In memory of the heroes in gray [1928]

1561

1926

publishd by
THE CONI=EDERATE SOLDlbRS HOM];
of
Georgia

IN MEMORY
of the
HEROES in GRAY
i?
Published by
The Confederate Soldiers' Home of GEORGIA

To the Soldiers' Mothers and Wives
of the South
Who Bravely gave their beloved ones
to the Confederate Cau.se This Book is
Respectfu.Uy Dedicated

] efferson Davis, President Confederate States of America -3-

CONFEDERATE CABINET
Executive Officers 1861-1865.
PRESIDENT
Jefferson Davis, inaugurated February 18, 1861, and inaugurated as permanent president February 22, 1862.
VICE-PRESIDENT
Alexander H. Stephens, February 11, 1861, and February 22, 1862.
SECRETARY OF STATE
Robert Toombs, February 21, 1861. Robert M. T. Hunter, July 25, 1861, to February 17, 1862. William M. Browne (ad interim). Judah P. Benjamin, March 18, 1862.
ATTORNEY GENERAL
Judah P. Benjamin, February 25,1861. Thomas Bragg, November 21, 1861. Thomas H. Watts, Marci, 18, 1862. (The date when Watts ceased to perform duty as ;; torney general is not definitely fixed by the records. He was inaugurated as Governor cf Alabama, December 2, 1863. Wade Keyes (ad interim). George Davis, January 2, 1864.
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY
Charles G. Memminger, February 21, 1861. George A. Trenholm, July 18, 1864.
SECRETARY OF THE NAVY
Stephen R. Mallory, March 4, 1861.
POSTMASTER GENERAL
Henry T. Ellet, February 25, 1861 (declined appointment). John H. Reagan, March 6, 1861.
SECRETARY OF WAR
Leroy P. Walker, February 21, 1861, to September 16, 1861. Judah P. Benjamin, November 21,1861 (was also acting from September 17, 1861, to November 21,1861, and from March 18, 1862, to March 23,1862). Brigadier General George \XT. Randolph, March 18, 1862. Major General Gustavus W. Smith (assigned temporarily), November 17, 1862. James A. Sneddon, November 21,1862. Major General John C. Breckinridge, February 6,1865.
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General Robert E. Lee
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CONTENTS

PAGE

Title (In Memory of the Heroes in Gray)

1

Ded~ation ------------_________________________________________________________________ 2

President Jefferson DaviL__________________________________

3

Confederate Cabinet --

.______________________ 4

General Robert E. Lee____________________________________________________________________ 5

General T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson

.______________________________________ 7

Foreword ----_______________________________________ _ _

__

8

General John B. Gordon__________________________________________________________________ 9

Confederate States of AmericL

10

Hon. Henry W. Grady

.

..

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11

Formation of the Confederate StateL Jefferson Davis' Farewell Speech to U. S. Senat"Sherman vs. Johnston______________ Scenes from Battle of AtiantL Robert E. Lee and His GeneraIL

12

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13

15

16-17-19

21

Monument to General Joseph E. Johnston (Dalton)

.. __ ..

23

The Gate City Guard

.. _..

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25

Confederate Monument (Augusta)

.

27

The Secession of 1861

.

28

Georgia's First Confederate Soldiers' Home

29

Stone Mountain Memorial________________________

33

History Georgia Confederate Home

.

34

Major W. E. McAllister, Superintendent of Home . ..

..

35

Governors of GeorgiL

36

Wildcat Carter

38

Colonel R. deT. Lawrence, President TrusteeL __ .__ .

39

The Hero of the Southern Confederacy

40

Hospital Staff

41

Mrs. John A. Perdu"-
Board of TrusteeL Mrs. D. F. Stevenson

. .. __ . .

42
.. 43 45

Mrs. A. McD. Wilson Confederate Cemetery (Marietta) Mrs. Chas. T. Tillman
Mrs. L. D. T. Quinby Tribute to \Vomen of Confederacy

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47

48

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52

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52

53

Mrs. Walter E. LomaL .. What the South May Claim

54

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55

Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson .

.

57

Mrs. Trox Bankston.

.____

58

Mrs. J. F. Hammond

60

!vIrs. W. A. Ozmer Mrs. Herbert Mitchell Franklin Mrs. J. C. Martin

61

62

-

63

Mrs. Emma Caldwell Mrs. Frank Golden
Mrs. R. J. Young

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64

66

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68

"Bonny Blue Flag"

69

Southern Colonies

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....

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70

Sam Bell's Pag"-

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71

In Memoriam, 1928

.

72

Brief History of Veterans at Hom"Advertisers

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73

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.... . ____ ___

75

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General T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson
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FOREWORD
T HE "Thin Gray Line" is charging the bulwarks of time. Slowly that line is disappearing beyond the distant hill, but a little while and only the memory of their valiantry will be left. Would but their mortal frames li ve on and on telling in living emphasis the greatest story of the greatest nation in the world-but the ravages of time is fast erasing all but the written accounts of their love, their devotion, their sacrifices and those things which they cherish to this day.
The only remaining symbol is that home which the good old State of Georgia has given to its Fathers. Here live only a remnant of a once great and glorious army. Here flies the Stars and Bars. Here the camp fires burn constantly, and oft the hearts of these brave men revel in their rendezvous of days forgotten to all but they.
The world in a hurry to meet its destiny soon forgets the things most dear. That future generations may not yearn in vain for the story that might have been written, we dedicate these annals to those surviving Veterans who now inhabit their last earthly home. Their deeds, their stories, their wants demand the finest indulgence and consideration that we may give to them, and we leave this record that "Those who run may read," and know who the makers of their country were, in person and in deed.
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General John B. Gordon -9-

Confederate States of America
(Date of Secession and War Governors)
South Carolina, December 20, 1860, FRANCIS W. PICKENS
Mississippi, January 9, 1861, JOHN ]. PETTUS
Florida, January 10, 1861, M. S. PERRY
Alabama, January 11,1861, ANDREW D. MOORE
Georgia, January 19, 1861, JOSEPH E. BROWN
Louisiana, January 26,1861, THOMAS O. MOORE
Texas, February 1, 1861, EDWARD CLARK
Virginia, April 17, 1861, JOHN YETCHER
Arkansas, May 6, 1861, HENRY M. RECTOR North Carolina, May 20, 1861,
JOHN W. ELLIS Tennessee, June 25,1861,
ISHAM G. HARRIS Missouri, August 20, 1861, CLAIBOURNE F. JACKSON Kentucky, December 10, 1861, GEORGE W. JOHNSON
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Hon. Henry W. Grady Journalist, Orator and Patriot The Father of the Georgia Confederate Soldiers' Home. It was he who subscribed the first thousand dollars to a fund to build the Home.
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IN MEMORY OF

FORMATION OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES
Courtesy Mildred Rutherford

A CONVENTION of delegates from six StatesSouth Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Louisiana-met in Montgomery, Alabama, February 4, 1861. The object was to form a Provisional Congress, looking to the organization of a Southern Confederacy.
These delegates, without a dissenting voice, elected Howell Cobb, of Georgia, President of the Congress. He was nominated by R. Barnwell Rhett, of South Carolina.
Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, proposed that a committee on rules be appointed. Charles G. Memminger, of South Carolina, was made chairman of a committee to report a plan for the formation of a provisional government.
R. Barnwell Rhett was made chairman of a committee to draw up a Constitution. The directions given were that it must be as much as possible in conformity with the Constitution of the United States. As it happened that Thomas Jefferson, a member of that committee, wrote the Declaration of Independence "because he was a ready writer," so it happened that Thomas R. R. Cobb, of Georgia, a member of this committee, wrote the Constitution of the Confederate States. The original draft, in the handwriting of Mr. Cobb, can be seen in the library of the University of Georgia today. This Constitution differed little from the United States Constitution. It stressed more strongly that the slave trade should cease; it stood for a six years' term of office for president and no re-election; regulated the tariff question in justice to all; and it invoked the guidance and protection of Almighty God. The seceding States had no dissatisfaction with the United States Constitution, but with its administration. Secession to them meant a restoration of its integrity, and a security in the future of its faithful observance.
Three candidates had been discussed for the presidency of the Confederacy, but all delegates agreed upon Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, and he was unanimously chosen, February 11, 1861. Then Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, was made Vice-President. On the following day, February 12, the Confederate Government, after taking charge of all forts, arsenals, and all government property in the seceding States, turned their attention to the adopting a Constitution.
President Davis, who was at his plantation at Briarsfield, Miss., was notified of his election as president, and while he had not sought the honor or desired it, yet as a true patriot he quickly responded to the call of his countrymen. He reached Montgomery February 15; on the 18th he W,lS inaugurated. The oath of office was administered by President Howell Cobb of the Provisional Congress, as there had been no Chief Justice appointed whose duty it was to perform this office. The ceremony took place on the steps of the capital at Montgomery, Alabama, in the presence of a large assembly of men and women. As the ceremony was completed the cannon was fired by the grand-daughter of

ex-President Tyler. She also raised the first Confederate flag over the capital.
On the 2t5h of February three commissioners, Mar-
tin J. Crawford, of Georgia; John Forsyth, of Ala-
bama, and A. B. Roman, of Louisiana, were appointed to go to Washington to intercede for a peaceable surrender of Fort Sumter.
THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION
On the 26th the committee on the Constitution reported and the Constitution was adopted on the 11th of March and signed by Howell Cobb, of Georgia, President of the Provisional Congress, and J. J. Hooper, of Alabama, Secretary.
Alexander H. Stephens said: "The Constitution of the Confederate States was not only a monument of the wisdom, forecast and statesmanship of those who constructed it, but it was an everlasting refutation of the charge that it was an attempt to overthrow the United States Constitution and erect a great slave oligarchy."
Before July of 1861, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas had passed ordinances of secession. They resented Lincoln's call for troops to coerce the South. The congress adjourned the 21st day of May to meet in Richmond, Virginia, July 20th-the following day the first battle of Manassas occurred.
There were necessarily some irregularities in the formation of the new government. The delegates from Texas were delayed in coming to Montgomery on acof the vote upon the secession ordinance, but they were allowed to sign the Constitution as the delegates from the other six states. Then as Missouri and Kentucky really held secession conventions and had ordinances of secession prepared and signed, but were not allowed to submit them to the people, it was agreed that their delegates sent to the Congress at Richmond should be recognized.
On the 22nd of February, 1862, in Richmond, Va., the Permanent Congress of the Confederate States met in joint session and declared Jefferson Davis elected President for six years. The oath was administered to
the President by Hon. J. Halyburton, of Virginia, Con-
federate Judge, during a fearful snow storm, on a platform erected beneath the bronze group surrounding the Washington monument in Richmond. This is the history of the beginning of the Confederate States of America.
THE CONFEDERATE FLAG
Alex. H. Stephens was made chairman of a committee February 4, 1861, to select a flag for the Confederate States. The direction given was that the flag should be just as much like the United States flag as possible. Designs were asked for. On March 5, 1861, the committee made its report and the flag was then accepted, but on March 4th, it floated over the capital in Montgomery. By whose authority or directions is not known.

