divided among the 173 acres under cultivation shows an annual loss per acre of 17 pounds Nitrogen 7 pounds Acid Phosphate 5 pounds Potash 3 pound Lime What is there to counterbalance these losses Ninety acres in irrigated meadow which do not give more than 3900 pounds of hay per acre in which there are Per Acre For 90 Ac es lbs lbs Nitrogen 50 4500 Acid Phosphate 15 1350 Potash 63 5070 Lime 51 4590 This divided among the 173 acres in cultivation gives annually to the acre Nitrogen 26 pounds Acid Phosphate 7 pounds Potash 15 pounds 27 pounds to neutraliza the losses from crops sold If all the nitrogen from the hay was returned to the soil the cultivated and would annually giin 8 pounds per acre but in reality this is far from the truth The hay must first feed the stocknow onethird of the nitrogen is lost in the act of digestion and this is not the only loss the twothirds which pass through the animals loses onethird by decomposition in the manure pit This shows that the cultivated fieds hardly receive 8 pounds of nitrogen per acre We know if we return to the land onehalf the nitrogen taken from it by the crops the soil is not impoverished The loss being 17 pounds and the restitution 8 we may admit there is neither gain nor lossstagnation It is not the same with the acid phosphate The soil loses 7 pounds per acre the meadow returns 7 pounds but the loss from washing rains and the amount of acid phosphate which takes the form cf phosphate of iron and aluminum both inactive causes a real loss which soon makes itself felt It is true the soil receives a larger quantity of potash and lime than it has lost123 CROP REPORT 1884 3 but the want of the needed proportion of nitrogen and acid phosphate renders the lime and potash inert There is no disputing these facia With manure alone the crops diminish and you have the explanation of the reason why the intensive system is superior You will please to notice how careful I am to avoid exaggeration I am not speaking of a worn out soil but of unusually strong land Now is not the loss of acid phosphate and nitrogen a serious matter when we know they are absolutely essential to the production of cereals Suppose 10 or 20 acres of the niaadow are upland and cannot be irrigated but must be manured will not the cultivated land soon show the need of the manure given the meadow to their prejudice If I had wished a more striking example as an illustration of what I am proving I would have chosen a small farm but I have not done so because I preferred one where we may say the losses are now rather threatening than actual I beg you to think this subject well over see how this farm is well managed yet the present is uncertain and the future big with inevitable evil We may say in a general way that the lands of our old European continent are wanting in acid phosphate and nitrogen This is thereason of the good effects of guano Nine times iu ten acid phosphate and nitrogen are sufficient to increase the yield of the cereals and the greater part of the industrial crops but you must remember this is only for a short time the necessity of potash and lime will soon be felt if beets Iish potatoes or artificial meadows be desired and woe to him who Shuts his eyes to the wants of his soil If you need chemical fertilizers begin with nitrogen and acid phosphate Nitro gen in the formof sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soa acid phosphate as superphosphate then potash as a nitrate or chloride of potash and lime as plaster Before separating gentlemen allow me to cast a rapid glance backward over the path we have trod To those who say the doctrine of chemical fertilizers is inimical to stockraising in fact condemns and proscribes stock keeping you can say it is by chemical fer tilizers and by them alone stock can be made profitable and barnyard manure made at the least coat for without an importation of fertilizers stock are a burden You know further that the laws which govern plants are practically the same with those governing animals that plants and animals are to the same degree truly machines to which we must give all the food they can assimilate that to be niggardly in this respect is false economy we want abundant crops at the smallest expense How is this to be done In but one way Feed the stock bountifully and ter tilize the land by the rules you have learned Now this can only be accomplished through the purchase of chemical fertilizers applied both to cereals and forages to the crops fed to stock as well as those grown for sale this you know to be the fun damental principle of the doctrine of chemical fertilizers 40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA WEATHER REPORTS 124 Summary of Cotton Region Observations from 16th to Slst of May taken in Georgia under direction of the Signal Service U S A Prepared by Prof I II Charbonnier Director Sttie Service Albany Allapaha Athens Atlanta Augusta Baiobridge Camak Cartersville Columbus Dalton Eastman Gainesville Griffin Jesup Macon Millen Newnan Quitman Savannah Smlthviile Thcmasville Toccoa Union Point Washington Way cross Waynesboro West Point Sums Means STATIONS Mean of Temperature 88 6 8 5 798 8323 8SS3 8978 86 zs 86 78 8293 96 00 8056 837 8930 8828 8906 8520 89 75 8443 90 00 9343 8562 83 54 89 60 9314 8663 8690 a 3 o 66 5 ft33 6009 6262 77 00 6113 ft 33 58 06 6521j 5768 6769 66 81 6263 ft 33 6321 61 ft 33 6506 63 50 63 00 67 37 5619 6007 6186 ft457 34 61 7 35175 8710 170778 35 v 78 739ft 7133 71 21 8oii 74 83 73 5ft 709 7399 70 30 81 84 7368 73 7 734 75 74 7547 73 6 77 40 7646 7ft50 8040 68 40 71 83 73 43 7833 75 04 743 Rainall 75 3 0 05 2 1 50 t 9 049 5 2IS 7 0251 3 220 6 095 4 000 o 069 3 025 0 54 021 223 096 1 26 071 43 062 074 025 042 345 O79 OOO 143 O77 25IO 99 NoteThe concentration of these reports at Athens having begun only on the 16th of May the above summary a for the last part of the month 16th to 3st Hereafter the report will contain the Whole monthly periodSpecial Circular No 41 New Series Report of Growing Crops Yields Etc FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1884 RETURNABLE JULY L 1884 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga June 12 1884 Dear Sir Please answei the following questions on the first day of July and mail promptly so that your riport may reach this office by the 3d day of Julyy if possible Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in each direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm In all cases where the crop is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENOFRSON Commissioner of Agriculture N B If your mail facilities are such that matter mailed on the 1st of the month will not reach this office by the 3d please make out your report so long before the end of the month as will be necessary to have it reach this office by the 3d Many of the reports for last month were not mailed at the reporter s office until after June 1st some did not 7 each this office until June loth and of course such reports are too late to be of any use I For what county do you report county II Your name III Your postofficeDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA L 3 26 1 OATS i Yield per acre compared to an average crop per c ent 2 Average yield per acre in your county bushels WHEAT 3 Yield Compared to an average per 4 Average yield per acre in your county MISCELLANEOUS Condition compared to an average of 5 Corn 6 Cotton per cent 7 Sugarcane per cent 8 Rice per cent 9 Melons per cent 10 Sweet potatoes perri27 QUESTIONS FOR JUNE CROP REPORT it If orchards in your county escape frost when the fruit is killed in other situacions please give the location of such orchards relative to ridges mountains or water courses If situated on ridges or mountains state whether on the slopes or the crests of the same and give the height above the valleys or surrounding country also state what exposure whether a northern southern eastern or western exposure has greatest immunity from frosts 12 If any crop of oats in your knowledge has withstood exceptionally the Spring drought please give any particulars in which the variety time and manner of planting fertilization or other condition have varied from the ordinary treatment of this cropDEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE GEJRGIA 128 13 Report any facts of special interest in regard to new methods of culture experiments with new crops remarkable yields and the means employed in securing such yields etc Jf BPlease write as concisely and legibly as possible so that the time and labor of revision and rewriting may be saved Put the name of your county at the upper left hand cornerof your notes as it appears in the printed reports and give date of writing and your signature at the bott om COUNTY Circular No 55 New Series ANALYSES AND STATISTICS OF Commercial Fertilizer CHEMICALS INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA DURING THE SEASON OF 18834 J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture ATLANTA GEORGIA L PlinTfcRC ATLAIV7A CAJircular No 55 New Series ANALYSES AND STATISTICS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Season of 18834 Georgia during the Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga June 20 1884 EXPLANATIONS OP THE TABLES OP ANALYSES The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses and calculated relative commercial values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia duriDg the season of 18834 RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES After very extended correspondence and careful consideration it was thought proper to reduce the valuations of ammonia and phosphoric acid from those of last season The following prices per pound of the valuable ingre dients or elements of plantfood found in the fertilizers by analysis have been adopted as a practical approximation to their true value at Savannah viz Available Phosphoric Acid10 cents per pound Ammonia18 cents per pound Potash5 cents per pound For the season of 18823 the valuations were Available Phosphoric Acid10 cents per pound Ammonia20 cents per pound Potash 6 cents per pound It is often desirable to know the relative amounts paid by a farmer for the several valuable ingredients in a Ion of fertilizers The following is a simple rule Multiply the percentage of ammonia as given in the tables by 360 the available phosphoric acid by 200 and the potash by 10 and the respective results will show the value of each ingredient in a ton Thus Suppose a fertilizer analyzes as follows Available Phosphoric Acid 927 per cent Ammonia 215 per cent Potash 185 per cent Then 927 multiplied by 2 1854 215 36 774 185 1 185 Total 2813133 ANALYSES CF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1884 REMARKS The foregoing analyses were made by Professor H C White Analytical Chemist of the Department whose general report appears on page 20 During the season of 188384 there were 15184955 tons of commercial fer tilizers inspected and analyzed for the Georgia market of which 15182955 tons were admitted to sale and 20 tons were rejected as falling below the standard required by law The following table shows the amount inspected by each inspector O T Rogers Inspectoral Savannah D i t 4834045 tons Iroup Butler Inspector at Aueusta o T r r 4978400 tons J S Lawton Inspector at Atlanta wr c t ir r r 1908120 tons W S DeWolf Inspector at Brunswick v n T 2082140 tons Ker Boyce Inspector at Brunswick vice E L Thomas oT L Thomas Inspector at Brunswick vice W H Howell 3 830 70 tons W H Howell Inspector at Brunswick T 2000 tons J W Livingston Inspector at Macon o c 852160 tons Total 1 1584955 tons The following table shows the number of distinct inspections made by each inspector during the season the average number of tons in each in spection the whole number of inspections made and the average amount of each O T Rogers Troup Eutler J S Lawton W P DeWolf Ker Boyce E L Thomas W H Howell L W Livingston Total Number of Inspections 428 298 284 214 16 45 1 35 1421 Average Amtof each Inspection 113 tons 167 tons 6g tons 97 tons S3 tons 85 tons 20 tons 63 tons 107 tonsDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 134 COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS The following table show the number of tons inspected for each of the last eight seasons There were inspected during the season of 18756 553i6tonS There were inspected during the season of 18767 7524 tons There were inspected during the season of 18778 9318 tons There were inspected during the season of 18789 85049 ton3 There were inspected during the season of 187980 9i583 ton There were inspected during the season of 18801 i5244 tons There were inspected during the season of 18813 i25427tons There were inspected during the season of 18823 12537710 There were inspected during the season of 18834 151849 tons AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERSXHl ACID PHOSPHATES Of the whole amount of fertilizers placed upon the market during the past season 107611 tons were Arnmoniated Superphosphates and 39154 tons were Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones It is well to remark that those brands which contain not less than eight per cent of available phos phoric acid and two per cent of ammonia are classed as Arnmoniated Superphosphates and those containing less than two per cent of ammonia and not less than ten per cent of available phosphoric acid are classed as Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones This classificaon is made without regard to the name of the brand as will be seen by reference to the tables Those fertilizing materials which do not belong to either of the foregoing are classed as Chemicals and Compounds other than Arnmoniated Super phosphates and Dissolved Bones Of this class there were 5047 tons inspected and analyzed and are included in Table No II The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones inspected in Georgia during the past nine seasons are as follows For the season of 18756 6499 tons For the season of 18767 12842 tons For the season of 18778 15332 tons For the season of 18789 10291 tons For the season of 187980 13 906 tons For the season of 18801 22036 tons For the season of 18812 20602 tons For the season of 18823 31017 tons For the season of 18834 39154 tons Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phosphates for each season is as follows For 18756 1166 per cent For 18767 1232 per cent For 18778 1962 per cent For 18789 1222 per cent For 187980 1163 Per cent For 18801 I5i per cent For 18812 1642 per cent For 18823 24 73 per cent For 18834 25 78 per ce135 ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1884 The following averages for the past eight seasons will be found interest ing viz GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS For the For the For the For the For the For the For the For the For the For the season season season season season season season season season season of 18745 of 18756 of 18767 of 18778 of 18789 of 187980 of 18801 of 18812 of 18823 of 18834 Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash 923 255 517 10 94 253 2 49 1087 252 275 1143 279 333 n 95 270 166 1024 258 133 10 96 253 141 1088 2 48 147 1103 353 150 10 82 2 47 iSS These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phos phates for the seasonsnamed It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia and PotasKjaxe of those brands only which are shown by analysis o contain these elements and not of the whole number of brands analyzed AVERAGES OF AMMONIATEI FERTILIZERS For the season of 18745 Forthe season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 187879 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season ofJi88i2 For the season of 18823 For the seasonof 18834 Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash 373 284 531 1036 298 279 1051 273 2 43 1083 279 235 1153 270 I64 9 53 259 135 1030 2 S3 145 1020 248 158 1022 253 148 9 78 2 47 157 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA AVERAGES OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS 136 For the For the For the For the For the For the For the For the For the For the season o season of season of season of season of season of season of season of season of season of 18745 18756 18767 18778 18789 187980 18801 18823 18834 Available Phosphoric Acid Potash 1105 385 1199 464 1168 4 5 1310 2 16 1320 I 63 1244 I28 12 60 I30 1248 I 05 1255 I56 1259 I 48 The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows For the season of 18745 no brands For the season of 1875 6 101 brands For the season of 18767 125 brands For the season of 18778 127 brands For the season of 18789 162 brands For the season of 187980 182 brands For the season of 18801 226 brands For the season of 18812 270 brands For the season of 18823 354 brands For the season of 18834 336 brands These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or composting manures at home The number of brands of Ammoniated and Nonammoniated Fertilizers for each season is as follows For the For the For the For the For the For the For the For the For the For the season of 18745 season of 18756 season of 18767 season of 18778 season of 18789 season of 1S7980 season of 18801 season of 18812 season of 18823 season of 18834 Amoniated Nonammoniated 86 68 33 85 40 90 37 19 43 135 47 163 66 187 33 239 5 210 126 137 ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1831 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OF FERTILI ZERS SEASON OF 18834 RECEIPTS Fees on 15184953 tons inspected during the season 7591492 EXPENSES OF INSPECTION 1648200 Inspector tags 230 per thousand8 378086 Express chrrges on tags samples and other incidental expsnses 60014 Balance paid into the Treasury 7153392 75Q24927592492 Total amount paid into and due the Treasury 7ri53399 Inspectors salaries to September 1 1884 640000 Chemists salary to September 1 1884 300000 Leaving net balance in Treasury of 6213392 753392 S7i533 92 The net balance in the Treasury for the season of 1877 8 was 3590577 For the season of i878g 3126767 For the season of 18798o 4643836 For the season of 1880 1 640602s For the season of i88i2 5025132 For the season of i8823 5081090 For the season of i8834 6213392 Increase compared with i88a3 1132302 ITABLES at Analyses Mative Commercial Values and Statistics of Commercial Hilkers ernicals etc inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 188384 to Jtayil i TABLE I Ammoniated Sdpkrfhosphates of Lime NAME OF BRAND immoniated Dissolved Bone t Ammoniated AlkalineGuano A P Wright Co s Solid Guano Ammd PhosCrescent Brand for Cotton z Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Hone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ashepoo DisBone with Am and Potash Americus Guano Asnley Soluble i4uaoo Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Atlanta Ammcniated Fertilizer Ammd Dissolved Bone Fossilifenous Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer Arlington B Ammd Soluble Phos Amm miated Bone and Potash Ammoniated Superphosphate Andrew Coes Original Am Bone Phos Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate Ashepoo Fertilizer Atlta Ammoniated Guano Ammoniated Dissolved Bono Acme Guanos Ammoniated Bone Phosphite ri Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Baldwin Cos Highly Ammmiato Vegetable Fertilizer Baldwin Cos Ammd Dis Bone 1075 1215 16 75 1400 1800 1085 1S65 1160 1415 1300 1125 1325 1125 1400 1301 875 2075 950 1375 117 110 1250 850 12 50 1150 600 1825 1075 1540 Phosphoric Acid 204 254 220 408 200 065 350 8 2 SO 160 220 215 320 121 100 150 2 65 220 050 130 225 15 200 385 021 435 252 805 61 786 512 586 725 712 793 600 800 725 685 525 7 40 520 6 015 820 725 750 530 730 6110 515 650 415 506 014 035 101 1036 374 294 148 803 402 360 203 267 315 124 805 167 340 260 436 500 995 180 450 415 450 500 180 135 365 570 527 181 031 1179 907 934 815 9J 1085 915 1060 I 15 024 1030S i 865 10 00 056 1115 1010 1000 1185 165 oso 1230 840 050 1015 985 1083 1006 1067 a a O V I a o a B Sis o a O H 185 155 200 160 iis 125 052 118 275 165 125 110 0 90 150 100 175 145 110 100 115 i 66 200 33 8S 29 64 30 5 27 84 29 46 31 92 27 12 29 65 27 46 30 43 3 4 33 26 32 I 26 65 2il 71 27 94 34 10 31 0 31 11 33 61 83 i 29 60 36 01 25 62 27 56 29 50 27 03 31 S3 352 310 37 09 90 320 210 34 96 225 500 100 VI 10 50 200 10 50 50 50 20 20 150 100 10 100 30 10 70 20 50 125 35 52 120 5i 10 FOR WHOM INSPECTED John Merryman Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Geo W Miles 4 Co Milford Conn Adams Co Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md John Mevryman Co Baltimore Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md Ashepoo Phosphate CoCharleston Williams Clark Co New York Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston JnoMettyman A Co BarrenIsland DeLeon Bro Baltimore PcndletonUuano Co Atlanta A A Fletcher Co Marietta Ga Navassa iuano Co Wilmington I mhman Bros Co Baltimore Quinnlpeac Fer Co New London Symington Bros Co Baltimore Dambman Bros Co Baltimore Symington Bros A Co Baltimore Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Lorentz Kittler Baltimore Winters Legg Marietta Ga Lathrop Stillaon A Jordan Rialto Guano Co Baltimore W B Seal Baltimore Md BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED John Merryman Co Baltimore Md Chesapeake Gnano Co Baltimore Md 4eo W Miles A Co Milford Conn Adams Co Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md John Merryman Co Baltimore Md Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md Ashepoo Phosphate Co CharlestonSC Williams Clark Co Nvw York Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston 8 C John Merryman Co Baltimore Cheml Co of Canton Baltimore Md Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta tf W Fertilizer Co O ioago 111 Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Dambman Urns Co Baltimore Md QuinnlpeacFer Co New London Conn Symingtoi Bros Co Baltimore Md Damnian Bros A Co Baltimore Md Syming on Bros Co Baltimore Md Kasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston SC Lorentz Rttter Atlanta Ga Winters Legg Marietta Ga LathropStellsonJordanIIawkinsville Rialto Guano Co Baltimore Md W B Seal Baltimore Md Haldwin Co Savannah Ga Baldwin Co Newaik N 1 Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Baldwin Co Newark N J O M a w as H o a w M o a i a w M O M O w 03 00Bradleys Ammd Dissolved Bone Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer Bakers Standard Guano Bradley8 Patent Superphos of Liine Buffalo Bone Guano ft Barrys Chemical Fertilizer ft Barrys Grain Fertilizer e Bakers Standard Gnano Bradleys Dissolved Bono Bales Phosphate Gnano Bone and Potash Brightons Ammd Bone Superphos 5 B fc s Standard Guano s Blacks Specific Am B Cotton For t B H Guano Chesapeake Guano Cotton States Soluble Phosphate Chesapeake Guano Coles Georgia Cotton Fertilizer Columbia Guano Crown Gnano I Colgate Manure nSreriaSd Bne SuPerpnos of Lime Carolina Fertilizer Coles Ga Cotton Fertilizer Circle Brand Bone dDCi5SoTved0B0odnS0n8nmmJ Cotton Maker Guano Champion Superphosphate Cotton Grower Guano Cranstons Ammd Dissolved Bone Crescent Bone Fertilizer j Champion Cotton Guano 0 Cairo Guano DeLeons English Fertilizer Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash DeLeons complete Fertilizer Dugdales Ammd Superphos Diamond Brand Cotton Food Dixie Ammd Bone Superphosphate e Dissolved Ammoniated Bone f Dixie Guano Dobbs Ammd Cotton Fertilizer Dobb s Ammd Cotton Fertilizerln SnTua00 Grai F 8 o Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer Y fln EF Coes Ammk Bone Sunemhos liZi Eddystone Guano ouPerPH 825 1750 Iw 1 TRobln8 Eeid Augusta I Weld Hartshorne Savannah Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Langston A Crane Atlanta Furmans Farm ImpCo Atlanta Ga Chemical Works Auguta Ga Chemical Works Augusta Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore ifClariCo Augusta iJ A Bale Rome Quinnipiac Fer Co New London Dambman Bros Co Baltimore Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Long Dugdale Baltimore Md emapakeOniln0 Co Baltimore W T Colt Griffin Ga Albert DeLeon Bro Baltimore Weld6 Hartshorne Savannah Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Chas Ellis Savannah H M Comer Co Savannah W T Cole Griffin Ga Pollard Robertson Heid Augusta Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore T S chappell Son Baltimore Rialto Guano Co Baltimore K P Sibley Augusta Ga Baldwin Co Savannah Ga L Seldncr A Son Baltimore Kasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Perry M Deleon Savannah Sons Co Baltimore P M DeLeon Savannah Long Dugdale Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Langston Crane Atlanta Ga Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore IS C Dobbs Athens Ga S C Dobbs Athens Ga Dambman Bros Co Baltimore tiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston Jno Mcrryman A Co Baltimore John Stephens Atlanta Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Bowker Fertilizer Co N Y nhnicaLCof Caton Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Eurman gf armImpCoEast PointGa Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Ga hemical Works Augusta Ga Elcf Canton Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass J A Bale Rome Ga Quumipiac For Co New London Ct Dambman Bros Co Baltimore Md Hammond H Co Port Royal S C Hammond H A Co Port Royai S c cilpra ce Co Baltimore Md rPeakeGnan0 Jo Baltimore Md Long Dngdale Baltimore Md cielaJpeake tauo c Baltimore Md AllrkSrr0G Co N Bedford Mass Albert DeLeon Bro Baltimore fwr ftllizer Co ElizabethportNJ Chemical Co ot Canton Baltimore Cumberland Bone Co Portland Me clriyFeti1Hr Co Bmtm Mass iwn iVG Co N Bedford Mass Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Rdisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md P 8 Chappcll Son Baltimore Md Rial to Guano Co Baltimore Md R P Sibley Port Royal s c Baldwin Co Newark N J L Seldncr Son Baltimore Md Sported1261 C BaltimOTeMd G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md P M DeLeon ISIew York Long Dugdale Baltimore Md savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Michigan Carbon Works Detroit Mich Rnifai of Cant0 Baltimore Md Rasin er ihzer Co Baltimore Md Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Dambman Bros Co Baltimore Md Frtio pk 08FhtcCo Cuarleston S C lEdisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C L liank Coo Barren Island NY Clark s Cove GCo N Bedford Mass co o o J o o B w w o t1 w H ts w w 00TABLE IContinued Esuieralda Guano Edisto Raw Bone Equitable Ammd Soluble Superphos Excelleuza soluble Phos Eureka Ammd Bone Superphos of Lime Excelsior Ammoniated Bone Eclipse Soluble Gnano Eagle Ammd Bone Superphos oi Lime Equitable Ammd Soluble Bone Phos phate of Lime Empire State Fertilizer Empire Guano Eutaw Fertilizer k Faimers Friend Fertilizer i Farmers Ammd Dissolved Bone Fairchilds Georgia Tfet Flournoy Eppings Amd Diss Bone Farmers Favorite Franklins Amuid Dissolved Bone Fletchers Cotton Grower j Fianders Empire Ammd Compound 1750 1250 926 10 50 1725 1200 00 1300 1700 1600 1100 1100 1525 230 1050 800 1390 1500 1520 20 50 00 G Chemical Works Complete Grain GossypiumPuospho The Cotton and Corn Fertilizer Ga State Grange Fertilizer ya Paoifie Guano Ga Planters Favorite Ga Cotton Compound Ga State Grange Fertilizer Gilt Edge Guano Ga Fertilizer Geo W Miles I X L Guano Giant Guano 1200 850 250 255 185 125 045 150 2 14 2 30 18 590 855 850 940 651 8C0 400 560 3501 600 345 225 4 55 0 75 100 215 175 015 3 66 2 SO 174 210 480 355 435 405 254 443 217 215 249 235 340 902 654 8f0 685 750 72 710 200 650 260 580 410 8 62 9 35 956 1185 1021 1150 1080 11 55 835 9 66 851 105 871 10151 934 985 1065 910 910 990 200 255 200 255 21 260 2 200 1210 1591 1690 1150 1250 1500 750 1300 1900 1325 455 110 100 186 2 43 115 265 2 00 220 210 230 450 715 1041 780 716 740 915 485 456 520 520 8 3f 2 If 2 6 28 2 67 245 268 225 210 235 2 00 215 175 120 1 20 i on 150 225 100 1 25 osol 250 BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 502 875 024 180 275 36 020 425 5 404 465 952 1090 1065 960 990 1100 985 910 1015 924 270 65 50 1 10 105 7 1 29 13 28 27 32 53 28 04 i4 H 31 98 31 50 26 98 28 36 28 69 33 25 28 28 29 92 28 33 30 30 30 51 28 16 26 50 28 59 04 821 2 25 255 268 245 205 260 255 985253 115 3 10 215 120 i55 140 075 110 215 110 15 100 10 30 200 75 12 10 10 10 2f0 200 10 50 200 20 100 100 25 25 Tate Muller Witticoer Baltimore Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston M L Albritton Georgetown Ga Long Dugdale Baltimore Md i tlanlic A Va Fer Co Orient L I Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Jro M Greene Atlanta Ga T D Caswell Augusta Ga Talc MullerWitticher Baltimore Uiisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Risin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Read A Co New York Hammond Hull A CoSavannah Jno Merrymni Co Baltimore Hammond Hull A Co Savannah N A Hardees Son Co Savannah H Franklin Augusta A A Fletcher Co Marietta Ga L Seldner Son Baltimore 29 91 31 94 35 or 28 50 28 98 33 20 28 93 20 33 30 76 29 81 29 87 100 100 224 70 81 60 500 50 200 20 100 M A Stovall AugustaGa Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga Baldwin A Co Savannah Turpin Ogden Macau Long Dugdale Baltimore Ober sons Co Baltimore Baldwin Co Savannah L Seldner Son Baltimore C 0 Hard wick Savannah W Miles Co Milford Conn G W Crane Augusta Equitable Fertilizer Co Ba timore Md Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston s C Eqaitable Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md I ode Dugdale Baltimore Md Atlantic Va Fer Co Orient L I Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Clarks Cove G Co N Bedford Mass Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Tate Muller WitticherBaitimoie Rasii Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Kasin Fertilizer Co B dlimore Md Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston bC Head A Co New York Hammond Hull Co PortHoyal SC I D Fairchild Barren Island NY Port Royal Fer Co Port Royal S C Brad ey Fertilizer Co Boston Mass L Beldner A Son Baltimore Md lReadACoNev York L Seldner Son Baltimore Md Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Geo W Seott A Co Atlanta I la Baldwin Co Newark NJ larks Cove G Co N Bedford Mass Long A Dugdale Baltimore Md G Cher Sons Co Baltimore Md Baldwin Co Newark N J L Seldner Son Baltimore Md C C Hardwick Baltimore Md G W Miles Milford Conn Basin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md O B s S ts A A o d r o o c3 ti a w ts c m Q a A O I Good Lack Gnano 1900 Georgia Fertilizer1900 Gilt Edge Guano 1400 Georgia Test 1300 Giant Guano 1175 Georgia Patapsco Am Dis Bone 1075 Grange Mixture 1215 z Gem Guano 1800 Georgia State Standard Am Super Phos 1230 Hardees Cotton Boll Am Super Phos 1726 Harle Cos Raw Bone Sup Phos 1250 Homestead Guano1280 Home Mixture Guano 1250 High Grade Am Super Phosphate 1250 Hope Guano 1175 Inmans Imperial Guano 1275 Inmans Monarch Guano 1750 g Irwin Callan Cos Am Fertilizer 1150 s I E Vaughns Am Bone Super Phos phate 1325 s Jack Thompsons Am Dis Bone 1825 m J J Amd Bone Super Phosphate 1275 J J Sparks 1XL Ammoniated Bone Super Phosphite 1150 J S Wood Bros Amd Diss Bone 12 00 J W Harle CoJs Raw Bone Guano 1800 King Guano 1325 Kcnnesaw Guano 1200 Lowes Georgia Formula 1275 Listers Standard Fertilizer 1600 v Lowes Georgia Formula 1226 L C Dis Bone with Ammonia and Potash 1150 L R Guano 1350 Lockwoods Cotton Grower1245 Lockwoods Cotton Grower 1150 m L C Ammoniated Dis Bone1275 v Liebigs Am Super Phosphate 1060 k Mastodon Guano 1215 h Matchless Cottjn Grower 1525 Martins Ammoniated Dis Bone1285 McLemores Ammoniated Dis Bone 1000 e Matins Chemicals 1550 Nassau Guano 1520 Navassa Guano 1425 b Nnnnallys Ammoniated Dis Bone 1225 N W Fert Cos Horse Shoe Brand 875 n Oglethorpe Ammoniated Dis Bone 1230 250 250 200 145 220 387 446 20U 082 245 275 076 065 360 220 200 100 150 815 215 085 175 220 205 226 185 458 105 374 335 230 2 85 200 086 352 446 200 230 225 325 200 250 350 320 082 585 586 560 710 605 482 448 5 735 672 6 25 911 765 600 605 656 535 645 T85 785 835 550 520 275 524 610 461 1035 615 790 750 715 7151 8351 565 448 4 56 495 465 560 900 525 550 8001 7381 275 275 316 310 405 508 502 402 296 232 399 170 197 4 30 405 274 125 125 131 445 465 670 466 190 501 035 4 276 184 295 330 131 379 B02 445 381 360 255 114 305 50 860 860 875 1020 1000 991 9 50 9 1081 904 1024 1080 962 1030 1000 9 415 10nO 980 255 910 910 966 995 985 945 990 830 962 1070 1051 1066 934 1010 1045 966 944 950 902 876 826 815 1014 830 900 326 1125 29611031 255 255 210 216 250 2 61 265 225 240 230 340 225 355 210 50 255 210 245 245 213 260 255 255 250 215 263 320 273 120 1 20 115 130 152 112 160 296 145 160 oo 125 1 20 075 150 1 55 180 1 255 110 115 160 115 220 114 l 15 1 50 120 135 20 160 255 275 112 115 150 ii SO 180 550 100 175 501100 40l296 27 58 27 58 211 20 28 14 39 40 30 50 29 66 29 46 82 22 27 81 3 12 29 70 3 02 29 41 33 40 28 53 29 06 28 82 28 82 29 54 30 36 30 03 29 68 29 95 26 54 29 85 35 07 32 35 29 72 27 59 29 14 30 42 29 54 31 28 29 66 27 51 29 10 24 86 26 02 35 32 26 80 29 65 83 60 32 22 60 50 100 50 50 200 50 50 400 50 50 84 500 4 50 100 SO 50 20 60 150 100 150 150 50 50 100 112 300 100 10 150 200 50 75 100 50 10 20 20 50 10 100 15 200 Wheelis Co Augusta Ga IC Hardwick Savannah Ga T R Ramspec Decatur Ga John Merrynian Co Baltimore George W Crane Augusta Ga Georgia Chemical u orks Augusta Georgia hemical Works Augusta W B Sral Baltimore Hammond Hull Co Savannah N A Hardees Son Co Savannah Georgia Chemical Works Augusta George W McKenzie Atlanta Columbus Fer Co Columbus Ga IJ I Middleton Co Baltimore George W Crane Augusta J W Harle Co Atlanta Williams Clark Co New York Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull fc Co Savannah Hammond null Co Savannah J S Wood Bro Savannah J S Wood Bro Savannah J W Harle Co Atlanta Rasin Fer Company Baltimore T S Kellie Fort Valley Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Bald win Co Savannah Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Laogston Crane Atlanta Lorentz Rittler Baltimore John 8 Knox Atlanta John S Kuox Atlanta Hammond Hnll Co Savaunah Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Read fe Co New York Martin Erwin Rome Ga C 0 Hardwick Savannah hem Co of Canton Baltimore Weld it Hartshorn Savannah Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Georgia Chemical Works Augusta James E Jones Newnan Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah G W Miles Co Milford Conn O C Hardwick Baltimore Aid T R Ramspeck Decatur la I D Fairchild Barren Island N Y Rasin Per Company Baltimoie Md Gcorgia Chemical Works Augusta G Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga W B Seal Baltimore Md Hammond Hull Co Port Roval S C Clarks Cove G Co New Bedford ass Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Mich Carbon Works Detroit Mich Columbus Fer Co Commons Ga J I Middleton Co Baltimore Md Rasin Fer Co Baltimore Md Williams Clark Co New York Williams Clark Co New York Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull A Co PortRovalS C Hammond Hull A Co Port Royal S C Port Royal Fer Co Port Royal S C Rasin Fer Co Baltimore Md Rasm Fer Co Baltimore Md J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga Rasin Fer Co Baltimore Md T O S Kellie Fort Valley Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Baldwin Co Newark N 1 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Ashopoo Phos Co Charleston S C Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Manhattan Fer Co New York Manhattan Fer Co New York Hammond Hull Co Port Royal SC Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Read Co New York Martin Erwin Rome Ga C C Hardwick Haiannah Ga Chom Co of Canton Ealtimore Md Bowkcr Fer Co Elizabethport N J Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga NW For Co Chicago 111 Hammond Hull Co Port Royal SC c Q C PI W a f PI w PI w oo ooTABLE IContinued NAME OFBRAND Old Reliable Our Own Ammoniated Bone Oriole High Grade Owl Brand Guano Orient Complete Manure Oriental Am Bone Superphos of Lime Old Putnam Old Reliable i Olethorpe Ammd Dissolved Bone v Patapsco Ammd Sol Phosphate Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphos Patapsco Guano Plow Brand Guano Pendietons Am d Superphos Potent Pacific Guano Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphos Potomac Guano Pine Island Ammd Phosphate Pomona Guano Premium Guanoi Printupe Arrow Brand Ammd Phos n Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer s Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer Ramspeck Greens Am Bone Supphos RaniBpeck Greens Am Diss Bone Russell Coes A B Superphos Royal Superphosphate Raw Bone Alkaline Superphos Reliance Guano Rails A Perrys Amm d Dissolved Bone R D Coes Original B Phos Ramspecks Ammoniated Bone R D Yow Cos Am Bone Snperphos o St George Ammd Fertilizer Sol Am Superphosphate of Lime 1050 1240 875 1250 1100 12 1400 10 60 1325 1030 1050 1150 1060 1050 1675 1300 1295 1925 1775 1300 1600 1230 1325 1265 1800 1750 1350 1260 1075 750 8 50 1050 8 25 1825 1400 Phosphoric Add 4 3 o a X 225 800 Ofifi 885 356 755 235 490 135 815 150 675 100 715 075 885 215 785 362 565 3 20 600 4 10 584 1 25 630 0 86 662 10 620 2 10 620 2 85 510 200 300 105 500 210 692 2 15 H37 0 82 735 215 785 225 621 220 590 0 54 631 180 83C Ofin 851 325 80 300 5W 250 645 165 6 81 315 761 252 5W 225 82 3 K 21 r 170 2 23 392 365 280 240 096 25 179 410 256 346 348 3 32 395 1015 1025 978 882 1180 956 955 981 910 944 1010 839 970 1000 952 1015 482 992 1035 995 1115 883 1031 910 1005 885 322 952 445 12 V5 405H256 735 405 423 246 296 125 3 84 295 215 310 245 310 350 527 172 1015 890 8 90 990 1110 1013 997 s s 245 2 318 276 235 225 216 240 245 268 285 256 2 3 20 40 305 2 55 200 210 230 216 240 945 212 225 293 220 210 220 220 2 00 200 2 260 265 P 2 5 o 829 92 82 39 33 51 29 03 83 2 27 20 28 94 29 61 28 82 SI 28 32 46 26 6 31 s 33 52 28 98 33 78 30 80 10 28 91 81 08 27 15 33 22 28 27 73 25 80 30 74 34 42 34 26 30 22 27 49 26 10 2S 10 30 48 31 32 31 23 50 500 87 60 200 10 20 50 200 10 200 100 234 50 70 800 50 190 25 24 100 200 400 35 15 476 200 70 100 50 36 25 30 20 20 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Hammond H Co Savannah Savannah Guano Co Savannah Symington Bros o Baltimore Davie Whittle Petersburg Va Atlantic Va Fer Co Orient L 1 T 1 Caswell Augusta Ga avannth Guano Co Savannah Hammond H Co Savannah Hammond H Co Savannah Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Walton W Co WilmingtonDel Patapsco Guano o Baltimore Walton Whaun Co Mason Ga Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Webster Davis Co Atlanta Walton W Co WilmlngtonDel Rastn Fertilizer Co Baltimore Quinnipiac Fer Co N London ft P M DeLeon Savannah R F Medlock Norcross Ga Edisto Phos Co Charleston Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ramspeck Green Atlanta J F Wheaton Hon Savannah H M Comer Co Savannah G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Walton Whann Co Macon Ga Rails Perry Arlington Ga Lorcntz Rittler Atlanta T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga lno Mcrryman Co Baltimore W B Seal Baltimore G Ober Sons Co Baltimore BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Hammond Hull Co Poit Royal S C Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Symington Bros Co Baltimore Mo Davie Whittle Petersburg Va Atlantia Va For Co Orient X I Read Co New York Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Hammond Hull Co Port Royal S C Hammond Hull Co Port Royal S C Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Mil Walton Whann Co Wilmington Del Patanco Guano Co Baltimore Md Walton Whann Co Wilmington Del Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Webster Davis Co Atlanta Ga WaltonWhann Co Wilmington Del Rasin Fer Co Baltimore Md Quinnipiac Fer Co New London Ct p M DnLeon New York Hyman Dancey Norfolk Va Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Port Royal S C Hammond Hull Co Port Royal S C L Scldner Son Baltimore Md L Seldner ft Son Baltimore Md Ruecll Coe Linden N J Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md WaltonWhann Co Wilmington Del Rails Perry Arlington Ga Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga J Men vman Co Barren Island N Y W B Seal Baltimore Md G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md U w d W 3 w a H O s o r H d a w o w S3 toSterns Ammd Haw Bono Superphos 1000 Stonewall Guano 1240 Stono Soluble Guano 1250 Sea Fowl Guano 1275 Special Favorite 1540 Sea Fowl Guano 1800 StokolyA McMahons Am B Superphos 750 Standard Bone Superphosphate 1825 Soluble Pacific Guano 1000 Star Brand Guano 1300 Sterns Ammd Raw Bone Superphos 750 j Seldners Champion Cotton Grower 775 Soluble Sea Island Guano ll0n Stonewall Guano 1325 Schaefers Bow Bone Superphosphate 1050 Sunlieam Guano 13 75 b Samano Guano 1225 l South American Guano 1325 soluble Pacific Guano 1125 Standard Ammoniated Bone 1050 Snowdens Cotton Compound 1076 Sunny South Guano 120 Sol Ammd Superphosphate of Lime 1200 Schaefers Ammd Dissolved Bone 1160 Sol Ammd Supeiphosphate of Lime 10 75 San Domingo Guano 1430 Sterling Guano120 v Sea Gull Ammd Diss Bone Pnos 1050 w The Pride of Oglethorpc1226 Triumph Ammd Dissolved Bone 18 25 The Jersey Bull Guano 1215 Truck Farintrs Special Guano 075 Tennessee Superphosphate 875 I T J Pcrrys Ammd Dissolved Bone 190 v T L Browns Ammd Dise Boue 13 25 s 1 aylor Bros Ammd Bone Superphos 132 Tinsleys Ammd Pone Superphos 132 r Universal Ammd Dissolved Bone 1430 r Victor Ammd Dissolved Bone 1430 Wando Fertilizer 13 50 Walkers Gold DuAm85 Warren Holts Excelsior Brand 1050 v Westons Ammd Dissolved Bone 1325 Wilcox Glbb CoMnipated Guano 900 Wilcox Gibbs Co Man Guano1140 Zells alvert Guano 1275 Zells Calvert Guano 10n0 Zells A B Superphosphate 1250 Zells Economizer 875 Average analyses 120 40o 325 S06 215 2 450 160 37i 220 220 815 85 320 150 128 350 2 4 Ooo 375 200 060 21U 224 2 20 Iuu 352 a74 00 210 225 300 250 215 215 216 220 220 286 140 260 215 120 100 405 450 452 4511 520 525 521 880 652 7 76 710 790 735 085 692 460 600 490 650 205 5 tO 524 525 810 630 715 85 810 700 700 735 565 615 615 5S5 550 750 586 78 785 785 700 700 705 664 500 785 300 40 660 615 652 63 465 299 279 114 184 254 2 SO 2 60 27o 299 480 S4 264 505 315 730 350 466 37 200 40u 175 305 310 12S 312 447 379 130 335 490 380 275 275 125 126 125 312 312 229 218 405 126 67 545 285 220 316 na 985 824 800 994 836 1030 930 1050 1010 984 1178 805 8 54 995 965 995 90 990 900 1010 1030 800 1110 1120 888 1012 116 944 1051 1000 1025 9 30 1028 860 9il 910 910 1012 1012 934 882 905 910 970 945 936 935 968 H35 8011310 245 185 300 135 3 16080 253 145 250jl00 272 200 125 275 1 46 242 30 246 3 00 245 115 t 60225 225 070 2251 70 2 20 060 75 175 2 50ll15 265110 250 2 451150 212 120 275lSO 21515 290 175 265 240 160 268275 273 150 255 50 375 I 25 255 245 45 2 45 255 255 261 276 200 2 45 286 245 220 225 2 01 125 1 CO 2 100 120 180 180 1 160 100 120 180 19 200 095 100 115 25 1 00 78 247 157 33 64 27 15 28 15 32 06 27 28 30 hi 28 39 29 45 31 65 31 39 35 38 26 07 28 69 28 70 29 10 28 42 29 65 29 95 28 61 29 20 30 9 26 61 33 40 31 99 29 91 29 42 33 88 81 25 32 35 30 4 30 50 34 80 29 60 27 58 28 82 28 82 U8 82 42 29 42 29 68 28 54 2i 66 23 82 31 6i 29 72 27 57 27 80 27 93 27 80 5 60 60 50 100 100 60 60 111 50 410 41 2u0 100 10 101 100 60 200 14 24 100 10 80 545 20 ldO 75 50 50 50 20 12 10 100 25 100 100 20 100 60 20 10 100 200 20 20 20 20 Winters Legg Marietta Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Stono Phosphate Co Charleston N A Hardees Son Co Savannah West Bros Savannah Ga N A Hardees Son tV Co Savannah Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston AdairBros Co Atlanta Ga Allison Addison Richmond Va Winters Legg Marietta Ga L Seldner SonBaltimore Md Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Ches Guano Co Baltimore Md G OberSous Co Baltimore Md I G Gibbons New York Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Woods Co Savannah Ga Montgomery McLaurin Koine Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md T R Ramspeck Decatnr Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md G Ober sons Co Baltimore Md Williams Clark Co New York Jno s Knox Atlanta Ga Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Georgia Chemical Works Augusta N A Hardees Son Co Savannah J S Wood Bro Savannah Hl Wilcox Gibbs Co savannah Ga J C Bntner Sun Powder Springs i C Hardwick Savannah Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savaouah illiams Clark Co New York Williams Ciark di Co New York Wando Phosphate Co Charleston otono Plusphate Co Charleston eorgia Chem Mining Co Atlanta Hammond Hull Co Savannah D H Wilcox Savannah Ga Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md Zell Gnano Co Baltimore Md Sterns F C Mfg Co N OrleansLa Ches Gnano Co Baltimore Md Stono Phos Co Charleston S C Bradley For Co N WeymonthMass Kusseli Coo New York Bradley For Co N WeymouthMass J Merryman Co Barren IsldN Y Ashley Phos Co Charleston H C Pacific Guano o Woods Hole Mass Allison 4 Addison Richmond Va sterns F Chem Mg Co N Orleans L Seldner Son Baltimore Md Basin Ker Co Baltimote Md Ches Gnano Co Baltimore Md G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md J G Gibbons New York eeriiia Chem Works Augusta Ga Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Pacific Guano Co Charleston S c Mich Carbon Works Detroit Mich Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md T K Ramspeck Decatnr Ga U Oner SonsCo Baltimore Md Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Williams Clark Co New York Manhattan Chem Co New York Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Williams Clark Co New York Rasin ler Co Baltimore Md Wilcox Gibbs Co tSavanuah Ga Nashville FerCo Nashville Tenn C C Hardwick Milford Conn HammondHull a CoPort KoyalSO Hammond Hull CoPort RoyalSC Hammond Hull Co Port RoyalS C Williams Clark Co New York Williams Clark Co New York Wandu Plios Co Charleston S U Stono lhos Co Charleston s C Georgia Chem Mining Co Atlanta Go Hammond Hull CoPort Royals Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga Zell Guauo Co Baltimore Md Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md CO O o O rt o HTABLE IIAcid Phosphates Dissolved Bones Chemicals ete NAME OF BRAND Acid Phosphate Acidulated Rock Acid Phosphate Standard No 1 Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate for cotton Ashepoo Hone Ash Acorn Acid Phosphate Ashley Acid Phosphate Ashley Dissolve Bone Atlantic Acid Pliopbate 0 Accabee Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Aves Barlavento Island Guano Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate c Acid Phosphate f Acid Phos Patapsco Gnano Cos g Aslicpoo Acid Phosphate v Anderson Sous Dissolved Bone 1 Baldwin Cos Acid Phosphat liowkers Dissolved Done Phosphate Bonanza Baltimore Soluble Bone Bales Acid Phosphate Boyds Standard Acid Phosphate 6 Boyds Acid Phosphate e Chemical Co of Canton Pure Dis solved S C Bone q Barrys Acid Phosphate u Barrys Bi Phos of Lime I Crown Acid Puosphate b Coles Cotton Acid Phosphate Cnrries Haw Bone Meal Phospharic Acid 1350 1620 950 1470 1500 1000 1150 isoo 1100 1280 050 1350 1170 12 0i i 1500 LS 518 1390 1560 1100 12 si i 1350 1500 1110 1560 1050 1125 1175 1535 1326 1250 13 0 1175 QQ 258 120 308 U85 0 320 200 2S0 300 3 00 8 0 160 115 3 20 815 311 32 0 30 065 3 0 120 115 110 100 300 220 095 1085 1008 1010 11 21 980 780 9 SO J15 1020 5M1 775 1085 051 74H 005 585 1065 1465 800 1020 58 1184 1110 925 7 4 685 7 0 752 064 265 380 1 20 09 1860 151 3 85 806 184 18 365 310 311 195 446 477 257 505 330 1515 70 125 169 276 540 1 85 280 211 825 490 495 465 623 1162 89 815 1184 752 6 131 1315 1255 167 1145 12G 1023 1216 1026 1262 1342 121 1070 1520 12 85 1100 163 10 76 1560 1020 1434 1321 1150 12 80 1180 1165 1375 379 417 215 250 621 1541 13 1030 1434 1375 US 150 250 100 105 115 FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED i 00 391 425 125 080 145 080 110 11 080 80 82 27 26 21 75 28 68 2880 60 50 40 120 250 200 50 100 60 300 50 200 10 20 10 100 29 100 200 100 30 200 100 10 40 60 20 10 200 50 100 100 10 10 Ga Cheml Woiks Augusta Ga Edisto Phos Co harleston BC Ga Chem Min Co Atlanta Savannah Guano Co Savannah W B SealBaltimore Md AsbepooPboB CoCharleston8C N A Hardees Sons Co Savanh Ashley Phos CoCharleston SC Ashley Phos Co Charleston SC Pelzer Rogers Co harleston Vshepoo PhosCoCharleston St Savannah Guano Co Savannah Navassa Guana Co Wilmington Charleston Phos Co Charleston Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Rasin Fertilizer CoBaltimore M Mewbom Bowman Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Ashepoo Phos CoCharlestonSC Ashley Phos Co Charleston SC Baldwin 4Co Savannah Ga Weld Hartshorn SavannahGa Savannah Guano Co Savannah Patapsco Gnano Co Baltimore J A Bale Rome Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Chemical Co of CantonBaltme Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga Ga Chem WoikB Augusta Ga Hammond Hull Co Savanh Ua Cheml Ming Co Atlanta Wade While Marietta Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Ga Chem A Mining Co Atlanta Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Imported Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Williams Clark Co New York Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Imported Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Charleston Phos Co Charleston S C Imported Natural Guano Baltimore Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md JS MiddletOn Co Baltimore Md Imported Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Baldwin Co Port Royal S C Bowker FerCo Elizalieihport N J Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md T A Hale Rome Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Ga Cbcmiv Mining Co Atlanta Ga Chemical Co of Canton BaHimoi e Md Ga Chemical Works Angusta Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Hammond Hull Co Port Royal SC Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga Ueo E Currie 1 Co Cincinnati O W o fcs o w w o C H ci M itC F Sassccns Acid Phosphate Cranstons Acid Phosphate Chemicals for Home Fertilizer Circle Bone and Potash 7 herokee Hone q Cotton Plant Acid Phosphate m Charleston Acid Phosphate r Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime c Dissolved Bone Diamond Soluble Bone Dissolved Bone Carolina Dobbs Chemicals Dissolved Bone Phosphate S C d Dissolved Bone d Dissolved Bone Phosphate S C Dissolved Bone Phosphate Dissolved Bone Black and Potash DeLecns Dissolved Bone Phosphate Dissolved S C Bone Edistc Acid Phosphate f Etiwan Dissolved Bone Etiwan Acid Phosphate Ezells Dissolved Bate Edisto Kainit ff Entaw Acid Phosphate Etiwan Acid Phosphate h Edisto Acid Phoiphate Kmpie State Acid d Etiwan Dissolved Bone t Excellent Acid Phos j Edisto Acid Phosphate x Eagle Acid Phosphate Furmans Formula Farmers Compound Ga Chemical Woiks Acid Phos with Potash i la Planters Favorite Acid Phos Goo W Scott Gos Charh ston Acid Phosph te Ground Bone Meal Ground Bone Meal Genuine GermanKainit Genuine Gremao Kainit Ga Chem Works Acid Phosphate Ga Chem fc Min Co Standard No 1 Genuine feopaldshall Kainit Gate ity Potassa Bone Ga Chem Min Co Standard No 2 I Ga Stale Grange Acid Phosphate 1275 tsi n IS80 1325 1401 1600 1390 1201 1340 1225 750 1500 1500 1225 1850 1 101 13 f 1251 1535 1600 1475 lOi 750 350 ln00 15 00 1350 910 750 1825 1875 1410 1360 355 102i 1160 1025 11350 8SO 120 1116 300 865 0 65 332 030 175 185 18 3 45 200 200 165 080 100 260 206 064 275 10 065 185 181 2 JO 201 186 20 i 1S5 lll 180 164 188 180 1200 1185 7501 380 220 468 125 lie 120 11Oi 5 80 891 951 11Of 1465 7 8 8 If 68 850 90 9 00 925 1025 940 980 59 1162 800 1205 1021 740 8 7 900 1000 882 74i 8 0 741 84 1010 446 4 17 284 23 169 6K 3 11 571 52 385 385 450 37 2M 57 37 276 214 54 345 445 516 385 27 225 345 25 260 507 275 353 1035 1465 1240 820 715 640 1184 146 315 440 535 1026 1806 1240 12 3b 1631 13 1126 1185 1375 1285 28 11 1156 315 1 116 1641 1071 1119 1560 10 1326 1231 12 86 1275 1IO7 lu8 I06k 1000 11 725 280 1586 1135 1155 1176 250 1434 11 285 2 9 125 21 95 29 80 750 33 60 125 251 23 02 110 27 26 035 25 15 24 66 32 68 110 080 145 225 120 iib 1095 125 100 1011 12 325 105 152 2 00 1185 1116 1215 565 135 26 70 88 42 24 60 7 0 25 70 25 70 2S 95 25 36 26 30 24 26 24 51 30 82 22 62 28 38 10 9 81 20 22 95 27 50 24 60 25 70 25 50 23 14 22 95 24 49 25 91 29 76 25 60 11 85 11 15 31 72 22 70 12 15 28 75 24 85 28 68 20 100 9 ico 50 50 200 50 180 50 100 60 10 200 60 10 50 10 10 300 100 10 10 200 100 800 10 250 50 50 10 400 50 50 50 50 12 12 10 50 50 100 50 50 100 200 G Ober Sons Co Baltimore numc Bros A Co Port Royal JohnsonKimball Co RogersGa NAHardees Sons CoSavanh Atlantic PhosCo CharlestonSC Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga Stono Phos Co Charleston 8 C Pacific Guano Co ChaaleBton Savannah Guano Co Savannah Walton Whann A Co Macon Ga Ashley Phos Co Charleston SC S C Dobbs Atbcns G Ober A Sons Co Baltimore Etiwan Phos CoCharlestonsC Etiwan Phos Co CharlestonSC Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore PM DeLeon Savannah Ga Chem CooiCanton Baltimore Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC Etiwan Phos Co Charleston Etiwan Phos Co Charleston Hammond Hull fc Co Savanh Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo PhosCo Charleston S C 1 tiwan Phos Co Charleston SC Edisto Phos Co Chailestun SC Rasin Fer Co Baltimore Md Etiwan Phos Co Charlestons C Long Dugdae Bait more Md Edisto Phos CoCharleston S C T D Caswell Augusla Ga Furmans Farm Imp Co Atlanta Columbus Fer Co Columbus Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Long Dugdale Baltimore dd Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga J M Doiris Douglasville Ga Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Winters Legg Marietta Ga Stono Phos Co Charleston S C Ga Chem Woiks Augusta Ga Ga Chenil Mining Co Atlanta 1 II Jones Sons ilbcrton Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Chem Ming Co Atlanta Hammond llullfe Co Savannah G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Hume Bros Co Port Royal S C Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md Bradley Fer Co N Weymouth Mass Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Stone Phos Co Charleiton S C Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C Imported Walton Whann Co WilmingtonDel Ashley Phos Co Charleston s O Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston SC Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga f Ober sons Co Baltimore Md P M DeLeon Savannah Ga hemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Oo Savannah Ga Imported Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co harleton S C EdWo Phosphate Co Charleston C liasinFertilizer Co Baltimore Md Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C Furmans Farm Imp Co East PtGa Columbus Fer Co Columbus Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Long fc Dugdale Baltimore Md Geo WScott Co AtlantaGa Baldwin Co Newark N J Baldwin Co Newark N J Imported Imported Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Ga Chem Mining Co Atlanta Ga Imported Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Ga Chemical A Min Co Atlanta Ga Hammond Hull Co Port Royal SC c tr1 w CO CoTABLE No IIContinued NAME OF BRAND Phowliric Atid n Georgia State Grange Diseold Bone 1426 o Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos 1250 r G eorgia Pacific Acid Phos High Grade Acid Phosphate High Grade A cid Phosphate Harle cos Dissolved Bone High Grade Acid 1 hosphate High Grade Acid Phosphate High Grade Acid Phosphate Hyman Danceys High Grade Acid Phosphate o Heaths Soluble BoDe j Inmans Acid Phosphate j Irwin Callan Cos Acid Phosphate Irwin Callan Cos Acid Phosphate j J W Harle Co sDissolved Bono j J W Harle Cos South Sea Acid Jack Thompsons Diss Bone Phos Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kai nit Kainit 1600 1525 1225 1550 1560 1825 1370 1400 1250 910 1910 1350 9101 110 1435 155 1110 380 8 15 832 066 115 215 225 200 260 060 380 200 200 186 200 20 105 1000 1154 1385 905 11180 1010 005 1080 815 882 882 1000 882 882 1200 2 215 2 2 080 195 135 800 385 205 215 225 225 278 225 225 220 1340 1030 1233 1390 1406 1100 1215 1310 1240 1285 1030 1107 iior 1275 noJ 1107i 1420 9ls Kia 6 o a 9B 120 115 100 100 Too 1C0 1145 1225 11 60 1185 1190 1220 1175 1110 1120 SI 75 24 66 27 80 29 30 23 20 24 30 26 20 24 80 25 70 21 75 23 14 23 14 25 50 23 14 23 14 28 40 12 20 11 45 12 25 11 60 11 85 11 90 12 20 11 75 11 10 11 20 1200 12 0 1180 1175 1200 1180 1340 11 80 11 75 12 00 11 80 13 40 100 600 50 10 800 100 20 30 25 12 50 50 IB 10 50 50 20 10 100 100 500 50 21 0 50 MOO 50 60 50 100 50 100 72 100 FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WIIFRE MANU FACTURED Hammond H Co Savannah Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga Pacific Guano Co Charleston SC John Merryman Co Baltimore John Merryman Co Baltimore J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga John Merryman Co Baltimore Columbus Fer Co Columbus Ga Winters Legg Marietta Ga Hammond Hull A Co Port Royal SC Georgia Chemical Works Atlanta Pacific Guano Co Charleston 8 C John Merryman te Co Baltimore Md John Merryman Co Port Royal S C Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C John Merryman Co Baltimore Md Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Winters Legg Marietta Ga Horsch Bros Horschton Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga J W Harle A Co Atlanta Ga Hammond H Co Savannah Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Savannah Guano Co Savannah Wamlo Phos Co Charleston SC Baldwin Co savannah Ga Hammond H Co Savannah John Merryman Co Baltimore Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga Walton W Co Macon Ga West Bros Savannah Ga Webster Davis Co Atlanta Lippman Bros Savannah Ga Weld Hartshorne Savannah Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston8C H M Comer A Co Savannah Imported Adair Bro Atlanta Gareported Ashley Phos Co Charleston SClImported Hyman Dancy Noifolk Va GaChemical Works Augusta Ga J W Harle Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phosphite Co harleston S C Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C J w Harle Co Atlanta Ga 1 W Harle Co Atlanta Ga Hammond Hull Co Port Royal SC Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported O w a OKainit Kaimt Kll Kiiinit Kafnit Kainit 0 Knowlcs Soluble Kone Lockwoods Acid Phosphate Longs Chemicals LR Acid Phosphate ft Lockwoods Acid Phosphate i Long S Dngdales Acid Phosphate 1 L 0 Dissolved Bone Phosphate o Lemans Compound Martins Potash Phosphate Martins Special Fertilizer 0 Magnolia Acid Phosphate Nassau Dissolved Bone Phosphate Oriole Dissolved Bone 2Owl Brand Acid Phosphate Oichilla Guano Oriole Acid Phosphate Oglethorpe Dissolved Bono Phos Pure Ground Animal Bone Pure Ground Bone Patapsco Acid Phosphate Pendlctons Phosphate for Composting Pomona Acid Phosphate k Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phos PureGround Bone Pur Bone Meal 1 Port Royal Acid Phosphate V Pioneer Acid Phosphate Pure Fine Ground Bone Potash Acid Phosphate Printups Arrow Brand Acid Phos a Palmetto Acid Phosphate i Paragon SC Dissolved Bono i Paragon Acid Phosphate n Port Royal Pure Dissolved Bone s Patapscu Acid Phosphate A Russell Coos Acid Phosphate ft R D Lowe A Cos Acid Phosphate m Stono Acid Phosphate Stono Dissolved Bone Stono Dissolved Bone fccnaefers Acid Phosphate Slinglutts Dissolved Bune Sunny South Acid Phosphate Solid South S C Phosphate Grogans Weld Hartshorn Savannah Wilcox Gibus Co Savannah Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Hume Bros Co Port Koyo S C Tate Muller A Witticher Baltme Perry M DeLcoii savannah Ga Ga hemical Works Augusta Lockwoud Met Unlock New Y Long Dugdale Baltimoie Md Lorentz A Kittler Baltimore Md Jno S Knox Atlanta Ga Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Hammond H t Co Savannah Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga Martin lrwin Rome Ga Martin lrwin Rome Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Weld Hartshorn Savannah Symington BrosCo Baltimore lavie Whittle Petersburg Va Travers Sneed OoBicbinond Symington Bros Co Baliinn re Hammond H Co Savannah Pendleton Guano Co AtlantaGa Winters Legg arietta Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga P M Del ton Savannah Hammond II Co Savannah Winteis Legg Marietta Ga A A Fletcher Marietta Ga Hammond H Co Savannah Asniey Phos o t hartestonSC McKenzie WarreD Marietta Lortnt Kittler Baltimore Edisio Phos Co Charltstoil Ashepoo Phos Co t harlestou Long Dugdale Baltimore Long t Dugdale Baltimore Hammond Hull o Savannah Eliuan Phos Co Charleston Russell Coe Linden N J Edhsto rhos Co Charleston stono Phosphate Co Charleston W P Audeison Sons Marietta Stono Phosphate Co Charleston Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported id ported Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Lockwoid McClintock New York Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Lorentz Kittler Baltimoio Md Jno S Knox Atlanta Ga Look Dugdale Baltimore Md Hammond Hull A Co Ft Royal S C Ga Ch mical Works Augusta Ga Martin fc lrwin Rome Ga Martin lrwin Rome Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga lm e Symington Bros CoBaltimore Md Davie Whittle Petersburg Va Imported Natural Guano Symington Bros A Co Baltimore Hammond Hull fc Co Port RoyalSC Pendleton Gnano Co Atlanta Ga Stems Ftr Chem MnIg Co N O 9a chemical WorkB Augusta Ga Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga PM DeLeon Savannah Ga Hammond Hull A Co PL Royal S C Steins Fer ACheiu MnIg Co N O National Fer Co Nashville Tenn Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md Lorentz ctKitller Biliinioie Md Edisio Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Long Dugdale Balimore Md Long Dugdale Baltimore Md Hamnond Hull Co Port Royal SC Etivvan Phos Co I harlestor S V Kutsell Cue Linden N J Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C 1 o l M W o t1 to to H to Oo oo Stono Phosphate Co Charleston Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hall Co Port Royal SO IohiisonKimhall Co HogersGallioykin Calmer Co Baltimore Md Arnold Steed Palmetto Galltamspeck Green Atlanta Ga R JBaker Co Baltimore MdR J Baker Co BaltimoreMdTABLE No IIContinued NAME OP BRAND c Stonewill English Fertilizer 8 Snowdens Acid Phosphate p Taylors Diamond Acid Phosphate k Taylor Bros Dissolved Bone Phos Wando Dissolved Bone Wando Acid Phosphate W Gs Super Pnosphale o Wallaces Acid Phnspnate m Walkers Dissolved Hone e Wests Dissol ved Bone XX Acid Phosphate Zells Cotton Acid Phosphate Average Analyses 1390 750 1281 1435 1335 1300 850 1350 1400 1535 1465 109s 0 30 185 300 loe 225 300 175 380 065 064 088 200 1465 740 580 1200 1005 900 40 815 956 1162 1120 835 169 345 446 220 390 265 60 215 281 140 550 163 I 1085 1026 1420 1395 1165 10 00 1080 1240 1541 1260 1385 1259 180 270 115 035 101 148 a 5 S3 5 32 68 22 95 23 02 28 40 27 90 25 10 22 70 2 75 25 15 30 82 25 20 28 70 P3 5j 6SS A 100 50 100 10 ioo 100 100 100 100 603 450 25 FOK WHOM INSPECTED HarroldJohnston Co A mrcns Etiwan Phos Co Charleston Atlantic Phos Co Charleston Hammond Hull Co Savannah Wando Phos Co Charleston Wando Phos Co Charleston Wilcox Gibbs v Co Savannah tJa Chemical Works Augusta Srono Phos Co Charleston Weld Hartshorne Savannah Walton Whann Co MaconQa Zcll Guano Co Baltimore Md BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Imported Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston Hammond Hull Co Port Royal S C Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wilcox Giuhs Co Savannah Ga Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga Stono Phosphate Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Imported Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md a ti w H g H O o w II o a t1 H d w w o w o w o COThe following Brands have been found below the Standard and the sale of the same has been prohibited according to the requirements of law Si o 11 NAME OP BRAND 3 3 S Insoluble Soluble I Reverted S Total a Available fl O a s id o a a 03 3 W 3 gs Mm a FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACTURED Bakers Prepared Chemicals uoo 1600 540 0 75 400 275 420 2 40 820 515 115 100 180 1 75 82234 15 SB 10 10 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md Dismakes Hartman ApalachicolaFIa W O CO CO20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 150 REPORT OP THE CHEMIST University of Georgia Chemical Laboratory Athens Ga June 1 1884 Hon John T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Dear SirI have the honor to submit the usual annual report of the official work of this Laboratory The number of samples of commercial fertilizers examined during the present season is 384 of which 350 were from regular inspections and lit from special inspections Thee comprised as follows Acid Phosphates 54 Aeii 1 Phosphates with Potash 38 Ammoniated Phosphates 30 Ammoniated Phosphates with Potash 224 Chemicals 384 The number of revisions made by request is 33 The number of samples analyzed is somewhat less than the number last season This fact is due to the kind exercheof careul discrimination on your part whereby unnecessary repe titions of analyses of the same brands have been prevented Without such judicious over sight it would have been impossible for me with the means and force at my disposal to have accomplished the work of the year satisfactorily The samples sent me showed the goods represented by them to be generally in good me chanical condition and to be composed of good and suitable materials In proportions of fertilizing ingredients the goods analyzed this season do not vary materially from those of last season The average qua ity of the goods inspected continues about the same y The methods employed in the analyses have been the same as heretolore used by me in offi cial work On Mav 15th last pursuant to your call a convention of agricultural chemists was held in Atlanta to consider such modifications in analytical methods as had been suggested since the meeting of the Washington Convention in 1830 A large number of prominent chemists was present The proceedings of this convention will be i ublished elsewhere The only change in method recommended was a i increase of temperature in the determination of socalled reverted phosphoric acid This recommendation will be adopted by me lor the work of next season At the beginning of the present season it was found necessary to change cerlain of the valu ations used in the estimations of commercial values in order to make these conform more nearly to actual maiket pices Available phosphoric acid was left unchanged at 10 cents per pound ammonia was changed from 20 cents to 18 cents and potash was changed from 6 cents to 5 cents per pound In addition to the fertilizer wofk analyses of the following have been made and reported Lime Stone and Marls 11 Other Minerals and Ores 9 Mucks 2 Mineral Waters In January last at the request of the State Capitol Commission I made a number of analyses and other tests of certain building materialsgranites marbles etcdesigned for use in the construction of the new State capitoI A full report of the results was made to the Commis sion At the last meeting of the Board of Trustees of the University the chair of Scientific Agri culture was annexed to my chair in the University and the experimental farm was paced under mv charge Desiring that the experiments conducted upon the farm should be made to vield as many practically useful results as possible to the farmers of the State as well as to solve cetain theoretic problems f have taken the liberty to consult you frequent y during the management and course of the experiments You have very kindly responded and by your advice and bv a number of personal visits to the farm have ably assisted me in my work You have moreover exercised great liberality in supplying me with certain chemicals and fertilizers for the experiments which the means at my disposal would not permit me to purchase 1 desire to thank you sincerely for your kind services in these particulars and to express the belief that through your cooperation thus extended the farm may this season be enabled to furnish results of experiments of value to our farmers A full scheme of the ex periments with details of conditions objects etc is filed in your office and the results will be furnished von when obtained I beg leave to reiterate here mv opinion which has been repeatedly expressed that Georgia imperatively needs an agricultural experiment station such as those which are now estab lished in many of the other States I sincerely trust that arrangements may speedily be made for such an establishment Until the State authorities shall see proper thus to meet the needs and wishes of our farmers it shall be my earnest endeavor to make the little farm ot the Uni versity do such service in this direction as our limited means will permit In this eltort I am confident I shad secure your hearty cooperation Tha king you for many courtesies extended in connection with my official work by yourself and the gentlemen associated with your office I have the honor to he Respectfully yours H C WHITE State ChemistCIRCULAR No 56 New Series CROP REPORT For the Month of June 1884 SHOWING AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA 7 T iESIEIfcTrDEISOT Commissioner ATLANTA GEORGIA Jas P Harrison Co Printers Binders and Electrotypers 1884ijricular No 56 New Series j CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1881 BETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JULY 1 1884 Department of Agriculture Atlanta June 111884 COKN Since the last monthly report the corn crop has fallen from 98 to 95 in the general average for the State Serious damage and in some places almost a total loss of the crop on bottom lands has resulted from over flow Uplands hae sustained much injury both to crop and soil from excessive washing rains In Southern Georgia the crop being further ad vanced when the rains commenced the cultivation was less interfered with and comparatively little injury has been sustained In East Geor gia and in some counties in each of the other sections the condition of the crop is above an average and notwithstanding the unfavorable weather of the month and the consequent grassy condition the crop in the whole State is only five per cent below an average and is two per cent better than at this time last year The condition compared to an average in North Georgia is 91 in Mid dle Georgia 92 in Southwest Georgia 93 in East Georgia 103 in Southeast Georgia 98 and in the whole State 95 OATS The yield compared to an average in North Georgia is 68 in Middle Georgia 64 in Southwest Georgia 68 in East Georgia 67 in South east Georgia 86 and in the State 76 The yield per acre in North Georgia is 137 bushels in Middle Georgia 10 bushels in Southwest Georgia 9 bushels in East Georgia 106 bushels in Southeast Georgia 13 bushels and the average for the State 145 bushelsDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 154 Much loss has resulted from falling and tangling with the unharvested portion of the crop after the rains set in The damage from this cause was greatest in the northern and middle portion of the State where the crop was later in maturing and the rains somewhat heavier and more con tinuous WHEAT The yield compared to an average in North Georgia is 97 in Middle Georgia 85 in Southwest Georgia 87 in East Georgia 69 Southeast Georgia makes n report of this crop The average for the State esti mated from the two sections North and Middle Georgia where most of the wheat is grown is 91 The yield per acre in North Georgia is 9 bushels Middle Georgia 7 bushels Southwest Georgia 8 bushels East Georgia 5 S bushels and the average for the State 74 bushels The grain is well developed and the yield per acre in North Georgia is two bushels more than last year in Southwest Georgia one bushel more In Middle Georgia the yield per acre is the same and in East Georgia a little less than that of last year The crop has suffered much injury in the shock since harvest in every section of the State from the protracted wet weather COTTON The cotton crop has been seriously injured by the excessive and con tinued wet weather of the month of June There is a general complaint as will be seen from the Correspondents Notes of too much rain and grass and too little sunshine for the crop Since the last monthly report the prospective condition has fallen ten per cent in North Middle and East Georgia six per cent in Southwest and four per cent in Southeast Georgia The condition compared to an average in North Georgia is 82 in Mid dle Georgia 86 in Southwest Georgia 93 in East Georg is 88 in Southeast Georgia 93 and in the whole State 88 MISCELLANEOUS CROPS Southwest Georgia 83 East Sugar CaneMiddle Georgia 88 Georgia 85 and Southeast Georgia 92 RiceNorth Georgia 62 Southwest Georgia 90 East Georgia 88 and Southeast Georgia 98 Middle Georgia makes no report of the crop MelonsNorth Georgia 87 Middle Georgia 77 Southwest Georgia 80 East Georgia 75 and Southeast Georgia871155 j CKOP BEPORT1884 Sweet PotatoesNorth Georgia 98 Middle Georgia 93 Southwest Georgia 96 East Georgia 101 and Southeast Georgia 103 THE WEATHER The month of June is unprecedented for many years in the number of its rainy days and the amount of rainfall North and Middle Georgia had during the month from eleven to nineteen rainy days and Southern Georgia from nine to fourteen The total precipitation for the month varies at different stations from about five to thirteen inches The largest amount reported is in Atlanta and at Mossy Creek the smallest in Rome and Nashville PRICKLY COMFREY This is said to be most valuable green feed for cows horses and pigs by those who have tested its merits The plant takes deep root and withstands drought remarkably well thejdryest weather having but little effect upon it It is a vigorous grower and may be cut five or sixtimes in a season The yield the first year is said to be twenty tons of green feed to the acre and after three or four years growth as much as one hundred tons to the acre The green leaves are said to contain above ten per cent of nutritive matter and is only equaled in this by such plants as the cab bage andbeet Stock may refuse to eat it at first as they sometimes do with clover and some care may be required to accustom them to the new food It should be cut and fed when the plant is young and tender for when oldthe prickles become hard and formidable6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 1563 Table Showing the Condition of Crops in Georgia July 1 1884 NORTH GEORGIA COUNTIES Oats Wfteat 3 T3 3 c I s H Cbrccitrfon compared to an Average Eanks Bartow Catoosa Chattooga Cherokee Cobb Dade Dawson Fannin Floyd orsyth onklin ter Gwuon Civviniiett Hrfbersham Hail Haralson Hait Jackson Ltimpkin Madis n JliJton Murray Pdalding Ptckena Polk Raban Towns n Walker White Whitfleld 66 Average 65 13 60 Bi 62 S7 9S 92 100 90 100 100 81 91 91 100 85 75 100 105 95 110 82 85 105 1C0 75 93 100 105 110 107 SO 9 88 97 MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldwin Bibb Butts Campbell Carroll Clarke Olavton Columbia Ioweta DeKalb Douglas Libert Fayette Fulton Green Hancock Harrii Heard Henry Jasper Jones Lincoln 72 10 93 7 It3 96 100 108 100 XI 8 100 90 90 75 60 8 66 8 91 7 101 81 90 7S 91 76 18 91 9 ss 81 9 87 13 1 11 81 7 88 83 ino 76 S3 56 10 116 10 85 83 75 o 6 12 80 7 95 85 90 75 85 82 lb 100 9 107 St 90 SO 107 62 10 70 5 78 78 85 75 72 Bi 11 K 9 75 71 40 SO 72 15 90 12 100 9 05 100 0 7 100 7 98 90 85 90 66 10 80 8 100 78 511 75 85 58 15 68 86 8S 100 8S lt0 Mi 8 st 7 ill tn 100 SI 97 60 11 s 7 96 Sli 70 75 82 SB 8 66 6 85 86 85 85 82 85 12 65 7 7 6 100 55 100 65 7 86 S led 86 1 90 96 80 IKI 9 115 110 100 0 110 B2 10 m 8 100 100 9 05 UJ 13 105 11 ST 86 02 100 157 crop report1884 Table No 1Continued middle georgiacost Oats Wtajf Condition Compared to an Average 2 c IS o u 3 3 OJ u CS O V O S3 1 3 Iff F 8 a a COUNTIES s o O a S 03 3 u u a tc o Jl 6 Q 2 i s 00 1 1 1 73 05 13 10 100 80 9 6 85 84 85 80 96 58 75 100 92 88 62 40 45 75 30 83 62 73 85 60 95 42 65 75 64 6 12 10 6 8 18 18 18 11 8 15 10 5 11 U 10 88 82 105 105 85 75 90 72 95 70 65 50 95 80 105 85 8 8 7 9 6 8 7 8 9 6 8 8 1 7 8 7 100 115 100 90 100 75 100 87 105 9 70 100 95 72 105 85 92 95 90 88 80 88 85 100 92 78 120 95 62 92 ioo 60 70 100 85 80 00 TO 10C 67 80 90 85 80 75 70 75 T5 85 85 1M 75 55 9 95 120 88 100 88 95 loo 90 Talbot 100 100 100 100 90 80 82 92 86 83 T7 93 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA 66 73 65 50 76 75 90 65 76 63 65 82 75 11 9 9 S 11 10 12 8 12 6 7 10 20 ioo 90 ioo so 75 s 10 i 6 8 82 108 9J 92 102 100 95 90 95 96 92 100 100 92 105 9T 7S 102 90 95 90 100 96 96 100 IOO 85 is 102 100 90 92 87 82 100 89 82 S5 90 100 100 95 100 75 50 85 90 IOO ion 95 85 55 60 ioo 10o 75 80 ioo 90 75 90 100 82 95 67 58 65 100 90 ioo 70 76 75 100 95 53 100 75 95 7 80 90 SO 100 90 60 75 95 50 10J 95 100 80 100 IOO 100 90 100 100 100 110 100 67 7 100 10 5 5 io 12 7 05 89 102 10O 9 105 97 77 105 90 r 82 72 94 IV 95 48 75 60 75 75 70 50 72 72 77 6 10 6 7 19 11 8 10 10 15 8 100 ioo 65 100 97 75 91 90 91 S 100 75 85 eo 81 9 1C5 100 IOC 90 so 6i 90 0 75 100 90 100 1UO 100 90 Schley HE 9S 8 a 105 SO 100 Taylor Terrell 65 70 50 50 90 11 8 7 12 10 52 so 90 6 i So Webster 110 100 7b 15 100 105 68 9 87 8 93 93 sn to 96 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 158 Table No 1Continued EAST GEORGIA Oats Wheat Condition Compared 0 an a 2 a S3 a g br a C aj o o a If So si P h V B Is a u as COUNTIES e 0 0 S 0 0 6 O to 3J 1 3J g 3 0 S 0 S 0 1 35 75 75 50 11 15 6 95 85 50 105 105 87 105 112 100 85 87 Kmannp Glascock 75 62 62 65 65 11 6 11 7 10 85 88 85 70 75 4 6 8 4 95 88 105 85 110 75 85 86 75 90 98 85 75 75 100 100 60 95 65 92 70 SO 80 105 105 105 90 100 Pulaeki 62 80 80 11 12 9 55 75 4 8 120 105 110 95 85 85 100 88 95 ioo 100 60 65 75 115 95 105 Tatnall Twfegs 70 65 50 67 15 17 8 106 75 100 85 69 7 7 4 58 95 105 95 103 76 105 95 98 85 65 80 86 85 ioo 88 96 75 72 75 90 110 102 101 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA 100 65 88 is 100 100 100 105 65 105 100 95 120 100 100 100 90 85 80 100 100 100 Carlton 88 90 S8 13 8 9 100 80 100 100 90 85 125 88 90 90 90 SO 100 92 70 70 95 100 so 100 iro 100 80 100 100 100 100 95 80 82 105 100 80 75 105 90 95 Clinch KfAnphftm 70 90 85 100 7 20 18 20 112 100 106 125 Ware 86 18 88 93 92 98 87 108 RECAPITULATION 68 IS 7 97 85 87 69 84 88 90 70 80 58 74 70 91 92 93 103 98 95 93 82 86 93 88 93 88 90 88 83 85 92 87 98 62 90 88 98 84 100 87 77 80 75 87 81 89 98 93 96 101 103 98 97 Southwest Georgia 64 68 67 86 71 87 107 90 106 13 0 112 146 Southeast Georgia Arerage for State 1883 159 CROP REPORT1884 9 Synopsis of Weather Reports from State Observers for June 18S4 NORTH GEORGIA Gainesville Mossy Creek Ealmn Gap Rome Means STATIONS Temper Rainfall 920 850 930 900 520 768 430 665 560 720 508I718 1146 1300 550 9 99 Atlanta Carrollton LaGrange Oxford Thomson Means MIDDLE GEORGIA 650 900 580 9161600 705 76 3 735 73 4 1162 1175 1200 1179 13 Brunswick WaltnourviUe Means SOUTHWEST GEORGIA 920 60 0 76 n 915 14 S90 905 610 030 760 760 510 712 9 11 EAST GEORGIA 870 550 730 730 718 915 915 911 13 870 919 550 835 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA 860 959 905 0 630 763 739 656 751 1048 13 1260 1164 1310 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 160 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA BanksJune has been the most unfavorable month for tarm operations that I ever recollect to have witnessed The continued wet weather has greatly damaged the small grain crop Wheat is growing in the field and that that is threshed out is not much better off The bottom corn has been overflowed so long that low bottom land is drowned out it cant make anything Cotton will be overrun with grass and weeds William M Ash Upland corn is looking well Almost all the bottom com has overflowed bu very little of it but what is dead particularly on the Grove and Hodson rivers We will have then to plant if it gets dry enough soon The upland has been very badly damaged by washing rains J K Sewel On the 6th inst the drought was broken by a copious rain and since then it has come down almost incessantly to the ruin of much wheat by rotting and sprout ing and I fear to oats also the latter are tall enough to cut but the excessive rains have tangled them and caused many to fall Cotton is much injured a great deal has died Corn looks well generally A great deal on bottom lands has been over flowed Potatoes look well and garden truck cant be beat R W JOYNER It continues to rain have plowed but four days in three weeks Crops all destroyed on bottom lands uplands are getting badly in the grass Much wheat has sprouted in the field So wet that threshers cannot do much The prospect gloomy W J Burgess This season has been wonderfully diversified first cold and wet from 15th of April to 6th of June very dry very cool evenings and mornings No material in jury by frost Cotton and corn made fair starts except the very early planted corn Wheat was excellent oats very poor About the 6th of June the rain com menced it has rained almost every day Our wheat is in a bad condition oats are tangled and on the ground It is a gloomy time to all F M Ragsdale We have had about three weeks wet weather Our wheat is badly damaged it has sprouted and it is so wet we can do nothing with it Crops cannot be worked and are getting very foul We have bottom lands badly washed destroying crop and land Our best bottom lands will not make much corn this year George W Wiley BartowThe long dry spell in May retarded the late planting of cotton but gave fine opportunity to clean the crops and also threatened the ruin of late oats June however has proved cloudy and rainy up to date and at this writing no prospect of fair weather The late oats vastly improved by the rain Cotton badly injured by lice and actually dying out and smaller than I ever knew it on the first of July Bad time for threshing some wheat and oats damaging in the shocks J 0 McDaniel161 CROP REPORT1884 11 CatoosaUnder the dry and favorable weather of May the wheat crop while it could not recover its full stand put on a spurt and came in ahead of our most san guine expectations June has been a month of almost incessant rain Corn flooded and drowned out on all low lands and it is too late to plant again Will sow largely of German millet Wheat in shock is in imminent danger from the exces sive wet weather John Bird The weather was very unfavorable for farmers during the month of June It commenced raining on the 12th and rained for ten days We had about six or eight days of fine weather It commenced raining again on the 25th and still rain ing More mud and water than I ever saw for this season of the year Farmers are very much behind with their crops Corn and cotton looking well considering its chance bottom lands are covered in water A Graham Corn is looking well owing to the late planting The spring rust proof oat crop is good but not harvested Cotton that was highly fertilized and cultivated fast looks fine The Chili wheat sent me from the department rusted too late for this country The month of June has been very unfavorable It has been raining ever since the 12th to the present with the exception of about ten days Our bottom lands all overflowed Crop of grass and weeds never looked finer C N Gordon ChattoogaIt commenced raining the 6th of June and rained up to the 16th The farmers commenced plowing on the 19th and plowed until the 26th It again commenced raining and have been rainy every day since We only got to plow eight days in June consequently our crops are badly used up by the grass Cotton is dying the lice are eating it up Our bottom lands are drowned out and I assure you the present outlook is very gloomy Wheat and oats will rot in the shock If the rains continue one week longer J J p Henry The prospect is very gloomy at present for a good crop Lice and grass threaten to ruin the cotton Corn in low bottom will be a failure Lots of wheat shocks washed off by high water and oats nearly all blown down some little cut before the rain and wind but without sunshine they will mold Farmers are despondent W F Tapp CobbThe gloomiest outlook I ever remember In the month of May we had two light showers amounting to sixtenths of an inch June has given us fourteen rainy days and eight and ninetenth inches of water Cotton is but little larger than three weeks ago Wheat and oats are sprouting in the shock Bottom lands cannot be worked Clover is the only thing that is doing well and that is splendid the second crop nearly ready for cutting The woods are full of toadstools which are rank poison to cows and hogs The no fence law is the ony remedy I know of Rain fall during May and June in Marietta Cobb county recorded in inches and tenths May 605 9th 01 Total 06 June 604 7th 02 9th 05 10th 05 12th 06 Hth 20 21st 09 22d 05 23d 03 24th 04 25th 06 27th 04 29th 14 30th 02 Total 89 Wm Alston Jr Marietta Ga Wm T Fowler made eighteen bushels of wheat to the acre was manured at a cost of 450 per acre with bone dust and cotton seed The land was broken and had been drained by the theory of David Nichols Some correspondent says thatfishcome to the sounding of a bell How do they hear without an ear and are not water and air separate conductors of sound Will some one answer E M Bbnbon12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA L1621 Owing to the rains farmers are getting more and more behind with their crops Whe at and oats are in bad condition still standing in the shock and some with sprouts three inches long The Bob cotton seed seems to be doing well It is limb ing out fine some is knee high on poor red land and in good loose land it is better H T Martin Wheat and oats are being injured by the continuous rains Bottom corn is being drowned out on account of the rain but upland corn that was planted early and fertilized is looking well L M Powers Very little wheat threshed yet and is sprouting in the shock A large portion of the oat crop is lost anu unless it stops raining we cannot save enough for seed Corn is doing well Cotton is badly injured Farmers are buying more corn and ni eat than any year since the war J T Lindley Dadel have used by experiment some of Furman Farming Improvement Cos Buffalo Bone Fertilizer by the side of stable manure in corn and that where I put the B B looked at four weeks old to be about eight days ahead of the other The Multi wheat all froze out entirely also the Chili wheat All the small seeds frcm the Department did well G A R Bible The wheat and oat crop are not yet threshed W G Taylor DausmiWheat is standing in the shock threshing being delayed by the wet weather I have heard the result of two cropsyield a fraction over twelve bush els per acre All fields that were put in in due time with proper cultivation have made a fair yield of good clean wheat I think it would be safe to say that all such will average ten bushels per acre throughout the county while the late sown has almost invariably made a poor yield and some of it very smutty A J Logan J7 oyd An excess of rain last few days causing grass and weeds and injury to wheat and oats Very little threshing on account of the rain Yields good as far as threshed W S Sanfobd This has been a favorable season for cultivating crops so far and grass has j ust begun to boom since the rains of last week Two more favorable weeks for wor k and the crops can be put in good condition but should it continue showery It will be a haid fight with the grass On the whole the outlook is favorable for a good cr op to date All depends now on July if seasonable all will be right J H Dent FranklinWe have had many drawbacks in this section First the spring was very ba ckward and it began to rain on the 5th inst and continued up to the 17tb then it began again on the 21st and is still showering on the 26th We had a perfect water spout on the 25th in the southeast cornerof Banks and the southern portion of Fr anklin counties Everything is badly damaged Cotton and corn is washed clown and covered up with sand and a great deal washed away The wheat crop is ba dly damaged by wet a great deal sprouted badly in the field The waters are very hi gh which will kill all corn on the river bottoms Crops are badly in the grass and some may have to be turned out J W Sewell T here has been so much rain that farmers are behind Low lands are mostly under water and injured to a great extent It has rained since June 7 up to July 1 Wheat is d amaged to a great extent most of it sprouting in the shock since it was cut John 0 Dean The wheat you sent me was late received and consequently late sowedand the freeze killed it out The purple straw is the best wheat we have ever had in this163 OEOP REPORT1884 13 county I sowed ten bushels of it this year and made 225 bushels Used about ten bushels of cotton seed to the acre It has been raining for the last three weeks the bottom corn is all drowned out R E McWhorten GtlmerThe people are just done cutting wheat and rye oats not yet cut wheat is well filled The most of farms thin on the ground the result of late sowing My own crop was sown the first days of October on pea vines turned in Part of the land had been run for six years in wheat and pea vines Never had a better stand My experience is on sandy loam land best to cut off the vines Nothing better for hay N L Osborn GordonCrops generally in bad condition Cotton small grassy and dying from excessive rains Corn on uplands where cultivated looking well young corn on lowlands being drowned Wheat not threshed and being damaged by rain Cotton remarkably poor and in bad condition Rain and rust grass and weeds all in juring it 0 H Davis Rains continued most of the month Much late planted corn cannot be worked and is turning yellow Cotton on elevated situations is doing well where liberally manured The cool weather first of the month caused much of it to die out leaving an imperfect stand Wheat harvest is over except some late bearded vari eties still in shock in a tumbleddown condition The Welcome oats has rusted There have been twelve rainy days this monthbut little sunshine N B Hall GwinneltIf the rain continues many more days very little corn will be made on low creek bottom Most of the corn on bqttoms has received but one working Plants small and much of it dying Cotton is small overrun with grass and quick set with young cotton recently come up covered with lice presenting a very gloomy prospect J T Baxter Habersham Mr Garnett Stonecypher is the champion wheat raiser of North Georgia and I believe of the State The wheat sown on one and onequarter acres stiff bottom and manured with seventyfive bushels cotton seed was a mixture of Dallas chaff and purple straw they seem to have crossed and made what I call the Stonecypher wheat The best average heads were seven inches long and many of them had ten and eleven grains in a mesh and hardly any of the heads on the lot had less than six grains to the mesh Young Davis Haralson The genuine purple straw wheat is giving the best satisfaction It is certainly the most reliable wheat for this section We have been having some ex cessive rains since the 6th of the month but crops were generally worked the second time and pretty generally clean The crop prospect at this writing is en couraging Please state if there is a remedy for rust on apple trees If there is no remedy our Shockley apples will soon he an entire failure W C McBrayer k No reliable remedy has been found for this diseaseCommissioner HartWheat damaged ten per cent by sprouting in field after harvesting Oats damaged 1234 per cent from wet weather Corn cotton aid all other crops in v ery bad condition owing to excessive rains thereby preventing cultivation N M Richardson We have had rain for ten days so that wheat yet in the field is in great danger of spoiling Crops generally promising but are very much in the grass Have had a freshet 25th inst but of so short duration that little damagejvijs don crops on low lands fik x XB 14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 164 JacksonI have some wheat you sent me from the Department multi headed that beats anything in the wheat line I ever sawDoubleheaded Bearded Some heads are three and our double also a new varietyvulgarly called the Speer wheat Chela or Rice that is hard to beat Heads some of them six inches long seven grains to the mesh without any manure though on good bottom land Any person doubting can satisfy himself by calling on me None for sale W J McRee MadisonRain almost continuous for the last three weeks Wheat is spoiling in the field too wet 1o thresh or haul the wheat up and house it More money in wheat and oats than any thing ese My experience is sow wheat and oats and manure well and you will make money dont fail to manure if so dont sow No money in cotton to the one that makes it All the money goes West J T Patten MiltonWe have had near two weeks of wet weather and it is injuring the wheat and oats some wheat is moulded in the shock If the rain continues much longer there will be a great many oats lost H Summeeoue We have had successive rainy cloudy and showery weather for four weeks Crops are needing sunshine bottom corn where water will stand is nearly ruined Cotton on gray lands is dying out so there will not be more than half a stand on red lands the stand is good Some say it is lice and some say it is rotting off at the ground John B McCollum MurrayI find that fall sown oats ought to be sown early and the ground left rough against winter killing The season is wet with us and it is impossible for a full crop G Jackson Continued rains during nearly all the month of June Crops of all kinds are badly in the grass Rain still continues R T Beck T he extremely cold and wet season has so changed the prospective crops that experiments have proved fruitless The almost continuous fall of rain since the 10th of June has drowned the crops on low land but some continue to replant much depends upon the weather for the next ten days Wheat is yet in the shock but not much injured Many fields of cotton are covered with lice and pretty well stocked with grass H Heaetsill PauldingWehavebeenfaimingfor 18 years onlightsandy soil My experience is plow deep close and level I use no fertilizers and make from a half to a bale of cotton per acre and 20 to 50 bushels of corn We long to see the farmers quit buying guano corn and meat and make the farms selfsustaining then we will have a prosperous tftate and a free people Give us a law to prohibit the sale of guano Benj T Dkake Pickens We had a drought of five weeks in May and the first of June which enabled the farmers to get their crops in good condition but in many cases retard ing the crop by causing it to be slow in coming up On the fifth of June we had a good rain in some parts since that time we have had rain in abundance and many hard washing rains injuring upland by washing and low lands by overflows At this writing farmers are getting into weeds and grass though if we can have suffictent dry weather from now on we will make the best crop for several years E R Alleed It has rained four weeks almost every day and farmers are behind with their work and it is feared that wheat is injured in the shock otherwise we are getting on finely No disease among stock and all in fine condition The people are in a more prosperous condition than they have been since the war L J Allred1651 CROP REPORT1884 15 PolkWheat and oats are sprouting in the shock cotton struggling with grass and lice with nothing flourishing but corn and young clover Corn and clover are on a boom so also are gardens and these now seem our only hope John O Waddell Lice and wet weather have destroyed the stand of cotton at least 25 per cent S M H Byrd Tescinte and Prickly Comfrey received from Department are growing very well but I know not when or how to use them particularly the latter It has been raining at intervals for nearly a month and small grain is injuring seriously Oats I fear will all sprout in the shock it has not been dry enough to house them since harvest R w Everett The prickley comfrey is used as a green feed for cattle The tescinte should be cut and cured If cut early it will admit of several cuttings during the season Commissioner RabunCrops are looking fine but are needing work We have had hut three or four days since the 6th of June dry enough to plow consequently farmers are getting in the weeds Corn and other crops have stood so long without work I fear they will be injured after working Crops have been injured in some localities by hail and freshets Most of the wheat crop is now standing in the shock and if the rain continues it will be badly damaged It is the largest crop ever raised in the county and well matured The rye crop was never betternot so much sown as in former years farmers are turning their attention more to wheat Our county clerk L C Hallifleld says he will have a flouring mill in operation in two months it will be the first in the county F A Bleckley The condition of crops of all kinds in this part of the county is rather gloomy at this time owing to the constant rains since the first week in June The har vesting of wheat commenced this week but the constant rain has hindered the farmers from work They are behind with all kinds of farm work If the rains continue much longer the condition of crops will be bad The packages of wheat that were sent to me from the Agricultural Department were a complete failure the late sowing and the cold winter was one cause of the failure Edward Setton TownsThe Bed Mediterranean winter wheat which was sown at the time we sowed our other wheat did not stand the cold weather it nearly all froze out dont think it will do for our section J N Gibson Our seasons are good here Crops are fine in our section Corn is fine here John L Horne UnionThe wheat was frozen out on low land in the winter but it is better filled and will thresh out more than ever before There was never as much in this county in one year before The excitement over the mica prospects here is grow ing to a considerable extent our mountains are full of it Some parties are working mica mines and have sold some mica It is said to be of good quality E P Parks WalkerThe floods of the last few days have been terribly destructive to all crops Corn has been washed up cotton buried and wheat and oats on lowlands have been swept away On the 27th ult West Chicamauga swept away thousands of bushels of wheat and oats on the 25th the stream east of us made similar havoc with small grain and growing crops John T Wood Continued and excessive rains have materially injured cotton and corn on lowlands Many crops are in danger of being lost if the rains continue much longer Lice have appeared on the cotton and the stand will fall below last months report J A Clements16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 166 The outlook is quite gloomy owing to so much rain wheat is yet in the field in the shock and is damaging oats and clover for the most part are yet in the field not harvested down and tangled by so much rain and wind Corn espe cially on the lowlands in bad condition L K Dickey Corn looks fine but late and grassy It being so wet cotton cannot make more than half a crop if that wheat is badly injured in the shock by wet weather for it has been raining most of the time since the first of June The present outlook for farmers is gloomy in this county F M Yokq The continued rains up to date are sprouting wheat and oats in the shock and the grass in growing crops cannot be subdued in time to save crops if rains cease now Fifty pounds of superphosphate broadcasted on oats and clover in March has not only secured a good set of latter but increased the oats 25 per cent J J Broyles M D We are passing through a heavy crisis of rain and wind storms On Wednes day the 25th of June and Friday the 27th in portions of the county it rained until the creeks overflowed their banks and washed off quite a quantity of wheat standing in shock in the field Have not had such high water in twelve months The grainf our v heat is good but great fears are entertained on account of wet weather of its spoiling in shock and our corn on low wet land will drown out W C Kilgorb WhitfieldOwing to the continued rains through June the corn and cotton crops have not been successfully cultivated and wheat and oats are damaged in the shock but cannot tell how much probably ten per cent K M Williamson Crops are about lost in weeds and grass much corn to be plowed over yet Hard rains nearly every day and the most unfavorable season for farming I have ever seen W C Richardson The corn planted on uplands looks well and good stands reported but nearly all the bottom lands drowned out Many are replanting but only for forage as the season will be too short to mature it Wheat will be damaged in the shock if the rains continue much longer Pearce Horne All crops are fully two weeks late caused by cold wet and late planting The incessant rains in J une have prevented their being worked properly It has rained twentyone days in June Two destructive hailstorms have passed over small sec tions of this end of the county damaging severely wheat and cotton Cotton is fast being eaten upby lice small black bugs and grasshoppers Sweet potatoes toov are damaged by the same little bugs J F Groves MIDDLE GEORGIA BaldwinWe are having entirely too much rain It has been too wet for about two weeks to do much work Crops are being taken by grass and low ground corn seriously damaged by high water while the rains are very favorable for upland corn Peas and potatoes are fine and splendid prospect for peachesapples a failure Jas C Whitakee Bibb Dr L Holt last February was a year ago sowed a field of clover a new crop in our county The land waslgood red with clay subsoil It was mowed this 8Prng giving a yield of three tons per acre Since the mowing horses cattle and hogs have been pastured on it with advantage to the stock and no seeming injury167 CROP REPORT1884 17 tothe clover The success will lead to other experiments with it Since last report rains have been general and plentiful too much so for cottonrunning too much to weed and leaf W D H Johnson ButtsWe are just now in the midst of the longest spell of raining we have experienced in many years so much that there is much damage to crops especially cotton and corn on bottom lands The wheat and oat crops have also been some what injured in the shocks David j Thaxton Crops are growing rapidly Wheat and oats that are still in the shock have been considerably damaged by the recent rains Upland corn is splendidrather wet for corn on bottom lands Cotton is needing open sunshiny weather W S HUKLEY The prospects are gloomy at present for an average crop It has been raining and cloudy since the Hth of June with the exception of about four days 25 26 27 and 28th and there has been very little plowing done and the crop of cotton is badly in the grass and a great deal of complaint of black rust and the plant doesnt seem to grow but little The corn crop has come out wonderfully The whea crop is damaged at least 25 per cent and the oat crop is also badly damaged The bottom land corn is nearly an entire failure Every farmer I meet says he is ruined if we dont have some sunshine soon H C Thaxton CampbellWe have in our community a variety of oats known as the Tom Smith oats which has given general satisfaction Mr T J Smith has been sowine them successfully for the last twelve years They have proven rust proof so far and as prolific as the rust proof oats Mr Smith sows them the last of Februl aryand harvests them the last of June They grow much taller than the rust proof oats produce well on thin land the grain is small and one bushel is suffl cent to sow an acre of land These oats have not been affected the least by the drought this year while others have been very near a failure In order to make a crop of oats and not be pushed in harvesting we should sow different vanetes I consider the Burt rust proof and Tom Smith oats the varie ties that every farmer should sow so as not to make a failure The man that sows plenty of these different varieties in February will be certain to make some oats J D Smith ItZTJVT th22d f APIU tU1 the 7th June rained frora the 7th to the 16th had four days no ram It commenced raining again the 20th and has rained every day since Crops are very grassy onehalf the oat crop ruined in the held wheat sprouting and seriously damaged T E Dodd We are having an abundance of rain Corn on low bottom drowned Wheat sprouting in the shock Oats partly cut Dont know which is in the worst con dition those that are cut or those needing to be cut w G Mason Cotton and corn were in the best of condition until the immense rain which now leaves them injured on bottom land to a considerable extent Oats and wheat are sprouting badly and the bulk of the crop is yet in the fields F H Steed CarrotCotton has been looking well until recently the lice have taken to it and the leaves are falling off and looks like it had been scalded The corn on bottom lands is now drowned out turned red and dying All crops are looking badly Two weeks ago there was the finest prospect I ever saw Now there is quite a change for the worse and still it rains Great fears are held lest we lose our wheat a large quantity has sprouted The outlook is gloomy in the extreme R H Springe18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 168 Cotton shows no blooms The continuous rains and cool nights are not favor able to it On account of so much rainfall very little work has been done farnu the past week We had a five weeks drought commencing the 1st of May lasting unti9th of June Since that time it has been raining nearly every day The wheat crop s hired at least 5 per cent and the oat crop 25 and if the rain lasts a few more dav 50 will not cover the loss Cotton is injured badly by lice and grass The corn is vy sappy and a two weeksdrought willhurt it badly M B Bussell Ctarfe The extraordinary wet summer has got the farmers in the grass and ruined nearly onefifth of the wheat crop above us Northwest and unless we have sunshine in a few days the crop is a foregone conclusion Composted cotton 18 SrlbSge worms use fig leaf tea it kills the worm without hurting the cab Tarly peaches have rotted on the trees Farmers are blue at this writingand have but little hope of fair weather ClavtonThe continued rains for the past two or three weeks accounts for the croalling below an average Wheat and oats in many places been intur ed by the rain Tt has been raining for three weeks with the exception of four or five days Tl whea and ol Jsprouting in the shock The oats are not all harvested ye and axe dead ripe in the field Upland corn is as good as the land can make It but Rowland corn Joks like it will be a failure Cotton is looking to tatgd late Columbia During the month of June corn improved very much the prospect TwL over an average Much cotton died out after attaining the height of 6 ZTnlhe The cottrop is not clean as there have been at least ten days in tWs month hat plows could not be run The plant is in no condition to stand a drought Sprincats turned out well some grain has been magedfield after cutting by rain In your report I notice complaints that potato draws could not be set out on aclount of dry weather I have no difficulty in setting out draws or vines in dry weather and do not lose more than five 5 per cent Prepay the land well and do not elevate the row above the level o the surround inflTd better a little below in dry weather Drop and push in the ground with afoked stick set out in the evening put a small quantity of water around each hin or plant a cupful of water will do for two plants Next morning soon if t has not rained pull a small quantity of dirt around each plant If your land has been moderatery manured and well prepared a little work after this properly annhed wUl turn out from 200 to 400 bushels of potatoes per acre af you have the sfSomhigo and they are the best I have ever planted In very dry weather LreXLrninand scatter them under the shade of a ee until theext evening Put out right all will live The very heavy rains almost daily during the month of June have prevented v VL J nf the crops and grass and weeds have about taken possession C2ZS Poor Forward corn that has been well worked is promising flbuW have been having excessive rains Much of the bottoms ae a ready ruined and cant tell how much more will be W A smith169 CROP REPORT1884 19 June has been a very unfavorable month for farmerstoo much rain for harvesting small grain especially threshing wheat and oats now in the field are iji great danger from the continued rains The fields of cotton are grassy the bot toms in corn is almost a failure and uplands need work The crop prospect is gloomy The lecture of Prof Veille on Stock and Stock Raising is very instructive and will be very profitable to those who read study and follow them J B GoODWYN DeKalbThe outlook for the present crop is quite gloomy The wheat and oat crop it seems will be almost a total failure On account of excessive rain but a very small percent of the crop has been secured and even that is in a damaged condition All other crops are getting in a bad condition scarcely any farm work done within the past three weeks cotton dying for want of sunshine low lands too soggy for corn James R Smith Since the rain set in in June it has been unprecedented the wheat crop was harvested in the fields and the rains continued so that the crop is damaged fully fifty per cent I fear more The oat crop is badly damaged by the wet Bottom corn is about gone up The cotton is not doing well and it is altogether a gloomy time for the farmers In the southeast portion of the county and the upper parts of Henry and Clayton the 20th and 21st of June most terrific rain storms fell doing great damage to crops and land G W Morris It is impossible to give a correct reportof the crops at this time for it has been raining all this month and we cant work our crops but they look well and grow notwithstanding It looks like we will lose our wheat and oats for it rains to we cant get to thresh and some wheat has already spoiled in the field The threshers are running all day Sunday to try to save the wheat W H Carter DouglassThe purple top strapleaf turnip seed you sent me last spring has done well I think some of them would weigh about four pounds now W L Davenport For ten days there has been no plowing done in consequence of rain Corn and cotton on low lands is being drowned out wheat and oats that have not been threshed are sprouting and growing in the shock I am a strong believer in the blue straw or purple stem wheat having tried many varieties have given them all up and now sow nothing bat the above My indi vidual crop where cottonseeded will average twentyone bushels per acre J E Henley The land has not been dry enough to plow since the tenth of June with the ex ception of three or four days Cotton is greatly damaged in this section low land corn is drowned out upland corn where it has been well cultivated looks fine wheat is badly damaged it is not threshed no fall oats spring oats cut off by dry weather in May and badly damaged by the late rains Burt oats are fine B H Phillips ElbertThe recent rains hive damaged corn on bottom lands at least ten per cent by causing the water courses to overflow Wheat and oats are also damaged to some extent J D Glace A very fine crop of wheat but it is badly damaged with rains A great deal has sprouted in the field The bulk of the crop has been threshed out I made twentyseven bushels on one acre We have a young farmer in our county that made fortyfour on one acre and I am proud to say that he belongs to the Young Farmers Club He made 500 bushels on thirty acres of old land that had been cleared over fifty years and cut it all himself with a reaper He says he intends to have a combined reaper and binder another year D M Carlton20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 170 FayetteHas rained almost incessantly since the 6th of June and farmers have not plowed more than five days since that time Of the small grain crop harvested principally since the rains commenced hut little has been threshed is wet and in a damaged condition The present outlook is that at least onehalf the small grain will be lost especially oats Corn estimate is for upland bottoms almost an entire failure Cotton small and grassy drowned out Two severe hail storms in the lower portion of the county one the last of May and the other the 6th of June did considerable damage to crops and fruit Some fields of cotton were perfectly demolished The peach crop and berry crop through the hail path will be a fail ure The oldest citizens say they never saw so much rain in June The fields are badly washed The present outlook is gloomy J G Posey The use of the harrow in harrowing in wheat and oats after plowing them in has prevented them from freezing out so much and in my experience has increased the yield also harrowing the ground after thorough breaking for corn and cotton has proved an advantage both in growth and after cultivation The general use of the harrow would be an improvement on the present method of cultivation Isaac G Woolsey MD FultonSince the 15th of this month it has been raining almost incessantly and the result is grass in abundance though the crops are looking well Oats entirely ruined by the wet and wheat in shock badly damaged if not lost W L Mangum GreenPall oats damaged by frost and spring oats by drouth Wheat a good av erage crop but is being badly hurt by continuous rainssprouting in the field Upland corn where worked is good bottom corn up to this date is almost a fail ure our county being watered by four rivers and numerous creeks which affords a large quantity of alluvial bottom on which has been our chief dependence for corn Owing to these overflows one about the middle of April another the mid dle of June the third on the 22d of Jun at present the land is miry and our farmers notwithstanding it is late are preparing to plant againsome for the fourth time The Multiheaded wheat sent me is fine but ate I will try it again The cotton stand is good though later than last year Late planting not up be fore 10th June V D Gresham All crops are now in fine condition but we are having an overabundance of rain and there is danger of their being seriously injured for the want of cultiva tion It has been raining for three weeks C M Sanders The Multiheaded wheat is a vigorous grower with uncommon large stem and heavy head Bottom land has been too wet to work in twentyeight days in fact there has been but little farm work done outside of harvesting small grain a good deal of which is injured owing to the continued rain and some of the rains have been very heavy and washing A N Asbury We had a drought from about middle of April until the 1st of June Since then it has been raining so much that it has been impossible to work crops Bottom corn seriously damaged and cotton grassy Wheat and oats badly injured None threshed dry and it is impossible to sun it The prospect very gloomy and farmers low spirited Gardens fine James M Gbiffin HancockThe crop outlook is very fine but too much rain at this time for cotton and swamp corn J W C A plat of old land well exhausted from continued clean cultivation poor at best was broken deep and thoroughly with twohorse plow sown to rust proof171 Crop report1884 21 oats latter part November no fertilizer half a stand withstood the two severe freezes grew sufficiently high and yielded from eight to ten bushels per acre H L MlDDLEBROOKS Harris Farmers are still setting out potato slips as we have just had a good rain Corn and cotton are looking better and growing rapidly Grain that was cut and left in the field until after the rains somewhat damaeed The Agricultural Society of our county is making an effort to get up a boom on roadworking Flynn Habgett Jr MrdCrops are badly in the grass The heaviest washing rains I ever saw ruining all the crops on bottom land washing up and covering up everything Destroyed the larger part of the wheat and oats The most of them are in the held in the shock and rotten Farmers are in lower spirits than I ever saw them It has been raining for the last five days three of the heaviest rains in the time I ever saw T J O BREWER HenryThe Burt rust proof oats seems to be approved of by all those who have tried it especially where sown earlier It has time to mature then before the drought cuts it off I am trying the cotton seed you sent me in checks four feet apart It looks well Merrel C Lowe The people of Henry are further behind in farming than I have ever known The rains have been continuous for three weeks here and nothing has been done worthy of mention during that time Much wheat has sprouted and been lost in the shock The grass and weeds are taking everything w A Speer We have had rain for twentyone days Four or five days ploughing in that time Our crops are in a bad condition Our wheat and oats are badly damaged grass is ruining our cotton Corn is doing fine will make good crops if rain con tinues Peas not doing well too wet Sweet potatoes doing finely German millet sowed in June doing finely Melon vines badly injured no shapes on them J M McDonald Too much rain and land too wet to plow Thomas H Stallworth WOur people are slow to adopt new methods etc but I think they are W7ng uf the Portance of a more diversified agriculture better preparation ot the soil for the crops more thorough cultivation and heavier fertilizing and less area in cultivation which I think is the sure plan for farmers to adopt J W Bana ImcoZnOwingto the excessive and continued rains since the 12th instant the gram crops are seriously damaged and all the low land crops ruined from frequent overflows and the cotton crops seriously in the grass jN0 Sims June has been exceptionally wet If the rain continues much longer many fields of cotton will have to be abandoned on account of grass There is considera ble complaint of wheat sprouting in the field Oats are also considerably damaged J M Dill McDuffieThe excessive rainfall this month1180in have materially injured the corn and cotton crops of the county ten to twenty per cent will hardly cover it Only plowed four days since the 5th Bottom lands drowned out and the upland cotton all fired on the gray lands The same with the corn A E Sturgis We have had an extremely wet June Bottom land corn drowned out and swamped with weeds and grass Cotton on gray lands injured by wet On the red lands crops are fine but cannot be properly cultivated on account of the wet weather Raining today and quite warm H McCorkleDEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 172 22 HMrtfcrInpartad to you my three acre patch of cotton mode of planting fertilizer used etc but dont remember of reporting the result The three acres made six bales averaging five hundred pounds per baleand would have made seven if it had not been so very rank winch was caused by ate planting owing to excessive rains The condition of bottom corn late planting f JOHS M bUGRAM JR looks gloomy The recent and continuous rains are doing great damage to bottom corn Wheat and oats are sprouting in the fields Much complaint of rust facotton which it is feared will materially shorten the crop Plows standing in the field grass growing and rain still falling Gloomy outlook for a crop Fruit rotting and dropping from the Irees The Burt oat stood the drought better or at least grew taller than any other variety in our section The purple straw wheat is the best that we have Wheat lias been considerably damaged by wet weather Corn rather smaller than usual but looking well and in good condition Cotton is needing sunshine JforoanCrops in bad condition from too much rain Bottom corn very poor Farmers have not been able to plow crops for the last three weeks Late cotton not cut out grass and weeds have possession at present Wheat nearly all damaged a great deal has rotted in the field Grapes and peaches rotting It has rained almost every day for about one month Upland corn doing finely Splendid for planting late corn and sowing peas on stubble land Large amount of wheat and oats injured in the field by wet weather C tton doing well where in good condition much of it grassy Bottom corn suffering I have bottoms on Hard Labor creek where the young corn is now under water for the third time It will be ruined Prospect for peaches and apples are not encouraging but rotting badly German Carp increase in favor with all who have them Plenty of rain since the 10th just in time to make a whopping blackberry crop Some wheat sprouted Vegetation booming young grass never thicker Chili wheat sent me was very fine but about half was winter killed It was late had no rust and had very large head with from three to four large grains in a mass Have thought that wheat from low latitudes would do better here My plan with forage corn this year was to take a couple of two horse plows run ning them shallow one behind the other and sowing pretty thick in every fourth furrow This plan saved labor and destroyed all weeds and grass It was m stub ble land while too wet in the crop In a land like this it seems there would be no scarcitywhere the farmer can plant nearly every mouth and work even when the rain is falling if he will have a wood and blacksmith shop With an old anvil and hammer he can add another strain of music to the pattering showers J H Gairsert Newton We have been having very wet weather for three weeks past and yet continues some hard washing rains The wheat crop damaged perhaps ten per cent by rains Oats I fear will be damaged forty to fifty per cent by the rams as very few have been threshed out notover 30 per cent and many are still standing in the shock The grass is growing finely so is the corn cotton peas potatoes and sorghum and we will have to put in our best work when dry enough to plow again The black wax beans you sent me are extra fine T A Walker173 CROP REPORT1884 23 OcanecThe most of the oat fields in this county have been planted in either corn or cotton only now and then a crop of spring oats has made anything Lindsey Durham I am satisfied that no more profitable crop can James J Green OglethorpeI am trying Lucerne be raised in the South Upland corn is very good but it is too wet for bottom land Too much rain for cotton bottoms drowned out upland corn good and cotton where not damaged by grass which is frequently the case is looking well Rain every day and if it continues will damage cotton seriously Joseph McWhorter Have had great deal of rain since about 6th or 7th of Juneonly one good week for work since 10th Juneonly scattering days and parts of days have been utilized There never was more grass in crops than nosv J it is young however came up in June Open weather is a desideratum Work and fast work must be the motto of the hour if we hope for success G A Stevens pikeThe farmers are getting badly in the grass on account of continued rains On June 6th there was heavy rain and hail and it has rained sixteen days out of twentyfour since that time Must say something about my carp I have them at nineteen months old that are 24 inches longand weigh 6 pounds and havehousands in my pond from one to six inches long Will furnish any quantity at the pond at ten cents a piece C It Wilson Putnam Three weeks paat continuous rain except five days After first weeks rain during these five days where crops were worked they are in good condition everywhere else a matted coat of grass and weeds Rain still continuing portion of grain left in field say 10 per cent of wheat this is injured 20 per cent Cotton corn and grass a most rapid growth since the rain set in Cotton will be injured in cleaning it is now full average size J M Williams Wheat and oat crop haue been seriously damaged by rain a great deal of wheat has sprouted and moulded and will not make good flour Oats are dam aged but not so much as wheat as they will stand more wet and not sprout All growirjg crops are now in a precarious condition from exceis of rain Mules have been standing in the lots and pastures most of the time for four weeks Some bot tom corn will be ruined and all corn will be damaged for the want of work Cot ton is grassy and has died out very much on gray lands and at this writing it is still raining and too wet to plow There seems to be as much danger in too much wet as there is in too much dry J T Denms Rochdale The wheat crop was very good most of it is now in the field and also the oats that are cut are in the field all more or less damaged A few have had threshing done wet We are expecting bad bread this season As to publications lam glad to see you so doing and hope you will continue in that line Anything to educate the farmer W L Peek We have had incessant rains ever since the 9th of June Since the rains have come the farmers have been unable to work their crops consequently they are very grassy James M White Owing to the incessant rains June 10th to July 1st and harvesting the farmers are getting behind with their crops Corn and cotton are looking well While the rainfall has been heavy in some portions crops are damaged considerably espe cially branch and creek bottoms wheat and oats is damaged badly 35 per cent on account of the wet weather Owing to the good condition that the crops were24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 174 in when the rains set in grass has not damaged but very little yet The Multi headed wheat that I received was so badly mixed that there were but few pure heads I do not think it will do for this section 1 consider it worthless John S Albert Too much rain in this section for cotton J W Geanade SpaldingHave had rain about fifteen days in this month and fear the wheat and oats will be badly damaged A great deal of bottom corn ruined other crops getting in the grass S F Gray TaliaferroI sowed the Multiheaded wheat you sent me on the 23d of Novem ber in drills and cut it 26th of June The yield was very poor I will try it again I hope with better success Some of the heads were very light others were heavy Some of the stalks have one large head and from two to six small heads others haveonly one head S J Flynt The whole month of June has been very unfavorable for farming operations Several very damaging rains have fallen and showers have kept the ground 1oo wet to work to advantage and interfering greatly with the wheat and oat crops Many oats have been ruined after being harvested It has also been very unfavor able to cotton On gray and sany soils it has died out until what was a perfect stand is now very thin The bottom lands upon which most of our farmers rely for their corn have been too wet to plant or if plauted too wet to cultivate Al together it has been the most discouraging season we have ever known L L Vbazey Oats following cotton that had received a liberal supply of compost seem to be as much benefited by the compost as the cotton was and were not so badly winter killed as other oats sown a day or two sooner We have had fifteen rainy days in June Oats and wheat are damaging in the field and cotton and corn becoming foul The yield of both will be diminished I am more than pleased with the Veille Lect ures hope you will continue them D N Sanders TalbotThe farming interest is very much depressed owing to heavy rains that fell from the 8th to the 15th then followed by cool weather which caused the cot ton lice to accumulate in large quantities and they are killing out the cotton fearfully The heavy rains have utterly ruined large portions of bottom lands A good many horses and mules have died from eating damaged corn We buy the stock from the West and then have the corn shipped to kill them with Corn crops up to the present never were more promising Wheat crop turns out moder ately well Oat crop complete failure The cane crop was damaged by the overflow 40 percent It has been raining for ten days and the cotton prospects are gloomy indeed L B McCrorey I know of no safer plan to insure a support than by diversified farmiDg small area well cultivated with broadcast manuring where practicablewith a greater distance between rows lessens labor and increases the product in quantity and quality I have pursued this plan for fifteen years with very satisfactory results D G Owen The rain has come and everything has put on a smile Corn is doing its best and cotton is looking up The grass is spreading We are having much rain now and it is putting the farmers back somewhat in work S A Freeman1751 CEOP REPORT1884 25 WaltonThe Tains in our county during the past month have been general and since the 9th we have had but little work done the land being too wet Wheat and oats in the shock are considerably damaged about half the crop is threshed out and all to sun Cotton crop beginning to show signs of rust The corn on most of our swamp lands is badly damaged and the prospects are a little gloomy at this time J E Nunnally The most remarkable yields in my county have been produced from the liber al use of guano cotton seed and stable manure of equal proportions Patches have reached 50 to 60bushels per acre Crops as high as 30 bushes per acre This re suit is partly from being harvested with a good reaper The grain is saved much cleaner than under the old scythe and cradle system All things considered the farmers of this day have very much to encourage them in the pr sent mode of farming and the introduction of fine farming impements make farming a much lighter task with better results Seaborn C Bubson Warren We are having rain rain and grass grass Corn on red land fine on gray or sandy soil poortoo wet Oat crop better than we expected Wheat did not turn out well Cotton is very small and in a bad condition It will require 20 days of good hot sun to get straight No plowing in 12 days I see no prospect for more than twothirds of a crop cotton Stock in fine order pastures very fine and stack law working well JAS Shims It has rained twenty days in June and there has been but very little plowing during that time Plows stopped twelve days in succeesion from 5th to 17th Cot ton on light lands is all dead Corn yellow and small Cant make a crop Wheat and oats were cut wetand are stiil in that condition At least half of them in the field are now greatly damaged and some an entire loss Considering all I set it down at a half crop I W Rofebs The crop is in a bad condition from too much rain Corn on sandy land and cotton on low land is badly injured The grass has got hold of the most of it Land too wet to work John S Johnson Excessive and continued rains since the 5th of June have greatly delayed the farmers in all kinds of work The crops have had less work in June than I have ever known hence they are in a very bad condition I fear that a great deal of cotton will be turned out A large per cent of the grain crop is daamged and some of it ruined E M Hardaway Wilkes It would be folly to attempt to name a definite per cent showing status of any crop Rained almost daily somewhere and almost everywhere in county r exception has been to see the sun since the first few days and rain falling Grain in the field is reported in varied condition still wet and there has been no sun to open out where not sprouted all will shell immensely when moved a good deal threshed and wheat yields reported enormous but when the water gets out if ever the shrinkage will be as enormous That threshedis reported as already becoming musty for want of drying room Upland corn apparently fine but is so full of sap it will break at the touch and would be ruined by dry hot weather Bottoms beyond redemption some not even thinned much turning red overrun by weeds and other bottom growth and all in mud twill kill much of it to clean it now should rains cease and no such prospect overhead John T Wingfield Too much rain for cotton Bottom lands seriously injured by excessive rains Upland corn extra good W 0 Pope26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 176 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA BakerCorn CultureBed out land six feet wide plant in water furrow run around first with bull tongue then cultivate with sweep every twelve days Grows steadily and does not fire from drought Saves time and labor and yields a good crop I H Hand BerrienI think if the farmers would plant smaller crops and fertilize better it would pay them better than large crops and light fertilizing the richer the ground the less rust in cotton oats and other crops D N Hutchinson BrooksWe are having a great deal of rain at this time It has rained every day for ten days Corn is looking well and cannot be damaged by an excess of rain on uplands All vegetation is growing rapidly and farmers will have to push to keep down grass when the weather breaks Cotton is looking green and flourishing now but should the rainy spell be succeeded by a drought of even short duration it would produce rust and shedding of forms Thomas W Jones CalhounWe are having entirely too much rain now and have been for two weeks pat which has caused lice to come on cotton in sufficient numbers to check the growth Also too much rain is causing corn to overshoot itself and wash off the blooms from the tassels which may result in corn being very light The second crop of melons has been greatly damaged by the recent wet spell F P Griffin The corn crop is very fine in the whole county we have had fine rains for ten days Cotton is damaged considerably by lice and the heavy rains the lice have disappeared the cotton is now dropping its forms Peach crop is very fine through out the county The farmers are in good spirits but we want the sun to shine W P Pekey Crops of all kinds that have been fertilized and worked well are very good for the year Corn small but earing well Cotton large enough but very little fruit on it Potatoes and cane short on account of scarcity of seed C L Smith ChattahoocheeThe rains have been unusually great of late for the past three weeks weve not had a weeks fair weather The grass is taking possession on many farms nothing but turn plows will kill it and tliem we dont like to use F V Sciiley Up tc 1st of June crops were well worked and free of grass Corn was small but since rains has been growing rapidly and now bids fair for a good yield Cot ton on account of excessive rains is becoming grassy but a few days will enable the farmers to clean out the small grass as the stand is better than usual Altogether the prospect is flattering y gmPp jEi A great deal of rain through the month of June has brought out the corn crop it is looking well and has been well worked Too much rain for cotton complaint of grass but as a general thing the outlook is as good or better for a good crop as I have seen in years W P Fielder ColquittJune has been a wet month with us cotton making too much weed and not fruiting well Corn would have done better with less rain By all means continue the publication of such papers as Veilles Lectures Furmans Letters Dicksons System etc The Department ought to be made a medium for imparting knowledge to the farmers as well as for the collection of statistical information Those whose duty it is to make the necessary appropria tion for conducting the Department ought not to be governed by a niggardly econ omy p j Walker177 CROP REPORT1884 27 CrawfordRain rain and still it rains Oats injured in stack fruit rotting low land corn overflowed sweet potatoes grassy Irish rotting in the ground Some farmers report fine prospect for corn cotton sobbed grassy and running to weed B LeSeuer DoohjThe May drouth cut corn short in the stalk but the recent rains make it look very promising Cotton is two weeks later than last year and in many sections is badly damaged by lice A fine prospect for a peach crop S P Odoji DoughertyCorn has a small stalk thisjyear but is shooting well and where it is well cultivated will make an average crop but where neglected in preparation and cultivation will not make half a crop Cotton is ten days or two weeks later than last year its growth has been retarded by lice and cool weather though May and June cotton is generally small only fields that have been highly fertilized are blooming it has grown fast in the last ten daysa watery suculent growth It has rained every day or night but five in the last twentyfive days Cotton needs dry hot weather for two weeks It has been very cool all through May and June the last three weeks has been cool cloudy weather J L Dyier EarlyIt has rained sixteen days in June and still it rains We think it probable that plenty of corn and sweet potatoes will be made Too much rain means rust here for cotton The Hawkin Hill oats sent me come to a good feed condition in ten weeks two weeks earlier than the Burt but onethird was rust I shall plant them again after soaking in bluestone I am delighted with them if I can get rid of the smut J BHobbs It has rained eighteen days in June with a total of 750 inches and is rain ing today D M Wade MaconWe have had the greatest rainfalls ever known in this section for the month of June doing great damage to crop and soil The corn prospect is very good cotton has been checked by rain and cool weather crops generally in bad condition on account of rain and grass On the 25th and 27th we had modern floodsrain on the 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 21st 22d 23d 25th and 27th J B Murray Marion Reno Luxurius or Tecinte resembles MilloMaize in every way while growing and bids fair to be a valuable long forage crop but peas rye and oats cant be excelled as a main dependence for long forage Best half of the month has been rainy which has improved the corn prospect wonderfully cotton luxuriant when well tilled and fertilized but where the rains caught them in the grass they are poor Lice has damaged the stand on some farms but with a little fair weather the damage will soon be repaired and one of the best crops of corn and cotton made that has been since the war Geo W C Munro The rains have been general and heavy in some sections corn is overshooting and cotton is growing too much weed to stand a drouth which is sure to follow so long a spell of wet weather This is the 25th day since the rains commenced and there have been but five days during the time without a shower B T Peacock The prospect for a good corn crp is better than it has been for years The far mers with a few exceptions in my section are done working corn Cotton is better that is the weed is larger than at this time last year first blooms about the 20th though the prospect now is the cotton may be injured by grass It has been rain ing nearly every day for three weeks with some tremendous heavy showers it is raining heavily while I write Sugar cane is doing well though not as much plant ed as last year potatoes chufas groundpeas and fieldpeas are all doing well a fine prospect at the present at least for these crops but dependent yet on future sea 28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 178J sons Oats are not as good as last owing to the long continued dry weather in the spring Sheepraising has about played out in this part of Marion county though a splendid rangetoo many dogs The cholera got among my hogs last spring and I lost several fine ones but I used spirits of turpentine about a tablespoonful to a feed of shelled corn and about the same quantity put in their slop and I never lost another and some that were sick got well This is a very simple and valuable remedy I think J L Benson Miller Farmers are well up with work crops well cultivated and were planted early rains we are now having will make most of the corn Planting small crops J fertilizing highly and cultivating fast is rapidly gaining in this section and never fails to give the best of satisfaction Am sure this system will be more extensive next year Miller county will have hog and hominy plenty and to spare next year J S Clifton MitchellI have never known a more decided improvement in crops in the sam e length of time as has been in this county since about the 6th of June when the rains came after a drought of from four to seven weeks Delightful seasons during the last three weeks people in fine spirits larger area in potatoes than ever be fore no extraordinary crop but average and hope will be good J B Twitty Muscogeelt is with much pleasure that I can say to the Department that this county has the best corn crop that has been grown in the county since 1868 Every hillside hasgood corn on it and we are having fine rains and it appears as the low prices of cotton and the high price of corn has given the farmers a start to make corn as cotton at 10 cents wont do to pay for corn at 1 per bushel cash or 120 on time The cotton weed is small though healthy and very full of forms and blooming fresly I think if no disaster there will be a good crop made which will be a great help to the farming interests Another such crop as last year would wind up a great many as they could not farm on a large scale C Ogletree Quitman We have had excessive rains during the month have not been able to work to advantage half the time The crops are very grassy corn and cotton have grown well on the fresh uplands and all red clay lands but doing badly on the old sandy lands The cotton is on an average ten days later than last year in development It is still raining Our only hope for an average cotton crop it suitable weather for cultivation for the next two weeks A M Allen Jb The excess 5f rain has injured the corn crop especially on the high or sandy lands by firing The cotton from excess of moisture shows evident symptoms of rust it is also suffering from effects of grass too much rain to work it profitably The melon crop also has suffered from wet weather and cannot possibly yield more than twothirds of a crop quality inferior and the present outlook not encouraging J E Smith Randolph The crop prospect is now very promising The corn while sm aller in stalk than usual has a fine color The cotton crop is small on sandy lands red lands are better but the crop has plenty of time It has been raining seventeen days more or less only one or two fair days The crops were in good condi tion when the rains commenced C R Knowles The excessive rains have damaged all crops seriously We have had 17 days o rain his month The cut worm and lice have almost destroyed some crops of cotton Corn is very small and tasseling and I do not think a fall crop can be made especially if we have a drought in July Jas e Godfrey1179 CROP REPORT1884 29 SchleyCorn is very small but looks exceedingly healthy at present Cotton prospects good Sugarcane and melon prospect good at present Have had fine asons in the last few days Present outlook hopeful Thos F Rainey We have the most promising prospects for a corn crop since 1876 The seasons axe fine and the crop is clean of grass E S Baldwin Wheat was never more free from disease than this spring One of my neigh bors on thin land to which he applied 10 bushels cotton seed per acre made 39 bushels wheat on 24 acres I planted oats first week in November and about half a stand survived the freezes Despite the drought from the 15th of April to harvest time my fall oats were very good the stand considered The prospect for corn is most encouraging on good land The rainfall since the 10th of this month has produced a very great effect on corn Farmers who have fertilized liberally and cultivated well are full of hope John N Hudson StewartYour package of multiheaded wheat I did not plant until December 20 It was badly mixed with cheat and other kinds of wheat I got a few heads of the multiheaded wheat Cannot give an opinion yet and will try it next sea son and plant it earlier I gathered it last week May was dry AVe are suffering now from too much rain J E Carter Sumter Cotton is fully three weeks behind from the effects of the ravages by lice They are not only on it in spots as they generally are but they have got it by fields Some fields are so bad that you can scarcely tell what is planted in them from a general observation They are killing it out badly and the farmers have the blues generally H C Brower Cotton has had a hard time since June came in Lice have affected it in many places seriously On our hardest clay lands it seems to suffer most Many places bave entirely died out A considerable area has been added to the cotton crop on wheat and oat stubble since the harvest We have had more rain than I have ever seen in June Corn on sandy lands seems to be scalded Cotton is running to weed The joints are long and limbs far apart Chas C Sheppard TerrellSugarcane seed was all killed out last winter and it will be two years before there will be a good supply Rain has been falling constantly since the 7th of June Cotton crop very much damaged from excessive rains and insects Pea and potato crops promise better than for years E G Hill Thomas The stand of cotton was injured the last of May to 15th June by lice and blackheart and growth materially injured by cold east winds and cool nights with showery weather from 8th to 17th A few days of pleasant open weather gave It a start and now the weed looks very thick and is fruiting well but 10 per cent behind an average for 1st of July On the 23d we had a considerable storm with beavy rains which did a good deal of damage to corn since then it has rained almost every day Rainfall for the month 9 inches Crops are getting in the grass and the ground too wet to plow From the best information I can get the oat crop has not turned out onehalf an average taking the crop of 1882 as an average The corn crop will not be half an average The rains have seriously damaged the melon crop Daniel A Horn As soon as we get a stock law and reduce to small farms and fertilize highly and use more machinery less cotton and more corn and oats and other grains and plenty of hogs cattle and horses we may begin to look for prosperous times Hogs are dying out with a disease that is not common They pant like they had the thumps and pant until they pant out Give us a remedy if you know one L H Player I80 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 180 WebsterCorn is tasseling out very low and the stalk is small Some think the prospect not encouraging but I put the condition at 110 per cent of an average and feel certain that if we get one or two more good rains at proper times we will make a fair crop Cotton is very lousy in many places owing to wet weather a few days sunshine will clean it off and as it is generally clear of grass it will have nothing to prevent its growing What sugar cane we have is very fine A fine season in the ground now Reason A Bell There is a general disposition to gradually dispense with the old system and by an accumulation of homemade manures aided by commercial fertilizers to better prepare and cultivate crops Jas P Walker WilcoxOur cotton crop is as good or better than an average considering the age of it corn has a good color also but tasseling out low I fear we are having a little too much rain for the present Geo D Washburn WorthCrop prospects of corn and cotton good at present plenty of rain at this time Corn will be made in a few days cotton looks fine at this time stock in good condition Farmers are well up with their work labor is good Farmers are nearly out of debt and control their own property W A Hall The Burt early spring oat is planted in some instances in drills and just be fore ripening cotton planted between Some sow broadcast and plant cotton or sow peas Cotton has had lice but is now looking well having plenty of rain and crops of all kinds looking well R j Harp The seasons and temperature have been highly favorable to the growing crop during the month of June The first of the month we had a rainy week and then a warm week so the farmers could lay by their corn and it is now raining and has been ever since the loth or 16th This rainy spell has brought out the corn and all the small stalks have taken on good ears and this section will make a fine average crop Cotton is larger and has on it the largest crop of fruit I ever saw at this time of the year but if the rains continue it will damage the cotton All vegetation is doing well but all the farmers are in the grass on account of the rain G B Watson EAST GEORGIA Bullock Seasons fine for corn too much rain for cotton Weeds unusually large from three to four and a half feet high blooms 1st June Hogs dying up badly from cholera C A Sowier The farmers in this vicinity are gradually going from the broad acre system to the intense system of farming which gives better satisfaction The yield is more and the expenses less j Thorne DodgeHave had very heavy rains for the last two or three weeks James Bohanan GlascockCotton is badly damaged by over a month of very wet weather Much has died out with sore shin leaving a bad and enfeebled stand and all very grassy Doubtful about cleaning of it Perhaps half of wheat crop is so damaged by wet as to be fit only for feed of stock James L Neal JeffersonOur oat crop was literally not worth harvesting Large areas were never cut Corn on sandy lands is firing from excessive rains The land was dry enough for one days plowing only last week Thos Hardeman The seasons have been fine the weather cool Up to this date corn is good Cotton doing well too early to say much for it yet A E Tarver181 CROP REPORT1884 31 JohnsonThe Hill oat you sent me was planted on the 14th day of January Cane grew off rapidly coming to head in latter part of March not more than 8 inches high then finally ran up some 18 or 20 inches high Fully onefifth blasted I was fearful they would not do and grazed them We are having a great deal of rain the grass is growing rapidly and will worry the farmers yet Jas H Hicks LaurensWe had a drought from the 15th of April to the first of June but we are having more rain in June than fell all the wintertoo much for cotton but corn is doing well The spring drought caused the cornstalk to grow spindling W F Haward TelfairCorn is very good too much rain for cotton Hogs have died and are still dying with cholera other stock doing well W F Williams TwiggsWe have had excessive rains for three weeks but little work has been done in cultivating the crops Cotton generally has a very sickly appearance F D Wimbeely WashingtonLarge quantities of peaches have been shipped from this county to Northern and Western markets but is reported to be in bad condition Prices therefore have not been satisfactory H N Hollifield WilkinsonPlenty of rain since the 6th inst Corn is good too much rain for cotton Grass growing rapidly J A Mason A month of cool rainy weather has set the farms with grass and has not developed the crops as much as less rain and more sunshine would Corn only an average at best Cotton considerably below The best seasons for the remainder of the season would not more than assure an average crop of cotton J M Boone SOUTHEAST GEORGIA BryanWinter oats badly injured by birds spring oats light cause drought Splendid rains now corn rice and potatoes are looking well Crops generally were fairly clean of grass etc when rains set in sunshine needed at present for cotton Philip D Cory CamdenHave had rainfall during June at St Marys of 1995 inches E A McWhorter ChathamThe fall and early winter planted oats were killed by cold the acre age in sugar cane is reduced to half that of last year caused by loss of seed by frost last fall We are having good seasons now which will secure us a fair crop of corn C A J Sweat ClinchThe Burt oats sent here from your office are a fine oat The fall drought caused us to sow late and the Burt oats sown in January at the same time with our common rust proof were two weeks earlier and gave a fine yield all sown broadcast L C Matton Farmers should look after the potato crop during the month of July and not allow the vines to grow to the ground as it prevents the setfrom bearing and stops the growth of the potatoes The vines should be turned or torn up with a pitch fork every fifteen days to produce a gopd crop J B Pafford CoffeeThe reduction of acreage and the increasing of manure and cultivation is proving a success in farming in this county Rowan Pafford32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 182 Up to June 22d the seasons have been very favorable since that it has rained more or less every day giving the farmers trouble in cleaning late cotton There is some complaint of Hessian flies in the early planted cotton also in cornthough the damage up to date is very slight Cholera is reported among hogs in several localities in the county proving fatal to all the hogs that have it other stock healthy and in fine condition Joseph Bailey For the benefit of the farmer I give my best mode of making watermelons and muskmelons Plant after the spring has thoroughly opened in rich loam rows 6 to 8 feet apart 2 feet apart in the drill strongly fertilized from one end of the row to the other so as to shade the land as soon as possible and avoid destroy ing the first crop of melons by plowing I planted the Shumway seed after this mode and had melons one month earlier and raised at least five times as many on the same land as is usually raised after the old mode of planting E M Paffoed Echols Crops in good condition We are done plowing corn which though low looks healthy and seems to be earing well Cotton seems in some way diseased is shedding its leaves and fruit and very many of the stalks are falling down We planted the sea island variety Rice peanuts etc are doing well Sugar cane comparatively little planted cold snap last fall having killed most of the seed Oats yield ordinary Hogs sick and dying cholera I suppose Have had little or no hot weather yet are having an abundance of rain now All the low ground flooded Prospect rather gloomy G W Prine EffinghamWe have had fine rains for the past two weeks will he fine corn Crops housed and if seasons continue any quantity of sweet potatoes Frank R Taryee Since the 6th day of June we have had only five days without rain The cotton crop is materially injured 0 E Smith Glynn Farmers as a general thing all seem to be well pleased with prospects for a good crop Jno R Doeeflinger I had three fields of oats No 1 14 acres cow peas turned in yielded fifty bushels per acre No 2 15 acres old field not planted for ten years eighteen bushels per acre No 3 ilA acres cow peas turned in Pastured with oxen and horses about ten head until March 1 Yield 9 bushels per acre Have suffered for want of rain We are having good rains now but too late for the com crop Our wheat appears to have yielded well will when threshed report result James Postell IAhertyWe have had plenty of rain during the month of June and there is a prospect for a good crop J 0 Davis Je Now that the small grains have been harvested farmers will do well to clean and repair grain cradles Grease the blade with resin and lard or wax and oil to prevent rust If any of the fingers tend to straighten take a strip of wood length of finger and secure it at each end by a loop of wire or twine and place a small block of wood to spring the finger out and put away best hang carefully in some drv loft Lectures by Veille highly appreciated They are multum in parvo and present facts every one should be familiar with Nature and art unveiled James A M King183 CROP REPORT 18S4 33 HOW TO DESTROY INSECTS THAT ARE INJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE In an address delivered before the last meeting of the Georgia State Agricultural Society by Prof C V Eiley on General Truths in Applied Entomology it is stated that the loss to agriculture occasioned by insects in the United States has been variously estimated at from 300000000 to 400000000 annually and while it will never be possible to fully protect our crops against the many species that in juriously affect them it is the aim of the economic entomologist to prevent as much of this loss as possible and at the very least expense The following extracts from the lecture give some practical directions for this purpose Of insecticides any number of of substances have been recommended and many of them tried with more or less satisfaction Of these may be mentioned lime sulphur soot saltwoodashes corrosive sublimate naphtna naphthalineturpen tine alum carbolic acid phenyle cyanide of potassium blue vitriol ammonia alkalies benzine vinegar sulphuric acid quassia vitriol the sulphate of copper hot water etc Most of these may be used successfully for specific purposes either dry in liquid or in vapor but the three most useful insecticides of general applica tion in use during the early days of economic entomology in this country and up to within a few years were undoubtedly tobacco white hellebore and soap Tobacco water and tobacco smoke have long been employed against Aphides and other delicate insects and are most useful A quite recent advance in its use is by vaporizing The vapor of nicotine is most effectual in destroying insects wherever it can be confined as in greenhouses Thus the boiling of tobacco in such a green house is as effectual as and less injurious to the plants than the older methods Of syringing a decoction or of fumigations by burning while experience by Mr Wm Saundere at the Department of Agriculture during the past two summers shows that the vapor gradually arising from tobacco stems strewn on the ground and regularly moistened is likewise effectual While hellebore either dry or in liquid has long been one of the most satis factory insecticides against Tenthredinid larvceotherwise known as fase caterpillars of which the imported currant worm Nematus ventricosus is a familiar type while soap syringed in strong suds will kill some softbodied plantdestroyers and when used as a paint on the trunks of trees is an excellent repellant against the parents of different borers Transcending in importance however any of these older insecticides are the three now most commonly used because most satisfactory They are 1 arsen ical compounds 2 petroleum and 3 pyrethrum The first act through the stomach and are effectual chiefly against mandibular insects the second and third act by contact and are therefore of more general application affecting both mandibular and haustellate species The use of arsenic as an insecticide in the field dates from the year 1871 At the rate of 50 grains of arseniate of soda and 200 grains of dextrine dissolved in a gallon of water and this diluted at the rate of about an ounce to ten gallons of water it furnishes one of the cheapest of insecticides at command and various34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 184 patented combinations of it have been extensively sold and used Again one pound of arsenic and one pound of salsoda boiled in one gallon of water till the arsenic is dissolved and diluted at the rate of one quart to forty gallons of water is also a formula The chief merits of arsenic are cheapness and solubility Its demerits are its white color which makes it liable to be mistaken for harmless sub stances of the same color and its tendency to burn the plant Paris Green or Scheeles Green has been more extensively used than any other arsenical com pound and is on the whole one of the most satisfactory insecticides I first used this poison against the Colorado potato beetle Doryphora 10lineata in the summer of 1868 but owing doubtless to the use of an inferior article reported adversely upon it First Report on insects of Missouri for 1868 page 116 Geo Liddle Jr of Fairplay Wisconsin experimented with it the same summer and with one part of the green to two of flour found it eminently satisfactory American Entomolo gist 1 page 219 and from the time he announced his experienceMay 25th 1S69 in the Galena Illinois Gazette the green became rapidly popular against the Doryphora I first recommended it in 1872 for the cotton worm and its use grad ually extended to other leafeating inseets until hundreds of tons have been sold for insecticide purposes in a single year It is used dry with various diluents as ashes plaster flour etc at the rate of one part of green if pure to twentyfive up to a hundred parts of the diluent Flour as a diluent has the great advantage of causing greater adhesiveness and permanence In liquid suspension Paris green can be used at the rate of one pound to from forty up to one hundred gallons of water The liquid should be kept constantly stirred and a little dextrine or other sub stance added togive adhesiveness is an advantage A refuse obtained in the manufacture of aniline dyes and known as London Purple is the third important arsenical compound that I will mention in this connection It consists of lime arsenious acid and carbonaceous matter and was first used by me against the cotton worm and other insects in 1878 and more fully and thoroughly in 1S79 It is used with diluents either wet or dry in the same manner as Paris greew while for some insects experience has shown it to be less satisfactory than Paris green for many others it is equally effective and has the great advantage over Paris green of being vastly cheaper costing on an average but five cents against sixty cents per pound of covering twice the groundweight for weght of being more soluble less poisonous more adhesive and permanent in its effects and of a decided color so that when intelligently used it is in all ways preferable Petroleum in its various forms has long been recogivzed asone of the moTt effective insecticdes in our possession all oily substances being partcuiarly deadly to insects Unfortunately they are also injurious to plants and one of the prob lems the solution of which I have had in mind for many years has been their use in such d lution asto kill the insectwthout injury to the plant Refined kerosene has been used to a limited degree by forcible attenuation in water and spray t while some plants withstand doses of pure oil But the safe and general use of kerosene for the purpose under consideration dates from the year 1880 Of the various substances used in attempts to emulsify and mix kerosene with water none are more satisfactory than scap and milk both being everywhere accessible and cheap MiuVWas first suggested in 1S80 by Dr W S Barnard whle carrying on experiments for me against the cotton worm and subsequent experiment es pecaly by another of my assistants Mr H G Hubbard has given us the smplest and most satisfactory methods of makng the emulsion quickly and permanently An emulson resembling butter can be produced in a few minutes by churning with a force pump tTO parts of kerosene and one part of sour milk in a pail TheL185 ceop eepjET1884 35 liquids should be at about blood heat This emulsion may be diluted with twelve or more parts of water to one part of emulsion thoroughly mixed and may be ap plied with the force pump a spray nozzle or strong garden syringe The strength of the dilution must vary according to the nature of the insect to be dealt with as well as to the nature of the plant but finely sprayed in twelve parts of the water to one of the emulsion it will kill most insects without injury to the plant An equally good emulsion may be made as follows Kerosene two gallons common soap onehalf pound water one gallon Heat the mixture of soap and water and add it boiling hot to the kerosene Churn the mixture by means of a force pump and spray nozzle for five or ten min utes The emulsion if perfect forms a cream which thickens on cooling and ad heres without oiliness to the surface of glass Dilute with cold water before using to the extent which experience will indicate is best The simplest discoveries are often the most valuable and this discoveiy of so simple and available a means of diluting ad libitum oil with water is important and farreaching in its practical application It were foolish to detain you with details of the several directions in which it has proved of great benefit and which are recorded in my recent writings especially in the reports of the entomologist of the Department of Agriculture for 18812 and 1883 and in Bulletins 1 sMd 2 of the Entomological Division of that Department Pyrcthrum roseum a plant native to the Asiatic countries south of the Caucasus mountains and Pyrethrum cineraricefolium a native of Dlmatia have long been known to possess insecticide properties especially in the powder from the dried and pulverized flowers The powder sold under various names by druggists was chiefly used against houshold pests however and though Mr C Willeniot as eary as 1857 in France and Mr Wm Saunders in 1879 in Canada tried it in powder form on some that are injurious to pants its importance as a field insecti cide did not appear till in 1880 when in prosecuting the work of the United States Entomological Commission we discovered that it could be used in liqud solution During the winter of 1880 and 1881 I succeeded in importing a large quantity of the seed of both species and on behalf of the above named Commission distributed it to a number of correspondents in various parts of the country with a view of establishing its cultivation Since then large quantities have been distributed from the Department of Agriculture Both species proved to be hardy throughout the greater portion of our country and Mr G N Milco of Stockton California has for some years cultivated cineraricefolium quite extensively at great profit the product being sold under the name of Buhach The insecticide property dwells in a volatile oil It acts only by contact and its action on many larvae is marvel ous the smallest quantity in time paralyzing and ultimately killing Its influ ence in the open aris evanescent in which respect it is far inferior to the arsen ical products but being perfectly harmless to plants it can frequently be used on vegetables where the more poisonous substances would be dangerous Pyrethrum is supposed to have no effect on the higher animals but that is a mistake as my own recent experience is that the fumes in a closed room have a toxic influence intensifying sleep and inducing stupor while the experien of Prof A Graham Bell with the powder copiously rubbed on to a dog showed that the animal was made sick and was affected in the locomotive organs very much as insects are The wonderful influence of this powder on insects has led me to believe that it might prove useful as a disinfectant against fevers and various contagious diseases by destroying the microzoa and other microorganisms or germs which are believed to produce such diseases It should be tried for that purpose It is remarkable36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ISf that these two plants of all the many known species of the genus should alone possess the insecticide property Of all insecticides to be used against rootfeeding or hypogean insects naphtha line sulphocarbonate of potassium and bisulphide of carbon are the chief Dr Ernst Fischerin a recent workhas shown that naphthaline in crystal may be satis factorily used underground destroying by slow evaporation But bisulphide of carbon still holds the first place in France against Phylloxera vastatrix It is con veyed beneath the ground at the rate of onehalf to one kilogram per vine by special angers or by more complicated machinery drawn by horses I believe petroleum emulsions will supersede it as an underground insecticide and prove to be the best we have cheapness safety and efficiency considered It will already have been gathered from what has preceded that the chief in secticides are applicable in liquid and as liquids have an advantage over powders in field use instruments for atomizing and distributing liquids constitute the most important part of insecticide machinery The desiderata in a spraynozzle are Ready regulation of the volume to be thrown greatest atomizing power with least tendency to clog facility of cleansing or ready separation of its component parts cheapness simplicity and adjustability to any angle187 CROP REPORT1884 37 LECTURE BY M GEORGE VEILLE ON AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES Translated from the French You know gentlemen that annexed to the Roville Institute there is a plow factory from which is derived considerable profit Could this be called an agri cultural industry in the true meaning of the term Certainly not For a factory of this kind has no connection with the proceeds of crops grown on the farm What then are agricultural industries Those which work up a product of the farm and are an indirect source of fertilizer to the farm For example sugar fac tories distilleries starch factories also hemp and flax dressing and what will sur prise you the cultivation of the sea pine Now distinct as these industries appear by the nature of their products and methods of action they have however a character in common which makes them truly an industrial family All tend though by different ways to the same end Viz to restrict exportation to the vegetable products which take nothing from the soil This chief and important difference between crops the sale of which exhaust the soil and those whose sale does not exhaust the soil was discovered by practice at a time when they could not be supported by theory Our duty now is to define the character of these remarkable industries and show why they come under the same law This study will prove the truth of the doctrine of chemical fertilizers in its most essential facts We will take distilleries as the first example From an agricultural point of view what is their business To consume the plant make alcohol and give the residue to the stockthat is to say a distillery is the same to the farmer as added meadow for it increases animal food The indus trial product sold is the alcohol Now I affirm that such a sale no matter on how large a scale does not in any way exhaust the soil What Large sales of crops without real loss Is that possible Yes exportation without any loss A few words explain this apparent contradiction Rainwater and the carbonic acid of the air have paid all expenses of the product sold What is therein alco hol Carbon hydrogen and oxygen Agricultural practice affirms distilleries to be benefitersof the soil Science explains the reason why The fact is certain the explanation is none the less true and what we say of alcohol is in the same degree applicable to sugar from which alcohol is derived by fermentation the product exported is different its chemical nature is analogous The facts are the same in regard to starch factories The plant used is the Irish potato the product sold is neither sugar nor alcohol but starch What matters the difference if the composition is analogous if not identical In starch as in sugar and alcohol there is only carbon hydrogen and oxygen There is no exhaustion of the soil the residue is an inferior pulp but still good for cattle feed38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 188 The large washing industries of which Iceland and England have such beautiful types come under the same heading Chemically speaking hemp and flax are composed of three distinct parts the textile fibre the stem proper of which the textile forms the exterior envelope and a gummy resinous matter which adheres to it The operation of washing is both to detach the textile fibre from the stem proper and to free it from the gummyresinous matter which soils it and affects the quality If we use the water from washing to feed pigs or simply as a liquid ma nure to irrigate the meadow or increase the production of manure and the sales are reduced to the textile fibre washed and stripped there is no loss to the soil for the cellulose of the textile fibre is composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen Long before we knew what plants received from the air practice with a marvel ous penetration realised we must draw as much as possible from the air to enrich the soil But from this point of view science has long given us a simple and more perfect solution than the above based on the culture of oilbearing plants In spite of physical differences and useful properties oils like sugar starch alcohol and textile fibres are composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen It follows from this that if instead of selling oilbearing grains we extract the oil they contain on the farm limiting sales to oil alone it is only necessary to re turn the rest of the plant to the soil to maintain it in increasing fertility In this system the cake or meal left after the extraction of the oil is the princi pal fertilizer This meal is very rich in nitrogen phosphate and potash Diluted with water it makes a species of liquid manure to be used in rotting manure or stalks husks capsules and especially straw in a pit But that practice may derive all the advantages pointed out by theory the whole of the oil must be extracted from the meal On leaving the hydraulic press by the old system the meal contained 6 to 8 per cent of oil which was easily extracted by the use of chloroform bisulphide of carbon or coal oil This is not a difficult process nor is the apparatus expensive i cannot enter into the details I will only add that instead of treating the whole grain the farmer can buy the cake and extract the oil himself with bisulphide of carbon Cakes thus treated give a profit of at least 1300 per acre Here are some figures from a crop of Rape in support of this assertion PRODUCT PEE ACEE 1st Sale of whole seed 50 bushels worth 9500 2d Extraction of oil by the press old method 50 bushels of seed give 789 pounds of oil worth 87 qq 1400 pounds cake worth lsoo Total 10500 Extraction of oil by chloroform or sulphate of carbon new method 1050 pounds of oil worth 110 00 1063 pounds of cake worth V 16 qa Total 12000 COMPARISON OF ABOVE 1st Sale of whole seed 9500 2d Extraction of oil by the press 105 00 3d Extraction of oil by sulphate of carbon 126 u0 Difference in favor of extraction of oil with sulphate of carbon 3100189 CROP REPORT1882 39 Plantations of resinous pines belong to this same industrial family Those of yu gentlemen who have passed through Gascony remember the striking contrast between the growth of the trees and other vegetation Plants are meager and stunted and are mainly furze and heathsnatives of the poorest soils But in the midst of this meager growth are luxuriant forests of sea pines Why do the trees flourish where the undergrowth is so stunted Because the trees and the sea pine in particular live more on the air and rain than the other growths But this is not all When the pine is fifteen years old it is tapped for the resin From 16 to 1700 pounds of resin are every year sold without at all ex hausting the soilin fact experience proves the soil is benefited by it Why Because resin like sugar alcohol and the oils is composed only of carbon hydro gen and oxygen To extract the juice of the beet or the sugar cane expensive machinery must be had and many head of cattle kept to eat up the refusethat is an outlay of large capital The machinery of agricultural oil industries is simple no stock is needed and the refuse can be used directly as a fertilizer In the Landes of Gascony the industrial processes are simpler still a hatchet shovel and scraper only are used the resin runs spontaneously from the tree One is an industry brought to the highest degree of perfection the other rudimentary in its simplicity An acre of ground cultivated in beets yielding 38000 pounds of roots and 2346 pounds of sugar worth 1300 returns a tax to the State nearly equal to its own value An acre of sea pines yields from 400 to 500 pounds of resin worth from 30 to 40 a year But the pines are not to be undervalued It is an industry of poor soils and sparse population The pine tree grows without labor from us and its leaves return to the soil all it takes from it even enriching it with a nitrogenous com pound at the cost of the air and rain their decomposition restoring in a measure the cay the soil has need of In spite of great differences in appearance all these industries come under a com mon law they proceed from the same substances They sell only carbohydrates If universal practice proves that the sale of carbohydrates does not exhaust the soil it also proves and confirms the most essential principles of the doctrine of Chemical Fertilizers What did I say to you in previous lectures That it is useless to give the soil hydrocarbonaceous matters that it is a great mistake to believe in manuring the land we must give it all the crop contains that we need not give any of the sub stanceof the plant which it draws from air and rain And what does practice prove while at the same time she rebels against this proposition That we may continue without risk to export all that air and rain give the crops that is to say carbon hydrogen and oxygen These two propositions say exactly the same thing under different forms giving the principles we maintain that degree of generality which belongs to natures laws This is why I wish so particularly to define the character of agricultural industries Culture meadow stock industries are now defined and each one assigned its own place You see now how they react upon each other and what part each one plays in the final result of profit Let us look back over the road we have come To practice which taking the advantage of seniority declares there is no true and reliable fertilizer which does not contain all that the plant itself contains and that barnyard manure is the type of a perfect manure we reply that to maintain the fertility of the soil we need40 DEPART VENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 140 only give it acid phosphate potash lime and nitrogen four substances whose united weight is hardly equal to onetenth the weight of the crop To practice which declares barnyard manure is suited to all and every plant we reply by facts which an unrivaled number of experiments have proved that to have large and economical yields we must vary the composition and nature of the fertilizer What must I add to prove this to you who know the difference between the cereals and the legumes From that practice which sees the perfection of the art of culture through stock keeping we have asked figures as proof and it is evident from its own showing that this system does not give a profit in proportion to the actual money spent and does not supply our markets with the quantities we need France under this system has not supplied her own food for many years To that practice which calls cattle a necessary evil we reply cattle can be made profitable consumers but to do this we must fertilize the meadow with chemical fertilizers andapply the same law of feed to cattle which we use f jr profitable field culture that is feed bountifully and judiciously As a summing up of these new ideas and facts we show both the inconsistency and sound sense of that practice which recognizes agricultural industries but as a means of making more manure for the farm Inconsistent because the indirect and tacit acknowledgment that the sale of hydrocarbonaceous matter does not exhaust the soil is the negation of the supe riority attributed to barnyard manure ninetenths of which is formed of these sub stances and the glorification of chemical fertilizers which do not contain them we say sound sense because it is remarkable that practice without other guide than the observation of disjointed facts could conceive a system which required the science of our days to give the theory and explain the advantages What lesson shall we draw from these indisputable and now undisputed f jets One onlybut an important one namely that farming is emancipated and agriculture is the rival if not the equal of the industries her sisters in the kingdom of human labor as much through the certainty of these new methods as by the sound reasons of the scientific facts upon which they are based Farming and stock are in their legitimate places We know how they must be associated and under what conditions cattle become profitable consumers Under only one absolute condition are industries beneficial to the soilwhen they take from the crop only those products composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen These are made entirely from the air and the rainSpecial Circular No 42 New Series REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1884 RETURNABLE AUGUST 1st 1884 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga July 14th 1884 Dear Sir Please answer the following questions oil the first day ot August or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that your report may reach this office by the Third oi Angus Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus if the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or 10 per cent better than an average it should be reported as 110 in each case and if 10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never report 10 per cent better or 10 per cent worse but HO or 90 as the case may be Avoid vague com parisons such as some better hardly so good above an average etc In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the Character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture I For what county do you report county II Your name III Your postoffice2 QUESTIONS FOE CROP REPORT 142 CONDITION AND PR03PEOT AUGUST 1ST COMPARED TO AN AVERAGE OP 1 Cottonpercent 2 Corn per cent 3 Ricepercent 4 Sugarcanepercent 5 Sorghumpercent 6 Field Peas percent 7 Chufaspercent 8 Sweet Potatoes percent 9 What casualty if any has affected cotton 10 To what extent has It injured the prospect percent 11 Yield of Wheat compared to an average percent 12 Yield of Wheat per acre bushels 13 Have Seasons during July been favorable or unfavorable per cent 14 Date of last good rain date 15 Date of making this reportdate REMARKS Under this head report any facts of general interest to the farmers or any valuable or instruc tive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers Such remarks should be pointed concise and plainly writtenCIRCULAR No 57 JULAR No 57 New Series J CROP REPORT For the Month of July 1884 SHOWING AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA 3 t ezetders2t Commissioner ATLANTA GEORGIA JasP Harrison Co Printers Binders and Electrotypers 1884Circular No 57 New Series j CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1881 RETURNS TO THE DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE AUGUST 1st 1884 Department op Agriculture J Atlanta August 1118841 COTTON The condition and prospect in comparison with an average is in North Georgia 82 Middle Georgia 85 Southwest Georgia 92 East Georgia 83 Southeast Georgia 82 and in the average for the whole State 85 In North Georgia the prospective condition is the same as that re ported one month ago in each of the other sections there is a slight falling off The wet weather in June and the early part of July was followed in some counties in East and Southeast Georgia by three weeks of continu ous dry weather and considerable shedding is reported Lice and rust are mentioned in some counties among the casualties injuriously affect ing the crop The caterpillar had made its appearance about lhe 10th of June in Dougherty county and about the last of the month in some other counties of Southern Georgia but no damage from this cause has been reported as yet The injury to the crop from all causes is estimated at 15 per cent CORN The reports of this crop agree very nearly in every section with the condition and prospect as shown a month ago On bottom lands the crop has been seriously injured by the excessive wet weather and by overflow but on uplands when properly worked it is reported good and generally much above an average The condition and prospect for the State is 95 per cent of an average crop In North Georgia 92 Middle Georgia 95 Southwest Georgia 95 East Georgia 101 and in Southeast Georgia 91DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA WHEAT 1461 A small part only of this crop was threshed before the 1st of July and the yield compared to an average is better in every section of the State than indicated by the estimate of last month The yield compared to an average is in North Georgia 105 Middle Georgia 87 Southwest Georgia 87 and East Georgia 89 The average for the State estimated from North and Middle Georgia is 96 The yield per acre in North Georgia is 9 bushels Middle Georgia 7 bushels Southwest Georgia 666 bushels and in East Georgia 7 bushels MISCELLANEOUS CROPS RiceSouthwest Georgia 98 East Georgia 93 and Southeast Geor gia 95 SugarCaneMiddle Georgia 90 Southwest Georgia 83 East Geor gia 92 and Southeast Georgia 91 Sorghum North Georgia 99 Middle Georgia 70 Southwest Geor gia 97 East Georgia 93 and Southeast Georgia 91 Field PeasNorth Georgia 103 Middle Georgia 75 Southwest Georgia 94 and Southeast Georgia 82 Sweet PotatoesNorth Georgia 97 Middle Georgia 95 Southwest Georgia 101 East Georgia 103 Southeast Georgia 107 and the average for the State 102 Table No 1Condition and Prospects of Crops in Georgia August 1 1884 by Sections Condition and Prospect Compared to Wheat Average 0 3 l 9b V O si SECTIONS m 3S M a o a 3 3 OT a si 3 e 0 u too fl 13 3 si 3i 0 1 o o s x m E u X 82 92 99 103 94 9 103 9 Si 83 82 sfo 95 101 91 98 93 95 90 83 92 91 97 91 9i 93 94 99 8 95 95 84 9b 101 103 101 87 89 89 7 r s 7 85 75 95 74 95 83 89 8 91 78 93 71 92 82 102 97 100 S8 7 4 7 147 CROP REPORT1884 Table No 2Summary of Meteorological Observations com piled from reports of State observers and of the United States Signal Service for the cotton belt Stations for July 18S4 by L H Charbonnier State Meteorologist NORTH GEORGIA STATIONS Cartersville Dalton Gainesville Mossy Creek Babu Gap No report Rome Toccoa Means Temper 93 63 96 58 94SO 58 33 S 7982 7475 7483 718 8 00 866 7721 876 589 496 485 255 56 4f9 MIDDLE GEORGIA Atlanta Athens Camuk LaGrange Newnan Oxford No report Thomson West Point Means 94 105 97 97 6217772250 63 7985 62 8241 69 8269 62 80 58 68 8050 6S050 640U 8045 576 184 470 354 145 323 334 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Americus Means 94 72 8800 825 72 8300 625 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA 96 99 95 97 74 65 6 71 8300 8267 8280 84 K 8822 18S 236 304 300 i72 8 M 11 9175 69 50 EAST GEORGIA Augusta Millen Means Means for the Srate 9550 698121 628321 6450 8221 6566 8121 3 90 360 331 404DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 148 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Banks The rains cesed about the first of July Farmers have had trouble with the grass Cotton is late but with a late fall the prospect is tolerably fair Corn is good on upland but very spotted on bottoms Wm M Ash I think with a favorable fall we will make 90 per cent of cotton crop and plenty of corn to do us Geo W Wiley Upland corn is good bottoms scarcely worth reporting are under water for the sixth time The most of the farmers have their crops in good order W J Bukgess There were no blooms on the cotton until the loth and then only on very for ward spots Bottom corn is badly used up by the rains and overflow Sorghum is doing finely By thoroughly sunning the wheat it was dried and made good flour Answer to your Cobb County correspondentProf Blumenbach in his Natural History says of fish Their healing also is good and they have organs similar to those of the internal ear in other red bkeded animals Dr John Hunter says fishes possess the sense of hearing and that water is an excellent medium for the conveyance of sounds Goldsmith spys that when they seem to hear the call of a bell or whistle it is rather the vibrations of the st und that affect the water than any sound they hear Certain it is that when the bell was rurg they came Vidi If he will not believe tho this cc mes from the dead let him put his head under water and have some one knock two rocks together over it It W Joyner Bartow Some cotton forms dropping this rainy weather Cotton now out of the lousy state growing rapidly and having a good color and looking healthy If very dry weather follows the present very wet weather shedding forms may be expected Fruiting is going on well now but it commenced at least ten days later than usual J 0 McDaniel CaioosaThe great st mmer flood wss broken up on Mcnday the 14th day of July Since then the weather has been finehot with occasional showers The corn on high well drained upland is very good while some of our finest corn lands creek bottoms will not make a flat grain The small grain crops have all been damaged Some wheat will require sunning after being threshed John Bird ChattoogaThe farmers are more hopeful than they were one month ago Good work and seasons make wonderful changes W T Tapp We have had two weeks of fine weather and farmers here used it well Wheat and oats are all safe corn crop good and cotton much improved K R Foster The corn crops were never belter up to yesterday We had a terrific wind storm yesterday and the cornfields look just like a log had been rolled over them It has injured the crop at least 25 per cent in my neighborhood J J P Henry149 CROP REPORT1884 CherokeeOut uplands are nearly all planted in cotton in our county and there has been so much rain and so many freshets on bottom lands that the prospect is indeed gloomy However with favorable seasons from now on there are still hopes of improvement M s Paden The wet weather in June injured our cotton The wheat crop would have been very good but for the cold weather last winter The wheat you sent me was planted late and was frozen out The prospect now is that corn will be good owing to the good rains JJ A Shabp Cobb The prospect for cotton has wonderfully improved during the month A fine crop was predicted but upon better examination it is seen that it is very poorly fruited but with a favorable August and Septemberie moderately dry we might make a fair crop Corn looks as if it is above the per cent I have placed 125 but the appearance may be deceptive Wheat and oats were much injured by sprouting in the shock The best yield I know of is Mr A C Edwards33 bu on one measured acre It would be a great benefit to the farmers of Georgia to find some reliable winter oat W Alston Jb BadeThe land has been too wet to plow since the 15th of June with the excep tion of a very few days Wheat and oats are considerably damaged G A R Bible ForsythSince the last report the corn prospect has greatly improved Upland corn is the finest for years Cotton is at least three weeks late and unless we have a favorable fall there will not be more than half an average crop B H Brown FloydThe hot sun and high northeast winds are drying the ground rapidly Corn is shooting and tasseling but needs rain For the last few days corn shows failure and if it does not have welting rains in a few days the failure will be disastrous JHN H Dent FranklinThe injury to the crops from the excessive rains was greater than supposed at the date of the last report but the general prospect is improving rapidly The Andrews early corn planted on the drowned bottoms July 7th is looking fine and with late frost will probably mature J W Sewell A late fall is the only hope of a cotton crop it has been so much retarded in growth by the rains and the grass Some parts of crops turned out well Upland corn where worked is finelowland about half crop W G Alexander Too much rain and bottom lands cannot make a half crop Cotton isrunning to weed and there are not many forms or much fruit on it Prospects are gloomy John 0 Dean GordonCrops improved during July Rice bids fair to make an average crop On the night of the 29th a terrible rain and wind came up doing much damage overflowing the small streams and washing land Corn nearly all blown down 0 H Davis Flat lands are badly injured by the excessive rains and want of work The stalks are round and hard Not much more than a third of a crop on such lands can be reasonably expected Cotton is growing well but is two weeks late as tested by time of blooming The packages of wheat you sent both failed The Mediterra nean was about ninetenth winterkilled The Multiheaded was all killed bnt one stalk Wheat all threshed Quality medium N B Hall8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 150 Gwinnett Favorable weather has improved corn twentyfive per cent and cot ton twelve and a half per cent since last report Upland corn good but low bot toms will make only about a half crop j f Baxter Corn on upland good on bottoms not doing so well from excessive rains Cot ton was seriously injured from same cause But little July crop Good August seasons and a late fall will give twothirds of an average crop R D Winn Ilabersham Notwithstanding the low estimate of crops now they are by no means doomed With favorable seasons they may yetmake an excellent yield Youkg Davis Harahon The latter part of April and all of May was dry which was not favor able for the comingup and growth of cotton in consequence of which it is two or three weeks late W C McBrayer Hart The seasons are favorable and corn will be fine but bottom corn could not be properly cultivated and will be short Some has also washed up and has a bad stand on that account B B Parker A limited experience with the Hawkins oat is worthy of notice One of our good farmers sowed one quart about the 1st of February and reaped one bushel from the same They were harvested about the 10th of June M M RlCHARDSON Seard The crops have improved as much in July as I ever knew in my expe rience of thirtyfive years in that time Bottom corn is a failure or nearly so Farmers are making arrangements to supply its deficency by cutting and saving hay and close pasturing j jj WEE Jackson Upland corn is extra good but so much low land washed away and covered up that it reduces the average considerable Some of it will not make two bushels per acre w j McBee PauldingWe are having good showers at this time If they continue through August we will make nearly a full crop of cotton But corn on bottoms is spotted on account of the floods of rain in April and cant make a full crop B T Drake PickensJuly has been dry from the 6th to the 25th giving the farmers a chance of putting their crops in good order The lowlands have dried out and the corn fast coming out The upland crops have not materially suffered Now we have a good season E E Allbed PolkBut for grass the crops would be good to very good As they were already late they cannot stand another drawback s M H Byrd Most parties sowing Dallas wheat speak of not sowing it again because being mixed it ripens at different dates Some of it will be deadripe while some will be in the dough and even the milk state This serious trouble was more marked this year than ever before My solution is as follows My observation justifies the belief that bearded wheat is more sensitive to ex tremes of heat and cold wet and dry etc than smooth headed varieties and as all the bearded heads were late 1 think that variety was more drastically affected by the extreme cold of last season and getting a later start in the spring was pro portionately later at harvest It yields more bountifully than any variety sown by me 20 bushels per acre and I shall try it one more time but if the same trouble attends the next crop I shallabandon it R W Everett RabunThe Winter Red Mediterranean and Chili wheat sent me from the Agri cultural Department was sown November 10 on gocd bottom land sandy soi by151 CROP REPORT 1884 the side of the Blue straw All sown the same day The stand was bad on all The Blue straw matured well while the other was nearly an entire failure I think them too late for this country An early variety suits us in this climate better The majority of grain has been threshed is well matured and turns out wellnot more than onetwentieth injured by the wet weather Hon L N Jones threshed on his farm without fertilizers seventeen bushels to one bushel sowing The corn crop is badly injured for want of work caused by the rains in June July has been favorable and farmers generally have their crops clean and with good seasons through August may yet make an average crop The corn crop is near ten days later than last year Vegetables are unusually fine We are having fine rains in this neighborhood F A Bleckley WalkerWheat is damaged 35 to 40 per cent by continuous rains In fact we can scarcely sell it j Y Wood Mr M W Whitlow sowed twentyfive bushels of oats on fifteen acres of fourth years land in cultivation Part of the oats was rust proof part black and part old fashioned spring oats If he could have saved them he would have made from eighty to one hundred bushels per acre The largest portion of them fell down and he gave them to his hogs w c KlLG0RE Too great rain falls for crops A J Leet milfieldCorn was much damaged yesterday with heavy rain and wind Nearly all good corn was turned out of root or broken off The roads and fields keep as muddy as in winter w c rIGHardson Rains have been abundant during the month of July and exceedingly heavy J F Groves MIDDLE GEORGIA ButtsCotton is small though in good condition Upland corn is very good on bottom land it is considerably off I did not get a good stand of the Bob cotton I think it will prove to be a good cotton W 8 Henley CamvbellThe weather has been fine for farm work during July and crops put in good condition Corn on upland is fine Cotton is a little late but with a fa vorable fall a reasonable yield may beexpected p jr Steed Cotton planted late never got up till the rain set inabout the first of June and the grass came up with it and many farms are nct cleaned out yet I advise early planting Corn on bottom land almost an entire failure Too much rain all through June T E DoDD ClarkeWe had a shower on the 28th inst If August and September should prove favorable it is yet possible to make a fair crop of cotton Jefferson Jennings CowetaFarmers should be convinced of the necessity of thorough preparation and cultivation Be sure not to undertake too much that the work may be done at the right time and way Wm a gMITH DeKalbGreat improvement in crops in July The first of July the crop pros pect was very gloomy August the first the prospect was very flattering The seasons in July have been very good GWMorris Crop prospects have improved very materially since the first of July though the prospect is not very flattering Red upland corn that has hid fair cutivation is good low bottoms and sandy land not good Cotton very late and small though now growing finely may make nearly an average crop if the seasons should be very favorable j R gMITH10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 152 All cotton poorl j fruited Our laziest larmers largest grass ever known Mur rain has prevailed this summer Wheat all makes dark flour 36 lbs per bushel Large per cent of oats mouldy straw and grain very light from drouth in May and rain in harvest All really industrious men have fine cotton and upland corn S C Hitchcock Elbertlhe wet weather continued up to the 13th of July On the thirteenth we had a heavy rain with windnot rained any since Corn and cotton are wilting and drying up If the drought that is now on us continues two weeks longer there will not be onethird of a crop made A great portion of the bottom corn is drowned and washed awsy A hot dry sun is now parching up corn Cotton is shedding leaves and forms F P Thornton A little too much dry and hot weather but it commenced raining the 28th of July and we are having good showers now generally Now is the time to put in oats by sowing in cotton the last plowing turning under where it is too fi D M Carlton thm to cut Fayette Cool nights and excessive rains in Juue caused cotton to die out and get very grassy Crops have been well worked in July The plant as a rule is yet small The rains have been partial Some portions of the county have had no rain since the 4th of July Should August be favorable with late fall the yield may yet be an average J FultonThe season has been good throughout the month and the crops since being cleared of grass have taken a good color and promise a fair yield with a late W S Mangum fall Green I cure peavines by piling in heaps say a twohorse wagon load in a heap and with a pitchfork turn the heap inside out every 10 or 12 hours until cured Peavines cured in this way retain all their leaves and stock like them A N Aseury The season snce July 1st has been good but bottom lands had suffered so much by the continuous rains of June that it will be impossible to make more than half a crop with the most favorable season Cotton with no disaster will be ANo1 JM Griffin HancockFrom present prospects full crops will be made H L MlDDLEBROOKS Harris The crop is improving now with the good rain and some showers Since the rain on the 20th we may get up to an average crop of cotton James Patillo The weather has been favorable for drying fruit until the last two or three days A great deal of fruit is being dried Flynn Hargett Jr Heard The rain stopped on the 5th and it remained dry until the 22L Have been good rains since Upland corn and cotton are good v To keep weevils out of wheat put one bushel of salt to 100 bushels of wheat To keep weevil out of peas and beans saturate with kerosene oi1 To kill worms on cabbage sprinkle with salt while the dew is on J C Brewer Henry Try an acre of checked cotton four feet apart on your best land Plant first of May and fertilize heavily at first aso second and third plowings Merkel C Lowe Jefferson Excessive rain and cloudy weather in June impeded the growth of cotton and turned it yellow The sudden change and three weeks drought in153 CROP REPORT1884 11 July caused old cotton to shed and look badly young cotton looks better and pre sents the best prospect for a crop Corn has been damaged some by the drought but rain has come again at the close of the month and our hopes are revived I F Adkiks JonesToo much politics and too much littleness therein for the good of labor or agricultural interests R T Ross LincolnThe month of June was so extremely wet that cropa that were clean at the commencement of the wet weather became so entangled in grass that the labor of cleaning them injured them to a great extent as there has been no rain for 4 weeks which is affecting al crops injuriously after so much rain J M Dill July has been very dry and rain much needed now Bottom land corn will not make over hulf crop a great deal has been thrown out Cotton is twenty days behind and very small Prospect gloomy N A Crawfoed McDuffieFor three or four weeks ending July 3d too much rain Ten to four teen days could not plow6ince hot and dry Taking out large grass not fol lowed by rain has kept cotton at a standstill The best of seasons through August would make us an excellent crop yet P H Hamilton The wet June lost us our bottom lands of corn and cotton The dry hot weather in July has stopped the growth of cotton Good rains over most of the county on the 28th and 29th inst which will make the upland corn A E Stuegis MeriwetherAfter looking over several crops very closely I find the high red lands have very fine crops while gray lands in some places are as good as I ever saw I think much danger of overrating crops B S Clements MonroeThe prospect for corn and peas was never finer Cotton has suffered from several reasons First wet backward spring retarded planting two weeks dry May prevented great deal from coming up till grass had almost taken posses sion then four weeks of rain made grass boom and consequently injured the cot ton while killing it Have lost twentyfive hogs from cholera they die in from three days to one week from attack only one has recovered The symptoms are these they become slug gish refusing to eatdullness of the eyeslids partly closed with white matter in corners hanging the heads on one side Some fat pigs in two days from first symptoms become crookbacked and drawn up The potato crop is very fine and well up to the average in acres The outlook is bright as farmers seem determined to raise something to eat Let cotton alone raise stockbuy machines and better implements and laborsaving tools etc Guy Taylor OglethorpeA general but light rain fell in our county on 28th of July Cotton holds up remarkably well the reason for which is the clay foundation is wet and nights are cool Bottom corn will never rally from excessive wet weather so as to make good crops C A Stevens Continued June rains caused cotton to get grassy Favorable July weather has improved it so as to give promise of full average crop It is full of fruitfine growth Seasons now very favorable Corn on bottom lands injured by June rains improved by July seasons Uplands well worked and fine a full average prospect Croi s cleaned weather fine Wheat and oats damaged in fields by July rains 25 per cent12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 154 If your correspondent inquiring for remedy for yellows in peach will apply equal quantities of salt and ashes around the roots half gallon of mixture or quart of salt and larger quantities of ashes or lime it will improve the trees It has for me I think prevented yellows have used it three years no yellows since its use plenty of it before It should be placed in cavity made in the earth close to the tree I think the best time is soon after fruiting Anvil dust will prevent the borers J M Williams PutnamSeasons have been good since grass has been worked out and crop prospect is splendid J S Deknis HockdaleCotton is small through this section and is subject to lice more or less every year and during the long continuous cold rains in June the ants were unable to get out and consequently they got the best of cotton to some extent it looks very healthy at present about ten days later than an average Corn is looking well prospect fine for a good harvest Compost used very ex tensively through this section Sweet potatoes promising with a good season we look for a large crop Melon growers are somewhat discouraged J W Grasade Now is the time to sow rye for spring grazing it will add one hundred per cent to your milk and butter both in quantity and quality J S Albert TalbotSince the heavy rains in June cotton seems to be on the increase bot tom cotton looks very poorly L B McCrorey TroupUpland corn is excellent bottomlands drowned out in many places by excessive rains The cotton weed is growing very rapidly too rapidly for certain best fruiage We can only judge of it today its future depends largely upon the sunshine or rain fall of August A G Cox WaltonThere is scarcely a crop of wheat in Walton county but what is damaged 25 per cent from rain fall while in the shock and threshed while wet We are now merging from a drouth and have rain If that continues we are solid on all crops but cotton that is too small There is no use to expect favorabe