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THE HEROES IN GRAY

SPEECH OF JEFFERSON DAVIS

Delivered on January 21, 1861, on Retiring from United States Senate

I RISE, Mr. President, for the purpose of announcing to the Senate that I have satisfactory evidence that the State of Mississippi, by a solemn ordinance of her people in convention assembled, has declared her separation from the United States. Under these circumstances, of course my functions are terminated here. It has seemed to me proper, however, that I should appear in the Senate to announce that fact to my associates, and I will say but very little more. The occasion does not invite me to go into argument; and my physical condition would not permit me to do so if it were otherwise, and yet it seems to become me to say something on the part of the State I here represent, on an occasion so solemn as this. It is known to Senators who have served with me here, that I have for many years advocated as an essential attribute of State sovereignty the right of a State to secede from the Union. Therefore, if I had not believed there was justifiable cause, if I had not thought that Mississippi was acting without sufficient provocation or without an existing necessity, I should still, under my theory of the government, because of my allegiance to the State of which I am a citizen, have been bound by her action. I, however, may be permitted to say that I do think she has iustifiable cause and I approve of her act. I conferred with her people before that act was taken, counseled them that if the state of things which they apprehended should exist when the convention met, they should take the action which they have now adopted.
I hope none who hear me will confound this expression of mine with the advocacy of the right of a State to remain in the Union and to disregard its constitutional obligations by the nullification of the law. Such is not my theory. Nullification and secession so often confounded are indeed antagonistic principles. Nullification is a remedy which it is sought to apply within the Union and against the agents of the States. It is only to be justified when the agent has violated his constitutional obligation, and a State, assuming to judge for itself, denies the right of the agent thus to act and appeals to the other States of the Union for a decision; but when the States themselves and when the people of the States have so acted as to convince us that they will not regard cur constitutional rights, then, and then for the first time, arises the doctrine of secession in its practical application.
A great man who now reposes with his fathers and who has been often arraigned for a want of fealty to the Union advocated the doctrine of nullification because it preserved the Union. It was because of his deep-seated att<lchment to the Union, his determination to find some remedy for existing ills short of the severance of the ties which bound South Carolina to the other States, that Mr. Calhoun advocated the doctrine of nullification, which he proclaimed to be peaceful, to be within the limits of State power, not to disturb the Union, but only to be a means of bringing the agent before the tribunal of the States for their judgment.

Secession belongs to a different class of remedies. It is to be justified upon the basis that the States are sovereign. There was a time when none denied it. I hope the time may come again when a better comprehension of the theory of our government and the inalienable rights of the people of the States will prevent anyone from denying that each State is a sovereign, and thus may reclaim the grants which it has made to any agent whomsoever.
I therefore say I concur in the action of the people of Mississippi, believing it to be necessary and proper, and should have been bound by their action if my belief had been otherwise; and this brings me at the important point which I wish, on this last occasion, to present to the Senate. It is by this confounding of nullification and secession that the name of a great man whose ashes now mingle with his mother earth, has been invoked to justify coercion against a seceding state. The phrase, "to execute the laws," was an expression which General Jackson applied to the case of a State refusing to obey the laws while yet a member of the Union. That is not the case which is now presented. The laws are to be executed over the United States, and upon the people of the United States. They have a relation with any foreign country. It is a perversion of terms, at least it is a great misapprehension of the case, which cites that expression for application to a State which has withdrawn from the Union. You may make war on a foreign State. If it be the purpose of gentlemen they may make war against a State which has withdrawn from the Union; but there are no laws of the United States to be executed within the limits of a seceded State. A State finding herself in the condition in which Mississippi has judged she is; in which her safety requires that she should provide for the maintenance of her rights out of the Union, surrenders all the benefits (and they are known to be many), deprives herself of the ~,dvantages (they are known to be great), severs all the ties of affection (and they are close and enduring) which have bounded her to the Union; and thus divesting herself of every benefit, taking upon herself every burden, she claims to be exempt from any power to execute the laws of the United States within her limits.
I well remember an occasion when Massachusetts was arraigned before the Bar of the Senate, and when then the doctrine of coercion was rife, and to be applied against her because of the rescue of a fugitive slave in Boston. My opinion then was the same as it is now. Not in the spirit of egotism, but to show that I am not influenced in my opinion because the case is my own. I refer to that time and that occasion as containing the opinion which I then entertained and on which my present conduct is based. I then said, if Massachusetts, following her through a stated line of conduct, chooses to take the last step which separates her from the Union, it is her right to go, and I will neither vote one dollar nor one man to coerce her back; but will say to her, "God speed," in memory of the

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IN MEMORY OF

kind associations which once existed between her and the other States. It has been a conviction of pressing necessity, it has been a belief that we are to be deprived in the Union of the rights which our fathers bequeathed to us, which has brought Mississippi into her present decision. She has heard proclaimed the theory that all men are created free and equal, and this made the basis of an attack on her social institutions; and the sacred Declaration of Independence has been invoked to maintain the position of the equality of the races. That Declaration of Independence is to be construed by the circumstances and purposes for which it was made. The communities were declaring their independence; the people of those communities were asserting that no man was born-to use the language of Mr. Jefferson-booted and spurred to ride over the rest of mankind; that men were created equal-meaning the men of the political community; that there was no divine right to rule; that no man inherited the right to rule; that there were no classes by which power and place descended to families, but that all stations were equally within the grasp of each member of the body politic. These were the great principles they announced; these were the purposes for which they made their declaration; these were the ends to which their enunciation was directed. They have no reference to the slave; else, how happened it that among the items of arraignment made against George III was that he endeavored to do just what the North has been endeavoring of late to do-to stir up insurrection among our slaves? Had the Declaration announced that the negroes were free and equal how was it the Prince was to be arraigned for stirring up insurrection among them? And how was this to be enumerated among the high crimes which caused the colonies to sever their connection with the mother country?
When our constitution was formed, the same idea was rendered more palpable, for there we find provision made for that very class of persons as property; they were not put upon the footing of equality with white men-not even upon that of paupers and convicts, but so far as representation was concerned, were discriminated against as a lower caste only to be represented in a numerical proportion of three-fifths.
Then, Senators, we recur to the compact which binds us together; we recur to the principles upon which our government was founded; and when you deny them, and when you deny us, the right to withdraw from a government which thus prevented, threatens to be destructive of our rights, we but tread in the path of our fathers when we proclaim our independence, and take the hazard. This is done, not in hostility to others, not to injure any section of the country, not even for our own pecuniary benefit, but from the high and solemn motive of defending and protecting the rights we inherited, and which it is our sacred duty to transmit unshorn to our children.

there may have been between us, to whom I cannot now say, in the presence of my God, "I wish you well," and such, I am sure, is the feeling of the people whom I represent towards those whom you represent. I therefore feel that I but express their desire when I say I hope, and they hope for peaceful relations with you, though we must part. They may be mutually beneficial to us in the future as they have been in the past, if you so will it. The reverse may bring disaster on every portion of the country; and if you will have it thus, we will invoke the God of our fathers, who delivered them from the power of the lion, to protect us from the ravages of the bear and thus, putting our trust in God, and to our firm hearts and strong arms we will vindicate the right as best we may.
In the course of my service here, associated at different times with a great variety of Senators, I see now around me some with whom I have served long; there have been points of collision, but whatever of offense there has been to me I leave here; I carry with me no hostile remembrance. Whatever offense I have given which has not been redressed, or for which satisfaction has not been demanded, I have, Senators, in this hour of our parting, to offer you an apology for any harm which, in the heat of discussion, I have inflicted. I go hence unencumbered of any injury received, and having discharged the duty of making the only reparation in my power for any injury offered.
Mr. President and Senators, having made the announcement which the occasion seemed to me to require, it only remains for me to bid you a final adieu.
Honoring Bravery
W HEN General Longstreet was besieging Knoxville, Tennessee, a number of his troops made a brave dash to capture a fort, but were beaten back. As they fled they leaped into a deep diteh to escape the showers of bullets. From this they could not hope to get out before night without incurring the greatest danger. The sun was boiling down on them. They were out of water and almost famished with thirst.
A young soldier offered to go for water, though he took his life in his hands. He succeeded in reaching the river, filled several canteens, and threw them over his shoulder. He saw a score of muskets leveled at him. How could he hope to get back alive? But he was determined to risk the attempt. He started to run. The men in the fort were struck with admiration at his bravery. They fired not a shot. They raised a shout and cheered and cheered until the youth had reached his comrades in the ditch.
The Confederate U nitorm

I find in myself, perhaps, a type of the general feeling of my constituents towards yours. I am sure I feel no hostility to you, Senators from the North. I am sure there is not one of you, whatever sharp discussion

The Confederate uniform is said to have been adopted the second year of the war from a design presented by Nicola Marschall, of Alabama. Francis Bartow first suggested gray as the color.

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THE HEROES I GRAY
SHERMAN VS~ JOHNSTON

T HE two leading Federal generals of the war, Grant and Sherman, met at Nashville, Tennessee, on March 17, 1864, and arranged for a great concerted double movement against the two main Southern Armies, the Army of Northern Virginia and the Army of Tennessee. Grant, who had been made commander of all the Federal armies, was to take personal charge of the Army of the Potomac and move against Lee, while Sherman, whom, at Grant's request, President Lincoln had placed at the head of the Military Division of the Mississippi, he turned over the Western army, which was to proceed against Johnston.
It was decided, moreover, that the two movements were to be simultaneous and that they were to begin early in May. Sherman concentrated his forces around Chattanooga on the Tennessee River, where the Army of the Cumberland had spent the winter, and where a decisive battle had been fought some months before, in the autumn of 1863. His army was composed of three parts, or, more properly, of the three armies operating in concert. These were the Army of the Tennessee, led by General James B. McPherson; the Army of Ohio, under General John M. Schofield, and the Army

of the Cumberland, commanded by General George H. Thomas. The last named was much larger than the other two combined. The triple army aggregated the grand total of ninety-nine thousand men, six thousand of whom were cavalrymen, while four thousand four hundred and sixty belonged to the artillery. There were two hundred and fifty-four heavy guns.
Soon to be pitted against Sherman's army was that of General Joseph E. Johnston, which had spent the winter at Dalton, in the State of Georgia, some thirty miles southeast of Chattanooga. It was by chance that Dalton became the winter quarters of the Confederate army. In the preceding autumn, when General Bragg had been defeated on Missionary Ridge and driven from the vicinity of Chattanooga, he retreated to Dalton and stopped for a night's rest. Discovering the next morning that he was not pursued, he there remained. Sometime later he was superseded by General Johnston.
By telegraph, General Sherman was apprised of the time when Grant was to move upon Lee on the banks of the Rapidan, in Virginia, and he prepared to move his own army at the same time. But he was two days behind Grant, who began his Virginia campaign on May

CYCLORAMA in Grant Park, Atlanta, where hangs the only remaining painting of a Civil War battle, "The Battle of Atlanta." Weighs 18,000 pounds, measures 40 feet high and 400 feet in circurnferance. At one time it was sold for $1,000, but a half million would not buy it now; 100,000 people view this picture annually.Courtesy Park Dept., L. L. Wallis, General Manager.
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IN MEMORY OF

4th. Shtrman broke camp on the 6th and led his legions across hill and valley, forest and stream, toward the Confederate stronghold. Nature was all abloom with the opening of a Southern spring and the soldiers, who had long chafed under their enforced idleness, now rejoiced at the exhilarating journey before them, though their mission was to be one of strife and bloodshed.
Johnston's army numbered about fifty-three thousand, and was divided into two corps, under the respective commands of Generals John B. Hood and William
J. Hardee. But General Polk was on his way to join
them, and in a few days Johnston had in the neighborhood of seventy thousand men. His position at Dalton was too strong to be carried by a front attack, and Sherman was too wise to attempt it. Leaving Thomas and Schofield to make a feint at Johnston's front, Sherman sent McPherson 011 a flanking movement by the right to occupy Snake Creek Gap, a mountain pass near Resaca, which is about eighteen miles below Dalton.
Sherman, with the main part of the army, soon occupied Tunnel Hill, which faces Rocky Face Ridge, an eastern range of the Cumberland Mountains, north of Dalton, on which a large part of Johnston's army was posted. The Federal leader had little or no hope of dislodging his great antagonist from his impregnable posi-

tion, fortified by rocks and cliffs which no army could scale while under fire. But he ordered that demonstrations be made at several places, especially at a pass known as Rocky Face Gap. This was done with great spirit and bravery, the men clambering over rocks and across ravines in the face of showers of bullets and even of masses of stone hurled down from the heights above them. On the whole they won but little advantage.
During the 8th and 9th of May these operations were continued, the Federals making but little impression on the Confederate stronghold. Meanwhile, on the Dalton road there was a sharp cavalry fight, the Federal commander, General E. M. McCook, having encountered General Wheeler. McCook's advance brigade under Colonel La Grange was defeated and La Grange was made prisoner.
Sherman's chief object of these demonstrations, it will be seen, was to engage Johnston so as to prevent his intercepting McPherson in the latter's movement upon Resaca. In this Sherman was successful, and by the 11 th he was giving his whole energy to moving the remainder of his forces by the right flank, as McPherson had done, to Resaca, leaving a detachment of General O. O. Howard's Fourth Corps to occupy Dalton when evacuated. When Johnston discovered this, he was quick to see that he must abandon his entrenchments