results Seaborx C Burson August has been all we could wish after the excessive rains of Junedry weather enough to finish up the working of the crop and at this time the finest of season J E Xuknally WarrenHot and dry from the twelfth to the twentysix favorable for cleaning crops now in good condition cotton small and very late corn good Potatoes and peas good fine stock of hogs on hand no diseases J A Shivers There is a vast difference in crops on red land and sandy land The former is very good the latter almost an entire failure R M Hardaway SOUTHWEST GEORGIA BerrienOur June was too wet but the favorable dry weather of Juy has worked wonders in cotton and the June rains made our corn a fine crop H T Peeples CalhounCotton has overcome the lice and excessive rains and is doing its best Should the summer remain favorable look for a heavy crop Plenty of corn made if taken care of Grass worms eating up the grass C L Smith ChattahoocheeRains have injured both cotton and corn more especially in the low flat lands Our best lands are literally drowned out For the past few days the rains were quite heavy overflowing lands not heretofore subject to such inunda tions Portions of the county have good crops and have not had such an abundance155 CROP REPORT ls84 13 of rain Potatoes are doing finely and sorghum superfine Farmers had to resort to the turn plow to kill out the grass and when the ground was too wet to plow W W Shipp Jb Corn was never better cotton though late planted is doing well Potatoes and cane are fine and all crops are doing well with no disaster as I have heard of W P Fielder ClayWe are having entirely too much rain for cottoa and on sandy lands it is showing it by rust though up to date the crop is good The caterpillar fly is nu merous and I hear of the worm in some localities T E Speight It has rained twenty days in July Corn on light land is badly injured cot ton fruiting well but grassy W T Credille Continued rain during the month of July Crops of all kinds badly injured Rains still continue j L Crozier ColquittA few good farmers are demonstrating what can be done by high ma nuring and nice cultivation We have heard of one corn crop that will average forty bushels to the acre another thirty and we know of several that will go twen ty This is what we call progress F J Walker DooleyCotton on old lands has been injured by lice Corn promises to be fine But little sugarcane was planted but it is looking fine S P Odom We had about ten days dry weather up to the 26th since which it has been con tmually raining heavily Since the rains commenced there are indications of rust in cotton T j Ray DoughertyCaterpillars made their appearance about July 10 but no serious damage has been done yet A great many flies made their appearance during last week Corn crops that were well prepared and fertilized are very fair but a large amount of colored tenants crops where preparation wai bad and poor cultivation as a general thing will not make more than fiveeighths of a crop and cotton is not much better The tenant system is a failue in this county They sell all their cotton seed to oil mills and put no maRure back on the land They sell their corn to merchants in the fall and winter and starve their mules in plow sea son There are some exceptions but very few Crops where they have been thoroughly prepared and fertilized an i properly cultivated are good We had the heaviest rainfall on yesterday that has fallen here in two years It overflowed all low places and washed the land very bad It was dry here from July 14 to July JL Dozier Macon We will make plenty of corn for home supply Cotton is not doing well except on highly fertilized fields There was some cotton turned out to grass and many fields of poor cotton Sugarcane is fine but little planted Fieldpeas groundpeas and chufas prospects are good Potatoes poor It has rained this month onthe 1st 2d 3d 4th 5th 11th 14th 27th 23th and 29th J B Murray MarionJuly has been very wet and peas potatoes cane and corn are fine all over the county except on sandy soils where the corn is injured by firing Villes lectures are very instructive Continue them if you please Geo W C Munro MillerWe have had too much rainfall for cotton since July 1st causing in some sections rust and shedding of form i but crops are goad enough No caterpillars yet J S Clifton14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 156 MitchelThe seed cane was al destroyed by cold last winter and hence but 25 per cent area planted In consequence of excessive rains rust to some extent has appeared in cotton corn and sugarcane No caterpillars up to date Three or four weeks late The corn does not show so well since fodder was pulled Crops in this part of the county are short East of Camilla all fine J B Twitty QuitmanCotton has less fruit matured today than any year previous under my knowledge I do not think we have on sandy lands one hundred pounds to the acre Red and stiff lands are better Corn is good except a few spots on sandy land which has fired up to the ear from too much rain Rice and sugarcane have been well matured consequently are very fine up to date Field peas and chufas are very fine and sweet potatoes as fine as could be up to date We have had too much rain for cotton and unless August is favorable I do not think we can make a half crop An abundance of rain Tuesday 29th accompanied with wind blew down corn p Kimball Never a poorer prospect on the old sandy lands Less bolls on cotton stalks than I ever knew before at this date A M Allen Jr RandolphWe have had rains almost every day for three weeks end cotton is taking the rust on sandy lands and turned yellow on clay lands Corn very good J E Godfrey SchteyCorn cotton cane and potatoes on good land thoroughly and wisely cul tivated are as good as I ever saw The crops of this year have been greatly bene fited by the guano which last years crops owing to drought failed to appropriate J N Hudson Corn crop very fine cotton as a general thing looks well where well cultiva ted Sugarcane peas and potatoes look well and promise fair crops I see your correspondent from Haralson inquires about rust on apple trees Mine is in the same fix Has he cedar trees growing near by I have ben told that that was the cause of producing rust on them Ts F Rainey SumterCotton on moist lands comes nearly up to an average but is not good on light sandy lands We have caterpillar fly but it will take until the last of August before the caterpillar can eat up the crop Cotton is ten days more forward than last year I would suggest to planters if it continues wet to top their cotton as I think the caterpillar less liable to injure the crop Corn andpeas good Chas C Sheppard TerrellThe Teosinte you sent me I distributed among several persons who ex press themselves well pleased with it I think it is a great forage plant I do not think there is half as much water in it as there is in the German millet The Haw kins Hill oats were half blasted but I will give them another trial next year With the Bob Cotton you sent out all express themselves well pleased The corn and cotton in this the western part of Terrell were never better up to this time Peas potatoes and other minor crops are doing remarkably well Geo Kaigler ThomasThe cotton crop on June 1st was ten days late owing to the dry and backward spring The long wet spell which lasted through June put the crop in the grass which gave it a serious check Thos W Jokes WebsterA sufficiency of corn ready made for all practical purposes James P Walker We have been having drenching rains for several days which makes cotton look very badly I think wet weather and grass has cut off the crop at least 20 per157 CROP REP JRT1884 15 cent more perhaps unless the seasons are very propitious from now on Outlook for farmers generally encouraging Reason A Bell WilcoxCorn is the best eared I ever saw for size of stalk if good seasons con tinue there will be an abundance of cotton made through here this year as the prospect is good and the area large Geo D Washburn WorthCorn is made Present indications are that it will be too wet for cotton and for saving fodder P Pelham Crops are fine and if no casualty affects the present prospects all crops there will be the largest yield I ever saw in this section Fodder pulling is about on hand G B Watson Plow deep in spring shallow in summer and push your crop in spring and not let the crop push the tiller W W Poulon EAST GEORGIA BullochRust appeared in many fields on short cotton long cotton fine Corn crop very good C A Sorrier JeffersonThree weeks drought after so much rain in June has hurt cotton very much I think it cut off onefourth Corn was nearly all made before the drought A E Tarver JohnsonThe rains have been very partial some sections too wet some too dry and is so yet Jas H Hicks LaurensDeep breaking of land highly manuring plant so as to insure a good stand with shallow cultivation will insure a paying crop D H Coombs MontgomeryPeach crop poor Apples a total failure Hogs dying with cholera Raining every day Bad time to save fodder J Clayton Clements PulaskiCool nights and a very dry May greatly retarded the growth of all crops and prevented stands of late planted cotton until after the rains in June The washing rains did great dramage to crops and the excessive wet weather pro duced lice on cotton thereby doing great damage In of the county the seasons of July have been favorable and crops are much improved while in the other i a four weeks drought to the night of the 28th cutoff and injured crops badly With in the past few days there is appearance of rust in the cotton crop Geo W Jordan StrivenThe cotton plant is more healthy than I have ever seen it at this date I have seen a few spots of rust which early in August generally spreads rapidly J R Humphries TwiggsCotton on red land where properly cultivated is very fine That fer tilized with compost is much better than that manured with any of the brands of corn fertilizers V D Wimberly WilkinsonToo much rain in June and but little in July has has caused cottoa to shed and corn to burn J A Mason SOUTHERN GEORGIA ClinchThe season has been very wet this year and quite unfavorable to crops I farm on the intensive system and the present year has so demonstrated its value that I hear many say they intend to adopt it Poor land improperly cultivated can make but little with good seasons and if the seasons are a little too wet or dry little or nothing is made while a rich soil well cultivated will produce a fair crop3BK 16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA D58 with bad seasons The best and cheapest way to have land enriched is to shade it with vegetation during the summer and turn it under just before it is killed by frosts Field peas are best but everything is good L C Mattox CoffeeCotton and field peas are damaged by the continuous wet weather Sugar cane is reported 70 because of an imperfect stand though in fine growing condition Other crops are looking wel and in average condition We need more labor and less politics Joseph Bailey Planters should take the stumps out of their land make the soil richer and plant less cotton N M Pafford GlynnBut one or two fields of wheat in this county were reported to me as averaging from 25 to 30 bushels to the acre John R Doreflinger Our farmers are now putting in peas as manure for oats James Postell Liberty Hog cholera is here I have succeeded in curing those cases that were not too sick to eat with spirits of turpentine given on ear corn or in molasses or syrup or even starch Alfred J Hendry PierceHave had too much rain for cotton It is shedding fruit and leaves Rain needed now A L R AvantSpecial Circular No 43 New Series f REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1884 RETURNABLE SEPTEMBER 1st 1884 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga August 12th 1884 Dear Sie Please answer the following questions on the first day ot September or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that your report may reach this office by the Third ot September Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus it the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or 10 per cent better than an average it should be reported as HO in each case and it 10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never report 1 per cent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 90 as the case may be Avoid vague com parisons such as some better hardly so good above an average etc In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the Character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture I For what county do you reportcounty II Your name III Your postoffice2 QUESTIONS FOB OBOP BEPOBT 10 CONDITION AND PEOSPEOT SBPT 1ST OOMPABED TO AN AVEBAGE OF 1 Cotton per cent 2 Corn per cent 3 Elcepercent 4 Sugarcanepercent 5 Sorghumpercent 6 Field Peaspercent 7 ChufasPer cent 8 Sweet Potatoespercent 9 What casualty if any has affected cotton 10 To what extent has it injured the prospect 1 11 Date of making this report percent date REMARKS Under this head report any facts of general interest t the farmers or any valuable or instruc tive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers Such remarks should be pointed concise and plainly written Put the name of vour county left hand corner of your notes and your name at the bottom CountyCIRCULAR No 58 New Ser lo 58 ies J CROP REPORT For the Month of August 1884 SHOWING AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA T T 23IEiTIDEXSOaT Commissioner ATLANTA GEORGIA Jag P Harrison Co Printers Binders and Electrotypers 1884Circular No 58 Niw Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1884 RETURNS TJ THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SEPTEMBER 1st 1884 Department op Agriculture Atlanta September 9 1884 COTTON The crop has fallen off 4 points since the last months report The con dition and prospect is reported at 81 for the State In North Georgia 84 Middle Georgia 83 Southwest Georgia 82 East Georgia 76 and Southeast Georgia 82 The report for these sections in last month was respectively 82 85 92 83 and 82 The recent drouth following an extremely wet season has checked the growth and caused an unusual amount of shedding The rust had become general over a large part of Middle and nearly all of Southern Georgia about the last of the month and is mentioned by many correspondents as doing great damage to the crop The disease is rapidly spreading and it is feared that the succeeding condition of the crop from this cause may fall much below the estimates of this month The damage resulting from all casualties is estimated at 19 per cent COKN The corn crop on uplands is good throughout the State On low bot toms the crop has been seriously inj ured by wet weather and overflow The condition of the crop on low lands has probably unduly influenced many correspondents in estimating the general average particularly in Northern and Middle Georgia The bottoms are usually planted in corn such lands however consti tute but a small part of the area devoted to the crop in any county and as the crop is alnjost universally reported good and generally above an aveDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 164 rage on high lands it may be safely assumed that the yield will be above an average for the State The average condition and prospect as reported by correspondents is for the whole State 98 in North Georgia 91 Middle Georgia 92 Southwest Georgia 99 East Georgia 105 and Southeast Georgia 103 The condition of the crop is reported lowest in some of the moun tainous counties of North Georgia where the rains of June were most ex cessive and particularly in Northwest Georgia where there is the largest propcitional extent cf cieik and river bottoms MISCELLANEOUS CROPS RiceThe yield for the State is 96 per cent cf an average The sec tions are as follows Middle Georgia 92 Southwest Georgia 93East Georgia 95 and in Southeast Georgia where much the largest proportional area is devoted to the crop 104 or 4 per cent above an average Sugar CaneMiddle Georgia 83 Southwest Georgia 87 East Georgia 85 Southeast Georgia 91 and the whole State 86 SorghumThiscrop owing to the tcarcity of seed sugar cane in South ern Georgia has been mere generally planted in the State than usual The condition and prospect reported good in all the sections and is 96 per cent of an average crop for the whole State Field PeasNorth Georgia 99 Middle Georgia 89 Southwest Georgia 95 East Georgia 92 Southeast Georgia 99 and in the whole State 95 Sweet PotatoesThe condition and prospect of this crop is reported 2 per cent above an average for the State The condition and prospect in North Georgia is 100 Middle Georgia 95 Southwest Georgia 100 East Georgio 106 and Southeast Georgia 108165 CROP REPORT1884 Table No 1Condition and Prospects of Crops in Georgia September 1 1884 by Sections Condition and Prospect Compared to Average SECTIONS d o o O e o V o 6 s u a 00 a 3 3 a 50 o CO 2 5 1 is GO a o A a a Pmw 84 91 60 92 91 95 104 96 83 8U 83 87 85 91 86 82 93 93 99 95 1C0 99 89 95 92 99 94 94 95 98 101 100 95 100 106 108 80 83 S3 76 83 92 f9 105 108 17 19 22 17 Averagefor State 1884 Sll 98 96 95 75 96 102 79 19 75 74 Very little rice o r sugar cane is grown in North Georgia and the reports of these crops from that section are not considered in estimating the general average for the State DEPARTMENT OF GRICULTUEEGEORGIA 166 Table No 2Summary of Meteorological Observations com piled from reports of State observers and of the United State Signal Service for the cotton belt Stations for August 1884 by L 11 Ckarbonnier State Meteorologist NORTH GEORGIA STATIONS CartersviUe Gainesville Mossy Creek Babun Gap No report Rome Toccoa Means MIDDLE GEORGIA Athens Atlanta Camuk Carrolltcn LaGrange Oxford Thomson Means SOUTHWEST GEORGIA AmericQs Cuthbert Fort Gaines Means EAST GEORGIA Augustai Wayncsboro Means Temper Vufall 773T 7502 118 0S6 76 0i 742 756 132 5 14 11 920 841 UOO 900 90 940 910 590 66 8 590 7999 7515j262 7545 210 600 60 710 610 9288 7259 8028 8000 966 264 395 J16 105 466 53117770 92 70 62 6650 81 OS 050 7948 889 8064 194 98 10 9651 65 31 0 550 I 4 20 t3 159167 CROP REPORT1884 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Brunswick Jesup Qnltman Walthourville Means Means for the State9357 816 1S2Ii4 8042775 9 7980 801 6625 6006 8048 104 515 569 332 The following Stations sent incomplete reports and could not he averaged in the above summary From the partial reports the following rainfall appears Rain Jail Number tt t i in inches of days Union Point 20 reports received125 3 Washington 25 reports received106 3 Savannah 27 reports received813 16 Albany 26 reports received375 7 Allapaha 18 reports received121 2 Bainbridge 28 reports received032 4 Eastman 27 reports received142 2 Millen 29 reports received406 14 Smithville 29 reports received146 4 Thomasville 28 reports received115 6 Waycross 25 reports received827 12 Columbus 26 reports receivedI37 3 Dalton 28 reports received141 3 Griffin 25 reports received334 6 Macon 25 reports received105 4 Newnan 29 reports received198 5 West Point 27 reports received117 5DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 168 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA BanksIn some sections of the country there has been rain others dry Cot ton is shedding badly in some localities William M Ash Upland corn above an average bottom below that briDgs it very near an average Cotton two weeks late y j Burgess BartowCotton has been growing and fruiting finely for the last month two weeks late but with late frost and good weather generally an average crop Up land corn good bottom lands spotted j o Mcdaniel Catoosa Crops suffering for rain have had none for the past twentyfive days John Bird Needing rain badly some partial showers Hog cholera still raging J B Henderson ChattoogaHogs 3eem healthy and with the amount of corn that will be made the farmers of Chattooga will be independent next year I dont believe I ever saw a more flattering prospect than at the present J J p Henry Corn crops were damaged the first of the month by storm and by drouth in the latter part of the month c c Cleghobn No rain in some four weeks Late corn badly damaged W P Tapp Gobb Cotton is too late to make a fall crop and in some places is shedding badly for want of rain j T LlNDLKY A late fall will give us a full crop of cotton Teosinte I planted in May on good land is worthless common corn planted at the same time is far superior Wm Alston Jr A little too much dry and hot weather for cottoncausing it to shed its forms The Bob cotton you sent me is fine weed but not as well fruited as some other L M Power DadoWe hive got the finest corn crop we have had for several years Jas Allison DadeBad my report been one day later last month I should have reported corn damaged at least 15 per cent by the storm on the 31st ult Its course ranged up the entire valley Some kind of worm has entirely eaten up two patches of German millet G A R Bible FranklinWith late frost we may make a fair crop of cotton Corn on bottom land is a failure there is but little planted on upland but what there is is very 8odJ J W Sewell Bottom land corn lias cone out beyond expectations J B D McWhorter169 CROP REPORT1884 9 GihnerOur cattle from the mountains will be fatter than common Farmers of North Georgia should sow their wheat by the middle of October N L Osborn GordonCorn has improved some since last reportdrowned flats hav been worked out and put on a better color Cotton is large enough in stalk but backward in fruiting N B Hall GwinnettCotton on red lands promises more than an average yield if we mis an early frost but gray land will not average a half cropmuch of it not over tea inches high but taking our county as a whole we will make threefourths of an average crop Most of the corn on uplands is good but on low bottoms it is tha poorest for years though high bottoms have the finest crop for years My expe rience is that it is best to keep thorough bred chickens my neighbors and myself lost many from cholera but all that died were crosses and the common dunghill while not a thoroughbred though running with the others was affected in the least J T Baxter HabershamThe prospects in this immediate neighborhood are even better than I have reported except lowland corn and the entire crop will equal if it does not excel that of 1882 which was the best for many years Young Davis JacksonHave expermented on several varieties of wheat this year and think the old purple straw the best variety for this county Sowed six bushels without any fertilizer and made twentyone bushels per acre Cotton depends on the fall if frost stays off till the 10th of October there will be a fair crop Jko G Wier Our county has passed the Prohibition law by a large majority all we want now is the slock law to make Jackson the banner county of the State Crops coming out finely W J McRke PolkUnless there is rain in a few days cotton will be very seriously injured the crop now filling is the only one and cannot be lost without great damage S M H Byrd Never knew crops so badly injured by grass where worked they are the best for years where not worked they are the worst I ever saw R W Everett RabunThe seasons through August have been good for crops generally except in a few localities which have been too dry Late corn if we have a late fall will be better than first planting Some of our farmers are turning their land and seeding and will sow more wheat than ever before P A Bleckley Union Stubble land should not be turned till after September 15th to avoid sun baking W L Carroll WalkerSweet and Irish potatoes doing well and the people are generally sowing turnips W C Kilgore Close attention and thoroughness in all details usually gives success and profit in any business Farming is no exception Slovenly farming does not pay in this or any other country The losses from carelessness and neglect on many farms if saved would make a reasonable profit J A Clements WhitfieldNo rain in northern part of the county since first of August L corn suffering badly J F Groves The general outlook is better than any year siiKe the war Pearce Hok 10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 170 MIDDLE GEORGIA BaldwinHams have been very partial and in some sections of the county we have made no August crop at all and cotton seriously damaged shedding all forms and even leaves opening very rapidly Peas and potatoes a failure No turnips sown yet Jas C Whitakke ButtsWe have had a four weeks drouth here causing cotton to throw off considerably it has also damaged sorghum and sugar cane to some extent W 8 Henley CampbellKeep the suckers pulled off of Millo Maize will make the heads mature much sooner Upland corn that has been well cultivated was never better Bottom corn is doing well will make seventyfive per cent of average crop In localities where there have been late showers cotton is doing well while in other places where there have not been any late rains cotton is losing two per cent each day Farmers generally are hopeful You strike the key note when you say people work four months to make a living for twelve Lazines is ruining our country not rains and drouths J D Smith The last two or three weeks have been too dry for cotton have had some scorching sunshine Cotton progressing slowly at least three weeks late Fodder considerably damaged by wind and hail T E Dodd CarrollCorn good on upland poor on bottom too wet Cotton two weeks later than average and too wet in June injured by wet and grass shedding badly from drouth E H Spkinger ClaytonThe dry weather for the past thirty days has injured the cotton to a considerable extent Late corn potatoes peas and turnips also need rain A P Adamsox ColumbiaThe farmers have about subdued the grass but injured stands I hear a great many express their preference for superphosphate instead of guano J A Walton Farmers had to contend a great deal jwith grass during the first part of the month and cotton was somewhat injured by rough work in gettirg rid of it No rain in this section from July 3d until the 28th when there was a good season which was of great benefit W I Branch CoueiaPortions of the county very dry and need rain J B Goodwyn Would suggest that farmers make their own supplies and stop the credit busi ness it is the only way to prosjerity Wm A Smith DeKallThe outlook of the present crop is decidedly worse than it was the first of last month owing to protracted drouth Potatoes doing but little good nor turnips as yet Dry hot and parching wind today and no prospect for rain James B Smith Douglatlie cold bad ward spring and wet weather in the month of June re duced corn ard cotton 10 per cent and other crops perhaps more The multi headed wheat you sent me nearly all winter killed What was left spread well a lew short beards on the top of the head Will try it again W L Davenport Elbert Cotton two weeks late just ccmmenctd opening With late fall and auitable featons where well worked it promises to be tolerably good F P Thobnton I 171 CHOP REPORT1884 11 FayetteThe weather has been unfavorable for cotton cool and dry Some por tions of the county are suffering for rain now The crop is three weeks late and if it should remain unfavorable with an early frost the crop will not be more than onehalf Upland corn is not so good as was once thought to be fodder has been saved in excellent condition bottom lands almost a complete failure J G Posey GreeneAbout onehalf of the county has had fair seasons the other half has been very dry since July C M Sawders HancockComposts are ahead of commercial fertilizers Jno Tsrher The dry August has changed materially the flattering prospects H L MlDDLEBROOKS HarrisRust and boll worm are injuring cotton Cant tell yet what will be the damage They are doing considerable damage in some localities Jas Patillo We are very dry cotton on upland is burning up we have not had any rain in three weeks all young bolls and forms are dropping off so we will make no Au gust crop Peas and potatoes are drying up very fast W D Cook Heard Some parts of the county have not had rain for four weeks other parts have had regular rains every week the difference in the cotton is not so great as expected In those dry districts the cotton and corn improved some too dry in the dry portions for turn ips to come up J B Ware HenryThe Bob cotton is the most prolific cotton I have ever planted will not stand the dry weather like the mammoth or big boll cotton four weeks dry weather vegetation suffering for rain J A C Wynn Jones More personal attention and tetter work required from hired labor will insure better crops and show where the profits of farming are and what they are Try it R T Ross MeriwetherI find that kainit phosphate and cotton seed meal mixed has kept off rustalmost and making me more cotton than any other manure B S Clements Carp culture here on a perft ct boom I put eleven carp in my pond the last week in May and they were not exceeding ten inches in length I now have any quantify cf sizes from an inch to eight inches long The latter will weigh at lesst four pounds J H Williams Morgan Quite a number of our farmers are raising Yellow Dent corn on uplands especially it has two decided points of advantage It does not grow so much in stock as White corn producing fair ears where White corn would not make any It matures early and thus often escapes drouth I gather it ripe in July K Heyser NewtonCotton doing well plenty of rain and if we have late frost the crop will be good I am turning my stubble land gray sandy v ith the Corbin Disk harrow and I am delighted with it J E McConnell OglethorpeJIow is the time to supplement short corn crop by sowing plenty of barley rye oats lucerne clover etc James J Greek Weather very favorable for all crops No money in the country Business and traffic crippled C A Stevens PutnamWant more corn and small grain and less cottonthen there will be less mortgages sand less lands going for supply more plow stock and better less negro labor and more white H M Wisdom12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 172 Portkns of the county have suffered with drouth and hot weather caus ing August forms to fall off while other portions have been seasonable and the growth good taken as a whole the conditions indicate an average crop Early cotton opening rapidly J M Williams Pen al the cows every night best way to fertilize 0 W Reid IlockrlalcCotton is very poor throrgh this section owing to the continuous rains in June and drouth in August only a half crop is expected J W Grunade TalloiThe stock law seems to work well and taking everything into considera tion the people are in a fair condition S A Freeman TroupBottom corn much injured by excessive rains upland corn fine Cotton injured by fifteen days dry and very hot weatherthermometer going up to 99 as a maximum H H Caby UpsonWe should raise our work stock all of our meat and bread wool for jears goats for shoes and the table It would save100000 for cur county T J MlDDLEBBOOKS NewtonCotton has ras every thing from bolls as large as the end of the thumb down except on flat lands Our farmers are very much discouraged by the present drouth Owing to the lateness of the crop this drouth will prove far more disas trous than usual at this season of the year L F Livingston WaltonMillo Maize that you sent me last spring turned out splendidly I never saw a forage plant grow better I have a splendid stand and have let it all go to seed as I want to plant a large area next year E P Fbazer Walton The farmers of Walton have very much to encourage them The early August raiES have given new life to everything Upland corn where it has been well worked has not been better for years Cottoi has grown beyond our best hope We have more fine farming machinery in use now than any previous year Seaborn C Burton Wilkes The greater part of August unfavorable for cotton some places good rains but mostly only light showers and more than counterbalanced by nearly three weeks of very hot sun and drying winds nothing but bolls on much of it and they are small The low land corn injured by the wet June has never recov ered That worked out before the June rains began and much of the upland is very fine J T Wingfield WarunHad several cool nights cotton sick rust and dropping its fruit Jas A Shivers Cotton is done blooming has taken on its golden hue and opening rapidly The cotton picker is in demand as the basetall season of the negro has not yet eX Pd D W ROGERS Hot and dry cotton opening before the bolls get grown uplandcorn is as good as can be cotton peas and potatoes will be short wheat crop good oats Kod Jas W Weight Late bottom corn almost a failure not over onethird of a crop gray uplands twothirds and red where properly cultivated above an average would advise farmers to make suitable arrangements to meet a short corn crop and lowprice cotton J M Gsesham Baker Rust this seasoivis the result of soil exhaustion a fact that sngjild be noted by planters Hand173 CROP REPORT1384 13 Unmamired cotton has done less this year than I ever knew it when we had any seasons at all The sugar cane crop is good where there is any planted W L Curry Calkoun Owing to the drouth coton will not yield more than half the amount expected a month ago Peas and sugar cane are damaging for want of rain If we have rain any time soon the potato crop will be fine Prank P Gribpw ChattahoocheeToo much rain then too dry caused cotton to rust and shed worms in some localities doing little damage to date Cotton opening rapidly and farme re glcon y Prospects fully 20 per cent off in the last two weeks W W Shipp Jr ColquittCotton injured 25 per cent by rust opening prematurely stape short and light J Walker Orawford Rust in cotton on gray lands Corn on bottom lands very poor J W Dicky Portions of the county have had no rain during the month Our crops are failing rapidlydrouth and heat B LeiSueur Dooly Coton rusting badly no top crop The rains of July sapped it highly and the August drouth has stripped it of all its fruit and leaves S P Odom DoughertyRust struck all early planted or fertilized cotton that had an early crop of bolls from the 15th to the 20th of August causing the shedding of all the young bolls or forms and has not matured any cotton since It seemed almost universal No kind of soil escaped the rust No one can tell the cause it had been dry from the Hth of July until the 28thafter that date it was dry and hot for 23 days and during the 23 dry days cotton all rusted or blighted On August 22d we had a good rain but it is now dry and rain is very much needed Corn pota toes and peas in fact all fall crops are suffering Turnips sowed on old lands have died out and will have to be replanted Cotton has opened very rapidly last week a half crop opened in many field a storm would do great damage J L Dozier Early Cotton has done nothing for two week all dying out with rust Rain needed J B Hobbs Rust and the present dry and hot weather are injuring cotton to some extent No worms D M Wade Houston Cotton was late in opening and some rust has commenced it is now opening and picking will commence in earnest next week In al gray or sandy land cotton dies out from too much grass and wet weather and now rust has taken it There will not be much late cotton Wm J Anderson IrwinMost farmers think rust in cotton is caused by so much rain exhausting fertilizers earlier than when there is less rain D J Henderson Three weeks of fine weather has increased cotton prospect five percent Zara Paulk lee The rainy spell in July rusted guano cotton badly and the excessive dry warm weather has injured all cotton at least 25 per cent Some portions of the county have had no rain since the first day of August P M McKexnky MaamThe cotton crop is badly affected by rust No rain of any consequence since the 10th ult Turnips not up on account of drouth Potatoes field and ground peas chufas etc promise well Cotton is late by two weeks compared to last year J B Murray14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 274 MitchellNever were there more frequent and sudden changes in the cotton crop prospects at least fifteen per cent off since last report the higher the fertili zation the more remunerativethe manured and unmanured filling about the same time hence the advantage of the former Dry weather in this month has cut short vine crops Cholera among hogs and chickens Farmers gloomy J B Twitty MuecogeeCotton is suffering very much from drouth the weed is small and it is ten dayslater than ordinary years Rust is cutting the crop short on sandy land Thiscounty is twothirds sandy and onethird red soil and the rust is not on the cotton on the clay land C Ogletree RandolphCotton badly damaged on all kinds of landold cotton suffering most It has thrown off all young fruit and cannot make more Only the matured bolls will make anything Jas E Godfrey SchleySince the 17th of August we have had no general rain up to that time the rainfall of August was excessive and very damaging I need not describe the effect on cotton of the transition from excessively wet weather to very dry and scorching hot weather Imperfect cultivation will show on the cotton crop 15 per cent Some farmers are ruined by gras John N Hudson Rust has materially affected sandy land stiff lands not so much Very dry at this date in portions of the county T F Rainey TaylorThe general opinion is that compost and cheap fertilizers have paid best this year I think the chufa crop is paying all farmers who have laised them D R Brown ThomasWe have more rust in cotton than in several years before E L Neel The reason that farmers are not prosperous in this county is the unreliable labor Do away parts of crops and pay good wages then we will begin to be selfsustaining Less cotton more stock and grain of every kind Cultivate small acreages and use more machinery then we may begin to look for a better time Nothing else will do better L H Player Cotton badly injured by rust and from present prospects will be pretty much all picked by the last of this month Have made but very little for three weeks and on many plantations fully half the weeds dead Peas potatoes etc needing rain very much Prospect for the planter anything but eicouraging Dan A Horn WilcoscTwo weeks drouth now on us Cotton damaged fully twentyfive per cent since first of August by shedding and dying Other crops as good as when I reported first of August Have heard of caterpillars in one cotton field in the upper part of this county Geo D Mashburn EAST GEORGIA BullochShort cotton all dead from rust long cotton quit bearing thirty days sooner than usual picking cotton all over the county by the eighteenth prospect not SO flattering as a month ago C A SoRRrEB DodgeThe best remedy I know for hog cholera is to burn the hogs as sood as it appears Nicholas Eawlins Jefferson The excessive rains in June and the hot weather following has caused heavy shedding of early planting of cottcn But the early corn well cultivated is175 CROP REPORT1884 15 fine Late planting not so good Summing up the whole I consider this year an average one s M Clark JohnsonCoiton injured badly with rust Corn and peas never better Sweet potatoes good G N Tayley MontgomeryRain plenty Fall crops doing well and no hogs to feed it to The traditional hog and hominy of this county become separated during dry seasons Last year we had the hog and but little hominy This year we have the hominy and but little hog Cholera has killed nearly all the hogs G M T McLeod I have planted Amber cane this season I find the stalks too small prefer the red top sorghum f Williams PulasklOwing to drouth and heat cotton is woefully cut off Most planters put crops down to sixtysix per cent All say it is twenty per cent less than August 1st when I reported at ninetyfive per cent Seventyfive per cent is the very highest point and thought to be over rated George W Jordan Scriven Since last report rust has developed itself to a greater extent than ever known before p A Bryan TalniU An abundant crop of corn has been made Not a bushel of western corn will be used here next year Plenty of fodder has been saved for all work stock next year Peas potatoes ehufas etc promise an abundant yield I am confident that over half of the hogs in the county have died Of course bacon will be in active demand next year Cotton is nearly ruined With rust not over a half crop will be made Many fields are as dead as they will be in December John Hughey TwiggsTwo weeks of excessively hot sun with winds caused cotton to fail rap idly arid open prematurely Fine rain on the 30th lift which will bring up turnip eed JD Myrick Washington Cotton is injured badly by the drouth the old cotton has turned red and the young cotton has ceased to grow If it continues our crop is badly in jured H N HOLLIFIELD Wilkinson Rust and dry weather has caused cotton to open very fast will all be opened by first of October Jas A Mason SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Camden Cholera has appeared among the hogs in some neighborhoods and is doing serious damage to both stock and meat hogs E A McWhorter EchoU The corn crop is good cotton badly injured by the June rains To what extent I cant tell I think 40 percent The potato crop is good the sugar cane is good not more than onetenth of a crop planted John Touchton Liberty Cholera still killing hogs and we can find no remedy for it J 0 Davis JrDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 176 INJURY TO FRUIT TEEES BY A NEW INSECT BY J C HARMAN I desire to Bring before the minds of all who grow fruit whether for pleasure or profit a matter of vital importanceone which demands immediate and constant attentionin order to successfully grow fruit This matter has been brought to the attention of the Horticultural Society but as its proceedings do not reach but a few who are directly interested I have thought best to give the information through the publication of the Department of Agriculture Last summer i discovered my LeConte pear trees apparently blighting and for quite a while thought it blight but upon investigation found them infested with a beetle smaller but somewhat resembling the corn weevil The matter was referred to Prof J E Willet and through him to Prof Riley and they called it Scolytus Ruguloaus or orchard scolytus for further information on this subject see copy of our correspondence in proceedings of H S 1883 At that time I had only dis covered it in the pear and apple since then I have discovered it in the plum and the peach I am satisfied that many cases of what is called Yellows in peach trees is simply this beetle at work Its mode is to puncture the bark and deposit an egg the larvae when hatched begins to feed on the inner bark or sap and stops the natural flow of the sap which discolors or sours the wood of the tree which gradually dwindles and dies A pear tree can be killed in one season I think it will not kill a peach tree until the following spring Prof Riley thinks this insect was imported to this country about 1877 and dis seminated from Northern and Western nurseries Heretofore it has not done much damage mainly I think from the fact that they had not increased sufficiently but now it is becoming alarming and bids fair to put an end to fruit growing unless something be done to arrest its progress Prof Riley thinks as yet it has no known insect enemies and advises the removal and burning of all the infected trees to prevent its spreal Unless this is done I fear that we will soon be unable to grow fruit trees in this latitude for the beetle here hatches at least two broods one in April and the other in Augustthe latter depositing the egg in the fall to begin its devastation the following spring In reading the State Horticultural reports from Michigan I find that the disease known as Yellows at one time bid fair to devastate the peach orchards of that State and calling it a disease and deeming it contagious the State enacted a law requir ing all trees removed and burned that had Yellows under a penalty of a fine in case same was not done By this means this fearful disease was arrested As before stated in my opinion in most if not all cases in this country where the YeL lows is found it is simply this beetle and nothing short of the most vigorous exertion on the part of fruit growers will exterminate this pest I beg therefore that you will urge upon all who grow fruit whether for pleasure or profit that they give this matter careful attention and dig up all sickly dying and dead trees and burn them at once The egg of the beetle for the succeeding spring brood is probably in all cases de posited in the new growth All infested trees should be cut back in winter or in early spring so as to remove every twig of the last seasons growth and thus prevent the development of the next brood If this is carefully attended to it is probable that the depredations of the beetle may be stopped Commissionkr177 CROP EEPoKT1884 17 LECTURE BY M GEORGES VILLE SOIL ANALYSIS BY PLANTS Translated from the French Our conference today will be of an essentially practical nature We have todo with neither theories nor systemsour purpose is to analyze the soildefine what it contains and in what it is lacking in an agricultural point of view and lastly to get fixed facts on the nature of the fertilizers to be used under all circumstances You doubtless remember gentlemen that the main point of our last conference was to prove the necessity of classing the elements of the soil according to the functions they fulfilledof separating those which simply supported vegetation from those which contributed to their nutrition and whose substance became part of the vegetal constitution itself The following accurate table represents this part of our studies and gives them in an essentially practical and experimental form SOIL Mechanic elements C Organic Active assimilable elements Minerals Assimilable elements in reserve f Sand Clay j Limestone Gravel f Ammonia Nitrates Phosphoric Acid Sulphuric Chlorine Silica Potash Soda Lime Magnesa Oxide of Iron 1 Oxide of Manganese Humus I Organic detritus Undecomposed minerals What does this table show That there are three orders of elements in the soil Mechanic elements active assimilable elements assimilable elements in reserve Mechanic elements have only a passive function to fulfill They serve as a seat and a place of attachment for vegetation but do not contribute of their substance to nutrition They are represented by sand calcareous matter clay and gravel In the second place come what are called active assimilable elements always in very small quantities as compared to the above In fact while they represent but a few hundredths of the mass of the soil the mechanic elements are 90100 of the whole The real productiveness of the soil however lies in them Finally come the assimilable elements in reserve which share in the passive functions of the mechanic elements but are susceptible under certain circum18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 178 stances of aiding in vegetal nutrition and owe this power or faculty to the pro ducts born of their own decomposition Detritus of animal or vegetable origin which cannot serve as plant food but as it changes its nature is an example of this Another example is found in the rocks of the family of silicates feldspaths and feldspathic sands which belong to the list of mechanic elements as long as they preserve their integrity but when disintegrated and then decomposed by the combined action of cold heat and the carbonic acid and oxygen of the air increase the available potash lime and soluble silica of the soil and thereby add to its value If we make an artificial soil by the association of the three divisions of the ele ments above mentioned varying the proportions of the mechanical elements sand clay limestone and gravel from four to ten and even twenty per cent of the whole weight the degree of fertility will not be affected But on the contrary increase or diminish the onehundred thousandth part of the weight of nitrrgen ammonia or the nitrates or the ten thousandth part of the weightof potash oracd phosphate and a sudden change is producedthe harvest will be increased or diminished like the production of vapor in a steamer accord ing to the amount of combustible material burnt You will notice gentlemen here is no system no interest to be furthered noth ing but simple facts open to the whole world and carrying their own evidence It is useless however to remind you of these distinctions unless we insist also on the means we used to prove them They have been entirely experimental It was not by analysis of the soil but by composing it entirely with pure substances that we established these distinctions and showed the contrasts existing between the me chanical and the assimilable elements of the soil The first form that wonderfully compact yet mobile and permeable medium through which the most delicate roots ramify water penetrates easly and air cir culates freely carrying vivifying and powerful affinities to the greatest depths The second the assimilable elements have no influence on the physical proper ties of the soil but nourish the plant and regulate activity of growth I have already said the assimilable elements in reserve are at first confused with the mechanical elements but later they become assimilable by the products of their decomposition By the light of these distinctions and the help of these tables which show them plainly it is easy to understand why chemistry when using the methods employed for industrial experiments has failed to define the agricultural value of a soil I give as example one of the greatest names of contemporary science Sir Hum phrey Davy to whom we owe the discovery of the alkaline metals potassium and sodium for he was the first to isolate them by the use of the pile Starting with this idea it was natural to suppose that soils belonging to different geological formations often possessed the same degree of fertility Davy thought that by comparing term for term the composition of different soils of equal agri cultural value but of different formations he would find certain agents in all that were the source and condition of their equal fertility Six soils of different origin and all noted for their fertility were analyzed by Davy What was the result The refutation of the idea which had inspired their learned author Look at the table where are collected the results of these six analyses You find only contrasts and opposition Impossible to find the least analogy in the composition of the six soils which were I repeat of the same degree of fertility179 CHOP REPORT1884 SOIL ANALYSIS BY SIR HUMPHREY DAVY 19 OKIGIN OF SOILS Kent Norfolk Middlesex Worcestershire Valley of Teviot Salisbury CD p n a id 03 c 03 o 3 o Q a 03 03 c S P o p o 8 tT 03 3 CO C s u o o3 3 03 O 03 O O 03 0Q GO a m 5 2 32 47 07 12 80 05 47 88 9 Ifi 12 fi9 07 03 85 05 03 fion 128 11fi 11 2 07 44 85 05 03 fion 164 140 56 07 12 28 05 0 3 83 3 70 fi8 Ofi 07 08 13 05 03 91 127 63 572 07 18 127 05 03 52 52 52 52 52 52 Compare these six analyses term for term and you find the proportion of sand varies from 9to 90 per cent that of soluble silica from 1 to 10 percent the carbon ate of lime from 06 to 57 per cent etc Neither one of these soils resembles another All are different They however possessed as 1 before said the same agricultural value Chemical analysis is thus in entire discord with plants which you see speak quite a different language How explain this contra fiction Nothing is easier It is only necessary to refer you to the classification of the elements of a fruitful soil which I gave in my experiments where it was entirely artificial j What did this table say That the mechanic elements have but a slight indi rect influence on the fertility of the soilthat their function is eminently passsve that although very necessary they are in reality but a means of holding the food of the plants This bing so how could Davys analysis explain the difficulty He took account only of the mechanic elemens gravel sand clay and lime without inquiring either into the active assimilable elements which are the source of present produc tion or the assimilable elements in reserve which are the safeguard of the future The silence of Davy on this point explains the failure of his attempt but this is not surprising In his day they had very imperfect ideas of vegetal composition or the agents of their production Here is however a new difficulty The chemists of our day know perfectly the elementsneeded for plant life and those whose presence or absence in the soil makes it either poor or fertile It appears then that the chemists of our day can do what Davy could not Still look through the analyses of soils published in the last ten years What have they taught us of value in agriculture Nothing practical absolutely nothing This declaration on my part may surprise you but I can jus Here is a soil analysis by a very eminent mining engineer Mr Rivot Both mechanical and assimilable elements are given ANALYSIS OF SOIL KEAK CHALONS ON THE MAKNE BY MR RIVOT Sand and gravel Fine matters 4225 522020 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 11801 AHALY3I8 Organic matter 180 Hygrometric water 270 Combined moisture 592 Carbonic acid 33 20 Quartz sand 310 Clay 600 Attachable silica 310 Oxide of iron 200 Aluminum 015 Lime 4050 Magnesiatraces Alkalies 038 Sulphuric acid 0 28 Phosphoric acid 012 Nitrogen and chlorinetraces Total 9975 This is certainly a compete analysis Nothing is omitted but it is not more useful than Sir Humphrey Davys The testimony of farmers is that it responds to none of their wants It is impossible to say from this with certainty what will be the crop of wheat or any other plant on such soil f jr how many years it might be cultivated without manur when the need of manure will be felt and what would be the best fertilizer to use Can you call an analysis practically useful which cannot answer these questions To what strange conclusions we are forced I tell you that we know the nature of the agents which render the soil fertile I have shown in my previous lectures that by the use of these agents we can grow as fine crops in burnt sand as in the most fertile alluvial soils and then I declare an analysis which show sthese agents in the soil to be unable to enlighten us on the most important questions in agricul ture What strange cor tradictions No gentlemen the contradiction is only seeming Imagine a soil containing sand under two different forms as feldspathic sand and silicate sand like the grey sand of Fontainebleau The silicate sand is pure silica the feldspathic sand on the contrary is a silicate mixed with potash soda lime magnesia and iron As long as this sand is in its first formation it is useless as plant food from the combination of its bases But let a chemist attack it with his reactives decompoing it and separating all the elements of tie feldspithic sand isolating them and attributing to them a degree of utility which in reality they do not possess in an agricultural point of view what have we gained Phosphoric acid also exists in three different forms as phosphate of lime phos phate of alumina and phosphate of peroxyde of iron Very efficacious as phosphate of lime it is much less so if it has really an appreciable action when in combina tion with iron and aluminum Of what value to know that a soil contains phosphoric acid potash nitrogen etc if the active and neutral parts are mixed in a heterogeneous mass Although true in indications chemical analysis of the soil is a dead letter in regard to the wants of plants as long as the roots do not use either the acids or alkalies nor any of the means of attack which chemists employ My conclusion is then formulate 1 as follows Chemistry is powerless to enlighten us as to the agricultural qualities of the soil either in its resources or its wantsnsil eR0P REPRT1884 21 because its indications mix together both the active assimilable elements and ass im ilable elements in reserve the active parts and the inert or neutral parts But I carry my demonstration further and to have more freedom in criticism I use as example an analysis of my own from soil on the Experimental Farm at Vincennes What did this analysis say That the available quantity of phosphoric acid per acre was1734 pounds The quantity of potash2209 pounds And the lime39345 pounds Are these results certain Perfectly certain and cannot be denied Here then ii a soil liberally provided with the three minerals essential to vegetation neverthe less cultivate this land in wheat for four consecutive years giving it only nitrogen and sulphate of ammonia without addition of potash or phosphate The fourth year the crops that were originally fine were reduced to almost nothing yet the four crops of wheat had only taken away 70 pounds acid phosphate 114 pounds potash C4 pounds lime Where the analysis showed 1734 pounds acid phosphate 2209 pounds potash 39345 pounds lime The plant declares a soil poor which the analysis proved to be rich Why this contradiction Because the plant knows only the elements it can make use of while the analy sis shows those parts of the same agents which are engaged in combinations from which the plants cannot extract them But it may be said Why not imitate the processes of nature Why not treat the soil with water alone so as to pace it in the same condition that the plants do The idea seems excellent and the method founded en washing the soil with water a pei feet method It is not however a few figures show its inadequacy It like the first method is condemned by vegetation Treating the earth with chlorohy dric acid we find 1734 pounds phosphoric acid per acre treating it with water alone we find but 27 pounds phosphoric acid and 184 pounds of potash instead of 2 209 pounds Now if this same soil is cultivated for four cousecutive years in beets you find 148 pounds phosphoric acid and 324 pounds of potash Why this new contradiction Because water used in a large mass for irrigation acts quite differently from water in small quantities acting by absorption through the roots of the plants In the first case the effect obtained is entirely due to the dissolvent action of the water while in the second case three new influences are brought into action The air which penetrates the interstices of the soil and operates by slow combustion carbonic acid produced by decomposition of organic matter whose affinities realize the conditions of attack and dissolution which water alone could not produce and finally the breathing of the roots which is equal to irrigation under pressure The small quantity of phosphoric acid and potash found in the water used in irrigat ing is a proof of this But more than this make two parallel experiments sow wheat in soil that is rnpated and the same soil without irrigation the crop will be better in the first Here is a new contradiction In showing the inadequaey of actual auayses you wll think believe them entiey useless n deny by anticipation the possi22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA IS2 bility of ever arriving at satisfactory results Nothing is farther from my thoughts 1 wish simply to show things as they are to warn you against hopes which will lead to deception and prove that in the present state of affairs analysis cannot enlighten you upon the most vital and essential question of practical agriculture But if chemical analysis fails what shall we do Question the plants themselves use them both as guides and chemical reac fives What did I tell you in our last meeting That we can bring the poorest sand to the highest degree of fertility by the ad dition of these four substances phosphoric acid lime potash and nitrogen We also find that although these four substances are always efficacious they only show their full activity when the four are associated and reunited that as soon as one was suppressed the other became so inert as to lose almost the greatest part of their activity We have also said that these four bodies have not the same effect on all plants that nitrogenous matter is most efficacious for the cereals rape and the beet phosphoric acid for corn sugarcane and the turnip potash for the legumes and the potato If you realize these three fundamental propositions you will understand by what natural deductions we can found a method of practical analysis easily access ible to all Suppose we experiment on the same soil with five different fertilizers first the fertilizer composed of the four terms which you know and to which we have given the name of complete fertilizer and parallel with this four fertilizers com posed of ony three terms from which we exclude by turns one after the other nitrogenous matter potash lime and phosphoric acid making the following series Complete fertilizer Fertilizer without Nitrogen Fertilizer without Phosphate Fertilizer without Potash Fertilizer without Lime Soil without any fertilizer What does the plant say in this case That the complete fertilizer produced fiftysix bushels the fertilizer without nitrogen only eighteen bushels the fertil izer without phosphates twentyfour bushels the fertilizer without potash forty bushels that without lime fiftythree bushels and the soil without fertilizer only fifteen bushels The conclusion is evident and forcedthe soil is entirely wanting in nitrogen supplied with lime but not well provided with potash and phosphate of lime Now what analysis can you find perfect enough to give you such delicate and definite results So according as the crops grown with the incomplete fertilizers differ from or resemble those grown with the complete fertilizer we know the soil is wanting in the element excluded from the fertilizer To be more precise we collect in a table the crops from the experimental farm Crops per Acre Complete fertilizer68 bushels Fertilizer without lime53 bushels Fertilizer without potash40 bushels Fertilizer without phosphateJ2i bushels Fertilizer without nitrogen18 bushels Soil without fertilizer15 bushels183 ckop report1884 23 I therefore repeat the element wanting at Vinoenues was nitrogen But this is not all There are two parts to every soil the surface soil and the subsoil the su perficial and the deeper layers Do these two layers possess the same degree of fertility This is a very important question to be determined How shall we do it It is very easy Instead of planting wheat take a tap root like the beet which penetrates to a great depth experiment with it in the same manner and you will have as concise and perfect indications as from the wheat only this time it will be from the subsoil instead of the surface soil And what have we Per acre Complete fertilizer49000 pounds beets Fertilizer without lime45000 pounds beets Fertilizer without potash39000 pounds beets Fertilizer without phosphate35000 pounds beets Fertilizer without nitrogen34000 pounds beets Soil without fertilizer20000 pounds beets Indications from the Irish potato are not less exact or instructive Crop per acre Complete fertilizer27330 Fertilizer without lime22S31 Fertilizer without phosphate17522 Fertilizer without nitrogen15377 Fertilizer without potash10286 Soil without fertilizer 752S What does the Irish potato say That the soil of Vincennes contains but very small quantities of potash and nitrogen and if it shows potash particuarly want ing it is because this is the dominant of the potato that is the element which most affects the crop The testimony of these two plants is not opposed to each other on the contrary they complete each other and you see how the superior action of the dominant helps toward the analysis of the soils To have a correct idea of the true fertility of the soil at Vincennes we must com pare the two crops of wheat and potatoes What does the series with wheat say That the quantities of nitrogen and potash are equally limited and the series with the potato strengthens and confirms this double testimony only the crop of potatoes without potash is proportionately feebler than the wheat because potash is the dominant of the potato and only a subordinate element for wheat This is a perfect system of experimenting and one whose teachings are entirely practical and of immediate application What other system of investigation could furnish like indications With an experimental field we can always find out what elements the soil contains that will be useful to our crops as well as those in which the land is wanting In this way we know positively the nature of the fertilizer most profitable to be used But you ask is this a delicate and sensitive method Is it possible that a plant can tell all the variations in the composition of a soil No question is easier to answer The quantity of soil spread over the surface of an acre is 3910000 pounds Well with 200 pounds of sulphate of ammonia containing 40 poundsof nitregen that is with the one hundred thousandth part of the total weight of the soil we can increase the yield of wheat from seventeen to twentyone bushels of grain and the weight of straw from three to four thousand pounds per hundred24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 184 pounds of nitre containing about ninetyfour pounds of potash is sufficient to increase the yield of tbe Irish potato from 10000 to 28000 pounds a difference of 18000 pounds The effect of phosphate of lime on sugarcane is equally striking Ifthe fertilizer contains 586 pounds of acid phosphate we have 78222 pounds of stripped cane peracre if only 391 pounds of phosphates we get but 39111 pounds of cane What scientific method is equal to this in accuracy delicacy or usefulness Haying proved the value cf an experimental field we will show how one ought to be made They vary according to circumstances If the farm is large a piece of ground should be chosen representing the average fertility of the whole and the experimental field divided into six plats each thirty yards square including thejollowing combinations No 1 Barnyard manure 58666 pounds per acre No 2 Barnyard manure 29333 pounds per acre No 3 Intensecomplete fertilizer No 4 Complete fertilizer No 5 Fertilizer without nitrogen No 6 Fertilizer without phosphate of lime No 7 Fertilizer without potash No 8 Fertilizer without lime No 9 Fertilizer without minerals No 10 Soil without fertilizer Here is a system which responds to all the needs of a regular farm Thanks to this series of cultures one can methodically follow the exhaustion of the soil Like a sentinel in advance the experimental field shows ith certainty the precise time when the soil should receive such and such fertilizer whether nitrogenous matter potash phosphate of Jime etc But you will say in every farm there are di ferent soijs The objection is correct and we answer it The experimental field we speak of will not answer alone for a large farm each field must have a small experimental plat of divided into four plats on which only four fertilizers are usedcom plete feriilizer mineral fertilizer nitrogenous fertilizer and the fourth plat with out fertilizer By multiplying experiments with these four combinations of fer tilizers we arrive at fixed ideas as to what the soil needs The firit mentioned experimental field will from its size and the number and variety of experiments be a guide for the whole farm When one is once familiarized with this mode of investigation every plant grown gives information concerning the condition of the soil in regard to fertility or exhaustion Here are some examples On two contiguous plats of the same size sow peas and wheat without any fertilizer This little experiment if rightly understood will show whether the soil is provided with nitrogen and minerals What did we say in our first conference That nitrogenous matter was the dominant of wheat and that this matter had very little if any effect on peas whose dominant was pot ash In this way a small experiment becomes of great importance If the two squares of wheat and peas are equally fine we know the soil contains both mineral and nitrogenous matter If on the contrary the wheat is inferior and yellow while the peas are vigorous we know the soil is wanting in nitrogenous matter and well supplied with minerals particularly with potash Let us extend our observations Lucerne has roots which penetrate the subsoil to a frert derth wiere i tinds the minerals which it requires Now if the lucerne is wie ne eah ae oor what shall we understand That the surface soil is1851 CROP REPORT1884 25 wanting in potash and phosphate while the subsoil is supplied with them K the two plants succeed equally well we know both surface and subsoil are provided with minerals You see gentlemen by starting from the exact and certain premises deduced from experiments in burnt sand with pure substances avoiding all unknown agents we end by gaining essentially practical ideas to answer the important questions What arethe useful agents the soil contains In what agents is the soil wanting The more extended and complete my studies and the longer my intercourse with the agricultural world the more convinced I am of the value of the experimental plat or field as a means of giving every farmer a cheap and practical analysis of his soil To those who are already convinced it is a neverfailing guide and to those who are doubtful it triumphs over the most systematic objections If gentlemen you will listen to me multiply yonr experimental plats which the Italians rightly call proof plats All our colleges primary schools and agri cultural establishments of any kind even our societies ought to have them Three or four squares 30 feet each am amply sufficient for primary schools and for them I advise parallel and alternate cultures of Irish potatoes and wheat The fields belonging to the agricultural societies should serve as guides for all the country around them Four parallel cultures of wheat beets Irish potatoes and peas would show in a striking manner the necessity of varying the composition of the complete fertilizer for each of these plants not only as to the number of substances contained but the relative proportions of each and the value of understanding the dominant of each plant Besides the instruction gained from a field like this which speaks both to the eyes and the brain as each one can judge for himself what he sees it is valuable for showing what pants are best suited to the natural soil and climate of the sur rounding country An experimental field of this importance would awaken the curiosity of the neighboring population excite them to similar experiments and naturally draw forth useful comparisons between the experimental field of the agricultural society and their own plats The famer will wish to be certain he is up with the experiments of the society and the discussions thus induced will result in spreading new ideas through all classes of the people In 1869 Mr Durny then minister of public instruction a man of progressive ideas and devoted to the public good had the happy thought of spreading the view I have just explained to you among the children of the public schools He left me free to carry the project into execution Believing it much more essential in educating for a farmer to give a child positive ideas as to the agents and causes which regulate vegetal activity than simply to teach him the use of tools my plan wxs quite simple I determined to impress three facts upon the childrens minds In the first place prove to them practically that with a very small quantity of a certain powder they could grow better crops than with a large mass of manure In the second place that the suppression of one of the four substances composing this powder was sufficient to greatly reduce the good effects of the three others It occurred to me that if the childrens minds were imbued with these ideas there would be lasting results to them for they woud with their own hands handle both the fertilizer and the crops from it and though they had but a vague idea of the nature of phosphate of lime potash and28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 186 nitrogen they would not forget the experiment and would always remember that they had seen and helped to grow crops with something that was cot barnyard manure and that in the composition of this powder there were substances whose action possessed a variable degree of importance according to the nature of the plant to which it was applied Imagine gentlemen an experimental plat attached to the village school where the children see hemp growing six feet tall and right along side this in the same soil the same pant only tall What could have a more durabe and lasting effect on the mind of a child But you say perhaps this is only imagination Are there experimental fields that produce such results The answer is easy Cast your eye upon these two tables you find there the product of 900 experimental fields classed by departments which show the results from Mr Durnys experiment These table relate to two different cultures the beet and the Irish potato With 57555 pounds of barnyard manure the beet produced only 37337 pounds of beets per acre with 1173 pounds of chemical fertilizer the return was 42988 pounds while the soil without any fertilizer produced only 23795 pounds This series certainly needs no commentary Per Acre Chemical fertilizer42988 pounds Barnyard manure 37337 pounds Soil without fertilizer23795 pounds We then experimented also with a mineral fertilizer without nitrogen composed of phosphate of lime potash and lime the crop was but 32891 pounds With nitrogenous matter alone the crop was kept at 37279 pounds mixing min erals with nitrogen it went up to 42988 pounds We were able to show the following facts to several thousand children scattered over three hundred and fifty different points in France viz The possibility of grow ingmore abundant crops with chemical fertilizer than with barnyard manure the necessity of following the teachings of science in the use of these new substances and that a slight modification of their composition was sufficient to produce a marked difference in their effect The experiments with the Irish potato were not less significant although late in the season and during exceptional drouth This time there were 564 experimental fields What did they say With barnyard manure15151 pounds With chemical fertilizer16099 pounds On soil without fertilizer10755 pounds Do you think it would be possible to diffuse more useful ideas than these through the country Do you believe that a child who has seen and followed such experiments as these will forget them when he becomes a man and has to battle for himself with the realities of life Do you believe such teaching will remain a dead language You see by this example what advantages may be drawn from an experimental field whether for analyzing the soil on a large scale or for explaining the laws of vegetation and the practical conditions of successful cultivation to the laboring classes This method of teaching in the primary schools would have become the basis of instruction for all the agricultural schools of the country but for the changes of government in 1879187 CRP REPORT1884 27 In thirtyfour farm schools 45444 pounds of barnyard manure produced 37752 pounds of beets per acre 1173 pounds of chemical fertilizer 39313 pounds while the soil without fertilizer yielded only 2340G pounds The resultsat Grignon were the same very large quantities of barnyard manure gave 61600 pounds of beets per acre while the chemical fertilizer gave 64533 pounds This method of anaysis is capable of even more extended application with it we can read the soil of distant countries Messrs Lawes and Gilbert in England have conducted expeiiments on a large scale similar to ihose pursued at Vincennes There is a simiarity on certain points between the crops grown by these gentle men and those grown here and a contrast on other points The returns are the same with the complete fertilizer both at Rothamstead and Vincennes the mineral fertilizer is superior at Vincennes while the nitrogenous fertilizer is most efficacious at Rothamstead The conclusion to be drawn from this compai ison is that the soil of Rothamstead is better supplied with minerals than that of Vincennes and the latter had in the beginning more nitrogenI say in the beginning because now it has less than at Rothamstead You see gentlemen how by comparing results obtained from using the same fertilizer we can define the analogies and contrasts existing between soils of very different origin There are cases in scientific investigation where no other method will solve the problem If I say that I can prove to you that the air composing our atmophere was quite different at first from what it is now that it then contained more carbonic acid nitrogen and ammonia you will think I have made a bold assertion and will ask on what principles I found my demonstration You know gentlemen that coal originated in past ages from a vegetation belong ing to the grand family of vascular cryptogams Now we know from the fossil remains of this vegetation that it had immense leaves and a small tap root This contrast between two equally essential organs of the same plant shows that the greater part of its food was drawn from the air and but little from the soil They grew tocolossal dimensions The pants of our day of similar organization belong to the humble class of lycopods hardly three feet high To produce such a change in size of vegetation there must have been a corre sponding change in the nature of the surroundings and the atmosphere which de veloped calamites and lepidodendrons cannot be the same as now grows the lyco podium What could have been these surroundings Principilly an atmosphere chaged with carbonic acid and ammonia Place a large leaved plant a caladium for instance grown in burnt sand in a similar atmosphere and it will suddenly be enormously developed the leaves will spread over six feet the activity of development will surpass anything you see around you and you will feel as if assisting at the birth of a new world Now have you not a right to conclude an identity of caue from a similarity of effect In the first epochs of the world the earth was formed of mineral elements there was no detritus as we have now Now since it is possible in such a soil to give vegetation an enormous activity by infusing some traces of ammonia in the air it follows that the atmosphere in the first ages must have contained a nitrogenous composition which has since disappeared But this is not all We know that the disposition of a people and the changes of their history is influenced by the mate rial conditions in which they live28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 183 Primitive soils are decidedly unfavorable to the full development of life and of the moral and intellectual faculties Races degenerate on such soils and if excess of heat and moisture are added to the unfavorable effects of soil they become de graded Soils covered by water at the diluvian period are greatly superior to the above But the most favorable to present life are the alluvial soils of recent formation the alluvial soils of this period The observation of the historian has added other factsfor example that the regions where mans intelligence has attained the highest development are in the zones where the cereals are cultivated and among the cereals there is a difference between wheat barley and rye in their effect on the organization of the population This idea gives a new light to history and is susceptible of practical application as soon as formuaed in precise terms Experimental fields by showing the true agricultural value of the soil will allow of this I give an example now under our own eyes Half the lands in the Department of Aveyron are composed of schist gneis and micaschist The other half is of Jurassic formation These two lands are mark edly opposite in structure We will call the first rye land and the second lime land The inhabitants of the rye land are poor thin angular and small rather ugly the animals proportionately small The inhabitants of the lime land are large full in figure and fine looking Ask a chemist to analyze the two soils and tell you how to better them He can not answer you by the use of a chemical apparatus A few little experimental fields will soon show that the rye land is wanting in nitrogen and phosphate and the lime land in potash and nitrogen Follow these indications use nitrogen phosphate potash and lime and suddenly you will see the growth of rye restricted while barley will yield well soon to be followed by wheat When only barnyard manure is used in cultivation this succession of cul turesis not possible the manure cannot go beyond its origin if the soil that pro duced it is wanting in phosphate it is also wanting in phosphate The rye land will always remain rye land and the inhabitants small in stature his faculties will be under the yoke of a power he cannot throw off But by the help of science he can throw it off Master of the conditions ruling plant life man can change those which oppress him and turn the course of his destiny by modifying the organization of the plants and animals on which he feeds By giving nitrogen and phosphate to the soil wanting in nitrogen and phosphate he can live on wheat instead of rye By con tinuing this course for three or four generations he will rise in the biological scale his organization will be more perfect his faculties extended and this conquest over the native inferiority of the race he will owe entirely to the teachings of science and the energetic perseverance of his own will You see gentlemen when we raise a corner of the veil which still hides from us the laws regulating life we are dazzled There was formerly an impenetrable bar rier between man and nature we instinctively feel nay more we assert that this barrier must give way By penetrating into the effects of life man becomes master of the growth of life as he has mastered steam electricity and the winds By making use of them he reacts upon the conditions of his own life and equalizes them Societies or nations are vast arenas where two powerful elementsdeath and lireare eternally at wa189 crop report1884 29 Increase the productiveness of the soil the conditions of life are bettered and population increases Disregard the laws of restitution exhaust the soil the pop ulation diminishes and death overcomes life Unfortunate is the people to whom these laws are unknown Now let us examine in detail the testimony given us by the experimental field The first lesion i that with the four fundamental elements which you know we can grow a maximum crop second by varying the proportion of nitrogen for wheat hemp and the beet we can grade these Crops third while nitrogen is so efficacious for wheat hemp and 4he beet the Irish potato and pea require the mineral elements fc To deserve the full benefit of an experimental field you ought to visit it at differ ent seasons so as to follow the progress of a plant from the germination of the grain to the full maturity of the crop You have before you then at the same time a proof of the efficacy of the chemi cal fertilizer for all crops the inequalities produced by the suppression of such and such elements and the value and profit of a judicious and intelligent applica tion of the dominant of a pant Learn nature from facts see judge for yourselves and draw your own conclusionsSpecial Circular No 44 New Series Eeport of Growing Crops Yields Etc FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1884 RETURNABLE OCTOBER 1 1884 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Sept 12 1884 Dear Sir Please answer the following questions on the first day of October or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that your report may reach this office by the Third ot October Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus if the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or 10 per cent better than an average it should be reported as 110 in each case and if 10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never report 10 per cent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 90 as the case may be Avoid vague com parisons such as some better hardly so good above an average etc In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the Character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner 0 Agriculture Qnite a number of reports from correspondents reach this office In each month several days later than the 3d and cannot be used The Commissioner Is aware that m some cases the mail lailities are very defective but urges every reporter to prepare and mail his report so as to reach this office between the 1st and 3d of the month when practicable to do so When received later than the 3d they can rarely be used Please ascertain from your Post Master thelatest day on which a letter must be mailed in order to reach Atlanta not later than the 3d and mail your report on that day Z DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGH I For what county do you report county n Your name III Your postoffice IV Date of making this reportdate From present indications what will be the 1 Total yield of cotton compared to an average crop per cent 2 Total yield of corn compared to an average percent 3 SugarCanepercent 4 Sorghumper cent 5 Riceper cent 6 Sweet Potatoes per cent 7 Field Peaspercent 8 Chufaspercent 9 Turnipsper cent NoteWrite your notes on the next pageQUESTIONS FOR SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT REMARKS Under this head report any facts of general Interest to the farmers or any valuable or in II structive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers Such remarks should be point ed concise and plainly written so that the time and labor of revision and rewriting may be II saved If you wish to write to the Commissioner on any subject not connected with this report m please use a separate sheet of paper Put the name of your county at the upper left hand corner of your notes as it apears in li the printed reports and your signature at the bottom CountyNEW SERIES Circular No 59 f SAND Special Instructions to Inspectors FOR THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS IN GEORGIA Presort bv J T HENDERSON CWsmonkr op AoRICtJLTURB FOR THE SEASON OF 18845 Jas P Harrison Co Printers Atlanta ATLANTA GEORGIA 1884EULES AM REGULATION SEASON OF 18845 New Series Circular No 59 j Department op Agriculture Atlanta September 20 1884 The Commissioner of Agriculture continues of force the Rules and Regulations of the season of 18834 and they are prescribed and published for the season of 18845 with slight changes as follows I Every package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same or for composting intended for sale or distribution within the State of Georgia shall have the manufacturers guaranteed analysis placed upon or securely attached to each package by the manufacturer If the fertilizer is in bags it sjuall be dis tinctly branded stamped or printed upon each sack If in barrels it may be either branded stamped or printed upon the head of each barrel or distinctly printed upon good paper and securely pasted upon the head of each barrel or upon a shipping or other tag and securely attached to the head of each barrel In every case it must be distinct This manufacturers guaranteed analysis sha i show the following determinations viz Moisture at 212per cent Insoluble Phosphoric Acidpercent Available Phosphoric Acidper cent Ammonia actual and potentialper cent Potash K2Opercent If Nitrogen in the form of Nitrate is claimed the fact must be state in the Request for Inspection II To facilitate the transaction of business any manufacturer dealer apont or other person who procures the inspection of a fertilizer after it is inspected and has the inspectors tag attached in compliance with law may proceed to make sales thereof before the official analysis is completed provided he gives a written obligation to cancel all sales in caee the fertilizer is condemned by the Com The Commissioner has uniformly held that if the guaranteed analysis shall include such of these five ingredients as the fertilizer or chemical is claimed to contain it will be a substantial ccmpliance with the law and the Rules and Regulations Sotae judicial decisions seem to indicate thathis para graph must be literally complied withthat the full list of ingredients must appear in the Guaranteed Analysis even if one or more of them is not contained in the goods As a matter of prudence it would be well for manufacturers to comply literally with the law in this respect The Commissioner will not change his ruling on this point until constrained to do so by express judicial opinion fcr Legis lative enactmentDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 200 missioner of Agriculture This obligation is embraced in the Request for Inspec tion which must also set forth the guaranteed analysis according to the form therein prescribed and addressed to the proper Inspector The Request for In spection must be made out and signed in duplicate and one copy sent to the Com missioner of Agriculture by the person requesting the inspection III Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to any fertilizer or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless the manufacturers guar anteed analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel or package before offering the same for sale or distribution claiming in the case of any Ammoniated Super phosphate that it contains at least eight per cent of available Phosphoric Acid and two per cent of Ammonia and of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone that it contains at least ten per cent of available Phosphoric Acid neither shall any such tag or device be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that is in a dam aged or unmerchantable condition IV Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking samples shall have ap plied under their personal supervision when practicable Inspectors tags one to each package of fertilizer before the same is offered for sale or distribution In spectors tags will have printed upon each the words and figures Inspected 18845Georgia also aac simile of the signature of the Commissioner of Agricul ture and its cmsecutive nunber Whenever it is found to be impracticable for Inspectors to personally supervise the application of tags they may be delivered to the order of the person procuring the inspection In such cases Inspectors must avail thtrcselves of all practicable means to satisfy themselves that the tags so de livered ha e been properly applied to gocds that have been regularly inspected during the season indicated Tags brought over from any previous season cannot be applied to new goods nor can they be redeemed by this Department V The Inspectors tag when attached or applied in compliance with law is a recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has the consent of the Com missioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the conditions prescribed in Rules I and II above recited VI All fertilizers manufactured in this State for sale or distribution within the State mast have been subjected to all the requirements of the law and regulations and the Inspectors fee must be paid before it can be removed from the mill or factory VII For the purpose of making inspections and executing the laws and regu lations in relation to the inspection of fertilizers the following persons have been appointed Inspectors with offices at the places annexed to their names viz 0 T RogersSavannah Ker BoyceAugusta John H PateBrunswick J S LawtonAtlanta L W LivingstonMacon Walter S DeWolfColumbus Whenever it is necessary to facilitate transportation the Inspectors at Macon Brunswick and Columbus will cooperate with the Inspectors at Savannah Augus ta and Atlanta Inspections can be made at other points in Georgia than those named above when necessary but if in such cases the fertilizer shill have come into the State at any port or station where there is an Inspector the necessary ex 201 INSPECTION OP FERTILIZERS1884 pensesof the Inspector in going to make such inspection must be paid by the party procuring the same VIII If necessary to facilitate transportation inspections may be made outside of the State or in bulk by permission of the Commissioner of Agriculture to whom applications must be made by the party procuring it In all such cases the expenses of the Inspector incurred in making the inspection must be paid by the party procuring it And in all cases of inspections in bulk at the factory the manufacturer his agent or the person shipping the fertilizer will be required to report to the Com missioner of Agriculture on the first tenth and twentieth of each month the ship ments of such fertilizer made during the previous period of ten days showing the brand number of tons the name and address of consignee date of shipment name of inspector who inspected ihe bulk from which shipments were made and the inspection number of the inspection covering said bulk The object of this requirement is to enable the Inspector to subsequently inspect the same goods wherever found IX In all cases in making inspections samples must be taken by the Inspector in person He must provide such samplers as will penetrate to the center of the package and samples must be taken from a sufficient number to fairly represent the wholenot less than onetenth of the package in lots of ten tons or over and not less than onefifth of the packages in lots of less than ten tons X Inspectors at the time of first inspecting a fertilizer for the season must re quest of the person procuring the same three packages of each distinct brand to be selected by the Inspectors to be used under the directions of the Commissioner of Agriculture in makiDg a thorough soil test These three packages must be tak en at once by the Inspector and immediately shipped to the Commissioner XI Manufacturers of and dealers in fertilizers outside the State before mak ing each shipment of fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distribution are required to notify the Commissioner of Agriculture directly and also the Inspector at the port or place where the same is to enter the State in writing of such shipment giving the name of the vessel or railroad on which shipped the name of each dis tinct brand and the number of tons of each the number and kinds of packages and their weight the name and place of the consignee and accompany this infor mation by a copy of the guaranteed analysis Let this notice be timely to both the Commissioner and the Inspector It will facilitate business and result in ad vantage to those who give such timely notice XII As far as possible all fertilizers must be inspected at the port of entry or place where they come into the State Inspectors are required to be vigilant and see that none escapes Dealers in the interior of the State to whom fertilizers coming into the State at points where there are no Inspectors are consigned must give timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture and to the Inspector nearest the point where they enter the State and must be prepared to furnish the Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obligations and to pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer arrives All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or have fertilizers shipped to them during the coming season for sale or distribution will please take due notice and make all necessary arrangements to meet the requirements of law promptly when the fertilizer reaches the State and thus save delay and embarrassment The law must be enforced and parties interested will greatly oblige by taking such timely steps as will insure its easy execution without annoyance to themselves or othersDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 202 XIII An Act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from impo sition in the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1875 provides in sec tion I That from and after the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful to sell or offer for sale any fertilizer manufactured in this State or to bring into the State for sale and distribution any fertilizer manufactured beyond the limits of the State unless before offering for sale or the sale or distribution of the same there shall be an inspection and an analysis made of it etc Section III of the same Act provides for the punishment according to section 4310 of the Code of 188 ot any person selling fertilizers without inspection An Act to render more efficient and economical the inspection and analysis ot fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1877 provides that Any manufacturer dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same for sale or distribution in this State without having a brand tag or sucli other device as the Commissioner of Agriculture may require showing the analy sis thereof shall be guilty of a misdmesnor and on conviction of the same shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1873 Section VI of the above cited Act approved February 28th 1874 requires the Inspectors to prosecute violators of these laws The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict performance of their duties XIV The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from September 1st to the 31st of August following XV The method of analysis recommended by the lecent Convention of Agricul tural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 2Sth of July 1880 with such modifications as were adopted by the Atlanta Convention of May 151884 will con tinue to be employed by the Chemist of the Department in the analysis of all commercial fertilizers Copies of the proceedings of said Conventions will be sent to applicants SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS It is of the utmost importance to the planters and people of Georgiato yourself and the Department of Agriculturethat your duties be well and faithfully per formed You are placed as a sentinel to see that the interests of the farmers of Georgia are well guarded in their purchase of commercial fertilizers that they are protected from imposition in every purchase that they make and that the laws denning your duties and the regulations of the Department are rigidly executed in every case You are in your official acts to render full justice to all parties The strict execution of the law and full protection from imposition to all farmers will not work injustice to any manufacturer or dealer In the discharge of your duty in addition to the foregoing Rules and Regula tes you are to be governed by the following special instructions giving some details which could not well be set forth elsewhere viz 1 Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer in Geor ge a for his oxvnus and not for sale or distribution shall be permitted to pass with out inspection if the purchaser desire it provided it is sent directly to said pur chaser addressed or consigned to him personally and not directed to or passing through the hands of a comniission merchant or third party You must as far as203 jj INSPECTION OP FERTILIZERS1884 practicable report all such shipments to the Commissioner of Agriculture giving the names of brands the names and places of consignees and the number of tons and enter the same in your official record 2 You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desiring inspec tion has a Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 50 cents per ton for every ton to be in spected For which you must sign and deliver a printed receipt according to blaks furnished you b Placed the exact name in full of the fertilizer to be inspected and the guaranteed analysis of the same upon each package c Tendered you a Request for Inspection on the blanks furnished for that purpose embracing an obligation to cancel and make null all sales which may be made of said fertilizer before the official analysis thereof is made if after being analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall in pursuance of law prohibit its sale The request must also contain the guaranteed analysis corresponding to that placed upon the package Soiltest packages of every distinct brand of fertilizers are to be requested only once during the season viz at the time of making the first inspection of any brand You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum percentage of any of the valuable ingredients named in the guaranteed analysis is less than that required by law viz 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 2 per cent of ammonia in ammoniated superphosphates or ten per cent of available phosphoric acid in acid phosphates or dissolved bones Natural guano and fertilizers that have not been treated with sulphuric acid are not subject to this standard 3 You must require in each bulk inspection the names of each brand pro posed to be shipped from such bulk and in every case you must report the names of brands and numbers with which the goods therein reported are identical in composition 4 Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer in the manner described in Rule IX of the Rules and Regulations they must be thoroughly mixed but not triturated or ground in a mortar or otherwise When samples are for warded to the Department for analysis they must be in the same mechanical condi tion in which they are offered for sale to the planters in the State After the samples are thus thoroughly mixed you will from the mixture fill two glass bottles common quinine bottles securely seal them with wax stamp your official seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly label themone with a label showing the inspection number name of the fertilizer inspected the place at for whom inspected and the date of inspection and the other with a label showing the number of inspection You must then deliver both in person to the Commis sioner or carefully box and ship them to him by express 5 You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or minute of every official act performed by you embracing in the record of each inspection the number and date of inspection name of the fertilizer or chemical by whom and where manufactured person requesting and place to whom consignsd and where where inspected number of tons inspected amount of fees received number of tags delivered how and when sample was forwarded the inspection number of identical brands samples taken from same bulk and such other facts as may be necessary to a complete history of the inspection 6 You are required to make a full and complete report on the first day of eachDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 204 month of the work done during the previous month on blanks furnished you for this purpose Report promptly to the Commissioner any violations of law The book of records or minutes is the property of the Department and must be neatly and correctly kept It must be filed in the Department with your final eport made at the end of the fertilizer season You will be required to make arrangements for storing and shipping soiltest samples under the instructions from the Commissioner of Agriculture Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records entries and reports and stationery for official correspondence Inspectors tags will be supplied to you on your requisitions freight prepaid and you must retain the cost of the same and all charges from fees received and pay the amount to this office at the end of each month The Act of February 26th 1877 requires you to pay over to the Comptroller General on the first day of each month all moneys received for inspection fees during the preceding month This must be done in whatever manner the Comp trollerGeneral may prescribe and you must satisfy the Commissioner that this duty has been performed before a salary certificate will be issued to you You are specially required to guard against any misappropriation of Inspectors tags or for any violation or evasion of the law or of any attempts to do so and make full reports to the Department of Agriculture You will be required to render a strict account of all tags issued to you and held liable to the treasury for the amount of fees represented by any tags not satisfacto rily accounted for Any information you may need will be given at any time Instructions will be given promptly in any case in which you may desire them or about which you are in doubt Inspectors will be held to a strict performance of all duties required of them by the law and the rules regulations and instructions defining their duties No neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their du ties will be tolerated and perfect sobriety at all times is strictly enjoined J T HENDERSON Commissioner of AgricultureCIRCULAR No 60 ULAR No 60 Now Series J CROP REPORT for the Month of September 1884 SHOWING AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA T T HEITIDBRSOIT Commissioner ATLANTA GEORGIA Js P Harrison Co Printers Binders and Electrotypers 1884 Circular Ifo 60 New Sebees CROP REPORT FOE THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1884 RETURNS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OCTOBER 1st 1884 Department of Agriculture Atlanta October 10 1884 COTTON The cotton crop in North Georgia in comparison with an average crop is reported 66 in Middle Georgia 65 in Southwest Georgia 66 in East Georgia 66 in Southeast Georgia 78 and the average for the State 68 There has been a remarkable deterioration in the condition of the crop caused by rust and shedding since the last months report The reports from North and Middle Georgia fall below that of last month 18 points Southwest Georgia 16 points East Georgia 10 points and South east Georgia 4 points Very little damage has been done by worms The crop is very considerably below an average for the State but will compare favorably with that of last year The seasons have been unfavorable through the year for the growth of the crop in most parts of the State The cold spring which caused a late start for the plant was followed by excessive wet weather and then by a general drouth The conditions developed rust to an unusual extent and caused the shedding of the later fruit The state of the weather for gathering the crops up to the time the re ports were made to this office has been unusually favorable and the con dition and quality of the lint exceptionally good CORN The condition and prospect compared to an average in North Georgia is 81 in Middle Georgia 92 in Sjuthwest Georgia 100 in Est Georgia 102 in Southeast Georgia 91 and in the whole State 93DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 208 The condition and prospect for the State is five points below the report of last month due to the effects of the recent prolonged drouth on late crops The early planted corn is generally good throughout Southern Georgia and on all uplands that were properly cultivated in Northern and Middle Georgia MISCELLANEOUS CROPS Sugar CaneThe drouth of August and September has materially affected the condition and prospect The correspondents reports show the crop to have fallen off from 86 to 71 since the first of September The sections are as follows Middle Georgia 70 Southwest Georgia 58 East Georgia 68 and Southeast Georgia 87 SorghumNorth Georgia 84 Middle Georgia 66 Southwest Georgia 82 East Georgia 88 Southeast Georgia 80 and the whole State 72 EicaMiddle Georgia 95 Southwest Georgia 87 East Georgia 91 Southeast Georgia 101 and the whole State 93 Sweet Potatoe3This crop has been greatly injured in most parts of the State by the drouth On the first of September there was promise of an unusually fine yield The crop was reported then at 102 for the State but falls to 81 in the present report Southeast Georgia is the only sec tion that shows no falling off in the condition of the crop In North Geor gia the condition and prospect is reported at 74 Middle Georgia 63 South west Georgia 75 East Georgia 83 and Southeast Georgia 112 Field PeasNorth Georgia 77 Middle Georgia 63 Southwest Geor gia 73 East Georgia 83 Southeast Georgia 95 and in the whole state 78 ChufasNorth Georgia 100 Middle Georgia 59 Southwest Georgia 82 East Georgia 77 Southeast Georgia 102 and the State 84 TurnipsA failure of this crop is reported from many counties in every section except Southeast Georgia The condition and prospect for the sections are as follows North Georgia 29 Middle Georgia 28 South west Georgia 25 East Georgia 55 and Southeast Georgia 92 MILLO MAIZE AS A BREAD GRAIN Since our last mention in these reports of this most valuable addition to the list of farm products grown by the farmers of Georgia we have had our attention called to a use of this grain which has great promise in it for the future We have had placed on our table by Mr A T Heath of Roswell Cobb County several grades of Flour which were made of Millo Maize and at the same time a fine loaf of light bread from this flour While the bread was darker than that made from the finer grades of wheat fbur it was exceedingly palatable and fully as acceptable as any bread209 CROP REPORT1884 could be from Graham flour We divided the packages sent us so kindly by Mr Heath with a friend who had it made into biscuit which were con sumed by the family without any information as to the character and history of the flour There was not the slightest suspicion that what was eaten was not the same flour of wheat to which they had been accustom ed nor was there any objection whatever suggested In fact our friend reports that the biscuit were of extreme lightness Now here we have a new idea that no one can fully predict the results that shall come of it The extreme hardiness of the growing plant resistirjg drouth to a won derful degreeits heavy yield far exceeding that of corn and then its adaptedness for human food as well as a food for work stock all indicate a coming favorite in Millo Maize among the farmers of the South It will be a rare felicity indeed if we have unexpectedly fallen on a plant that will set rust at defiance and give us both corn and flour jist as we choose to convert it A CAUTION I feel constrained to call attention to the doubtful character of the seed which has been saved from the last crop of wheat The excessive and protracted rains in Jane caught many crops in the middle and upper portions of the State unhoused and in the shock I have seen samples of wheat thus exposed tha uu either so badly sprouted or heated that they would not germinate when subjected to the test The safer way will be to risk no seed that has not proved sound after a trial and I recommend that the trial be made in all istances when the seed acter Table No ICondition ad Prospects of Crops in Georgia October 1 1884 by Sections Condition ana Protpect Compared to Average SECTIONS o o a o o l5 a a u it ai D 3 3 oe o t3 9 3 o O a o a 02 S i 3 Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia titi 65 8 101 ib 87 91 101 9 91 TO 5S 68 87 II 66 81 66 82 83 80 7J 77 63 78 83 95 100 59 82 77 103 74 63 75 8 112 29 28 ee 0 78 91 Southeast Georgia 65 92 Averaa for State 1883 63 76 78 64 8 73 81 67 46 61 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOLGIA 210 Table No 2Summary of Meteorological Observations com piled from report of State observers and of the United States Signal Service for the cotton belt Stations for September 1884 by L H Charbonnier State Meteorologist NORTH GEORGIA STATIONS Cartersville Dalton Gainesville Mossy Creek Rome JR S Norton Toccoa JE A Newton OBSERVERS NAME J B Garrison c H Snow Prof C B LaHatte Temper 7686 7356 7309 7402 7300 7418 Rnfall 0S2 136 095 102 018 112 MeansI9283 478 7428 082 MIDDLE GEORGIA Athens Atlanta LaGrange Oxford Thomson Washington L H Charbonnier R J liedding Dr II H Cary A E Sturgia Beo Ware Means SOUTHWEST GEORGIA 91 88 90 661800 63 770 6j7855 02O 140 097 086 3 ThomasYille 1 4 64337852 EAST GEORGIA i 911 90 63 6J 76 215 75 215 3 3 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Brunswick Jesnp Savannah Walthourville H A Kenrick R E Walker H W Ford John L Hardin Means Means for the State 88 79 88 90 66 5f 61 65 7708 7710 7665 757 532 292 464 470 489 180 8 7 11 5 900 6225 5819 7669 9104 7422 Number of days 4 2 3 3 2 2 7 9 2 5 8 1 2 2 1 1 98 45 7477 101 1 89 fil 75 06 006 3 9i 63 79 Ou 000 91 fi8 7700 90 55 7500 125 8 102 50 7835 290 3 932 536 7662084 The following Stations sent incomplete reports and could not be averaged in the above summary From the partial reports the following rainfall appears In inches Camak 28 reports received064 Union Point 24 reports received016 Waynesboro 28 reports received315 Albany 27 reports received076 Bainbridge 27 reports received015 Fort Gaines 28 reports received019 Millen 28 reports received368 Quitman 25 reports received435 Smithville 29 reports received044 Thomasville 29 reports received106 Waycross 27 reports received246 Columbus 26 reports received178 Griffin 26 reports receivedIll Macon 26 reports received013 Newnan 25 reports received011 West Pdint 25 reports received006NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA CatoosaCattle are dying with murrain rapidlygreater mortality among the Jerseys Jno B Henderson RabunI notice this season that bottom land manured with stable manure is not as good as where none has been used Can any of your correspondents give the cause F A Bleckley MIDDLE GEORGIA ButtsI received your Bob cotton and planted the 28th of April No differenoe only in lint the lint is very fine T G Preston ClarkeThe Teosinte received from your department has suffered greatly from drouth I do not think it equal as a forage plant to the Millo Maize John S Linton ClaytonThe Searcy corn you sent me last spring made a very good yield The Burt oats also give general satisfaction with the members of our club A P Adamson HenryI am highly pleased with the Bob cotton seed you sent It make much prettier staple than any except the ozier silk Merrill C Lowe JasperThe Bob Cotton is of fine staple and an abundant yielder of lint but later by ten days and poorly fruited Willis Newton MeriwetherI used kainit alone kainit and phosphate equal parts and stable manure alone on land that always rust more or less in cotton and some without any fertilizer The last plat was first to rust the second was next and the first was slow and much later to rust and the stable manure is still green and made double the others in yield Can we not get something like stable manure that will prevent rust B S Clements MonroeI tried both Honduras and Early Amber this year to see their yield On the trial plat acre Honduras yielded 3 loads of 7 gallons to the load Amber 24 loads of 5 gallons per load Both mature about the same time from time of planting from 100 to 110 days I am decidedly in favor of Honduras though the Amber does not fall down so badly Both ahead of Golden Tried Teosinte on rich well drained bottom land not worth a cent Corn the most reliable forage Am well pleased at the lecture of George Ville Many thanks to our Commis sioner for his efforts it is highly instructing and no doubt will do much good Continue them Guy Taylor MorganThe yield of sorghum is an average and of the best quality The prin cipal advantage of the early amber variety is that it does not conflict with the saving of other crops J M Gaissebt RochdaleThe stock law has been in operation for three years and not a case of impounding or hard feeling W L PeekDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 212 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Chattahoochee The Chili wheat received last fall was planted by directions was nearly all killed by freezes that not killed was affected with rust Rena Luxurians is a strange looking grass planted 28th of April Some is now 10 feet tall no sign of going to seed keeps tillering out from ground Bob cotton has done well considering drouth All speak favorably of it Francis V Schley RandolphAs the time is close at hand to save the potato I give you my plan We should always dig our potatoes after the first frost as the growth is then checked put them up in common size hills Set up around them cornstalks pretty thick then a coat of straw pine straw to keep the dirt from the potatoes Let the hill run up to a conical point then cover with dirt 12 to 15 inches deep or deeper I never build shelters over my hills leaving no air hole The main thing is to cover deep so that it will not freeze to them I have tried it over 40 years and have never made a failure 0 R Knowles MarionCotton seed are fully as valuable for composting as cotton seed meal The value of a compost depends not only on the ingredients it contains but on the thoroughness of its manipulation and should be put as deep in the earth as possi ble to prevent the drying effect of our hot summers sun Crowding cotton in the drill may do for Middle Georgia but best results are obtained in our section by giving it distance both ways and deep preparation G W C Muneo SOUTHEAST GEORGIA BryanThe Teosinte received from the Department planted side by side with pearl or cat tail millet both well fertilized with stable manure and well cultivated Horse cows and hogs all ate Teosinte greedily but no more so than the millet which out yielded the Teosinte by 18 percent actual weight per rod of row Teosinte in hills 3 feet apart millet drilled Philip D Coey Liberty Planted Teosinte seed in March on good land and no prospect as yet of its going to seed Bacon will be scarce on account of cholera Dont think the Bob cotton suits our soil and climate J 0 Datis Jr Fowl and hog cholera are produced by parasites Bacteria in fowl Micrococcns in hog The germs of these diseases enter the system by the digestive organs and are generally taken with food The excrements of the sick and carcasses of the dead are fruitful sources of spreading the contagion and should be destroyed promptly by disinfection dilute sulphuric acid and by deeply bury ing or better burning the carcasses Carbolic acid in food is efficacious in pre venting and ordinarily destroying the parasites in live animals Thanks to the Departments of Agriculture in Europe and America for their in vestigations and the promise of an early remedy against these nonrecurrent fever Jas A M KingEXPERIENCE WITH FANCY CHICKENS Bon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Georgia SirAs requested I will give you my experience with fancy bred chickens In the month of February of this year I purchased from a neighbor 32 light Brahma hens and 5 cocks These fowls had been raised here and I therefore considered them acclimated At the time of the purchase I had a game cock and 10 game hens 4 half game and 3 dunghill hens Until first week in July the pure games were kept in a yard by themselves after that they were allowed the same range as the Brahmas half breds and dunghills During the early spring and summer the Brahmas proved themselves excellent layers sitters and workers and I was confi dent I had found a kind of fowls adapted in every respect to this section of the State Everything went on well until the hot weather in July when suddenly the Brahma hens half grown chickens and cocks became sick and in less than two weeks I lost 910ths of the chickens all of the cocks and 22 hens They died of what is here called cholera Bat strange to say that although the pure games and Brahmas had the same range and mingled freely together not one of the pure game old or young were attacked with the disease that killed the Brahmas of the half breeds one that was game and Leghorn died he rest with the dunghills had slight attacks but all recovered None of the pure games were raised on the place some came from Kentucky others from Columbia and Camden South Carolina and some from Clark County Georgia none of them had spent a previous summer in this county The Brahmas therefore in point of acclimation had the advantage I can give no reasons why the games were not attacked by the disease that killed the Brahmas I have only stated facts others may try the fancy breeds but as for myself I will never raise any fowls but the pure games for I am compelled by the facts before me to come to the conclusion that the pure game fowl is the one best suited for this section of the State Very truly yours Atlanta Georgia September 19 1884 W J HkywabdPRACTICAL INSTRUCTION FOR ESTABLISHING EX PERIMENTAL PLATS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS By M GEORGE VILLE Translated from the French The analysis of the soil by experimental plats being determined upon I give the details for establishing them according to the kind of analysis desired and the com position of the fertilizer to be employed First the Primary Schools The object here is to give the children clear and distinct ideas in regard to the agents of fertility by a few decisive facts Second a Farm on a large scale This time the soil must be analyzed to learn ex actly what agents of fertility should be used and the proper quantities Third Experimental fields for agricultural schools and societies This time the plats become in a measure the living expression of the laws of nature Experimental Plats for a Primary School Plats of thirty feet square are amply sufficient for this The number of plats must be governed by the size of the school If only five can be made place them in a parallel line separating each plat by a path three feet wide and surround the whole with a path six feet wide If ten plats can be used place them in two parallel lines one above the other still separating each plat by a path three feet wide In this case the field is arranged as follows Barnyard Manure Complete Fertilizer Mineral Fertilizer Nitrogenous Matter No Fertilizer Barnyard Manure Complete Fertilizer Mineral Fertilizer Nitrogenous Matter No Fertilizer Cultivate the first line in wheat and the second in Irish potatoes How many ideas do we intend this field to impress upon the children Four of capital importance 1st By the comparison of plats 1 and 2 it is proved to them that twentyfive or thirty pounds of a simple powder will produce a better crop than eight hundred pounds of barnyard manure and by the use of this composition called chemical215 CROP REPORT1S84 11 fertilizer which can be bought everywhere agriculture becomes an industry of extreme simplicity regulated by fixed rules and certain in its results 2d By comparison of plats numbers 2 and 3 they are taught that the suppression of a single substance the nitrogenous matter in the complete fertilizer which contains four substances considerably reduces the good effects of the three others composing the fertilizer 3d That nitrogenous matter alone produces a greater effect in the generality of soils than the union of the three minerals phosphate potash and lime in plat number 3 4th That though very efficacious for wheat nitrogenous matter is much less so for the Irish potato the minerals having the advantage here being superior to nitrogenous matter for this plant But if the nitrogenous matter and minerals of the chemical fertilizer are by turns most active according to the nature of the plant grown it is evident when using stable manure there is much advantage in employing it as a supplement to the nitrogenous matter or minerals following the needs of the plant whether wheat or the Irish potato Conclusion We can cultivate without barnyard manure can compose a fertilizer that takes its place advantageously can increase the value of barnyard manure by supplementing it with chemical fertilizers EXPERIMENTAL FIELD FOE A LARGE FARM In this case we propose two very distinct objects first to learn the nature and the composition of the soil second to regulate with accuracy the use of those agents of fertility which we must have to obtain a certain profit The choice of situation is here a matter of great importance A piece of ground should be selected which represents as nearly as practicable the average fertility of the whole by its exposure physical condition and degree of fertility The field should consist of twenty plats each thirty feet square forming two parallel lines of ten plats each The first line should be planted in wheat and the second in beets or Irish potatoes according to the climate and local interests The wheat shows the nature of the superficial soil and the beet or potato that of the lower or deeper soil Whenever an experimental field admits of two different cul tures wheat and a hoed plant it is best to alternate them to keep the wheat from being injured by ill weeds Each line of plats should be treated as follows NATURE OF FERTILIZER Nei11 Barnyard Manure 58666 pounds 2 Barnyard Manure 29222 pounds 3 Intense Complete Fertilizer 4 Complete Fertiltzer 5 Fertilizer without Nitrogen 6 Fertilizer without Phosphate 7 Fertilizer without Potash 8 Fertilizer without Lime 9 Fertilizer without Minerals 10 Soil without Fertilizer When the farm b yery large small plats should be scattered over the farm as aids to the principal experimental field A few yards of surface devoted to wheat and peas is often amply sufficient We soon learn how to read and understand their12 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 216 teachings But if the farm lias a variety of soils it is better to use the system I have given for primary schoolsfor this plats thirty feet square divided into four parts are amply sufficient We will speak more in detail of these small investigating plats which may be called the advanced sentinels of the principal experimental field No 1 No Fertilizer No 2 Complete Fertilizer No 4 Nitrogenous Fertilizer No 3 Mineral Fertilizer We have thus three combinations of fertilizers whose effects are com the results from the plat without fertilizer 1 No Fertilizer 2 Complete Fertilizer 3 Mineral Fertilizer 4 Nitrogenous Fertilizer Small pieces of ground devoted to these experiments will not interfere with the cultivation of the crops and will show the exact time when mineral or nitrogenous fertilizers are neededwhether used alone or associated with barnyard manure These little plats are 1 repeat reai videttes placed for observation and all intel ligent farmers should consult them frequently as the officers at sea consult the bar ometer and the direction of the wind To be truly useful these little plats ought to be begun a year before a systematic use of fertilizers so that their teachings will be a year in advance of an extended use of fertilizers To those who are frightened at the idea of such a number of experiments I re ply by an argument of facts On all the farms where chemical fertilizers are used experimental plats have an honored place the director likes to show them to visi tors the workmen of all classes are incessantly disc ussing them and sooner or later the composition of the fertilizers is regulated by the quantities and kinds these plate prove the land to be in need of217 CROP REPORT1884 13 EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS FOB AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES Here the object proposed is higher still If it is for a farm school the pupils ought to find a perfect teaching in it both theoretical and practical If the experi mental field is used by an agricultural society it is equally important It should enlighten practical men on the wants of the surrounding country and prove to them plants have not all the same wants also to obtain the best results from a cul ture the composition of the fertilizer must be varied not only in the nature of the substances composing it but also the relations of the respective amounts used The point upon which the directors of a school ought particularly to insist is contrast the opposition existing between legumes and cereals in relation to the action of nitrogenous matter Whatever opinion may be held as to the form in which plants take nitrogen from the atmosphere one fact is here superior to all viz nitrogenous matters sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda have no action on the legumes while these substances are the chief regulators of the production of wheatbeets and hemp the principal cultures whose dominant is nitrogen This fact is inflexible and unchangeable and that would be a very foolish practical man who would give sul phate of ammonia to lucerne and clover and a mixture of lime and chloride of potash to wheat In both cases there would be no effect but reverse the use of the same agents give the sulphate of ammonia to the wheat and the lime and potash to the clover and lucerne abundant c rops will follow where there was pre vious failure Further if we multiply the experiments on a larger number of plants the effects produced by nitrogenous matter may he classed thus ACTION OF NITROGENOUS MATTERS Wh at vry favorable Irish Potatoes less so Peas nothing Clover injurious How can you prove to ny one that the nitrogen of the clover plant originates from nitrogenous compounds when their action is injurious to the plant if spread on the soil In support of my own views I refer to the experiments of Messrs Lawes and Gilbert which proved nitrogenous matters decidedly injurious to clover Year Mineral Fertilizer without Mineral Fertilizer with Nitrogen Nitrogen Per acre Per acre 18489411 pounds9337 pounds 18502297 pounds2397 pounds 18515252 pounds3530 pounds From all these reasons schools and stations should have experimental fields of forty plats each ten feet square divided in four parallel lines of ten plats each The four cultures best for this purpose are Wheat Beets Irish Potatoes Peas 1 To mate tie experimental plats conform more closely to general agricultural practice the wheat and peas should alternate with the beets and potatoes14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA L218l With this system of experimental plats practical men may be assured they will learn the principles of agricultural productioa more perfectly than from all the hooks they can read But the plats must be studied closely and intelligently When this system is fairly established by societies and farmers and governments or states will aid agriculture will cease to be uncertain and empirical but will be raised to the rank of a true science whose theoretical principles will correspond to all our practical wants The deeper I study this subject and the more extended my observation the more convinced I am that a revolution is to be worked in the traditions which our past agricultural beliefs and practices have handed down to us a revolution which we should the more eagerly aid in since it will advance not only ourprivate fortunes but the welfare of our State by assuring to that large class of our fellow beings who live by manual labor a healthier more bountiful and at the same time less laborious met lod of livelihood COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZERS FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL FIELD FEBTILIZEB FOB WHEAT Plat No 1 Barnyard Manure58666 pounds Plat No 2 Barnyard Manure29333 pounds Plat No 3Interne Compete Fertilizer No 1 Acid Phosphate on mnrl Chloride of Potash 80ZZSZZZSSSZ1195 Sulphate of Ammonia 4gn i Sulphateof Lime pin Plat No 4Complete Fertilizer No 1 Acid Phosphate of Lime 301 nminds Chloride of Potash 80VVZ ZZZZZZm Sulphateof Ammonia 381 Sulphate of Lime 205 Plat No 5Fertilizer without Nitrogen Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pminds Chloride of Potash 195 F Sulphateof Lime195 Plat No 6Fertilizer without Phosphate Chloride of Potash 80195 pounds bulphate of Ammonia 381 i Sulphate of Lime 205 Plat No 7Fertilizer without Potash Acid Phosphate of Lime39 poands Sulphateof Ammonia 281 Sulphate of Lime 205 Plat No 8Fertilizer without Lime Phosphate of Lime precipitated117 pounds Chloride of Potash 195 r Sulphateof Ammonia 381 Plat No 9Fertilizer without Minerals Sulphate of Ammonia381 p0unas Plat No 10 Without Fertilizer2191 CROP REPORT1884 15 FERTILIZER FOR BEETS Plat No 1 Barnyard Manure58066 pounds Plat No 2 Barnyard Manure29333 pounds Plat No 3Intense Complete Fertilizer No 2 Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds Chloride of Potash 80195 Sulphate of Ammonia 195 Nitrate of Soda345 Sulphate of Lime146 Plat No 4Complete Fertilizer No 2 Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds Cloride of Potash195 Sulphate of Ammonia136 Nitrate of Soda268 Sulphate of Lime156 Plat No 5Fertilizer without Nitrogen Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds Chloride of Potash 195 Sulphate of Lime195 Plat No 6Fertilizer without Phosphate Chloride of Potash195 pounds Sulphate of Ammonia136 Nitrate of Soda268 Sulphate of Lime156 Plat No 7Fertilizer without Potash Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds Sulphate of Ammonia136 Nitrate of Soda268 Sulphate of Lime156 Plat No 8 Fertilizer without Lime Phosphale of Lime precipitated117 pounds Chloride of Potash 80195 Sulphate of Ammonia130 Nitrate of Soda268 Plat No 9Fertilizer without Minerals Nitrate of Soda208 pounds Sulphate of Ammonia136 Plat No 10 Without Fertilizer FERTILIZER FOR IRISH POTATOES Plat No 1 Barnyard Manure58066 pounds Plat No 2 Barnyard Manure29 333 pounds Plat No 3Intense Complete Fertilizer Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds Nitrate of Potash 268 Nitrate of Soda 97 Sulphate of Lime195 Plat No 4Complete Fertilizer Acid Phosphateof Lime391 pounds Nitrate of Potash268 Sulphate of Lime208 16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 220 Plat No 5 Fertilizer without Nitrogen Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds Purified Potash146 Sulphate of Lime345 Plat No 6Fertilizer without Phosphate Nitrate of Potash268 pounds Sulphate of Lime268 Plat No 7Fertilizer without Potash Acid Phosphate of Lime391 pounds Nitrate of Soda440 Sulphate of Lime345 Plat No 8 Fertilizer without Lime Phosphate of Lime precipitated117 pounds Nitrate of Potash268 Nitrate of Soda268 Plat No 9Fertilizer without Minerals Nitrate of Soda244 pounds Plat No 10 Without Fertilizer When the Irish potatoes are alternated with the peas and e ees or Irish pota toes with wheat give the first year all the fertilizers as above and the second year 3 pounds of sulphate of ammonia to plats 3 4 6 7 8 and 9 The plats 1 2 5 and 10 receive nothing The third year return to the fertilizer for the first year The fertilizers I give now for Experimental Fields differ greatly from the compo sition of those given elsewhere 1 have substituted in the two series for wheat and beets chloride of potash for nitrate of soda By this change I am able to get the nitrogen and potash under the same form for all the fertilizers Before the potash in the complete fertilizer was in the form of a nitrate and in the fertilizer without nitrogen in the form of purified potash In the complete fertilizer nitrogen figured under two different forms part nitrate and part sulphate of ammonia while in the fertilizer without potash it was entirely in the form of sulphate of ammonia Now the sulphate of ammonia gen erally producing more effect on wheat than the nitrates the crop obtained with the fertilizer without potash was often superior to that with the complete fertilizer This superiority is chiefly shown on argillaceous soils already provided with pot ash With the new formulae this inconvenience disappears The complete fertilizer being used as a type of the series all the secondary terms are derived from it sim ply by a suppression of one of the four substancesphosphate potash nitrogen and limewithout making the slightest change in the form of the others The chloride of potash and the sulphate of potash not giving equal results when used on the Irish potato I have composed a series of fertilizers in which the nitrates enter only as nitrogenous matter I am thus able to give more simplicity to the formulae and produce results whose teachings will be more in conformity with the true state of the soil Before an Experimental Field can show as marked contrasts as exist at Vincen ties it must be cultivated several years and the soil must not have received manure for several years otherwise the plats receiving incomplete fertilizers will of their own richness supply the missing term and the crop will be equal to that from the plat receiving the complete fertilizer From a practical point of view indications of this nature are as useful as contrasts They teach us in fact that under such conditions we may use incomplete fertili zers for a time and how to manure by alternately limiting the fertilizer to the dominant of the plant thus obtaining a maximum product at a minimum ex penseREPORT M Of AGRICULTURE STATE OF GEORGIA EMBRACING THE YEARS 1883 1884 J T HENDERSON Commissioner ATLANTA GEORGIA IAS P HARRISON A CO STATE PRINTERS 1384ANNUAL REPORT To His Excellency Henry D McDaniel Governor Dear SirI beg leave to submit herewith my report of the operations of this Department for the period of two years ending on the first day of October 1884 ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT During the period under review several changes have occurred m the clerical force in the Department and also in the employes in the work of inspecting fertilizers On the 31st day of July 1883 Mr J S Newman who had been connected with the office from almost its very inauguration tendered his resignation in order to accept a prominent position in the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of Alabama In anticipation of this event I had secured the services of Capt Augustus R McCutchen of the County of Walker to fill the vacant place This gentleman was already well known to many of the citizens of the State as an accomplished practical geologist and mineralogist having served as Assistant State reologist in the recent partial survey of the State under Dr George Little On the first of January 1883 Col Thomas C Howard was appointed Commissioners Clerk viceTroup Butler These comprise all the changes that have occurred in this office proper The following changes have been made among the Inspectors since my last report On September 15 1883 Mr W H Howell was removed from Columbus and relieved Dr W P Harden at Brunswick Mr W S DeWolf was appointed at Columbus Mr Troup Butler succeeded Mr Samuel Hawkins at Augusta Mr L W Livingston was appointed at Macou vice E L Thomas On the 15th of November 1883 Mr Howell was discontinued and Gen E L Thomas appointed in his stead and on the 1st day of April Mr Ker Boyce was appointed at Brunswick vice E L Ihomas4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 224 The present Organization of the Department and of the Inspec tors of Fertilizers is as follows J T HendersonComissioner R J ReddingAssistant Commissioner T C HowardCommissioners Clerk A R McCutciienEditing Clerk and Geologist W B HendersonFertilizer Clerk H C WhiteChemist of Department 0 T RogersInspector at Savannah Ker BoyceInspector at Augusta Jno H PateInspector at Brunswick J S LawtonInspector at Atlanta L W LivingstonInspector at Macon W S DeWolfInspector at Columbus Dr II H CarySuperintendent of Fisheries INSPECTION AND ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS The office work incident to the execution of the laws for the inspec tion and the analysis of commercial fertilizers and chemicals con sume a large part of the time of myself and the employes of my office during eight months of the year commencing in September and practically closing about the first of June During the period embraced in this Report the law has been executed wih increasing vigilance and has continued to afford a high degree of protection to the farmers of the State who purchase and use fertilizers While the law is not perfect yet I am assured that the objects sought to be accomplished in its enactment and operation viz the protection of farmeis from frauds and impositions and the elevation of the standard of excellence and purity of commercial fertilizers have been realized in higher degree than in any State of the Union In the matter of inspecting fertilizers Georgia is a pioneer State Having no precedents to guide legislation on this important subject she has enacted laws and provided a system of inspection that have become precedents and patterns for others In some respects our system has been improved upon but judged by the degree of suc cess in securing the objects cf the law the Georgia system of in spection has probably not been equaled by that of any State After an experience of four years in administering our law aided by the watchful efforts of six Inspectors and a most experienced and skillful chemist I am prepared to express the opinion that no State law of a similar character has been more faithfully executed proved1225 commissioners report 188384 5 more beneficial to the State and her citizens or better served the purpose of its enactment and cost the State less than the Fertilizer Law of Georgia It is not claimed that there have been no vitiations of the law all good and wholesome laws are more or less violated Still less is it claimed that the law itself is perfectly well adapted to the purpose for which it was enacted There is certainly no one who enjoys opportunities for judging of its effective operation or facilities for discovering violations equal to those available to the Commissioner of Agriculture Repeated legislative investigations have developed little in regard to the efficiency of the Inspection System or over sights in the inception or defects in the details of the law that were not familiarly known to the Commissioner The committee which was raised by the last General Assembly for the purpose of inves tigating the Department of Agriculture and the mode and manner of Inspecting Fertilizers after a long and arduous season of dili gent inquiry and labor accomplished but little more than to acquire some familiarity with the workings of the Department a d the operation of the Inspection Law No facts were biought to light that had been before hidden or difficult of access The Commis sioner offered every facility that might aid the committee in discharg ing the duties imposed upon them In the progress of the investi gation the defects in the Inspection Law became apparent to each member and as a result of their labors the committee recommended the passage of a bill to amend and codify all laws yn the subject of the Inspection and Analysis of Fertilizers It was believed that this billhad it become a lawwould have resulted in much greater efficiency in the work and increased satisfaction to both consumers and manufacturers of fertilizers It embodied the joint conclusions and the wisdom of four prominent members of each branch of the General Assembly after several weeks spent in carefully investigat ing the system in all its details On its consideration however the bill was lidered with such inconsistent and emasculatory amend ments as would have defeated the object of the committee even if it had finally passed The advocates of the original bill therefore aided in defeating it in the final vote and the fertilizer law of 1877 remains substantially unaltered Of the features of the present law I desire to call attention toDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 226 one only Section 1553 b of the Code of Georgia provides that It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to forbid the sale of any acid phosphate or dissolved bone which is shown by official analysis to contain less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid and also to forbid the sale of any ammoniated superphosphate which is shown by official analysis to contain less than eight per centum of available phosphoric acid and two per centum of ammonia In enacting this provision it was probably the intention of the General Assembly simply to prevent the introduction or sale of low grade fertilizers and not to prescribe the relative proportions of the several elements that usually enter into the composition of commer cial superphosphate or ammoniated superphosphate or dissolved bone At the time of the adoption of this provision the standard so erected was considered a high one and the general effect of the law was to raise all fertilizers to which it was applicable up to this standard and there maintain them But with the improved methods and machinery now brought to bear in the manufacture of fertilizers a grade of eight per centum of available phosphoric acid and two per centum of ammonia is by no means difficult of attainment Especially is this the case when no other element of value enters into the composition of a fertilizer but ammonia and phosphoric acid Therefore the original purpose of the law is no longer subserved since it is an easy matter to man ufacture a much higher grade of simple superphosphate or an am moniated superphosphateneither of them containing potash or other recognized element of agricultural value But the effect of the law has been different in another respect from what was in tended In the range of formulation to suit the demands of dif ferent soils and different cereals the manufacturer is restricted and embarrassed by the necessity of so proportioning the ingredient as to always meet the legal requirement This is not at all times easy of accomplishment A truck farmer on the coast wants a fertilizer for his early spring vegetables that shall contain six per cent of ammonia the sune of potash and say four percentof phosphoric acid Under the preoent law the section quoted such a formula notwithstanding the fact that the result would be a very high grade fertilizer would not pass inspection It would not contain227 commissioners report 188384 the requisite eight per centum of available phosphoric acid To bring it within the requirements of the law the manufacturer must in some way increase the per centage of available phosphoric acid To do thiswhile still maintaining the relative proportion of the three ingredientshe must use more expensive materials and there fore the cost to the consumer will be correspondingly increased His formula must be so elevated in standard that it will give eight pei centum of available phosphoric acid twelve per centum of am monia and tivelve per centum of potash As a business proposi tion this is impraeticablethough easily accomplished in the laboratory by using comparatively pure and costly chemicals I have stated an extreme case tbe better to illustrate the embarrassment under which the manufacturer often labors in endeavoring to meet the demands of his customers The committee bill to which reference has been made met this difficulty fully by allowing a latitude in formulating fertilizers restricted only by the requirement that all such fertilizers shall contain of valuable ingredients phosphoric acid ammonia and potash not lessin the aggregatethan the equivalent of twelve per centum of available phosphoric acid My decided conviction is thac an amendment to the present law involving substantially this provision should be adopted and I re spectfully recommend the same There are other features of the committee bill which commend it to my judgment but the foregoing is of the most practical impor tance involving as it does an important principle As a matter of interesting information I beg to present the fol lowing statistics of the Inspection and Analysis of Fertilizers for the past two seasons as compiled from Circulars 13 and 55DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 228 STATISTICS OF FERTILIZERS TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBEE OF TOSS OF ALL KINDS INSPECTED BY EACH OF THE IN SPECTORS DURING THE SEASONS OF 18823 AND 18834 INSPECTORS 0 T Rogers Inspector at Savannah Samuel Hawkins Inspector at Augusta Troup Butler Inspector at Augusta J S Lawton Inspector at Atlanta W P Harden Inspector at Brunswickt Troup Butler Temporary vice Harden Inspect at Brunswick W H Howell Inspector at Brunswick E L Thonlas vice W H Howell Inspector at Brunswick Ker Boyce vice E L Thomas Inspector at Brunswick E L Thomas Inspector at Maconf L W Livingston Inspector at Macon W H Howell Inspector at Columbusf W S DeWolf Inspector at Columbus Totals Season of 18828 Tons 3122905 2599420 20513 58 1997752 645825 483050 1637383 125376 93 Season of 18834 Tons 4834045 4978400 1968120 2000 383970 84120 152160 2082140 15184955 The Inspector at Augusta includes also large amounts inspected at Charles ton S C tThe work of the Brunswick Inspector during both seasons and that of the Columbus Inspector during the season of 18834 was chiefly done at Savannah Ga and that of the Columbus Inspector for 18823 and of the Macon Inspector for 18834 was done at Atlanta or in territory tributary thereto229 commissioners report 188384 NUMBER OF INSPECTIONS MADE DURING EACH OF THE SEASONS 18823 AND 18834 AND THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF EACH INSTEOTORS 0 T Rogers Samuel Hawkins Troup Butler J S Lawion W P Harden W H Howell E L Thomas Ker Boyce L W Livingston W S DeWolf Totalsand averages SEASON OF 18S23 No of In spections 316 135 86 194 178 104 46 Average Amount of Each 98 tons 192 tons 75 tons 105 tons 112 tons 157 tons 105 tons 959 130 tons SEASON OF 18 No of In spections 428 298 284 1 45 16 135 214 Average Amount of Each 113 lors 167 tons 69 tons 1421 20 tons 85 tens 53 tons 63 tons 97 tons 107 tons COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE NUMBER OF TONS INSPECTED FOR EACH OF THE LAST TEN seasons There were inspected during the season of 18745 48648 tons There wee inspected during the season of 18756 55316 tons There were inspected during the season of 18767 75824 tons There were inspected during the season of 18778 93478 tons There were inspected during the season of 18789 85049 tons There were inspected during the season of 187980 119583 tons There were inspected during the season of 18801 154404 tons There were inspected during the season of 18812 125427 tons There were inspected during the season of 18823 125377 tons There were inspected during the season of 1883 4 151849 tons Total for ten years1034 955 tons Average per annum 103495 tons Average annual per cent increase 16 per cent The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones in spected in Georgia during each of the past nine seasons is as follows For the season cf 18756 6499 tons For the season of 18767 12842 tons For the season of 1877 8 15332 tons For the season cf 18789 10291 tonsIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 230 For the season of 1879 80 13906 tons For the season of 18801 22036 tons For the season of 18812 20602 tons For the season of 1S823 31017 tons For tie season of 18834 39154 tons Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phos phates for each season is as follows For 18756 1166 per cent For 18767 1282 percent For 18778 19 62 per cent For 1878 9 1224 per cent For 1879 80 1163 per cent For 1880 1 1511 per cent For 18812 1642 per cent For 18823 2473 percent For 18834 2578 per cent The following average analyses for the past ten seasons will be found interesting viz iENERAL AVERAGES OF A LI FERTILIZERS For the season of 1874 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the sason of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 1883 4 Available Phosphoric Aciu 923 1094 1087 1143 1195 If 24 1096 1088 1103 1082 255 25 252 27i 270 258 2 63 248 2 53 2 17 Potasn 517 2 49 275 223 166 133 141 1 17 150 155 These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phosphates for the seasons named It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia and Potash are of those brands only which are shown by analysis to contain these elements and not of the whole number of brands analyzed231 commissioners report 188384 AVERAGE OK AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS II AVERAGES OF SOSAJDHINIATED FERTILIZERS For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 1882 For the season of 18834 Available Phosphotic Potash Acid 1105 1199 1168 1310 1320 1244 1260 12 IS 1255 1259 3 85 464 454 216 163 128 130 1 05 1 56 14S The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows For the season of 18745 110 brands For the season of 18756 101 brands For the season of 18767 125 brands For the season of 18778 127 brands For the season of 18789 162 brands12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 232 For the season of 187980 182 brands For the season of 18801226 brands For the season of 1881 2 270 brands For the season of 18823354 brands For the season of 18834336 brands These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for mak ing or composting manures at home The number of brands of Ammoniated and Nonammoniated Fer tilizers for each season is as follows Amoniated Nonammouiated For the season of 18745 86 68 85 90 119 135 163 187 239 210 For the season of 18756 33 For the season of 18767 40 For the season of 18778 37 43 47 06 83 115 126 For the season of 1878 9 For the season of 1879 80 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 EECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS SEASON OF 18834 RECEIPTS Fees on 15184953 tons inspected during the season75 914 92 EXPENSES OF INSPECTION 1648200 Inspector tags at 230 per thousand 3780 86 Express charges on tags samples and other incidental ex penses 000 11 Balance paid into the Treasury 71 533 92 75924 92 75924 92 Total amount paid into the Treasury 71533 92 Inspectors salaries to September 1 1884 0400 00 Chemists salary to September 1 1884 3000 00 Leaving net balance in the Treasury of 62133 92 71533 92 71533 92233 commissioners report 188384 13 The net balance in the Treasury for the season of 18778 was For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 Increase compared with 18823 35905 77 31267 67 40438 36 64000 28 50251 32 50810 90 62133 92 11323 02 COMPARATIVE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR SEVEN SEA SONS a 0 H i 1 11 d la 0 ad s 0 H Expenses Deducted From Fees Re ceived Amount Paid Into Treasury Salaries of Uneroist and Inspectors drawn 0 O tO 3 c5 p A SEASONS Cost of Inspectors Tgs EspressChares on Tags Samples etc the Tr s 0 3000 3000 2900 3000 3000 3000 3000 Inspectors 3 93478 85049 119583 152464 125426 125377 151850 853227 46739 42524 59791 75986 62713 62688 75915 426356 1608 2053 2582 3289 2882 2843 3781 45131 40472 57210 72260 59397 60627 71534 6600 6204 4871 5200 6146 6816 6400 35531 18789 187980 31268 49438 18801 436 65 434 50 459 41 600 14 64060 18812 50251 50811 1883 4 62134 Total 7 seasons 19038 1930 70 406631 20900 42237 343493 STATE CHEMISTS REPORTS In this connection I beg to incorporate the final reports of the State Chemists for each of the two years REPORT OF CHEMIST FOR SEASON OF 18823 Department op Agriculture Office of State Chemist Athens Ga June 1st 1883 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Georgia Dear SirI have the honor to present the usual annual report of the opera tions of this laboratory for the past year The work of the laboratory has been confined almost exclusively to the an alysis of fertilizers4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 234 The total number of original samples analyzed and reported upon to date is 448 tlividcd as follows Acid Phophates 55 Acid Phosphates with Potash 56 Ammoniated Phosphates 34 Ammoniated Phosphates with Potash 263 Chemicals etc 31 448 The number of revisions made at your direction is 56 The total number of actual determinations made in the course of the analyses of fertilizers is 3095 The number of samples analyzed is 86 in excess of the number examined the last season A full statement concerning the labor and expense entailed upon this office by this unusually excessive work has been made the subject of a special communication to you and I deem it unnecessary and improper to dis cuss the matter in this general report The methods pursued in the analyses were the same as heretofore employed in this laboratory An accurate and uniform method for the determination of reverted phosphoric acid has not yet been devised to meet the general ac ceptance of analysts A considerable amount of work has been done during the past year by a number of chemists looking to a solution of this vexed question This laboratory has borne its share of the labor In the present unsettled state of opinion on the subject I have deemed it proper to continue the use of the Washington method satisfied as I am of the approximately uniform results which it yields in my hands at least So far as I am aware no well founded objections have been made to the results reported During December last after the fertilizer season had well opened you called my attention to the great discrepancy between our calculated commercial values then in use and the actual prices at which goods were sold in the market After careful investigation examination of prices current and conference with deal ers and manufacturers it was decided to change our commercial valuations as follows The price per pound for available phosphoric acid was decreased from V2 cents to 10 cents for Ammonia from 25 cents to 20 cents for Potash re mained unchanged at 0 cents These latter figures were adopted for the sea son and no complaint has I believe been made as to their approximate ac curacy Generally speaking the usual high grade of the fertilizers sold in this State has been maintained during the past season A number of the samples how ever were found to yield results below the required standard and were duly reported to you The general character of a number of the samples submitted to me has led to the belief that the goods represented by them were made by simple mixture generally on a small scale no doubt of materials purchased in their individ ual farms Such goods very often was found to be of good quality but the mechanical conditions in many cases were decidedly bad The utilization of local sources of fertilizing materials as of cotton seed meal hull ashes etc235 commissioners report 188384 15 in the neighborhood of oil mills is certainly to be encouraged but I would recommend the manipulators in such cases to use great care to secure perfect and uniform incorporation of the materials they employ I have noted with much satisfaction the increased extent to which cotton seed meal has been used as an ammoniator in commercial fertilizers as I am of opinion that this article furnishes a cheap nitrogenous manure especially adapted to our soils and climate So far as I can judge the inspections for the season have been carefully and properly made A certain amount of unnecessary labor in the analyses has been caused however by the lack of care on the part of those requesting in spections in stating the ingredients claimed to be present in their goods In a number of cases for example ammonia determinations have been asked for in goods which on analysis were found to be nonammoniate and were of course shown to be such by the owners I would respectfully beg you to call the especial attention of dealers to this point The fertilizer work of the season has been so heavy that but little time has been afforded for other work of interest to your Department The following additional matters have however received attention Complete analyses of Three 3 specimens of marl Four 4 metallic ores One 1 cave deposit One 1 mineral water One 1 sample Dhourra Corn One 1 sample seed of Mock Orange Partial analyses of Five C5 minerals Three 3 mineral waters A second report has been made upon the field experiment relating to the Nitrogen supply for cotton I have in preparation reports upon certain matters of interest to your Depart ment which will be presented when completed Messrs Jas A Wotton and C Morton Strahan graduates of the University have been regularly employed as assistants during the season and have ren dered very faithful and efficient service Permit me to express to you sir in conclusion my sincere gratitude for your uniform kindness and considerate courtesy which has been especially manifes ted in the course of the unusually arduous labors of the past year I have the honor to be very respectfully H C White State Chemisti6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 236 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST FOR SEASON OF 18834 University of Georgia Chemical Laboratory Athens Ga Juno 1 1884 Hon John T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Dear SirI have the honor to submit the usual annual report of the official work of this Laboratory The number of samples of commercial fertilizers examined during the pres ent season is 384 of which 350 were from regular inspections and 34 from special inspections These comprised as follows Acid Phosphates 54 Acid Phosphates with Potash 38 Ammoniated Phosphates 30 Ammoniated Phosphates with Potash 224 Chemicals 38 384 The number of revisions made by request is 35 The number of samples analyzed is somewhat less than the number last sea son This fact is due to the kind exercise of careful discrimination on your part whereby unnecessary repetitions of analyses of the same brands have been prevented Without such judicious oversight it would have been impossi ble for me with the means and force at my disposal to have accomplished the work of the year satisfactorily The samples sent me showed the goods represented by them to be generally in good mechanical condition and to be composed of good and suitable mate rials In proportions of fertilizing ingredients the goods analyzed this season do not vary materially from those of last season The average quality of the goods inspected continues about the same The methods employed in the analyses have been the same as heretofore used by me in official work On May 15th last pursuant to your call a con vention of agricultural chemists was held in Atlanta to consider such modifi cations in analytical methods as had been suggested since the meeting of the Washington Convention in 1880 A large number of prominent chemists was present The proceedings of this convention will be published elsewhere The only change in method recommended was an increase of temperature in the determination of socalled reverted phosphoric acid This recommenda tion will be adopted by me for the work of next season At the beginning of the present season it was found necessary to change cer tain of the valuations used in the estimations of commercial values in order to make these conform more nearly to actual market prices Available phos phoric acid was left unchanged at 10 cents per pound ammonia was changed from 20 cents to 18 cents and potash was changed from 6 cents to 5 cents per pound In addition to the fertilizer work analyses of the following have been made and rerjorted237 commissioners report 188384 17 Lime Stone and Marls 11 Other Minerals and Ores g Mucks 2 Mineral Waters 7 In Janujfry last at the request of the State Capitol Commission I made a number of analyses and other tests of certain building materialsgranites marbles etcdesigned for use in the construction of the new State Capitol A full report of the results was made to the Commission At the last meeting of the Board of Trustees of the University the chair of Scientific Agriculture was annexed to my chair in the University and the ex perimental farm was placed under my charge Desiring that the experiments conducted upon the farm should be made to yield as many practically useful results as possible to the farmers of the State as well as to solve certain theo retic problems I have taken the liberty to consult you frequently during the management and course of the experiments You have very kindly responded and by your advice and by a number of personal visits to the farm have ably assisted me in my work You have moreover exercised great liberality in supplying me with certain chemicals and fertilizers for the experiments which the means at my disposal would not permit me to purchase I desire to thank you sincerely for your kind services in these particulars and to express the belief that through your cooperation thus extended the farm may this season be enabled to furnish results of experiments of value to our farmers A full scheme of the experiments with details of conditions objects etc is filed in your office and the results will be furnished you when obtained I beg leave to reiterate here my opinion which has been repeatedly ex pressed that Georgia imperatively needs an agricultural experiment station such as those which are now established in many of the other States I sincerely trust that arrangements may be speedily made for such an establish ment Until the State authorities shall see proper thus to meet the needs and wishes of our farmers it shall be my earnest endeavor to make the little farm of the University do such service in this direction as our limited means will permit In this effort I am confident I shall secure your hearty cooperation Thanking you for many courtesies extended in connection with my official work by yourself and the gentlemen associated with your office I have the honor to be Respectfully yours H C White State Chemist 2l8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 238 CONVENTION OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS I had the honor in May 1880 to issue a call for a convention of the Commissioners of Agriculture State Chemists and Professors of Chemistry in State Universities and State Agricultural Colleges in those States using large quantities of commercial fertilizers to meet at some convenient point in the following July in order to devise some uniform method for the analysis of commercial fertil izers The convention so called met in Washington D O and a full account of the proceedings was snbmitt d to his Excellency Gov Colquitt in my Annual Report for the year 1S80 The method adopted at that convention known as the Wash ington Method has been in general use in the laboratories of State chemists since its promulgation but the experience of four years has indicated the necessity for some modification of that method and therefore in accordance with the wishes of many of the original members of the convention I called another meetinsj of a similar character to meet in Atlanta May 15 1884 The response to the call was liberal in numbers and represented the highest talent of the ptofession I enjoyed the honor of presiding over the deliber ations of the body and can bear testimony to the harmony zeal and ability which characterized the discussions of the matters under consideration The result of their deliberations was the adoption for one yea of a modification of the Washington Method relating to the deter urination of reverted phosphoric ac d In addition to this specific result many papers of exceeding interest ad value were read be fore the Convention The following extract from the published minutes of the Conven tion embodies the method of determining phosphoric acid as reported by the committee on that subject and adopted by the Convention REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE METHOD OF DETERMIN ING PHOSPHORIC ACID IN FERTILIZERS The Committee on the Determining of Phosphoric Acid beg leave to report that we recommend for general use during the twelve months immediately following this date May 15th 1884 the methods given in detail herewith The Committee will undertake further investigation and report at a future time S W Johnson H C White W C Stubbs2393 commissioners report 188384 19 DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID IN FERTILIRERS 1 The sample should be well intermixed and properly prepared so that separate portiotis shall accurately represent the substance under examination without loss or gain of moisture 2 WaterSoluble Phosphoric AcidBring 2 grams on a filter add a little wa ter let it run out before adding more water and repeat this treatment cautiously until no phosphate is likely to precipitate in the fi ter The washings may show turbidity after passing the filter When the substance is nearly washed in this manner it is transferred to a mortar and rubbed with a rubbertipped pesile to a homogeneous paste but not further pulverizedthen returned to filler and washi d with water until the washings no longer reaot acid with delicate test paper Mix the washings Take an aliquot usually corresponding to onethird or onehalf of a gram of the substance and deteimine phosphoric acid as under totalphosphoiie acid 3 CitrateInsoluble Phosphoric AcidWash the reidue of the treatment with water intol50c dusk with 100 cc of strictly neutral ammonium citrate solu tion of 109 density shred and add the filter paper cork the flask securely place n a water bath with constant temperature of 65C and digest for 30 minutes with freqnent shaking Filter the warm solution quickly and wash with water of ordi nary temperature Transfer the filter and its contents to a porce lain capsule Ignite until the or ganic matter is uestroyed treat with 1015 cc of fuming hydrochloric acid di gest over a low ftame until the phosphate is dissolved dilute to 200 c c mix pass through a dry filter take an aliquot and determine ph spuuric acid as under Total 4 Total Phosphoric AcidWeigh 2 grams into a capsule add and mix inti mately with 47 cc of a ne irly saturated solution of magn sium nitrate dry ignite gently if necessary moisten the residue with nitric acid and i nite again to destroy all organic matter add to the residue 1520 c c of fuming hydruchlorc acid digest at a gentle heat until all phosphates are dissolved dilute to200cC mix pass through a dry filter take 50 cc of filtrate neutralize with ammonia add 15 grams dry amm mium nitrate and to the hot solution for every decigram of P2 Os that is present 50cc of molybdic solution Digest at about G5C fcr one hour filter and wash with ammonium nitrate solution Test the fitrate by renewed digestio 1 and addition of more molybdic solution Dissolve the precipliate on the filter with ammonia and hot water and wash into a beaker to a bulk of not more than 100 cc Near y neutralize with hydrochlor ic acid cool and add magnesia mixture from a burette slowly one drop per sec ond stirring vigorously After 15 minutes add 30 cc of ammonia solution o density 096 Let stand several hours Two hours is usually enough Filler wash with dilute ammonia ignite intensely for 10 minutes and weigh 5 CitrateSoluble Phosphoric AcidThe sum of the watersolubeand citrate insoluble subtracted from the total gives the citrate soluble PREPARATION OF REAGENTS 1 To prepare Ammonium Citrate SolutionMix 370 grams of commercial citrate acid with 1500 cc of water nearly neutralize with crushed commercial carbonate of ammonia of 410 grams heat to expel the carbonic acid cool add ammonia un This filtration should not exceed 15 to 20 minntes in durati n and in difficult cases is best effected by use of applied Alter of very porous paper or by help of a filter pump of moderate power20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 240 til exactly neutral testing for excess both of acid and alkali by aid of delicate red and bine litmus papers and bring to volume of two liiers Dilute further until the density is 109 as tested by the balance or accurate specific gravity spindle 2 To prepare Solution of Magnesium NitrateDissolve 320 grams of calcined magnesia in nitric acid avoiding excess of the latter then add a little calcined magnesia in excess and boil filter from the excess of magnesia ferric oxide etc and to bring volume of two liters 3 To prepare Molybdic SolutionDissolve 100 grams of molybdic acid in 400 grams or 417 c c of ammonia of sp gr 096 and pour the solution thus obtained into 1500 grams or 1250 c c of nitric acid of sp gr 120 Keep the mixture in a warm place for several days or until a portion heated to 46C deposits no yellow precipitate of ammonium phosphmolybdate Decant the solution from any sediment and preserve in glass stoppered vessels 4 To prepare Ammonium Nitrate SolutionDissolve 200 grams of commercial ammonium nitrate in water and bring to volume of two liters 5 To prepare Magnesium MixtureDissolve 22 grams of recently ignited cal cined magneia in dilute hydrochloric acid avoiding excess of the latter Add a little calcined magnesia in excess and boil a few minutes to precipitate iron alumina and phosphoric acid filter add 280 grams of ammonium ehloride700 cc of ammonia of sp gr 096 and water enough to make the volume of two liters In stead of the solut on of 22 grams of calcined magnesia 110 grams of crystalized magnesium chloride MgCl2 6H20 maybe used 6 Dilute Ammonia for WashingOne volume ammonia of sp gr 096 mixed with three volumes of water or usualy one volume of concentrated ammonia with 6 volumes of water On motion of Mr Chazal the Report of the Committee was adopted provis ionally for twelve months by the Convention and it was ResolvedThat this method be not considered as binding upon any one but that the Convention recommend it to the profession and hopes that all not Abound by conflicting obligations will follow it The Committee on Methods of Determining Nitrogen Mr Chazal Chairman asked to be allowed until the Philadelphia meeting to make their Report Agreed to The Committee on Potash reported that for the present they could recom mend nothing better as an outline of a plan to be pursued in determining pot ash than the programme drawn up and adopted at the Washington Conven tion They recommended that until we have more light on this subject the chemists to adhere to that plan The Report was adopted The Convention finally adjourned to meet at Philadelphia in connection with the Annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science September 8th and 9th 1884 where the members organized themselves into an Atsociation of Official Agricultural Chemists by the adoption of a Constitution The action of the Atlanta Convention was approved and contin ued of force to be used by members except where a different method is prescribed by State law for the space of one year241 commissioners report 188384 INSPECTION OF OILS 21 In my last biennial report I was only able to give the amount of oils inspected during the nine months ending September 30th 1882 as the present law went into operation January 1st 1882 The following statement exhibits the total amounts inspected and the total fees received for each of the years ending respectively September 30th 1883 and September 30th 1884 Gallons Total Fees Year ending Sept 30 1883 1695962 1071902 Year ending Sept 30 1884 1762113 1164977 Total for the two years 3458075 22368 79 Much the greater portion of the total amounts were inspected in the cities and inspection districts controlled by the Inspectors of Fertilizers who are exofficio Inspectors of oils These are Atlan ta Savannah Augusta Macon Brunswick and Columbus The laws tor the inspection of oils have been faithfully executed by the Inspectors and there has been little disposition manifested by dealers to avoid its wise provisions for the security of life and property It is my conviction that carefully gathered statistics of accidents from the use of Humiliating oils would show a material decrease in the number during the period that has elapsed since the passage of the present law Indeed no instance has come to my knowledge where there was reason to believe that the accident was caused by the use of defective oil The law not only prescribes a higher standard of quality but its provisions have been far more rigidl enforced than were those of the previous law and well illustrates the wisdom of its concep tion and enactment DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS I have no reason to abate my convictions of the great value of a wise selection and judicious distribution of choice farm and garden seeds It should be considered an essential feature of a Depart ment organized for the improvement of the agriculture of a coun try The use of pure seeds of choice prolific varieties of corn cotton wheat oats etc is certainly not less important as a means of promoting the best results in the field than the selection and employment of the very best types and breeds of animals in secur ing the most satisfactory and profitable results in stockbreeding22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 242 The importance of the latter is generally recognized if not uniform ly practiced and has resulted in a remarkable improvement of domestic animals and their adaptation to special purposes It has been the practice of a majoiity of our farmers for many years to plant the same seeds with very little effort at improvement by se lection or interchange I am gratified to report that a spirit of improvement in this respect is abroad in the land and that the farm ers are learning to appreciate the value of good seed The conservatism of farmers in regard to the adoption of new plants and products and in the substitution of different means of gratifying or providing for certain daily and universal wants of themselves and families is remarkable They are exceedingly slow to adopt a new and previously strange plant or crop This is wit nessed in the persistent adherence to Indian corn as the food crop for stock and for bread and the devotion shown to cotton as the money crop of the farm While not disposed to underrate the value of these crops and others that have been a long time cultivated I am of opinion that there are several plants of comparatively recent introduction that will yet prove worthy of permaneit adoption by our farmers Among these is the plant know as Millo Maize whose value as a forage plant its capacity to resist the effects of the most severe drouths its large yield of seed and the adaptation of the latter for the purposes of breadmaking seem to warrant the conviction that it will prove to be an acquisition of great value to the South The productiveness of Millo Maize seems beyond question It will probably double the yield of corn and treble the yield of wheat on the same land The grain when properly grourd into flour or meal makes a very palatable and fairlooking breadsupe rior to corn bread and but little nferior to ordinary family flour Teosinte Euchcena Luxurians a plant very closely allied in habit to Indian corn gives promise of excellent results as a forage plair It yields enormously bears repeated cuttings and is able to withstand very severe drouths In the climate of upper Mid dle Georgia it does not fully mature before frost Indeed in only one instance known to me has it put forth the seed shoots in the State Persistent cultivation however of seeds annually obtained a lit tle farther north than before will in time overcome this tardy habit243 commissioners report 188384 23 The following table shows the gross amount and number of pack ages of each of the principal kinds of seeds that have been distrib uted during the past two years The number of packages is ap proximate only but very nearly correct A considerable variety of other seeds were distributed in small quantities I am also under obligations to Hons Joseph E Brown and Alfred H Colquitt our Senators in Congress who have kindly placed at my disposal for distribution to citizens of Georgia such seeds as were received by them from the United States Department of Agiculture LIST OF SEEDS DISTRIBUTED FALL OP 1882 Quantity f each kind No of Packages 10 bushels Chili Wheat 160 40 bushels Henderson Winter Oats 640 spring or 1883 4 bushels Clevelands 1st and best E Peas 1024 4 bushels Carters Premium Gem Peas 1024 4 bushels Fortyfold Peas 1024 2 bushels Crystal Wax Beans 512 77 bushels Red Rustproof Oats 1232 4 bushels Burt Oats 64 7 Bushels Millo Maize 1792 10 bushels Coffee Peas field Peas 2560 5 bushels Egyptian Wheat 1280 10 bushels Broom Corn Seed 2560 4 bushels Herlong Cotton Seed 128 pall op 1883 5 bushels Iowa Doubleheaded Wheat 1280 148 bushels HawkinsHill Oats 2368 190 bushels Burt Oats 3040 SPRING OF 1884 150 bushels Bob Cotton Seed 2400 20 lbs Brazilian Artichoke Seeds 320 20 bushels Brazilian Artichokes tubers 640 20 pounds Teosinte Seed 320 20 pounds Prickly Comfrey 80 10 bushels Searcy Corn Indian 640 2508824 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 244 PUBLICATIONS The following manuals and circulars of a general character have been published and distributed during the last two years No of Circular 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 28 SUBJECT September Crop Report1882 Annual Report 18812 Supplemental Crop Report 1882 SoilTests of Fertilizers1882 Address to the People of Georgia on the subject of the Boston Exposition of 1883 Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers Manual of SheepHusbandry in GeorgiaRevised Ed Analvses of Commercial Fertilizers April Crop Report1883 May Crop Report1883 Analyses and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers Season of 18823 Manual of Poultry June Crop Report1883 July Crop Report1883 August Crop Report1883 Rules and Regulations for InspectionSeason of 18834 September Crop Report1883 Supplemental Crop Report1883 SoilTests of Fertilizers1883 Analyses of Fertilizers Analyses of Fertilizers April Crop Report1884 May Crop Report1884 Analvses and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers Season of 18834 June Crop Report1884 July Crop Report1884 August Crop Report1884 rage Published 11 70 46 48 11 35 12 43 30 20 56 45 32 36 8 23 32 38 10 10 48 40 20 40 16 30 10000 5000 10000 5000 10000 5000 5000 10000 7000 15000 15000 8000 15000 16000 15000 17000 2000 16000 15000 5000 5000 5000 17000 17000 7000 17000 17000 17000 882 325000 The above table does not include blanks and circulars distributed as a means of collecting information but only those manuals and circulars which were published for the purpose of disseminating in formation MANUAL ON POULTRY In pursuance of the original plan of preparing series of manuals on domestic stockraising I have prepared and published a Man ual on Poultry as a companion volume to those previously pub lished245 commissioners report 188384 25 MANUAL ON SHEEP HUSBANDRY The demand for this little work the first of the ieries and pub lished during my predecessors first term had exhausted the origi nal edition before my own term of office began and I have judged it expedient to publish a revised and enlarged edition which was done during the summer of 1883 HAND BOOK OE GEORGIA No book of the same character ever issued by the Department has been more in demand than the BandBook of Georgia pub lished in the year 1876 The edition consisted of only three thou sand copies and being well bound the book not only served the purpose of its original publicationto an extent limited by the smallnesB of the editionbut also as an enduring advertisement of the existence of such a work So frequent have been the requests received from abroad the State for detailed information of the material resources of the State that I have concluded that it would be a wise and judicious expenditure of time and money to prepare a work of similar design and scope to that of the old Handbook but more accurate and still more comprehensive in its features The approaching Exposition at New Orleans makes it extremely desirable that such a publication should be printed in season for distribution at that assembly of all nations I have therefore already inaugurated the work and am preseing it to a conclusion as fast as possible without interfering with the ordinary business of my office TRANSLATIONS FEOMM GEORGE VILLE The labors of this eninent agricultural scientist both in the field and in the lecture room have made his name a household word not only in France and other countries of Europe but also in the United States The excellent translation of his Chemical Lectures by Miss E L Howard published in 1872 proved to be so engaging and simple in styleso precise and accurate in the details of soil experiments with manures the results of which are so applicable to the agriculture of this country that it me very desirable to learn more of the experiments and results of so profound a searcher after the truths upon which a prosperous system of agriculture must26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 246 be built I have therefore supplied Miss Howard by subscription therefor with several of the leading agricultural journals of France and Germa and engaged her at a very moderate salary to fur nish for publication some of the more recent lectures of Prof Ville and other foreign essays and reports and several of these transla tions have already appeared in the monthly Crop Reports of this Department This added feature of the monthly reports has been received with great favor by the intelligent reading farmers of the State and I am of opinion that the continued publication of these and other foreign lectures will add greatly to the value of my re ports and aid in the education of the masses in the principles of ag ricultural science As illustrative of the style and character of these lectures I beg refer you to the one pnblished in my August crop reportprob ably the most interesting of the series so faras it appears in the Appendix to this Report marked A EXPERIMENT STATION The experience of the past two years has only added strength to my convictions of the importance of an Experiment Station irr or der to the advancement of our agriculture I beg to present here a short extract from my last official report made to Governor Col quit bearing on this subject You will remember that in my report for the year 1880 I took strong ground in favor of the establishment of an experiment farm or station and endeav ored to show how important if not absolutely indispensable such an institu tion would be to the proper investigation of agricultural truth and how help ful to the progress of the calling in which threefourths of the people are en gaged and on which the prosperity of the whole depends I recur to the sub ject only to reiterate and if possible to emphasize my convictions then ex pressed In the course of my endeavors to enlighten direct and encourage the farmers of Georgia and to protect and promote their interests by every means in my power the necessity and desirableness of such a means of direc t investiga tion is constantly suggested to my mind Very few even of the most intelli gent farmers are prepared to conduct experiments in fertilization culture stockbreeding stockfeeding improvements of seeds trials ofcostly machi nery and implements and especially purely scientific investigations bearing upon practical agriculture in such a manner as to prove of value to the masses of farmers of the State A system of experiments must be the result of care ful consideration of the subjects to be investigated with reference to their practical importance to agriculture and of a clear understanding of the appli cation that is to be made of the truths developed It is almost indispensable that the director of an experiment station should be a man of enlarged views and that he be not hampered or embarrassed in the investigations directed or conducted by considerations of present cost or danger of pecuniary loss His247J commissioners report 188384 27 principal if not sole object should be the elucidation of truth regarding the profit and loss of the experiment only to the extent that they are essential features of the investigation It is also of the highest importance that the published reports of such experiments should be of an official character 111 order to carry conviction and inspire confidence Many other considerations mirht be urged to show that one or more such stations should be estab lished and placed under the control of this department and that such an ap propriation should be made as would be sufficient to purchase the necessary land and fully equip the same for the purpose indicated I have little doubt that a farm or farms suitably located would be donated to the State for this purpose by publicspirited corporations or individuals to continue for a term of years or so long as such lands may be used as experiment stations The State Agricultural Society of Georgia a body of intelligent men themselves and representing directly the intelligent farmers of the State at its recent session in Marietta by unanimous vote resolved to memorialize the General Assembly in favor of the establishment of such a station It is to be hoped that the Legislature will give careful attention to the memorial that may be presented by the committee appointed for that purpose It may be truly said that experiment and observation are the means wheieby we extend and confirm our knowledge of nature Investigation by actual experiment is a distinguishing feature of modern methods of inquiry It is by constant and repeated ex periment that physics and chemistry have made such great progress within the last century One of the essentials of an experiment is the setting aside or elimination of all nonessential circumstances that so often conceal the real relations of things and embarraes us in forming correct conclusions An indispensable requirement of the experimenter is thorough acquaintance with the relation which the factors of an experiment bear to each other and the means of counteracting or discounting disturbing conditions In addition he should have a perfectly clear idea of what he wishes to ascertain and be able to appreciate the practical value of the results of an experiment and understand their application to act ual farm operations Every farmer of any degree of intelligence or power of observa tion is necessarily an experimenter The most successful tillers of the soil are those who closely observe and rightly apply the teach ings of experience But experiments on the farm are too costly the danger of pecuniary loss too imminent and the prospect of substantial and immediate individual benefit too uncertain to justify an ordinary farmer in devoting much of his time and money to pure experimentation even if he were otherwise well qualified for the work If the field of experimental investigation is to be ex plored by voluntary individual efforts alone the work with few xceptions will be ineffective and the results conflicting and alto28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 248 gether unsatisfactory On the principle of the homely proverb What is worth doing at all is worth doing wellit would be far better to concentrate the intelligence and the labors of the many scattered over the State into one or more stations where all the means and appliances for correct and reliable investigation and ex periment may be under the direction of one well qualtied mind It is unreasonable to expect that agricultural truths will be developed and systems of culture or methods of improvement will be promptly inaugurated upon the basis of the deMiltory experi ments of individuals here and there over the State when it is notorious that such experiments are not only far from conclusive in most cases but are often absolutely at variance with each other The aggregate expense of labor and appliances employed in such unsatisfactory and often delusive experiments is far in excess of an amount sufficient to establish and thoroughly furnish an experiment farm of the most comprehensive character I do not wish to be understood as discouraging individual effort on the part of farmers for it has already been intimated that the intelligent farmer is necessarily an experimenter but I am convinced that a State composed so largely of farmers so dependent upon the prosperity of agriculture with a treasury or resources so largely drawn from the pockets of the farmers should be more liberal in providing tor the increased development and more substantial and rapid progress of agriculture By reference to the report of the receipts into the treasury from the inspection of fertilizers on page 13 it will be seen that during the last seven years or since the enactment of the present fertilizer law the net amount left in the treasury after the payment of all the expenses of inspection and analysis was 343493 00every dollar of which has leen taken from thepockets fthe farmers alone If we set aside other considerations surely the payment of such an amount of taxes over and above the ordinary property and poll tax to which all are liable justifies the demand made by the most intelligent farmers of the State for the establishment of an Exper iment Farm But if we bear in mind that the use of commercial fertilizersa modern innovation and yet an evidence of progress in our agriculturehas involved an outlay by the farmers of not less than 40000000 in the last ten years and that the use of these fer tilizers together with domestic manures is and must continue to249 commissioners report 188384 29 be one of the most powerful factors in our agricultural progress the establishment of a wellordered station for the investigation of the relations of fertilizers to soils and to cropsto say nothing of the great benefits which may be reasonably expected from the scientific investigation and practical application of the principles of stock breeding and feeding drainage preparation of soils culture the selection and improvement of varieties of farm plants etc which are a proper and essential feature of a comprehensive experiment would seem to be dictated by the commonest principles of political economy As illustrative 0 the objects of inquiry and methods of procedure on an Experiment Farm I beg to refer again to the admirable lec ture of M George Ville appendix A and also to his lecture on Practical Instruction for Establishing Experimental Plats and the Interpretation of the Results printed in the September Report of this Department just published In conclusion on this subject I respectfully invoke your careful consideration of the subject and ask that you will make such recom mendations to the General Assembly as may deem to be wise and expedient FISHERIES The amount appropriated to the propagation of fish in the waters of this State is too small to justify the establishment of hatcheries or to much more than pay the actual expenses of the Superintend ent and the cost of distributing the quota of carp supplied by the United States Fish Commissioner I desire in behalf of the people of Georgia to express my gratitude to Hon Spencer F Baird Chief of the Commission for his unvarying courtesy and for his liberal apportionment of carp and the distribution of them to our citizens I ask to incorporate here the report of Dr H H Cary Superin tendent of Fisheries and make it a part of my own report REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT State op Georgia Department of Agricultlre Office of Supt of Fisheries LaGrange Ga October 161884 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture I herewith submit my third biennial report covering the time since my last report dated October 10th 1882 The same regret is now as then expressed30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 25o that the very limited appropriation at the disposal of the department has lim ited and embarrassed this important work Still it is believed that the best possible use of these limited means has steadily advanced the work of the fish commissioner and that fish culture is now no longer regarded as an ex periment but as a sure means of increasing and cheapening the food supply In my first report of October 16th 1880 at some length I took occasion to call to your attention the fact that the geographical distribution of our rivers is admirably adapted to the propagation of the anadromous migratory fishes and particularly the shad which is well known to be peculiarly adapted to our waters I beg leave to here reproduce a paragraph from said report Beginning at the Savannah river which fortunately is under the exclusive control of Georgia extending westward across the State we meet in turn the Ogeechee the Oconee and the Ocmulgee the last two uniting and forming the Altamaha a few miles from the Atlantic Ocean and all these emptying into the same next the Flint and Chattahoochee uniting near the extreme limit of the State and forming the Apalachicola which empties into the Gulf of Mexico The Chattahoochee from West Point down as far as Alabama is concerned forms the western boundary of Georgia and like the Savannah is exclusively under the control of this State Near West Point this river ceases to be the boundary of this State but having its headquarters in the extreme northeast part of the State among the mountains of that region where it can almost shake hands with the headwaters of the Savannah it passes diagonally across the State nearly parallel with the AirLine and Atlanta and West Point Railroads being but a few miles from Gainesville and Newnan and six or seven miles from Atlanta The Etowah and Oostanaula with their confluence at the city of Rome by their numerous ramifications liberally supply North west Georgia At Rome they form the Coosa which empties into the Ala bama which flows finally into the Gulf of Mexico These rivers being so uni formly distributed over the State and our system of railroads generally cross ing them would make the distribution of fish from the rivers very easy To illustrate a line drawn from Augusta by Macon to Columbus would pass through sixteen counties every one with a single exception touching a rail road But most and perhaps all of these rivers have many obstructions to the passage of anadromous fishes to their spawning grounds In this report I shall confine myself mainly in treating of the migratory fishes to the Shad as many years experience has demonstrated the fact that the temperature of the water of the rivers of this State is well adapted to the wants of this fish Further on I shall endeavor to show that the temperature of the rivers of Georgia does not suit some of the migratory fishes And to show the absolute necessity of overcoming these obstructions I will take this occasion also again to allude to the habits of the Shad A salt water fish like many species of its class it seeks its spawning grounds in fresh water passing up the long rivers to near their sources to seek such shoals as may be found There are three varieties of fish eggs the floating the adhesive and the sink jhg to the last class belong the shad eggs Shad eggs when deposited in water immediately subside to the bottom where ordinarily soon covered with sedi ment suffocation ensues and very few hatching The insiinct of the shad leads her to seek the shoals among the highlands that the eggs may be depos ited in the pools and kept in agitation by the action of the water Thus it will be seen an absolute necessity exists for allowing the shad to have a free passage rom the ocean to the headwaters of the streams Fortunately science has251 commissioners report 188384 31 pointed out a way to keep such passages open without injury to the property invested in mills or manufactories In the Forest Stream August 7tlt 1884 an exceedingly able paper published in the city of New York is an edi jorial article so able and so completely covering the ground embraced in this subject that I introduce a part of it here Within the pastyar there has been great activity throughout the Eastern States in building fishways It has taken a long time to convince the public that those living above dams have rights that damowners are bound to respect and also that the fishes which are seeking upper waters to spawn must reach them or become scarce or extinct Judging by the number of fishways built last year and those now building or contracted for we believe that the benefits to be derived from a properly constructed fish way are much better understood than they were en years ago This may be due in part to the increased knowledge of the rights and needs of both the people and the fishes What ever may be the cause it is a fact that the building of fishways has increased greatly and within the next ten years it is safe to prophesy that there will be one over every clam in this country where a fishway is desired The McDon ald Fishway Company of Washington already have so many orders for build ing fishways on hand that they have declined to contract for more at present and Col McDonald is absent putting up works in Scotland New Jersey wants several and is negotiating with the company for them New York wants more on the Oswego and Salmon rivers while other States are contemplating build ing new ones or substituting the McDonald way for older patterns The plans for the large fishway at the Great Falls of Potomac have been accepted and work will soon begin on the monster fishway under Government engineers New York needs fishways on the upper Hudson in order that the fish may ascend not only to spawning but also to feeding grounds The million young shad placed at Glens Falls by the United States Fish Commission last spring will find feeding grounds that are occupied by their species and therefore will not find competitors in the struggle for life and as the shad originally ascended the Hudson as far as Millers Falls they might do so again if suitable fishways were provided A good fishway benefits those below the dam as well as those above and no person or corporation should be allowed to bar the ascent of fish in a great river o small one either in order that he or they may make money Certainly the State of New York should build a broad fishway pver its dam at Troy which was constructed to furnish water for canal navigation Under a resolution of the Legislature of the State of Georgia approved September 28th 1881 His Excellency Governor Colquitt appointed a com mission to perform certain duties in reference to the examination of the Au gusta canal dam It was provided among other things that thirdly the feasibility of providing sufficient fishways in the Augusta canal dam by the city of Augusta to allow the freer passage of fish up and down said river over or through said dam The writer of this report had the honor of being a member of such commission Report was made to the Governor that it was believed that a fishway would be entirely feasible to subserve the purposes de sired By executive order the commission was directed to proceed North to examine the working of the various fishwaystheninuse The result wasthe recommendation of the McDonald Fishway invented by Col M McDonald of the United States Fish Commission a model of which is now in the Depart ment of Agriculture in Atlanta This fishway was adopted by the city of Au gusta and one is now in operation in the canal dam The importance of this subject has induced me to be somewhat lengthy and I earnestly request that this subject may be brought to the attention of the Legislature32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 252 SHAD While our appropriation has not permitted us to establish one or more hatch eries for the artificial hatching of the eggs of the shad still by the aid tendered us by the United States Fish Commission we have by the planting of the fry furnished to the State been able to replete our rivers so that at several points milters and spawners can now be obtained for artificial propagation Since my last report the methods of hatching shad eggs artificially have wonderfully improved and itis now also proved that the eggs can be transported m re readily and with greater safety from the point where the parent fish are captured than the young fry so that the eggs can be carried to or near the point where the planting is desired and then hatched artificially The invention of the Mc Donald Hatching Jar supplies a longfelt want This consists of a glass jar with the capacity of about one gallon and susceptible of hatching 110000 eggs at each filling and with water at a temperature of 80 will hatch in 58 hours These jars act automatically The water is introduced into the bot tom of the jars through flexible tubesthe water being supplied from a reser voir requiring only a few feet of pressure The action of the water under pressure gives the eggs the requisite motion and by an ingenious contrivance the dead eggs are automatically separated and pass ott with the oveflow Un der favorable circumstances over 95 of the eggs can be hatched With these improved methods the expense of establishing hatcheries is greatly dimin ished etad in fact they can be located at places impossible under the old methods In 1880 1000000 shad fry were planted in the waters of Georgia and in 1881 1800000 This was the work of the United States Fish Commis sion In three years after the planting they returned to find their spawning grounds Of the planting of 1880 400000 were released in the Chattahoochee at Iceville near Atlanta It was not expected that these fish could pass up further than Columbus till fishways were placed at the obstructions at that place The fry constituting this plant were reported to me as being the Connecti cut river shad It is wellknown that the Connecticut river shad will take the bait and the sportsmen can find in the Northern markets tackle for shad fish ing The South Atlantic shad do not take the bait True to their instincts shad appeared in 1883 in the Chattahoochee river below Columbus and were taken with the hook and bait It is therefore reasonable to suppose that the fish thus taken were of the planting of Iceville in 1880 Of the 1800000 shad planted in 1881 1000000 were released in the Ocmulgee at Macon The fish of course were due on their return in the spring of the present year I have recently visited Macon and made careful investigation in regard to the ex peeted return of these fish and I am pleased to say that I have not been dis appointed While there was no particular arrangement for catching shad and hence the catch was light still they must have appeared in large numbers as a sporting gentleman informed me full grown shad were taken in considerable numbers the fishermen standing on the bank of the stream and capturing them with the dip net I mention these facts to show with what facility a bar ren river can be impressed by liberal plantings of the shad fry But in this connection I beg leave to emphasize one factthat while we need an increased appropriation to carry on this work our protective laws need amending In253 commissioners report 188384 33 the main such laws are exceedingly good but there is no direct provision for carrying them into effect An act to encourage the propagation of fish in the waters of the State of Georgia approved February 29th 1879 has the follow ing sections Sec IV Be it further enacted That from and after the passage of this Act there shall be a closed time in all the rivers of Georgia in which shad are caught of 48 hours commencing at sunrise on Saturday morning of each week and ending at sunrise on Monday morning of the next week during which closed time no shad or other migratory fish shall be caught by nets wires weirs pounds or any other