ENGINE TEXAS-This old engine, a wood burner, which figured in the capture of the "General" and Andrews' Raiders in 1862, thus delaying by two years the fall of Atlanta, is housed in the Cyclorama at Grant Park.-Courtesy Park Dept., L. L. Walli&, General Manager.
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THE HEROES IN GRAY

Section From Picture "Battle of Atlanta" Courtesy Park Dept., L. L. Wallis, General Manager

and intercept Sherman. Moving by the only two good roads, Johnston beat Sherman in the race to Resaca. The town had been fortified, owing to Johnston's foresight, and McPherson had failed to dislodge the garrison and capture it. The Confederate army was now settled behind its entrenchments, occupying a semi-circle of low wooded hills, both flanks of the army resting on the banks of the Oostenaula River.
On the morning of May 14th, the Confederate works were invested by the greater part of Sherman's army, and it was evident that a battle was imminent. The attack was begun about noon, chiefly by the Fourteenth Army Corps under Palmer, of Thomas' army, and Judah's division of Schofield's. General Hindman's division of Hood's corps bore the brunt of this attack and there was heavy loss on both sides. Later in the day, a portion of Hood's corps was massed in a heavy column and hurled against the Federal left, driving it back. But at this point the Twentieth Army Corps under Hooker, of Thomas' army, dashed against the advancing Confederates and pushed them back to their former lines.
The forenoon of the next day was spent in heavy skirmishing, which grew to.the dignity of a battle. During the day's operations a hard fight for a Confederate lunette on the top of a low hill occurred. At length, General Butterfield, in the face of a galling fire, succeeded in capturing the position. But so deadly was

the fire from Hardee's corps that Butterfield was unable to hold it or to remove the four guns the lunette contained.
With the coming of night, General Johnston determined to withdraw his army from Resaca. The battle had cost each army nearly three thousand men. While it was in progress, McPherson, sent by Sherman, had deftly marcheli around Johnston's left with the view of cutting off his retreat south by seizing the bridges across the Oostenaula, and at the same time the Federal cavalry was threatening the railroad to Atlanta which ran beyond the river. It was the acknowledged danger of these facts that determined the Confederate commander to abandon Resaca. Withdrawing during the night, he led his army southward to the banks of the Etowah River. Sherman followed but a few miles behind him. At the same time Sherman sent a division of the Army of the Cumberland, under General Jeff C. Davis, to Rome, at the junction of the Etowah and the Oostenaula, where there were important machine shops and factories. Davis captured the town and several heavy guns, destroyed the factories, and left a garrison to hold it.
Sherman was eager for a battle in the open with Johnston and on the 17th, near the town of Adairsville, it seemed as if the latter would gratify him. Johnston chose a good position, posted his cavalry, deployed his infantry, and awaited combat. The Union army was

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IN MEMORY OF

at hand. The skirmishing for some hours almost amounted to a battle. But suddenly Johnston decided to defer a conclusive contest to another time.
Again at Cassville, a few days later, Johnston drew up the Confederate legions in battle array, evidently having decided on a general engagement at this point. He issued a spirited address to the army: "By your courage and skill you have repulsed every assault of the enemy.... You will now turn and march to meet his advancing columns.... I lead you to battle." But, when his right flank had been turned by the Federal attack, and when two of his corps commanders, Hood and Polk, advised against a general battle, Johnston again decided on postponement. He retreated in the night across the Etowah, destroyed the bridges, and took a strong position among the rugged hills about Allatoona Pass, extending south to Kennesaw Mountain.
Johnston's decision to fight and then not to fight was a cause for grumbling both on the part of his army and of the inhabitants of the region through which he was passing. His men were eager to defend their country, and they could not understand this Fabian policy. They would have preferred defeat to these repeated retreats with no opportunity to show what they could do.
Johnston, however, was wiser than his critics. The Union army was larger by far and better equipped than his own, and Sherman was a master strategist. His hopes rested on two or three contingencies-that he might catch a portion of Sherman's army separated from the rest; that Sherman would be so weakened by the necessity of guarding the long line of railroad to his base of supplies at Chattanooga, Nashville, and even far-away Louisville, as to make it possible to defeat him in open battle, or, finally, that Sherman might fall into the trap of making a direct attack while Johnston was in an impregnable position, and in such a situation he now was.
Not yet, however, was Sherman inclined to fall into such a trap, and when Johnston took his strong position at and beyond Allatoona Pass, the Northern commander decided, after resting his army for a few days, to move toward Atlanta by way of Dallas, southwest of the pass. Rations for a twenty days' absence from direct communication were issued to the Federal army. In fact, Sherman's railroad connection with the North was the one delicate problem of the whole movement. The Confederates had destroyed the iron way as they moved southward; but the Federal engineers, following the army, repaired the line and rebuilt the bridges almost as fast as the army could march.
Sherman's movement toward Dallas drew Johnston from the slopes of the Allatoona hills. From Kingston the Federal leader wrote on May 23rd. "I am already within fifty miles of Atlanta." But he was not to enter that city for many weeks, not before he had measured swords again and again with his great antagonist. On the 25th of May, the two great armies were facing each other near New Hope Church, about four miles north of Dallas. Here, for three or four days there was almost incessant fighting, though there was not what might be called a battle.
T.ate in the afternoon of the first day, Hooker made

a VICIOUS attack on Stewart's division of Hood's corps. For two hours the battle raged without a moment's cessation, Hooker being pressed back with heavy loss. During those two hours he had held his ground against sixteen field-pieces and five thousand infantry at close range. The name "Hell Hole" was applied to this spot by the Union soldiers.
On the next day there was considerable skirmishing in different places along the line that divided the two armies. But the chief labor of the day was throwing up entrenchments, preparatory to a general engagement. The country, however, was ill-fitted for such a contest. The continuous succession of hills, covered with primeval forests, presented little opportunity for two great armies, stretched out almost from Dallas to Marietta, a distance of about ten miles, to come together simultaneously at all points.
A severe contest occurred on the 27th, near the center of the battle lines, between General O. O. Howard on the Federal side and General Patrick Cleburne on the part of the South. Dense and almost impenetrable was the undergrowth through which Howard led his troops to make the attack. The fight was at close range and was fierce and bloody, the Confederates gaining the greater advantage.
The next dav Johnston made a terrific attack on the Union right, u"nder McPherson, near Dallas. But McPherson was well entrenched and the Confederates were repulsed with a serious loss. In the three or four days' fighting the Federal loss was probably twenty-four hundred men and the Confederate somewhat greater.
In the early days of June, Sherman took possession of the town of Allatoona and made it a second base of supplies, after repairing the railroad bridge across the Etowah River, Johnston swung his left around to Lost Mountain, and his right extended beyond the railroada line ten miles in length and much too long for its numbers. Johnston's army, however, had been reinforced, and it now numbered about seventy-five thousand. Sherman, on June 1st, had nearly one hundred and thirteen thousand men and on the 8th he received the addition of a cavalry brigade and two divisions of the Seventeenth Corps, under General Frank P. Blair, which had marched from Alabama.
So multifarious were the movements of the two great armies among the hills and forests of that part of Georgia that it is impossible for us to follow them. On the 14th of June, Generals Johnston, Hardee, and Polk rode up the slope of Pine Mountain to reconnoiter. As they were standing, making observations, a Federal battery in the distance opened on them and General Polk was struck in the chest with a Parrot shell. He was killed instantly.
General Polk was greatly beloved, and his death caused a shock to the whole Confederate Army. He was a graduate of West Point; but after being graduated he took orders in the church and for twenty years before the war was Episcopal Bishop of Louisiana. At the outbreak of the war he entered the field and served with distinction to the moment of his death.
During the next two weeks there was almost incessant fighting, heavy skirmishing, sparring for position.

-18-

THE HEROES IN GRAY

Section From Picture "Battle of Atlanta" Courtesy Park Dept., L. L. Wallis, General Manager

It was a wonderful game of military strategy, played among the hills and mountains and forests by two masters in the art of war. On June 23rd, Sherman wrote, "The whole country is one vast fort, and Johnston must have fully fifty miles of connected trenches. . . . Our lines are now in close contact, and the fighting incessant.... As fast as we gain one position, the enemy has another all ready."
Sherman, conscious of superior strength, was now anxious for a real battle, a fight to the finish with his antagonist. But Johnston was too wily to be thus caught. He made no false move on the great chessboard of war. At length, the impatient Sherman decided to make a general front attack, even though Johnston at that moment was impregnably entrenched on the slopes of Kennesaw Mountain. This was precisely what the Confederate commander was hoping for.
The desperate battle of Kennesaw Mountain occurred on the 27th of June. In the early morning hours, the boom of Federal cannon announced the opening of a bloody day's struggle. It was soon answered by the Confederate batteries in the entrenchments along the mountainside, and the deafening roar of the giant conflict reverberated from the surrounding hills. About nine o'clock the Union infantry advance b~gan. On the left was McPherson, who sent the Fifteenth Army Corps, led by General John A. Logan, directly against the mountain. The artillery from the Confederate

trenches in front of Logan cut down his men by nUlldreds. The Federals charged courageously and captured the lower works, but failed to take the higher ridges.
The chief assault of the day was by the Army ot the Cumberland, under Thomas. Most conspicuous in the attack were the divisions of Newton and Davis, advancing against. General Loring, successor of the lamented Polk. Far up on a ridge at one point, General Cleburne held a line of breastworks, supported by the flanking fire of artillery. Against this a vain and costly assault was made.
When the word was given to charge, the Federals sprang forward and, in the face of a deadly hail of musket balls and shells, they dashed up the slope, firing as they went. Stunned and bleeding, they were checked again and again by the withering fire from the mountain slope; but they re-formed and pressed on with dauntless valor. Some of them reached the parapets and were instantly shot down, their bodies rolling into the Confederate trenches among the men who had slain them, or back down the hill whence they had come. General Harker, leading a charge against Cleburne, was mortally wounded. His men were swept back by a galling fire, though many fell with their brave leader.
This assault on Kennesaw Mountain cost Sherman three thousand men and won him nothing. Johnston's loss probably exceeded five hundred. The battle con-
, tinued but two and a half hours. It was one of the

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IN MEMORY OF

most reckless and daring assaults during the whole war period, but did not greatly affect the final result of the campaign.
Under a flag of truce, on the day after the battle, the men of the North and of the South met on the gory field to bury their dead and to minister to the wounded. They met as friends for the moment, and not as foes. It was said that there were instances of father and son, one in blue and the other in gray, and brothers on opposite sides, meeting one another on the bloody slopes of Kennesaw. Tennessee and Kentucky had sent thousands of men to each side in the fratricidal struggle and not infrequently families had been divided.
Three weeks of almost incessant rain fell upon the struggling armies during this time, rendering their operation disagreeable and unsatisfactory. The cap equipage, the men's uniforms and accoutrements were thoroughly saturated wtih rain and mud. Still warriors of the North and the South lived and fought on the slopes of the mountain range, intent on destroying each other.
Sherman was convinced by his drastic repulse at Kennesaw Mountain that success lay not in attacking his great antagonist in a strong position, and resumed his old tactics. He would flank Johnston from Kennesaw as he had flanked him out of Dalton and Allatoona Pass. He thereupon turned upon Johnston's line of communication with Atlanta, whence the latter received his supplies. The movement was successful, and in a few days Kennesaw Mountain was deserted.
Johnston moved to the banks of the Chattahoochee, Sherman following in the hope of catching him while crossing the river. But the wary Confederate had again, as at Resaca, prepared entrenchments in advance, and these were on the north bank of the river. He hastened to them, then turned on the approaching Federals and defiantly awaited attack. But Sherman remembered Kennesaw and there was no battle.
The feints, the sparring, the flanking movements among the hills and forests continued day after day. The immediate aim in the early days of July was to cross the Chattahoochee. On the 8th Sherman sent Schofield and McPherson across, ten miles or more above the Confederate position. Johnston crossed the next day. Thomas followed later.
Sherman's position was by no means reassuring. It is true he had, in the space of two months, pressed his antagonist back inch by inch for more than a hundred miles and was now almost within sight of the goal of the campaign-the city of Atlanta. But the single line of railroad that connected him with the North and brought supplies from Louisville, five hundred miles away, for a hundred thousand men and twenty-three thousand animals, might at any moment be destroyed by Confederate raiders.
The necessity of guarding the Western and A tlantic Railroad was an ever-present concern with Sherman. Forrest and his cavalry force were in northern Mississippi waiting for him to get far enough on the way to Atlanta for them to pounce upon the iron way and tear it to ruins. To prevent this General Samuel D.