means whatever neither shall such nets wires weirs pounds or other apparatus be left set in said rivers during said closed time The meshes of nets or other apparatus for catching said fish shall not be less than five inches Sec V Be it further enacted That no shad shall be taken by any means whatever except between the 18th day of January and the 20th day of April of each year except for spawning purposes to carry out the provisions of this Act Sec VI Be it further enacted That any person or persons violating the provisions of this Act shall be guilty of misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall be punished as is now provided in section 4310 of the Code of Geor gia as last revised It will be seen at once that these sections of the fish laws of 1876 give the needed protection and provide the penalties for the violation of the same but it is not made the duty of any one to look after the enforcement of these laws and while any citizen may become a prosecutor very few will like to become voluntary informers What is absolutely needed is the appointment of fish wardens at all needed points to especially look after the provisions of the fish laws Without such provisions the interest of the many will be sacrificed to that of the few A very noted case will forcibly illustrate this point Early in May last the Fish Commissioner of South Carolina gave notice that the fish laws of Georgia were not respected at the dam in the Savannah river at the head of the locks above Augusta It was stated that a fish warden appointed under the authority of South Carolina and stationed near the dam was power less to stop illegal fishing as the river is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the State of Georgia I at once repaired to the place indicated and found that the representations made were true Just below the McDonald fishway here tofore mentioned in this report was a large fall trap ready to capture any fish that failed to make the passage up the fishway with a line of similar but smaller traps extending nearly across the river at the foot of the shoals and in addition to these traps several gill nets were in position among the shoals all this was being done daily in face of the laws cited above I had attention called to these violations in the daily papers of the city of Augusta and gave notice that the traps must be removed and the fishing stopped A promise of compliance was made on the part of the violators At the same time fisheries were in operation in the river below the city From the bestv information I could obtain several thousand shad were thus captured many of which were ripe I urgently request that you call the attention of the Le gislature tothe foregoing facts GERMAN CARP Since my last report the interest in the culture of this fish has increased 3 34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 254 enormously not only in this State but in nearly every State and Territory in the Union Col M McDonald of the United States Fish Commission page 261 Bulletin of the Commission says The carp wherever planted under favorable conditions and receiving reasonable care and attention have grown bred and multiplied rapidly Thirty thousand distinct bodies of water in every section of the United States have been occupied with this fish These repre sent an aggregate area of 100000 acres of waste waier which have been con verted into profitable almost spontaneous production yielding at a moderate estimate 20000000 pounds of food per annum and adding L000000 annually to the value of the products of the country EDIBLE QUALITIES OF CARP To those having eaten carp no proof is needed of its fair table qualities but so frequently inquiries are propounded asking what is the best pond fish that it is deemed that a few paragraphs are appropriate That the carp in the Southern States takes on the most rapid growth of any known pond fish is conceded As occasionally an adverse criticism appeared in the public prints Prof Baird took uncommon pains during last year to settle the question Mi Charles W Smiley in charge of the Bulletin of the United States Fish Com missioner was directed to send out certain inquiries to those to whom carp had been sent out by the United States Fish Commissioner of the hatchings of 1879 and 1880 The circular sent out contains fifteen questions covering the whole field of carp culture One of these questions was Have you eaten carp How were they cooked and what was the opinion of their edible qualities At the time publication was made 600 replies had been received coming in from 23 States and territories up to that time 350 had not tasted carp 242 had eaten them The answers were classified as follows moderate praise from fair to very good 40 unqualified praise and very emphatic ex pressions of approval 96 comparison with other fish very generally compli mentary 39 criticism as to softness or muddy taste 19 indifferent and un complimentary reports aside from muddy taste and softness 10 A few opin ions as regards bones 7 favorable reports containing hints on the various ways of cooking carp 31Total 242 Of these 242 reports 38 only contained the slightest reflection on carp Many of these criticisms were decidedly slight and nearly every one of these criticisms can be explained away it is a fact well known to fish culturists that no fish is firstclass for table at or immediately after the spawning time It may be conceded that the carp is a fair table fish many of the correspond ents alluded to above stating their qualities equal to shad trout or rock fish There are several things pertaining to carp culture not yet well understood and prominent among these is the necessity to completely drain every carp pond Cheapness and efficiency are two important items The drain pipe should pass out from the bottom of the kettle or receiver so that the drainage may be complete I have examined or tested many plans and have finally decided on the following and shall soon remove from my own ponds the ex pensive iron piping with their gate valves and supply their places with this The defect in the plan where the main piping is used is this the strainer at the end of the pipe being placed in the collector is soon completely clogged255 commissioners report 188384 35 by the action of the carp in turning up the mud with their heads so that when the gates are turned no water will pass through the pipes and if the pond is several feet deep it is exceedingly difficult to remove the obstruction The wood cut above represents this simple apparatus that is recommended a is a wooden box running crosswise through the dam from the lowest point in the kettle so that it will insure the complete emptying of the pond made of heart pine plank being twelve inches wide and two thick securely nailed together The upright part b is of the same material and size and joins it at right angles and of sufficient length to extend some distance above the water line This is made secure to the horizontal portion and it will be of great advantage to give the whole a dressing of coal tar The side of the up right next to the pond is left open and narrow strips are nailed to the uprights on the inside to constitute grooves for the gate pieces c e c c d is a strainer of wire secured in a frame of the same size as the gate pieces c When it is desired to empty the pond remove the highest gate piece c and substitute the strainer d When the water line is lowered to the next gate piece remove it and substitute the strainer for it as in the first instance and so on until the water is drawn down nearly to the collector then the mud can be removed from the collector the fish dispersing while this is being done The water can then be drawn off until the fish are drawn into the collector or kettle when they can be readily removed with the dip net when the last gate piece can be taken out and the kettle completely emptied The only defect is in making the gates tight If the water supply is abundant this is of no conse36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 256 quence as the leakage would not allow the small fish to pass out and still might constitute a part of the overflow But if the water supply is limited this might lower the pond at a time when you could not afford to lose any water Fortunately this defect can be easily remedied Prepare a plank of the size of the opening of the box a let it be green lumber so that it will not swell to prevent its being withdrawn pass this down along the side of the upright b so it will include the opening in a then b can be filled with saw dust for a foot or two and a little dirt if necessary which will entirely stop the leakage OverflowsTo make these efficient and of the least possible trouble the strainers should be under the surface of the water This will entirely prevent clogging by the leaves and trash brought down by the rains A very simple plan is to make a box with a joint something like the representation in the preceding wood cut having a short leg and extending when in position a foot or so below the water line the strainer being attached to the lower end of the short leg EnemiesThese are very numerous But fortunately many of them can be readily disposed of with the shot gun Snakes are exceedingly troublesome Dr Hessel superintendent of the carp ponds at Washington states that on the 26th of August 1883 since the first day of the preceding July 900 snakes were killed mostly with the shot gun He states that a medium sized snake will destroy forty young carp a day This shows the imperative neces sity of keeping these pests out of the ponds Time of HatchingI have again been placed under obligation to Mr Eman uel Heyser of Madison Ga for the details of some experiments made by him during the present year His grounds are fortunately so situated that he can extemporize small ponds for the purpose of experiment and it has been conclusively proved that the eggs with the high temperature of water say 85 will hatch in 50 hours He also gathered eggs and they were sent to the in terior of Pennsylvania Young fry just hatched were also sent The fry bore transportation well and the eggs hatched with a moderate loss although the transportation was conducted very roughly CALIFORNIA SALMON In my iast report it was stated through the courtesy of Prof Baird and the South Carolina Fish Commission I was enabled to plant in the head waters of the Savannah 160000 small fry of this fish They like the shad are Imi gratory but enter the rivers for spawning during the fall instead of the spring Their return is ordinarily in four years from planting Being released in 1882 they snould return in 1886 Many of the States having older fish com missions than our own have been planting their fish for quite a number of years but I regret to say up to this time with opportunity no gratifying results The difficulty seems to be that the temperature of our rivers par ticukirly those of the Southern States is too high to suit their habits Hence for the present I would not recommend farther experiments in this line257 commissioners report 188384 37 brook trout I am satisfied that the brook trout can he successfully propagated in our mountainous counties and it will be very desirable to do so when the means at our disposal will permit it to be done I beg leave here to state that I have been under great obligations to Spencer F Baird of the United States Fish Commission for continued courtesies and to all the railroads of this and several of the adjoining States for their appreciative favors to the Fish Commis sion of Georgia H H CARY Superintendent GENERAL YIEW A calm and dispassionate view of the history of Georgia agricul ture for the past two years by one who is familiar with the losses and embarrassments of the last twenty rearsthat have pressed far more heavily on the farmers than upon any other class of our citizenscannot fail to impress the observer with the fact that Georgia farmers as a whole are making some progress towards re gaining their normal condition of prosperity and independence Some of the more intelligent reading and observing farmers are making decided and in some instances very rapid progress in adapting themselves to the altered condition under which we live and are annually accumulating wealth and enjoying more of the comforts and luxuries of life A very large number however continue in much the same old way making little if any effort to get out of the old ruts The great need of the country is education of the masses educa tion that will prepare them for the observation study and applica tion of tin principles that underlie success in their avocations This remark is especially applicable to the farming class by reason of the embarrassments already mentioned On the whole we have reason for profound gratitude and even astonishment that the condition of the country is so much better in the chief respects than would have been predicted twenty years ago as the result of the enforced change in our system following the ordinary losses and demoralization of a civil war We are inclined to be impatient at the apparently slow progress we are making for getting that such a violent and sweeping change in a system of agriculture as the conversion of willing obedient and efficient38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 258 slaves into voters and officeseekersignorant idle heedless of obli gationsis usually succeeded by a very loDg period of depression poverty and despair extending to several generations and even longer Farmers are notoriously conservative A large share of their knowledge skill habits and methods is handed down from father to son A generation is not usually sufficient in which to effect any great revolution or change of system The hope of our Statenot less in respect of agriculture than of the other great in terests of lifeis in the rising and immediately following genera tions IN CONCLUSION I am largely indebted to the efficient labors of my subordinates in this office the skillful services of the State chemist the gratui tous zeal of the Superintendent of Fisheries and the faithfulness of Inspectors ofFertilizers for whatever measure of success has been achieved by this Department I desire also to thank the vol unteer Weather and Crop Reporters for their valuable assistance Nor am I unmindful of the support and active sympathy of the State Agricultural Society Finally permit me to express my thanks for your Excellencys unvarying courtesy and valuable co operation All of which is respectfully submitted J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture259 commissioners report 188384 39 APPENDIX A REPUBLISHED FROM AUGUST CROP REPORT 1884 LECTURE BY M GEORGE VILLE SOIL ANALYSIS BT PLANTS Translated from the French by Miss E L Howard J Our conference today will be of an essentially practical nature We have to do with neither theories nor sysierasour purpose is to analyze the soildefine what it contains and in what it is lacking in an agricultural po nt of view and lastly to get fixed facts on the nature of the fertilizers to be used under all circumstances You doubt ess remember gentlemen that the main point of our last conference was to prove the necessity of classing the elements of the soil according to the functions they fulfilledof separating those which simply supported vegetation from those which contributed to their nutrition and whose substance became part of the vegetal constitu ion itself The following accura e table represents this part of our studies and gives them in an essentally practical and experimental form f dOIL Mechanic elements Active assimilable elements Assimilable elemensin reserve I fSand Clay j Limetone Gravel f Ammonia Nitrates Organic Phosphoric Acid Sulphuric Chlorine Silica Potash Minerals Soda Lime Magnesia Oxide of Iron Oxide of Manganese Humus i Organic detritus Undecomposed minerals What does this table show That there are three orders of elements in the soil Mechanic elements active assimilable elements assimilable elements in reserve Mechanic elements have only a passive function to fnlfill They serve as a seat and a plaoe of attachment for vegetation but do not contribute of their substance to nutrition They are represented by sand calcareous matter clay and gravel40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 26o In the second place come what are called active assimilable elements always in very small quantities as compared to the above In fact whie they represent but a few hundedths of the mass of the soil the mechanic eeme its are 90100 of the whole The real productiveness of the soil however lies in them Finally come the assimilable elements in reserve which share in the passive functions of the mechanic elements but are susceptible under certain circum stance of aiding in vegetal nutrition and owe this power or faculty to the pro ducts born of their own decomposition Detritus of animal or vgetable origin which cannot serve as plant food but as it changes its nature is an ea nple of this Another example is found in the rocks of the family of silicates feldspaths and feldspathic sands which belong to the list of mechanic elements as Ions as they preserve their integrity but when disinte grated and then decomposed by the combined action of cold heat and the carbonic acid and oxygen of the air increase the available potash lime and soluble silica of the soil and thereby add to its value If we make an artificial soit by the association of the three divisions of the ele ments above mentioned varying the proportions of the mechanical elements sand clay limestone and gravel from four to ten and even twenty per cent of the whole weight the degree of fertility will not be affected But on the contrary increase or diminish the onhundred thousandth part of the weight of nitrogen ammonia or the nirates or the ten thousandth part of the weight of potash or acid phosphate and a sudden charge is producedthe harvest w 11 be increased or diminished like the production of vapor in a steamer accord ing to the amount of combustible material burnt You will notice gentlemen here is no system no interest to be furthered noth ing but simple facts open to the whole world and carrying their own evidence It is useless however to remind you of these distinctions unlesi we insist aso on the means we used to prove them They have been eitirely experimental It was not by analysis of the soil hut by composing it entirely with pure substances that we established these distinctions and showd the contrasts existing between the me chanical and the assimilable elements of the soil The fist form that wonderfully compact yet mobile and permeable medium through which the most delicat roots ramify water penetrates easily and air cir u ates freelv carrying vivifyingand powerful affinities tr the greattst depths The second the assimilable elements have no influence on the physical proper ties of the soil but flourish the pant and regulate activity of growth I have already said the assimilable elements iu reserve are an first confused with the mechanical elements but later thev becomeassimiiaWeby the products of their decomposition By the light of these distinctions and the help of these tables which show them plainly it is easy to understand why chemistry when using the methods employed for industrial experiments has failed to define the agricultural value of a soil I give as example one of the greatest names of contemporary science Sir Hum phrey Davy to whom we owe the discovery of the alkal ne metals potasium and sodium for he was the first to isolate them by the use of the pile Starting with this idea it ws natural to suppose that soils belonging to different geological formations often possessed the same degree of fertility Davy thought that by comparing term for term the composition of different soils of equal agri cultural value but of different formations he would find certain agents in all that were the source and condition of their equal fertility261 commissioners report 188384 41 Six soils of different origin and all noted for their fertility were analyzed by Davy What was the remit The refutation of the idea which had inspired their learned author Look at the table where are collected the remits of these six analyses You find only contrasts and opposition Impossible to find the least analogy in the composition of the six soils which were I repeat of the same degree of fertility SOIL ANALYSIS BY SIR HUMPHREY DAVY as go s 03 Ja CD 0 SP a 0 03 t ORIGIN OF SOIL C cj a es 00 662 889 60 0 as y 00 52 16 128 8 3 O a 32 12 116 ta c 0 xi u 03 O 47 69 112 2S a 0 a O 07 07 07 cu 0 12 03 44 O ba go O cS 80 85 85 0 CO 3 3 30 05 05 05 d 3 co 8 47 03 03 go GO O 52 52 52 600 83 3 91 164 70 127 140 68 63 56 06 572 07 07 07 12 08 18 28 13 12 7 05 05 05 03 03 03 52 Valley of Teviot 52 5 Compare these six analyses term for term and you find the proportion of sand varies from 9 to 90 per cent that of soluble silica from 1 to 10 per ce nt the carbon ate of lime from 06 to 57 per cent etc Neither one of these soils resembles another All are different They however possessed as I before said the same agricultural value Chemical analysis is thus in entire discord with plants which you see speak quite a different language How explain this contradiction Nothing is easier It is only necessary to refer you to the classification of the elements of a fruitful soil which I gave in my ejperi ments where it was entirely artificial What did this table say That the mechanic elements have but a slight indirect influence on the fertility of the soilthat their function is eminently passivethat although very necessary they are in reality but a means of holding the food of the plants This being so how could Davys analysis explain the difficulty He took account only of the mechanic elements gravel sand clay and lime without inquiring either into the active assimilable elements which are the source of present production or the assimilable elements in reserve which are the safeguard of the future The silence of Davy on this point explains the failure of his attempt but this is not surprising In his day ihey had very imperfect ideas of vegetal composition or the agents of their production Here is however a new difficulty The chemists of our day know perfectly the elements needed for plant life and those whose presence or absence in the soil makes it either poor or fertile It appears then that the chemists of our day can do what Davy could not Still look through the analyses of soils published in the last ten years What have they taught us of value in agriculture Nothing practical ab solutely nothing This declaration on my part may surprise you but I can jus tify it42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 262 Here is a soil analyses bv a very eminent mining engineer MrRivot Both me chanical and assimilable elements are given ANALYSIS OF SOU NEAR CHALONS ON THE MAENE BY MB BIVOT Sand and gravel 42 25 Tine matters 52 20 Organic matter 180 Hygrometric water 270 Combined moisture 5 92 Carbonic acid 3320 Quartz sand 3 10 Clay 600 Attachable silica 3 10 Oxide of iron 2 00 Aluminum 015 Lime 4050 Magnesia traces Alkalies 038 Sulphuric acid 028 Phosphoric acid 012 Nitrogen and chlorinetraces Total 9975 This is certainly a complete analysis Nothing is omitted but it is not more useful than Sir Humphrey Davys The testimony of farmers is that it responds to none of their wants It is impossible to say from this with crtafnty what will be the crop of wheat or any other plant on such soil for how many years it might be cultivated without manure when the need of manure will be felt and what would be the best fertilizer to use Can you call an analysis practically useful which can not answer these questions To what strange conclusions we are forced I tell you that we know the nature of thl agents which render the soil fertile I have shown in my previous lectures that by the use of these agents we can grow as fine crops in burnt sand as in the most fertile alluvial soils and then I decare an analysis which shows these agents in the soil to be unable to enlighten us on the most important questions in agri culture What strange contradictions No gentlemen the contradiction is only seeming Imagine a soil containing sand under two different forms as feldspathic sand and silicate sand like the grey sand of Fontainebleau The silicate sand is pure silica the feldspathic sand on the contrary is a silicate mixed with potash soda lime magnesia and iron As long as this sand is in its first formation ii is useless as plant food from the combination of its bases But let a chemist attack it with his re actives decomposing it and separating all the elements of the feldspathic sand isolating them and attributing to them a degree of utility which in reality they do not possess in an agricultural point of view what have we gained Phosphoric acid also exists in three different forms as phosphate of lime phos phate of alumni and phosphate of peroxyde of iron Very efficacious as phosphate of lime it is much less so if it has really an appreciable action when in combina tion with iron and aluminum Of what value to know that a soil contains phosphoric acid potash nitrogen etc if the active and neutral parts are mixed in a heterogeneous mass 263 commissioners report 188384 43 Although true in indications chemical analysis of the soil is a dead letter in re gard to the wants of plants as long as the roots do not use either the acids or alka lies nor any of the means of attack which chemists employ My conclusion is then formulated as follows Chemistry is powerless to enlighten us as to the agricultural qualities of the soil either in its resources or its wants because its indications mix together both the active assimilable elements and as similable elements in reserve the active parts and the inert or neutral parts But I carry my demonstration further ail to have more freedom in criticism use as example an analysis of my own from soil on the Experimental Farmat Vincennes What did this analysis say That the available quantity of phosphoric acid per acre was1734 pounds The quantity of potash2209 pounds And the lime 39345 pounds Are these results certain Perfectly certain and cannot be denied Here then it a soil liberally provided with the three minerals essential to vegetation neverthes less cultivate this land in wheat for four consecutive years giving it only nitrogen and sulphate of ammonia without addition of potash or phosphate The fourth year the crops that were originally fine were reduced to almost nothing yet the four crops of wheat had only taken away 70 pounds acid phosphate 114 pounds potash 64 pounds lime Where the analysis showed 1734 pounds acid phosphate 2209 pounds potash 39345 pounds lime The plant declares a soil poor which the analysis proved to be rich Why this contradiction Because the plant knows only the elements it can make use of while the analysis shows those parts of the same agents which are engaged in combinations from which the plants cannot extract them But it may be said Why not imitate the processes of nature Why not treat the soil with water alone so as to place it in the same condition that the plantsdo The idea seems excellent and the method founded on washing the soil with water a perfect method It is not however a few figures show its inadequacy It like the first method is condemned by vegetation Treating the earth with chlorohy dric acid we find 1734 pounds phosphoric acid per acre treating it with water alone we find but 27 pounds phosphoric acid and 184 pounds of potash instead of 2209 pounds Now if this same soil is cultivated for four consecutive years in beets you find 148 pounds phosphoric acid and 324 pounds of potash Why this new contradiction Because water used in a large mass for irrigation acts quite differently from water in small quantities acting by absorption through the roots of the plants In the first case the effect obtained is entirely due to the dissolvent action of the water while in the second case three new influences are brought into action The air which penetrates the interstices of the soil and operates by slow combustion carbonic acid produced by decomposition of organic matter whose affinities realize the conditions of attack and dissolution which water alone could not produce and finally the breathing of the roots which is equal to irrigation under pressure The small quantity of phosphoric acid and potash found in the water used in irrigating is a proof of this44 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA L264 But more than this make two parallel experiments sow wheat in soil that is irrigated and the same soil without irrigation the crop will be better in the first Here is anew contradiction In showing the inadequacy of acual analyses you will think and believe them entirely useless and deny by anticipation the possi bility of eyer arriving at satisfactory results Nothing is farther from my thoughts I wish simply to show things as they are to warn you aganst hopes which will lead to deception and prove that in the present state of affairs analysis cannot en lighten you upon the most vital and essential question of practical agriculture But if chemical analysis fails what shall we do Question the plants themselves use them both as guides and chemical reactives What did I tell you in our last meeting That we can bring the poorest sand to the highest degree of fertility by the addi tion of these four substances phosphoric acid lime potash and nitrogen We also find that although these four substances are always efficacious they only show their full activity when the four are associated and reunited that as soon as one was suppressed the other became so inert as to lose almost the greatest part of their activity We have also said that these four bodies have not the same effect on all plants that nitrogenous matter is most efficacious for the cereals rape an 1 the beet phos phoric acid for corn sugar cane and the turnip potash for the legumes and the potato If you realize these three fundamental propositions you will understand by what natural deductions we can found a method of practical analysis easily accessible to all Suppose we experiment on the same soil with five different fertilizers first the fertilizer composed of the four terms which you know and to which we have given the name of complete fertilizer and parallel with this four fertilizers composed of only three terms from which we exclude by turns one after the other nitrogen ous matter potash lime and phosphoric acid making the following series Complete fertilizer Fertilizer without Nitrogen Fertilizer without Phosphate Fertilizer without Potish Fertilizer without Lime Soil without any fertilize What does the plant say in this case That the compete fertilizer produced fiftysix bushels the fertilizer without nitrogen only eighteen bushels the fertili zer without phosphates twentyfour bushels the fertilizer without potash forty bushels that without lime fiftythree bushels and the soil without fertilizer only fifteen bushels The conclusion is evident and forced the soil is entirely wanting in nitrogen supplied with lime but not well provided with potash and phosphate of lime Now what analysis can you find perfect enough to give you such delicate and definite results So according as the crops grown with the incomplete fertilizers differ from or resemble those grown with the complete fertilizer we know the soil is wanting in the element excluded from the fertilizer To be more precise we collect in a table the crops from the experimental farm Crops per Acre Complete fertilizer59 bushels Fertilizer without lime53 bushels26S commissioners report 188384 45 a Crops per Acre Fertilizer without potash bushels Fertilizer without phosphate 24 bushels Fertilizer without nitrogen 18 busneIg Soil without fertilizerUi bushel8 I therefore repeat the element wanting at Vinoennes was nitrogen But this is not all There are two pans to every soil the surface soil and the subsoil the su perficial and the deeper layers Do these two layers possess the same degree of fer tility This is a very important question to be determined How shall we do it It is very easy Instead of planting wheat take a tap root like the beet which penetrates to a great depth experiment with it in the same manner and you will have as concise and perfect indications as from the wheat only this time it will be from the subBoil instead of the surface soil And what have we Crops per Acre Complete fertilizer49000 pounds beets Fertilizer without lime45000 pounds beets Femhzer without potash39000 pound8 beem Fertilizer without phosphate35j0oo pounds beets Fertilizer without nitrogen34r000 pounds beets Soil without fertilizer20000 pounds beets Indications from the Irish potato are not less exact or instructive 1 Crop per acre Complete fertilizer t 27 S30 Fertilizer without lime 22S31 Fertilizer without phosphate 17532 Fertilizer without nitrogen ifisTT Fertilizer without potash 10289 Soil without fertilizer ra t jOitO What does the Irish potato say That the soil of Vineennes contains but very small quautities of potash and nitrogen and if it shows potash particularly want ing it is becaue this is the dominant of the potato that is the element which most affects the crop The testimony of these two plants is not opposed to each other on the contrary they complete each other and you see how the superior action of the dominant helps toward the analysis of the soils To have a correct idea of the true fertility of the soil at Vineennes we must com pare the two crops of wheat and potatoes What does the series with wheat say That the quantities of nitrogen and potash are equally limited and the series with the potato stregthens and confirms this double testimony only the crop of potatoes without potash is proportionately feebler than the wheat because potash is the dominant of the potato and only a subordinate element for wheat This is a perfect system of experimenting and one whose teachings are entirely practical and of immediate application What other system of investigation could furnish like indications With an ex perimental field we can always find out what elements the soil contains that will be useful to our crops as well as those in which the land is wanting In this way we know positively the nature of the fertilizer most profitable to be used But you ask is this a delicate and sensitive method Is it possible that a46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 266 plant can tell all the variations in the composition of a soil No question is easier to answer The quantity of soil spread over the surface of an acre is 3910000 pounds Well with 200 pounds of sulphate of ammonia containing 40 pounds of nitrogen that is with the one hundred thousandth part of total weight of the soil we can increase the yield of wheat from seventeen to twentyone bushels of grain and the weight of straw from three to four thousand pounds per hundred pounds of nitre containing about ninetyfour pounds of potash is sufficient to increase the yield of the Irish potato from 10000 to 28000 pounds a difference of 18000 pounds The effect of phosphate of lime on sugarcane is equally striking If the fertilizer contains 586 pounds of acid phosphate we have 78222 pounds of stripped cane per acre if only 391 pounds of phosphates we get but 39111 pounds of cane What scientific method is equal to this in accuracy delicacy or usefulness Having proved the value of an experimental field we will show how one ought to be made They vary according to circumstances If the farm is large a piece of ground should be chosen representing the average fertility of the whole and the experimental field divided into six plats each thirty yards square including the following combinations No 1 Barnyard manure 58666 pounds per acre No 2 Barnyard manure 29333 pounds per acre No 3 Intense complete fertilizer No 4 Complete fertilizer No 5 Fertilizer without nitrogen No 6 Fertilizer without phosphate of lime No 7 Fertilizer without potash No 8 Fertilizer without lime No 9 Fertilizer without minerals No 10 Soil without fertilizer Here is a system which responds 1o all the needs of a regular farm Thanks to this series of cultures one can methodically follow the exhaustion of the soil Like a sentinel in advance the experimental field shows with certainty the precise time when the soil should receive such and such fertilizer whether nitrogenous matter potash phosphate of lime etc But you willsay in every farm there are different soils The objection is correct and we answer it The experimental field we speak of will not answer alone for a large farm each field must have a small experimental plat of divided into four plats on which only four fertilizers are used com plete fertilzer mineral fertiizer nitrogenous fertilizer and the fourth plat with out fertilizer By multiplying experiments with these four combinations of fer tilizers we arrive at fixed ideas as to what the soil needs The first mentioned experimental field will from its size and the number and variety of experiments be a guide for the whole farm When one isonce familiarized with this mode of investigation every plant grown gives information concerning the condition of the soil in regard to fertility or exhaustion Here are some examples On two contiguous plats of the same size sow peas and wheat without any fertilizer This little experiment if rightly understood will show whether the soil is provided with nitrogen and minerals What did we say in our first conference That nitrogenous matter was the dominant of wheat end that this matter had very little if any effect on peas whose dominant was pot ash In this way a small experiment becomes of great importance If the two squares of wheat and peas are equally fine we know the soil containsC267 commissioners report 188384 47 both mineral and nitrogenous matter If on the contrary the wheat is inferior and yellow while the peas are vigorous we know the soil is wanting in nitrogenous matter and well supplied with miuerals particularly with potash Let us extend our observations Lucerne has roots which penetrate the subsoil to a great depth where it ans tae minerals wnich it requires Now if the lucerne is fine while the peas are poor what shall we understaud That the surface soil is wanting in potash and phosphate while the subsoil is supplied with them If the two plants succeed equally well we know both surface and subsoil are provided with minerals You see gentlemen by starting from the exact and certain premises deduced from experiments in burnt sand with pure substance avoiding ah unknown agents we end by gaining essentially practical ideas to answer the important questions What are the useful agents the soil contains In what agents is the soil wanting The more extended and complete my studies and the longer my intercourse with the agricultural world the more convinced I am of the value of the experimental plat or field as a means of giving every farmer a cheap and pract cal analysis of his soil To those who are already convinced it is a neverfailing guide and to those who are doubtful it triumphs over the most systematic objections If gentlemen you will listen to me mutiply your experimental plats which the Italians rigmly call proof plats All our colleges primary schools and agii cultural establishments ol any kind even our societies ougat to have them Three or foursquares au feet each are amply sufficient for primary schools and for them 1 advise parallel and alternate culture of Irish potaoes and wheat The fields belonging to the agricultural societies should serve as guides for all the country around tnem Four paralel cultures of wheat beets Irish potatoes and peas would show in a striking manner the necessity ot varying the composition of the complete fertilizer for each of these plants not only as to the number of substances contained but the relative proportions of each and the value of understanding the dominant of each plant Besides the instruction gained from a field like this which speaks both to the eyes and the brain as each one can judge for himself what he tees it is valuable for showing what plants are best suited to the natural soil and climate of the sur rounding country An experimental field of this importance would awaken the curiosity of the neighboring population excite them to similar experiments and naturally draw forth useful comparisons between the expeiimental field of the agricultural society and their own plats The farmer will wish to be certain he is up with the experiments of the society ai d the discussions thus induced will result in spreading new ideas through ail classes of the people In 1869 Mr Durny then minister of public instruction a man of progressive ideas and devoted to the public good had the happy thought of spreading the view I have just explained to you among the children of the public schools He left me ree to carry the project into execution Believing it much more essential in educating fora farmer to give a child positive ideas as to the agents and causes which regulate vegetal activity than simply to teadi him the use of tools my plan was quite simple I determined to impress three facts upon the childrens minds In the first place prove to them practically that with a very small qua tity of a certain pjwder they could grow better crops48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 268 than with a large mass of manure In the second place that the suppression of one of the four substances composing this powder was sufficient to greatly reduce the good effects of the three others It occurred to me that if the childrens minds were imbued with these ideas there would be lasting results to them for they would with their own hands handle both the fertilizer and the crops from it and though they had but a vague idea of the nature of phosphate of lime potash and nitrogen they would not forget the experiment and would always remember that they had seen and helped to grow crops with something that was not barnyard manure and that in tne compoition of this powder there were substances whose actiou possessed a variable degree of importance according to the nature of the plant to which it was applied Imagine gentlemen an experimental plat attached to the village school where the children see hemp growing six feet tall and right along side this in the same soil the same plant only tall What could have a more durable and lasting effect on the mind of a child Butyou say perhaps this is only imagination Are there experimental fields that produce such results The answer is easy Cast your eye upon these two tables you rind there the product of 900 experimental fields classed by departments which show the results from Mr Durnys experiment These tables relate to two different cultures the beet and the Irish potato With 57555 pounas of barnyard manure the beet produced only 37337 pounds of beets per acre with 1173 pounds of chemical fertilizer the return was 42988 pounds while the soil without any fertilizer produced only 23795 pounds This series certainly needs no commentary Per Acre Chemical fertilizer42988 pounds Barnyard manure37337 pounds Soil without fertilizer23795 pounds We then experimented also with a mineral fertilizer without nitrogen composed of phosphate of lime potash and lime the crop was but 32891 pounds With nitrogeneous matter alone the crop was kept at 37279 pounds mixing min erals with nitrogen it went up to 42988 pounds We were able to show the following facts to several thousand children scattered over three hundred and fifty different points 111 France viz The possibility of grow ing more abundant crops with chemical fertilizer than with barnyard manure the necessity of following the teachings of science in the use of these new substances and that a slight modification of their composition was sufficient to produce a marked difference in their effect The experiments with the Irish potato were not less significant although late in the season and during exceptional drouth This time there were 564 experimental fields What did they say With barnyard manure 15151 pounds With chemical fertilizer 10099 pounds On soil without fertilizer10 755 pounds Do you think it would be possible to diffuse more useful ideas than these through the country Do you believe that a child who has seen and followed such experiments as these will forget them when he becomes a man and has to battle for himself with the realities of life Do you believe such teaching will remain a dead language You see by this example what advantages may be drawn from an experimental field whether for analyzing the soil on a large scale or for explaining the laws of269 commissioners report 188384 49 vegetation and the practical conditions of successful cultivation to the laboring classes This method of teaching in the primary schools would have become the basis of instruction for all the agricultural schools in the country but for the changes of government in 1870 In thirtyfour farm schools 45444 pounds of barnyard manure produced 37752 pounds of beets per acre 1173 pounds of chemical fertilizer 39313 pounds while the soil without fertilizer yielded only 23466 pounds The results at Grigon were the same very large quantities of barnyard manure gave 61600 pounds of beets per acre while the chemical fertilizer gave 64533 pounds This method of analysis is capable of even more extended application with it we can read the soil of distant countries Mesc rs Lawes and Gilbert in England have conducted experim 511 ts on a large scale similar to those pursued at Vincennes There is a similarity on certain points between the crops grown by these entle men and hose grown here and a contrast on other points The returns are the same with the complete fertilizer both in Rothamstead and Vincennes the mineral fertilizer is superior at Vincennes while nitrogenous fer tilizer is most efficacious at Rothamstead The conclusion to be drawn from this comparison is thatthesoil of Rothamstead is better supplied with minerals than that of Vincennes and the latter had in the beginning more nitrogenI say in the beginning because now it has less than at Rothamstead You see gentlemen how by comparing results obtained from using the same fertilizer we can define the analogies and contrasts existing between soils of very different origin There are cases in scientific investigation where no other method will solve the problem If I say that I can prove to you 1 hat the air composing our atmosphere was quite different at first from what it is now that it then contained more carbonic acid nitrogen and ammonia you will think I have made a bold assertion and will asir on what principles I found my demonstration You know gentlemen that coal originated in past ages from a vegetation belong ing to the grand family of vascular cryptogams Now we know from the fossil remains of this vegetation that it had immense leaves and a small taproot This contrast between two equally essential organs of the same plant shows that the greater part of its food was drawn from the air and but little from ihe soil They grew to colossal dimensions The plants of our day of similar organization belong to the humbleclass of lycopods hardly three feet high To produce such a change in size of vegetation there must have been a corre sponding change in the nature of the surroundings and the atmosphere which de veloped calamites and lepidodendrons cannot be the same as now grows the lyco podium What could have been these surroundings Principally an atmosphere charged with carbonic acid and ammonia Place a large leaved plant a caladium for instance grown in burnt sand in a similar atmosphere and it will suddenly be enormously developed the leaves will spread over six feet the activity of development will surpass anything you see around you and you will feel as if assisting at the birth of a new world Now have you not a right to conclude an identity of cause from a similarity of effect In the first epoch of the world the earth was formed of mineral elements there was no detritus as we have now Now since it is possible in such a soil to give 50 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 270 vegetation an enormous activity by infusing some traces of ammonia in the air it follows that the atmosphere in the first ages must have contained a nitrogenous composition which has since disappeared But this is not all We know that the disposition of a people and the changes of their history is influenced by the mate rial conditions in which they live Primitive soils are decidedly unfavorable to the full development of life and 01 the moral and intellectual faculties Races degenerate on such soils and if excess of heat and moisture are added to the unfavorable effects of soil they become de graded Soils covered by water at the diluvian period are greatly superior to the above But the most favorable to present life are the alluvial soils of recent formation the alluvial soils of this period The observation of the historian has added other factsfor example that the re gion where mans intelligence has attained the highest development are in the zones where the cereals are cultivated and among the cereals there is a difference between wheat barley and rye in their effect on the organization of the population This idea gives a new light to history and is susceptible of practical application as soon as formulated in precise terms Experimental fields by showing the true agricultural value of the soil will allow of this I give an example now under our own eyes Half the lands in the Department of Avignon are composed of schist gneiss and micaschist The other half is of Jurassic formation These two lands are mark edly opposite in structure We will call the first rye land and the second lime land The inhabitants of the rye land are poor thin angular and small rather ugly the animals proportionately small The inhabitants of the lime land are large full in figure and fine looking Ask a chemist to analyze the two soils and tell you how to better them He can not answer you by the use of a chemical apparatus A few little experimental fields will soon show that the rye land is wanting in nitrogen and phosphate and the lime land in potash and nitrogen Follow these indications use nitrogen phosphate potash and lime and suddenly you will see the growth of rye restricted while barley will yield well soon to be followed by wheat When only barnyard manure is used in cultivation this succession of cul tures is not possible the manure cannot go beyond its origin if the soil that pro duced it is wanting in phosphate it is also wanting in phosphate The rye land will always remain rye land and the inhabitants small in stature his faculties will be under the yoke of a power he cannot throw off But by the help of science he can throw it off Masterof the conditions ruling plant life man can change those which oppress him and turn the course of his destiny by modifying the organization of the olants and animals on which he feeds By giving nitrogen and phosphate to the soil wanting in nitrogen and phosphate he can live on wheat instead of rye By con tinuing this course for three or four generations he will rise in the biological scale his orgamzationill be more perfect his faculties extended and this conquest over the native inferiority of the race he will owe entirely to the teachings of science aud the energetic persverance of his own will You see gentlemen when we raise a corner of the veil which still hides from us the laws regulating life we are dazzled There was formerly an impenetrable bar rier between man and nature we instinctively feel nay morewe assert that this barrier must give way By penetrating into the effects of life man becomes mas271 commissioners report 188384 51 ter of the growth of life as he has mastered steam electricity and the winds By making use of them he reacts upon the conditions of his own life and equalizes them Soccieties or nations are vast arenas where two powerful elementsdeath and lifeare eternally at war Increase the productiveness of the soil the conditions of life are bettered and population increases Disregard the laws of restitution exhaust the soil the pop ulation diminishes and death overcomes life Unfortunate is the people to whom these laws are unknown Now let us examine in detail the testimony given us by the experimental field The first lesson is that witli the four fundamental elements which you know w e can grow a maximum crop second by varying the proportion of nitrogen for wheat hemp and the beet we can grade these crops third while nitrogen is so ef ficacious for wheat hemp and the beet the Irish potato and the pea require the mineral elements To discern the full benefit of an experimental field you ought to visit it at differ ent seasons so as to follow the progress of a plantfrom the germination of thegrain to the full maturity of the crop You have before you then at the same time a proof of the efficacy of the chemi cal fertilizer for all crops the inequalities produced by the suppression of such and such elements and the value and profit of a judicious and intelligent applica tion of the dominant of a plant Learn nature from facts see judge for yourselves and draw your own conclu sionsAPPENDIX B LIST OP COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES ETC IN THE SEVERAL STATES The following list of the names of the several Fish Commissioners was prepared with great care and labor by Superintendent Dr H H Gary and was submitted in his report which appears in the body of this publication but is here inserted as a part of the Appendix Superintendent Gary acknowledges with gratitude the aid derived from the Bulletin of Hon S F Baird and from the issue of the Forest and Stream for Oct 1 1884 in preparing this list List of Fish Commissioners With the Annual Appropriations UNITED STATESSPENCER P BAIRD COMMISSIONER OP PISH AND FISHERIES WASHINGTON D C AlabamaCommissioners first appointed 1881Chas S G Doster Prattsville Ala D B Hundley Mooresville Ala Arizona 250Commissioners first appointed in April 1881John T Gosper Prescott Ariz Richard Rule Tombstone Ariz J H Taggart Yuma Ariz ArkansasCommissioners first appointed Jany 25 1876J H Hornibrook Lit tle Rock Ark H H Rattaken Little Rock Ark California 5000Commissioners first appointed April 25 1870A B Dibble Grass Valley Cal B H Buckmham Washington Cal J D Redding San Fran cisco Cal Colorado 3250Commissioners first appointed Feb 9 1877W E Sisty Idaho Springs B V Bogart Superintendent of Hatchery Connecticut 5000Commissioners first appointed Sept 11 1866Wm M Hudson Hartford Conn R G Pike Middletown Conn J A Bill Lyme Delaware 150Commissioner first appointed April 23 1881Enoch Moore Jr Wilmington Del Georgia 500Commissioner of Agriculture by Legislative act 1876Hon J T Henderson Atlanta Ga Dr H H Cary LaGrange Ga Superintendent Illinois 2500Commissioners first appointed May 20 1875N K Fairbank Chicago 111 S P Bartlett Quincy 111 S P McDole Aurora 111 Indiana 1000Commissioner first appointed Sept 1881Calvin Fletcher Spen cer Ind Iowa 37K3Commissioners first appointed March 30 1874A W Aldrich Anamosa Iowa A A Mosher Spirit Lake Iowa Kansas 1000Commissioner first appointed March 10 1877W S Gile Venan go Kans Kentucky 2500Commissioners first appointed March 22 1876J B Walker Madisonville Ky C J Walton Munfordville Ky Jno A Steele Versailles Ky W C Price Danville Ky John H Mallory Bowling Green Ky W Van Antwerp Mount Sterling Ky J M Chambers Independence Ky A H Goble Catlets burgh Ky P H Darbey Princeton Ky Wm Griffith Louisville Ky Maine 5000Commissioners first appointed Jan 1 1867H O Stanley Dix field Me E M Stilwell Bangor Me Maryland 10000Commissioners appointel April 1874Dr E W Humphries Salisbury Md Geo W Delawder Oakland Md Massachusetts 5000Commissioners first appointed May 3 1865E A Brack ets Winchester Mass E H Lathrop Springfield Mass F W Putnam Cam bridge Mass Michigan 7500Commissioners first appointed April 25 1873Dr J C Parker Grand Rapids Mich President John W Bissell Detroit Mich Herschel Whit aker Detroit Mich273 commissioners report 188384 53 Minnesota 5000Commissioners first appointe in May 1874Daniel Cameron La Crescent Minn 1st District W N Sweney MD Red Wing Minn 2d Dis trict R 0 Sweeny Saint Paul Minn 3d District Missouri 3500Commissioners first appointed Aug 2 1877J G W Steed man MD Saint Louis Mo Col John Reid Lexington Mo Dr John S Logan Saint Joseph Mo Nebraska 3700Commissioners first appointed June 2 1879W L May Fre mont Neb R L Livingston Plattsmoutb Neb B E B Kennedy OmahaNeb Nevada 1000Commissioner first appointed in 1877Hubb G Parker Carson City Nev New HampshireCommissioners first appointed Aug 30 1866Geo W Riddle Manchester N H Luther Hayes Milton N H E B Hodge Plymouth N H Superintendent New JerseyCommissioners first appointed March 29 1870P M Word New ton N J R S Jenkins Camden N J Wm Wright Newark N J New York 15000Commissioners first appointed April 22 1868R S Roose velt New York N Y W H Bowman Rochester N Y R U Sherman New Hartford N Y E G Blackford New York N Y Seth Green Rochester N Y Supt Fred Mather New York N Y Supt North Carolina 8012Commissioner of Agriculture by Legislative act April 12 1877Hon Montford McGehee Comrof Agr Raleigh S G Worth Supt of Fisheries Raleigh Ohio 5000Commissioners first appointed May 3 1873Col S H Harris Cin cinnati O C W Bond Toledo O George Daniel Sandusky O OregonCommissioner first appointed April 1879A B Ferguson Astoria Ore gon Pennsylvania 7500Commissioners first appointed April 15 1866John Gay President Greensburgh Pa James Duffy Treasurer Marietta Pa H H Derr Secretary Wilkesbarre Pa A M Spanger Philadelphia Pa Arthur McGinnis Swiftwater Pa Aug Duncan Chambersburg Pa Rhode IslandCommissioners first appointed in 1868J H Barden Rockland R I H T Root Providence R I Col Amos Sherman Woonsocket R I South Carolina 2286Superintendent Fisheries first appointed Dec 23 1878 A P Butler Columbia S C C J Huske Columbia S C Supt TennesseeCommissioners first appointed Jan 141877W W McDowell Mem phis Tenn H H Sneed Chattanooga Tenn Edward Hicks Nashville Tenn Texas 5000Commissioner first appointed Sept 26 1879J T Lubbock Aus tin Tex Utah 850Action regarding fish culture dates from 1871 Vermont 1000Commissioners first appointed in 1865H A Cutting Lunen burg Vt Herbert Brainard Saint Albans Vt Virginia 2500Commissioner first appointed in April 1874 Marshal McDon ald Berryville Va WashingtonCommissioner first appointed Nov 9 1877A T Stream North Cove Washington West Virginia 500Commissioners first appointed June 1 1877Henry B Mil ler Wheeling C S White Romney N M Lowry Hinton W Va Wisconsin 7000Commissioners first appointed March 20 1874The Gover epnor exofficio Philo Dunning Madison Wss C L Valentine Janesville Wis J V Jones Oshkosh Wis John V Antisdel Milwaukee Wis Mark Douglass Melrose Wis C Hutchinson Beetown Wis Wyoming 750Commissioners first appointed Dec 13 1879Dr M C Barkwell Cheyenne Wyo Otto GramurLaramieCity VVyo E W Bennett Warm Springs Wyo P J Downs Evanstree Wyo T W Quinn Lander Wyo WWAn drews Buffalo Wy Dakota Florida Idaho Louisiana Mississippi Montana and New Mexico have not as yet had any fish commissioners INSPECTOES OF THE FISHERIES OF THE BRITISH PROVINCES CanadaW F Whitcher Ottawa Ont S Wilmot Supt New Castle Ont New BrunswickW H Venning St Johns N B Nova ScotiaW H Rogers Amherst N S Prince Edwards IslandJ H Deevar Alberton P E I British ColumbiaAlex C Anderson Victoria B CINDEX A Asst Commissioner4 Acid Phosphates9 10 11 Ammoniated Fertilizer 11 Ammonium Citratel9 Augusta Dam at33 Appendix39 B Butler Troup3 Boyce Ker34 Brands Number of12 Brown Jas E 23 Baird Hon S PZVZZh3637 Brook Trout37 c Commissioners Clerk3 4 Commissioner 4 Commissioner AsstA Chemist State 4 Cary H H i Convention of Agricultural Chemists 18 Colquitt Alfred HZZ2 Carp German 33 34 Carp Time of HatchingII36 California Salmon36 Conclusion In38 Crop Reports 38 Complete Fertilizer44 D DeWolf W S 3 4 Distribution of Seeds21 22 23 Draining Carp Ponds34 35J 36 E Editing Clerk4 Experiment Station 17 26 27 2829 Euchoena Luxurians22 Edible Qualities of Carp34 F Fertilizer Clerk4 Fisheries 29 Fisheries Superintendent of4 Fisheries Superintendents Report29to Fertilizers Statistics of8 9 10 Fees Inspections12 13 Fish Waysi30 31275 commissioners report G 188384 55 4 4 5 6 33 34 H Howard T C3 4 Howell W H 3 Harden W P3 Hawkins S3 Henderson J T4 Henderson W B4 HaudBook of Georgia25 Howard Miss E L25 I Inspectors of Fertilizers4 Inspectors at Savannah4 Augusta4 Brunswick4 Macon4 Columbus4 Atlanta4 Inspection and Analysis of Fertilizers4 to 17 Inspection Laws of Georgia5 Inspection of Oils21 L Little Dr Geo3 4 Livingston L W3 4 Lawton J S4 M McCutchin A R3 4 Millo Maize22 Manual on Poultry 24 Manual of Sheephusbandry25 McDonald Hatching Jar32 McDonald Fishway30 31 N Newman J S3 4 o Organization3 Oils Inspection of21 Overflows of Ponds36 P Pate John H4 Phosphoric Acid Determination of18 19 20 Publications2456 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 276 R Redding R J Rogers 0 T4 Receipts of Pees for Inspecrions ZZZZZZZ12 s Superintendent of Fisheries 4 Statistics of Fertilizers 6 State Chemists Reports Vq 1 Seeds Distribution of A 3 SheepHusbandry Manual of shadf Shad in Ocmulgee River at Macon 09 Shad in Chattahoochee Columbus 09 South Carolina Fish Commission of iita Salmon California i6 State Agricultural Society 2 Soil Analysis by Plants q Soil Analysis by Sir H Davy41 T Thomas E L Tags Costof Teosinte Trout BrookrjrZZZZZZZZ37 U Department of Agriculture U S 9 United States Fish CommissionZZ39 V Ville GeorgeK9 w White H C 1n Washington Method Weather Observers 0 00Special Circular No 43 New Series QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT OF CROPS ETC IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA FOR THE YEAR 1884 RETURNABLE TO THE DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Deo 1st 1884 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Nov 15 1881 Dear SirPlease answer the following questions and return to this office between this and December 1st proximo Let the answers apply to the whole county for which you report not simply to your own farm and neighborhood BgL New correspondents are informed that the crop or standard with which comparisons are made is always 100 so 10 per cent better or greater or more would be indicated by 110 10 per cent less by 90 etc Please answer promptly so that your reply may reach this office by the third day of December or as soon thereafter as practicable If it arrives later than the 5th of December it cannot be used in the consolidation and hence will be valueless Correspondents are earnestly requested to use special care in the preparation of their answers in this report The estimates of actual yield should be made with great care after diligent inquiry Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture I For what county do you report County I Your name III Postoffice Y Will you serve as reporter next year 2 DEPARTiWENT OF AGRICULTUREGEROGIA 278 1 Give the product the present year of the following crops in your countv in comparison with an average crop 1 Cotton Per cent 2 Corn Per cent 3 WheatPercent 4 OatsPercent 5 Sugar CanePer cent 6 SorghumPer cent 7 RicePer cent 8 Sweet Potatoes 9 Field Peas Per cent Per cent 10 Ground PeasPercent 11 Clover HayPer cent 12 Other hay give namePer cent Give the average yield per acre for tlif1 present year in your county of 13 Cotton lbs lint 14 CornBushels 15 Wheat Bushels 16 Oats Bushels 17 Sugar Cane Bushels 13 SorghumBushels 19 RiceBushels rough 20 Sweet Potatoes Bushels 21 Field Peas Bushels 22 Ground PeasBushels 23 Clover hayTons cured 24 Other hay give nameTons cured279 QUESTIONS FOR CROP REPORT Give the average price December 1st of 25 Cotton per pound Cent 26 Corn per bushelCents 27 Wheat per bushelCents 28 Oats per bushelCents 29 Sugar Cane Syrup per gallon Cents 30 Sorghum Syrup per gallonCents 31 Rough Rice per bushel Cents S2 Sweet Potatoes per bushelCents 33 Hay per ton8 What is the average yield per acre in your county one year with another for a period of 10 years of the following crops This is desired as a basis for comparison in the future and should be answered with great care 34 Cotton 35 Coru 36 Wheat 37 Oats 38 Sugar Cane Syrup lbs lint Bushels Bushels Bushels Gallons 39 Sorghum SyrupGallons 40 RiceBnshels rough 41 Sweet Potatoes Bushels 42 Clover HayTons cured 41 Other hay give nameTon cured MIS C E JL L ANEOUS 44 Acreage sown in wheat this fall compared to last year 43 Acreage in fill oats compared to last year Per cent Per cent4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 280 46 Amount of homeraised pork produced compared to last yearPer cent 47 No of stock hogs all sizes compared to last yearPercent 48 Per cent of a full farm supply of pork produced Per cent 49 Number of sheep compared with last year Percent 50 Condition of farmers in yuur county compared to last year Percent 51 What is the indebtedness of farmers compared to last year Per cent 52 Price of farm lands compared to this time last year Percent 53 Sive amount of farm supplies purchased in comparison with last yearPer cent 54 Give the average cash price per lb for bacon in your county this year Cents 55 Average time price for bacon payable November 1st Cents 56 Give the average cash price paid for corn per bushel in your county this yearCents 57 Average time price for corn payable November 1st 58 Give the date of the first killing frost 58 What diseases if any have prevailed among stock this year 60 Eepori other facts of interest to the farmers of Georgia especially new crops of value or new methods of fertilizing crops valuable remedies for diseases of stock etc etc 61 Give results of experiments with seeds furnished you by this Department Answers to these questions may be written on a separate sheet and enclosed81 Summary of meteorological observations compiled from reports of volun tary State observers for October 1884 by L H Oharbonnler State Meteor ologist NORTH GEORGIA COUNTY OBSERVERS NAME Tempera ure Rnfall STATIONS 6 a H 1 B a a i d at tv a 00 a to OS P o9 si oca 94 94 94 90 94 84 93 28 30 31 30 28 27 33 680 675 697 67t 611 700 670 077 093 040 070 078 636 4 Whitfleld Hall Prof C B LaHatte S s s Rabun Gap Rome Dahlonega Lumpkin Floyd 5 Edward Sitton K S Norton Prof B P Gaillard 4 q Cherokee Walker 1 917 2a 6 758 0 6i MIDDLE GEORGIA Atlanta Fulton Troup Dr H H Cary 91 94 95 88 76 84 94 33 35 87 33 48 40 30 676 700 720 680 635 086 070 010 005 125 3 o 1 T W Bryan Prof D H Hill Jr Dr G W H McWhorter 1 Ellerslie Washington 3 659 6711 010 051 1 8 888 365 677 051 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Fort Valley Nashville Cnthbert 07 Sumter 94 36 73 1 W T Gaulden Randolph PulasKi Mnscogee H T Peeplea Prof B T Hunter 92 46 74 05 1 Means 93 41 73si 06 EAST GEORGIA W K Nelson Dr W B Jones Means 90 97 32 37 605 760 045 102 2 3 935 345 682 073 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Savannah Waithourville St Marys Glynn Chatham H A Kenrick E A McWhorter 91 96 94 87 48 44 42 50 720 709 71 685 20 203 085 170 4 3 1 6 92 46 706 164 082 Means for the State 918 414 711 The following Stations report frost Mossy Creek on the 16th 24th 25th Rabun Gap on the 16th 24th 25th 26th Atlanta on the 24th Rome on the 24th 25th Oxford on the 23d 24th Thomson on the 16th 23d 24th La Grange on the 16th 24th Sandersville on the 16th 24th Augusta on the 25th Amerieus on the 25th Walthouryille on the 24th 25th Athens on the 16th 24th NotbIn consequence of unavoidable delays in procuring instruments some of the observ ers have not yet received their full equipment and hence have been unable to report They will however receive the instruments as soon as they can be procuredCircular No 6i New Series j SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT II OF GEORGIA FOE THIE ZTElEl 1S84 SHOWING THE YIELD OF THE LEADING CEOPE OF THE STATE AS COMPARED TO THAT OF 1883 THE AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE AND OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST TO THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA J T HENDERSON COMMISSIONER ATLANTA GA Ja8 P Harrison Co State Printers 1885Circular No 6i New Series I SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 SHOWING THE YIELD OF THE LEADING CROPS OF THE STATE COMPARED TO THAT OF 1883 THE AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE AND OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST TO THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE December 1st 1884 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga January 10 1885 COTTON The yield in comparison with an average crop in North Georgia is 72 Middle Georgia 69 Southwest Georgia 79 East Georgia 76 South east Georgia 86 and in the whole State 76 The average yield per acre in North Georgia 150 pounds of lint cotton in Middle Georgia 168 in Southwest Georgia 129 in Eist Georgia 170 in Southeast Georgia 175 and the average Lr the State 158 The total production of the State taking the amount given in the last eensus as a basis and comparing the acreage and average yield per acre f the pressnt year with that of the census year is about 752000 bales The fall has been favorable for picking and the condition of the Hut is exceptionally good The average price per pound in North and Middle Georgia is 9 cents in Southwest Georgia 9 in East Georgia 9 in Sjutheast Georgia 9 and the average price for the State 9 cents CORN The yield compared to an average in North Georgia is 81 in Middle Georgia 86 Southwest Georgia 94 East Georgia 100 Southeast Geor gia 96 and for the State 91 The yield per acre in North Georgia is 14 bushels in Middle Georgia 10 in Southwest and East Georgia 9 and in Southeast Georgia 11 The average yield of the State is 106 bushels per acre The total yield of the State is estimated at 28 765700 bushels225 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 65 and the yield per acre 147 gallons The average price per gallon December 1st was 54 cents SorghumThe total yield compared to an average 81 and average yield per acre 71 gallons Price per gallon December 1st 44 cents RiceThe total yield compared to an average 82 yield of rough rice per acre 20 bushels Sweet PotatoesThe yield compared to an average74 average yield per acre 88 bushels and average price December 1st 51 cent HayThe average yield of clover is 2 tons and that of grasses 2 tons to the acre of cured hay and the average price December let 1587 per ton ACREAGE IN WHEAT AND OATS The acreage in wheat in North Georgia is 49 Middle Gairgia 83 South west Georgia 63 East Georgia 55 and the average for the State 60 The acreage reported is unusually small due in part to excessive dry ness of the fall season It is probable however that it will much exceed the amount here reported in most of the sections since miny of the cor respondents have probably reported the acreage seeded at the time the reports were forwarded about the first of December and not the probable area of the crop The acreage in fall oats in comparison with last year in N nth Georgia is 97 Middle Georgia 54 Southwest Georgia 61 Southeast Georgia 107 and in the whole State 80 STOCK The number of stockhogs compared to las year in North Georgia is 97 Middle Georgia 92 Southwest Georgia 104 East and Southeast Geor gia 9 and the average for the whole State 9S The number of sheep is reparted in North Georgia 95 Middle Georgia 91 Southwest Georgia 94 East Georgia 97 Southeast Georgia 87 and the whole State 93 Stock of all kinds are generally reported in healthy oondition M ir ain in cattle and cholera in hogs are mentioned in a few kealifrie3 PORK The amount of homeraised pork compared to last year in North Geor gia 94 Middle Georgia 96 Southwest Georgia 99 E tst Georgia 97 S juth east Georgia 107 and the whole State 99 The per ceatage of fall farm supply of pork produced in these sections are 40 50 52 49 and 83 and the average per eentin the State 66C2 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 EXPERIMENT WITH SEED Some of the varieties of field and garden seeds distributed from this Department as will be seen by reference to Notes of Correspondents have met with general favor and will most likely prove valuable addi tions to our cultivated varieties I desire here to suggest to the corre spondents of the Department the importance of making tests to deter mine the merits of new varieties in comparison with the kinds in common cultivation This experiment may be inexpensively made by planting a Bingle row of any new seed side by side with the common varieties mak ing the conditions as far as practicable in all respects the same The date of blooming and of the maturity of each kind with any other con ditions relating to the growth or character of each carefully noted and the crops separately gathered and weighed Experiments of this kind conducted with care would give reliable data for comparing varieties now in cultivation with new ones introduced and I will be glad to pub lish any number of such experiments for the benefit of all It is proper to suggest that varieties of the same species are subject to bjbridize when planted in close proximity and the seeds from such ex perimental plats should not be kept for future planting when the purity of the varieties is of importance MB kaban 75 T 8 35 105 105 85 90 08 100 75 100 85 90 7 5 141 150 5 10 XI 16 xa 14 7K 8 7 7 7 8 ao ao 5 3 12 l6 9A 10 93A aA SO 50 5 60 66 61 zoo 9 75 81 03 60 45 5 4 4 49 15 1 4 13 ao 34 180 16 131 t6 6 8 6 8 8 8 ao 1 13 15 a ita95 95 9 73 11 83 33 15 6 35 113 103 83 7 p 135 133 103 9 8 37 75 5 105 95 I03 IOO 33 95 6 q f43 15 I1Q 105 roo 95 ot 100 103 IOJ 9 in 100 125 3 II tt4 15 15 5 5 1 5 A 85 85 75 75 75 80 113 112 loo IOO 10S dct t4 9 105 103 to 1 ji 100 IOO 10 oIOt Oct 23 Union Walker 60 Whitfield 75 Occ 20 Oct 28 MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldwin Bibb liults Campbell arroll Claike Clayton Columbia Cowela DeKalb Douglai Elbcrt Kayette Fulton Greene Hancock Harris Head Henry Jasper Jones Lincoln MiDuflie Meriwerher Monroe Mo rgar Newton Oconee Olethorpe Hike Pulnam Riichlifc Spalding lalbot 1 aliaferro Troup Upson Walion Warren W tikes Average 80 7 77 61 75 72 7 65 59 f5 7c 60 95 7 Itu 110 95 9 77 9 7 I or 80 101 75 97 7 86 37 55 67 9 ft IOO 95 75 75 85 85 97 IOO 75 75 TOO 80 84 8j 80 90 72 4 75 45 27 11 9 16 7 9 9 19 8 9 8 9 7 187 114 18 350 II5t XT 5 ifo 200 9 224 j 7 62 l68 103 9A 9 9Yi 9 9 A 10 9 9i 9 9i 9 9i 9vi 9 9 vA 9H 9u 9 9 914 10 9 9 9l4 9A 9 o 9 9 9 9H 9 60I 60 155 75 162 55 2nd 621 62 172 55 SO 50 125 55 150 571 173 80 166 60 160 6nJ 150 50 300 67 200 11 9J6J 74 102 58 169 11 83 x7 aoj 90 5S IO 58 106 CO 13 IOO 6 8 90 io 90 100 90 102 II 8 100 IOO 80 77 83 54 96 93 IOO no 98 9 no 42 37 91 86 92 104 97 77 55 65 86l 94 o I 9X 0 6 214 i4 iaH 123 X in 3X2 3 3 iaV4 14 3 10 9 14 13 0 2M 4 15 11 3i a I2 I uX 14k t 3H Jov 5 Nov 10 Oct 35 Oct 23 Oct 34 Nov 10 1 ct 15 Oct 50 Nov 12 Oct 29 Nov 5 ct 24 Oct 25 Nov 5 Nov 6 Oct 34 110 120 7 125 95 123 90 9 9 9i 80 100 83 90 95 93ioli3KJ 86 11 Nov 10 Oct 28 Oct 24 Nov 20 Nov 7 Nov 10 Oct 25 Oct 25 Nov 1 Nov 10 Nov 15 ov 10 Nov 10 Nov 10 Nov io 11S 3 100 Nov 18 i25JOct 19 117 Oct 20 W C 3 r M g H r1 so w V o H 00 00 Q S ictl Worth 91 79 iM T6 lS 1 9li T76926 7o126 ff I I j f If 6 5 2 if icc ifii E Average P4 811 751 1 0 l 19 9 5 1IC E If4 2fl 1 14 6 61 11 10 6s u si 9i in 88 11 1 14 8f IK EAST GEORGIA 0 Bulloch Burke 75 60 85 80 70 75 CO 75 80 7 9 80 85 75 76 no 90 190 r 100 105 90 90 no ICO IO 5 ICO 50 ICO IOO 87 ICO So 75 6o 65 ICO 90 37 7c 75 87 75 75 130 130 125 300 30c 35 l5 75 lie 150 190 170 13 IX II IO 7 7 8 10 8 9 ID 9 8 7 9 10 5 4 9 7 5 6 6 12 9 9 IC lc I 8 15 c lc I 13 14 lc 12 IO lA W 9 9 9X 9A iA iX 9 9Y 62 75 05 75 75 60 ICO 8c Co 75 5 62 75 T 80 ICO ICO 125 i9 no 75 65 ICO tec 125 108 70 70 CO 7 51 2 90 55 to 75 6 ta 75 a 162 5 2CO 150 ICO 45 2 CO 140 35 75 2CO 168 y 12 12 8 8 7 9 7 9 9 7 8 6 9 c 10 5 i IC IS 11 Ie 9 1 21 5 3 IC go 95 ICO 30 ICO 55 75 IC 45 80 5 20 60 ICC 3 ICO 54 t7 lie no ICO 90 no ICO 76 50 75 JOC no 07 t IC ii IC x IK ICt IOO 95 62 no ICO nc OS 75 20 35 75 CO 5 50 75 3 70 7 18 50 49 ICC ICO ICO ICO ICC ICO 5 IOC 87 7 ICC ICO 97 13c ICO 101 125 ICO 90 80 IOO s 2 95 8 ICC g 57 o 75i 00 75 75 72 75 75 ICO ICO ICO 90 30 ICO 110 80 is 10 10 10 12 cK 3 10 12 4 122 4 5 uH 3 5 5 13K 16 4 5 3 4 I CO 70 I CO 1 00 I CO 80 90 75 85 95 90 75 88 7 1 00 1 27 1 25 1 25 1 10 00 1 25 1 10 5 1 5 1 20 1 JO 1 16 bet Oct Oct Nov Nov Oct Nov Oot Oct Oct Nov 10 Montgomery 75 75 10 80 75 75 IOC no 125 79 ICO ICO 95 ICO 112 ICO 5 IOO IOO IOO 99 25 5 iS 25 I Tellair 95 80 70 100 5 82 75 5 75 80 73 Washington 3 21 80 11 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Appling 200 75 150 275 150 0 12 IO IO IO IO 8 10 5 5 5 15 4 6 100 5 75 78 75 So 93 IOO IOO 90 62 no IOO 105 IOO 100 IOO 5 50 IOO 50 IOO IOO IOO 5C IOO IOO IOO IOO TOO IOO ilA A 16 5 12 5 18 1 00 95 1 00 95 80 1 00 15 35 100 100 125 80 IOO ICO no 60 IOO 200 IOO 10 M 8 5 9A 75 90 75 50 IOO IOO 150 95 20 75 125 5 IOO 75 95 120 125 IOO Nov 25 90 75 85 80 75 TO IO IO 13 95 60 IOO IOO 75 IOO 105 80 IOO 350 125 12 5 10 10 5 5 11 5 10 10 9 8K 72 IOO 65 65 45 75 87 IOO Clinch Glenn 75 100 80 Nov 24 Nov 26 Oct 15 80 100 90 75 3 11 9 65 75 200 13 7 105 120 62 120 Nov 11 Wayne 87 75 10 n aK 80 72 175 3 91 107 03 83 8 106 8 IO IOO TI 5 95 5 RI ca PIT ULATION North Georgia 4 W ii 11 11 1 n 1 11 i 8 11 11 j at r 1 11 9 91 119 as 10 11 14 so 10S Middle Georgia 89 8C 81 8 llH ll 7 11 w4 71 101 MS 181 11 ii I m 51 91 50 91 89 DO 95 911 1 13 88 111 Southwest Ga n 01 81 7 IM 9 7 11 Hi 115 S 151 9 7 15 8 8 99 1 il ft 94 9 91 102 8S 11 11 88 117 East Georgia 7 1111 8i n 17i 9 1 IJ H 71 IDS RT 188 9 7 lit 55 97 98 49 97 9 79 99 89 11 14 88 116 Southeast Ga lit 93 87 175 11 11 9 80 71 175 12 IS 51 107 117 98 81 87 lOii 83 107 10 11 15 95 115 For theState 74 It 87 7 153 10 7 914 hi 11 171 Ii i ii 1 81 vt t 9 8tt 94 91 98 HtV 91 11 14V Si For State 83 6 7 Si i 158 x it T4 vp 57 101 m 104 111 9 118 8 108 7 105 18 7 to CM v d M W s m H 73 PI a o H CO co fr233j SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 WEATHER REPORT FOR DECEMBER 1884 13 NORTH iEOUGIA ALL STATIONS TEMPERATURE RAINF s s s a E co si u 03 J5 G J E K r c 1 T ainesville ossy Creek 65 6 15 Ti 12 15 43G 4I3 450 419 H 4 45 720 10 7 anlonega an ton lairsville lillon Means 65 1 G525 1 1325 4295 623 MIDDLE GEORGIA 66 12 443 614 11 Thomson Millodgeville 70 72 69 15 492 448 655 597 Athens Eilerslie 11 694 1 170 1 46 9 1 585 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA 76 74 25 570 300 4 74 78 23 755 2475 5492 330 EAST GEORGIA Augusta Herndon Means 77 23 26 2450 50 550 5250 435 28 367 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Brunswick Waltnourville St Marys Baxey 73 1 75 77 30 30 32 560 543 545 5 45 360 445 i 8 3 12 75 3066 54 93 450 7250 2215 5044 471 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA CobbThe ha f bushel of Bob cotton seed you sent me I planted them on one acre of land I hauled ten twohorse wagon loads of manure and put on 275 pounds of acid and that caused it to fire up and I did not get but 840 pounds of seed cotton when I expected about 1500 The cotton buyers said a bale of that cotton would bring more than the other kinds L M Power Burt oats did well Hawkins Hill oats no account Bob cotton is very good lint is finer than other cotton but will not make so much per acre as the big bolt Farmers are sowing more grasses than any year since the war and getting better stock and making more home made fertilizers J L Lindley DadjsGarden peas and bean did excellent Multi and Chili wheat froze a tirely out Millo Maize excellent I believe and will be a valuable introduction G A R Bible FankinOf the seeds furnished me last spring some did well others not The beans radishes beets lettuce cabbage and cucumbers all did well H H Galloway FloydMy own experience with diseases among hogs and chickens is thai vermin external and worms internal and dusty beds with hogs destroy more of both than cholera Yet when either get sick or die the prevalent idea is cholera AntidoteStock powders sulphur and copperas and kerosene on the back of hogs and rubbed on the fowls and roosts w S Sakpokd FoesythCotton seed as a fertilizer for corn gives the best yield when sound They feed the plant at the time it is making the ear Of course a great number come up but cover the young plant with plow or hoe and you have an additional fertilizer in the green plant I use a gill of sound seed to the hill drop the corn 4 to Cinches from the seed It does not suffer from drouth I have found soda to be very useful in stopping cholera among ohickens Put in their water or dough it has not failed to cure for us We use an iron vessel for them to drink from Have had better success with the Plymouth Rock than any other Feed our hogs occasionally with dough in which we put sulphur and copper as and very often wood ashes in drinking o water trough and do not have cholera among our hogs The seeds received were garden seedswere treated the same as other garden seeds fertilizers from barnyard yeld very good Mtss H N Suttoh Have been very successful manuring corn in drill with compost made of cotton seed stable manure and acid phosphate Farmers who have used guano exclu sively report that it has taken from one fourth to onethird of crop to pay for fer tilizer while I have used compost nd oneeighth of crop has paid all expenses of manuring While we as farmers should use some fertilizers I would urse tlio making and saving of all home made manures This item properly attended to235 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 IS would reduce the cost of production greaIy and add to the prosperity of our peo ple B H Bbotn Franklin One sack Mediterrarran winter wheat from the Department of Agriculture sowed in drills on Dec G 1883 manured with cotton seed on gray land matured and cut on June 10th yielded very good Two papers multiheaded wheat sowed in drills on Dec 6 1883 on old land of ray soil manured lighty with cotton seed The wheat matured about July 1st it was mixed with other wheat badly which predominated fully 10 to 1 Some of the stalks had as high as 12 heads was badly scabbed The Chili wheat received in 1882 did not do well the first year but this year it did much better and I thinkwill do well after it becomes acclimatized J W Sewell HabershamYear by year the fact that lime peas and red clover is the fertilizer is the more clearly demonstrated to everybody except the dealers in commercial manures The heaviest yieds especially of corn for 1881 have been without any bought fertilizer The best paying crops have been those made entirely at home I could give the names of dozens of men worth from one to three thousand dollars made without a dollar to start on who have never bought a sack or pound of any fertilizer I do not know of one man who has come out ahead who has bought the manure W L Walker this season 1884 made measured 60 bushels corn after red clover Two farmers near me they adjoining each valued at 7500 on the same area in corn one with commercial fertilizer directed by one of the best edu cated best traveled and most successful financier in the State with good and high priced hands and implements the other by Habersham county laborers Haber sham county tools have made the most money 40 in cash expended at home in making manure is worth more in November than any bought stuff at same cost Years before the Air Line R R was built I boughttwo tons Peruvian Guano at 90 per ton in Charleston hauled from Atlanta by wagon and tested its valuer except from 61 to 65 have experimented with from one to six brands yearly for 84 with a ton of Orchilla and my experience that none will pay even at cash price Jas P Phillips PatjldingExperimentsJ L Clay Dallas Ga made 971 pounds of lint cot ton from one acre this season variety Duncans Mammoth Prolific Wm McGregor Dallas Ga produced one stalk of same variety bearing 2 pounds seed cotton I made the following experiments with 20 varieties of cotton Balance of variety received from your department NAME VARIETY YIELD PER ACRE Duncans Mnmmoth Prolific755 Duncans Mammoth Prolific Improved 731 Baguley576 Matagorda Silk622 OziersSilk622 Peterkins Crossed622 Dickson Improved66 Jones Improved5 Unknown Herlong910 Jones Long Staple Prolific526 Duncans Extra Ealy96016 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 236 Unknown Duncans AmalgamatedZ 8 Unknown 32 Baxters362 Carters Early 624 Unknown 24 Blak Seed 11Z42 Sea Islandpractically nothing 449 Land old sedge field fertilisedwill ttVsyplnmT Acid Phosphate 200 pounds per acre applied in drill P vZTEi UrTS EXta Eary 6XCeeds as U PQt n crop before the se vere drouth beginning Aug 20th and continuing through the season P M Duucas WHiTFiBLDIn compliance with your request I beg leave to submit the fol tali ripening at least two weeks sooner than the red rustproof oats Thev also report a arger yield About half report smut or blast in kliTinu oatl but oT 3 UnnS f T Ve0 fie nethlrd f the members report good esuh from mUlomaue the others say it is not superior to sorghum TeosUtc gfves re era satisfaction with the exception that it does not mature seed AlltolTnX PZr Ch T f0 bat the Ubera tbe S6ed did not S Our Club s in a flourishing condition with a membership of thityfour sub stantial members and other Clubs organizing all around us e arepreparing t establish a cooperative store pieparmg ro J 0 Nailon Secretary Conahullak Agricultural Club MIDDLE GEORGIA BiBBThe Bob cotton seed sent tome proved to be a good cotton the limb were long and bolls very large but the cotton was en days later in ope L S theHerlong The only objection I found to the cotton was the large se of the T W D H Johnson BUTT8I will report results of one acre in wheat of Mr David N Carmichael On the one acre he made 45 bushels of wheat and then sowed in speckledTeas and gathered 10 bushels he could have gathered more but cut it for nay a d gat ered wo tons of the best kind of peavine hay The cotton crop turned out better ban I reported in my last I made 500 pounds of seed cotton per acre planted IStt June and had no rain from the time it commenced blooming until all opened H C TlIAXTOK Campbell Bob cotton seed received of the Department of Agriculture planted and cultivated same as other cotton was eight or ten days la er 1 nluch S than our common cotton yield no better than other cotton There are farmersin our county that stay at home superintend the management of their stock look after the cultivation of their crops keep their hands at work papers ZTLZt ST 3d d tIe agriculZj papers such as the Southern Cu twator and Dixie Farmer etc try new mode us coZTVmf mfmentS tbe branS f 0lhers M eir own who neveT S f d meS M lW SpirUed When t rais o much or very There are farmers in our county who wish to keep abreast of the times They refy237 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 17 on the good judgment not hard licks of their tenants to make the crop while they stay at the house or live in the village They must go to town two or three times during the week on business depending on the honesty o their hirelings to wort and keep things moving while they are gone They must go to every political meeting discard all literary and agricultural papers for political papers in order to keep posted attend all public gatherings save their agricultural club or grange meeting which they attend once or twice during the year so as to have the name know all about farming know how to take advantagesthat is to keep out ot work Such say it is the hardest time they ever saw they are worse off now than twelve months ago do not know what they will do think farming a poor plaee to make money much less a living If there ever was an experimental farm needed Georgia needs it now It should be controlled and managed by the Department 01 Agriculture and the results published to the world My notion is that hillside ditching is the greatest curse that was ever instituted on any farm The only hope we have for reclaiming our once fertile hills is some plan to stop them from wash J D Smiti ng ClarkeThe Burt oat will be extensively planted another year The few oats sown in September looking well ClaytonThe Bob cotton seed you sent me was the finest cotton this year I have ever seen very large bolls long lint and fine lint I think it will carry the day in the future I will have four bushels of the best cotton seed to plant and would not take a bale of common cotton for them I feel under many obligations to the Department of Agriculture for the Bob cotton seed you sent me last year J C H Skbbd By the request ot my club I will endeavor to make a report on tho Searcy corn and Bob cotton seed you sent us in the spring We think the corn a very good com but is no earlier than our common field variety The Bob cotton is a very fine lint but does not yield as much as other cotton We are not satisfied yet will test it again next year I tested it by the side of the big boll cotton known with us as the Beggarly cotton two rows of each about one hundred yards Ions The big boll cotton yielded about seven pounds the most which is about 170 pounds more per acre but the big boll is not as long staple as the Bob cotton W T Smith Sec Philadelphia Club Burt oats and Searcy corn did very well Teosinte proved to be of but little account owing to the drouth The Egyptian wheat does very well also the Bob cotton A P Abamson ColumbiaCotton seed is a good feed for hogs in the spring if put ia the wa ter and let remain a while before they are allowed to eat them A neighbor of mine fed his in his lot all summer and were in tine order in the fall J A Walton CowetaMany are sowing wheat to feed to stock as stock prefer wheat to oat straw and it is about as sure and cheap one year with another as rust proof oats CncleWalt Shropshire Gen Wheelers horse doctor ddring the war cured a badly foundered horse for a traveler last week by tying a sassafras root in the mouth where the bit usually works The outer bark of the root should be seraped off and it should remain in the horses mouth 12 or 14 hours He has cured hun dreds of horses in the last 45 years with this simple remedy without a si a le failure and in but one ease was any sign left around the horses hoof A StokesDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 238 DeKalb TeosinteSix pots planted early in March fortyfive hills planted 27th April in garden the seed started in pots tet out same day plowed and hoed twiee Up to 15th September there was no indication of heading About 1st October ene hill began to show headstasselswhen the earth was drawn up so as to make a basin around the hill of say 30 inches in diameter and watered up to 20th October Froni this hill about 500 seed were matured These will be planted another season to get a larger supply of acclimated seed The product of ferage was abundant but not estimated Chas Pratt Doi6lasThe millo maize pays welJ in dry weather or wet Vegetable and garden seeds sent me do well here but this has been a fatal year on all seeds W L Davenport FcltonThe Bob cotton has large bolls and very fine long staple think it a valuable cotton The millo maize is a good forage plant and should be raised ex tensively as a stock feed The teosinte seed was planted in May too late to give it a fair test cut off by the dry weather would like to try it again W L Makgum HANeocKThe Bob cotton is tolerably prolific and has a very fine stable J W Cawthon A paokage multihead wheat sown late proved chaffy H L MlDDLEBROOKS HarrisThe Bob cotton furnished me is a good bearing cotton with the best staple I ever saw except the Sea Island The teosinte t el you sent me failed to head the stalk grew fine but did not BQalre Jas Pattillo Hbney Farmers who have tried the Bob cotton are well pleased with it Best ctton known to us here j A q vy Ynn McDumzThe Mediterranean wheat made an excellent yield The Hawkins ats all killed A E Sturgis NewtonFarmers to succeed in Georgia must drop their lands and surplss labor The winter grazing oat furnished is a decided success and rust proof Garden seeds were all good and val uable Please induce our people to raise to bacco as a money crop We are not troubled with disease where we have stock law among our stock nor will others when good feed good pastures good water and good attention i given to stock L F Livingston OconeeBob cotton seed planted and cultivated as other cotton side by side I find the staple very long and nice but think the Jones improved or Osia silk will make more to the acre As I stated the lint is longer but is not as fine S D Hardigree Secretary Oconee Agricultural Club siethorpbExperiment with cornrun rows eight feet wide with deep broad shovel furrow Strew manure as if preparing for cotton List on manure with ripper Then run one furrow on each side of list drop corn in these furrows Walking on list step right foot and drop in right furrow then left foot and drop in left furrow and so on from end to end Cultivate as usual with row of peas in tke middl The result will doubtless prove very satisfactory I tried a small plat n the above plan this yar and was so well pleased with the result that I expect t plant my wkole erp that way next year Jab J Green239 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 19 TaliaferroBob cotton extra Samples fair average yield Burt oatFine yield as to measure but too light Hawkins Hill oatWorthless atleast 25 per cent blasted threw it out in barn yard for pculfry afraid for mules to eat it Teosinte a failure Villes lecturrs ought if studied to be wcrth the cost of run ning this department D N Sakdkrs ClayThe compost is all the fertilizer that has paidanything this year W T Cremlle CrawfordJohn I Champion gathered this year notwithstanding unfavorable seasons 21 bales of cotton from 42 acres of land which four yeais ago would not have made over 10 or 12 bales B LeSeuer EarlyThe Hawkins Hill and Burt Were sown on the same day the same care being taken with each and no difference in preparatitn or land yet the Hawkins Hill were ten days earlier in ripening The coffee pea sent out two years ago has proved a great success J B Hobbs HarrisThe teeds that I received from the Department the present year con sisted of red Brazilian artichoke and some of the tubers of the same and seed of teosinte The stalks from the seed of the artichoke were as large as those from the root or tuber the tubers all small owing to drouth The teosinte continued to grow all through the drouth but did not mature any seed The seed shoots had justput out when frost killed it It appears to be agood forage crop Millo maize planted the middle of June from seed I raised last year matured seed before frost A B Johnson TalbotThe wheat you furnished me got killed by a winter freeze The garden seed did not produce well owing to a drouth W P Fielder WorthA good remedy for hog cloera is red pepper tea Have btt littlepork so many hogs died with cholera P Pelham EAST GEORGIA BtjllochThere has been the finest crop of long eottcn made in this county I ever knew which has brought more money into the county than has been any time since the war and the farmers are gloriously happy C A Sorrill JeffersonThe Ellyson extra prolific corn received from the Department is the best corn I think I have ever seen also the Jones cotton seed received are fine I received small packages of each from the Department two or three years ago and now I have 50 bushels of the corn and 200 bushels of the cotton seed Thos S Johksok WashingtonEvery farmer in the county might procure honey enough to sup ply the table the year round with but little trouble and expense It is not essen tial to have a hive with frames in it A hive one foot square inside will contain the brood space and honey for the winter supply for the bees In the spring place a honey box on top twelve inches square and six inches deep and they will fill i with honey in nice condition The hive should have openings in the top for the bees to pass up but they should be kept closed till the time for putting on the box There should be a cap to cover the honey box when it is on the hive By this ar rangement you get all the bees make over a support A few hives well attended to will furnish an abundance of honey No one should be afraid of bees smoke controls them as the bridle controls the horse J M Palmer20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 24 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA CamdenGarden seed furnished p e have done weil The amber sugar cane and millo maize nothing E A McWhortkb ClinchBart oats very fine Bib eo ton being short staple is confined to the upper part of this county report from it is very favorable Turnipswhite globe purple top strap leaf and Norlolk all good Teosinte grows fine is rel ished both by horses and cattle would be valuable if it would seed here It tas seled had dwarf or diminutive shool and silk the underleaves die nearly to the shoot by the time it appears Itsicc s tremendously L C Mattox LibertyOne neighbor witj u Planet Jr cultivator made an excellent corn crop by ihallow ciltivatioi almost doubling cirn on same land rented from him cultivated with plow In this section we cannot sow oats earlier than January on account of the rice or May birds striking it in the milk possibly the Burt oat sown in October can be cut ahead of them I sowed one bushel 20th of January and cut 20th of May fully ripe Jas A M King The teosinte seed received from the Department planted in March on good land failed to mature I did not cut any of it as I was anxious to save all the seed The Burt oats planted in February did splendidly J 0 Davis Jb SOUTHWEST GEORGIA ChattahoochebSeedWheat received was killed by frost Luxurians grew well but did not mature any seed B b cotton did well am well satisfied with it Francis V Schley DecaturThe millo maize sent me did well nearly all the heads matured be foie frost Tne blades stripped from the stalks make an excellent forage for horses or cattle I dont think it can take the place of Indian corn or wheat for breadstuff and for poultry it is inferior ta the Gamma corn The raena seed sent me was planted and well cared for but it is a failure W B McDaniel DoughertyIn answer to Q lestion No 60 Soil test of fertilizers on corn The laud had been in oats previous year I bedded out and planted in water furrow 21st Fdbruary 1881 and cultivated as usual The seasons were not favor able the rains too light in Miy and early Juns The following is the result B F Wilder FERTILIZERS PER ACRE a u o o ja 15 H No 1Kainit 50 lbs Cotton Seed Meal 50 lbs No 2Cotton Seed Hull Ashes 50 lbs Cotton Seed Meal 50 lbs No 3KaLiit 100 lbs No 4No Manure No 5Cotton Seed Hull Ashes 100 lbs No 6Cotton Seed Meal 100 lbs 9 SlA 10 210 210 110 93 149 127 140 158 127 U0 MJ3L144241 SUPPLEMENTAL RErORT 1884 2t MrrcnELLFor fertilizing crops kainit should enter with a liberal proportion all compost heaps for cotton as a preventive of rust Remedes for Slock Per haps there is nothing more valuable than a combination of salt charcoal and lye soap as a preventive and curative of hog cholera For chickenswits and soda j B Twitty TayloeI find that our farmers are finding out the great value of eowing oats for first pasture for hogs and for the second Pinder peas and chnfas Pork can be raised in this way cheaper than any man could believe who has not tried the plan In my opinion 100 worth of prk can be raised with less labor and capital than 50 worth of cotton our old way of makiDg cotton I hope all farmers in Georgia will give more attention to this plan D R Brown TeebellRed top and white globe turnip seed were very fine E Bellfloweb Webster The essentials to successful farming are pract ical common sense in dustry and economy With these keeping abreast with the centific progress of the times and a proper application of ascertained facts all will be well Teosinte failed to seed multihead wheat badly mixed and rused resulted in a failure oats did well maturing early Jas P Walker LARGE YIELD IX COTTON For the following statement of the yield of one acre under high fertilization and the mode of applying the fertilizers I am indebted to Thomas B Stubby Esq of West Point Commissioner West Point Ga Dec 21 1884 Br J P Miller has just made from one acre G84 pounds of lint cotton He fer tilized with Gossypium at 500 pounds per acr as follows 300 broadcast when pre paring the land When planting he put in 100 pounds to the acre in the drill witi ihe seed Then on second siding of the cotton he put in 100 pounds on the acre EXPERIENCE OF MR DAVID H VERNER OF BUFORD GA IN CARP CULTURE I have been in the business for four years and find that experience is worth more to me than all the reading that I have done on the subject I find that the oarp have more enemies than any other fish I think however it is from the fact that they deposit their spawn differently from any other except the gold fish The rarp deposit their eggs on lha grass weeds ad roots where they are left for the va rious enemies to prey upon for 56 hours and then we have a fish louse that takes hold of them as soa as they are hatched and continue till they are one inch long I find hundreds cut in two just behind the last top fin and yet they will live with their tails hanging for hours I have hatched out thousands artificially in buckets and boxes That however is not a safe plan as the young are very tender and need tte fine roots that the egg was deposited on to rest It is almost impos sible to take one of the young just hatched out of the water and get it back alive and so the hatching had better be done where they may be allowed to stay fora few weeks I have small ponds with 12inch plank put up around them for the pur pose of keeping the frogs out as the black tadpole is very desructive to the spawn The smallish are very destnctWe also the large ones they will turn back after they get through spawning and eat their spawn I find however it will take a great deal o care and attention to make carp cuture pay After I had been in the22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 243 business for wo years I olaimed that the culture of carp would prove a failure I till think so unless the people prepare larger ponds and give them more attention We need something more than a hole of water we need large ponds as they afford more natural food The natural food is the worms and insects that come up out of the ground That ho vever is the reason why the carp do better in new ponds than in old ones One other reason is that the new pond is not infested with the enemies that we have above mentioned I shall let my hatching ponds stand during the winter without water it will serve as a new pond then My experience in the business hasbeen the source of a great deal of pleasure also some profit I have however given it a great deal of attention I have had fish to grow eight inches in three months and three days I have four ponds the largest of which covers three acres or more My family cant destroy the fish that I have at present have sold hundreds they are fine fbh when properly prepared The way to prepare them is to scale them then scald and scrape them well I must not neglect to state that the carp commence to spawn early in spring and will spawn every eleven days until the first of July I notice that the old fish are very particular to cean the roots well before depositing their eggs I dont kcow anything about how many eggs one fish will deposit in one season that of course is altogether owing to the size I have been informed by a gentle man who bought fish of me that they weighed eight pounds at two years old the spawn of each fish weighing two pounds I think it would be a good plan if the people would pace a few perch in their pond3 as they destroy a great deal of the insectssay one dozen all males or all females As to the food for carp they are not choice will eat anything that a hog will eat Watermelon vines at this season are good plaee them over the bank of your pond let the ends into the water and they will eat them as a goose would I wi 1 be glad to answer any question that I may be able to answer from any one on this subjectLECTURE BY M GEORGE VILLE WHAT WE GAIN BY CULTIVATING WITH BARNYARD MANURB ALON translated from the frkkoh by miss k L HOWAIl Today I will look at the subject of fertilization in a new light and one which must lead to the heart of agriculture viz Vliat do we produce and what do we gain when we cultivate wilh barnyard manure alone Here I touch a point of vital importance There are two questions in agriculture which must be distinctly separated 1st The amount of the harvest or the sum of the crop produced 2d The profit from the crop The first of tLese questions is eminently one of s cial interest the second one of individual or private interest We will now clearly define both these interests What is the o ject of agriculture from a social sandpoint To feed the people at the lowest possible price The people are then deepy interested in the amount the farmer produces To satisfy the wants of this cullective interest the farmer must produce largely The agricultural sjstem best adapted to society is the one which throws the largest amount of food upon the market from a given unit of surface the acre for in stance produces wheat meat vegetablts and wine enough to feed the largest number of persons But the farmer looks at this matler quite differently to him who gives his time labor and thought the best agricultural system is the one which gives the most profit the collective interest touches him only as it conforms to his own private interest Who can blame him for this Suppose we have two rotations The fallow largely used in one and discarded from the combinations of the second If all things considered and in spite of the poverty of the crops the first is more profitable than the second do you believe the farmer will prefer the second rotation to the first Assuredly not and who has the right to blame him When this case happens and it is more frequent than you would think there is an antagonism between the social interest and the individu 1 interestof the producer The producer works for a pofit whilst society on the contrary clamors for the largest possible sum of fond matter at a low price There are then in the agricultural problem two views which are not in their na ture antagonis ic but which become so under certain condition Now we must examiie both fully to appreciate the agricultural condition of a country and the systems of farming upon whch it is founded I will consider every subject under these two different aspects First from a collective point of view I ask what agriculture produces when working with barnyard manure alone and does it satisfy the prime need of a people a cheap market I take France for example The answer to this question is sad and overwhelming Look at these two cards which I show you The first gives by departments the mean production of wheat in France per acre Average 18 bushels Do you hear18 bushels It is true that in the average of our depart ments for the North there are s me which yield 41 bushels to 43 bushels per acre For thir een of these departments the average is 27 bushels but for fonysix it goes down to 17 bushels Jn other words France with barnyard manure alone pro duces what An average of 18 bushels per acre We need not be deeply versed in scientific economy to perceive the gravity and danger of the situation Will you have a proof of this Look at this seccnd card not less alarming in its gloomy24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 244 forebodings than the first The departments where the population is on the in crease is i olured in led How many do you count Fortyeight The population of the department in blue neither increases nor diminishes it is stationary But you count thirtynine marked with a blacK cross whose inhabitants ar yearly de creasing If it is true as Malthus says that there is a rela ion between the prog ress of a population and their conditions of existence if it is true that the pros perity of a country is measured by the rapidity of increase of population and this increase is both caused and r gulated by the amount of food produced is it not also true that if we had had fortyfive or fifty million insiead of thirtyeight mil lion inhabitants we would not have been overcome in the last war For a long time I have called the attention not only of the public but of our most prominent po itical representatives 10 this point in 184G the excess of births over deaths was 200000 for a population of thirtyfive million now it is only 120000 to thirty eight million souls At ths rate it will take one hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty years to double our populaiion while Germany doubles hers in sixty and England in fifty years Some attempt to cover the gravity of this stae of things by saying See h w rich we are U e country supports a formidable debt with ease and the loan o 43000 millions offered from all quarters of the globe the subscrip tion of the prudent and crafty Mandarin of the indifferent and contemplative Brahmin the confidence of theindolent Turk associated with the rapacity of the Teutonic banker for the Prussians themselves subscribed toibislast loan How rich we must be to inspire such univeral confidence Much to be pitied is the country where such intimation exists and very culpable is the Legislature or the press which produces such ideas Our financial resources are grand because Providence has given us a privileged climate our financial resources are pranri because no nation practices economy to the degree that we do but very different is the condition of a people who with firm confidence in their future are able to increase their products with the mciease of their population Do you believe the man whosmasses wealth by a painful econ omy to be the equal of the man who grows rich from an active and prospero business Do you not believe he whose physical moral and intellecual faculties are fully developed the superior of one whose faculties are dwarfed and narrowed by painful and degrading parsimony Our social interests from an agricultural view are in a amentatle condition in spite of tbe monstrous taxes which we support A re our individual interests in a beathier condition When we cultivate with barnyard manure tilore according to the rules of the past have we the satisfac ion of really f ainig and what do we gain Do we make our fortunes We have abundant witnesses on ihese points The difficulty is to choose from among them I take first the testimony of one of the grandest and bpst baanced minds France hs produced Lavoisier the creator of modern hemistry Lavoisier v as not only the first hemistof his day but also possessed the highest qualities as a statesman At a time when France had eminent financiers Ltivoiier gave proof of rare administrative power His treatise on the teiri oriel richness of France published at the expense of the government was a proof of this Educated by the nature of his office to inquire into and search on agricultural problems Lavoisier became an experimen al agri culturist both for his own satisfaction and for the benefit of others For this pur pose he bought a farm between Blos and Vendome of about ISO acres and became interested in different farms of not less thsn 428 arfs Besides this he leased a tithe wheh interested him in almost all the farms of the country After eight years of sudy experiment and calculation what was Lavoisiers con clusion Listen this time it is not I who speak hut Lavoisier I give you his own words After eight yrars of experiment I have gained considerable increase in stock ferd a large quantity of straw and manure but small gain in money Agricultural progress is excessively sow but what I have learned after all ray trouble and lab ir is this that no matter how much attention is given and economy practiced we cannot hope to gin five per cent interest on the capital invested When one has not been accustomed to reflect upon these subjects or follow closely ihe workings of a farm in detail nothing seems easir than to bring up a depressed agriculture and to pers ade oneself that for this we need only cattle and money But when we go from theory to practice the conclusion we arrive at is at least under the ronditioS in which I am placed that the owmr takes from one fourth to one third of the crop that the taxes tae away an equal part and there remairs to the cultivator but one third for his maintenance food cost of farming interest on investment and expenses of all kinds2451 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORTI 884 25 The most grievous rart of this present picture is that with this insufficient agri culture over the largest part of France thee remains almost nothing nt the end of the year to the farmer he is considered fortunate if he hast been able to lead a pre carious and miserable existence and if during sn abundant season he has been able to save a little this little is soon absorbed by the short crops of other years In short Lavoisier working with all the resources of a large foiMtne with the methodical habits of a learned man who bad been one of the greatest masters in the art of applying scient fie methods leads us to the conclusionthat it taies a great deal of money to obtain a small profit that farming pays little and the capi talist cannot expect five per cent intcrtston his advances But perhaps you say this wonderful picture is nor true of the prsntstate of affairs Times are changed the profits from agriculture are not now inferior to the profits from industries So I give von more recent examples not however from so eminent a source but still not less decisive 1 take Mathew de Dombasle as a second example who was a pupil of the Polytechnic sch ol and the first to ma e sugar from beets He failed at it This wasin 1823 when it was first begun to cultivate clover and hoed crops on alarge scale Exagsera ing the importance of the advantages tobe derived from this Mathew de Dombasle resolved to show by a practical example which the poorest could imitate that bv the ue of a small capital the poorest sols con Id be improved in a short time and brought up to the level of the best Convinced that alternate cultures was a powerful means of improvement he wished to furnish a practcal demonstration which could not be questioned Entirely preoccupied with the benefit suh an example must produce and having in view only the pros perity of the conntrv he a man of culture did not hesitate to become a plain farmer working with a small borrowed capital thus pacing himsell voluntarily in the condition of the largest number of farmers that his example might be more fcnerallv useful He leased lbe farm of Roville which public respect since calls the Institute of Roivlle There for ten years he worked with unceasing vigilance using all the resources of agricultural science and practicing the strictest e onomy What was the result of this experiment We first give the crop average per acre Wheat20 bushels 12zz3i7io4 ib9 Haeys303G lbs What was the financial result It is easy to foresee from such crops I give his own words COST VALUE WheatM8 801 20 Rape SO GO 51 00 Beets 61 00 6 60 Hay 35 00 28 20 All the crops but the beets were grown at a loss The beets were an exception because there was a distillery at Rovil e which 1 aid 3 per ton for the routs a prce much above the general markt With a fra kness for which we must honor him Mathew de Djmbasle has left us a balancesheet of his eLjht years work from 1821 to 1832 Loss I 571 00 Profit 2806JM Clear loss565 00 Uncertain crops inevitable loss Roville had a factory for agricultural tools which brought in 800000 111 the eight years bringing up the baance of profit by 2400 But this was not due to the farm products which I repeat were grown at a loss of 576500 for the same period Where Mathew de Dombisle failed who can hope to succeed by following the same error and w irking with barnyard manure and cattle alone You say perhaps the averaje crops at Roville were too small That is so Letany 0ns who believeshe can make farming profitable with manure alone ex amine he accounts of Orignon Grignon was founded in 182S with the object of demonstrating that manure alone if supported by a capital of 200 per acre cculd produce both minimum crops and maximum profits26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 246 For want of sufficient documents I c nnot discnss the financial results obtained it Grignon by M Bella its founder My proofs will however be none the less clear concise and conclusive 1 will tlrst remind you that Grgnon was founded with exceptional advantages The farm paid no rent thu 675 acres belonging to it were given for forty years which time the manager had the control of 60000 to be used on the property These are exceptional circumstances of pecu iar advantages When I first said lhat Grign n had not demonstrated what ihe founder promised itshiuldviz that manure produced on the farm gave large and profitable crops of ail kinds I raised a tempest Yet nothing could be more true as you will see To simplify ma ters we make extracts from the accounts of the farm the more easily to get at the increase of the crops under the system of management of tt founder Tne rotation adopted t Grignon was along one of seven years At the first rotation the crops were per acre Wheat27 bushel Spring Wheat28 bushel Rdpe 28 bushel Oats50 busbeh thk second Wheat31 bushel Spring wheat33 bushels Rape20 bushels Oats66 bushels There was an increase of sixteen bushels per acre for oats and four bushels for wheat but a deficit of eight bushels for rape Two hundred dollars of capital invented per acre to grow an increase of three buslels per acre after seven years work Now I could stop right here and easily show you that with the expenditure of from thirteen to fifteen dollars per acre X can grow forty to fifty bushels per acre without running the risk of loss to which a large capital is always exposed Now if Grignon had been worked under the usual conditions of a lease and been obliged to pay a yearly rent it would have ended as did Roviile And the best proof that Grignon deserted its colors is the fact that during the latter years of M Bellas administration from three thousand to four thousand dollars worth of fer tilizer was annually brought to the place You will pease remember distinctly tae terms or basis of my argument Must we give up the use of barnyard manure No Must we produce it at all risks and are we obliged to make its production the basis of farming No What must be our rule Always to manure heavily and reguate the use of barnyard manure by the cost of its production If it is dear mate but little of it if it is cheap make a great deal of it But much or little get other agents of ferti ity such as ammonia ni trate phosphatesso as to grow the largest crops and always the larges You may still say what has failed at Roviile and Grignon may succeed elsewhere In other words you ask for further proof of this It is easy to give them You all know Boussingault a singularly sagacious prudent and learned man He has published the results obtained fiorn a farm in Alsatia worked exclusive ly with barnyard manure Thisfarm is 275 acres of this 150 seres is in meadowthe proportion according to general custom It is impossible to do belter than this working with stable ma nure alone Whatare the crops Wheat average per acre 20 bushel Oats average per acre 4X bushels Beets average per acre22880 pounde Hay average per acre 8 828 pounds243 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 27 Assuredly it was not science that was wanting in the management of Bechel bromm and yet what was the crops Just as at Roville always uncertain Was the financial resuli more satisfactory No After ail exp nses were paid the profit was only 66600 the income at the most being only 3 per cent Here are the items of account RECEIPTS Vegetable products 4128 40 Animal products 2592 20 Toial6720 60 EXPENSES Rent of kind1982 00 Cost of c lture 8332 60 Costof manure 740 00 Total6054 60 Receipts6720 60 Expenses 6054 60 Profit 666 00 You notice that in these expenses we do not give the salary of the director Is this the financial result to make us proud of such a system You see gentle men in proportion as I multiply examples my conclusions are verified 1 will give you another example still which seems to run more conclusive than t e pre ceding At the Agricultural Convention of 1866 the Department of Agriculture of Cam brai resolved to ascertain the average expenses of a farm of 250 acres Their idea was to use it as a type of the average culture of one of our departments of the North What did this account show That a farm of 250 acres with 16000 capital 8 000 in fixtures and 8000 for expenses gave only an annual profit of 03040 This time again there was nothing paid to the farmer Lavoisier Dombasle Bella Boussingault all lead us 10 the same conclusion They were inteligent practical men working from a disinterested motive and all forced to the same conclusion Perhaps you will say that these results could have been bettered by the annexa tion of a distillery or a starch factory and that these are always prontaWe Before examining if they are as certainly profitable as they are said to be you must first confess that theyiare notavailabe to every one Do you know what the establishing of a distillery costs Not less than forty dollars an acre One of our prominent civil engineers who has a large estate in Normandy and who contended this year for the first prize fixes the cost of material at 4246 per acre without counting either the buildings or floating capital I repeat that an annex which requires such a large outlay is not and cannot be suited to the average farmer But supposing it possible is it certain that this would remove the difficulty Is it possible that a distillery would increase the profits from the crops in a short time and make them pay a belter inte est Mr Houel the em nent engineer just mentioned found that after ten years hard work he scarcely grew 24640 to 26400 pounds of beets per acre and got not over 3 to 4 per cent on the money invested and yet he employed a large capital CAPITAL INVESTED Cost of land143 00 per acre Buildings and roads 142 00 per acre Soaking of corn 14 00 per acre Drainage 7 00 per acre Improvements 52 00 per acre Total358 00 peracre2S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 248 AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL CAMTAL Cattle 4 30 per acre Agricultural material 22 00 er acre Fixtures 3 30 eracre Material for distillery 42 40 per acre Rolling capital 64 40 per acre Total136 40 per acre 358 on one side and 13640 on the other making the whole disbursement 491 40 per acrethree times the original purchase to get what 26400 pounds of beets per acre and an interest of 3 per cent and then But is this a system available to the mass of farmers Could a small farmer of one or two hundred acres afford this investment First to be prolitable a distillery must be on a large scale The land of such a farm cant feed it The farm which it was to improve becomes the annex and the distillery the principal Can you call this solution an agricultural solution Avoiding exaggerations and absolute foruma we yet have the courage to face our conclusions What does the example of Mr Houel prove That culture by ma nure alone is slow in its effects and remarkably burdensome in its means I am not ciiticising the man or bis worts but the system There is a radical error in cultivating with manure alone and it is due to the slowness and inadequacy of the real agents of fertility which it furnishes Wbatito bs done Do you want plentiful crops in the shortest time Give them plenty of fertilizer You say you have none Buy it then and dont try to produce it In the futvre and in the near future too the manure pit once the principal res ervoir of fertility will become anaccesory The great producers of fertilizers will be our industries Instead of devoting half the farm to the meadow no matter what it cost the crops will be regulated by the profit to be gotten from them Normandy and Cotentin would grow meat other places such as our Central Departments wouldgrow wheat soutbwine oil fruits and vegetables Everywhere and especially in grazing countries is the principle of intensive fer tilization applicable We need it to raise us above he taxes which Oppress us we need it to reanimate our diminishing population our restricted exportation needs it to furnish an out ward bound cargo to increase our marine and give us cheap return freights in ia vor of our industries which have need of ra v material that we do not produce Must I give a mathematical demonstration of the necessity of importing fertili zers instead of producing them no matter what they cost Examine the table where I have like Mathevv de Dombasle collected all the ex penses in growing one acre of wheat FIXED COSTS Eent 3 75 General costs 4 00 Cost of cultivation 3 50 Seeds 8 70 u Total14 95 VARIABLE COSTS Manure 6 00 Harvesting and thrashing 2 72 Total8 72 8 72 Total23 67 Less the value of tLe straw 4 00 Total costs 19 67249 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 29 Let us analyze the items of this account In the costs of a crop there are as you see expenses of t no kindsfixed expenses which nothing can change and variable expenses The fixed costs are the cost of the land the cost of cultivation labor harvesting seed and general costs The whole of these costs at the institute of Roville were 14 95 The variable costs are represented by the fertilizer and the harvesting amounting to 672a total of 2367 less the value of the straw 400 making the whole cost 1967 To produce what Eighteen bushels of wheat Eighteen bushels Which brings the price of wheat to 108 per bushel Now suppose that without changing any of the previous management of the farm without increasing the buildings or adding to material animals or implements we simply make a purchase of 900 an acre per annum FIXED COSTS As before14 95 VARIABLE Manure15 80 Harvest 4 so Totai20 60 20 60 Total costs3 55 Deduct value of straw bu Leaves as total27 The expense it is true is now increased to 2795 instead of 19 67 but the amount of harvest is also increased It is raised from 18 bushels to36 bashers This brings the cost from a dollar and eight cents down to ninetysix cents per bushel At a cost of nine dollars we get an increase in the crop of eighteen bush els without changing cost of buildings stock etc I am mistaken however the cattle are better provided with straw the production of hay is increased surface given to the meadow is less and valuable hoed crops can be Introduced adding greatly to the general income The whole future of our agriculture is in this short table of six lines Never cnltivate but with heavy manuring Manure is the raw material of agri culture When you cultivate with light manuringyou put yourself in the condi tion of a manufacturer who has a large machinery at heavy cost which he can only half supply with raw material although provided with a perfect apparatus begets but half of what he should have from his outlay and the result is to double the gNow in Agriculture the plant is the chief organ of production the soil the foundation upon which it rests and the fertilizer is the raw material Scant fertil ization brings small crops and the profit is absorbed by the general expense With plenty of fertilizer the crops are large and the general expense diminished because the product is increased With plenty of fertilizer we have large crops certain profits cheap living securi ty to society success and fortune to the producer and harmony between all casses The once sacred formula of meadow cattle cereals the expression of a past pro gess is now but the skeleton of a mammoth fossil But here arises an objection sufficient to overthrow this new edifice unless promptly met and answeed If every one uses this intense culture will there not be an overabunuant supply too low a market loss of profit and universal misery in the midst of plenty as in Egypt where two crops a year are grown and where the people have for the last ten centuries been far behind the poorest provinces of Spain and Portugal No such a danger is not to be feared The wonder of this new method is that a simple change in the pivot of production is sufficient to restore the equilibrium between supply and demand our resources and our wants the production and con sumption What is needed to do this Make a little more meat and a little less wheat replace the inferior grainsrye and barleywith wheat The least change in the relations of these thre products will b uint ts re store the equilibrium in oase of excess30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 250 Here is the explanation On an equal surface the Irish potato produces four time as much food as wheat and sixteen times more than the meadow whose growth is converted into meat If there is an excess in the production of Irish potatoes and wheat a slight increase in the production of meat will restore the equilibrium Better food for all classes brings naturally better and more active labor which accomplishes better work and receives better pay Every part of a country is de pendent upon and regulated by the amount and quality of its agricultural pro ducts The most important part is the increase and virility of the population Compare the work of a Calabrian with that of a Belgian ditcher the contrast seems inexplicable examine the diet of each and you understand the difference What does the land in Calabria produce and what does it in Belgium make the statistics of the products harvested The food products of Calabria are fruits and vegetables these products in Belgium are converted into meat which is eaten with wheat bread beerand coffee There is no denying the fact that the proceeds from intensive culture can be extended and generalized without detriment to the system There never will be overproduction and consequent loss in price of sales There may be passing crises but the final effect will be a general improvement in foodand with better food improved physical organization of the population freater power of work and a quickening of the intellectual and moral capacity lato Dante and Lavoisier were not born in the high valleys of the Jura and Valais where idiocy prevails The ancients say man is a microcosm a living embodiment of the natural con ditions of climate soil and altitude of his country These are the true terms under which agriculture should be practiced How ought the problem to be stated and how solved A few words embody the whole MANURE HEAVILY Cultivation with barnyard manure alone does not respond to the wants of our time nor the requirements of our social condition It does not pay the producer It does not give stability to society Who is bold enough to believe he is more skillful than Lavoisier or can succeed where Mathew de Dombasle Bella and Bous singault have failed If yon expect to farm profitably never say I will make plenty of manure but say I will manure heavily If you have not manure buy fertilizers You have asimpe and practical method open to all By knowing in what your soil is wanting the choice of fertilizers is an easy matter Your choice must be guided by the plants themselves In no case must the production of manure be the main object It is a subordi nate element in the agricultural problem The main point and absolute condi tion of success is to give the soil the fertilizer that will produce a maximum crop This is the only way to insure success and avoid disappointment With barnyard maaure alone it is not possible to feed a plant according to its na ture You give itan abundance of a food it does not want and stint it inaindit has most need of Analyze the manure of a sheep fed on the lands of Gascoigne you find only a small trace of phosphate examine its skeleton and you may truly say there is no bony frame and the tendons sandy and hardened How can you get ceieals from such manure If you buy fertilizers the matter becomes simple economical and harmonious each plant receives what it needs The principe of the question being settled we take up the rules to be followed in its application The rule is very simple Supplement the manure with 9 worth of fertilizer per acre for all crops and the meadow is include in this rule increase the number of cattle or reduce the meadow and give place to industrial cultures such as hops to bacco hemp and cohra with intense manuring With barnyard manure alone at Bechelbronn but little was produced and the gain was only 60000 By the new method by a purchase of 1200 worth of fertili sers half as much again 13 produced and the profits are 317800 instead of 66600 Here you have in dollars and cents the advantages to be gained by this transforma tion Atan additional oostof 120000 we gain a profit of 1600 00 and this without a aluuige of oxiiting oganization which is not a small advantage It required a oapitel of 70090 to produoe a profit of 68600 By increasing this oapital to251 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 31 8200 00 we Ret a profit of from 200000 to 240000 I beg you will notice that this SKofWoO is not a permanent investment bui returned every season What can be more simpe more rational and more profitable ileitfs aguS Calvados who is grow unon The meritsf your last formula for fertilizers Its success is most completed Te gra in the meadow was three feet high On a piece of meadow 12 acres he land not of verv good quality and only the second year in grass I fed 28 beeves bountifully for Uiree weeks without their being able to eat down the grass and Xver put the fertilizer on about fifty acres of grass and the grass everywhere was luxuriant fattening the cattle perfectly I have jJi of horned cattle on tlie place forty of which are beeves and I cou d feed double the number th this abundance of grass I hope by using your method for two years more to M land up to thegbest pasture of the country mixing the chemical fertih JJS Xfooacres of this have received the chemical fwtifizer I notice the animals prefer the grass grown by your formula U fattensthem Letter This is probably due to the presence of chlorde of Sodium in the Jrass the result of the chloride of sodium or common salt of which theSe w fond tZv are mowing now a meadow on which the grass is remarka bleyit fells inheaps under the scythe and the mowers tell me it has two or three toe the quaiit o gr isas ofirst rate meadows When it is done I wiU send the exact Quantity What can I add to this testimony 7MVthprWthat you can at will double the number of cattle without in creasing the extent of meadowor else keep the same number reduce the size of the meadow and substitute an industrial culture Which is the best of these two methods S is neifher a question of doctrine or principle but of convenience situation ahonlvUfixedruleforgettingarealprofitistomanureheayily A aTa argument Igive you the balance sheet establishedbythe Agricultural Department of Cambrai for the farm of 250 acres already mentioned ANNUAL EXPENSES OF A FARM OP 250 ACRES Cost of farm of 250 acres 12000 5 per cent interest Repairs and working of farm Capital per acre 3200 800000 at 5 per cent interest Floating capital 800000 at 5 per cent interest Rent of secondclass land 1000 per acre Barrels of wine one ninth of rent Sundries from the farm and land Farm hands from 100 to 140 per annum Stable boy Shepherd Farm servant and assistant Horses 20 at 700 per day Cows 30 at 750 per day Sheep 150 at 2 40 per day Seeds about 2 00 per acre Harrowing Cost of harvesting Cost of threshing Artificial fertijdzers Farm manure 1800 value of straw Insurance on buildings and crop Repairing and keeping up of tcola ostof rent l8th 600 00 200 00 400 00 400 00 500 00 277 80 300 00 700 00 140 00 200 00 160 00 2555 00 2737 40 876 00 500 00 400 00 600 00 300 0 200 00 50 00 80 09 20 00 Total410S32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 252 ANNUAL RECEIPTS FROM A FARM OF 250 ACRES No of Acres 85 Wheat 27 bushels per acre 2565 bushels worth 2975 00 3520 lbs straw per acre worth 1288 00 7 Rye 26 bushels per acre worth 144 00 Straw 10 00 20 Barley 58 bushels per acre 164 00 Straw 128 00 27 Oats 71 bushels per acre 951 00 Straw 211 00 21 Beets 1368 00 25 Rape 23 bushels per acre 81 Straw 81 5 Flax sold in the field at 80 per acre 400 Oo 45 Artificial meadow 5200 lbs per acre 1123 20 10 Winter grazing 312 Oo 5 Irish potatoes 288 20 Cows calves milk butter cheese 3285 00 Sheep 1077 00 Hogs fed on refuse grain 240 00 Earnyard manure 250 Total receips14826 40 Expenses 14196 20 Profit 630 20 Does this account show fine crops No always medium returns Twentyseven bushels of wheat 26 bushels of rye 23 bushels of rape and 5200 pounds of hay for the meadow per acre Now I assert that by an addition of 20 worth of fertilizer to the manure actually usedthat is an additiona1 cost of 200the average return from the whole farm would be 2000 to 2 500 instead of 63020 I repeat never make the production of manure the object of the farm but let your aim be to grow large crops buying ferti izers when needed The day is not far distant when the true and principal fertililizer will no longer be made on the farm but in vast factories with uuge chimneys where the phosphates of Estremadura or Canada the potash from granite or from the mines of Strassfurth nitrate of soda from Peru will be united with suphate of ammonia in such proportions and quan tities that all farmers can use them and produce maximum crops from their soil thus bringing about a real revolution which will give the masses the true freedom of cheap markets Our motto must be The farmer grows the crops the factory makes the fertilizer To make a farm really profitable buy no stock but what is absolutey needed to work the farm build as little as possible If wheat grows well on your farm plant all wheat Grain is always cash and you wi 1 have abundance of straw fertilize your meadow and when you have added hay to your store of straw then buy cattle according to the amount of food on hand Never invesf all your money at first ready money is the first f rce Work well and deeply drill your cerealsinches apart an1 work with a jmall horse hoe make wheat a hoed pant You will be laughed at perhaps wait until harvet and you will have the laugh on your side When you invest heavily in cattle one year of drouth will nearly ruin you Yon have then tut two alternatives either io sell your catt e or buy forage at exorbi tant prices If you determine to raise cattle first buy fertilizers and make food for them so you will be above risks from accident and be certain of the future Putvotir money where yon can readily turn it over In other words make agriculturean industry instead of the fetered slave of the old formulameadow cattle grain353 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1884 COMMENTS 31 order to a VXiE and argument presented in the foregoing the diverse conmtio of French and American agriculture must be nsiderecL and has long sine The soil of France ha been cuUnrated for many ouies a reached the period at which complete exhaust leJ It ha reached from such a system of agriculture as f f 1 aching and wash CosTcC CSSSS 0 up its fertility however carefully it may be saved and PP removed from the soil and The elements of fertility annually and Perm 6Ymal3 sold in market from the farm itself in the form f Jr all that must eventually reduce the land to a condition of hJvegtMe may be restored in the form of animal manures cotton ad fe to a maLrs direct from e soil andi red lth but a grad minimum the original fertility of the soil may fertmty ual diminutionfor a long period But to expect to imp o u the of a soil or even to maintain it for any long penodby me rely re turn g manure resulting from crops taken from it and he relus otsu cQW b almost as unreasonable as to expect to sustain the life and conoit restricting her to her own milk as food necessary to Again The comparatively dense population to but to cultivate nearly every acre ol the land as we 11 as not me y creasee naurJJ Jmany as the forme ZSor or food for thepopulal S greater in France This has the effect of increasing and re Lsame time the necessity for greater ProductlaJhtee simple value inGeorgia Therefore the interest on tne wherehe is atenant is very the farmer owns the land he cultivates thrental wher r opeS s r rSs TnT1 c mer would consider excessively rich and Pf M com As corollaryto the abundance of land in thoory and pared with France a very large proporhon of our so 1 to rybXToIhe Sated lands SS3 ofaS profltable Independent of the value of their manure conditions that now If we bear in mind that we are surely approaching the same conmtio exist in France we will be better able PPhd rase olearly sets forth in hislecture Our motto should be to grow P34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 254 five a constantly increasing production To this end every farmerwith few ex ceptionsshould produce his own supplies of beef mutton pork milk and butter koney The animals which yield these products should be produced at home Bare all manure with care compost with phosphates potash salts cotton seed etc according to the special needs of each crop Add valuable elements to the soil those in which it is comparatively deficientfrom every available source Sell from the farm such products as remove the smallest proportion of these valuable lsmente from the farm Sell cotton lint washed wool butter fat animas or their products honey wax Retain cotton seed grain hay and pasture for consump tion at home because these products contain the very essence of soil fertility whie the others eontain but little that is of value to the soilTHE COMMONWEALTH H THE COUNTRY THE PEOPLE THE PRODUCTIONS PART IOUTLINE VIEW By J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture ATLANTA GEORGIA JAS P HARRISON 4 CO STATB PRINTERS 1884THE Commonwealth of Georgia CHAPTER I GENERAL CHARACTER OF GEORGIA The elements which enter into the composition of a State are so num erous that in order to understand its character as a whole some short cut is needed Perhaps no better compendious method is to be found than dealing with a State as with an individual to inquire into its general character and reputation among those who already know it Judged by this standard which is obviously fair the character of Georgia among her sister States stands confess edly high She is favorably known among her neighbors and favorably regarded abroad She has no inconsiderable influence in the councils of the nation and very great influence in the councils of the South the section of which she is a member Among these especially her views and opinions in matters of Federal and State policy are respected and her example largely followed Indeed she has by general consent acquired the title of the Empire State of the South a title however which may perhaps hereafter need to be transferred to Texas On this subject the Encyclopedia Brit annica closes its article with the remark Texas possibly excepted no Southern State has a greater future than Georgia The opinions thus formed could be put in evidence in a court of justice They are the resultant of many factors and the conclusions of many observers Georgia being the youngest daughter of Eng land among the colonies is also among the younger States west of her a Mother State and so she visits much and in turn is much visited even as Atlanta is a Gate city so is Georgia largely a GateDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 280 State The Atlantic and Gulf elopes both are hers In the chain of travel between the emigrant and immigrant States of the South he is a connecting link so in the resorts to Florida as a sanitari um and to those in Southern Georgia and indeed in Northern Georgia also she is a link in the chain when not its terminus And thus the opportunities of mutual acquaintance are unusually good between Georgia and citizens of all States and sections It will be the object of some ensuing chapters to indicate the particulars which go to make up this general character In the present chapter we will notice one general feature which charac terizes the State in many of its aspects Georgia is eminently and in almost every respect A VABIETY STATE Taried as to country people and productions as to soil and climate as to the people who inhabit it white and black as to industries and institutions as to fruits and vegetables and farm garden and orchard products as to resources agricultural mineral and manu facturing Its territory is large with ample room for choice and selection Its chief extent is fiom north to south so the range of latitude is considerable northward from a nearly tropical southern boundary The range of elevation is also large from tidewater by a gradual rise to bold mountains with only stinted vegetation Latitude and elevation thus help each other in supplying a remarkable range of climate and production The State is full of geological variety with consequent variety of oils and minerals In ths census volume entitled Cotton Pro duction of the State of Georgia the opening comment on the geological features of the State is this The geological formations represented in Georgia embrace the Metamorphic the Palaeozoic the Triassic Cretaceous Tertiary and Quaternary And all these are considerably mixed together As the present treatment however is for the popular rather than the scientific reader we may say that the geology embraces formations prior to the early forms of life and from these all grades to regions of which the witty remark was made to one who complained that his section 281 THE COMMONWEALTH OF GEORGIA was not appreciated A fine country it may be but God Almighty has not yet finished it Nor less varied is the population extending from a peculiarly pure form of the AngloSaxon raceunsurpassed as a blood in the wide world to the African of various tribes some of them of the better races others descended from the Guinea negro very low in the scale Between these extremes nearly all varieties are to be found and yet with the State stamp upon them all But to treat of the peo plemost important work of allmust be the task of later chapters Yaried in like manner are the productions of the State both nat ural and cultivated From the magnolia liveoak and palmetto of lower Georgia we pass through a region of pine and another of oak hickory and poplar to the chinqnepiu and chestnut of the mountains on which grow also the wellknown and wellnamed oak orchards the scrubbed oaks almost as hard as ironbearing a close resemblance to apple trees The home of the orange fig and banana at the south of the choicest of peaches melons and pears in the middle of the State r and of apples cherries berries etc in the north Between the planting seasons or the early vegetable seasons of different sections the range is so great that one would almost think time would run out and a single season be insufficient to cover the range between the coast and the mountains Diversity of occupation also obtains liberally cotton and corn rice sugar truck farming fruits melons even tea There are mining industries in gold iron and coal quarries of granite and marble and buhrstone Scarcely any State surpasses Georgia in variety of minerals Manufacturing industries great and small are constantly growing in extent and variety and of late years the small industries have been introduced the best foundation for permanent prosperity small industries in manufactures being like small farms in agricul ture The number of towns has also increased astonishingly Cot ton and wool factories iron works soap brooms buckets fertilizers watches cutlery etc etc are all in progress or budding The people are enterprising selfreliant shifty not afraid theyDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 282 are plastic and not easily crushed There is enterprise in many ways in town and city in railroads in coining and going in the presswitness as a leading example the Constitution newspaper Now for these various statements and many more that might be made the specifications and details are to be given in short chap ters or tracts on the various heads for the easy use of those inter ested on one head or topic or another Say one on the people another on the products one on the whites another on the colored people or on cotton or climate or a sanitarium for invalids and so on for each topic and each taste On the whole we who live in Georgia think we have in Georgia an excellent patch and parcel of the earths surface very conveni ent for mans use and occupation for the three great purposes of health wealth and societyCHAPTER II A STRONG OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA Theek are three main topics Jo be treated viz The Country the People and the Productions 1 THE COUNTRY SITUATION Georgia lies between a latitudeGeorgia lies between 30 deg 21 min 39 sec and 35 deg North latitude It is strictly a Southern State for its Northern boundary 35 deg is south of the lowest parallel of Europe 36 deg b LongitudeThe State lies between 80 deg 50 min 9 sec and 85 deg 44 min west from Greenwich between 3 deg 47 min 21 sec and 8 deg 42 min West from Washington City At sunrise in Georgia 6 a m it is noon in Eastern France and Switzerland sundown in Southwest China and Thibet and midnight in the heart of the Pacific Oceansay half way between the Sandwich Islands and New Zealand c PositionIn the United States Georgia is in the Southeast corner of the Southeast section of the Union except Florida it is the extreme Southeastern State It lies just at the bend of the coast the Atlantic and Gulf States form a grand arch of which Georgia is the keystone BOUNDARIES Georgia is bounded on the North by Tennessee and North Caro lina on the East by South Carolina and the Atlantic ocean on the South by Florida and on the west by Florida and Alabama The Northern boundary is the 35th parallel of North latitude extending from Nickajack to Ellicotts Rock This line separates Georgia from Tennessee for 13 miles and from North Carolina for 70 milesDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 284J The Eastern boundary is the Savannah ri zer separating Georgia from South Carolina running in a general course of about South 35 deg East for about 247 miles and then to the Atlantic coast running about South 20 West about 120 miles The Southern boundary is partly the St Marys river partly a line running 87 deg 17 min 22 sec average direction nearly a parallel of latitude for 158 miles The Western boundary is partly the Chattahoochee river average course about North 6 deg West for about 150 miles then leaving the river the boundary runs North 9 deg 30 min West to the Tennessee line 146 miles FORM AND DIMENSIONS In form Georgia is massive and compact Five lines suffice for a fair outline and six for a close approximation being a keystone it is nearly such in form wedgeshaped The greatest length is from North to South about 320 miles and the greatest breadth from East to West about 254 The Gee graphical centre of Georgia is about 20 miles Southeast of Macon near Jeffersonville in Twiggs county Near the same point is the centre of the colored population of the Union AEEA The area of Georgia is 58980 square miles it is the ninth State in size in the Union and the largest State east of the Mississippi TOPOGRAPHY MountainsThe great Appalachian chain the breastbone of the continent the Rocky Mountains on the west being the back bone forms by far the leading topographical feature of the long line of Atlantic States In its relation to this great feature Geor gia has its entire northern boundary among mountain ranges extending beyond her limits into Alabama on the west and South Carolina on the east No peak in Georgia is a mile high Mt Enotah in Towns county the highest being 4796 feet The most noted mountains are the Rabun Bald Blood Tray Yonah Grassy Walkers Lookout and the Stone Mountain the largest mass of solid granite in the world285 OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA BulgesA great ridge runs from the St Lawrence River through the Atlantic States to Cape Sable in Florida This ridge of which the culminating points are mountains passes almost centrally through Georgia It is for threefourths of its length the long irregular eastern edge of the great Mississippi basin A 6econd great ridge separates the Mississippi valley from the Gulf slope This the southern edge of the Mississippi basin also passes through Northern Georgia The two ridges meet near the corner of Rabun Towns and White counties At this critical point a man standing with an umbrella in a shower eheds the water so that one part reaches the Atlantic near Savannah a second part the Gulf at Apalachicola while a third enters the Gulf below New Orleans having passed successively through the Hiwassee the Tennessee Ohio and Mississippi Rivers Water Sheds Georgia participates in three great basins deter mined by the ridges just described Of her surface there are in the Atlantic slope about 32400 square miles the Gulf slope about 25730 square miles the Mississippi valley about 850 square miles Thus the drainage of about 54 per cent of the surface is into the Atlan tic RiversOn the Atlantic coast there is but one slope and generally the rivers flow with a rough parallelism southeast to the ocean In Georgia which partakes of three great slopes they run in all di rections southeast southwest west and north In the Atlantic States generally they run as from the ridge of a roof In Georgia as from the apex of a cone The rivers on the Atlantic coast lie generally rather on the west side of their basins and the longest confluent streams are on the east side RIVER SYSTEM OF GEORGIA Atlantic Slope 32400 LENGTH HD OF NAVIGATION NAVBLE LENGTH BASIN AREA Savannah 450 Augusta 250 4000 Ogeechee 200 Louisville 150 6000 Altamaha 70 70 14104 10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 286 LENGTH HD OF NAVIGATION NAVBLE LENGTH BASIN ABBA Oconee 300 Ocmnlgee 300 Satilla St Marys Gulf Slope Flint 300 Chhoochee 450 Ooosa C R R Bridge 340 Ilawkinsville 340 Burnt Fork 50 Traders Hill 50 4500 6000 4000 500 27020 9500 6000 6020 Albany 250 Columbus 300 Rome Oostanaula105 Etowah The navigable length of the Altamaha is added to its confluents the Oconee and Ocmulgee The estimates are only approximate Water powers abound especially at the heads of navigation of the rivers estimated in the aggregate at 4000000 horse power This exceeds the entire amount in actual use in the Union for all manufacturing and milling purposes CoastThe coast line runs southwest from Savannah to St Ma rysin a direct line about 128 miles by shore line about 4S0 HarborsSavannah and Brunswick have the principal harbors and are the chief ports Darien and St Marys have also good har bors Sounds are numerous along the coast affording excellent internal navigation Islands abound along the entire coast line The Okefinokee Swamp trembling earth several hundred square miles in area is more than 100 feet above tide water and susceptible of drainage Natural DivisionsThese are threeUpper Middle and Lower Georgia Upper Georgia is mountainous Middle Georgia an un dulating country with clay soil and oak and hickory forests South ern or Lower Georgia is characterized by sandy surface soil and pine forests These sections are often subdivided for the sake of nicer discrimination SceneryThe State abounds in fine and varied scenerymoun tains valleys and waterfalls These are now accessible and much visited and admired287 OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA II Among the noted views are those from Lookout Pigeon and Stone Mountains and from Yonah and Tray Nacoochee is the most noted valley Among the falls are Tallulah theterrible Toc coa the beautiful and the Estatoa as yet little known but of surpassing beauty GeologyThe general geological features of the Atlantic slope from the sea to the mountains represent all the intermediate grades from the period of earliest life to lands yet unfinished Of these manifold formations Georgia cuts out a slice The lines of the State run across all topographical and geological divisions MINERALS The minerals depending on the geology are equally varied Few States present so great a variety embracing amongst others gold iron silver copper lead and manganese granite limestone marble sandstone slate buhrstone soapstone mifa asbestos kaolin and various precious stones the diamond ruby amethyst aud opal A list of the minerals is given in the Hand Book of Georgia p 30 SOILS These depending also on the geological formation are equally varied and often so intermixed that the epithet spotted would apply In the northwest the soil is composed of disintegrated lime stone etc in the northeast of granite and like stones In Middle Georgia are red clay and gray soils with potash In Southern Georgia the better lands contain lime and marl A region near Columbus is cretaceous The fertility of the soil and its adaptation to production will be the subject of a future chapter CLIMATE The climate of Georgia is full of variety in its relations to health comfort and production Since for every three hundred feet of elevation there is a fall of one deg in temperature this cause would make a change in Georgia of about 16 deg The difference of latitude 4 deg would occasion a difference of about 9 deg12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 288 These two causes would effect a variation therefore of about 25 deg The annual mean for the State is about 651 degthe summer mean about 797 deg and the winter mean about501 deg In North ern Georgia the summer mean about 753 deg the winter mean about 428 deg In South Georgia the annual mean 677 deg sum mer 813 winter 536 In Middle Georgia the annual mean 635 summer 792 winter 472 The foregoing figures are derived from the records of the De partment of Agriculture and they rectify the usual statements of temperature based on imperfect data The mean temperature of Atlanta corresponds with that of Wash ington City Louisville and St Louis The extremes are seldon as great as in the Northern cities and sun strokes are less frequent On the whole the range of choice in climate is very wide from the invigorating climate of the mountains to the rather debilitating summer climate of the South modified however by the sea breezes There are few climates superior for the year round to that of Middle Georgia Southern Georgia supplies in winter a sanitari um for pulmonary diseases and Northern Georgia in summer for malarial diseases and fever indeed for lung diseases also Inadequate provision is made against cold in our homes but the tendency is to improvement in this regard Our winterclimate is euch as respects production that foreigners say we have two annual crops This fact is of great service in win tering stock RainfallThis varies in different sections of the Stateand not in the way usually represented The lowest reports indicate 39 inches the highest 72 The average is about 50 inches A full report will be given hereafter NATURAL PRODUCTS ForestsThere is timber abundant for all purposes fuel and material for work material for houses and ships for fencing and furniture and tools for use and ornament for shade and fruit for wagons carriages and plows A large business is done in the exportation of lumber and also o turpentine and like productsr289 OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA 13 Pine oak hickory walnut the elm ash and maple magnolia and live oak abound in different sections There are great advan tages in the second growth pines which follow after cultivation In the hand book of Georgia p 110 a list of 230 woody plants is given GrassesA chapter will be devoted hereafter to the natural and the cultivated grasses of Georgia Fuller information on these subjects will be furnished in subse quent chapters This completes perhaps with sufficient fullness the outline view of the Country an Empire in extent full of variety abound ingin resources and offering ample room for choice in the wide and diversified range of human pursuitsCHAPTER III We are now to treat of the second great head IITHE PEOPLE POPULATION a Number The population of Georgia by the census of 1880 was 1542180 being 261 persons per sq mile b Families The number of families was 303060an average of 509 persons to a family c Dwellings The dwellings were 289474an average of 523 per sons to a dwelling d Distribution Territorial Section Population Per Sq Mile North Georgia 337000 30 Middle Georgia 568000 43 Southwest Georgia 310000 21 East Georgia 207000 20 Southeast Georgia 120200 12 A table showing the population of the counties will be given hereafter e Town amd Country The census does not supply the exact information The informa tion obtained at considerable pains is approximately as follows Rural population 1266900 82 per cent Town 275280 18 percent There are in Georgia Cities with over 10000 inhabitants 5 Towns 2000 to 10000 15 Towns 1000 to 2000 23 Villages 500 to 1000 42 Villages 200 to 500 129 Villages 100 to 200 163 Cities towns and villages 377291 THE PEOPLE 1 Population in 1880 Chief Places Atlanta 37409 Savannah 30709 Augusta 21891 Macon 12749 Columbus 1 10103 Athens 6099 Rome 3877 Milledgeville 3797 Americus 3635 Griffin 3620 Albany 3216 All these places have increased in population since the census The density of the rural population is 213 per square mile Population by Race White 816906 53 percent Colored 725103 47 percent Excess of whites 91803 In the cities and towns the per cent of colored population is somewhat uniform In the country it varies widely from 1 to 90 per cent Mistaken estimates have been made of the rate of increase of the colored population as compared with the whites Gross errors in these estimates will be exposed in a future chap ter g Population by Age Minors under 21 877781 57 per cent Adults over 21664399 73 per cent School age 5 to 17 inclusive511555 33 per cent Voters males over 21321438 21 per cent Persons over 80 6786 h Sex of Population Males 762981 Females 779199 Excess of females 16218 i Nativity Natives 1531616 Foreign born 10564 The foreign born are not threefourths of 1 per cent of the peoplei6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 292 Of these from Ireland 4148 England Scotland and British Amer ica 1909 j Germany 2956 France 295 Sweden 138 Switzerland 107 Italy 82 State of Birth There are in Georgia born in other States 136402 persons Of these born in South Carolina 50195 North Carolina24156 Ala bama 17000 Virginia 14606 Tennessee 10717 Florida 5840 New York 2570 New England 2144 Pennsylvania 1000 all Northern States about 10000 Born in Georgia living in other States 323854 Excess of emi grants over immigrants 187452 Such excess is common to the older States in South Carolina the like excess was 195000 in North Carolina 242000 in Virginia 621000 in Tennessee 262 000 in Kentucky 267000 in Ohio 500000 j Mortality Deaths in census year in Georgia 215491 to 716 persons In the United States 7588931 to 662 persons Deaths of persons under 5 years in Georgia 1008047 per cent of all In the United States 30280640 per cent of all The mortality among colored infants largely affects this percent age jfc Occupations of the People All occupations 597862 Agricultural 43220472 per cent professional and personal services 104269 17 per cent trade and transportation 252224 per cent manufactures mining etc 361676 per cent Of the agricultural class 145062 are farmers and planters 3202 nurserymen florists etc and 284060 laborers In the professional class 3633 arc classed as teachers too few 6146 in Report of Schools etc physicians 1995 clergymen 1747 lawyers 1432 journalists 175 In manufacturing the reported number of officers and operators including those in iron works is about 6500 in milling about 4050 in mining too small 460 Of mechanics about 5000 are carpenters tailors 3258 black smiths 2898 brickmasons 1253 lumbermen 1080 elsewhere much more numerous 4971293 THE PEOPLE 17 Hotel keepers etc 1728 livery stable keepers 454 laundresses 7936 Laborers 47219 domestic servants 33139too small I Defective Dependent and Delinquent Classes Number of insane 1697 idiotic 2433 blind 1636 deaf 819 Paupers 1278 Criminals 1837 viz 231 whites 1606 colored Illiterates over 10 years old unable to write whites 128934 colored 391482 m CENTRES OF POPULATION 1 The Geographical Centre of Georgia 2 thecentre of colored population of Georgia and 3 the centre of olored population of the United States are all near the same spot in Twiggs county not far from Jeffersonville The centre of aggregate population of Georgia and the cntre of white population are both near Forsyth and only a few miles from each other That of aggregate population about ten miles a little north of east and that of white population about twelve miles northeast of Forsyth The centre of population is about 40 miles northwest of the centre of area It is a remarkable fact in regard to centres of population in the United States that three of them should be nearly on the same me ridian near the S4th west of Greenwich near the 7th west of Washington City viz the centre of aggregate population that of foreign population and that of colored population None of them are near the centre of area of the United States which is in Kansas All the centres have gradually moved westward INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE POLITICAL BUSINESS RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE ASSOCIA TIONS 1 POLITICAL a Federal GovernmentGeorgia being a member of the Fed eral Union every citizen of Georgia is therefore a citizen also of the United States and conversely every citizen of the United States resident in Georgia oldiers stationed in the State excepted is a citizen of Georgia In the Federal councils the State is repre sented by two Senators and ten Representativesi8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 294 The tendency of the people of Georgia has ever been to a strict construction of the Constitution of the United States and to the re striction of Federal powers b State GovernmentConstitution of 1877The limitations up on the powers of government in this Constitution are unusually com plete and pronounced embracing nearly all the provisions for the protection of liberty and personal rights to be found in any State Constitution and some additional safeguards which have been copied in other States Prominent among them are the provisions limiting taxation limit ing State credit and City and County credit the most dangerous powers of government regulating railroads by law requiring a majority of all the members of each house instead of a majority of a mere quorum to pass bills requiring a twothirds vote in sundry important cases and the like Some defects in the Constitution and suggestions as to the reme dy have been recently discussed in an able series of articles by a prominent citizen with a view to remedying the defects without hazarding the valuable features of the Constitution or incurring the expense of a Convention The suggestions were the following vfe To strike from the Constitution the provision as to the introduc tion of and action upon local and special bills To fix the limit of the biennial session at eighty days and at the same time to reduce the time to be devoted to local legislation To restore to the Governor subject to the approval of the Senate the appointment of Judges of the Superior Court and Solicitors To extend the terms of the Governor and heads of departments to fonr years with a disqualification on the part of the Governor for reelection to the next term To increase the number of Senators to eightyeight and To restore the provisions of the Constitution of 1868 as to the selection of jurors for the trial of civil and criminal cases The writer of these suggestions was a member of the Conven tion and for years since a member of the General Assembly with opportunities of observing the practical operations of the Constitu tion 295 THE PEOPLE 19 His views will doubtless receive the careful consideration of the Legislature Synopsis of the ConstitutionFirst PrinciplesThe Constitu tion opens with a declaration of first principles Government is for the good of the people and its officers are their servants The object of government is the establishment of freedom limited by justice to this end the protection of person and property should be impartial and complete Source of PowerThe people are the source of power and all rights not delegated are reserved Suffrage is bestowed on all male citizens 21 years of age of sound mind not criminals and who have paid all taxes for the support of government The number of fe males exceeds that of males and the number of minors exceeds that of adults the elective body constitutes therefore rather more than onefifth of the entire body of citizens On election days the sale of liquor within two miles of the polls is prohibited Delegation of PowerExtraordinaryA Constitutional Conven tion is the supreme representative seat of power Such a Conven tion may be called by a vote of twothirds of all the members elected of each house Amendments to the Constitution may be made by such a Convention representing the sovereign power ef the State or they may be proposed by twothirds of all the members elected of each house and submitted to the people for ratification or re jection Ordinary Powersthe State GovernmentThe usual distinction is made into three departmentsLegislative Judicial and Executive Bill of Rights The declaration of rights limiting all depart ments of government and protecting the citizen against them all precedes the bestowmcnt of delegated power on any department The Bill of Rights provides for liberty of person prohibits slavery declares that the writ of habeas corpus shall nevkb be suspended provides for liberty of speech complete liberty of conscience equality before the law the proper publication of law which shall not be ex post facto nor retroactive provides that the socia status of the people shall not be a subject of legislation and makes numerous and powerful provisions for the protection of property20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 296 The taxing power is closely hedged in and limited certain home stead privileges and the property of wives are secured These provisions protect the citizen chiefly from the abuse of power by the legislative department Protection from the Judiciary and by the JudiciaryEvery person is entitled to due process of law to a day in court to trial by jury he is entitled to a speedy trial and exposed to but one Pro vision is made against banishment against whipping against exces sive bail or fines or cruel and unusual punishments and against im prisonment for debt penalties are limited so also punishment for contempt oi court The Judiciary shall declare unconstitutional laws void Additional safeguards appear positively and negatively in the provisions bestowing and limiting the powers of the three depart ments of government ORGANIZATION INTO DEPARTMENTS Legislative Department This consists of a General Assembly composed of two houses the Senate and the House of Representa tives The Senate consists of 44 members and the House of 1 75 SenateSeparate FunctionsThe trial of impeachment and the ratification or rejection of certain nominations by the Governor are special functions of the Senate SouseSeparate FunctionsThe House has the initiative of all appropriation bills also of certain special and local bills and of impeachments JOINT FUNCTIONS THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Flections and Sessions Elections for both houses are biennial and the term for bath is the same two years Sessions are biennial and fr 40 days unless extended by a twothirds vote of all the members of both houses A call session by the Governor is limi ted to the matter of the call Proceedings in the General AssemblyAmong the special pro visions are some perhaps overstringent ones as to local bills Bills to borrow money must have exact specifications297 THE PEOPLE 2I The yeas and nays are provided for in numerous cases and al ways on a call of one fifth of the memberson appropriation billsand on bills requiring a twothirds vote A twothirds vote is needed to prolong a session over 40 days to override a veto to raise salaries to reintroduce a bill once re jected to introduce local bills not reported to expel a member to propose a Constitutional Convention or amendment Both houses must keep journals and publish them Duties not LegislativeElections on joint ballot of the Justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the Superior Court and Solicitors General counting votes for Goveror and if no majority electing Governor LEGISLATIVE POWERS General Grant of PowerAH powers are granted not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States and of Georgia Restraints and LimitationsAlmost the entire bill of rights is in restraint of Legislative power The provisions that laws shall be of general operation and that all citizens shall be equal befere the law prevent special privileges The power of taxation is declared inalienable so the State can not depart with the right of Eminent Domain or with the Police power No irrevocable grant of any privilege shall be made Kevocation of grants already made shall be on just terms to the grantees The granting of certain corporate powers is taken from the Legis lature and conferred on the Courts The Legislature cannot grant any gratuity or donation except to the University of Georgia and the Colored University nor extra pay nor relief on recognizances Lotteries are prohibited Lobbying is made a crime TAXATION This subject is much labored The power is declared inalienable The objects are strictly limited to the support of Government and the public Institutions interest on public debt principal of the22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 298 public debt cases of insurrection invasion or war and two special objectselementary education and furnishing soldiers artificial limbs As to mode taxation shall be uniform on classes and ad valorem on property A poll tax of one dollar is allowed for educational purposes Exemptions are limited Public property churches and cemeteries charities colleges and schools public libraries literary associations books and apparatus paintings and statuary not for sale or profit are exempt No other exemptions are allowed especially no corporate exemptions Uses of Public MoneyThese are limited to the objects stated A sinking fund of 100000 is provided for to pay bonds etc Of ficers are to make no profit out of funds No gratuity donation or extra pay is allowed The State Credit is carefully guarded No debt is to be contracted save for a deficiency not exceeding 200000 in case of invasion insurrection or war or for the payment of the public debt The act must specify purpose and be so limited No assumption of debt is allowed save of war debt No loan for any purpose The State shall not become a stockholder Certain Bonds are enumerated as void Local Taxation and Credit are also carefully guarded Counties and Cities may not become stockholders and may not give nor lend save to charities and schools County taxes are limited to debt now existing public works prisons court expenses quarantine paupers and education in English The debt of city or county shall not exceed 7 per cent of assessed value of property If not now seven it may be increased three percent For deficiency one fifth of one percent is allowed A twothirds vote is required Ade quate provision for debt must be made in advance to meet it in not exceeding thirty years Powers as to RailroadsThese are full and yet carefully guarded The Legislature must regulate rates and secure impar tiality Any amendment of a charter shall operate as a novation and subject the railroads to legal regulation Buying its own shares299 THE PEOPLE 23 monopoly rebates deception as to rates are prohibited to every railroad Certain Powers as to Insurance Companies are granted For taxation license requiring deposits etc also requiring reports Powers as to the State Militia and Volunteers are granted Powers Concerning EducationThese concern elementary educa tion also the higher education in the University of Georgia A State School Commission and a school fund are provided Only the ele mentary branches are to be taught White and colored schools are to be separate County and city taxes may supplement the State school fund on certain conditions DELEGATION OF POWER To CountiesNo new counties are to be laid off A County site can only be changed by a twothirds vote of the people Dissolution or merger of counties require a twothirds vote of the people Coun ty officers and commissioners are provided for A Tax for educa tional purposes is allowed on recommendation of grand juries and a twothirds vote of the people To CorporationsThe General Assembly grants acts of incorpo ration to certain more important Associations The courts to others specified JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT This consists of the Supreme Court the Superior Courts Court of Ordinary Justices of the Peace and Notaries Public The Legislature may establish other courts and may abolish any except the above named The Supreme Court is a court of errors only It consists of a Chief Justice and two Associates elected by the Legislature for six yearssalary 3000 Superior CourtsThere are twentyone judicial circuits in the State and twentyone Judges of the Superior Court chosen each for six yearssalary 2C00 They can exchange at convenience with each other or with city court judge The jurisdiction of the Superior Court is exclusive in equity in land titles divorce cases and in criminal cases involving life or the penitentiary Provisions are made for the trial of appeals certioraris from lower courts etc Juries must be composed of intelligent and upright menH DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 30O Such are the provisions affecting the judicial department EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT The Governors powers and pay are small his duties and re sponsibilities large and numerous He is elected for two years may serve two terms and is ineligible then for four years In case of disability the President of the Senate or next the Speaker of the House becomes acting Governor till an election supplies the vacancy The Governor is commanderinchief of the army and militia and it is his duty to execute the laws The pardoning power is his he fills vacancies in certain offices In his relations to the General Aesembly he gives information and makes recommendations can convoke the Assembly in certain contingencies declare it ad journed he has the veto power subject to two third vote thereafter he is charged with quarterly examinations of the books of the ComptrollerGeneral and the Treasurer The Secretary of State ComptrollerGeneral and Treasurer are all elected by the people for two years The Governor appoints the School Commissioner Commissioner of Agriculture and Railroad Commissioners Such is a general view of the organic law of the State We give next a view of the more important LAWS OF GEOEGIA Sources of KnowledgeThese are ample and complete in Geor gia as they should be in every State for since ignorance of the law is no excuse the law should therefore be well promulgated Inherited Zuio Xl the separation from the mother country there were English and Colonial laws of force in the colony These formed a sort of stock on which subsequent laws were grafted With some limits as to their application they were all declared of force by the act of 1784 known as the Adopting Act viz The Common Law of England the Civil and Common Law the prin ciples of Equity English Statutes aud a body of Provincial Acts as they were in force May 14th 1776 The English statutes were collated by authority in Schleys Di gest 1826301 THE PEOPLE 25 State LawsThe first digest of State laws was Watkins Digest rejected by the General Assembly because it contained the obnox ious Yazoo act List of Digests Sanctioned by Authority Volume 1 Marbury Crawford1802 2 Clayton1810 3 Lamar1819 4 Dawson1829 5 Prince18211837 6 Hotchkiss1845 7 Cobb1851 8 The Code first edition1863 Then three subsequent editions of the Code in 1667 1873 and 1882 After every session the laws are published in pamphlet form The Code is a monument to the genius and industry of its com pilers especially to those of the lamented Thomas K R Cobb the moving spirit in its conception and execution The index is defec tive however in principle and execution The Law as it now isCode of 1882The Code is abundantly and laboriously annotated numerous notes show the heads of espe cial practical importance and mark disputed tracts of law By glancing over its pages one may see not the blood but the ink spots of many legal frays The Code consists of four parts Part 1 Organization 2 Civil Code 3 Code of Practice 4 Penal Laws The Hank of Laws appears in the Constitution and also in the Code 1 The Constitution of the United States 2 Laws and treaties under the same 3 The Constitution of Georgia 4 Public laws under the same 5 The unanimous decisions of the Supreme Court made by a full bench 6 Private laws 7 Customs of universal practice As authority legal maxims text books and practice26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE C302 Decisions of the United States courts are paramount on constitu tional questions equal on commercial law 6nperior on State law We give a brief view of the several prts of the Code PART IORGANIZATION This part sets forth the boundary and jurisdiction of the State and its political divisions There are 137 countie 44 senatorial districts 21 judicial circuits and 10 Congressional districts These will be given in more detail hereafter Citizenship is defined and the distinction of race Oneeighth of African blood constitutes a person of color The Code gives a fuller view of the three Departments of State than does tl5e Constitution So also of County organization and City of the public revenue debt property defense etc of elections po lice and sanitary regulations and the like This part of the Code prescribes the mode of conducting Elec tions by the People and by the General Assembly It defines the duties of the Executive Department of the Gov ernor his residence official minutes etc of the State House offi cers the Secretary of State Treasurer and Comptroller General School Commissioner Commissioner of Agriculture Attorney General Librarian etc More particular reference will be made hereafter to the Depart ment of Agriculture established first in Georgia and copied exten sively elsewhere The same part of the Code defines more fully the duties also of the Legislative and Judicial Departments the organization of the State into counties and other political divisions provides for Tax ation the Public Revenue Debt and Property Public printing and Public defense The Public School system and the whole Educational system of the State is also here set forth and the provision for the Blind Deaf and Dumb Lunatics and unfortunate classes also Police and Sanitary regulations and the Penitentiary system To some of these fuller reference will be made hereafter EducationalThe school law of Georgia is a model unsurpassed in the Union for completeness and good features It is a splendid 303 THE PEOPLE 27 Hank however which needs to be filled with money Provision is made by the Constitution for donations to the University of Georgia but the Legislature seldom avails itself of them The whole educational system is a form to be filled outscantily supplied by the State The endowment of the University is the liberality of a past generation PART IITHE CIVIL CODE This the most important part sets forth the rights duties and liabilities of citizens with their limitations Rights of CitizensIn general a citizen has a right to the free use of his own person and property except as restrained by law He has thus the right to personal liberty and personal security viz of body limb and reputation freedom of conscience and religious lib erty He has the right to the protection of law to make contracts to appeal to the courts and to testify in them Adult male citizens have the right to the elective franchise to hold office and to perform civil fuuctions All persons whether citizens or not have the right to the pro tection of the law to hold property to the free use and disposition of the same during life and the qualified right to dispose of it at death Indeed the whole Bill of Rights in the Constitutions of the United States and the State is in the interest of personal rights and equality before the law EIGHTS AND DUTIE8 ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL RELATIONS DOMESTIC RELATIONS Husband and WifePartiesThe marriage of white persons to persons of color is prohibited Marriage is prohibited to male persons under seventeen years females under fourteen For a fe male under eighteen the consent of her parents or guardian is necessary Persons related by blood more nearly than first cousins may not intermarry The marriage of a deceased wifes sister is not prohibited A license from the ordinary is required The Grounds of Divorce are consanguinity too close affinity mental or physical impediments force or fraud in obtaining mar riage pregnancy at time of marriage adultery desertion for three38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 304 years conviction for a base crime with sentence to imprisonment for two years Cruel treatment and habitual intoxications furnish dis cretionary grounds The concurrent verdict of two juries is necessary to a total di vorce The juries fix the relations of the parties to the children and property Property of Married WomenThis remains separate whether held at marriage or acquired thereafter The wife has a limited agency by reason of her relation as such She has aright to dower unless surrendered in real estate in possession at the death of the husband Numerous other provisions affect this most important relation On the death of the husband intestate the wife inherits from him if no child the whole estate if child or children not exceed ing four a childs part if over four one fifth of estate Parent and child are bound to mutual support when needed and have the right of mutual protection It is the parents duty to maintain protect and educate the child Provisions are made for adoption of children for protection against cruel treatment by parents etc etc Guardian and WardAmple provision is made for this rela tion needing no special mention Master and ServantProvision for this relation by indenture etc is made Laborers in factories are not subject tocorporal punish ment The hours of labor for minors cannot exceed those between sunrise and sunset and time for meals must be allowed EELATIONS OTHEE THAN DOMESTIC ARISING OUT OF O0NTBA0T Principal and AgentFew peculiar provisions are to be found except in the law affecting OverseersAs this agency is very broad and general much of it is left to implication and so it has been much contested The con tract need not to be in writing though not to be performed within a year Landlord and TenantThis is another frequent relation The landlord has a lien for rent and may distrain for it Rent bears interest Rent not exceeding half the crop payable in kind is not305 THE PEOPLE 29 liable to process against tenant The landlord may have a special lien for provisions and this must be written DepositsA bank officer is liable criminally for receiving de posits when he knows the bank to be insolvent InterestThe legal rate is 7 per cent By written contract it may be eight For usury the excess only is forfeited Debtor and CreditorThe rights of creditors are favored Cer tain contracts must be in writing viz securityship the sale of land promises to revive a debt out of date contracts not to be performed within a year except with overseers and some others The rights of securities are very strictly construed Conveyances to defeat creditors are void A debtor can prefer a creditor HomesteadThe value set apart amounts to 1600 Exemptions These areof land 50 acres and 5 acres added for each child under 16 a farmhorse or mule cow and calf 10 hog9 50 worth of provisions five added for each child and some other items including tools of trade A deceased debtors property is liable to certain charges before debts are paid viz a years support for the family etc Limitation of ActionsNotes are barred in six years open ac counts in four years unless by reason of disability in plaintiff A new promise must be in writing A payment entered by the debtor suffices Mortgagesmust be recorded within 30 days else they only pro tect from the date of record LiensNumerous liens are provided for by the code express and implied Among them liens of attorneys bailees carriers fac tors innkeepers laborers landlords and mechanics The vendors lien is abolished PROPERTY EIGHTS Real EstateThe tenure is allodial the land held under the State without service of any kino7 and limited only by the right of eminent domain in the State Transfers must usually be in writing and recorded Prescriptive RightsPossession for twenty years gives title so30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 306 seven years adverse possession except against persons laboring un der disability of infancy etc PersonalPropertyStocks are usually personalty Adverse posession for four years gives prescriptive title except in cases of disability of true owner TRANSFER OF PROPERTY By SaleThe price must be agreed on the goods identified and delivered actually or constructively A consideration is neces sary A deed to personal property needs no witnesses There is in Georgia no market overt By GiftThe donor must intend to give the donee to accept and there must be a delivery actual or constructive Acceptance is usually presumed Delivery by a parent to a child living apart from him creates a presumption of a gift Gifts against creditors are void By WillGenerally any person can make a will except minors under 14 years of age and imbeciles married women only in special cases The power is unlimited except to defeat creditors and dower A will for charitable uses must be made 90 days before deathand if wife or child living not exceed onethird of estate Limitations may extend to a life or lives in being and 21 years and the period of gestation thereafter and no longer Fraud vitiates a will so also a mistake as to the existence or con duct of heirs at law vitiates as to sncb heirs Except to nuncupative wills three witnesses are necessary DescentThe law of inheritance is as follows The husband is usually sole heir of intestate wife one special exception 2484 The wife is sole heir if no children or descendants of children If husband leaves wife and child or children the wife takes a childs part unless the shares exceed five when the wife shall take a fifth Children if no wife inherit whole estate Lineal descendants represent deceased child per Stirpe Posthumous children are in cluded07 THE PEOPLE 3 Brothers and sisters stand in the next degree the paternal half blood included If no brother or sister of whole or paternal half blood then maternal halfblood inherits Deceased brothers or sis ters are represented by their children or grandchildren per stirpe The father if living and in certain cases the mother if she is living and the father not inherits as would a brother and sister Beyond these degrees paternal and maternal next of kin are equal First cousins stand next and equally with them uncles and aunts More remote degrees are determined by the Canon law as in the English decisions prior to July 4 177 LIMITATIONS ON KIGHTS OF PERSON A person has in general all rights of person not prohibited The right to body limb freedom of locomotion nay even the right to life itself may be forfeited for crime punished by imprisonment at hard labor or by death Branding and flogging in the penitentiary also limit personal rights Special limitations also prevail in the army and navy The citizen is also liable to military road and jury duty and to serve as a witness His general right to bear arms is secured to him subject to the provision that they be not concealed Personal liberty may be limited not only by crime but by insanity and by imprisonment for the fraudulent concealment of property The writ of habeas corpus in Georgia is never suspended The elective franchise may be forfeited for crime and by nonpay ment of taxes The right to hold office may be forfeited for crime including duellingor by default in regard to public money Per sonal rights are subject to quarantine vaccination and to vagrancy laws Sunday work or contracts are prohibited The office of Pro fessor in the University of Georgia was at one time limited to per sons of the Christian religion this restriction has been repealed as unconstitutional LIMITATIONS ON RTGTTTS OF PROPERTY AND ITS USE The right of eminent domain in the State limits that of the prop erty holder But just compensation must be made by the State for property taken The State has the right of collecting taxes and of impressment The State regulates common carriers inn32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 308 keepers and licensed trades and professions also railroads and other corporations founded on the exercise of State sovereignty There are inspection lawslaws regulating liquor selling and tippling houses on the Sabbath dayinsolvent lawslaws regulating game and fish escheat laws stock laws and fence laws now left to local option The State requires the support of ones family requires alimony in cases of divorce and prevents entails Selfmade limita tions on property rights by contract are enforced by the State In certain cases specific performance is enforced in others dama ges are awarded The right to will property is limited by the wifes right of dower by the rights of creditors and by those of the family to twelve months support Subject to such limitations the right of property is absolute one can do with it whatever is not prohibited RIGHT OF CONTRACTHOW LIMITED Contracts on Sunday and keeping open tippling houses on Sun day are prohibited The marriage contract is limited by certain degrees of consanguinity or affinity White persons and color ed may not intermarry Factory operatives under age are limited to work between sunrise and sunset with a proper interval for meals Compounding felonies lotteries and gambling are prohibited These are the chief restraints upon contract PART III OF CODEPRACTICE Remedies differ in different States more than do rights Proce dure in Georgia has ever been easy and intelligible The judiciary act of 1799 made numerous and valuable improvements in law proce dure It has been said that since its passage with some added legislation allowing amendments no lawyer in Georgia was ever at a loss for a remedy Among the simplifications were easy methods for the foreclosure of mortgages for deciding claims establishing lost papers the partition of property attachments garnishments summary proceedings in trespass possessory warrants for personal property etc Common law and equity jurisdiction are merged in the same court and are gradually merging into the same ac tion Juries are also allowed in equity There is a convenient system provided of arbitration the decision nude a rule of CourtTHE PEOPLE 33 Still other simplification was made m pleading in 1847 by what are known as the Jack Jones forma The rule or pleading in Georgia has been briefly stated thus Plead what you please and prove what you can For general convenience there are twentyone Judicial Circuits and Superior Courts are held in each county twice a year There are also County and Justices Courts and certain jurisdiction is con ferred on Notaries Thus justice is brought close home as regards place Defendants are generally sued in their own counties In time justice is not so prompt and it has been complained that the collection of debts and the trial of criminals in Georgia is too slow The evidence of parties is admitted when both parties can testify FAET ITPENAL LAWS The criminal law of Georgia was codified at an early period in 1883 before that of any other State by Joseph Henry Lumpkin afterwards Chief Justice of the State The right of selfdefense under proper circumstances is recognized even to the killing of the assailant also the right of a private person to arrest a criminal Drunkenness is no excuse for crime nor ignorance Stringent pro visions are made against frauds by bailees factors bank officers State officers etc Any bailee clerk or other person fraudulently convert ing goods entrusted to hitnis liable criminally Bank officers are lia ble for violation of charter and presumed to know the charter etc Insolvency of a bank is presumed to be fraudulent Receiving depos its when insolvent is a crime so is declaring fraudulent dividends Sate officers may not use public money or take interest thereon Obstructing railroad tracks is a crime Kaiiroad conductors are in vested with police powers Lobbying is a crime Duelling and carrying deadly weapons concealed are crime Labor or hunting on the Sabbath are criminal so is interference with religious worship and selling spirits except in a town during worship within a mil of church Cruelty to animals and to children are criminal offenses The general view of the Code ends here 334 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS These are the Department of Agriculture the System of Public Schools the Asylums for the Blind and the Deaf and Dumb the Penitentiary etc They will need separate chapters COEPOEATIONS PublicThese are counties cities etc The powers rights and duties of count organizations are set forth fully in the Code Lo cal option is in many instances allowed to a county as to the ac ceptance or rejection of a particular law or policy say of the fence law or the prohibition of the liquor traffic City rights and pow ers are set forth usually in their several charters PrivateThese are Railroads Banks Insurance Companies and the like For these also a distinct treatment is necessary and also for various associations of private individuals for ends of religion charity business or mutual improvement such as the State Agri cultural Society Medical Association Teachers Association Bar Association etc RKVIEW Such is a general view of the Constitution and Liws of Georgia its political and egal institutions There is a strong sentiment among the people in favor of law and order and within a recent period a rapidlygroring enforcement of law especially of the penal law of the State The constitution and laws indicate the character of a people jealous of their liberties and watchful over authority whether State or Federal Their history abundantly vindicates this assertion as to the character of the people of GeorgiaCHAPTER IV SKETCH OF HISTORY Place of Georgia in the settlement of the United States The movements of population apparently ca ricious are governed by law and the law of its movement has been illustrated nowhere bet ter than in our own country The object o an emigrant in changing his home is of course to better his condition The impediments however are so great that only the enterprising and energetic usu ally overcome them or those under peculiar pressure to escape poverty persecution or the punishment of crime Emigrants follow lines of latitude not of longitude or isothermal lines and usually follow if possible their old pursuits in life But land is universally attractive and so one great inducement is good and cheap land As America furnishes the worlds chief lesson in colonization let us oberve next The place of the United States in the settlement of America The islands were first colonized then the main landSouth America before North by virtue perhaps of projecting further east Spain and Portugal were ahead then France The first permanent Brit ish settlement was that of Virginia in 1607 one hundred and fifteen years after the discovery by Columbus The French were ahead of the English but were supplanted The reason is thus given in one of the thoughtful essays of John Fiske The test of the relative strength of the English and Roman meth ds came when England and France which pursued the Ro man method contended for the possession of North America The people which preserved selfgovernment could send forth self supporting colonies the people which had lost the very tradition of selfgovernment could not Hence the dominion of the sea with that of all the outlying parts of the earth fell into the hands of the English race and hence the federative method of political union the method which contains every element of permanence and36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE which is pacific in its very conception is already assuming a sway which is unquestionably destined to become universal Virginia being the first colony under the natural laws of enter prise and opportunity all the original colonies north of Virginia were settled within thirty years Then followed the Carolina after an interval of thirty yearsNorth Carolina in 1GG3 South Caro lina in 1670 Sixty years later in 1733 Georgia was first settled The delay was largely due to the power of the Indian tribes especially the two great tribes the Creeks and Cherokeee more numerous in Georgia than in the Carolinas A second reason perhaps was the breadth of less inviting pine lands before reaching the Piedmont region of oak and hickory After Georgiayoungest of the thirteen sistersfollowed in their order Kentucky Vermont and Tennessee before 1800 and Ohio in 1S02 These were outlying nuclei or centres of popula tion which rapidly developed into States Eighteen States were engaged in the war of 1S12 Settlement of Georgia herself The motives which led to the settlement of Georgia were somewhat peculiar Oglethorpe like Howard was a philanthropist and the fundamental object of the colony was to offer an asylum for honest debtors as well as for the victims at home of religious persecution Designed as a benevo lent pauper colony its arms were open to all nationalities as well as to the English pec pie After all the pauper immigrants exerted little permanent influence on the colony Order of settlement Population followed the usual law settling first on the coast thence along the rivers to the heads of navigation and thence into the interior The great West has had another pow erful factor in railroad facilities guiding pushing and limiting im migration The beginnings were slow Before steady growth began the colony had many ups aid downs The earliest historian McCall says tlvt it was not until by the importation of slaves Georgia laid hold on the strength of Africa that the colony be gan to prosper This resort to the strength of Africa was made in 1749a costly experiment like that in the Apocalypse sweet in the mouth but bitter in the belly The end is not yetSKETCH OF HISTORY 37 Savannah the seaport was laid out beautifully in 1733 Augusta in 1735 at the head of navigation of the Savannah River The first considerable inland settlement lying beyond the general outline was in Wilkes county about 1770 just before the war of the Rev olution The cheeks to settlement were chiefly the presence of the Indian tribes numerous and powerful In dealing with them Oglethorpe was as peaceful and painstaking as Wm Penn Successive treaties were made purchasing Indian lands and as the lands were acquired each new purchase was rapidly filled with settlers In heearly negotations an Indian chief Tomochichi was an invaluable ally The final removal of the I idians did not occur until 1838 more than a century after the establishment of the colony Africans hav ing been first introduced as slaves in 1749 emancipation occurred in 1S65 one hundred and fifteen years later In Georgia as in the Union as a whole th re was a gradual transfer of population and power westward SOME UN WRITTEN HISTORY The word Georgia brings up ideas of Oglethorpe the Wesleys and Whitfield the Salzburgers the efforts to produce wine and silk The real dominant element however was not direct immigra tion from abroad but immigration from sister Colonies or States of the Union a population already largely assimilated The two great factors which took the lead and got the start were the immigrations from Virginia and western North Carolina soon after the close of the war A Virginia regiment rendered great service in Georgia during the war and the acquaintance then made ripened into re moval to Georgia early thereafter A large immigration came also from Mecklenburg around Charlotte N C the centre of a very liberty loving and independent population These two bodies of immigrants with those who followed from the regions they left and their descendants peopled Middle and Western Georgia and 6pread over the State Maryland furnished also a valuable contin gent This great factor in our history has perhaps received too little at tention This remark is made in no spirit of forgetfulness of the noble work of Oglethorpe and the factor furnished by the south38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE eastern section of Georgia in her development The influence of Savannah on her history has been immense and beneficial Her natural advantages as a port and her wise and vigorous enterprise in building up the railroad system of the State her beauty as a city her commerce and business enterpiise all speak for themselves So has it been with Augnsta her rival in age and wealth and rail road development These cities have well known and just claims on the gratitude of Georgians Some other elements of prosperity and influence have been perhaps too little appreciated Each sec tion has contributed its quota to the history and character of the State At a later period a large influx of valuable citizens was received by Georgia from South Carolina and Tennessee that from Virginia and North Carolina Dot ceasing and some return flow from Ala bama Middle Georgia has ever had a geographical and topograph ical position and climate which gave her a leading attitude in the State affecting largely its history and development Northwest Georgia by virtue of soil and climate has made rapid progress Northeast Georgia was long isolated by the absence of railroad fa cilities but h now growing apace The Southwestern region has also contributed largely to the wealth and prosperity of the State A history of successive