Sturgis, with eight thousand troops, was sent from Memphis against Forrest. He met him on the 10th of June near Guntown, Mississippi, but was sadly beaten back and driven back to Memphis, one hundred miles away. The affair, nevertheless, delayed Forrest in his operations against the railroad, and meanwhile General Smith's troops returned to Memphis from the Red River expedition, somewhat late according to the schedule, but eager to join Sherman in the advance on Atlanta. Smith, however, was directed to take the offensive against Forrest, and with fourteen thousand troops, and in a three days' fight, demoralized him badly at Tupelo, Mississippi, July 14th-17th. Smith returned to Memphis and made another start for Sherman, when he was suddenly turned back and sent to Missouri, where the Confederate, General Price, was extremely active, to help Rosecrans.
To avoid defeat and to win the ground he had gained had taxed Sherman's powers to the last degree and was made possible only through his superior numbers. Even this degree of success could not be expected to continue if the railroad to the North should be destroyed. But Sherman must do more than he had done; he must capture Atlanta, this Richmond of the far South, with its cannon foundries and its great machine shops, its military factories and extensive army supplies. He must divide the Confederacy north and south as Grant's capture of Vicksburg had split it east and west.
Sherman must have Atlanta, for political reasons as well as for military purposes. The country was in the midst of a presidential campaign. The opposition to Lincoln's re-election was strong, and for many weeks it was believed on all sides that his defeat was inevitable. At least, the success of the Union arms in the field was deemed essential to Lincoln's success at the polls. Grant had made little progress in Virginia and his terrible repulse at Cold Harbor, in June, had cast a gloom over every Northern state. Farragut was operating in Mobile Bay; but his success was still in the future.
The eyes of the supporters of the great war president turned longingly, expectantly, toward General Sherman and his hundred thousand men before Atlanta. "Do something-something spectacular-save the party and save the country thereby from permanent disruption!" This was the cry of the millions, and Sherman understood it. But withal, the capture of the Georgia city may have been doubtful but for the fact that at a critical moment the Confederate president made a decision that resulted, unconsciously, in a decided service to the Union cause. He dismissed General Johnston and put another in his place, one who was less strategic and more impulsive.
Jefferson Davis did not agree with General Johnston's military judgment, and he seized on the fact that Johnston had so steadily retreated before the Northern army as an excuse for his removal. On the 18th of July, Davis turned the Confederate Army of Tennessee over to General John B. Hood. A graduate of West Point of the class of 1853, a classmate of McPherson, Schofield, and Sheridan, Hood had faithfully served the cause of the South since the opening of the war. He was known as a fighter, and it was believed that he

-20-

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(1) John B. Hood; (2) R. S. Stoddard; (3) Braxton Bragg; (4) Albert Sidney

Johnston; (5) Wade Hampton; (6) E. Kirby Smith; (7) Jubal Al Early; (8) A. P.

Hill; (9) S. D. Lee; (10) R. H. Anderson; (11) John B. Gordon; (12) Theophalus S.

Holmes; (13) W. G. Hardee; (14) Joseph E. Johnston; (15) Simon Buckner;

(16) James Longstreet; (17) Leonidas Polk; (18) Robert E. Lee; (19) N. B.

8 Forrest; (20) G. T. Beauregard; (21) T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson; (22) Samuel E.
Cooper; (23) J. E. Stewart; (24) Richard Taylor; (25) J. C. Pemberton;

(26) D. H. Hill.

1 t.rv-.,4'

IN MEMORY OF

would change the policy of Johnston to one of open ham. "Surrender," was the call that rang out. But

battle with Sherman's army. And so it proved.

he wheeled his horse as if to flee, when he was instantly

Johnston had lost, since the opening of the campaign shot dead, and the horse galloped back riderless.

at Dalton, about fifteen thousand men, and the army The death of the brilliant, dashing young leader,

that he now delivered to Hood consisted of about sixty James B. McPherson, was a great blow to the Union

thousand in all.

army. But thirty-six years of age, one of the most

While Hood was no match for Sherman as a strate- promising men in the country, and already the com-

gist, he was not a weakling. His policy of aggression, mander of a military department. McPherson was the

however, was not suited to the circumstances-to the only man in all the Western armies whom Grant, on

nature of the country-in view of the fact that Sher- going to the East, placed in the same military class with

man's army was far stronger than his own.

Sherman.

Two days after Hood took command of the Confed- Logan succeeded the fallen commander, and the bat-

erate army he offered battle. Sherman's forces had tle raged on. The Confederates were gaining headway.

crossed Peachtree Creek, a small stream flowing into They captured several guns. Cheatham was pressing

the Chattahoochee, but a few miles from Atlanta, and on, pouring volley after volley into the ranks of the

were approaching the city. They had thrown up slight Army of the Tennessee, which seemed about to be cut

breastworks, as was their custom, but were not expect- in twain, a gap was opening. The Confederates were

ing an attack. Suddenly, however, about four o'clock pouring through. General Sherman was present and saw

in the afternoon of July 20th, an imposing column of the danger. Calling for Schofield to send several bat-

Confederates burst from the woods near the position teries, he placed them and poured a concentrated artil-

of the Union right center, under Thomas. The Fed- lery fire through the gap and mowed down the advanc-

erals were soon at their guns. The battle was short, ing men in swaths. At the same time, Logan pressed

fierce, and bloody. The Confederates made a gallant forward and Schofield's infantry was called up. The

assault, but were pressed back to their entrenchments, Confederates were hurled back with great loss. The

leaving the ground covered with dead and wounded. shadows of night fell-and the battle of Atlanta was

The Federal loss in the battle of Peachtree Creek was over. Hood's losses exceeded eight thousand of his

placed at over seventeen hundred, the Confederate loss brave men, whom he could ill spare. Sherman lost

being much greater. This battle had been planned by about thirty-seven hundred.

Johnston before his removal, but he had been waiting The Confederate army recuperated within the defense

for the strategic moment to fight it.

of Atlanta-behind an almost impregnable barricade.

Two days later, July 22nd, occurred the greatest en- Sherman had no hope of carrying the city by assault,

gagement of the entire campaign-the battle of At- while to surround and invest it was impossible with his

lanta. The Federal army was closing in on the en- number. He determined, therefore, to strike Hood's

trenchments of Atlanta and was now within two or line of supplies. On July 28th, Hood again sent Hardee

three miles of the city. On the night of the 21st, Gen- out from his entrenchments to attack the army of the

eral Blair, of McPherson's army, had gained possession Tennessee, now under the command of General How-

of a high hill on the left, which commanded a view ard. A fierce battle at Ezra Church on the west side

of the heart of the city. Hood thereupon planned to of the city ensued, and again the Confederates were de-

recapture this hill, and make a general attack on the feated with heavy loss.

morning of the 22nd. He sent General Hardee on a A month passed and Sherman had made little prog-

long night march around the extreme flank of McPher- ress toward capturing Atlanta. Two cavalry raids

son's army, the attack to be made at daybreak. Mean- which he organized resulted in defeat, but the two rail-

time, General Cheatham, who had succeeded to the roads from the south into Atlanta were considerably

command of Hood's former corps, and General A. P. damaged. But, late in August, the Northern com-

Stewart, who now had Polk's corps, were to engage mander made a daring move that proved successful.

Thomas and Schofield in front and thus prevent them Leaving his base of supplies, as Grant had done at Vicks-

from sending aid to McPherson.

burg, and marching toward Jonesboro, Sherman de-

Hardee was delayed in his fifteen-mile night march, stroyed the Macon and Western Railroad, the only re-

and it was noon before he attacked. At about that maining line of supplies to the Confederate Army.

hour Generals Sherman and McPherson sat talking near

Hood attempted to block the march on Jonesboro,

the Howard house, which was the Federal headquarters, and Hardee was sent with his and S. D. Lee's Corps

when the sudden boom of artillery from beyond the to attack the Federals while he himself sought an op-

hill that Blair had captured announced the opening of portunity to move upon Sherman's right flank. Hardee's

the coming battle. McPherson quickly leaped upon his attack failed, and this necessitated the evacuation of

horse and galloped away toward the sound of the guns. Atlanta. After blowing up his magazines and destroy-

Meeting Logan and Blair near the railroad, he conferred ing the supplies which his men could not carry with

with them for a moment, when they separated, and them, Hood abandoned the city, and next day, Septem-

each hastened to his place in the battle line. McPher- ber 2nd, General Slocum, having succeeded Hooker, led

son sent aides and orderlies in various directions with the Twentieth Corps of the Federal army within its

dispatches, until but two were still with him. He then earthen walls. Hood had made his escape, saving his

rode into a forest and was suddenly confronted by a army from capture. His chief desire would have been

portion of the Confederate army under General Cheat- to march directly north on Marietta and destroy the

-22-

THE HEROES IN GRAY

depots of Fe-deral supplies, but a matter of more importance prevented. Thirty-four thousand Union prisoners were confined at Andersonville, and a small body of cavalry could have released them. So Hood placed himself between Andersonville and Sherman.
In the early days of September the Federal hosts occupied the city toward which they had toiled all summer long. At East Point, Atlanta, and Decatur, the three armies settled for a brief rest, while the cavalry, stretched for many miles along the Chattahoochee, protected their flanks and rear. Since May their ranks had been depleted by some twenty-eight thousand killed and wounded, while nearly four thousand had fallen prisoners, into the Confederates' hands.
It was a great price, but whatever else the capture of Atlanta did, it insured the re-election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency of the United tSates. The total Confederate losses were in the neighborhood of thirty-five thousand, of which thirteen thousand were prisoners.
Almost immediately after the capture of Atlanta, Sherman decided to remain there for some time and to make it a Federal military center, and ordered all the

inhabitants to be removed. General Hood pronounced the act one of ingenious cruelty, transcending any that had ever before come to his notice in the dark history of the war. Sherman insisted that his act was one of kindness and the decision was fully carried out. Many of the people chose to go southward, others to the north, the latter being transported free, by Sherman's order, as far as Chattanooga.
Shortly after the middle of September, Hood moved his army from Lovejoy's Station, just south of Atlanta, to the vicinity of Macon, where Jefferson Davis visited the encampment, and on the 22nd made a speech to the homesick Army of Tennessee which, reported in the Southern newspapers, disclosed to Sherman the new plans of the Confederate leaders.
Hood, in the hope of leading Sherman away from Atlanta, crossed the Chattahoochee on the 1st of October, destroyed the railroad above Marietta and sent General French against Allatoona. It was a brave defense of this place by General John M. Corse that brought forth Sherman's famous message, "Hold out; relief is coming." Corse had been ordered from Rome to Allatoona by signals from mountain to mountain,