immigrations wonld be valuable as well as that of the diffusion of Georgians themselves by changes from one section to another In this diffusion Middle Georgia has played probably the largest part as well as in the emigration to the West One of the strange anomalies of slavery was that the visual rule was reversed as to emigration Emigration was the result not of ad verse times but of prosperity The multiplication of slaves led to emigration to fresh lands SALIENT POINTS IN GEORGIA HISTORY INCLUDING SOME HAIKBREADTH SCAPES The separate existence of the State was several times threatened Twice Georgia was near to being a part of South Carolina Its territory indeed was embraced in the original grant to that State It was once a part of ancient Florida a name given to the whole immense region south of Virginia and extending west indefinitelySKETCH OF HISTORY 39 even beyond the Mississippi It was claimed by Spain and the dis puted title was a cause of war after the settlement of Georgia a war more formidable than the conflicts with the Indians The soil was partly bought and partly conquered The colony when about twenty years old was receded by the trustees to the Crown It was again seriously proposed to merge the State into South Carolina In the questions between the colony and the mother country Benjamin Franklin was appointed the agent of Georgia at the court of Great Britaia When the Revolutionary war came on Georgia occupied very peculiar relations which seemed to indicate her prob able adhesion to the Crown She had little to complain of she had received great kindness from the mother country and the royal Governor Wright was a man and officer of remarkable character wisdom and prudence The proximity of the Indians furnished an other strong argument for peace But the vigorous spirit of inde pendence prevailed over all these considerations and Georgia joined her sister colonies in the struggle for a separate existence At the close of the war another peril threatened her Her terri tory was largely in the possession of the British forces and a treaty was discussed based on the doctrine of uti possidetiseach party to keep the territory in its possession Her representatives in the Continental Congress protested strongly against any treaty on such a basis which would have left Georgia a colony of the crown Such were some of the dangers and escapes of her early history and of the vigorous pioneer life of an enterprising people SUCCESSIVE CONSTITUTIONS Charter 1732 Colony remitted to the Crown 1752 First State Constitution 1777 Second u 1789 Third a 1798 Fourth u 1861 Fifth it 1865 Sixth a 1868 Seventh u 1877 40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The colony of Georgia was first established in 1732 by royal char ter but under a proprietary government The charter was granted by George II in the fifth year of his reign to Lord Percival s Oglethorpe and others under the corporate name of The Trusteeb for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America The objects as declared in the charter were twofoldas a barrier to the older colony of South Carolina against the Indians and for the good of the distressed subjects of the Crownthe King profesing his re gaid for even the meanest and most infatuated of his people and referring to the new settlement as a regular colony of these poor people Foreigners were admitted to the colony if willing to become subjects and live under allegiance Religious toleration was granted except to Papists The command of the militia was vested in the Governor of South Carolina After the colony was remitted to the Crown it was under royal governors for twentyfour years After the declaration of Independence a constitution was framed 1777 to adapt the State to the new condition of affairs The Con stitution recites in its preamble the conduct of Great Britain the action of the other Colonies and the recommendation of Congress for the establishment of new forms of government This Consti tution wiped out the restriction against Catholics It is interesting to trace the changes in the Constitution aud their causes The charter of South Carolina was framed by the celebrated John Locke and embodied the theory of government held by the philosophers of the time The Constitution of Georgia 1777 was modelled after the form of government of the United colonies There was no Senate the Governor was chosen out of the House and by the House An executive council was also chosen by the House out of its own members This perhaps was the germ of the Senate The great seal of the State was to be as follows On one side a scroll whereon shall be engraved The Constitution of the State of Georgia and the motto Pro bonopublico On the other side an elegant house and other buildings fields of corn and meadows cov ered with sheep and cattle a river running through the same with a ship under full sail and the motto Deus nolis hwo otia fecit SKETCH OF HISTORY 41 After the adoption of the Constitution of the United States in 1787 a new Constitution of Georgia was framed viz on the 6th of May 1789 This was framed on the new model and embraced ics leading features This remained in force for nine years and then the Constitution of 1798 May 30th was adopted which with some amendments continued in force until 1861 after the ordinance of secession from the United States was passed The Constitution of the Confederate States was framed on the 11th of March and ratified by a convention of the State of Georgia March 16th 1861 On the 23d of March a new Constitution was framed by the State Convention and ratified by a vote of the people in July After the close of the war between the States on tlie 6th of No vember 1865 a new Constitution was again formed in which the leading feature was the abolition of slavery Still another Constitution was adopted by the Convention March 11th 1868 and by the popular vote at the election April 20th 21st 22d and 23d 1868 Finally in 1877 the present Constitution was adopted of which a full synopsis is elsewhere given After the Revolution began a rapid growth chiefly by immigra tion from other States of the Union Soon t hereafter a great shock was received by the Tasoo fraud This was an attempt by several land companies to purchase the immense western lands of Georgia for a small consideration and by corrupt means The Act was passed but aroused great indignation and the corrupt documents were burned with fire from heaven kindled by a burningglass The Judiciary Act of 1799 was in itself almost a Constitution it inaugurated many valuable reforms The Educational system proposed about the beginning of the century was very complete in form It only needed money to vitalize it In 1802 occurred the cession by Georgia to the Federal Govern ment of the immense and valuable territory now embraced in the two States of Alabama and Mississippi The condition of the cession was the extinction by the United States of the Indian title to all the lands in Georgia then in their possession42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE In the war of 1S12 Georgia took an active interest The Semi nole Indians invaded the State but a volunteer force carried the war into Florida and compelled a peace The Alleviating Law was passed at this time by reason of the financial stringency caused by the Embargo The contest between Clarke and Troup was bitter and protracted Clarke was elected Governor in 1819 The Legislature protested against the deLy of the United States in removing the Indians from the State Clarke was reelected in 1821 after a second bit ter struggle A change was now made in the Constitution trans ferring the election of Governor from the Legislature to the people At this period Win H Crawford of Georgia was for a time the most prominent candidate for the Presidency but his probable election was prevented by a stroke of paralysis He was one of the most powerful men of his dayan intellectual prodigy In 1823 Troup was elected Governor During his active admin istration a controversy occurred with the Federal Government and there was immense excitement in Georgia for Troup and the Treaty sustaining the Governor in demanding the fulfillment of its conditions Governor Troup issued the famous message When the argument is exhansted stand by your arms Governor Troup recommended the inauguration of a great canal system connecting Georgia with the Tennessee river and thns with the great Mississippi Valley The introduction of railroads super seded this policv John Forsyth became Governor without opposition in 1827 He was noted in Congress as an unrivalled debater Discussions of the tariff began at this time and in 1828 was passed the law usually spoken of as the tariff of abominations In the administration of his successor Governor Gilmer there was another sharp controversy with the Federal authorities grow ing out of the same sore subjectthe delay of the United States in the removal of the Indians The State formally extended its jurisdiction over the Indian lands and Governor Gilmer sent a message to the Legislature informing it that orders from the Federal authorities interfering with this claim of jurisdiction would be disSKETCH OF HISTORY 43 regarded and attempts to enforce such order resisted The con troversy ran high Tassel a Cherokee Indian was convicted of murder by a State Court Governor Gilmer was summoned by Chief Justice Marshall before the United States Supreme Court The Legislature sustained the Governor and Tassel was executed Several Missionaries disregarded the law concerning settlers in the Indian Territory which led to their imprisonment until they made explanations satisfactory to the State authorities The grat tariff excitement and the episode of nullification sig nalized this period18323 Mr Forsyth favored the tariff law and force bill but the State was opposed to both Parties were divided into States Eights and Union The railroad development of the State began now in which the cities of Savannah and Augusta took a very prominent part The Seminole war begun in 1835 and the Creek war in 1836 led to very active measures by State volunteers as well as United States forces These events hastened the final removal of the In dians in 1838 opening a large new territory to settlement The great financial crisis of 1837 lasted for years and led to Re lief laws Governor McDonalds administration covered a large part of this trying period Quite a serious struggle arose between the Governor and the Legislature which led at length to the needful increase of taxation for public exigencies The administration of Governor Crawford evinced signal finan cial ability and was aided by the gradual restoration of the pros perity of the State The railroad system of Georgia now made much progress The Supreme Court was organized In the Mex ican war Georgia furnished her full quota of volunteer forces which acted with distinguished gallantry During the two terms of Governor Towns the slavery question was much agitated A convention of the people was called which led to the adoption of the Georgia Platform acquiescing in the compromise bill of 1850 Howell Cobb was made Governor on the Georgia platform The era from 1850 to 1850 interrupted by the financial crisis of 1857 was one of great national and State prosperity Federal policy now controlled State elections In 1853 Her I44 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE schel V Johnson was elected over Charles J Jenkins both splen did representatives of the character of the State In 1855 arose the American party which nominated Judge Gar nett Andrews for Governor but Johnson was reelected Governor Joseph E Brown was elected in 1857 over Benjamin H Hill after a vigorous canvass He held the office for four terms until 1865 The chief features of his administration prior to the war were his policy regarding the banks enforcing specie payments and the successful management of the Western and Atlantic or State Railroad The slavery agitation continued and waxed wanner The split occurred at Charleston in the Democratic Convention dividing the vote between Breckenridge and Douglass and resulting in the elec tion of Lincoln This was the beginning of the end The period of prosperity was passed and the stormy period of war begun The Ordinance of Secession of South Carolina was passed De cember 201860 that of Georgia January 19 1861 Prior to Secession Governor Brown ordered the seizure of Fort Pulaski which was effected by Col A R Lawton and soon thereafter the Arsenal at Augusta was taken possession of CONFEDERATE STATES Georgia played an important and conspicuous part in the history of the Confederacy Howell Cobb of Georgia was president of the Convention which framed its constitution Of the first Cabinet a majority were connected by birth or family associations with the single county of Wilkes Mr Stephens the VicePresident Mr Toombs the Secretary of State Mr Pope Walker the Secretary of War were all natives of Wilkes Mr Davis family were closely associated with it his parents be ing residents of the county and his grandparents buried in its soil The family of Mr Reagan die Postmaster General were also resi dents and Judge John A Campbell connected with the Cabinet at a later period was a native Thus more than half the original ad ministration was associated closely with this thrifty and vigorousSKETCH OF HISTORY 45 first interior settlement of Georgia the population of which was de rived from Virginia and Western North Carolina a strong evolu tionary stock An earnest effort to avoid war was made by sending a peace com mission to the Federal Government but without avail Vigorous and energetic was the struggle which ensued There were not 600000 whites in the State yet from first to last 120000 Georgia soldiers were placed in the field In the first years of the war no part of Georgia was invaded except that Savannah was threatened after the capture of Fort Pulaski i 1862 In 1S63 the Emancipa tion Proclamation wa3 issued by President Lincoln Little did we at the South appreciate at the time its real significance The gen eral sentiment was voiced in the humorous letter of Bill Arpthat Mr Linkhorn was over cropping himself taking in more land than he could tend These fine letters adapted well to the people not only amused but encouraged them It was long thought that Georgia would remain free fron inva sion One of her gifted citizens who had a summer home on Look out Mountain remarked that if there was a spot in the Confederacy that would never feel the tread of a hostile fot this was the spot Yet this became the very theatre of war Southwest Georgia was long the granary to feed the Confederacy and the factories of Georgia helped much to clothe it Vicksburg and Chattanooga were the two keys of the South When these were taken by the Federals the Con federacy was cut asunder in two places like an insect Prof Arnold Guyot of Princeton often visited North Carolina and East Ten nessee as a geologist examining this great mountain region A manu script of his was there found showing the relation of Chattanooga to the South as a base of cperations for the Federal armies supported by ten railroads and a river fed by the rich valley of East Tennessee and threatening Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Tennessee Alabama and Mississippi more than half the States of the South From Chattanooga the war was brought home to Geor gia Johnstons brilliant strategy kept Sherman long at bay as Johnston retired before him inch by inch Opinions differed widely as to the change of policy under General Hood While his gallantry was appreciated perhaps the prevalent opinion in Geor46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE giawas against the change The end was approaching fast Sher mans march of ruin through Georgia could be but faintly opposed and he reached Savannah in January 1865 In the famous Hampton Roads Conference two of the three com missioners were Georgians and natives of the same county Wilkes It led however to no results The surrender of General Lee occurred April 6 1865 and of General Joseph E Johnston April 26 The surrender was not made while a fighting chance was left Comparing war to chess the Federals had an army unopposed pass ing over the board picking up our pieces On the 4th of May Mr Davis and a part of his Cabinet met for the last time in Washington Georgia So ended as gallant a struggle as is recorded in the annals of time LOSSES BY THE WAR The stupendous effects of the war upon the whole South Georgia included are scarcely capable of just appreciation If the first revolution tried mens souls much more the second life staiowle if the first seven fold the second seventy and seven Ever a civil or sectional war abounds in horrors to the weaker and invaded party These came too upon a people no longer pioneers accustomed to hardships Losses of PopulationThe loss of white population nearly equalled in number the whole number of voters and a large pro portion of the loss consisted of actual voters the very cream of the people 1850 I860 1870 White population 591550 638926 816906 Increase in decade47376 177 980 Per ct of increase 8 28 The war decade increase was but 8 per cent the next decade 28 20 per cent greater The war decade fell short by over 130000 whites Loss of WealthThe wealth of Georgia was in 1850 gold 335 426000 1860 645895000 increase 310469000 90 percent 1870 greenbacks 268169000 gold 88600000 decrease 457SKETCH OF HISTORY 47 295000 70 per cent At the former rate 90 per cent it would have been in 1870 1227200000 decrease 1038600000 The loss was over five times what was left Even at half the increase of the decade ending in 60 the wealth of 1870 should have been 1165200000 making the loss nearly a billion of dollars and the property left not 200 millions We have been spelling up slowly 1880 239000000 increase in decade 5000 000 the in crase 1850 to 1860 being 310 millions Id Ii65 James Johnson a native Georgian and a man of charac ter who had been a consistent Union man during the war was made provisional Governor The changes now made were rapid and might have been salutary the wounds made by war might have been healed by the first intention A State convention was called over which exGov Herschel V Johnson presided a new constitution was made conforming to the conditionsthe 13th amendment of the United States constitution was ratified forever abolishing slavery The ordinance of secession was repealed and the war debt repudiated as required by the Fed eral authorities Charles J Jenkins a noble Roman who commanded the confi dence of the whole people was elected Governor and inaugurated Dec 1 1865 A commission appointed for this purpose prepared a freedmans codesecuring their rights Herschel V Johnson and Alex H Stephens were elected Senators All seemed fair for reunion But not so All this was done under Johnsons plan of reconstruction the executive plan accepted by the State Congress had other ends in view and undid it all it refusd to receive the congress men elected and demanded the acceptance of the 14th amendment as a condition precedent to readmission And so commenced the long and dreary period happily termed Destruction and Recon struction shocking enough in Georgia but more still in some of her sister States notably in South Carolina Louisiana and Missis sippi The adventurers from the North who preyed upon the South w re denominated carpetbaggers and Southern rene gades alawags48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Gen Pope wa9 made military commandant of Georgia in 1867 A new State convention was called Gen Meade took the place of Gen Pope in December 1867 and Governor Jenkins was deposed in 1868 A new constitution was formed and Rufus B Bullock elected Governor The Legislature of 1S68 ratified the 14th amendment and Bullock was inaugurated The colored members were unseated by the Legislature as not qualified to hold office This led to a declaration by Congress that Georgia was again in rebellion and Gen Terry was appointed military commander The Legislature of 1870 ratified the 15th amendment and in July Georgia was readmittedlast of the eleven States which formed the Confederacy Long and tedious were the years both of war and reconstruction The people had asked pardon for offences of which they were proud Oaibs had been administered amnesty oath3 etc The Freedmens Bureau had its day Sorely was the temper of the people taxed but they were capable of a heavy strain All their habits of life were broken up their business habits and the labor system of the State It was well expressed by an observant citi zen that we were left a poor people with rich ways Before perfect selfpossession was regained the State was heavily involved in debt chiefly by indorsements for railroads n October 1871 Gov Bullock abdicated the office of Governor and left the State privately Benjamin Conley as President of the Senate became acting Governor till a new election was held With the election of Gov Smith in 1872 began a new era though the material of the Legislature was still colored by tlu corruptions of the past The process was vigorously begun however of repair ing damages The public debt was 6ifted and honest bonds separ ated from the fraudulent The public credit was reestablished citizens coming with loans to the rescue of the State Among them were Gen Toombs Mr Ferdinand Phinizy Hon John P King and other patriotic citizens Many reforms and useful meas ures were inauguratedfi lancial educational and industrial Gov Colquitt was inaugurated in January 1877 The same year the present constitution of Georgia was adopted In 1879 in pursu ance of the constitutional provision for the regulation of railroad1325 SKETCH OF HISTORY 49 tariffs by law a railroad commission was established In 1880 after a warm contest Gov Colqnitt was reelected by a large majority He wa6 succeeded in 1S82 by Hon Alexander II Stephens His lamented death occurred early the next year Hon James S Boynton President of the Senate administered the office of Gov ernor for a short period and Gov MuDaniel was then elected to fill the unexpired term of Mr Stephens In Ootober 1384 he was without opposition elected for a second term The election of Cleveland to the Presidency of the United States was in accord with the wishes of the majority of the people of Georgia and there has been no period since the war at which the people have been better satisfied with the aspect of Federal and State affairs CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEOPLETHE WHITES The American people are substantially an English stock trans planted into a new environment with other race stocks engrafted upon it Natural CondttionsThe effect of natural conditions of cli mate soil productions etc is far greater in the earlier than in the later history of a people Heredity is so powerful an element that modification by a change of habitat is slow Social Conditions effect greater and more rapid changes than do natural The social conditions of the Southern people are peculiar The pretence in our country of two races widely diversewhite and blackis the chief peculiarity Varied ratios of white and col ored vary this influence So also differences in density or sparsity of population etc DescentThe white people of Georgia of course the dominant element is chiefly of English and Scotch Irish origin introduced into Georgia not by direct immigration but from other States principally Virginia and the Carolinas after previous assimilation there These immigrants are mixed with settlers not foreigners from the Middle and Northeastern States RESULTING CHARACTERISTICS It is extremely difficult to state in terms the characteristic quality of a people It is more easily recognized than described In AuSo DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 326 gusta on the boundary between South Carolina and Georgia a resident will easily distinguish between a citizen of the one State and the other But how he does it he can scarcely tell you so it is on the Alabama line We may say however that Georgians as such are characterized by an unusual degree of independence and selfreliance They have a large amount of vigor toughness and power of adaptation which is equivalent to saying they are unusually alive and wide awake There is a surplus energy which runs into humor and love of fun atd teasing and 1 ads often to practical jokes They are thrifty and enterprising and have no little stamina and endurance Judge Longstreet who well understood the subject presents us in his Georgia Scenes with the characer of a native Georgian in the person of Ned Brace His whole book is filled with characters good at the time and still extant in some remote regions of one class of Georgia society The sketches of Col R M Johnson now of Baltimore furnish similar pictures true to Southern life So Uncle Remus photographs negro character It is the sturdy Englis hcharacter embracing that Virginian con stancy of purpose which led to the old song Old Virginia never tire The Virginia civilization as modified by a change of condi tion is the paramount civilization of Georgia The people ac knowledge no absolute leader any leader is ever on trial It has been well said that no man ever carries Georgia ii his poekec Her favorite sons cannot lead the State against its independent con victions Making no display at the Philadelphia Centennial and again none at the New Orleans Exposition is perhaps after all somewhat charac teristic of Georgia And yet the people have considerable State pride in their own way Said the witty Louisville Journal some years ago Without doubt Georgia is a great State and even Geor gians have been known to acknowledge the fact Among the factors affecting our civilization are such as these The income of the mass of the peoplebeing agriculturalis an nual not distributed Even as with Christmas so with income money comes but once a year This necessitates some largeness of view and foresight n plans of life The employer especially of327 SKETCH OF HISTORY 51 the colored laborer must lay out for the employe not only his work but his living else will his means not hold out Love of self government has led in Georgia to small counties hence county sites are numerous and the best population goes in unusual proportion to the towns for various purposes educational religious etc Society is thus distributed less in Georgia than in Yirginia or South Carolina Various considerations affect the habits of the people Eelative sparsity of population leads to abounding hospitality The general health of the people is less vigorous than under the circumstances it ought to be Nor is this due to climate but rather to neglect and want of adequate care Too free use of to bacco and liquor is made despite of local prohibition here and there in many counties Our winters are mild yet we make therefore so little provision for them as really to suffer more with cold than people further north Home comforts are too much neglected in the prevalent passion for all cotton Despite of climate out of door occupations and abundance the best conditions of health our people do not have the strength and ruddiness they should excel in leading lives on the farm Our chief trouble has been bad cook ery In the Beech Island club the subject was discussed What to eat and how to cook it This question should be mooted through out the State in every county and in many a household especially since the war What homes and home comforts we might have and ought to and some do have For a long time before the war no people were better educated than Georgians in the principles of government and civil liberty by means of public discussions before the people conducted by in tellectual giants often worthy of the Senate or the Supreme Court of the United States Like the old Athenians private citizens were instructed fully in public duties The great men of the State were not exclusive There was little caste Social distinctions were based less on conventions than on natural and just grounds of fitness and qualification Conversation abounded rich and racy and absorbed the talent which elsewhere went into literature and print there was often the finest table talk equal to the best which has found place in52 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 328 books The alabaster box of ointment very precious was broken at home for the family and guests While not given to authorship the books actually written by Southern men usually go to the bottom of the subject discussed in a very fundamental way Witness Mr Calhouns masterly Dis qniition on Government and Discourse on the Constitution of the United States So Mr Stephens Constitutional History of the War between the States The work by Gen Thos K R Cobb on the Law of Slavery and the Historical Sketch of Sla very are of a like character A recent work for lawyers Amer ican Law Studies by John C Reed Esq has at once attained a high position and is regarded as a standard work of great practical value in a new field Indeed in matters of practical interest the works written are usually of great value Mr Dicksons Practical Treatise on Agriculture contains more matter in less space per haps than any similar treatise in existencethe result of remarka ble powers of observation long and well exercised Dr Pendletons Scientific Agriculture was promptly adopted as a text book in numerous Agricultural Colleges North and South and is usually regarded as the best compendium known In this connection shonld not be omitted the admirable transla tion of Geo Villes Lectures into English with the tables inserting measures etc expressed in English denominations by Miss E L Howard a daughter of Capt C W Howard the well known agri cultural writer ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE CHARACTER OF GEORGIA In its exterior relations towards England the mother country these illustrations are to be found in the successful struggle by which the Trustees were compelled to regrant the colony to the Crown and the authority of the Royal Governors was tested and resisted at the Revolution Home rule was ever attractive to the people Towards the Federal Government an instance is to be found in the controversy growing out of the tardy action of the United States in the matter of the Indian lands which gave rise to the slo gan of Troup and the Treaty Again in the tariff and nullification controversy329 SKETCH OF HISTORY 53 Towards the Confederate Government also while Georgia was a backbone State yet she opposed Conscription and Impress ment She was for State Rights and Individual Rights against all comers whatsoever all the while After the War towards the Union Georgia was the earliest State to regain selfpossession and selfgovernment True the period of Reconstruction lasted a little longer with her by virtue of her stout adherence to her own views But she was entirely practical and yielded what she must and as little a3 she could The State is not apt to lose her head under any circumstances nor to be extreme in any sort of partisanship Her conduct in emergencies has been characterized by both vigor and moderation a viitue canonized in her great 6eal In all external relations Georgians are now and ever have been a libertyloving home rule independent people with much of hickory toughness hard to break and righting quickly after being bent In Rome Affairs the same character obtains as exemplified in laws allowing local option in many ways Prohibition the Stock Law county courts aud county subscriptions to railroads or taxation for education The sub division of the State into counties is due to the same spirit The people do not love to be governed from a distance MISTAKEN ANTICIPATIONS AND DISAPPOINTED PLANS IN THE HI8TOEY OF THE STATE Georgia was founded as a pauper colony to be governed by trus tees and with a view to the production of wine and silk Slavery was prohibited Such were the intentions what have been the facts The pauper element exerted little influence she was soon under royal governors and then independent wine and silk gave place to indigo and tobacco and these to cotton rice and sugar Slavery has been abolished The future career of the State prom ises now to be largely in manufacturing and mining industries supplementing but not displacing agriculture NAMES OF THE COUNTIESTHEIR ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE These names largely record the history of the State Georgia54 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 13 30 itself was named for George II The city of Augusta for his favor ite daughter The names of the parishes preserve the traces of the union of Church and State under the royal governorsChrist Church St George St Paul etc Keligious considerations after wards gave way to political The counties es ablished in 1777 during the war of Independence were named for British statesmen favorable to American rightsChatham Camden Burke Wilkes etc Afterwards followed the great American statesmen and pat riotsWashington Franklin Greene Hancock etc The town of Waihington in Wilkes county Gais believed to be the first of the very numerous places named after the greatest of them all Elsewhere is appended a list of the counties in the chronological order of their organization the study of which will verify these re marks and revive the outline of our history The data were de rived chiefly from the excellent textbook entitled A Students History of Georgia by LaAton B Evans of AugustaCHAPTER V CHRONOLOGY PRELIMINARY EVENTS HOW A CONTINENT WAS PEOPLED 1492 Discovery of America 1495 Spain colonizes Hayti 1497 John Cabot sails from Newfoundland to Florida Basis of English claim by discovery 1500 Brazil discovered 1511 Cuba colonized by Spain 1513 Pacific coast seen by Balboa 1517 Negroes imported into West Indies by Spain 1519 MexicoConquest begun by Cortez 1532 Peruby Pizarro 1536 California discovered by Cortez 1539 Georgia visited by De Soto 1563 Negroes imported into West Indies by England 1584 North Carolina then called Virginia discovered by Sir Wal ter Raleigh 1585 St Augustine founded first town in the United States 1607 Virginia colonized first permanent English settlement in the United States 1609 New York by the Dutch 1620 Massachusetts 1621 Maryland 162238 New Jersey New Hampshire Delaware Connecticut Rhode Island Pennsylvania 1663 Georgia Territory all granted to South Carolina North Car olina colonized 1670 South Carolina charter 1673 Mississippi river explored 16856 Huguenot immigration into South Carolina 1688 Birth of Oglethorpe56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 332 1717 Georgia Territory in part granted by South Carolina to Sir R Montgomery 1732 Feb 22 Birth of George Washington CHRONOLOGY OF GEORGIA June 9 charter of Georgia November Gen James Edward Oglethorpe with a colony of 126 persons embarks from Gravesend for Georgia 1733 Oglethorpe arrives in Charleston Feb 12 The colony reaches Yanacraw Bluff and founds Savannah Contemporary EventsAt the date of the settlement of Geor gia George II was King of England and Sir Robert Walpole Prime Minister 17211742 It was the time of Berkely Pope Dr Samuel Johnson Popes Essay on Man was published this year Cowper and Burke were in their infancy In France Louis XV was King and it was the age of Voltaire In Spain Philip V Grandson of Louis XIV In Germany Charles VL was Emperor In Prussia Frederick William I In Russia Peter II In Italy Charles VI In Saxony Frederick Augustus Clement XII was Pope 1734 Seventyeight Salzburgers settled at Ebenezer in now Effingham county twentyfive miles north of Savannah Thomas Causton left in charge of the colony misman ages it Twenty families of Jews settled near Savannah 1735 One hundred and thirty Scotch Highlanders settled at New Inverness now Darien Augusta laid off 1738 Petition of the Colonists to the Trustees for fee simple tenure of lands Petition for Negro slaves 1739 War with Spain Treaty with the Indians Number of em igrants sent out at expense of the Trustees to date 1521 at average cost of 330 each 1740 Invasion of Florida by Georgia Orphan House founded by Rev George Whitfield Frederick the Great King of Prussia till 1786 1742 Invasion of Georgia by Spaniards 3000 men General Ogle thorpes strategy defeats them 1743 Languishing condition of the colony William Stephens acting Governor 1744 French and English war333 CHRONOLOGY 57 1747 1749 1750 1751 1752 1754 1755 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1765 1766 1767 1768 Bounties offered in Georgia on wine and silk Slavery wink ed at Five hundred acres on Hutchinsons Island granted to Lady Huntingdon who puts negroes on it for the cultivation of rice to support Whitfields Orphan House Some slaves admitted Proposition to merge Georgia into South Car olina The Bosom worth plot Colonial Assembly called in Georgia Sixteen members War with Cherokees Quaker Springs settled near Augusta Henry Parker acting governor June 20 Colony remitted to the Crown Settlement at Mid way Liberty county from Dorchester South Carolina Royal governors October 1st Capt John Reynolds of the Navy Governor of Georgia Legal interest 10 per cent Reduced to 8 per cent in 1759 Parishes laid off Governor Ellis Thermometer in Savan nah 102 in the shade French and Cherokee war Distressing state of affairs Fence laws established Oct 31 Sir James Wright Governor Legislature meets at Savannah George II King of England Peace with Cherokees and with Spain Bounds of Georgia extended to the Missis sippi First beginnings of prosperity Capt John Stewart Superintendent of Indan affairs man ages them well Oct 7th Lands between Altamaha and St Marys added to Georgia by treaty at Augusta First newspaper the Georgia Gazette Augusta Exports from Savannah27021 Four new parishes Stamp Act passed Act to encourage settlers vetoed by George III One hundred and seventyone entries of vessels at the Cus tom House in Savannah Population of Georgia 10000 whites and 8000 blacks Settlements at the heads of Ogeechee and Oconee rivers Cherokees complain of encroachments Mutiny Act of British Parliament and new taxes Benjamin Franklin appointed Agent for Georgia at the Court58 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 334 1770 1771 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 of Great Britain Letters to Massachusetts from the Speak er of the House Alexander Wylly Boston disturbances Relations to Great Britain becoming complex Gov Wright and the Assembly dispute July 2d Governor Wright goes to England James Habersham acting gov ernor February 11th Gov Wright returns Fourteen thousand Negroes in the Colony Exports 121677 Boston Tea Party Population 17000 whites and 15000 blacks Militia 2825 Indian warriors about 10000 Georgia Gazette published Liberty Boys organized William Ewen acting governor Georgia Provincial Con gress meets John Glen Chairman Delegates sent to Continental Congress Lyman Hall alone attends Battle of Lexington Active measures in Georgia Habersham seizes powder magazine Royal guns spiked and thrown into river Ship load of powder captured by Brown and Habersham Battalion formed Council of Safety estab lished Snow fell 18 inches deep in North Georgia British fleet appears off Savannah Gov Wright arrested by Maj Habersham escapes to the fleet Ship Hitchin broke runs aground and is captured Ship Inverness set on fire and set adrift works mischief to the fleet First bat tle of the war occurs near Savannah Archibald Bullock governor July 4th Declaration of Independence New Constitution adopted New counties organized Button Gwinnett President Executive council Invasion of Florida a failure Gwinnett killed in duel with General Mclntosh John Adams Treutlen made governor Active administration John Houston governor Second failure in invasion of Flor ida Major General Robert Howe in command in Georgia Sir Henry Clinton captures Savannah Prevost captures Sunbury General Lincoln succeeds General Howe Georgia again under British rule Governor Wright returns to Savannah Col Campbell sent by British to occupy Augusta The people depressed Encouraged by an en gagement in Burke county Royalists routed Hope re335 CHRONOLOGY 59 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 newed by battle of Kettle Creek under Pickens Dooly and Clark in which British Col Boyd is killed General Ash defeated by Br Col Campbell with great loss This de ranges Gen Lincolns plans In September Count DEs taing arrives at Savannah Fails to relieve it Death of Pulaski and Jasper Dark days of the war Wilkes County alone out of British possession seat of Gov ernment at Heards Fort now Washington Colonel Clarke attempts to relieve Augusta but fails Georgians aid South Carolina at Kings Mountain Long Cane and Cowpens Birth of Governor Troup Dr Nathan Brovvnson Governor General Greene in com mand Lieutenant Colonel Lee Light horse Harry in Georgia Augusta recaptured Legislature again meets there John Martin Governor July 11Major James Jackson in command Savannah surrendered to him Lyman Hall first Governor after independence Close of the war Part of Georgia exposed to danger of being left subject to Great Britain under the doctrine ofUti Possidetls Confiscation acts Creek Indian Treaty at Augusta Washington and Franklin counties acquired Land Courts Settlements extended John Houston Governor The Land Warrant Mob Land granted to the University of Georgia General Samuel Elbert Governor University of Georgia chartered Edward Telfair Governor Indian Troubles settled George Matthews Governor Indian Troubles Constitu tion of United States Patent Right for Steam Engine granted to Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet of Georgia the invention of Longstreet Indian Troubles in Liberty county George Handley Governor New Constitution of Georgia First Yazoo Act miscarries by failure to pay purchase money George Walton Gov ernor Edward Telfair Governor6o DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 336 1791 1793 1794 1796 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1812 1813 Visit of President Washington to Georgia Kentucky and Vermont admitted as States Troubles with General Elijah Clarke occupying Indian lands Yazoo Fraud again attempted Jared Erwin Governor Repeal of the Yazoo Act the document burned Tennessee admitted The Yazoo Freshet May 30Constitution of Georgia in force with some modifi cations till 1861 African slave trade abolished in Geor gia James Jackson Governor Judiciary Act passedvery complete Daath of Washing ton Great Seal of State Election of Jefferson Louisiana ceded back to France by Spain David Emanuel and Josiah Tatnall Governors Franklin College founded Large educational system proposed Cession of Alabama and Mississippi to the United States by Georgia John Milledge Governor Ohio admitted Treaty of Fort Wilkinson Creek Indian Lands acquired in two bodies Morgan Putnam and other counties and elsewhere Wayne and Charlton Louisiana purchased from Napoleon Cotton killed in May 1803 or 1804 Hurricane in Georgia pursuing nearly the same track as the cyclone of 1875 across the State from near Columbus towards Augusta Treaty of Washington Creek Lands 2d Lottery Jared Erwin Governor The Embargo Wm H Crawford elected Senator Slave Trade abolished by United States David B Mitchell Governor Agricultural Society of Georgia incorporated also Bank of Augusta and Planters Bank War with Great Britain Georgia Resolutions against British despotism of the ocean Efforts against Florida Wm H Crawford Vice President to fill the vacancy by death of George Clinton Peter Early Governor Creek massacre at Fort Meigs In upper Georgia frost every month except July Wm HC337 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1821 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 CHRONOLOGY 6i Crawford Minister to France Creek Indian Lands of 3d Lottery Battle of Challibbee December 24Treaty of Peace at Ghent January 8Battle of New Orleans February 11News of peace Georgia troops sent to Mobile Seminole troubles David B Mitchell Governor Noted as theCold Summer William Rabun Governor Seminole War Yellow fever in Savannah Excessive drought Cotton 32 cents a pound Winter mild and much meat spoiled Creek Indian Lands of 3d lot tery in part Indian difficulties Florida ceded to the United States by Spain First Steam ship to Europe the Savannah sailed from Savannah Matthew Talbot and John Clarke Governors Treaty of Indian Springs Dooly Houston and other coun ties acquireda large cession Governor Troup inaugurated Governor till 1827 Difficulties with the Creeks Wm H Crawford candidate for President of the United States stricken with paralysis Ogeechee Canal March 19La Fayette visits Georgia Treaty with the Creek Indians May 23Extra session of the Legislature Governor Troups famous message Boundary lines of Georgia settled Winter of 18278 so mild that leaves were not killed on tne trees and cotton rattooned John Forsyth Governor Creek Indian difficulties settled Tariff Act denominated the Tariff of Abominations April 28 corn killed by late frost Civil Jurisdiction of Georgia extended over Cherokee George R Gilmer Governor Difficulty with the Mis sionaries A wet year A dry year Wilson Lumpkin Governor Cherokee lands begin to be oc cupied Tariff excitement Georgia Railroad chartered AntiTariff Convention Nullification Act in South Carolina Great fall of meteors Railroad System of Georgia fairly under way Charters62 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 338 1840 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 184S 1849 1850 Central Railroad and Monroe Railroad Georgia Railroad renewed February 7Cold Saturday Thermometer February 8 Sun day 4 to 10 below zero Wm Schley Governor Semi nole war Work on Georgia Railroad begun Creek war Western Atlantic Railroad Act passed Cen tral Railroad begun Financial CrisisGeo R Gilmer Governor Emory Col lege founded Hail storm in Wilkes Removal of Cherokee Indians Mercer University founded at Penfield A wet year Charles J McDonald Governor Georgia Female College established Bishop Pieroe the first President Daniel Chandlers eloquent address in Athens had given the cause an impulse Financial stringency continues Property low and many failures Season dry Freshet in May known as the Harrison freshet Boll worm Discovery of Ether by Dr Crawford W Long Fine crop year George W Crawford Governor Wheat damaged by rains Central Railroad completed to Macon Cold summer Fires in August Mr Toombs and Mr Ste phens elected to Congress Perhaps no two citizens pos sessed more fully the confidence of the people of Georgia Very dry yet crops good Texas annexed Supreme Court established Georgia Railroad completed to Atlanta Mexican war Great sleet in January State Agricultural Society formed Macon and Western Railroad completed Geo W Towns Governor Ad valorem tax system Short forms in pleading Western and Atlantic Railroad fin ished Wet year Augusta canal completed Mexican Cession California etc Wet year Good crops Rome Railroad completed George W Towns Governor Great slavery debates Apri 15th great sleet Corn and cotton killed Wheat dam aged Fires needed Fair crop made Georgia platform Compromise measures Western and At lantic Railroad finished339 1851 CHRONOLOGY 63 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1S5S 1859 1860 1861 1862 Howell Cobb Governor Robert Toombs elected United States Senator Constitutional Union party Janu ary 21 coldest day since 1835 Thermometer at Craw fordville 3 degrees below zero Snow eight inches deep Atlanta and West Point Railroad begun Gadsden purchase from Mexico Great freshet Good crop year Winter of 5152 mild Cotton blooms after Christ mas and some yield from second growth Herschel V Johnson Goyernor Washington Branch Rail road Hot summer Railroads completed Augusta and Savan nah Southwestern Columbus Atlanta and West Point American party or Know Nothings Good crop year April 19 Excessive heat97 degrees Johnson reelected Governor over Hon Garnett Andrews Republican party and J C Fremont January 113 inches of snownot all melted for several weeks Cold winter East Tennessee Virginia and Georgia Railroad completed Upson county Railroad Financial crisis Severe cold season in United States and Canada Thermometer once nearly at zero Hot summer Joseph E Brown Governor for four terms till 1865 elected over Benjamin H Hill Robert Toombs reelected United States Senator Slavery agitation continues Good crop yeargeneral rust ing of oat crop Savannah and Charleston Railroad Good crop Hot summer Divisions in the Democratic party Split in Democratic party at Charleston Election of Abra ham Lincoln Largest cotton crop ever made to date July 12Thermometer 97 degrees Macon and Brunswick Railroad50 miles completed Brunswick and Albany Macon and Augusta and AirLine Roads in progress Secession of Georgia War seizure of Fort Pulaski and Au gusta Arsenal First battle of Manassas Death of Bar tow 50 Georgia Regiments The banks sustain the Confederacy Mild summer and winter Wet fall War Fort Pulaski captured Conscription opposed in Geor gia 75000 soldiers besides 8000 militia Best wheat year known Fruit abundant Winter pleasant Oats4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 340 rusted again Central Railroad leases Augusta and Sa vannah Railroad 1863 Emancipation proclamation Col Streights raid on Rome met by Forrest Confederate money depreciated Militia called out16 years to 60 Gordon made General Lawton wounded made Quartermaster General Homespun suits in demand Summer rains good 63 64 cold winter Thermometer six times below 20 degrees 1864 Drafts and conscription War comes home to Georgia Bat tles in Northwest Georgia Refugees Shermans destruc tive march to Savannah Summer cool Fruit killed Georgia had put 120000 men in the field 1866 Hampton Roads conference War ends but such a Peace James Johnson Provisional governor Military rule Peace too late for a crop Freshet Convention and new Constitution Thirteenth amendment ratified Governor Jenkins inaugurated 1866 Dreary period of Reconstruction Stay laws Macon and Brunswick Railroad indorsed by State Cherokee Rail road chartered Thermometer February 15th Washing ton 4 Hot and dry summer Little fruit Small crop 1867 General Pope Military Commander Georgia third Military District Fine crop year Prices tumble 1868 New Constitution Rufus B Bullock Governor Second Reconstruction Legislature unseats colored members State Agricultural Society reorganized Wheat rusts Little fruit 1869 Georgia again under Military rule South Western Railroad leased by Central Dry year Hard times 1870 General Terry Military Commander Legislature organized with difficulty July Georgia readmitted as a State Lease of State Road Fine crop year Prices fall rapidly State Agricultural Society prays the Legislatnre for a De partment of Agriculture The prayer was granted in 1874 North Eastern Railroad and North and South Railroad chartered Selma Rome and Dalton Railroad completed 1871 Abdication of Gov Bullock Benjamin Conley acting gov ernor Macon and Augusta Railroad completed Air Line34i CHRONOLOGY 65 to Gainesville Crop short of cotton corn and grain Plan tations disintegrating Immense State indorsements of railroads 1872 Gov James M Smith inaugurated A new era begins North Eastern railroad begun Augusta Canal enlargement 1873 Great financial crisis lasting five or six years Dr Gustavus J Orr School Commissioner Central railroad consolidated with Macon and Western Air Line and Port Royal Railroads finished Hot April days Crops good Hot summer 1874 Department of Agriculture established Dr T P Janes first Commissioner Dr George Little State Geologist Con vict lease system Good crop year 1875 March 20thThe great cyclone Second cyclone November 16 at 7 a m thermometer 80 Macon and Brunswick Railroad bought by the State 1876 Centennial year Tilden and Hayes Electoral Commission March 6th Sleet Leaves killed July very hot Decem ber very cold 1877 A H Colquitt Governor Constitutional Convention 1878 An era of investigations and impeachments Comptroller General removed Treasurer tried and acquitted El berton Air Line Railroad to Toccoa 1879 R R Commission established ExGovernor James M Smith Campbell Wallace and Samuel Barnett J T Henderson appointed Commissioner of Agriculture 1880 General Gordon resigns as Senator ExGovernor Brown appointed and afterwards elected Senator Governor Col quitt reelected 1881 Cotton Exposition at Atlanta Death of B H Hill Leg islation favors Federal aid to Education 1882 Governor Alex H Stephens Remarkable crop year Cot ton corn and largest oat crop ever made 1883 Death of Governor Stephens general lamentation Governor Boynton succeeds him till a new election Governor Henry D McDaniel 5CHAPTER VI RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS IN THE UNION AND AT THE SOUTH SENSATIONAL ESTIMATESGREAT MISTAKES CORRECTED The magazines and newspapers have abounded of late with esti mates of a supposed enormous future increase of the negro race as compared with the white It is represented that the country is about to be Africanized and especially that the Southern tier of States including Georgia is doomed to this fate Even a book has been written on the subject These enormous estimates put the colored population one hundred years hence at about 200000000 i e at four times the whole present population white and colored of the Union They consign six or eight colored Southern States to 120000000 of blacks overshadowing 30000000 of whites if in deed the whites do not quit the country The value of these estimates may be illustrated by an expression of Mr Websters On one occasion he was met it is said by the Austrian Minister with a formidable complaint of some imagined grievance to which Mr Webster responded Well Mr Hnl semann youve found a Mares Nest repeating in rather a merry sing song way it being after dinner Well Mr Hukemann youve found a marts nest Even such a discovery has been made by Judge Tonrgee and others they do not however overestimate the importance of their discovery if it be a genuine nest But is it true in fact Not at all Neither the country nor the South is in any such dan ger A great fabric of delusions is based on errors in the census of 1870 errors admitted in the census abstract and palpable enough even on their face Based on this false foundation the calculations such as they are run on this wise By the cmsus of 1870 as sumed to be correct the colored population of the United States343 RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS 6j was 4850000 by tbat of 1880 6518372 showing an increase of 1638363 or 33 12 per cent Hence the easy calculation THE FALSE COUNT Colored population of Eight doomed Doomed United srtatee Southern States Georgia 18S06500000 4350000 725000 190013000000 8700000 1450000 192026000000 17400000 2900000 194052000000 34800000 5800000 1960104000000 69600000 11600000 1980 208000000 130200000 23200000 2000416000000 278400000 46400000 On this basis the United States will contain one hundred years hence more Africans than Africa herself The children of persons now living will live to see the eight doomed States of Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mis sissippi and Louisiana in the year 2000 with 278000000 of black Georgia herself in the year 2000 at this rate would have a colored population of 46000000 exceeding the present white population of the Union A black prospect True these figures are a little startling but why should we doubt the census Mr Pickwicks confidence in science wa3 never chilled by unexpected or amazing results It is a little surprising however that such astonishing results did not wake up some slight suspicions and call a little com mon sense to the rescue To pasp however from these wild figures and sensational con clusions let us study the real data and THE PROBABLE TRUTH as to the future increase of the negro race We must judge of the future by the past Our means of estimating the future popula tion of the country are to be found in the ten census reports from 1790 to 1880 not in any two of them but in them all These re ports are valuable guides if cautiously used so long as conditions remain unchanged Judging by these data what is the probable future increase of the colored population Take the experience of ninety years first as a whole The colored population has increased from 757208 in 1790 to 6518372 in 1880 Allowing for additions68 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 344 made by the slave trade till 1 SOSand by the admission of Florida Louisiana and Texasthe increase was 761 fold At this rate the number ninety years hence in 1070 would be below 5000000 in the Union instead of over 100000000 in seven States But the successive returns show a diminishing rate of increase in successive periods Take the rate between 1800 and 1830 as a basis and the number one hundred years hence in 1930 would fall short of 45000000 But a careful comparison of the returns shows even this estimate to be too high We should endeavor to get the KUN OF THE CENSUS as a basis Should the successive rates of decrease in raiio be the same for the next one hundred years as in the list ninety the pop ulation would be about as follows Colored pop 1000 at 41 per cent in 20 years 9 200000 1920 at 35 percent12400000 1940 at 30 per cent16100000 1960 at 25 per cent 20 150 000 1980 at 20 per cent24 200000 2000 at 17 percent 280000 These estimates are at a less rate of decline in ratio than in the past series of like periods of twenty years It is probably in excess even if conditions remain unchanged Let us correct the error in the census of 1870 md see the general run of the recent enumerations The return of 1860 showed a colored population of 4441S30 that of 1830 651S372 making an increase in twenty years of 46f per cent If the rate of increase was uniform then in ten years it was 2114 nearly At4 this rate the population of 1S70 would be 5380000 An increase over that of 1860 of 938000 increase from 18T0 to 13S0 1138000 An allowance needs to be made in 1350 The increment between 1840 aid 1851 was affected by 5800 colored persons admitted into Texas The 765000 inceme it of tint decade therefore re duced to 77000 of natural increise Observe now the successive increments f a number of sucssive djcades beginning with 1850erc8srl in thousaiV 7 7 83 93S 1138345 RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS 69 This looks like a reasonable run But as presented in the census of 1S70 the increment for that decade was but 438 and for the next decade 1638 making the run read thus 707 803 438 1638 This is wrong on its face One decade is not much over half of the preceding and not much over onefourth of the suc ceeding onean incredible run Compare next the successive rates per cent of increase for peri ods of twenty years beginning with 1790 1810 1830 etc They run thus 82 69 56 34 oo small Begin with 1S00 1820 etc 76 62 55 17 The last line is nearly correct The period between 1800 and 1820 shows 76 per cent This is too much but the slave trde swelled it somewhat There is a steady decline in the ratio of increase Between 1800 and 1820 it was 76 per cent between 1860 and 18S0 47 per cent Observe once more the rates for successive decades beginning with 1800 34 38 29 32 24 27 22 10 34 Evidently the two last are out of line They should be 21 21 In all these comparisons the census of 1870 is out of li e while the other census years are mutually confirmatory CAREFUL ESTIMATES are confirmed by experience To illustrate this Mr Kennedy Superintendent of the eighth census 1860 estimated the colored population in i880 at 6591292 The variation by actual count was only a little over 1 per cent his estimate being a little too high His estimates for successive years were as follows Kennedys estimates 1870 5407130 18806591292 18907909550 19009491459 His estimate for 1870 was doubtless closer thin the actual count so imperfectly made As all the false estimates are based upon it let us examine the claims to accuracy of7 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 346 THE CENSES OF 1S70 Not only is it condemned by a comparison with other dates but it is self condemned It is not only not trustworthy but it does not even profess to be so It could not be sustained by official sanc tion indeed but it lacks that also General Walker the Superintendent a most able and accom plished man certifies not to its accuracy but its inaccuracy and especially in the enumeration of the negroes He urged in advance of the census the imperative need of improved methods The then existing method he characterized as clumsy antiquated and barbarous See Abstract 9th census pages 24 The needed improvements were not made and he was compelled to accompany the census with the statement that nearly every important table is prefaced by a body of remarks in which are set forh the errors known or suspected These errors were greatly aggravated in the Southern States General Walkers complaints of the old law were not capricious The United States Marshal selected for entirely different objects were next in rank to himself but not amenable to him nor selected by him In the Southern States they were selected with sole refer ence to party considerations It had been strange if these outside duties had not been neglected In a word the machinery was not calculated to work out accurate results The errors were of defect The officials did not trouble themselves to seek and find the lost sheep in the wilderness The negroes were suspicious they feared they might be enrolled for slavery or for taxation The return which according to anticipation should have shown an increase of about 965000 colored people showed less than 440 000 of the expected increase more was missing than found440000 found 520000 missing In the preface to the 10th census General Walker again recurs to the unreliableness of the 9th culminating in South Carolina in such extraordinary results as to lead to a new count There the gain of population between 1870 and 1880 was an impossible one transcending the known capabilities of human procreation This grossly inaccurate census is347 RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS 71 THE SOLE WITNESS for the erroneous estimates for evidently the subjectmatter is by far too large for individual observation Bat even on this bad basis THE CALCULATIONS themselves are in some cases widely erroneous An article in the North American Review of July 1884 by Prof Chas A Gardiner abounds in errors of calculation It represents the seven Atlantic and Gulf States before named with a population of 372i4Sl as a compact territory uniform in climate and resources inhabited by two thirds of all the negroes in the United States Now the colored population of the Union being 6518372 twothirds of that number is 4345580 The States named lack 624000 of the requi site number to make twothirds of the whole colored population Again the same loose writer says that the negro population had increased 35 per cent in 10 years and then adds negroes increas ing 3 per cent annually will double in every 20 years Now an increase of 35 per cent in 10 years is not an increase of 3 per cent annually The difference is the same as that between simple and compound interest An increase of 35 per cent in 10 years is the result of an annual increase of less than 31 which would yield in 10 years 357 increase An increase of 35 per cent in a decade would make 100 become 182 instead of 200 in 2 years To dou ble in 20 years the increase in 10 years must be 429a greater rate than obtains in the United States as a whole or in any considerable section The mistaken census of 1 70 is surely bad enough without the aid of loose calculations WILD FIGURES The prophets of evil estimate the colored population as doubling every 20 years after 1880 until 190 Why not pursue the esti mates a little further Give the calculators rope and look two centuries ahead instead of one It is a short period in the life of a nation At their incredible rates PURSUE THE CALCULATION and see what these eight States would then support In the year 2100 A D we should have in the eight States apopuhtion of over72 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 348 eight billions of colored people In Georgia alone her teeming millions of blacks would exceed the present population of the wide wide world SOME FIGURES They estimate the increase for 20 years after 1880at 100 per cunt What was it for the 20years preceding 1S80 Can you believe it Not 100 per cent No nor 50 per cent In the 20 years of our last experience it was not so much as half the increase in which they indulge for the next 20 and run on with it a hundred years ahead The rate for 20 years from 1S60 to 1880 was 46f per cent lacking Z of bing half the rate assumed for future periods of twenty years each But perhaps the rate for successie periods increases Just the reverse It shows a steady decline For 20 years from 1800 it was 768 from 1820 623 from 1840 546 from 1860 4675 The early conditions were exceptionally favorable While the slave trade continued there was enforced immigration and the negroes introduced moreover were nearly all adults of the prolific age of life There were few old people or children imported NARROW BASIS OF INDUCTION To take ten census reports out of the ten at our command is very unphilosophical It is mere charlatanism If we reject eight and accept two only observe the result In 1870 the estimates would have been the exact reverse of those of 1880 The increase in 1870 was less than ten per cent The colored population in 1970 would have been estimated at about 12500000 instead of nearly 200000000 Indeed a plausible case could have been made for Victor Hugos prophecy of the rapid extinction of the colored race Consider the argument Not until 1S65 were the old conditions changed In these four or five years at the old rate of increase the negroes ought to have gained about ten per cent For the remaining years of the decade there would then have been no increase FORE AND HIND SIGHT Comparing the line of sight to a rifle the census of 1870 being too low was a false sight Compared with I860 our foresight349 RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS 73 was too low and we shot below the mark Compared with 1380 our hindsight was too low and we shot entirely too high We need the light of all the census reports of a long experience to rectify temporary errors and accidents NEW CONDITIONS In all our estimates we must remember how constantly new con ditions arise in human affairs To look one hundred years ahead is looking beyond our ken We are not prophets even with ten census reports as a basis much less wth two With increasing density of population for example new condi tions occur The Northwest and the Southwest will gradually fill up and the South will become THE EMIGRATION GROUND of the world for the North East West and for Europe The immigration of whites to the South will tend to check ths increase of the colored race and indeed tend to their diffusion through the Union as domestic servants hotel waiters agricultural and general laborers etc Whenever population begins to PRESS ON SUBSISTENCE the survival of the fittest will begin to tell on the weaker race 1 Eow new conditions tell on population is seen in the effect of the war The blacks were but slightly affected Mr Kennedys figures as to them were verified substantially in 1880 and were nearer the truth in 1870 than the census itself But how as to the whites The war played havoc with his estimates based as they were on continued peace i parity of conditions The estimate in 1860 of the aggregate population in 1880 was 56450211 It really was 50155733 a falling off of 6294458 and this notwith standing a great increase of immigration As the South advances from agricultural to manufacturing pur suits the same conditions will occur which drove the negroes grad ually from the Northern States They are unfit for the higher processes of industry The difficulty of making a living will check increase Englands growth has been the result of growth in skill and of74 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 350 large differentiation in pursuits Can the negro in these regards spell up to the whites Hardly And if not the disposition to increase and multiply must yield to hard necessity It is interesting to note the relative increase of the negro race in the United States and in the British West Indies Some valuable figures and comments are to be found in the volume published by the State Board of Agriculture of South Carolina entitled South Carolina and prepared in large part by Major Harry Hammond The importations of negroes into the United States quoted from Mr Carey are as follows Prior to 1714 30000 1715 to 1750 90000 1751 to 1760 35000 17fil to 1776 74500 1777 to 179034000 1701 to 1808 90000 Number imported 353 500 By the census of 1790 the number then in the country was 757 208 showing a very large natural increase The number emanci pated in 1865 was probably nearly 4900000 accurately estimated Put it at 4600000 and this shows over thirteen emancipated to one brought into the country A CONTRAST The number imported into the British West Indies is estimated at 2000000 the number emancipated at660000 ie three were imported to one emancipated The contrast in favor of the United States is therefore about forty to one Valuable statistical information is given by J Shahl Paterson in the Popular Science Monthly of September 1881 continued in October His estimates are affected in important particulars by his failure to appreciate the errors of the census of 1S70 allowing however for this element of error his treatment of the census is suggestive He furnishes particulars in regard to white immi grants as follows for successive decades beginning with 17901800351 RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS 75 Decade WMte ending immigrants 1 1800 43000 2 1810 60000 3 1820 98000 4 1830 150000 5 1840 600000 6 1850 1700000 7 1860 2500000 8 1870 2400000 9 1880 2800000 Total to 188010351000 The great tide set this way about 1840 The handling Mr Paterson gives the statistics of emigration is worthy of careful study His conclusions as to the whites are that the native whites of the North increase at the rate of 157 percent and at the South 304 per cent in a decade We can scarcely agree with a conclusion which makes the disparity so wide The esti mate of colored increase is based on the census of 1870 allowing 15 per cent for error at 333 per cent The error we think was probably not far from 11 per cent instead of 15 Upon his own basis he estimates the native whites of the North one hundred years hence 19S0 their present number being 24 403000 at 105000000 while the colored population will have in creased from 6577000 to 117000000 His estimates on the movement of the colored population are more satisfactory But new and now unknown conditions are likely to affect the problem and upset all our calculations based on the past and supposing the future to be more constant than it will probably be INCREASE OF THE WHITES The relative increase of the whites at the South is somewhat more difficult to estimate than that of the blacks because more aff cted by emigration and immigration In the census of 1870 the whites were probably better counted than the blacks By it the increase of the whites in the decade ending in 1880 was 28 per cent while that of the colored people was 33 The whites lost by excess of76 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 352 emigration over immigration however much more than the blacks The blacks lost little by the war chiefly infants and old people for a short period after freedom The prolific age corresponding with the military age was little affected while the losses of the whites were from this very age telling for a time heavily on ratio of increase ANOTHER TEST In 1870 there were livibg in the United States including Geor gia 719124 whites born in Georgia In 1880 933061 an increase of 30 per cent The enumeration of the whites was more narly correct than that of the blacks A like comparison of the blacks shows 589929 in 1870 and 786306 in 18S0 an increase of 33 per cent Allowing for errors in 1870 their per cent of increase would be reduced below that of the whites The Souththe whole countryis deeply interested in this question whether the country is to be Africanized No State has a deeper interest in it than Georgia the centre of colored popula tion But there is no such black outlook The wild use of sta tistics raised the apprehansionp the serious and sober use dispels them We may safely dismiss these vain fears as unwarranted by the facts COMPARISON OF 1870 AND 1880 The census of 1S70 was unreliable and its errors aggravated at the South by peculiar conditions The worst errors related to the black population and these were concentrated on the Southern tier of States especially on South Carolina Mississippi and Louisiana Georgia herself was then in June 1870 under military rule The census of 1880 on the contrary was the bet ever taken with improved machinery and with the utmost care This very fact exaggerated the contrast between it and the 9th census Instead of a gloomy view we think the future full of hope and promise This fine country was not conquered from the red man for the black it will never cease to be a white mans country un less all history is false and the superior race shall yield to the inferior Other principles will come into play when any such result is seri ously threatened353 RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS 77 There was in slavery whatever its fault nothing to retard but everything to stimulate the increase of the colored people As it wa3 with King Lear the king lacks soldiers even so with the masterhe wanted slaves There were no such things as improvi dent marriages for there was no difficulty about bringing up chil dren There are more drones in the colored hive now than then All this is said in perfect kindness towards the colored race Such a rate of increase were as bad for them as for the whites Civilization would perish in their hande As regards Georgia in particular we would as soon risk her to take care of herself as any other State or people She has before her a future of growth and development of largely diversified in dustry increased agricultural diversity united with immense in crease in manufacturing mining and all other forms of industry Coal iron lumber water power cotton rice sugar climate soil health all these she has and a beautiful country for a superior race The tide will turn this way probably in a peculiar and de sirable way not so much by direct immigration from abroad but rather from the North ovei flowing this way a population already assimilated and in the second generation indistinguishable from our ownCHAPTER VII PART HITHE PRODUCTIONS After the Country and the People naturally come the Producn tionsthe uses made of the country by the people These divide readily into two head viz 1 Wealth the accumulation of past productions and 2 Current or Annual Production WEALTH OF GEORGIA We treat of wealth first because it enters into current produc tion as a most important factor Each successive generation of men has not only nature but wealth as its heritage The portion of wealth devoted to reproduction i e Capital has even a larger bearing incomparably larger on annual production than nature itself The aggregate wealth of the State by the census of 1880 was 239000000 By the Comptroller Gbnerala Report of 1881 on the same basis it was 295000000 In each sum the railroad prop erty of the State was omitted Including this the aggregate for 1881 was 317071271 To show its history for several decades the wealth was as fol lows for 1850 etc 850335000000 I860 672000000 1870Greenbacks226000000 Gold 189000000 1880Including railroads 251500000 1881Including railroads 317000000 The increase between 1850 and 1860 notwithstanding a large emigration westward was 90 per cent almost doubling the wealth of 1850 Losses ly WarThe next decade embraced the war No re turns are to be had of the years 1S65 6 7 In 1868 the comparison stood thus355 1RE PRODUCTIONS 79 1860Gold1672 000000 1868Greenbacks 191000000 Gold 130000000 Reduction 542000000 The wealth of 1868 was not one fifth that of 1860 At the old rate of increase the wealth of 1870 would have been 1227000000 instead of 189000000 in gold The white population which really possessed all the wealth numbered in 1860 not quite 600000 in 1870 639000 The re duction in wealth of the whites exceeded S00 per capitathe amount left being less than 300 The French indemnity of 1000000000 levied on about 37 000000 of people was less than 30 a headnot one part in twen tyfive of the relative loss in Georgia This gives eome idea of the stupendous losses of the war to the South Georgia was in 1850 the sixth State in rank as to wealth in 1860 the eighth in 187u the twentieth Along with her wealth she had lost the cream of her population From 1868 there was a grad ual advance to 1874 then a retrogression due to the financial crisis until 1879 and since that time a more rapid progress A historical table s howing the wealth for successive years will be given in the Appendix TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH By Table No 1 in the Appendix it will be seen that North Georgia in 1882 had a total wealth of 44500000 being 3941 per square mile Middle Georgia 917500007028 per square mile Southwest Georgia 427500002980 per square mile East Georgia 332500003178 per square mile Southeast Georgia 265000002704 per square mile DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO FORM OF INVESTMENT By the census of 1880 in round numbers the two great items were Real estate140000000 Personal 100000000 The value of farms was 112000000 Investments in manufactures 20672000SO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 356 BY IHE COMPTROLLER GEVERAl8 REPORT OF 1384 Real estate 174452761 Personal 12o432609 Nearly 70000000 of the roal estate is city and town property OF THE PERSONAL PROPERTY Money and solvent debts34 230 000 Bank shares 5132000 Stocks and bonds 6 054 jQO Merchandise 18070 000 Furniture 11000000 Cotton manufactures 4 832 000 Shipping 1420000 Iron works 606000 Mining 230000 The Agricultural investmentlandlive stock and toolsis 132 000000 In the Augusta Trade Review published by the Chronicle and Constitutionalist of that city the manufacturing capital of that city alone is represented at nearly 8000000 and that of the State as 38000000 Evidently the tax returns do not at all correctly represent the act ual manufacturing capital of the State WEALTH OF WHITE AND COLORED POPULATION 1S84 White309000000 Colored 8000000 RAILROADS OF GEORGIA The probable value is about 60000000 The increase in the wealth of 1884 over 1883 is 10161916 The debt of Georgia in 1884 is 8704635annual interest 582121 The public property aside from building asylum etc consists chiefly in the ownership of the Western Atlantic Railroad erimated value about 8000000 The State tax on individual citizens is about 350000 rail road tax 75000 rent of W A E E 300000 other sources about 130000 making altogetrnr about 1150000 to 1750000357 THE PRODUCTIONS 8l The building of the State Capitol may add something to the annual rate of taxation Georgia as we have already seeD is eminently a variety State in her resources of soil climate and production manufacturing facilities mineral wealth etc Heretofore her chief industry ha been agricultural but other forms of employment have been developing rapidly and her future career will probably be greatly dependent on manufacturing The statistics of current production are as yet more im perfect than those of realized wealth they are more difficult to estimate and the means of analyzing them thoroughly do not exist In the gradual development of the principles of censustaking we may hope in the future for information which will enable us to give a systematic view of current production first its synthesis a general view of current annual production as a whole and second its analysis showing the production of its parts Current production goes first to the supply of current wants and only its excess is added to annual savings From the gross product must first come the cost of material and other elements of cost and after the net product is ascertained the cost of living comes out before we reach savings The analysis is not an easy one but beginning with a tentative effort we may clear the way for more exact estimates hereafter GROSS PRODUCTION The gross product of all industries for 1880 may be roughly estimated at 130000000 to 150000000 consisting of the fol lowing leading items Jnuuslrv Gross Products Agriculture70000000 Manufactures 36600000 Rail Roads 15000000 Trade 7000000 Professional Gross Income 5000000 Labor 5000000 Domestic service 1000000082 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 358 Except the first two or three these estimates are perhaps not even approximations In the Appendix we may be able to make such corrections as more nearly to give probable approximations NET PEODUCTION To determine the net annual production is still more difficult and the data more imperfect It would be of inestimable value if in the comparison of State and National advantages and resources we could analyze the results respectively yielded by land capital labor and enterprise These pass under the names of rent in terest wages and profits To state a problem well especially in modern times is half to solve it We need to fill the blank in a table like the following FORM OF TABLE NEEDED For Agricultural Products LandValue111000 000 RentEstimated 8000000 CapitalTotal 60000 000 Fixed CapitalStock Tools etc 30000000 Annual CapitalTotal 30000000 Fertilizers 5000000 Supplies Advances Interest on Capital 5000000 Superintendence LaborWages Extras Material Seed etc Cross Productions 70000000 Deduct Material Labor Interest Rent Net Profit 25000000 Cost of Living Savings 8000000 These figures are only intended as snggestive not as accurate A like table is needed for manufacturing and other industries In manufacturing the items of land and rent perhaps need not ap pear but such only as the following Capital fixed and annual359 THE PRODUCTIONS 83 interest labor superintendence wages advances material gross products the successive reductions to ascertain net profit expenses of living savings Somewhat different items would be needed for the other great divisions of industry given in the census as professional and per sonal services and trade and transportation In professional services capital is represented by previous expen ditures in education library apparatus etc In mere personal service as that of the laborer the domestic servant etc there is scarcely any capital represented The laborer has himself and his faculties of production The latter he exchanges for wages In trade the stock in trade is capital and bears a considerable part in production In transportation a large capital is necessary say in railroad transportation the cost of road and equipment and a considerable annual capital also though this may be supplied by earnings Both trade and transportation require much labor and so wages enter largely into their results With such tables complete the comparison of National and State production would be much more easy and intelligible and also the comparison between different forms of industry and investment The comparison between agricultural and manufacturing wages is usually very defective Apparently the former suffers in the com parison this is in appearance much more than in fact To illustrate how this occurs suppose the wages of a farm laborer to be 100 and of an operative in a factory 200 the appearance when only the money wages are expressed is quite to the disparagement of agriculture But usually at the South besides the money wages provisions are furnished worth say 3000 more Again the home of the laborer is furnished rentfree his fuel costs nothing and often he has a garden or a patch rentfree In addition he has bet ter opportunities for a pig or two for poultry for milk and fruit and on Sundays and holidays the use of a horse There are many items of value and many easements to the farm laborer uncounted in the usual estimates On the other hand out of the apparently large money income of the operative or mechanic must come expenses of rent fuel and supplies and all the little extras and84 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 360 comforts also cost money Again it is to be remembered that the greater number of agricultural laborers are less skilled than me chanical workmen and so entitled to less average wages On the whole the practical choice of agriculture instead of other pursuits shows that these differences unnoted in statistics are noted ir real life and that a large proportion of mankind prefer farming to any other occupation It seems to be the refuge towards which many minds tend including professional men and merchants who wish to close life in the quiet of a farm AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION In Georgia the products of the farm are unusually varied They may be subdivided under two great headsmoney crops and pro vision crops Of the money crops cotton takes the lead far sur passing all the others combined There are also rice sugar and syrup tobacco and truck products for the market vegetables fruits and melons raised for sale Forest products and naval stores occupy also a considerable place among the industries of the State More varied are the provision crops for home use or strictly home market They include all the cereals the leguminous crops peas beans etc the root crops all sorts of vegetables and fruits indeed they embrace almost everything for food of man and beast which is not tropical So the facilities are excellent for all sorts of live stock horses mules and cattle for dairy products for poultry etc Fuod for stock can be made to cover the whole year by a judicious selection Our comparatively short winter renders the expense of wintering stock small and with barley or oaf patches little work is necessary in gathering food The following table shows the statistics of leading crops in Geor gia for 1880 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Acres Crop Tilled land7690292 Cotton2617138 814441 Bales Com2538733 23202618 Bushels Oats 612778 5548743 Bushels Wheat 475684 3159771 Bushels Sweet Potatoes 61010 4397774 Bushels361 THE PRODUCTIONS 85 Of all the tilled land it appears that 34 per cent was in cotton and nearly as much say onethird in corn There is a growing tendency to increase the oat crop the corn crop in much of the State being subject to summer drought CURRENT PRODUCTION It is still impossible notwithstanding all our census eturns tax returns and other sources of information to furnish any accurate statement of the gross annual production of any State Estimates may be had however of certain departments of State industry In 1880 the gross production of the Agricultural class in Georgia was estimated at 67000000 the gross product in Georgia of manu factures was 36441000 But there were other industries of which no estimates were made or even attempted Under the denomi nation of Professional and Personal Services over 100000 people were classified but their annual production not estimated So of the large number engaged in trade Some statistics of transportation are attainable however The gross receipts of the railroads of the State were probably about 10000000 The following table gives the form of information needed with the information itself when the census furnishes it GROSS PRODUCTION1880 Agricultural67028929 Manufacturing 36440948 Trade no estimate Transportation about 10000000 Professional no estimate Personal no estimate Passing from gross to net production it is to be observed that the cost of material is first to be deducted and only the increment above that cost regarded as production The cost of material in agriculture is comparatively small It consists chiefly of seeds a A fertilizers Probably of the 67000 000 gross fully 60000000 is increment on cost of material con sumed No estimates are made of the value of seed etc but that of fertilizers is set down at 434700086 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 362 The cost of manufacturing material exceeds the entire capital need in manufactures Deduct from the gross product 36440948 the cost of material 24143939 and we have the increment 12 297009 The increment to value is the fund from which to pay rent in terest and wages leaving profits The railroad expenses deducted from gross receipts leave as the increment say 2500000 INCREMENT OF VALUES Agricultural60 000000 Manufacturing 12300000 Trade unknown Transportation hy rail 2500000 Professional unknown Personal unknown A rude estimate of gross product and increment might be as follows Gross Increment Agricultural 67000000 60000000 Manufacturing 36441000 12300 000 Trade 15000 000 5000000 Transportation 10000000 2500 000 Professional 5000000 4500000 Personal 15 000 000 12000000 148500000 96300000 It were very desirable but is still quite impossible to determine how the increment of value is distributed into rent of land inter est on capital wages of labor and profits of enterprise To such completeness of information statistical science has not yet attained AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONCROPS uF GEORGIA Cotton is the most valuable crop Of this great staple the pro duction in Georgia was in 1850 500000 bales 1860 702000 bales 1870 474000 1880 814000 The largest crop ever made in the State was in 1882 942000363 THE PRODUCTIONS 87 In 1880 Mississippi alone exceeded Georgia her crop being 963 000 and that of Texas 805000 compared with 814000 in Georgia Texa with her immense area now leads all the cotton States Within the State the leading counties in cotton production are as follows by census of I08O Burke 29172 bales Washington 23058 Houston 19090 Troup 18055 Goweta 16282 Meri wether 15154 Hancock 15010 Floyd 14545 In the northern tier of counties and in the southeastern part comparatively little cotton is produced Fifteen or twenty coun ties can be named the aggregate production of them all being less than 1000 bales Towns and Fannin report not one bale The average product of the State in 1880 was one bale to 321 acres THE CORN CROP On 2538733 acres in 1880 the yield was 23202618 bushels an average of a little over 9 bushels per acre The crops of former census years were as follows 1850 30 000000 186131000000 1870 17500000 bushels OTHER CROPS Acres Busbelfe Per acre Oats612778 5548743 9 Wheat475684 3159771 66 Sweet Potatoes 61010 337774 2 The oat crop of Georgia has greatly increased since the war The yield of different crops in former census years is given below 1850 I860 1870 Oats3820044 1231817 1904601 Wheat1088534 2544913 2127017 Sweet Potatoes6986428 6508541 2621562 There is a marked increase in wheat as well as oats and a de crease in sweet potatoes yet only one other State surpasses her present yield North Carolina with 4576000 bushels88 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 364 RICE The ricecrop for successive census years has been as follows in round numbers In 1850 40000000 pounds I860 52500000 1870 22250000 18S0 25333000 Georgia stands second in rice product South Carolina 52000000 pounds Georgia 25000000 Louisiana 23000000 and North Car olina 5500000 STOCK The following table shows statistics ot live stock in Georgia for several successive census years LIVE STOCK IN GEORGIA 1880 Va ue Horses Number Mules Number Oxen Number Cows Number Otber Cattle Number Sheep Number Swine Number 25930352 98520 13V078 50020 315073 544812 527589 1471003 1870 1S60 30156317 81777 87426 54332 21310 412261 419465 988566 3372734 130771 101069 74487 299688 631707 512018 2036116 1830 5728416 154331 57379 73286 334223 090019 560435 2168617 WOOL IN POUNDS 1850 990019 I860 946227 1870 846947 i8so 1289560 FERTILIZERS1879 Georgia was the largest consumer using in value 4347000 worth Pennsylvania was next with 2838000 New York 2715000 South Carolina 2650000 and Virginia 2137000 THE LEADING COUNTIES IN AGRICULTUKAL PRODUCTS are as follows 1880 Burke 1S24000 Washington1484000 Troup 1276000 Houston 1265000 Coweta 1174000 Meriwether 1131000 Cobb 1089000 Floyd 1061000 Gwinnett 1019000 MANUFACTURES IN GEORGIA By the census of 1880 the aggregate of all manufactures with a product exceeding 500 per annum employed a capital of 20365 THE PRODUCTIONS 89 672410operative 24875paid wages 5266152 used mate rial 24143939 and made a product of 36440948 In the Augusta Trade Review of October 1S84 the capital in 1884 is estimated as nearly double that of IS 0 having increased by 18169402 and now amounting to 38841822 SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES1880 Cotton Mills Flour Mills Lumber Eico Tar and Turpentine Capital 6537657 3576300 310145 35000 513885 Wages 1141782 327600 53408 506842 Material 14039673 8619092 3197195 1309407 490355 Product 6513490 9703898 4875310 1488769 1455739 COTTON MANUFACTURES The Baltimore Manufacturers Record quoted in the Augusta Trade Review makes the iucrease as follows 8S0 1SS4 Looms 4713 7843 Spindles 200974 340143 Hands 6678 10000 Bales used 67874 100000 Capital 6632142 13000000 The lumber capital is estimated to have increased to about 6000000 and the product to about 7000003 The leading counties in manufacturing are Fulton Richmond Mnscogee Chatham Bibb Cobb Floyd Glynn and Clarke The manufacturing capital in Fulton is estimated at about 6000000 in Richmond about 5500000 and nearly as much in Muscogee EAILKOAD5 There are nearly 3000 miles of Railroad in Georgia forming a complete network well distributed as to locality and sections and reaching 100 out of the 137 counties of the State The Central R R Company owns leases or oparates about forty per cent of the whole railroad system If equally distributed there would be over twenty miles of railroad to a county counties in Georgia being small one mile to 550 people one mile of road to 21 square miles of area90 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 366 There are few localities in which a wagon cannot go and return in a day from a railroad station The lines of road would suffice tc cross the State east and west about fourteen times or north and south about nine times The leading Railroad centres are Atlanta and Macon Savannah and Augusta inaugurated the chief enterprises The capital invested probably exceeds 60000000 the gross in come 10000000 and the net income is between 2000000 and 2500000 EFFECT OF EAILKOAD3 ON THE VALUE OF PROPERTY This is illustrated by the following table for the Air Line and N E Railroads Counties Value of Property 1874 1884 Fulton 20485000 30736000 DeKalb 2813 000 3405000 Gwinnett 2745000 3048000 Hall 2139000 2879000 Banks 767000 1094000 Habersham 806000 1004000 Milton 808000 994000 Forsyth 1261000 1520000 Franklin 1171000 1524000 Clarke 4703000 5435050 Oconee 960000 Jackson 1686000 2491000 Madison 958000 1010000 Total 40322000 56090000 This shows an increase in ten years of nearly forty per cent The per cent of increase for the State between 1874 and 1881 being but eight per cent viz from two hundred and seventythree to two hundred and ninetyfive millions The comparative increase would show to yet greater advantage between 1870 and 1880 because in 1874 the first date in the table the appreciation of property had already begun in antici pation of the railroads To illustrate this the tax return of Hall county in 1870 was 1067000 and in 1874 2139000more than double the return four years previous367 THE PRODUCTIONS 91 The property of the nine counties through which the Air Line Railroad passes increased in four years from il171000 to 32995 000nearly 56 per cent During the same period the State in crease was less than twentyone per cent GEORGIAA STATE FOR HOME COMFORT No State is more admirably adapted to ample Home Comfort Many advantages are common to other Southern Statesothers pe culiar to Georgia What is needful to home comfort Whatever it is Georgia has it Land abundant and cheap a climate excellent for health comfort and production with two seasons giving both summer and winter cropsan excellent year round climate with moderate summers moderate winters delightful spring sea sons and Indian summers indescribably tine Building material is cheap and a good house easily reared The farmer is the most independent of men with no rent to pay no fuel to buy with supplies of food easily had with soil and climate adapted to grain crops to garden orchard and dairy products and equally so to poultry Cows may be fed through the winter on barley or oat patches The garden the orchard the cow and the hen What a share of human comfort they contribute With fruits and vegetables milk and butter chickens and eggs what a start we have towards sup plying not only an ample but a luxurious table These facilities exist moreover not in a mere pioneer country but accompanied by the advantages of an already established civilizition the land cleared and ready for cultivation with railroads schools churches and so cial opportunities already provided Erroneous opinions exist as to safety at the South The sense of security essential to comfort obtains in a remarkable degree No where does a larger proportion of the population sleep without locks on their doors fearless of violence or theft Her people as a rule are honest hospitable and friendly to strangers In addition to the mere supply of food it is easy to have choice fruits vegetables grapes melons etc covering a large part of the whole year In addition to provisions there is the best of all money crops cotton Indeed if one will but make home comfort92 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 368 and abundance a prime object no country is better suited to them A Farm in Georgia as an investment is unsurpassed in its re turns especially to a poor man or a man of moderate mean A few hundreds or a few thousands invested here may with good management make a home of comfort health abundance and se curity Here as elsewhere good management is necessary but nowhere does it pay better German and other foreigners remark on the advantage of winter as well as summer crops and of land not icebound in winter In his volume on South Carolina equally applicable to Georgia with some added advantages here Pike speaks of it as an agricultu ral paradise and warmly commends the inestimable advantages for an agricultural country of having no winter and of living in a climate in which ploughing may be carried on in every month of the year He winds up his view with these words If there be an Elysium for an agriculturist it is a fruitful soil a salubrious cli mate and a delicious atmosphere in which frosts and snows are al most unknown We have had frequent occasion to refer to Georgia as a variety State It is not suited alone to agriculture MANUFACTURING INVESTMENTS also have especial advantages In cotton manufactures this is em inently true Not to dwell on them it is sufficient here to say that the cotton and the mills are togethersaving freight one way For many cotton goods there is a home marketthus saving freight both ways The climate is remarkably suited to the work both in winter and summer The cost of living is low and so the wages of labor diminished In a word it seems to be the place of all others adapt ed by nature to cotton manufactures Many other undeveloped facilities for manufacturing exist But they begin to be appre ciated and are rapidly undergoing developmen MECHANICS There is a wide opening and demand for good skilled mechanics in various departments of industry The supply of skilled labor is inadequate owing in part to the superior attractions of farm ife369 THE PRODUCTIONS 93 With the growing use of improved machinery and the introduction of engines reapers and mowers separators etc there is a growing demand for workmen capable of keeping them in repair distributed better throughout the country as well as in the cities Take the advantages altogether and the time is not far distant when the advice will be young man go South We do not hesi tate to say as the result of observation and experience that the best immigration for us is from the North rather than from abroad Northern immigrants are soonest assimilated Their children and ours are indistinguishable The best means moreover of harmon izing the sections is by the mutual acquaintance to which immigra tion gives rise Sectional antipat are based on mutual igno rance and rapidly disappear before mutual knowledge To bring this outline view of the State to a close we quote from the Handbook of Georgia as to the advantages it presents Nature has been prodigal in her gifts to us and man needs only average skill and care to make here as happy homes as the world has ever known The ground with its wide range of pro ductions the sun and air and conditions of climate the abundant wood and water and waterpower the present settled state of the country and degree of development and the future promise of a higher developmentall point to the South as admirably suited for immigration and to no part of the South more than to Georgia Her relative claims indeed are undisputed and her positive claims need only to be investigated to be apparentAPPENDIX STATISTICAL INFORMATION Know thyself is a maxim as important to a State as to a per son and even more difficult The knowledge of a State being too large and wide for individual observaton the need of a Census is obvious even to semi civilized people The facts must be brought together from afar and hence the need of A SCIENCE OF STATISTICS This substitutes measurement for guess work But we are still in danger of getting lost in details and hence is needed also the SCIENCE OF TABULATION The crowning triumph of this science was the Census Atlas ex hibiting the results of the census of 1870 to that quickest of organs the eye But since we know nothing by itself but only by com parison with other objects we need next not only actual but comparative statistics THE COMPARATIVE METHOD of study has been one of the chief instruments of modern civiliza tion To know Georgia we must not only know her in herself but know how she compares with other States and understand her rel ative rank We must also compare her present with her past History is indeed but the story of a development showing stages of growth or alas of the reverse A suitable UNIT OF COMPARISON is needed States are so wide apart in population resources etc that some common standard is necessary The needed unit is not area nor population nor wealth We need a standard even as a farmer does who speaks of a onemule farm a twomule farm etc the mule being the best factor for comparison The best unit for the comparison of States is perhaps 100000 PEOPLE This shows per cents readily by simply omitting the 1000s and when accuracy is needed avoids fractionsII DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE There is still a danger to be met after all our pains We must in statistics so to speak COMPLETE THE CIRCLE just as a surveyor must go entirely around a farm to the point of beginning or a bookkeeper make a balancesheet In census returns and statistics generally the needful last line is seldom reached Indeed several