MONUMENT AT DALTON Erected in Honor of Gene'ral Joseph E. Johnston During the winter of 1864 the Confederate army, under command of General Joseph E. Johnston, was stationed at Dalton, the county seat of Whitfield, 91 miles north of Atlanta. Dalton, subsequently, was the first town in the South to erect a monument to General Johnston.
-23-

IN MEMORY OF

over the heads of the Confederate troops, who occupied the valley between. Reaching the mountain pass soon after midnight, on October 5th, Corse added a thousand men to the nine hundred already there, and soon after daylight the battle began. General French, in command of the Confederates, first summoned Corse to surrender, and receiving a defiant answer, opened fire.
During the bz.ttle Sherman was on Kennesaw Mountain, from which he could see the cloud of smoke and hear the faint reverberation of the cannons' boom. When Sherman learned by signal that Corse was there and in command, he said, "If Corse is there, he will hold out; I know the man," and he did hold out, at the loss of seven hundred of his men, he himself being among the wounded, while French lost more than a thousand.
It was about this time that Sherman fully decided to march to the sea. Sometime before this he had telegraphed to Grant: "Hood ... can constantly break my roads. I would infinitely prefer to make a wreck of the road ... send back all my wounded and worthless, and, with my effective army, move through Georgia, smashing things to the sea." On October 11, Grant gave permission for the march, and on November 2nd, he telegraphed Sherman at Rome: "I do not really see that you can withdraw from where you are to follow Hood without giving up all we have gained in territory. I say, then, go as you propose."
Sherman moved his army back to Atlanta; sent the vast army store that he had collected at Atlanta, which he could not take with him, as well as his wounded, to Chattanooga, destroyed the railroad, also the machine shops at Rome, and on November 12th, deliberately cut himself off from all communications with the Northern States, by severing the telegraph lines.
For the next two days all was astir in Atlanta. The great depot, round-house and machine shops were destroyed. Walls were battered down; chimneys pulled over; machinery smashed to pieces, and boilers punched full of holes. Heaps of rubbish covered the spots where fine buildings had stood, and on the night of November 15th, the torch was applied.
Only the commanders of the wings and Kilpatrick were entrusted with the secret of Sherman's intentions. But even Sherman was not fully decided as to his objective-Savannah, Georgia, or Port Royal, South Carolina, until well on the march.
Howard led his wing to Gordon by way of McDonough as if to threaten Macon, while Slocum proceeded to Covington and Madison, with Milledgeville as his goal. General Sherman accompanying first one corps of his army, then another.
The night of November 22nd, Sherman spent in the home of General Cobb, who had been a member of the United States Congress and of Buchanan's Cabinet. Thousands of soldiers encamped that night on Cobb's plantation, using his fences for camp fire fuel. By Sherman's order, everything on the plantation movable or destructible was carried away the next day or destroyed.
On the whole, the great march was but little disturbed by the Confederates. The Georgia militia, probably ten thousand in all, did what they could to defend

their homes and their fir~sides; but their endeavors were futile against the vast hosts that were sweeping through the country.
The great army kept on its way by various routes, leaving a swath of destruction, from forty to sixty miles wide, in its wake. All public buildings that might have a military use were burned, with a great number of private dwellings and barns, some by accident, others wantonly. This fertile and prosperous region, after the army had passed, was a scene of ruin and desolation.
Day by day Sherman issued orders for the progress of the wings, but on December 2nd they contained the decisive words, "Savannah." What a tempting prize was this fine Southern city, and how the Northern commander would add to his laurels could he effect its capture! The memories clinging about the historic old town, with its beautiful parks and its magnolia-lined streets, are part of the inheritance of not only the South, but of all America. Here Oglethorpe had bartered with the wild men of the forest, and here, in the days of the Revolution, Count Pulaski and Sergeant Jasper had given up their lives in the cause of liberty.
Sherman had set his heart on capturing Savannah; but on December 15 th, he received a letter from Grant which greatly disturbed him. Grant ordered him to leave his artillery and cavalry, with infantry enough to support them, and with the remainder of his army to come by sea to Virginia and join forces before Richmond. Sherman prepared to obey, but hoped that he would be able to capture the city before the transports would be ready to carry him northward.
GENERAL LEE'S FAREWELL ADDRESS
Headquarters Army of Northern Virginia
Appomattox C. H. April 10, 1865
GENERAL ORDER No.9. After four years of arduous service, marked by un-
surpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources. I need not tell the survivors of so many hard-fought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to this result from no distrust of them; but, feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish nothing that could compensate for the loss that would have attended the continuation of the contest. I have determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen. By the terms of the agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and remain there until exchanged.
You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a merciful God may extend to you his blessings and protection.
\'Vith an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration of myself, I bid you an affectionate farewell.
ROBERT E. LEE, General.

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THE HEROES IN GRAY

I

THE GATE CITY GUARD
From Chronicles of the Old Guard

T HE Gate City Guard was first organized on the 8th of January, 1857, at Atlanta, Georgia, and was named after the City of Atlanta, which bore

the cognomen, "Gate City."

The first place of meeting was in a room over a bank

building, located on the corner of what is now Wall

and Peachtree Streets, then belonging to the Georgia

Railroad and Banking Company. The election of offi-

cers resulted as follows:

THE ORGANIZERS

George Harvey Thompson

Captain

William 1. Ezzard

First Lieutenant

S. W. JoneL

Senior Second Lieutenant

John H. Lovejoy

Junior Second Lieutenant

Daniel Pitman

Secretary and Treasurer

M. O. Markham, J. Edgar Thompson

Markers

PRIVATES
Marginius A. Bell, David W. Brown, J. M. Black-

well, A. J. Buchanan, G. W. Burr, M. . Bartlett,

Thomas M. Beaumont, E. A. Center, Nath Center, A. G.
Chisolm, J. 1. Crenshaw, R. W. Craven, W. B. Cox, J. 1. Cutting, P. N. Calhoun, D. H. Connally, Philip

Dodd, Vines Fish, F. S. Fitch, R. A. Fife, T. P. Fleming,

F. W. Farrar, John Ficken, H. H. Glenn, Henry Gul-

latt, Zach Gatewood, Elias Holcombe, C. R. Hanleiter,

W. G. Herndon, Albert Howell, F. E. Hensof.l, John

Haslett, C. A. Harralson, W. H. Hulsey, R. O. Haynes,

1. 1. Jones, Warren Jourdan, T. C. Jackson, Marion

John T. LewiL Wilson J. Ballard Willis P. Chisolm J. H. PurteL Thomas M. Clark James E. ButleL Ed Holland
Joseph Thompson, Jr. Dr. James F. AlexandeL

THE OLD GUARD

Ordnance Sergeant Second Sergeant Third Sergeant Fourth Sergeant First Corporal Second Corporal Third Corporal
Fourth Corporal Surgeon

Jackson, James F. Jackson, James H. Johnson, Peter F.
Jones, Harry Krouse, O. G. Kile, J. J. King, Austin
Leyden, James W. Loyd, James M. Love, William Mims,
R. F. Maddox, H. A. Mitchell, N. A. McLendon, John
McLendon, James H. Neal, A. J. Orme, David Prince, C. A. Stone, P. M. Sitton, W. J. Tanner, Joe B. Tanner,
Robert Winship, George Winship, Frank Watkins, David
Young, W. F. Peck.
The membership was representative of the best ele-

-25-

IN MEMORY OF

ment of Atlanta's citizenship. The uniform of the company was a remarkably brilliant one, being dark blue, with dark epaulettes - and trimmings, edged with gold. The hat was a black French shako, with drooping white plume. The service uniform was gray. The company, even in those ante-bellum times, was well drilled, and noted for its proficiency in the manual of arms and company movements, and was the favorite corps of gala festivities.
All was harmony until the close of 1860-61. There was a marked division among the people of Georgia on the question of secession from the Federal Union. Some of the State's most illustrious men firmly opposed it up to and during the sittings of the Milledgeville Convention, which adopted the fateful ordinance of withdrawal from the Union. It was but natural that there should be some discussion in the Gate City Guard upon the momentous issue. (A test of the question arose among them out of the proposition to hoist the United States flag over the armory. There was a warm, if not angry discussion of the question, and the decision was averse to the banner of the Union. The State flag was unfurled.) It being thought probable about this time, that Governor Joseph E. Brown would accept troops for active service, a vote was proposed to be taken as to whether the Guard would volunteer. Preceding the ballot the flag issue was again raised, and was bitterly debated. Some members refused to remain longer in the company if the Stars and Stripes were not used. A temporary adjournment was resorted to in hopes of uniting all the members, but no agreement could be reached, and nearly half of the members resigned, including one or two commissioned officers. At the next meeting the resignations were accepted. A paper was passed for the signatures of those who were willing to volunteer for active service, and forty-six members signed at once. The remainder declined. The fortysix who signed decided to invite volunteers to join them, and in a few days the forty-six had grown to about eighty. Then the company met and elected the following officers:
G. H. Thompson, Captain (afterwards Major of 1st Regiment); W. L. Ezzard, First Lieutenant; H. M. Wylie, Second Lieutenant; C. A. Stone, Third Lieutenant; A. Leyden, Ensign; T. C. Jackson, Orderly Sergeant; Peter F. Jones, Second Sergeant; A. G. Chisolm, Third Sergeant; William Mims, Fourth Sergeant; P. M. Sitton, Fifth Sergeant; A. J. Orme, First Corporal; Albert Howell, Second Corporal; Joseph Thompson, Jr., Third Corporal; Harry Krouse, Fourth Corporal; Dr. W. F. Westmoreland, Surgeon.
The privates seem to have been the following: Alton Angier, Ed Atkinson, James Barnes, William Barnes, Dave Brown, M. D. Bass, A. E. Brooks, Charles Barrett, James Crockett, J. L. Crenshaw, Warren Jourdan, William W. Johnson, James Loyd, James Love, W. M. Leatherwood, Charles Latimer, Jep. N. Langston, Joe Montgomery, H. A. Mitchell, Robert J. Mitchell, William L. Corley, Dave Connally, Tom R. Clingham, Ed A. Center, Nath Center, Richard Craven, Philip Dodd, Thomas M. Darnell, Albert Dudley, Joe Eddleman, Vines Fish, Robert Farris, M. Friedenthall, Frank

Farrar, J. H. Furcrum, Robert Fife, Henry Gullatt,
Dave S. Guard, Adolphus Gant, Zack Gatewood, John A. Hill, F. Henson, R. O. Haynes, G. A. Loftin, Joe Harrison, Richard Hammond, Nat. M. Mangum, Thomas Moon, Seab Ozburn, W. F. Peck, W. H. Ozburn, John Pilsbury, M. Rote, J. L. Rodgers, Zack Smith, Alf Suttle, G. A. Strick, James Stokes, John Sanders, Jesse Thornton, W. J. Tanner, Gus Tomilson, James Turner, Stephen Turner, Hiram Wing, Marcus V. Wood, M. Witgenstein, Charles Wallace, David
Young, Mike White, John Warwick, J. J. King, W. R.
Key, David Prince, F. S. Fitch, J. Furguson, C. A.
Haralson, Marshall Hibler, Ed Hill, William H. Joiner,
L. L. Jones, Marion Jackson, James H. Johnston, J. M. Blackwell, Robert Badger, John Bankston, J. c. Barrett, William Connally, J. C. Connally.
The Governor accepted the offer of the company's services, and ordered them to hold themselves in readiness for active duty, and on March 18, 1861, orders came to rendezvous at Macon, on April 1, 1861.
On arriving at Macon, the company was ordered to camp in the fair grounds below the city. All companies having arrived, the First Regiment of Georgia Volunteers was organized on the 16th of the month. They were ordered to Pensacola, Florida.
While in camp at Macon, Governor Brown ordered that we should give up to the State their fine Springfield rifled muskets, and take the old smooth-bore muskets. This created much indignation and the fine guns were shipped secretly to Atlanta and concealed. The company accepted the old muskets, and kept them until their return to Atlanta from Pensacola.
The First Regiment was ordered to leave Florida and proceed to Virginia about the 1st of June, 1861. Passing through Atlanta they gathered some recruits, and exchanged their old muskets for their Springfields. "Probably, if they had been more e~perienced soldiers," says the historian in the "Cartridge Box," they would not have been so anxious to take the long-range rifles when the rest of the regiment had short-range guns; for when there was any skirmishing or sharp-shooting to be done, the Gate City Guard rifles were ordered to do it, as they were more on an equality with the Federals.
History shows the Gate City Guards participating in many of the important battles of the war.
The Gate City Guard was reorganized in 1870 by many of the old members, and with younger men made a full company. Major Austin Leyden, of the old company, was elected Captain; W. H. Wooten, First Lieutenant; W. W. Austell, Drill Sergeant. After organizing it was found that under the Federal statutes, no State military organizations were allowed or recognized. The company continued to exist in this condition until July, 1876, when it was reorganized, permanently, with
the following officers: Austin Leyden, Captain;T. J.
Dabney, First Lieutenant; W. R. Biggers, Second Lieutenant; John W. Butler, Junior Second Lieutenant.
Major W. M. Camp, District Superintendent of the Pullman Company, with headquarters in Atlanta, has been Commander of the Old Guards Battalion for the past four years, and has extended many courtesies to the old Confederate Veterans.