lines are omitted viz after Wealth should follow Gross Income Cost of Production Net In come and the uses made of it in comforts style of living etc and finally as the great and last item SAVINGS added annually to National or State wealth These items begin to be more studied than formerly but we have usually got lost before reaching them In dealing with these items it is difficult especially in Manufac tures to avoid the DUPLICATION OF VALUES in articles involving successive stages of production The incre ment or added value is to be ascertained and the cost of this ad dition to value so that the net increment alone may be computed This which remains after paying cost of material in the stage at which the new process begins together with rent interest and wages is profitthe compensation of enterprise In Agricultural computations on the other hand it is hard to avoid the opposite error viz the omission of values which should legitimately go on the credit side such are the saving of rent fuel and a score of sundries derived from the farm money thus saved is money gained yet is seldom included in estimates of the relative profits of farming and other pursuits In the proper appreciation of statistical data A GUIDE PROPOSITION is of great service and a guide table to correspond presenting a complete general view of which the following tables are the amplifi cation Some strong statement of salient points may embrace all the factors and complete the circle such as the following viz Georgia with an area of 58980 square miles a population of 1542180 souls and a wealth in 1884 returned as about 317000000 probably in reality about 500000000 produces annually a gross income of about 100000000 this amount and those that follow given only as illustrations of which the cost of production is saySTATISTICAL INFORMATION III 70 000 000leaving a net income of say 30000000applied to payment of taxes Federal State and local then to the cost of liv ing with greater or less comfort and the residue constituting the annual savings is added to the wealth of the Statefive millions ten or twenty as the case may be With this guide proposition in mind we follow the tables in telligently knowing the goal at which we are aiming and cooper ating in attaining it or else suspecting and criticising the data After the tables showing actual condition should lollow those showing comparative condition as compared with other States and other times Such an outline will best answer the questionnot by guess but by measurementWhat about Georgia How is she getting on in the world as compared with her sister States and quite as impor tant with her opportunities Nor should we forget the object of it all and of all mformation Knowledge is and ever should be but the guide of action The results of A SYSTEMATIC SURVEY of theState is not disappointing as to the greatness and variety of its magnificent resources These seem rather to grow than to shrink under investigation But how is it with the use we make of them Do we adequately improve our fine opportunities The scale to weigh resultsperhaps the final testin any State or community is to be found in the PRICE of land not the returned value however for even without wrong intent the habits of taxpayers are lax and land is returned year after year at the same rates The actual value determined by sale is the unit which tests progress Adopting this test we have no reason to be proud of the uses which we as a people make of our great heritage Statistics are virtually National Book Keeping and the Census is the Taking Stock of the NationIV DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE No 1 Areas Population and Wealth of Georgia by Csnsm of 1880 The State SECTIONS North Georgia Middle Georgia 8 W Georgia East Georgia 8 E Georgia COUNTIES 4ppllng Baker Baldwin Banks Bartow Berrien Bibb777 Brooks Bryan BuJloch777 Burke Butts Calhoun Camden77 Campbell Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattaboocuee Ctmttooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Golquitt Columbia Coweta Crawford Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglass Early Ecttols AREA POPULATION WEALTH Sq Miles Total PerSq Mile Total PerSq Mile 58980 1542180 26 239472599 4050 11260 337000 30 44530000 3941 13060 568000 43 91790000 7028 14350 310000 21 42790000 2980 10470 207200 20 33280000 3178 9840 120000 12 26610000 2704 1080 5276 5 812316 752 340 7307 21 590883 1738 240 13806 58 1146004 4775 320 7337 23 842740 2634 500 18690 37 3259790 6520 760 6619 9 942240 1240 240 27147 113 8759462 36500 530 11727 22 1832549 3457 400 4929 12 428088 1070 900 8053 9 1050398 1167 1030 27128 26 2308517 2241 180 8311 46 865919 4810 280 7024 25 676810 2417 620 6183 10 619259 2091 240 9970 42 1449009 6037 540 16901 31 1987688 3680 160 4739 30 805115 5032 1060 2154 2 217193 543 400 45023 113 17672222 16672 220 5670 26 504418 2293 400 10021 25 1452245 3630 470 14325 30 1692209 3600 180 11702 65 4430265 24613 200 6650 33 760121 3800 140 8027 57 1225891 8756 900 4138 5 666053 751 410 20748 52 3338479 8346 980 5070 797548 814 550 2527 5 294634 535 290 10465 36 892415 3077 440 21100 48 2963015 6734 340 8656 25 712334 2095 180 4702 26 691392 3846 180 5837 32 567601 3153 1160 19072 16 2025725 1746 280 14497 52 2372986 8475 580 5538 9 681244 1174 780 12420 16 1328229 1703 340 12622 37 2398514 7054 190 6934 36 697462 3671 510 7611 15 805308 1579 400 2553 6 244896 608 STATISTICAL INFORMATION TABLE No 1 Continued COUNTIES Effingham Elbert Emanuel Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Green Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Jones Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Lowndes Lumpkin McDuffle Mclntosh Macon Madison Marion Meriwether Miller Milton Mitcnell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe AKEA Sq Milus POPULATION WEALTH Total 420 440 040 390 220 540 250 30 200 480 100 430 360 340 470 400 540 520 330 470 330 290 400 560 680 360 380 620 260 470 740 360 720 280 470 290 330 530 360 300 361 490 240 110 500 470 720 400 420 210 260 160 510 PerSq Mile 5979 12957 9759 7245 8605 2441S 10599 11453 49137 8386 3 5771 649 T 11171 17547 19531 8718 15298 16989i 5976 15758 9094 8769 14193 22414 2696 16297 11851 15671 4800 11613 10053 10577 10649 6412 11049 6526 9440 6241 11675 7978 8598 17651 3720 6261 9392 18808 5381 14032 8269 19322 13623 6351 15400 14 29 9 19 39 45 42 35 246 17 36 15 31 52 42 22 28 33 1 34 28 30 35 40 4 45 31 25 1 25 14 29 15 23 24 23 29 12 32 27 24 36 16 57 19 40 7 35 20 92 52 40 30 640795 1344549 1247171 432883 863768 5193583 1227243 1227647 20343525 557047 415153 1170644 1826924 2092354 2405689 834939 2074198 2367398 630249 1 790073 986781 933510 1647632 2297564 516515 1780172 1133495 2066606 531202 1098849 1051931 979310 888193 671733 1298606 539309 805453 725358 1327807 882843 859588 1503062 324027 840992 1193900 2199282 730631 2090611 1074565 7634875 2024025 777935 1601480 Per Sq Mile 1526 3055 1200 1109 3926 9614 4908 3720 101717 1160 4153 2722 5075 6154 5116 2087 3841 4553 1910 3806 2990 3225 4119 4103 760 4923 2983 3349 2043 2338 1308 2720 1233 2400 2720 1860 2441 1365 368 2943 2388 3068 1392 7645 2J388 4680 1015 5226 2558 36356 7515 4862 3140VI DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE No 1Continued COUNTIES I Paulding Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Qintman Rnbun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven iSpauiding Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tatnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Towns Troup Twiggs Union Upson Walker Waiton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster While Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkins Worth AREA POPULATION Sq Miie Total Per Sq Mile 340 10887 32 230 6790 30 540 4538 8 290 15849 55 330 11952 36 470 14158 30 360 14539 40 160 4392 27 400 4634 12 400 13341 33 3v0 34665 108 120 6838 57 180 5302 29 720 12786 18 220 12585 57 440 13998 32 520 18239 35 360 14115 39 180 703S 39 1100 6 988 6 400 8597 21 420 4828 11 320 10451 33 780 20597 26 180 3261 18 430 20565 48 330 8918 27 330 6431 l9 310 12400 40 440 11056 25 400 15623 39 620 4159 7 290 10885 38 680 21964 32 740 5980 8 230 5237 23 180 5341 30 330 11900 36 500 3 109 fi 460 15985 35 440 12061 27 710 5892 8 WEALTH Total 1210841 528469 544283 2357048 1673805 1566227 1682656 586078 316177 1642084 15328452 116099c 553483 1081722 2017879 1454896 2991898 1264018 684080 930359 815213 658682 1276405 2536 419 248277 2983851 653647 429570 1444657 1753MM 2362910 550615 1214270 2806251 670978 625786 479899 1920991 402572 2785087 1209195 623345 Per Sq Mile 3561 2297 1008 8128 5072 3332 4674 3664 790 4105 47901 9674 3075 1502 9172 3307 5754 3511 3800 846 2038 1568 3988 3252 1379 699 1981 1302 4660 3986 5907 888 4187 4127 907 2721 2666 5821 805 6154 2748 878STATISTICAL INFORMATION VI TABLE No II Population and Wealth of Georgia by Race White and Colored and Per Capita by Census of 1880 POPULATION The State COUNTIES Appling Baker Baldwin Bauks Bartow Berrien Bibb Brooks Bryan Bullonk Burke Bults Calhoun Camden Campbell Carroll Catoosa Oarlton Chatham Chattahooehee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Coweta Crawford Dade Dawson Decaur PeKalb Dodge Dooiy Dougherty Douglas Eirly Ecliols Effi ogham Elbert Emanuel Fannin White Colored Per Cent WEALTH WhteCold 816906 725133 53 4084 1742 4512 5830 12419 5783 1142 5670 2368 5797 6089 4277 2354 2091 6085 14591 4127 1794 17494 2130 7981 12699 5313 270S 4938 3300 14734 4028 2422 3030 9305 3940 3618 5479 8889 9954 3506 6592 1952 5463 3015 2053 3228 6085 6660 7112 1192 5565 9294 1507 6271 886 15700 605 2561 2256 21031 4034 4670 4092 3885 2310 612 360 515 3540 2040 1626 6388 3852 3C 838 6012 1042 105 7435 11797 4716 1084 356 10183 4533 1 52 5828 10670 1471 4596 500 2751 6872 3085 133 17 233708306 77 24 33 80 60 88 I 48 48 72 22 51 33 34 61 87 88 83 39 37 80 88 45 42 62 80 71 80 96 29 44 45 77 94 46 69 65 53 15 79 40 so 54 47 68 23 70 07 20 34 12 58 52 52 28 78 49 07 00 39 13 12 17 01 63 20 12 55 58 38 20 29 20 4 71 56 55 23 6 54 31 35 47 85 21 60 20 46 53 31 2 Colored 5764293 799523 552203 1092024 821750 3207936 936729 8503904 1774342 403869 1026080 2145269 845030 648523 577472 1415494 1970173 804702 212905 1772024 48493 1434159 1672324 4289629 738314 1209685 663878 3287889 775450 293659 846170 2899615 684154 688621 63924 1919193 2339778 6658781 1286356 2298412 683129 765548 241300 623539 1294953 1214041 442393 Per Capiia Whte Col d 12793 38680 53940 20990 51854 5511 255558 58 202 24220 29318 163248 20889 28287 41737 33515 17515 5413 4288 200148 19483 18086 19875 140636 21807 16206 2175 50590 22098 975 46235 63400 28180 2771 3677 106532 33200 15366 41873 100102 14334 39760 3590 17256 49646 33130 430 286 187 337 240 133 254 156 750 313 171 170 372 19 283 276 230 130 189 109 994 231 173 121 812 275 245 201 224 192 121 280 311 173 190 103 216 236 190 192 1174 125 253 118 193 212 182 61 11 7 6 13 10 10 9 11 8 5 6 11 9 8 9 12 9 12 22 6 5 3 8 21 a 6 5 6 3 10 11 8 8 7 10 10 9 7 0 7 11 3VIII DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE No IIContinued Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Green Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeflerson Johnson Jones Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Lowndes Lumpkin McDuffle Melntosh Macon Madison Marion Meriwether Miller Milton Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murry Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Pickens POPULATION White 5742 14958 907 8906 28295 8258 2506 2195 9347 5573 16016 7357 13040 5044 5821 6460 621 5074 7961 6024 2101 11139 4258 5581 3455 3753 5712 1739 3581 2254 5411 0075 3431 1546 4288 5392 4294 77 2327 5484 4189 6693 3510 4219 7302 8995 740 3327 5469 9903 6646 Per Cent Whte Cold 2863 9460 1487 254 2084 12C 1071 4300 1820 11974 3515 1361 258 11943 153 9286 2882 3095 6229 10390 535 5157 7593 10090 1345 7860 4350 8837 7001 4158 503 451 6019 46 7387 25S 4304 9854 1393 777 5203 12115 1871 9s02 9 0 10327 6883 3024 9931 984 145 WEALTH 67 01 86 77 57 98 70 36 83 32 82 81 85 29 07 11 03 64 56 2 80 OS 30 16 34 35 49 94 36 25 37 07 50 44 03 87 45 30 6 30 ss 40 49 52 35 01 OS 33 39 14 23 43 2 30 04 17 67 1 10 15 71 3 59 32 36 44 73 20 32 04 05 28 I is 43 84 66 65 51 0 64 75 63 33 50 51 i 37 13 rry 04 35 70 12 54 51 48 05 9 2 White Colored 839491 5105403 1208951 1209294 20061750 554815 409003 1112202 2069133 1767044 2373182 825057 2058041 2310500i 027932 1729527 960259 910510 1010494 2189109 503487 1742602 1092950 1985860 518845 1045080 1011243 92065 817230 654887 1248203 535210 778173 64931 1293303 857863 834439 1450248 320378 830349 1141265 2135560 707320 2023930 1066271 7495810 1973825 755830 1545510 1196809 524784 24272 88180 18292 18353 281 2 232 6090 58442 23221 59880 32507 8982 1015 56892 23r 60546 20522 23030 37138 10845 13028 37510 40639 80746 12357 53769 40588 58053 70963 16846 50903 4094 27280 7004 34504 24980 25149 47414 13049 10043 52035 03722 23311 66631 8294 139064 50200 22099 55970 14032 3 685 Per Capita Whte Cold 146 340 133 136 709 67 163 505 221 317 148 112 158 458 108 283 156 161 202 304 233 156 250 356 150 276 177 529 28 291 231 88 227 418 301 159 194 182 139 151 272 316 202 470 145 833 293 227 282 121 9 25STATISTICAL INFORMATION TABLE No II Continued IX POPULATION Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Spalding Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tatnall Taylor Teifair Terrell ThomaF Towns Troup Twiggs Union Upsori Walker Walton Ware Warren Wsahington Wayne Webster White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth White 65 7780 7805 5 24 3518 1773 4437 5545 17185 4149 2229 6173 5439 4376 6050 4448 2312 5014 4770 2660 4268 8384 3157 6595 2844 6321 6133 9492 9321 3015 4039 9449 4060 2667 4751 9689 2411 5173 6550 4068 Colored Whte Cold Per Cem 472 8069 4147 8225 11021 2619 197 7796 17464 2689 3073 6613 7146 9622 12189 9667 4722 1974 3827 2161 6183 1 13 104 13970 6074 110 6267 563 6301 1144 6846 12515 1920 2570 590 2210 698 1081 5511 1824 70 49 65 41 24 40 96 42 40 il 42 45 43 31 33 3 33 71 55 55 41 41 9 32 32 98 49 86 60 72 37 43 68 51 90 81 74 3 5 69 30 51 35 59 70 60 4 58 51 39 58 55 57 69 67 68 67 29 45 45 59 59 3 68 68 2 51 14 40 28 63 57 3 49 10 19 23 68 46 31 WEALTH Colored 532370 2296207 1637089 1505467 1624722 559436 315256 1598814 15062552 1192058 528620 1031548 1957140 1399829 2893250 1214341 650021 904896 787025 647507 1232032 2435533 247072 2930413 615815 429363 1410661 1739514 2315998 538051 1204179 2713692 661609 611642 475247 1901171 394124 2712645 1175150 606198 Per Capita Whte Cold 11913 60841 36716 60760 57934 26642 921 43270 265900 1893 2486 50174 60739 55067 98448 49677 34059 25463 17188 11 175 4437 100886 1205 53438 37835 206 33996 14377 46912 12564 10091 92559 9369 14044 4652 19819 8448 72442 34045 19147 173 295 210 260 462 316 71 288 875 275 237 162 360 31 478 273 281 181 165 248 288 291 78 444 217 68 230 183 250 179 300 287 163 229 100 195 164 525 179 150 8 9 3 5 10 5 6 16 7 8 8 9 6 8 5 7 13 5 5 7 9 12 4 6 2 6 26 8 II 2 8 5 6 12 7 6 10 i in the Tables are derived from the Census of 1880 and these were taken from the Comptroller Generals Report being the State Assess ment forTaxaton e true wealth of Georgia and of each county is esbmated Sucn higher To illustrate By the assessment the wealth of the UniteI States but 17 billions by the estimate the true wealth exceeds 43 billions The assesse ment isbSpecent of the true value In Georgia the assessed value is 240 millions the true is estimated at 606 millionsDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE No III The State its Sections and its Counties Compared as to Area Population and Wealth by Race and Per Capita 1880 AREA POPULATION WEALTH White Colored Per Sent White Colored Per Capita u 4 V J3 is o o o U The State 137 Coties 8980 816906 725133 53 47 233708306 5764293 286 8 SECTIONS North Georgia 33 11260 270616 64180 81 19 43994496 591573 160 9 Middle Georgia 40 13060 256558 307739 46 54 89539291 2254153 349 7 Southwest Ga 32 14350 123234 183245 40 60 41405522 1438134 335 8 East Georgia 17 10470 98511 107489 43 57 32340223 977160 328 9 Southeast Ga 15 9840 57912 61443 49 51 26080739 567603 450 9 SUBSECTIONS Northwest Ga 18 6400 157454 39069 80 20 28778892 372525 183 10 Northeast Ga 15 4860 113165 25111 82 18 14624031 219048 130 9 West Middle Ga 24 7600 189477 179660 51 49 64943942 1429809 343 8 East Middle Ga 16 5460 67081 128079 34 66 24595349 824344 367 7 Northern Tier 16 4990 102416 11929 90 10 12537000 05000 122 6 Second Tier 17 6270 169666 52261 75 25 30866000 497000 181 10 Average of State 430 5964 5297 53 47 1702425 42075 286 8 North Georgia 341 8200 1945 81 19 1333200 18000 160 9 Middle Geogia 424 6414 7693 46 54 2276965 56354 349 7 Southwest Ga 446 3851 5829 40 60 1293922 43600 335 8 EastGa 616 5795 6330 43 57 1902366 54634 328 9 Southeast Ga 656 3861 4139 49 61 1735160 37840 450 9 The State and its Sections Compared in Sundry Particulars 2 a 3 o a 1 o a u Pr Ct of Population Pr Ct of Wealth Wealth pr capita 3 o 65 a o O 2 is o O 3 Per cent of 3 o Eh 3 The State 137 33 40 32 17 15 100 19 22 24 18 16 100 22 37 20 13 8 100 33 32 15 12 7 100 9 42 25 15 8 100 8 38 18 14 11 100 19 38 18 14 11 100 10 39 25 17 9 155 132 162 138 161 100 85 105 89 104 143 100 56 122 117 111 157 NoteThe Counties forming the Southern tier nine in number are large in area averaging 700 square miles Small in population averaging about000 and below aver age in wealth about 1100000 each Since 1800 great changes have occurred in the rank of counties as to weaUh Fulton which now heads the list then stood as No 21 Wilkes county being No 20 The large agricultural counties then had a higher relative stand than they now have Troup No 4 Houston 6 Monroe 7 Burke 8 Meriwether 9 Talbot 10 Stewart 11 in order of wealthSTATISTICAL INFORMATION TABLE No IV The following Counties Compose the Several Sections vis XI North Georgia 33 Middle Georgia 40 i o 0 O s t 0 Q 2 So o 5 o m B w ft o u O Si B o NWest 18 16 Ed a m 5 o 3 s CO a Bartow Chattooga Cherokee Cobb Dade Floyd Gordon Murray Paulding Dawson Franklin Gwinnett Habersnam Hall Hart Bibb Saldwin Columbia Elbert Morgan Oglethorpe Talialerro Calhoun Chathoocbee Clay Bullock Emanuel Jefferson Montgomery Richmond Telfair Twiggs Washington Wilkinson Appling Butts Campbell Carroll Clayton DeKalb Meriwether Bryan Camden Charlton Chatham Clinch Crawford Dooly Dougheity Early Coffee Echols Mad ison Union Bmnghm Glynn Liberty Mclntosh Pierce Ware Wayne Randolph t NoteTo study a particular county by the tables take Pulton county for illustration By Table No 1 the area of Pulton is 200 square miles its popu lation 49137 being 246 to the square mile its wealth 20343525 being 101717 to the square mile This is the assessed and not the true wealth The true wealth is nearly two and a half times as greatsay nearly 50000000 By Table No 2 we see the white population of Pulton to be 28295 and the colored 20 842the white being 57 per cent and the colored 43 per cent of the whole The wealth of the whites is 20061750 being 709 per capita and of the colored peo ple 281775 being 14 per capita The true wealth is probably about 1750 per capita for whites and 35 for colored By Table 4 we see that Pulton is embraced in Middle GeorgiaWestern part By Table 5 Fulton is one of the counties of least areathat it has the largest population the largest white population and the largest wealth of any county m the State In wealth per capita it stands as No 7 in wealth per square mile a No 1TABLE VCounties in Georgia Compared as to Area Population and Wealth X AREASQUARE MILES Average County 430 LARGEST AREA Jlecatur SW Ga 1100 Tatnall E Ga1100 Appling SE Ga 1080 Charlton SE Ga1000 Emanuel E Ga1040 Burke E Ga1030 POPULATION Av County 11201 LARGEST POPULA TION Fulton19187 Chatham45023 Richmond3406i Burse2712S Floyd24418 Hunter22114 Washington21901 Coweta21 109 Pobb20748 Thomas20597 Troup 20505 Eleven counties over 20000 Eigh teen counties from 15000 to 20000 WHITE POPULA TION Average Co 00C0 LARGEST WHITE POP ULATION Fulton28295 Chatham 17494 Richmond17185 Gwinnetf10010 Flovd 14958 Cobb 14734 Carroll1459 Hall13010 Rartow121 9 Bibb11429 Jac son11139 Twelve counties over 10000 4 WEALTH Average Co 1744500 LARGEST WEALTH WEALTH PER CAPITAWHITE Average Co 286 LARGEST PER CAP ITA Fulton820341525 Chatham17072222 Richmond 15328452 Bibb 8759462 Muscogee7034875 Flovd 5191588 Ciafke4430265 Cobb 8338479 Bartow 3259790 Nine over 3000000 Sumter 2991808 Troup 2083851 Coweta 2963051 Washington 2806251 Wilkes 2785087 Thomas2836419 Six from 82500000 to 3000000 Dougherty 1174 Chatham 994 Richmond 875 Muscogee 833 ClarKe 812 Bibb 750 Fulton 708 Lee 529 Wilkes 525 Glynn 605 Sumter 478 Magee 470 Putnam 402 Hancock 458 Troup 444 Mclntosh 41s Ten over 500 Eight 400 to 8500 WEALTH PER CAPITACOLED Average Co 8 LARGEST WEALTI1 26 25 34 Clarke 22 Coffee 21 18 Bibb 17 Mclntosh 16 Richmond 155 Harralson 35 WEALTH PER SQ MILE Average Co 84050 LARGEST WEALTH Fulton8101717 Richmond 47901 Bibb 30500 Muscogee 30350 Clarke 24613 Chatham 10 072 Rockdale 9074 Flovd 9014 Scalding 9172 Clayton 8750 DeKalb 8475 Cobb 8340 Polk 8128 50 W H O o 50 o c F H C SMALLEST AREA ilascock E Ga100 Miller N Ga110 Rockdale Middle Ga12 Clavton Mid Ga140 CatoosaN Ga100 Oeouee Mid Ga100 Quitmai SW Ga160 Dade Thomas 10 White Dawsonm Butts Clarke 1sn Taiaferro Sehley I0U Douglas190 Fultm201 Cl y20J Six counties over 1000 Thirtyone 600 to 1000 Largest counties in East and Southeast Georgia Eighteen counties not over 200 SMALLEST IOPUTION Irwin2090 Charlton2151 Colquitt2627 G hols2538 Wilcox3109 Towns3201 Glascock3577 Miller372 Eight below 01110 Ten counties 4000 to 5060 SMALLEST WHITE POPULATION Lee1789 Baker1743 Quitman1773 Dougherty 1952 hattahoochee2130 Irwin2161 Lincoln2251 Taiiaferro2312 Miller 2327 Calhoun2 354 Ten counties un der3000 Four from 3000 to 40i0 SMALLEST WEALTH LEAST PER CAPITA harlton217193 Echols 244890 Towns 248277 Colquitt 294634 Rabiiii 31017 Miller 331027 Glascock415 163 Btyan 4288 Union 42967 Fannin 432853 White479899 Eleven below 500000 Fiftytwo 500000 to 1000000 Fannin 61 Gilmer 07 Union 68 Rabun 71 Towns 78 Pickens 79 Lumpkin 88 Seven under 3100 White 100 Dawson 103 Haralson 108 Habersham 112 Echols 11s Pa lding 121 Colquitt 121 Douglas 125 Eight 100 to 8125 LEAST WEALTH Hancock 4 Rabun 4 McDuffie 4H Troup4 Fannin 3 Dade2U Clinch2J4 Union2 Warren 1 Ten Cos over 15 Five 812 to 11 Nine below 85 LEAST WEALTH Wayne8 907 Ware 883 Worth 878 Tatnall 846 Coffee 811 Wilcox 86 Kabun 790 Appling 752 Clinch 752 Irwin 716 Echols 008 charlton 543 Colquitt 535 Thirleen counties over 88000 Thirteen under 81000CIRCULAR No 62 new series REPORT SoilTest of Fertilizers CONDUCTED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA AND OF EXPERIMENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY FARM UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE STATE CHEMIST For the Year 1884 J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture ATLANTA GA Jas P Harrison Co State Printers and Publishers 1885Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga January 15 1885 DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING SOILTESTS OF FERTIL IZERS FOR THE YEAR 1884 The following instructions were furnished each experimenter as a guide in con ducting the soil tests of sampes of commercial fertilizers assigned them Dear Sir You will please comply as far as practicable with the following directions in conducting the soil tests of fertilizers sent you from this Department Without the utmost care and accuracy in al observations and in every detail of the work from the preparation of the soil to the gathering of the crops experiments are valueless Agricultural experiments are nothing more nor less than questions asked of Na ture If a question is not accurately and clearly asked the interpretation of the answer will be difficult if not impossible Experimenters are therefore urged to give their personal supervision to every detail connected with the soil tests of commercial fertilizers received from the De partment in order that they may possess when the crop is gathered all the data necessary to give a full and accurate report not only of results but of every essen tial circumstance connected with the experiment 10Reports are expected whether the experiment results in success or failure 1 Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character and fertility as possible 2 If the test is to be made with corn cotton or any crop planted in rows apply each fertilizer to four consecutive rows 35 or 70 yards long leaving four rows un fertilized bttween those fertilized with different brands thus A four rows with out fertilizer four rows B four rows without fertilizer four C four etc through the plat When the crop matures gather the two middle rows of each fourfertil ized and unfertilized and weigh and record the same accurately If it is cotton weigh and record carefully each separate picking and the date of each If the test is made with small grain or any crop sown broadcast lay off plats 35 or 70 yards long and 6 feet wide with a vacant space one or two feet wide between the plats and apply the fertilizer to each alternate plat and when the crop is gathered re cord separately the product of the fertilized and unfertilized plats In all small grain tests give the weight of the grain and of the straw after the grain is threshed out 3 In these experiments use each fertilizer or compost at the rate of 200 or 100 pounds per acre regardless of cost on cotton or corn 200 pounds broadcast on small grain 4 In conducting these tests be careful to have the quality of the soil theprepa ration planting stand and cultivation identical on each four rows the only difference be ing in the kind or quality of the fertilizer used Without this the test will not bereliable 5 If compost is used state the formula adopted in composting giving the quantity and character of each ingredient ani the method employed in compostingDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 388 6 If convenient purchase on the market some of the same brands as those sub mitted for test and report the result as directed in No 2 above 7 Use on the same plat any other brand which you may have 8 Use a portion of the samples submitted for test in contrast with any others you may have orany other crop on your farm or garden and report result 9 When Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bonenot ammoniatedis tested compost it by formula for composting given in the circulars of this Department 10 Conduct any other test in any manner you may prefer and report results and facts as above requested 11 Make a careful and accurate record of everything as it is done or as it takes place Let your record also contain the following viz a The character of the soil and subsoil in which the test is made whether sandy clayey marly or calcareous and whether upland or bottom how long in cultiva tion and the character of ihe original growth b Its previous treatment both as to crops cultivated and fertilizers used for sev eral previous years and if practicable select a plat which was not fertilized in 1883 c The time and manner of preparation time and manner of planting modes of cultivation seasons both as to temperature and rainfall and any other fact of in terest connected with the test of fertilizers 12 When the crop is gathered make a full report to the Department embracing everything laid downMn the foregoing or that is connected with the experiment Blanks on which to make out this report from the record made by you during ihe year will be sent to you in November next These experiments to be valuable should be conducted with great care and the results accurately reported by the first day of December next or as soon thereafter as the results can be ascertained SOILTEST EXPERIMENTS FOR 18S4 NoteIn the following pages the brands of fertilizers marked a were furnished by the Department of Agriculture for soil tests All not so marked were furnished by the experimenters themselves In determining the per cent of increase for each fertilizer in the tabulated results the average yield of the two adjacent unmanured plats when these are given is assumed as the product of the soil without fertilizers The per cenrof gain or loss on the investment when shown is calculated from the cost of the fertilizers as furnished by the experimenters The cotton option price when given is taken as a basis for this estimate 7 per cent is added to the cash price when this only is furnished Experiment of Mrs J W Bryan Dillon Walker County Thin Sandy SoilVine years in cultivation in Bartlett pear trees Previous TreatmentOnly peas sowed broadcast and allowed to decay on ground More or less commercial fertilizer sowed with peas every year Preparation of the soilGround in fine condition Bull tongue plow used Fertili zer applied at the rate of 200 lbs per acre in drill Rows 3 feet apart 35 feet long Fertilizers were appUed at the rate of 200 lbs per acre in drill at time of planting No compost389 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1384 5 Planting and CuWaOonPlanted May 8th in drill corn 2 grains to a hill and hills three feet apart The seed used was that of the Blount corn Plowed and hoed June 3d plowed June 19th SeoSCorn had a good start but suffered in a measure afterwards from the drought The early maturing of the Blount corn makes it specially alapted tor standing a dry season Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Ashley Acid Phosphate a Oar Own Ammoniated Bone a Bales Phosphate Guano Raw Bone No Fertilizer Yield per acre in Bushels Per cent of Increase over unfertilized 15 Per Ct 50 14 45 15 55 13 30 10 Experiments with Ieish Potatoes Soil Sandy mountain soil thin Growth Chestnut oak and hickory When first cleared 1876 planted in peach trees 18x18 with one row of Kittatinny blackberry vines between each line of trees For three seasons the blackberry vines were cultivated and kept in line Then for four years vines allowed to grow freely with no cultivation Spring of 1884 vines and peach trees cut off and potatoes planted No fertilizer applied previous to 18S4 except one year 1877 a shovel full of rough stable manure to each blackberry vine Peach trees proved an unsuitable variety to the mountain and so were not cul tivated The preparation of the soil and arrangement of the plat Rows 70 yards long three feet apart Four rows with fertilizer and four rows without Ground thoroughly plowed and harrowed Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 lbs per acre in hill In using Ashley Acid Phosphate composted with cotton seed meal onethird Ashley Phosphate and two thirds cotton seed meal mixed at time of planting Time and manner of plaiting March 31st 1884 Peerless Irish Potatoes seed cut to two eyes Laid off rows with twister doublefurrowed and covered with bull tongue Seed dropped one foot and a half apart fert lizer near seed After plant ing harrowed field level with light harrow Cultivation May 8th plowed with bull tongue May 23th plowed and hoedDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 390 Season very favorable at first but later too much rain as the ground was rather low Last half of season very unfavorable Harvested July 24 The potatoes were of fine size and smooth but small in quantity Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of fertilizer applied per acre Irish potatoes in Bushels Per cent of increase over unfertilized a Star Branl 203 200 200 200 61 4 76 40 24 154 88 217 66 a Ashley Acid Phosphate composted with Cotton Seed Meal a DeLeons Complete Fertilizer Experiment with late Irish PotatoesTried the experiment of strewing Ashley Acid Phosphate in drill on new ground for Irsh potatoes but owing to drought I could see no appreciable difference The ground was of the best of our mountain land and cleared in the spring of 1884 Timber burned on the land and ashes strewn over the ground An ordinary season the Peachblow on such ground makes 100 bushels per acre but owing to the drought it brought only 30 bushels to the acre I used the Ashley Acid Phosphate at the rate of 200 lbs per acre and thought it would act well with the leaf mould that was turned under From my observation now I do not believe there was anything gained The soil of Lookout Mountain has responded so freely to the use of commercial fertilizers that I have not done much composting This year am much pleased with the compost of Ashley Acid Phosphate and cotton seed meal Experiment of Mr Edwin Brlbston Madison Morgan County SoilGry top soil subsoil red upland in cultivation since 1876 when it was cleared of a heivy growth of old field pines The original growth must have been oak and hickory Previous TreatmentCrops were treated in the usual manner being cultivated with turnplow scrape and scooter Planted in cotton every year except 1879 when it was planted in corn Fertilized every year with Whann Baldwin or Cum berland guanos Preparation Land broken with twohorse turnplow Rows 70 yards long 3 feet wide Bedded with onehorse pony turnplow The pat was laid off accord ing to directions of the Ag icuHural Department391 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 FertilizersOne thousand pounds barnyard and stable manure applied broadcast and turned under in breaking First four rows bad compost made of Georgia State Grange acid second four contained nothing third four contained Baldwins acid composted fourth four contained nohing fifth four contained S C guanos sixth four contained nothing seventh four contained Baldwin guano Compost was made according to formula issued by the Departmentfor compost ing cotton seed acid stable manure and kainit Applied in the drill at the rateof 1200 pounds per acre Guano applied in drill at the rate of 200pounasper acre Planted 20th April with cotton planter CultivationBarred off first week in May with turnshovel and chopped to stand In a few days dirt was thrown back with scooter and scrape Run over with hoes last of May to get bunches of grass Plowed again with small shoveland scrape Middle of June ran around with scooter and scrape 10th July laid by with three furrowsscooter and scrape Seasons unfavorable owing to protracted drouth in May The crop was gathered in three pickingsSeptember 1st 30thand October 39th Results NAME OP FERTILIZER ounds of fertilizers applied per acre Total yield of seed cotton per acre Per cent of increase over unfertilized plots Georgia State Grange Acid Compost Libs 1200 1200 200 200 590 945 TOO 1405 604 00 56 15 Baldwin Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 132 00 Mr Brobston says A very satisfactory and profitable experiment wasmade with cotton Sorry I have not the exact dates and figures Last April we took an od field that hal been in cultivation five or six consecutive years in cotton We broke it thoroughly wth one and twohorse turnplows abouf the midde of May We rolhdour seed in guano took an Allen planter and pufthem in on this fiat suifaoe without bedding or anything just laid off planted and covered all in one Owing to a defect in the planter we did not get a good stand a good deal had to be panted over During the rainy season of June grass threatened to take us but a wideshovel furrow passed between every row and the bar side of a turn plow clo e to the cotton fixed the business by burying all grass in the middles and leaving only a small margin for the hoes Soon after the hoe we followed with scooter and scrape throwing dirt to the young plants Two more plowings with scrape and scooter and we laid by having cultivated thirtycres with more eaeand less expense than twenty acres worked the old way while the vied of seed cotton per acre was 20 per cent more Never expect to work crop any other way that is unfertilized crop My experience has been that guano does not pay In the long run I have found compost to be quite profitable one application either in drills or broadcast will last for three ytars The rows on which I conductetl an experiment for the Department last year were planted in cotton again this year and the difference between the fertilized and unfertiized rows was more marked than last year8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 392 Experiment of Me Geo L Cain Louisville Jefferson County Soil sandy gray with clay subsoil upland and has been in cultivation about four years oak and pine original growth Previous TreatmentLand was planted in cotton and fertilized in 1883 Preparation The land was sowed in oats in December 1883 which was killed by cold weather Rows run off with six inch shovel three feet three inches wide by 70 yards long Fertilizers used at the rate of 200 lbs per acre applied in opening furrow and bedded out Compost of Navasso Acid Phosphate with stable manure alone I did mot restrict myself to any given quantity of stable manure but used I suppose about at the rate of 70 or 80 lbs of acid I mixed in alternate layers of acid and stable manure some three or four weeks previous to putting it out Planting and Cultivat onPlanted first week in May with Dow Law plan ter Cultivated entirely with sweep plows Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Cash price per ton including freight Amount of fertilizers ap plied per acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking Total yield of Seed Cotton per acre Per cent in crease over unfertilized plots 1 Per cent iGain on investment j Lister Bro Pare Bone Fertilizer D Cts Lbs 200 lbs 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 lbs 6 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 lbs 5 4 sy2 5 3M Lbs 845 455 812 422 585 422 845 422 86 85 No Fertilizer a Georgia State Grange 200 Ko Fertilizer 34 00 200 Orchilla Guano No Fertilizer 38 48 Navasso Acid Phosphate Composted 24 00 200 100 No Fertilizer 443 Mr Cain says I can only reiterate my previous opinion It is the only safe method to use fertilizers in favor of compost Experiment of Mr S A Freeman Ypsilanti Talbot County The sol is gray with red clay subsoil and overlaid with small flint rock Has teen m cultivation about 15 or 16 years Original growth pine oak and ckorv Previous Treatment plat was in oats in 1883 no manure previous to 188 The crops were alternated in cotton and corn using guano or compost PreparahonThe plat was veil broken in February with small turn pows plow ing close and deep rows 70 yards long 3 feet wide P April11th rows laid off with large shovel plow and guano applied in these fur trows 200 pounds per acre Middles thrown out with turn plows covSJS BeaS Pened WUh SmaU S00ter ed by hand and393 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 CultivationFirst working May 13th run around with scooter and heelscrape 15th chopped out June 17th plowed with scooter and scrape and after the cul tivation done as needed with shovel and scrape SeasonsThe weather has been somewhat upon the extremes this year April May and to the Gth of June there was scarcely any rainfall From the6th of June to August 12th it rained almost constantly from August 12th we had about four months drouth There was not more than half of a bottom crop and very little top cotton made this year our crop consists more of the middle crop Results minds of Fertilizer applied per acre IstPkng id pk ng 3d Tk ng 4th Pkng Yield in seed cotton pcracre Prct of incrse FAME OF FERTILIZER Sept 3 Sept 10 Oct 10 Nov 1st unfizl r ovi 200 200 200 200 200 lbs ez 3 S 3 2 S 3 8 3 lbs 5 4 5 5 4 07 8 8 8 8 lbs 3 4 4 2 3 oz 8 8 lbs 5 5 5 5 5 oz f 8 8 S lbs 595 595 612 595 560 350 70 70 70 a Georgia State Grange Chesapeake 75 70 60 Mr Freeman says My experience with compost has always been satisfactory and I believe really is better manure than guano I think it more durable stronger and still less inclined to fire the crops Everywhere noticed its being used this year the crops did well both for cotton and corn and further I believe it is bet ter for corn than any manure we can use Experiments of Mr M D Lansford Peavine Catoosa County EXPERIMENT WITH COTTON The plat for experiment with cotton is of red gravelly upland or mu latto land had been cultivated for seven years previously in alternate crops of wheat and corn Original growth oak and hickory Previous treatmentThe land had been alternated with wheat and corn for several years previous without fertilizers PreparationTurned with Oliver twohorse plow then with steel scooter laid off rows three feet wide and seventy yards long and bedded with onehorse Louisville Excelsior turning plow Application of FertilizersQuantity applied per acre in both the experiment on cotton and on corn was 200 pounds per acre of uncompoited guano such as Bakers Standard Fertilizer and Plowbrand But I composted the C Bone fertilizer with twice its weight of stable manure and twice its weight of cotton seed thus making half a ton I also composted two tons acid phosphate in precisely the same wy Of these composts fourteen pounds were applied to a row or such quantity as would carry with it 200 pounds per acre of the commercial fertilizer Time and manner of plantingBedded on fertilizer 21th April opened the bedsIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 394 with short scooter and covered with onehorse harrow on the 3d of April Every alternate four rows being unfertilized CultivationRan through with cultivator May 21st and chopped out Plowed it out with gang plow and thinned to a stand on June 4th Plowed with gang plow and hoed June 14th Plowed with sweep and hoed Jane 29th Similar working July 12th and again plowed it out July 28th The crop was gathered in three pickings 1st Sept 25 2d Oct 17 3d Nov 18 Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Cash price per ton iucluding freight Cctton option price per ton in the lint lbs ot fertilizers appld per acre Total yield of seed cotton per acre Per cent of increase over unfertilized plots Gain per cent on investment 0 Crescent Bo Fertzer Coin 40 oot 450t 1000 1785 630 1400 700 1225 065 1505 560 1S3 110 84 150 a Acid Phosphate Compost Unfertilized 25 OOt 346Kt 100 a Bakers Standard Guano Unfertilized 40 00 450 200 3ul a Plowhrand Guano Unfertilized 40 00 450 200 698 Tbe variety of cotton used in this experiment was the Osier Silk t The prices here given are for the fertilizers only that were used for compost EXPERIMENT WITH CORN This plat is second bottom land with red soil and friable red clay subsoil Had been in cultivation about thirty years Original growth oak hickory walnut poplar and mulberry Land in good heart that would easily make thirty bush els corn per acre in an ordinal season Previous TreatmentHad been alternated with wheat and corn for several years without fertilizers Preparation Turned with Oliver chilled twohorse plow harrowed and the rows laid off with steel scooter plow Rows four feet wide and seventy yards long Time and manner of plantingPut in fertilizers 27th of April and planted two feet between the drills 1st day of May Covered with long narrow bulltongue plow and harrowed off the rows with onehorse harrow Every alternate four rows being without fertilizer CultivationPlowed on 30th May and thinned to a stand Plowed with gang plow and hoed 14th June Similar working 18th July and plowed with sweep the 29th July Seasons So unfavorable were the seasons that I sincerely regretted that it had fallen to my lot to make a soil test and on this account I did not procure other fertilizers as I intended Excepting about two or three weeks in May the earth was too wet to work from early spring to the middle or 10th of August Corn where it was kept clean grew luxuriantly like water plants with its abundance of roots near the surface The temperature also ranged high and when drou h set in395 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 II in August the roots and succulent growth scalded and the fodder fired in both ma nured and unmanured lands while cotton fed on in its early stages by lice and in sects in myriads could not grow until about the last of July Itjput on a spirt on the homestretch and did better than we expected But so unfavorable were the seasons I deem all experiments very unsatisfactory Results NAME OP FERTILIZER Pounds of Fertilizer applied per acre Yield of Corn Per cent of inper Acre cease over in BusheH unfertilized 1000 an b fi 32 288 SI7 295 2917 284 298 2917 1000 87 200 0 76 200 35 Mr Lansford says I also arranged a plat for experiment in bottom land but after applying fertilizers and planting the whole plat was drowned out I also tried the same fertilizers experimentally on melons and they grew luxuri antly until the dry weather set in when like aquatic plants they fired both fer tilized and unfertilized as soon as moislure was withdrawn From my observation I am satisfied that composts are much more profitable than guanos alone in fact I am convirced that although guanos applied without composting will sometimes pay handsome profits as seasons suit yet taking one year with another as they come composting is the only profitable way of fertilizing Besides while guanos sometimes cause liberal yields by stimulating dormant prop erties of soil to action the compost adds to and permanently builds up the soil for future use and at the same time compensates for trouble and expense in present crop Experiment of Mr J R McLean Barnesville Pike County SoilCharacter of soil gray subsoil clay upland been in cultivation thirty years from the best information gathered Original growth oak and hickory Previous TreatmentThe plat was cultivated in cotton and fertilized with com mercial fertilizer several years previous to 1880 was planted in cotton in 1880 since then has been used as a pasture being considered too poor to cultivate PreparationThe soil was broken with Dixie turn plow the plat was arranged by having the row straight four rows to be fertilized and four between each plat without fertilizers rows 140 yards long and three and a half feet wide12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 396 Applied two hundred pounds per acre of each fertilizer April 14 by laying off rows with shovel plow distributing fertilizer and followed with subsoil plow bedded on fertilizer with Dixie plow Time of Plantingplanted 28th of April with planter Cultivation15th May plowed with Hancock cultivator 3d June plowed with scooter and scrape 21st June plowed with Planet jr cultivator and hoed 8th July plowed with Planet cultivator and cultivation stopped SeasonsHad plenty of rain in fact too much until loth of July from then on no r jin until the crop was gathered Results Cash price NAME OP FERTILIZER per ton includg freight Orchilla Natural soil Gossypium Natural soil Harle Natmalsoil Hunt Murphy Compound Natural soil CottOE optioD price per ton 36 01 66 00 30 00 Lbs of 1st frlilizrs pickg applied per acre pti5 380 2d pickg 00 200 Lbs 3d pickg Lbs 23 10 2S 12 25 10 26 11 Novl Lbs 71 1G CO r 61 17 55 16 Total yield of seed cotton per acre Lbs 832 225 227 637K 226 810 26 prctofi increase Gain over perct unfrtil on in zdplots 263 208 254 vstmt 373 287 475 Mr McLean says My observation in regard tocommercal fertilizers compared to compost is that compost paj s the best while some of the fertilizers where they are not too costly such as Gossypium or Hunt Murphys compound pay equally as well for the first year but will not permanently enrich the soil as quick as com post There is an objection to compostit is too bulky to distribute over a large farm Experiment of Mr W B McDaniel Faceviile Decatur County 017Dark sandy land with a stiff cay subsoil has been in cultivation about twenty years Original GrowthHound leaf black jack dogwood redoak hickory postoak and longleaf pine Previous Treatment In cotton in 1880 with 200 pounds of Cumberland Bone Superphosphate of Lime In corn in 1881 with fifteen bushels of cotton seed killed and 100 poihds of Russell Coes Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate In cotton in 1882 with 200pounds of Lttawan Guano In oats 18S3 sown broadcast without any fertilizers PreparationBedded out the plat with a Dr E Watt turning plow using the large wing running four farrows to the row then put on the small wing and run The fertilizers used in this SoilTest werefurnished by Mr McLean397 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 13 twice in last furrow in bedding and put in my guano and compost and then re bedded with large wing of the same plow The rows were seventy yards long and three feet wide Commercial Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre and com post at the rate of 500 pounds per acre Method of CompostingThe last days of December I composted my cotton seed and stable manure together in rail pens eight feet square and fourfeet high where it could rain on the heap using about one hundred and fifty pounds of cotton seed to three hundred pounds of stable manuTe I let it remain until I wanted to put my fertilizers in the ground when I added one hundred pounds of guano to five hundred pounds of the compost Time and manner of PlantingPlanted on April 10th by opening the beds with a smal scooter plow on a stock with a Y drag made U the stock by having two helves one for the pow and front end of the drag and at the end behind so as to hold it steady In this furrow I sowed my seed by hand and covered with a heavy board Cultivation May 1st I run around the cotton with a threetoothed harrow which knocks the trash and clods to the middle of the row May 6th chopped out bringing it to a sand of from one t three stalks in a hill May 10th run around with a smaT sweep May 21st plowed again with twentytwo inch sweep running in the same furrows of the previous plowing June 3d hoed June 13th plowed rows out with twentyinch sweep throwing some dirt to the cotton Juiy2d plowed again with same sweep very shallow July 25th plowed with a large sweep and laid by SeasonsRain commenced here and rained almost continually from the first ot Junetothefirtof August greatly damaging the cotton crop I think even too much for corn the ear running too much to shuck and cobH DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 398 uarn 1S3AUI uo ii T S3 0 0 30Djd nnf N Ol 80d uAHi CO i9JUU JOAO Vj c CO 0 rf Q O 0 O CO 9J0B J9d noj 0 0 N 3 4 IN 0 CO 0 n 0 iC O to a 3 JO W CC 1 co 0 d O 00 0 Cr a lO to to to s LQ n p9TA TBJOJ W 0 oc W CO u 0 TJ fc to CO to O CO 00 I 00 to 0 t Ci cc to b 00 CTi L Ci fefl 3 0 Uj CO CO CC ro GO 00 2 5 Ph 0 r CO to Tf 10 V 95 t CO Tf to to to cr T3 3 Ed 3 rt 0 CC r DO 32 Q CO tN O m CO O CO PTidv sjozit oaiid uoij do aooo ft si H O A eocccOMooosiOroo S a fe 5 3 a a f h h a to S au S g S s 5 a O O3991 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 15 Results with Corn Tabular statement of Corn and Fodder produced per acre NAME OF FERTILIZER Ceres No 2 a Cotton Food Ammoniated Bone Ceies P of H Ceres Superphosphate Ceres Com Fertilizers Eamspeck Green Ammoniated Bone Ramspeck Green Ammd Bone unaralyzed a Stono Soluble Guano a Stono Acid Phosphate Without Fertilizers o c 25 Lbs 200 2C0 200 200 20G 200 200 200 200 Bn 20 21 20 21 21 14 16 20 17 13 Lbs SCO fOO 500 500 00 400 450 50 400 400 Per cent of increase over unfertilized rows Corn Per Cent 54 61 54 61 61 08 23 54 SO Fodder Per Cent 09 09 09 09 09 09 00 00 09 00 Mr McDaniel says My candid opinion is that the use of commercial fertilizers is almost a necessity to farms of this section but any brand of fertilizers mixed with compost increase the value of both I think the application of compost payg best to the farmers for the money invested and the benefit derived from some land another yearin corn when following cotton which all farmers should do Experiment of Miss E L Howard Dalton Walker County SoilVery thin sandy soil upland had been in cultivation seven years orig inal growth chesnut and oak Subsoil eandy like the surface Previous TreatmentDo not know what crops had been grown or how treated So poor when this experiment was tried oats grew only six inches high and not thick nough to covsr the ground Part of the ground had been used for a broad wagon road for six years and allowed to wash PreparationSoil turned by close plowing with acomtnon Jack plow or twister a few days before planting harrowed until smooth with small garden harrow rows 35 yards long 2K feet wide stalks stood 18 inches in the row After break ing no tools used but harrow sweep and hoe The rows ran north and south ground sloping from the middle both east and west Application of FertilizersFive hundred pounds of fertilizers used on half acre 200 pounds applied broadcast and harrowed in day before planting 100 poundsin drill at panting 100 pounds hoed in around stalks when 18 inches high 100 pounds hoed in around the stalks just at tasseling Fertilizer mixed as follows 176 pounds superphosphate 88 pounds chloride potassium 61 pounds sulphate ammonia 70 pounds nitrate of soda sulphate of limeProf Villes formula These chemicas after mixing thoroughly were again mixed with twice theiri6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 400 bulk of fine earth from scraping of barnyard before broadcasting or applying in drills Time and manner of PlantinjXny 1st 1832 Furrows opened very shallow with small scooter Corn dropped 18 inches apart in furrow Covered with small twister Seasons The seasons were favorable CultivationMay 10 Run around corn with sharp twister running close to the plants cleared out middles with sweep hoed out rows May 20 Cleaned out middles with sweep hoed in fertilizer By this time the roots of the pants reached nearly to the middle of the rows May 30 Cleaned rows with sweep Roots of corn meeting in middle of rows June 9th Cleaned rows with sweep June 23d Corn making ready to tassel Hoed in fertilizer cleaned middle with sweep In all the work the corn roots had not once been broken they lay like a net work of white threads just under the surface of the ground The plants were now so luxuriant that no grass could grow The ground remained perfectly clean until the corn was cut and shocked the middle of October Eighteen bushels of shelled corn were made on this halfacre weighing GO pounds to the bushel Variety of corn the Blount The forage stalks after the corn was taken off fed two milch cows for five months the stalks were run through a feed cutter before feeding Ground planted in rye a5 soon as corn was taken oft Rye turned under in spring In 1883 this same ground grew a heavy crop of okra333 pounds of cleaned seed to the acrefollowed by a crop of rye which seeded in 1884 7 bushels Until I used this fertilizer the ground refused to bring a crop of any kind worth the cultivation I have used this fertilizer for different crops on poorest soils for four years and find the land steadily increasing in fertility The ground was too poor to grow clover it now yields fine crops of clover orchard grass and tall meadow oat The half acre in corn is a part of three acres in one field all equally poor and all treated alikethe whole now equally fertile EXPRIMENT OF E W EvEEETr FlSH POLK COUNTY SoilBark gray full of gravel with stiff red clay subsoil Considerable slope facing the East Forty years in cultivation Original growth oak and hickory with an occasional pine Previous TreatmentIn Nov 1879 the plat was sowed in wheat and in the fol lowing February the wheat was thoroughly harrowed with a heavy double V two horse iron tooth harrow and sowed in clover Made a fine crop of wheat and se cured a splendid catch of clover Clover was cut from the plat in the years 1881 82 and 83 Was not grazed or manured at all during this period PreparationThe pat being clover sod was on March 31st turned with a one horse Watt plow and thoroughly pulverized with a Disc Harrow April 2d plat was laid off with combination double wing plov rows four feet apart fer tilizers distributed and bedded with four furrowsWatt plow Application of Fertilizers 200 lbs per acre applied as above stated Com post was made of 300 lbs cotton seed 300 lbs dry stable manure and 200 pounds Ashley phosphate put up on the 15th March dpmpened and thoroughly mixed40i SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERSIS84 17 then put in a compact heap where it remained undisturbed until carted to the field Another compost of cotton seed and stabe manure alone manipulated as above Time ami Manner of PlantingPlanted April 28th by opening the bed with a short scooter and covering with harrow Intended using cotton planter but the beds became so compact by reason of the disastrous flood of April 14th found its use impracticable In fact I was obliged to run a scooter and scrape in the mid dles before I could locate the rows in many places the beds having been com pletely obliterated OutHvationMay 5th had a good stand May 20th chopped leaving four to six stalks May 23d sided with doubletooth plow using twoinch scooter next the cotton and three inch scooter and eight inch scrape on other part June 2 hoed put ting to stand one to three stocks June 9th plowed with doublefoot plow using scooter and small scrape on each foot July 15th plowed as above July 18th hoed July 21st laid by running three furrows with scooter and eighteeninch scrape SeasonsOrdinarily propitious until April 14th when we had the most destruc tive rain ever known here Bottom lands washed away by the acre and hill lands most frightfully gullied necessitating a universal repreparation of corn land and partial rebedding of cotton lands May 5th good rain favorable to securing stand of cotton May 14 rain May 25th rain June 4th showery June 6th 10th 11th 12th 13th and 14th rains very destructive to small grain Prom June 3d to July 3d there was not I think a single fair day From July 4th there was no rain to benefit crops The excess of rain in spring and the absence of it in summer well nigh ruined bottom land corn and completely cut off the turnip crop I sowed three times and have not a turnip Result NAME OF FERTILIZER Ashley Acid Phosphate Compost Stable Manure and Cotton Seed Nothing Our Own Ammoniated Bone Nothing Ashley Acid Phosphate alone Nothing Total yield of seed cotton per acre Per cent of increase over unfertilized plats 1050 997 997 879 893 918 842 053 058 Mr Everett says My Test Patch was very materially injured by the heavy rain of 14th April being badly washed That part lower down the hill being most injured which in a great measure accounts for the discrepancy between the three sets of rows marked nothing and also had its due effect on the fertilized rows The top of the tabulation represents the top of the hillDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 402 Received from the Department a few seed of Rena Luxurians or Teosinte The crop was left until frost hoping to secure seed from it Did not show any sign of seeding and after frost was cut and fed to stock Cows and horses ate it with apparent relish but had not enough of it to form an estimate as to its value for soiling or other purposes Madeagood crop of the Coffee Pea which in growth very much resembles the Whippoorwill or Speckled Pea In relation to the use of fertilizers Mr Everett says My observation induces the conviction tbat ammoniated goods have paid less this year than at any time with in my knowledge This deficit I think is not attributable to a deterioration in the goods but to the peculiarly unfavorable seasons Good many farmers in this conn ty for the past two seasous have used phosphate alone and there seems to be no appreciable difference between the result of crops thus fertilized and of those upon which were used ammoniated goods while the difference in price is greatly in favor of the former There is an evident growing disposition to make more compost in the manipula tion of which some of the most successful farmers discard commercial ingredients entirely Experiment of Mk W K Nelson Augusta Richmond County SoilGray sandy red cay suhsoil upland four years in cultivation Short leaf pine and scrub oak Previous TreatmentTwo years in cotton Fertilized last year with cotton seed meal PreparationBedded up in January rebedded in April rows three and a half feet length seventy yards Onehorse turn plow used Fertilizers were applied at the rate of two hundred pounds per acre Opened top of bed planted by hand 4th of May CultivationFirst working barred off with turn plow chopped out All after working was with cultivator and sweep Season too wet up to 1st of August Rain set the grass to growing again after each working The fertilizer used was the Gate City Potassi Done applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre ResultsThe total yield of seed cotton per acre 370 pounds and the increase over the unfertilized rows six per cent In reply to the request made for the result of any other experiment Mr Nelson says Four hundred pounds Acid Phosphate 300 pounds Kainit composted with twelve cart loads barnyard manure applied to three acres yielded 600 pounds seed cotton a gain of fifteen per cent over the natural soil Experiment of Mr Green H Perdue Barnesville Upson County SoilRed stiff red clay subsoil upland Red and postoak hickory Has been in cultivation 35 or 40 years Previous treatmentThe plat selected has been alternately planted in cotton and seeded for several years Liberally fertilized well cultivated and yielding remu nerative crops until last year when the grain was froaen out so that a poor crop403 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 19 was produced But after taking off the grain a pea crop was plan ted dnHs and cultivated making a fine crop of peas The plat contains two acre Irone acre the vines were gathered on the other acre they were allowed to rot on the grprSrmEarly after Christmas it was broken with single homta plow April 1st it was rebroken as at first with a narrow scooter ollowmg ach turnplow in the same furrow The rows were 70 yards long between iV and i Fertilisers were put in April 12th at the rate of 200 poundper acre applied in beds The plat had been hard and had broken cloddy especiaywhere the vines had been taken off I received the guanos too late to compost on this Pltine an manner of plantingApril 12thAfter bedding I the plat by opening with a short narrow scooter and planted the s ed at the rate of from one and a half to two bushels of seed per acre using the planter and to lowing over the bed with a heavytoothed harrow to crush and remove the clods so as to insure a stand beared the CMvationThe stand was so imperfect on the plat where I hadewed the vines off I despaired of success and hence failed to keep a diary but feel safe Dresenting the facts noted uKnn P 1st I commenced replanting assoon asl could safely doit on theplat wthpoor stand which was confined to the clean plat for where the vines were not removed he sand was perfect It was all rapidly worked but the working on he clean plat was not so clean as the other plat owing to the cloddy condition o e s oil and the imperfect stand of cotton for even the seeds that generated seemed feete hut it soon gained strength and took on vigorous growth and commenced rapid fruitage 1st deduction On clean land it is unsafe to use an acid fertilizer 2d Where there is stubble that can be turned under it is equal to the best standard fertilizers for cotton I refer to Oriole Acid and the Champion Cotton GTZnsU was too cool and wet in the spring except May which was cool but dry after which it was too wet for the best fruitage of cotton resulting in a ten dency to weed until late in July Afterwards the drouth set in wbica lasted all theseason While our crop was not a full crop it was better than was expected 15th September Result NAME OF FERTILIZE No Fertilizer aOriolc Acid Phosphate SeldnerB Champion Cotton Grower Gossyplinn Phosphate fertilizers of seed cot applied per acre Pounds of Total yield ton per acrc in lbs 200 2C0 200 Per cent in crease ovr unfertilised plats 780 981 1058 26 28J20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 404 Mr Perdue says The first two rows no guano used made more cotton than the second two rows where Oriole or Champion Cotton Grower was used owing to de fect m stand Where Gossypium Phospho was used the result was increased slightly above the unmanured but the row without guano next to the Oriole was increased onethird over the first row But where the vines rotted on the land the above re suits were obtained There is about the same to gather on each of the guanos perhaps 20 pounds to the acre On the imperfect stand there is more to gather than on the perfect stand I would not use acid on clean laud if given to me It hastens maturity on any In reference to the request made for the results of any other experiments Mr lerdue says I used Hunts Gossypium Phospho and Carl with the following results a Land weedy stubble in excellent condition Planted April 25th rows 140 yards 9 pounds each for two rows Result NAME OF FERTILIZER No fertilizer Hunt Gossypium Phospho Carl First Picking Lbs 4 9 9Ji Second Picking Lbs 5 13 12J4 Third Picking Lbs 0 18 21 1794 Total vield of Seed Cotton per row oi 140 yards Per cent of increase over unfer tilized rows Lbs 18 125 141 110 I had one acre Iused 100pounds Gossypium on planted May 8th too dry to ger mxnate Came up Jane 3d made 1400 pounds seed cotton 500 pounds of lint would have made unmanured 800 pounds seed cotton It grew vigorously and took on forms rapidly was cut off terribly by drouth But I do not think guano dries up cotton for this plat kept green when everywhere else bad yielded to the drouth but not one form in one hundred matured after 1st September neJthn0VCryfarmer Wh haSSee sults of composts can not doubt the necessity of composting all in their power 1st These results are equal to other fertilizers 2d It is safer under the uncertain seasons of Southern skies UZ CheaJer U develops the enterprise and energy of each form welltlcr ieTUrmtinCreaSe the Ski a1lklvledge of the farmer as well as create a thirst for increased knowledge Experiment of Mr James H Newton Cuthbert Sandolph County SWiGray sandy upland with a red clay subsoil The soil on top about eight inches thick Has been in cultivation fifteen or twenty years Previous treatmrntPrevioxialy there were very few fertilisers used on this plat pnd crops were cultivated as usua1 in tins section405 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 21 fteparaltaBedded first on last years middles in February Put dow mam re in water furrow and rebedded on same in April with turnplow each tune to hst and shovel to burst out middles Rows 70 yards long and 3 feet wide ftrtimThe quantities varied as you will see in tabular rtatement Vml compost made as follows stable manure 700 pounds cotton seed 700 pounds kainit 200 pounds acid phosphate 400 pounds Total 2 000 Time and manner of plantvujFlntei second weekm April run oil rows with small scooter put down seed and covered with board nhamA CuttJumWorked 2d of May run around with scooter and boaid and chopped Worked20th of May ran around with scooter and scrape and hoed over Worked 30th June run around with sweep Worked 4th of July hoed over Laid by 30th July with sweep very shallow Remits NAMK OP FERTILIZER Pounds of fertilizers applied per Total yield of seed cot ton per acre Lbs Three rows not fertilized a Our Own Anunoniatod Bone a Our Own Ammoniated Bone oOnr Own Ammoniated Bone a Our Own Ammoniated Bone a Excelsior Ammoniated Bone a Excelsior Ammoniated Bone a Excelsior Ammoniated Bone a Excelsior Ammoniated Bone Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate Plow B and Raw Bone Superphosphate Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphato Plow Brand Raw Bone Kuperpbosphato Compost Kainit Cotton Seed Stable Manure Ashley Phos Compost Kainit Cotton Seed Stable Manure Ashley Phos Compost Kainit Cotton Seed Stable Manure Ashley Phos Excelsior Ammoniated Bone Excelsior Ammoniated Bono Wilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guano Wileox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guanc Potash alone Phosphoric Acid alone Nitrogen as blood ICO 200 300 SCO 100 200 300 500 100 200 300 501 200 600 1000 100 200 100 200 200 200 500 Per cent In crease over fertilized lots 394 483 409 492 SWA 454 485 4GS 531 466 491 564 563 563 682M 75SK 490 483 495 520 381 428 22 19 25 31 15 23 19 47 18 25 43 41 43 47 92 24 22 25 32 09 2622 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 406 SeasonsThe seasons were very unfavorable for cotton on sandy land very cold at finish and then the rains commenced and rained almost daily during last of May and June In comparing commercial fertilizers with compost Mr Newton says Com post is incomparably better especially on sandy lands and a dry year Experiment of Mr C M Witcher Point Peter Oglethorpe County SoilGray sandy loam rather porous clay subsoil been in cultivation fifteen years Original growth oak black gum and some hickory judging from that on adjoining lands for the original growth must have been cleared seventyfive years ago after which it had grown up in pine which was cleared fifteen years ago for the third time Previous TreatmentHas been in cotton almost continuously for the last fifteen years having been in oats only about two years had been manured with fertilizers with exception of three years with stable and barn manure last year lightly PreparationIn cotton last year opened in middle of old rows running twice witli long ripper listed with same plow and bedded with turn plow Rows thirty five yards long and four feet wide Fertilizers20 lbs per acre except cotton seed meal alone which was 400 lbs per acre Compost of acid twothirds and cotton seed meal onethird applied 200 lbs per acre Put in April 10th in manner as stated above Time and Manner of PlantingApril 30th planted opening with small ripper covering with board cutting the beds down pretty low CultivationMay 15th sided with Johnson combination plow May 24th chop ped out with hoe June 4th sided with eighteen inch solid sweep June 23d sided with same plow July 2d hoed second time July 3d plowed out middle with solid sweep July 8th sided with solid sweep July 18th hoed July 22d split out middles Seasons Too much rain in June which caused cotton to rust to some extent Not enough rain in July and August Temperature not excessively high until September when we had the warmest weather of the season which injured cotton badly as the low temperature in May and June made the cotton late With only two inches rain in June and four or five each in July and August we would have had a line crop in spite of the September drought Date and Amount of RainfallMay 5th 04 inches May 20th02 May 23d 06 Total 12 inches June 7th 03inches June 8th 0 2 June 9th 02 June lOlh 02 June 10th at night 01K June 11th 02K June 12th 03 June 13th 03 June 15th 09 June 24th 20 Total 54K inches July 1st 00 July 2d 01 July 3d 02 July 4th 11 July 11th at night 03 July 28th 04 July 31st 04 Total 31 inches August 1st 04K August 6th 11 August 7th 02 Au gust 9th OX August 25th 06 August 29th 04 Total 33 September no rain October 10th 12 October 22d 05 Total 17 inches407 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 Results n NAME OF FERTILIZE Cottou Seed Meal Acid No Fertilizer a Baldwins A D Bones No Fertilizer Franklins A D Hones No Fertilizer a Alkaline A 1 Bone No Fertilizer Cotton Seed Meal alone Lbs ol fertili zers ap plied per acre 1st 2d Picking Picking Oct 2 Oct 31 200 Lbs 15 8 11 8 15 8 17 Lbs VA 2 1 2 1 ix 2 1 Total Lbs 15 11 16 11 12 11 10 10 18 Tola Yield of Set Cotton per acre Lbs 80i 570 829 570 622 570 842 557 953 Per cent in crease over nn fertiliz ed plats 45 Mr Witcber says Judiciously used in an experience antedating the war I have never known fertilizers to fail to pay but two years those were exceptionally dry Composts are a little better but with me cant be had insufficient quantity I prefer composting in the furrowtis more economical and safer I consider my manure safe from loss when I get it in the soil The only method of escape is as plant food and I prefer those which will be consumed by the plant most rapidly Experiment of Mr S P Odom Drayton Dooly County SoilGray land with clay subsoil has been in cultivation eight years original growth was longleaf pine mixed with oak Previous TreatmentIt was cultivated in corn in 188081 and82 and fertilized with cotton seed using seven bushels to the acre and was cultivated in cotton in 1883 without any fertilizer PreparationBroken up deep with shovel March 1st April 2d laid off rows three feet apart with shovel running twice in the same furrow Length of rows seventy yards Fertilisers Applied at the rate of 250 lbs per acre and using compost at the rate of 1000 lbs per acre For composing used the formula of the Department And bedded up with half shovel April 3d lime and Manner of Planting April 10th opened the beds with V block Sowed seed with hand and covered with board Cultivation May 4th sided with scooter and chopped to a stand May 19th sided with sweep and hoed and June 13th plowed with large sweep and hoed June 19th and plowed again June 30th and hoed July 10th Seasons were tolerably favorable in the months of May and June and in July we had too much rain sapping the cotton to a very high degree and then followed the long drouth commencing August 2d completely divested it of its fruit and fo liage24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA t4o8 ci rZ S 0 ti C P 3 P o H K W fa o gi co go to r CO CD O rr r CO 00 o i t S 8 t Tji rl Id a O 111 i 1 P w t s m N a s y P O P409 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 25 Mr Odonasays We are of the opinion that Compart is decidedly the cheap est fertilizer that the farmer can use Any of the ammoniated fertilizers with a good per cent of patash will pay with good labor Keports of Other Experiments Mr Robert Burton EUaville Schcy county who was furnished with Stono Acid Phosphate Gate City and Plowbrand conducted an experiment with cotton and after giving the details of the experiment to the first of July says Iregret that further report cannot be made About the 10th of July the cotton took the rust and was so nearly destroyed that I kept no further account as nothing could be learned thereby Mr Clements Villanow Walker county who wai furnished with Lester s Standard Fertilizer Georgia State Grange Dissolved B me and Plowbrand says The stand in the experiment plat was very irregular and the crop was so utterly destroyed by rain and insect that I can make no report that would be worth any thMrc C Oleghorn of Summerville Ohattooga county who was furnished with Gossypium Phospho Patent Pacific Guano Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate and Port Royal Acid Phosphate commenced two experiments with cotton on different characters of soil but reports that the crops were entirely destroyed by the exces SlMraDelany Woodstock Cherokee county was furnished with Ashley Acd Phosphate Ashley D ssolved Bone Excelsior Ammoniated Bone and Plowbrand He says For the first time since I have been conducting soil tests for the Depart ment I have to report a failure I carefully prepared and planted a plat of ground in cotton usiug the samples of fertilizer sent me but failed to get a stand of plants in consequence of the dry weather that prevailed at the p anting time Then later in June the excessive weather caused the plants to die making skips in the rows five or six yards long which rendered a report of the yield entirely im MrlTasD Frederick Marshallsville Mam county says February lSrlast you shipped me one sack of Port Royal Pure Dissolved Bone also one sack of Ogle thorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone The soil fst was made in connection with Gossypium and John Merrymans Dis Bone The crop was properly gathered and weighed Now comes a trouble When I put out the guano sent me by your Depart ment although an outer sack covered t e inner one the mark was so ob iterated that i could read neither brand In putting theca out I designated the one ae white guano an 1 the other as black thinking that by washing tnem I could detect sufficient to indicate the name of the guano but I was mistaken It can t be d ne Mr A W Rhodes Hephzibah Richmond county was supplied with L111 versai Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Jno Merrimans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone and Cotton Food Ammoniated Bone The report of the experiment was lost in the ma 1 and the original notes being misplaced it could not be duplicated Mr W B Henderson Edgewood Fulton county was furnished with Gossypium Phospho which was reserved for an experiment with small grain and the results will be published in the next SoilTest Report Mr Chas Pratt DeKalb county was furnished with one brand for experiment He says The sack of Universal Ammoniated Superphosphate was used at the rater6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 410 of 150 lbs per acre on late corn Under the influence of the rains in June it came up finely and started off well the manured corn showing especially well but the drouth that began in July and continued until late in the fall ruined the corn Got no corn at all and but little forage Fertilizers for Soil Tests were sent to the following gentlemen fromjwbom no re ports have been received To Mr E J Benton Homerville Clinch county were sent Ammoniated Bore and Oriole Heigh Grade To W Y Elder Athens Clarke county were sent Baldwin ifcCos Amraoniated Dissolved Bone Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate and Seldners Champion Cotton Grower To W A Speer McDonough Henry county Plowbrand Georgia State Grange Fertilizer Chesapeake Guano and Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate To W P Perry Keyton Calhoun county Oriole Fertilizer Port Royal Cotton Fert lizer and Plowbrand4ii SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 27 REPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS At the University Farm in Athens Georgia Directed by Prof H C White State Chemist Under the Auspices of the Department of Agricultvre It has for several years been a prime object of the Commissioner to have es tablihed in the State one or more Agricultural Experiment Station Long re flection as well as large experience of what other Statrs have accomplished by these agencies confirm his convictions of the important services which Expenment Stations may reasonably be expected to render The spirit of inquiry is abroad among the tillers of our soil and at no time be fore in the history of farm husbandry have so many pregnant questions been asked or so much desire for improve d methods manifested as of recent years These evi denced an improving state of our farm economy should have all proper aid and simulation The commissioner must be allowed to express his regrets hat he has nJh dtha encouragement in reducing to practical effects his well settled no ions of the great benefit which could be secured by one or more Experiment Stations Published in the interest of the farmers of Georgia The tender of the University farm at Athens by Prof White for such initiatory eWnients as cculd be inexpensively made together with his own voluntary ser vices in the direction of the work has made possible aseries of field experiment tl at we are hopeful will result in much benefit to our farming merest Tierare qualifications of Professor White and his earnest zeal in the cause of progressive agriculture gives the strongest assurance of success The plans and opefatLs as far as they have teen developed on the ground give encouragement teat at Wl cost we may have an experiment station that m spite of many draw backs shatl reflect credit upon Georgia enterprise and result in abundant good to the cause that suppcrts the whole fabric of our national prosperity University of Georgia Chemical Laboratory Athens Ga January 24th 1885 Rom J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear Sir I have the honor to transmit herewith at your request the details and resultsof certain experiments conducted last year upon the experimental farm oTtee University under my direction I have selected from the Record Book uch experiments as are of special interest to farmers generally and have no em braced in this report a number of others of minor importance or the results of which were not es trustworthy as I would desire The experiments herein reported conducted with extreme care and with scrupulous attention to all the details ZJZtcsecure reliable results The details are not reported in full Of course the effects of the season were beyond control I have to thank you for many valuable suggestions and for liberal assistance in the udp1v of materials etc lam perfectly well aware of the fact that yield experiments are twoedged swords in the hands of even the best of men and that it is a hazardous thing to deduce conclusions from single experiments Indeed no better evidence of the fact couldbe furnished than the erratic results of some of the experiments here re ported Nevertheless in order to make the work intelligible I have ventured to append certain conclusions to certain of the experiments I hope to be thor28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 412 oughly understood however as intending these conclusions to be tentative and by no means final and absolute I hope to continue experimentation at the farm and in the course of a number of years by numerously repeated tests to be enabled to reach conclusions upon some points which may be regarded as measurably safe and certain Respectfully H C White EXPERIMENT NO 1 PatA Crop Oolton OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT To determine 1st Whether the cotton plant derives the nitrogen necessary for its growth from the atmosphere or from the soil or from both 2d If in whole or in part from the soil which of the following nitrogenous ma terials it prefers viz Xitrate of Soda Sulphate of Ammonia Dried Blood or Cot ton Seed Meal 3d The maximum limit to which it is safe or proper to employ the materials named 4th The relative economic or money value of the various materials and of varying proportions of each DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENTS To each of the fertilized sections of the plat sufficient mineral food mixed min erals for the use of the crop was applied The nitrogenous materials were applied in onethird twothirds and full rations The full ration in each case is approximately the quantity shown by analysis of the plant to be requisite to pro duce a crop of about 300 lbs lint cotton per acre Each section of the plat con sisted of one row 622 310 feet in length and three and a half feet in breadth making an area of onetwentieth of an acre Twentyfour such rows made up the plat and the manner of their fertilization and yield per acre is shown in table below CULTURE The whole plat was planted May 1st with the Rameses variety of cotton seed The land was thoroughly and uniformly prepared by deep plowing subsoiling and harrowing Laid off on April 20th fertilizers distributed by hand April 27th and covered by a shallow list Seed rolled in ashes and planted with a Dow Law planter Plowed and hoed 1st May 27 th 30th 2d June 3d 3d June 19th Very poor replanted several times GENERAL REMARKS Excessive drought during May warm days and cold nights hence the difficulty m getting a good stand June very wet and followed by a long drought which lasted until November413 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS 1884 RESULTS IN SEED COTTON O u CD a la Ja inier 0 Fertilization No Manure Nitrate of Soda Acid Phosphate Muriate of PotashVnV Acid Phosphate and Nitrate o Soda 11 Mixed Minerals and Nitrate of Soda full ration ferf Minerals fflalphiito ol AOTiV onethirdTation 4 Mixed M nerals and Satiate of Ammonia twothudration 14 wl5 m1s and Sulphate of Ammonia full lation Mixed Minerals and Sulphate Mixed Minerals alonejW M ved Minerals and Dried Blood onethird ration Mixed Sals and Dried Blood twothird ration Mixed Minerals and Dried Blood f 15 16 17 18 1 20 21 22 23 24No Manure full ration E x d M ne a andCo ton SeedMeal onethird ration Mixed M nera s and Cotton Seed Meal twothird ration M xed M nerals and Cotton Seed Meal full ration GAIN OR LOSS COMPARED WITH NO MANURE C3 oj ft a CO O 440 635 385 625 1000 575 930 450 820 965 948 85714 880 040 20 80 05 855 755 612 947 K 665 685 475 Pounds per acre No Manure average Acid Phosphate alone Muriate of Potash alone Twothird ration Full rationv Mixed Minerals and Sulphate of Ammonia Onethird ration Twothird ration Mixed11MSsand DriedloodVonethirdration Twothird ration Mixed MirneraVand CoUonSeed Meaoneird Vation Twothird ration Full ration 30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 414 GAIN OK LOSS DUE TO NITROGENOUS MANURES ELIMINATING THE EFFECTS OF ACID PHOSPHATE AND MURIATE OF POTASU COMPARED WITH NO MANURE titrate of Soda onethird ration Two third ration Full ration Sulphate of Ammonia one thirdration Twothird ration Full ration Dried Blood onethird ration Twothird ration Full ration Cotton Seed Meal onethird ration Twothird ration Full ration Per Acre Gain 25 lbs 170 153 85 145 Loss 75 lbs 90 00 40 153 130 110 ECONOMIC RESULTS PER ACRE No Manure Acid phosphate alone Muriate of Potash alone Nitrate of Soda alone Mixed Minerals Mixed Minerals and Nitrate of soda one third ration iwotlnrd ration Full ration Mixed Minerals and Sulphate ofAmmonia Onethird ration Twothird ration Full ration Mixed Minerals and DriedBiooaoneVthiraration iwothird ration Full ration o O IS 0 Si Mixed Minerals and Cotton Seed Meal Onethird ration Twothird ration Full ration 0 00 4 00 5 36 7 50 9 36 16 86 24 36 31 86 15 51 21 66 27 81 14 31 19 26 24 21 14 36 19 36 24 36l 18 20 35 40 25 00 25 40 31 80 32 80 38 60 37 90 35 20 39 60 28 80 28 20 34 20 30 20 37 90 26 60 27 40 Compared with no Ma nure Gain Loss 13 20 1 44 4 24 30 2 26 3 96 12 16 1 49 2 26 17 21 4 31 3 26 12 21 5 34 10 90 13 10 iroundlortedr1018 in thrnpdn7ai per pound for seed cotton CONCLUSIONS a ion of nZlrI 8UPPUe1 thrUgb the Soi1 at le ppli Ead S ln0rea9eS the feedin cPity of the plant 2 Lach of the lour nitrogenous materials used increased the yield in varyine4iS SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 3 3 Cotton seed meal is onetbird ration and the other materials JWBurdia tions give the maximum gains Excessive nitrogenous manuring does not con spondLgly increase the yield Probably onethird ratioandposy much le mav be considered a safe maximum point beyond which s loss The evidently much influence upon this question Experiments of form y ears have indicated that nitrate of soda especially and sulphate T n This Tjpqr there was much rain in the spnng su nitrogenous manures for cotton this year there mu r ceeded by a long drouth The soluble nitrate and sulphate wereprobaUywash4 into and distributed in the soil and were drawn upon by the plant througn 1TFTa2itrammonia onethird ration paid a small profit and cotton eedmai onethird ration a very fair profit The use of the o her m ro gen 4 materials was attended with dead money loss All ton seed meal appears to be the best and cheapest nitrogenous manure for cotton it used at a rate not exceeding onethird ration This corresponds to an application of about 400 pounds per acre eri Incidentally the following intimations are given by the results of this expert T Phosphoric acid is the fertilizing ingredient that produces the largest and most PlXiatof potash does not appear to be well suited to the plant as a source of potash EXPERIMENT NO 2 PM Crop Cotton OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT stThfrevive agricultural and economic values to cotton of different forms and combinaUoiis S phosphoric acid as follows viz Soluble of lime everted phosphata of lime insoluble phosphate of lime in the form oSSleston floatsP insoluble phosphate of lime in the form of bone dust heeSJStPportions of the various phosphates men tioned DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT To each of the fertilized sections of the plat sufficient nitrogen and potash for the L inttotrty 1 portion lubl phoph d o mari32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 416 The culture of this pat was in all respects the same as that of Plat A The planting was done on the same day May 1st and the same variety of seed the Rameses was used STAND The stand in this pat aso was very poor necessitating several replanting Results in Seed Cotton o W J 4l D O s a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS Manner of Fertilization itashBasil Mixture Nitrogen Mixture alone Acid Phosphate aone Muriate of Potash alone Nitrogen Mixture and Acid Phosphate Muriate of Potash and Ai id Phosphate Nitrogen Mixture and Muriate of Potas No Manure Bsal Mixture with Acid Phophate 16 ration Basal Mixture with Acid Phosphate i ration Basal Mixture with A id Phosphate ration Basal Mixture witu Acid Phosphate lull ration Basal Mixture alone Basal Mixture with Reverted Pho phate 1 6raiion Basal MixU re witb Reverted Phosplate ration Basal Mixture with Reverted Phosphate ration Basal Mixture with Reverted Phosphate fuil ration Bafal Mixture alone Basal Mixture with Bone Dust 16 ration 19Baal Mixture with Bone Dust ration 20 Basal Mixture with Bone Dust ration 21 Basal Mixture with Bone Dust full 22 Basal Mixture alone 23 Bsal Mixture with S C Pioa s 16 ration 24 Basal Mixture with 8 C Floats 4 ration 25 Basal Mixture with S C Floats ration 26 Basal Mixture with S C Floats lull tation 27 Basal MXture alone 28 Basal Mixture with Orchila Guano 16 ration 29 Basal Mixture with Orchilla Guano i ration 30Basal Mixture with Orchilla Guano ration 31 Basal Mixture with Orchilla Guano full ration 32 No manure i 33 Basal Mixture with Land Plaster 2t0 lbs per acre T3 Z It 2 Lbs 635 535 510 695 610 410 405 550 695 675 975 505 800 770 915 1010 635 580 840 685 840 575 770 780 970 895 690 770 750 885 1105 670 565 NoteThe full ration in each case in the above table is 600 pounds per sere of the Phosphatic materials417 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 Gain or Loss Compared with No Manure 33 No ManureAverage of 732 Lbs Per Acre 10 11 1 Nitrogen Mixture aone 1 Acid Phosphate aone 2 Muriate of Potash aone 3 Nitrogen Mixture with Acid Phoshatr 4 Muriate of Potash with Acid Phorphae 5 Basal Mixture average of 6 12 17 22 27 Basal Mixture with Soub e Ph sp ae 1 6 ration Basal Mixture with Soluble Phosphate y ration Basal Mixture with Soluble Phosphate ration Basal Mixture with Soluble Phosphate full ration Basal Mixture with Reverted Phosphate 16 ration Basal Mixture with Reverted Phosphate ration Basal Mixture with Reverted Phosphate ration Basal Mixture with Re erted Phosphate full ration Basal Mxture with Bone Dust 16 ration Basal Mixture with Bone Dust lA ration Basal Mixture with Bone Dust ration Basal Mixture wth Bone Dust full ration Basal Mixture with S C Floats 1 6 ration Basal Mixture with S C Floats y ration Basal Mixture with S C Floats ration Basal Mixture withS C Floats full ration Basal Mixture with Natural Guano 16 ration Basal Mixture with Natural Guano y ration Basal Mixture with Natural Guano ration Basal Mixture with Natural Guano Basal Mixture and Land Plaster full ration 531 y lbs Gain Lbs 157 72 25 y ny 151 y 137 K 437 262 M 232 377 K 472 42 302 y 147 K 302 232 y 242 X 23214 357 232 y 212K 347 y i5iy 27y Loss zy 27 y Gain or Loss Due to Phosphatic ManuresElementary Effect of Nitrogen and Potash Compared with No Manure Pounds Pr Acre Soluble Phosphate 16 ration Soluble Phosphate y ration Soluble Phosphate ration Soluble Phosphate full ration Reverted Phosphate 16 ration Reverted Phosphate y ration Reverted Phosphate ration Reverted Phosphate full ration Bone Dust 16 ration Bone Dust y ration Bone Dust ration Bone Dust full ration S C Flo sts 1 6 ration S C Floats y ration S C Floats H ration S C Floats fall ration Natural Guino Orchi a 16 ration Natural Guano Orchila y ration Natural GuanO Orchilla Natural Guano 0 chilla full ration 34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 418 Economic Results Per Acee Compared with No Manure No Manure 1 Nitrogen Mixture alone 2 Acid Phosphate alone 3 Muriate of Potash alone 4 Nitrogen Mixtureand Acid Phosphate 5 Acid Phosphate and Muriate of Potash 6 Basal Mixture 7 Basal Mixture with Soluble Phcs 16ration Basal Mixture with Sohible Phosphate ration Basal Mixture with Soluble Phosphate ration Basal Mixture with Soluble Phos full ration 8 Baal Mixture with Reverted Pho 16 ration Basal Mixture with Reverted Phos ration Basal Mixture with Reverted Phos ration Basal Mixture with Reverted Phos full ration 9 Basal Mixture with Bone Dust 1 6 ration Basal Mixture with Bone Dust ration Basal Mixture with Bone Dust ration Basal Mixture with Bone Dust full ration 10 Basal Mixture with S C Floats 10 ration Basal Mixture wth S C Floats A ration Basal Mixture wiih S C Floas ration Basal Mixture with S C Floats full ration 11 Basal Mixture with Natural Guano 1 6 ration Basal MixurewMi Natural Guano ration Basal Mixture with Natural Guano ation Basal Mixture with Natural Guano full ration 12 Land Plaster 240 pounds per acre Cst of Manure Value of Product PER ACRE Gain Loss 21 50 25 40 21 40 20 40 27 80 24 40 22 60 22 00 27 80 27 00 39 00 32 00 30 80 36 60 40 40 23 20 33 60 27 40 33 60 30 80 31 20 30 80 35 80 30 80 30 00 35 40 39 80 22 60 0 30 3 60 6 00 5 36 9 60 11 36 8 96 9 96 10 96 12 96 14 96 9 96 10 96 12 96 14 96 19 46 11 96 14 96 17 96 9 96 10 96 12 96 14 96 9 96 10 96 12 96 14 96 6 00 6 10 6 46 3 30 8 46 7 86 9 46 4 66 7 46 2 54 0 54 1 66 2 14 3 94 8 76 0 14 9 06 5 86 0 66 1 26 3 66 0 66 0 66 2 46 0 94 3 34 4 90 CONCLUSIONS 1 All forms of phosphatic manures increase the yield 2 Generally the yield increases correspondingly with larger and larger applica tions of the manures 3 Considering the results of full rations alone the phosphates exhibit the following order of excellence 1 Reverted Phosphate 2 Natural Phosphate 3 Soluble Phosphate 4 Floats 5 Bone Dust It is but fair to state that the larger bulks of the other materials employed probably gave them an advantage physically over the Soluble Phosphates and thereby influenced the results to some extent 4 Financially Bone Dust and Floats do not pay Full rations of Soluble Reverted and Natural phosphates pay a fair profit Plat C EXPERIMENT No 3 Crop Cotton OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT To determine the relaiive agricultural atd economic values to cotton ofthetwo principal Potash salts sold in commerce viz Muriate of Poash an 1 Kainite419 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS184 35 DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT To each fertilized section of the plat sufficient nitrogenous phosphatie and other food except Potash for the use of the plant was supplied The Nitrogen in the form of Nitrogen Mixture as described in Experiment No 2 the Phosphates in the form of Acid Phosphate of Lime Different sections were treated with different proportions of Muriate of Potash and Kainite as indicated Four rows each 1556 feet in length and 3K in breadth constituted one section with U sections in the whole plat The culture was the same as in the two previous expe riments the same seed were used and the planting was made on the same day May 1st The stand likewise was poor replanted several times The following table shows the results obtained and the manner of fertilization RESULTS IN SEED COTTON 1 u Manner of Fertilization 1 No manure 2 Nitrogen Mixture alone 3 Acid Phosphate alone 4 Nitrogen Mixture and Acid Phosphate 5 No manure 6 Muriate of Potash alone full ration 7 Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Muriate of Potash ration Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Muriate of Potash ration Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Muriate of Potssh full ration 10 No manure 11 Kainit alone full ration 1 Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Kainite 14 ration 13 Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Kainite ration 14 Nitrogen Mixture Acid Phos and Kainite fuh ration 15 One row remainingno manure x 4 Lbs Seed Cotton per Acre 665 666 667 1025 46714 520 90614 993 1032 14 581J4 662 yi 109214 1138 1285 390 NoteThe full ration of Muriate of Potash was 134 lbs to the acre The full ration of Kainit was 600 lbs to the acre GAIN OK LOSS COMPARED WITH NO MANURE No manure average 110 5 15 Nitrogen Mixture alone 2 Acid Phosphate alone3 Nitrogen Mixture and Acid Phosphate 4 Muriate of Potash alone 6 Kainit alone 11 T Basal Mixture and Muriate of Potash ration Basal Mixture and Muriate of Potash ration Basal Mixture and Muriate of Potash full ration Basal Mixture and Kainite ration Basal Mixture and Kainite ration Basal Mixture and Kamite full ration Lbs per Acre 528 lbs Gain Loss Lb 137 139 497 134 378J4 465 504 564 K 610 757 Lbs36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 420 GAIN OE LOSS DUE TO POTASH SALTSELIMINATING EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHATES COMPARED WITH NO MANURE Murate of Potash 14 ration Muriate of Potash ration Muriate of Potash full ration Kainite 4 ration Kainie ration Kainite full ration Lbs per Acre Gain Lbs 7 67 M 260 Loss Lbs 118 31 ECONOMIC RESULTS PER ACRE COMPARED WITH NO MANURE Nitrogen Mixture alone Acid Phosphate alone Nitrogen Mixture and Acid Phosphate Muriate of Potash alone Kainit alone Nitrogen Mix wTith Acid Phos and Mu Pot lA ratn Nitrogen Mix with Acid Phos and Mu Pot ratn Nitrogen Mix with Acid Phos and Mu Pot full rn Nitrogen Mix with Acid Phos and Kainit Vz ratn Nitrogen Mix with Acid Phos and Kainit ratn Nitrogen Mix with Acid Phos and Kainit full ratn No manure average 1 5 10 en r O 3 60 6 00 9 60 5 36 4 50 11 39 13 18 14 97 11 10 12 60 14 10 0 00 a0 3 26 60 26 70 41 00 20 80 26 50 36 25 39 75 41 30 43 70 45 55 51 40 22 85 0 15 Lbs per Acre Gain Loss 8 55 2 01 3 73 3 49 9 75 10 10 14 45 2 15 7 41 0 85 1 CONCLUSIONS Kainit is a much better and more economical source of potash than Muriate of potash EXPERIMENT NO 5 Plat E Crop Cotton OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT To test the result of fertilizing with a cheap composted fertilizer compared with equal quantities of highpriced commercial fertilizers DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT A compost was made of the following substances in the relative proportion named viz Acid Phosphate1250 lbs Cotton Seed Meal 500 lbs Kainite 250 lbs This was appied on one portion of the plat side by side with three standard ferti lizers A B and C each at the rate of 300 lbs per acre The plat contained four sections whose area was each onehalf acre42l SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 37 CULTURE Land was thoroughly prepared by deep V off on April 14th to 16th fertilizers app bed by drill on April l with shallow list Plowed and hoed st May 13th 20th XL T 3d June 2d 7th A fair stand was obtained except on portion next to fence as pec EBSULTS IN SEED COTTON Manner of Fertilization 1 Cheap Compost 2JStandaid Fertilizer A 3Standard Fertilizer B 4JStandard Fertilizer C No Manure Pounds Per Acre 890 79554 948 M 863 455 KCONOMIC RESULTS PER ACRE COMPARED WITH NO MANURE No manure 1 CheapMixture 18 20 0 00 0 00 0 00 w 3 10 35 62 14 32 6 00 31 82 7 62 13 74 10 4 2 Standard Guano A 6 00 37 94 3 Standard Guano B e 00i 34 54 4 Standard Guano C CONCLUSION T1ie mixture described three fertilizers used in competition with it As it costs these it is much more profitable Plat F EXPERIMENT No 6 Crop Cotton OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT To test the effects of different quantities of the same ammoniated fertilizer upon cotton DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT Xhe same fertilizer was applied to different ol 200 400 600 and mfounds per ace The j prepare and tTJry dandagoodstandwas obtained3 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 422 RESULTS IN SEED COTTON 0 o c v C m 1 2 3 4 Manner of Fertilization 200 pounds Standard Guano 400 pounds Standard Guano 600 pounds Standard Guano 800 pounds Standard Guano Pounds Per Acre 765J4 724 943 ECONOMIC RESULTS PEE ACHE COMPARED WITH NO MANURE B 2 H IK 1 2 3 4 No manure o c t i 00 8 00 12 00 16 00 000 o 30 61 28 98 35 46 37 75 18 20 Per Acre Gain Loss 8 41 2 78 5 26 3 55 Plat H EXPERIMENT No 8 Crop OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT Cor To determine the effect of nonnitroenous organic matter when mixed with mineral manure upon corn compared with the effect of nitrogenous organic mat ter under the same conditions DETALS OF THE EXPERIMENT An acre of land was accurately laid off a fertilizer was ma3e as follows Acid Phosphate containing Potash200 lbs Pine sawdust q These were intimately mixed and appHed to the acre just previous to planting By the side of Plat H Plats I and J are also measured acres fertilized with Acid Phosphate containing Potash composted with Cottonseed Meal and stable Manure See experiments 9 and 10 It is a matter of common experience that cotton seed is a good fertilizer for corn Experiments have indicated that nitrogenous manures are not necessary for corn If this is true then the value of cotton seed is proba bly due to the physical action of the organic matter in which case any other or ganic matter even if nonnitrogenous should act as wel Sawdust was selected as such nonnitrogenous organic matter CULTURE The land was plowed in the fall after the removal of a crop of oats plowed aain in January laid off March 14th fertilizers applied in the hill panted March 22d plowed and hoed April 25th and 26th May 8th 9th 29th and 30th June 30th July 1st Seed Searcy white corn 423 SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS1884 39 STAND Very good Crop less forward than the adjoining plats up to middle of June after that date but little difference observed KESDLTS Fodder pulled August loth and 16th weighed August 16th 237 lbs Com gathered October 15 and 16th shucked 16thear corn 881 lbs Shucks EXPERIMENT No 9 rial J CrP Corn OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT Same as for No 8 the two being taken in connection with each other DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT A compost was put up on December 20th 1883 as follows Acid Phosphate containing Potash Cotton Seed 20 bu Rotted stable manure This was allowed to stand under shelter until planting time when it was cut down and applied in the hill at the above rate per acre The culture in this rat also was exactly similar to that of Plats H and I Planted March 22J with Sear cy white corn The stand was very good RESULTS Fodder pulled August 15 and 16 weighed 161h1W Corn gathered October 15 and 10 shucked and weighed ear corn84 Shucks EXPERIMENT No 10 Plat I CrP Corn OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT To determine the relative values of home made fertilizers composted some months previous to use and at the time of using DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT A fertilizer was used as follows Acid Phosphate containing Potash s c 20 bu Cotton Seed 2Q feu Rotted Stable manure This was intimatey mixed and applied at once The area of the plat was one acre The culture m this pat was in all respects the same as in Plat H same date of p1 anting same seed very good stand obtained RESULTS Fodderpulled August 15th and 16th weighed 16th uB Corn gathered October 15th and 16th shucked and weighed 16thll57 bs f 209 lbs Shucksft DATE DUE NHHEJwig tc4o fcyygf 1HIW3PTO wet affliWKBKg HIGHSMITH 45220 AAco SI nUNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA LIBRARIES 3 ElDfl 03111 mED