-26-

THE HEROES IN GRAY
THE CONFEDERATE MONUMENT, AUGUSTA, GEORGIA
T HIS beautiful shaft, 80 feet high, is pronounced by artists and competent critics as one of the most beautiful memorials in America. It was erected by the Ladies' Memorial Association, of Augusta, the cornerstone being laid in October, 1878-just fifty years ago.
Surmounting the monument is a life-sized figure of Sergeant Berry Benson, deceased, of Augusta, while on the four corners of the first section, above the base are figures of General Robert E. Lee, and Gen. T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson, representing the Confederacy, as a nation, and Gen. Thomas R. R. Cobb, representing the state of Georgia, and Gen. William H. T. Walker, representing Richmond county.
Gen. Clement A. Evans, famous Georgian, who was a noted Oonfederate leader, took a leading part in laying the cornerstone. A verse, declared exceptionally impressive, was inscribed on the monument, which reads:
"No nation rose so white and fair; N one fell so pure of crime:'
-27-

IN MEMORY OF

THE SECESSION FOUNDED ON LEGAL RIGHT

By E. W. R. Ewing, A.M., LL.B., LLD., Historian-in-Chief, S. C. V.

S ECESSION rested upon fundamental law. The which it at least sought to become and for a time was secession from the United States by the several de facto independent of the United States, out of the States of the South in 1861, which led to the war Union, just as each colony became by revolution inde-

between the Confederacy and the Federal Government pendent of and out of the British Empire back in 1776.

aided by the remaining States, was within constitu- Mr. Lincoln, who was at the time, as President, the

tional right found in that governmental instrument, the chief executive of the United States, took the position

Constitution of the United States. That secession was that no State could withdraw and become completely

the extreme means, in the sense that the right of revo- independent. So as the Southern States one by one

lution as such means is sometimes justified, for the pur- persisted in the secession course Mr. Lincoln sent Fed-

pose of preserving the sacredness and blessings of writ- eral troops into the South to re-establish where broken

ten constitutional government, and for these purposes and to maintain Federal authority-not to free the

only.

slaves or affect in the least slavery. To resist this in-

Now brush .he cobwebs and preconceived notions vasion by armed force the seceding States raised troops

from (he mental vision and let us measure by the stern- to defend the newly asserted independence, just as the

est logic and the strictest of universally recognized colonies did back in 1776 with regard to Great Bri-

rules these sweeping premises, standards of conduct for tain, the Southern States organizing in the meantime

which our fathers fought and for which many gave a central government known as the Confederate States

their lives and for which our mothers made the most of America. Thus the war came on apace.

supreme sacrifices.

Then since secession was either a withdrawal or an

First, then, exactly what do we mean by secession? effort to withdraw from the Union, to become com-

We are to examine specific conduct, not the mere aca- pletely independent of the government of the United

demic definition of the word secession. The question States, our first inquiry must be: What is the rela-

before us is: \'V'hat is meant by the secession of cer- tion of each state to the Union? In finding this rela-

tain States in the southern part of the United States tion we necessarily define the government of the United

in 1861?

States, also called the Federal Government.

For the purpose of finding the legal ground upon The first thing we discover, as just intimated, when

which those Southern States acted, it is immaterial we come to see exactly what the American Union is,

whether we regard the acts comprehended by the word when we really discern the universally acknowledged

secession in this connection as accomplished or at- fundamental of all fundamentals regarding its existence,

tempted secession, but it is interesting to recall that is that the Constitution is the one source of its power

those in the exercise of the chief functions of the Fed- and authority, the sole source of its vitality; and so out-

eral Government and a large part of Northern people side of or minus this Constitution there would be no

generally insisted in 1861 (contrary to prior Northern Union, no United States of America. This great, basal

doctrine and practice) that no Southern State could truth is one of the settled and established facts con-

secede, could get out of the Union; while for years cerning our American government.

later, after the South had worn out her swords and had broken her bayonets, and her brave boys were mostly asleep beneath the golden rods of the summer and the withering leaves of somber winter, the same pro-Union

In 1816, when Marshall, of Virginia, and Story, of Massachusetts, two great constitutional lawyers, members of the bench, the Supreme Court of the United States, the entire bench concurring, said:

people generally and the functionaries of the United States Government were sordid and cruel in holding that the seceding States were out of the Union and as sovereign and independent States ceased to functionate as units of the Union! So to avoid confusion of thought upon this point it may be assumed without fear of successful contradiction that the seceding States were at least de facto out of the Union. That a course of conduct does not reach its final goal is no evidence that it was not legally taken. So the secession here under consideration may be broadly and correctly defined as the act or acts of the Southern States, each exercising what we call its sovereign political powers, the purpose of which was to sever allegiance to and connection with the Union.
The Union was and yet is the relation between each State and a sovereignty known as the United States

"The government, then, of the United States can claim no powers which are not granted to it by the Constitution, and the powers actually granted must be such as are expressly given, or given by necessary implication." (1 Wheaton, U. S. Reports, 326.)
In 1906 Mr. Justice Brewer, speaking for the same high court, said: "As heretofore stated, the constant declaration of this court from the beginning is that this government (of the United States) is one of enumerated powers."
Then, as showing the place where that enumeration is found, the court in 1906 quoted with entire approval the words from the decision, as written by Story, of Massachusetts, in 1816, "the United States can claim no powers which are not granted to it by the Constitution."

(or Federal Government) which was created by and This fact, a most basal truth, is found not alone in

which exists bv the Constitution of the United States. the decisions of the courts; but it is the great principle Hence seces~ion was the act of a State as such by by which all departments of the Federal Government

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THE HERQE~IN.GRAY

are ad.qlittedly controlled. It is the practical fact in all the actIvities of the general government.
There is another similarly fundamental truth, practical fact: The United States Government does not enjoy spontaneous or original or inherent sovereignty; all of its sovereign powers are delegated. This fact is just as universally and as practically recognized as the other. "The government of the United States is one of delegated, limited, and enumerated powers," is one of the hundreds of statements of this truth repeated by the Supreme Court in case of the United States vs. Harris (106 U. S. Supreme Court Reports, 635.)
There is a dispute whether the States created the Federal Government, delegated to it powers it has, or whether it is the creature of the whole people of the United States acting as a great sovereign political unit. It appears to me, since the Constitution went from its framers back to the States, back to each separate State for its independent action, too clear for argument that it is the creature of the States, particularly since three-

fourths of the States had to approve it before it became operative and three-fourths may now amend it. (Constitution, Art. V.)
And all the more that this must be true when we recall at the formation of the Federal Government and before the ratification of the Constitution, "thirteen dependent colonies became thirteen independent States"; that is, in other words, before the ratification of the Constitution "each State had a right to govern itself by its own authority and its own laws, without any control by any other power on earth." (Ware vs. Hilton, 3 Dallas, 199; McIlvaine vs. Coxe, 4 Cranch, 212; Manchester vs. Mass., 139 U. S., 257; Johnson vs. McIntosh, 8 Wheaton, 395; Shivley vs. Bowlby, 152 U. S. 14). But we need not stop to debate this question here or let it bother us in considering secession. At the time of secession we had a certain kind of government, the same we have now, in fact; and however it was created we know that the universally admitted facts are that the Federal Government gets its vital

THE ORIGINAL SOLDIERS' HOME
The accompanying picture is of the first Confederate Soldiers' Home, which occupied the same site as the present Home. It had been occupied a short time when on September 30, 1901, it was burned to the ground.

IN MEMORY OF

breath from the Constitution; that all its powers are enumerated in that Constitution and are delegated through it.
Regardless of from whom or from what delegated, this fact of the delegation from some other completely sovereign power is an important one in considering secession. Many errors have been made by confusing the powers of the United States as they might be under the general nature of sovereignty with what they really are under the limited and delegated sovereignty it really has. "The government of the United States has no inherent common law prerogative and it has no power to interfere in the personal or social relations of citizens by virtue of authority deducible from the general nature of sovereignty," as a recognized law authority correctly states the actual, practical and accepted fact. (39 Cyc. 694).
Then, the United States being a government of limited powers, lacking any power over many subjects which must be controlled or produce chaotic confusion, it follows that the powers or sovereignty wherein the United States is limited, which were never entrusted to it, must rest somewhere. As summarized by a leading law authority, deduced from universally admitted decisions, here is full government in America:
"The powers of sovereignty in the United States are divided between the government of the Union and those of the States. They are each sovereign with respect to the objects committed to it, and neither sovereign with respect to the objects committed to the other." (26 Ruling Case Law, 1417.)
Here is the same truth in the language of justices of the supreme court of Massachusetts:
"It was a bold, wise and successful attempt to place people under two distinct governments, each sovereign and independent within its own sphere of action, and dividing the jurisdiction between them, not by territorial limits, and not by the relation of superior and subordinate, but by classifying the subjects of government and designating those over which each has entire and independent jurisdiction." (14 Gray, Mass. Reports, 616.)
In 1904 the Supreme Court of the United States stated same fact in these words:
"In this republic there is a dual system of government, National and State, and each within its own domain is suprem~." (Matter of Heff, 197 U. S. 505.)
In an opinion written for the court by Justice Day, of Ohio, the same high court in 1917 said:
"The maintenance of the authority of the States over matters purely local is as essential to the preservation of our institutions as is the conservation of the supremacy of the Federal power in all matters entrusted to the Nation by the Federal Constitution.
"In interpreting the Constitution it must never be forgotten that the Nation is made up of States to which are entrusted the powers of local government. And to them and to the people the powers not expressly delegated to the National Government are reserved. The power of the States to regulate their purely internal affairs by such laws as seem wise to the local authority is inherent and has never been surrendered to the general

government." (Hammer vs. Dagenhart, 247 U. S. 275.)
Then, it is clear and certain, the Union is one of States-States each of which is as absolutelv and independently sovereign with reference to the' objects or affairs not committed to the government of the United States with reference to the specific, delegated and enumerated objects and affairs within its jurisdiction solely and by virtue of the Constitution. And don't forget the distinction: the sovereignty of the United States is delegated; that of each State is inherent. Hence, some light upon the sovereignty of the States may rightly be had from a consideration of the nature of sovereignty in general.
These all-important facts were well understood and recognized by the seceding States in 1861. The war of 1861 to 1865 did not change the nature of our government or abate in the least the dignity of the inherent sovereignty of each State. Over and again the Supreme Court of the United States finds it necessary to emphasize this truth. Many persons are under the erroneous impression that in any and all cases of unreconcilable conflict between the United States and a State over any and all subjects the decision and action of the United States becomes the supreme law of the land. Nay, not so, as the above evidence proves to any open mind. And I earnestly desire that particularly our young men and women of the South will bear this governmental fact in mind when considering the secession by Southern States in 1861. And this, too, by all means:
Each State has a most vital attribute the United States has not under the law of the Constitution. "W'ithout the States or in case of an ignored or otherwise abrogated Constitution, the United States as a government, the Union, ceases to exist. On the other hand, in the words of the supreme court in 1868 when there certainly were no pro-secessionists on the bench:
"The people of each State compose a State, having its own government and endowed with all the functions essential to separate and independent existence." (Lane County vs. Oregon, 7 Wallace, 71; Texas vs. White, Id. 725; Pollock vs. Farmers', etc., 157 U. S. 560; N. B. Co. vs. U. S., 193 U. S. 348.)
There you are! Don't start to quarrel as to who or what created this situation, this peculiar and dual government, this distinctively American government. These definitions and illustrations state it as it was as soon as the Constitution superseded the Articles of Confederation, as it was at secession, as it is. The results of the war for the independence of the Confederacy somewhat dulled the usual conception of the reality, of the dignity, of the real nature of State sovereignty; and my earnest hope is that we shall from now on swing back to the true grasp of what the American States each is, to that universal understanding which the States had when the Constitution was adopted, for all, again it must be remembered that greatest instrument is construed in the light of the contemporaneous history and existing history and existing conditions at its formation and adoption. "That which it meant when adopted it means now," said the Supreme Court

-30-

THE HEROES IN GRAY

in Scott vs. Sanford, 19 Howard, 426, a rule followed universally. (See, among many, Missouri vs. Illinois, 180 U. S. 219; In ore Debts, 158 U. S. 591; S. C. vs. U. S., 199, U. S. 450.)
ow, aside from its practical bearing upon the problems which arise today and those which will press for solution tomorrow, here is the bearing of all this upon the historical interpretation of secession: If the delegated powers of the Federal Government are perverted by those exercising them, or misused or non-used, or powers not granted are assumed, persistently, endangering the domestic peace of a State, and this condition is backed and encouraged by a great bulk of opinion in other States and aided and abetted by laws of those other States, what is to be done by the suffering State? What would have been the answer to this question by any State, North or South, at the formation of the United States?
Meet the issue squarely. Grant that such a cond.ition has arisen, where are we? Such a condition existing, there remain the sovereign powers of the State, the admittedly undelegated and inherent sovereignty, having all the machinery of local government adequate when not thus obstructed for the protection of the domestic peace, for the defense of the property and lives of its

CltlZenS, endowed with all the functions essential to separate and independent existence, and thus equipped, thus endowed, mind you, under and pursuant to the Constitution, according to the fundamental law. Fundamental law because constitutionally recognized and guaranteed, notwithstanding the inherent and reserved powers of each State are not derived from the Constitution. In the light of the contemporaneous history and existing conditions, to this question what would have been the answer of the people of any State when they insisted at latif1.cation upon and obtained the Tenth Amendment: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to that State, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
The answer must be that each State would have said that thus guarded the Constitution left to it, in the event of the conditions which I have assumed, the right to defend the admitted inherent sovereignty by any means adequate for that purpose. "The Constitution is a written instrument. As such its meaning does not alter. That it meant when adopted it means now." "The Constitution is to be interpreted by what was the condition of the parties to it when it was formed, by their objects and purposes in forming it, and by the

Hospita.l at Georgia Confederate Soldiers' Home -31-

Photo by Lane Bros.

IN MEMORY OF

actual recognition in it of the dissimilar institutions of the States."
There is another fundamental rule followed in the interpretation of the Constitution, and that is that light is found in declarations by the States when ratifying that instrument, in imparting to the United States the breath of life which it would never have had but for the action of three-fourths of the States concerned. So also we go to the debates of the ratifying conventions and "to the views of those who adopted the Constitution" and get all the light possible from contemporaneous history and existing conditions. (For leading authorities see 4 Ency. U. S. Court Reports, pages 36 and 41.) One great mistake too many make in examining the legal justification of secession is to see it too exclusively in the light of today and under brighter conditions subsequent to that war. Such an error is fatal to a just estimate of secession. The question is: Did the States think they were getting into "an entangling alliance" from which, come whatever woe might befall, they could not withdraw? Do the light from ratifying conventions, the views of those who ratified the Constitution, and the weight of contemporary history indicate that the States meant forever to surrender for whatever domestic evil might result some of their most important attributes of sovereignty? I don't see how any open minded and sincere mind can in the light of the great bulk of the evidence upon these questions relating to the formation and vitalization of the United States believe that under any interpretation of the Constitution that instrument was meant to take from the States or from a State forever the invaluable right of resuming the delegated sovereignty when in the wisdom of the people of a State such resumption (that is, secession) appeared necessary for domestic peace and to protect and make effective the undelegated sovereignty. Mr. Justice Catron, of the Supreme Court of the United States, quoting from the famous Federalist "in favor of State power," said:
"These remarks were made to quiet the fears of the people and to clear up doubts on the meaning of the Constitution then before them for adoption by the State convention." (License Cases, 5 Howard, 607.)
The great bulk of the people of the several then totally independent States were afraid of the centralized power about to be loaned to the United States government; and the right to resume the delegated powers should the experiment become unhappy was the great reason which brought the States to embark upon the venture. They were sure they had fixed the fundamental documents 50 that they might legally, constitutionally and morally rightly get out if any State so desired. Some of the ratifying conventions sought to make assurance doubly sure, Virginia, for instance, interpreting the Constitution as part of her ratification, said:
"The powers granted under the Constitution may be resumed by the people" "whenever the same shall be perverted to their injury or oppression."
New York, followed by Rhode Island, as part of the res gestae, with reference to the powers delegated to the Federal Government, said that "the powers of government may be resumed by the people whenever it shall become necessary to their happiness."

Applying with such evidence a proper reasoning deducible from the general nature of sovereignty, it follows that the existence of a sovereignty "endowed with all the functions essential to separate and independent existence" must have the attribute of self-defense. That is not sovereignty which has not the right of self-preservation. Sovereignty without the right of self-determined existence is unthinkable. Sovereignty must be dignified by all that the word implies. "As men whose intentions require no concealment generally employ the words which most directly and aptly express the ideas they intend to convey, the enlightened patriots who framed our Constitution, and the people who adopted it, must be understood to have intended what they have said," correctly said Chief Justice Marshall in Gibbons vs. Ogden (9 Wheaton, 188. See also Kidd vs. Pearson, 128 U. S. 20; McPherson vs. Blacker, 146 U. S. 36; Hodges vs. U. S., 203 U. S. 16.) There can be no such thing as limited sovereignty. There is a division of sovereign powers; and that is the condition under and by virtue of the Constitution in this country. But sovereignty is a self-explanatory word and meant at secession exactly what it meant at the adoption ot the Constitution.
Shortly before leaving the bench in 1915 Mr. Justice Hughes of New York prepared the opinion in Kennedy vs. Becker (241 U. S. 563). As thus prepared this opinion was subsequently adopted and delivered by Chief Justice White ,1S the unanimous opinion of the Supreme Court. Concerning the power of the State of New York to control lands which were the subject of a treaty between Robert Morris and the Seneca Nation of Indians in 1797, the court says:
"But the existence of the sovereignty of the State was well understood, and this conception involved all that was necessarily implied in that sovereignty, whether appreciated or not."
Upon that impregnable position stood each seceding State in 1861.
In the South we are coming too much to whisper that "our fathers did their duty as they saw it." We should be calling to the world from the housetop that our Confederate fathers were right. For historical truth we should speak in no uncertain terms in the schools, should sound the facts in trumpet blasts wherever the subject is under consideration; we should let the world know that we know that those fathers are entitled to as much glory for their defense of their wives, their mothers, their children, the domestic peace of their States by wielding the inherent sovereignty to recall the delegated and misused sovereignty, as in the defense of that delegated sovereignty against a European foe, a defence which the South rendered gladly in our war with Spain, for which the right of local self-government might not perish from the earth; "to insure domestic tranquillity" -one of the five reasons assigned in the preamble as the grounds for the establishment of the Constitution of the United States-to better safeguard the lives of the women and children of the South; to avert a destruction of some of the State's most important inherent powers of sovereignty-in short, to escape imminent disaster involving the most vital and basal human rights, the seceding States faced one or two courses of action,

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THE HEROES IN GRAY

short of the most servile submission to the greatest wrongs: they must .either withdraw from the Union; or, remaining in the Union resort to armed force against Northern States and the Federal Government. But the situation at that day can be best appreciated when we consider the constitutional facts here briefly outlined in the immediate light of what constituted the imminent disaster, the ominous peril which shrouded the South in increasing gloom. There is not space here, unfortunately, to discuss those powerful causes of that secession. Those causes are too inadequately presented in text-books and too little taught even in the South. The production of this work, however, by the Sons of

Confederate Veterans is one among other happy signs of a revival in the interest of historical truth. The truth and the whole truth, is the battle cry of the great organization of which I have the honor to be Historian-in-Chief-a cry uttered from the soul of sincerity and without the least thought or purpose of animosity or bitterness. In the interest of history, for we do teach the children something about the great war which followed secession, and to be just to our Confederate fathers we must have a fuller grasp of the fundamental legal grounds of secession and of the weighty causes which moved the South-not that she
(Continued on page 59)

THE STONE MOUNTAIN MEMORIAL
As It Will Appear When Completed
General Lee and "Traveler," his famous horse, which he rode throughout the War Between the States, were unveiled April 9th, 1928. The outlines of horse and rider are fully revealed on Stone Mountain.
From the heads of the riders to the feet of the horses, these figures will be as high as a ten-story building. The famous Lion of Lucerne could be placed in the crook of General Lee's arm and would hardly be visible from the foot of the mountain without glasses. The sword of General Lee from the bottom edge of his saddle blankets to the tip of the sword would weigh, if detached from the mountain, fifty tons.

I MEMORY OF

HISTORY OF THE HOME

0 1 a beautiful sloping hill, just outside of the incorporated limits of the city of Atlanta, there, surrounded by wide-spreading lawns, with forests, oaks, shrubbery and flowers, and on a site sufficiently high to command a splendid view of our beloved city, is situated the Georgia Confederate Soldiers' Home.
Love and deep gratitude to the men who so valiantly defended our Southland, and who gave their all in so doing, prompted the people of Georgia to provide this home, which would offer to our veterans comfort, protec~ion and love.
An interesting bit of history of the manner in which the Georgia Confederate Sold\ers' Jiome had its inception is given by Donald M. Bain, one of the first trustees of the Home, who also helped to select the site of the Home. Mr. Bain remained one of the trustees until the State of Georgia agreed to provide for the maintenance of the Home and have a Board of Trustees appointed by the Governor of the State for the purpose of supervising it.
Mr. Bain says: "As the records of the early history of the Confederate Soldiers' Home of Georgia are lost or misplaced, and as I am so familiar with all the de-

tails of the establishment of the Home, I am glad to answer your request for a general outline of the purchase of the land and the erection of the first building.
"Major Stewart went north to solicit funds for a Home for ex-Confederate veterans in Texas; and, when he met poor response, Mr. Henry Grady, in an article in the Atlanta Constitution (of which he was editor), called him home, and began the subscriptions for a home in Georgia with a thousand-dollar subscription from the Constitution. To this fund was added subscriptions for equal and smaller amounts from friends and those who sympathized with the purpose of providing a home for ex-Confederates of Georgia. No appropriation was made by the State, nor was any subscription made by any organization in the State."
A tract of 119% acres was purchased, and a beautiful home erected on the site. This had only been occupied a short time when, on September 30, 1901, it was destroyed by fire, as was practically the entire contents. The inmates escaped uninjured, and were temporarily housed at the Thompson Hotel, on Marietta Street, in Atlanta.
Plan were immediately made by the trustees for re-

The Present Georgia Confederate Soldiers' Home -34-

Photo hy l.:l.IlC Bros.

THE HEROES IN GRAY

building. Colonial style of architecture being submitted by Messrs. Bruce & Morgan, and accepted, substituting brick veneer walls instead of wood. February 22, 1902, the contract for its erection was let to Angus McGilvary and Samuel H. Ogletree. August 26, 1902, it was completed and accepted by the building committee. The Home contains 68 rooms, providing besides the bedrooms, a living room, chapel, library, superintendent's office, dining hall, kitchen, pantry, storage rooms, etc.
Rebuilding of the Home and refinishing it throughout with new and substantial furniture and fixtures was done without cost to the State. Insurance collected

from the burning of the first building was supplemented by generous and liberal contributions from individuals and patriotic citizens, and enabled the Board to rebuild, equip and open the new Home without asking one dollar of the State, except the insurance money which had been turned into the treasury soon after the burning.
September 24, 1902, the Home was formally opened with appropriate exercises in the presence of a large assembly of people. A hospital, equipped with every modern convenience, with trained nurses and skilled physicians was added some time later.

Major W. E. McAllister, Superintendent, Georgia Confederate Soldiers' Home
-35-

GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA

COLONIAL, PROVINCIAL, PROVISIONAL AND STATE FROM 1732 TO 1928

Jarries Edward Oglethorpe

.

Feb. 12, 1732-1743

Williams StephenL Henry Parker (Acting Governor) John Reynolds

-----------July 11, 1743-1751 Apr. 8, 1751-1754 Oct. 31, 1754-1757

Henry ElliL

~

James Wrighc

Feb. 16, 1757-17(.0 Oct. 31, 1760-1776

Archibald Bullock (President of Executive Council) Button Gwinnett (President of Executive Council) John A. Treutlen John Houston

Jan. 22, 1776-1777 Mar. 4, 1777-1777 May 8, 1777-1778 Jan. 10, 1778-1778

John Wereat (President of Executive Council) . George Walton

Aug. 6, 1778-1779 Jan. --, 1779-1780

Richard Howley

---__Jan. 4, 1780-1781

Stephen Heard (President of Executive Council) Nathan Brownson John Martin
Lyman HaIL John Houston

Feb. 18, 1781-1781 Aug. 18, 1781-1782 Jan. 3, 1782-1783
Jan. 8, 1783-1784 ------Jan. 9, 1784-1785

Samuel Elberc

Jan. 7, 1785-178 6

Edward Telfair

Jan. 9, 1786-1787

George MathewL George Handly George Walton

._--------------------Jan. 9, 1787-1788 Jan. 26, 1788-1789 Jan. 7, 1789-1790

Edward Telfair George MathewL Jared Irwin James Jackson

...

Nov. 9, 1790-1793

Nov. 7, 1793 -179 (,

Jan. 15, 1796-1798

Jan. 12, 1798-1801

David Emanuel (President of Senate) Josiah Tattnall, Jr.

Mar. 3, 1801-1801 Nov. 7, 1801-1802

John Milledge Jared Irwin (President of Senate)

N ov. 4, 1802-1806 Sept. 23, 1806-1809

David B. MitcheIL Peter Early David B. MitchelL

Nov. 10, 1809-1813 Nov. 5, 1813 -1815 Nov. 10, 1815-1817

William Rabun (President of Senate)

...

Mar. 4, 1817-1819

Matthew Talbot (President of Senate) John Clark
George M. Troup

Oct. 24, 1819-1819 Nov. 5, 1819-1823
Nov. 7, 1823-1827

John Forsyth

.

George R. GilmeL

...

Nov. 7, 1827-1829 Nov. 4, 1829-1831

Wilson Lumpkin William Schley

Nov. 9, 1831-1835 Nov. 4, 1835 -18 37

George R. GilmeL

Charles J. McDonald

.

Nov. 8, 1837-1839 Nov. 6, 1839-1843

George VV. Crawford

Nov. 8, 1843-1847

George W. Townslfowell Cobb

Nov. 3, 1847-1851 Nov. 5, 1851-185~

lferschel V. Johnson

.

Joseph E. Brown

Nov. 9, 1853 -18 57 Nov. 6, 1857-1865

James Johnson (Provisional)

Charles J. Jenkins-

.

June 17, 1865-1865 Dec. 14, 1865-1868

General T. H. Ruger (U. S. A. Military) Rufus E. Bullock (Provisional) --

Jan. 13, 1868-1868 July 4, 1868-1868

Rufus E. Bullock (Reconstruction)

July 21, 1868-1871.

Benjamin Conley (Reconstruction, President of Senate) James M. Smith-
Alfred H. ColquitL

Oct. 30, 1871-1872 Jan. 12, 1872-1877
Jan. 12, 1877-1882

Alexander H. StephenL

.

Nov. 4, 1882-1883

James S. Boynton (President of Senate)
Henry D. McDanieL
John B. Gordon
William J. Northen

Mar. 5, 1883-1881 May 10, 1883 -18 86 Nov. 4, 1886-1890 Nov. 8, 1890-1894

William Y. Atkinson Allen D. CandleL Joseph M. Terrell

Oct. 27, 1894-1898 Oct. 29, 1898-1902 Oct. 25, 1902-1907

Hoke Smith Joseph M. Brown

---------------June 29, 1907-1909 June 26, 1909-1911

Hoke Smith John M. Slaton (President of Senate) Joseph M. Brown John M. Slaton

--------------July 1, 1911-1911 Nov. 16, 1911-1912 Jan. 25, 1912-1913 June 28, 1913-1915

Nathaniel E. Harris-

.

lfugh 11. Dorsey

--

June 26, 1915-1917

June 30, 1917-1921

Thomas William HardwicL Clifford Walker
L. G. lfardman

June 25, 1921-1923 June 30, 1923-1927
June 25, 1927-

First row, bottom, left to right-Mrs. H. W. Wooding, Mrs. P. W. Divver, J. P. Florence, Major W. E. McAllister, Supt., Samuel J. Bell,
Sec'y, Mrs. Viola Finch, Mrs. Ella Roberts, G. W. Walker.
Second row-H. C. Thomason, D. C. Winn, W. S. Parish, A. B. Strawn, N. J. Walker, A. J. Hughes, S. A. Freeman, F. J. Inzer, E. C. Hicks, Benjamin Beach, J. M. Jordan, T. R. White, P. W. Dunman.
Third row-So J. Henderson, J. C. Dodgen, C. G. Bond, J. J. Tolbert, A. H. Winn, R. C. Presley, J. W. Bolton, (a visitor), W. B. Strickland, J. J. Camp, D. W. Ricks, J. T. Norman, J. A. Blount, J. R. Jordan, G. W. Russell.

MEMORY OF

Dr. James W. (Wildcat) Carter was traded by General Sterling Price to General N. B. Forrest for five private soldiers and two mules shortly before the close of the War Between the States.
Wildcat, derived from the Indian word "Erekeus," which translated is "Wildcat," was born in Ridge Valley, now the city of Rome, Georgia, in 1810. He lived to be 107 years old and until his death practiced medicine in Montgomery, Alabama.
He is remembered distinctly for his services with General N. B. Forrest's famous band of scouts that ravaged the Federal forces during the Civil War.
His father was a Frenchman and his mother a fullblooded Cherokee Indian. Wildcat demonstrated the greater traits inherited from his parents. When he was 12 years of age, his family engaged with the whit.e man in the only war between the Cherokees and Whites near Coosewatie, the fork in the Chattahoochee where Rome is now located. The Cherokees waged war on their white brothers to drive them from the prolific hunting grounds in that section and, failing to drive the palefaces away, they found them friendly.
In 1835 Dr. Carter settled in Indian Territory but the war with Mexico drove him out in 1847. He fought with Sam Houston at San Jacinto, near Houston, Texas, and in 1861 enlisted in the Confederate Army under General Albert Pike and saw his first action in the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. He then joined General Sterling Price in his campaign through Missouri and returning down the Mississippi they met General Forrest, who traded the five men and two mules for the famous scout. General Forrest offered Wildcat a captain's commission but he refused.

DR. JAMES W. (WILDCAT) CARTER By MRS. ANITA LiNDSEY WEATHERS
D URING the Confederates' 33rd Reunion in New Orleans, Louisiana, it was my pleasure and privilege to entertain Major Wildcat Carter in our home in New Orleans. At that time he was 103 years old. He was born in 1810 and died at the age of 107 years.
For an old man, Dr. Carter had the keenest memory for present, as well as past events, that I have ever known. He was one of the most entertaining men that it has ever been my pleasure to meet. He had a keen sense of humor and enjoyed telling jokes on many prominent people that he had visited at various times during his long life.
He served General Forrest during the Civil War and told me that many times when food was scarce that he even went so far as to steal food for his beloved General-and at one time was severely reprimanded for stealing fodder for his horse, but when carried before Gen. Forrest was immediately forgiven-Gen. Forrest remarked "that a man who would not take care of his horse did not deserve to have one."

AN OLD CAMPAIGN STORY By R. deT. LAWRENCE, Marietta, Ga.
T HE relationship between the Lily Whites and the Negro Republicans reminds me of a story which I have frequently told but not seen in print. Gen. Malone aspired to the U. S. Senatorship from Virginia. As it was at the period immediately after the War Between the States, it was necessary for him to join the Republican party and get the negro votes. Whereupon his negro opponent made up the following story:
"General Malone started for heaven, walking, arrived at the gate, and was asked what he wanted. '1'0 get in,' he replied.
"'Riding or walking?' was the next question. "'Walking,' he replied. "'You can't get in,' he was told; 'only those riding can get in.' "Turning back, he met a negro walking, who said he also was on the quest of heaven. 'You can't get in,' General Malone told him, 'unless you are riding. Let me get on your back and we will both ride in.' To this the negro assented, and with Gen. Malone mounted on his back arrived at the gate to heaven, and asked to be let in. To the usual question, 'riding or walking,' General Malone was glad to answer, 'riding.' 'Hitch your horse outside and come in,' he was told. So the Lily White got in but the negro did not."

-38-

THE HEROES I GRAY

A TRIBUTE TO COL. R. deT. LAWRENCE

Bya Friend

T HE Confederate Soldiers' Home of Georgia is particularly fortunate in having for its Board of Trustees a group of men and women who are jealously anxious to outdo each other in striving to make the Home a real one to the remnant of the soldiers of the Southland.
At the head of the board is Col. R. deT. Lawrence, of Marietta, Georgia. There is no man to be found anywhere who has the welfare of the men entrusted to his care more at heart, who tries harder to make life pleasant and comfortable for them. For Col. Lawrence knows what his comrades went through in the War Between the States. His own experience as a member of the Confederate army expressed that indelibly in his mind.
At the beginning of hostilities in 1861 he was a student at the South Carolina College, at Columbia. He belonged to the college cadets, who offered their services to the Confederacy and were accepted by the Governor of South Carolina, being sent to Sullivan's Island, just out from Fort Sumter, to prevent the landing of Federal troops at that point. He was present when Fort Sumter was captured.
Returning to college, he enlisted for the war in Washington Light Infantry, afterwards Company B, 25th South Carolina Infantry. At the battle of Secessionville, S. C., the fighting was exceptionally fierce, and of the four men nearest Col. Lawrence in the battle line, three were killed outright, the fourth severely wounded, while his own jacket was ripped off on the right side by a minie ball.
He was elected by his company to the highest vacancy, that of third corporal. Soon after this promotion he was transferred to the Signal Corps, a particularly hazardous position, as the enemy sharpshooters were on the alert for members of this branch of the service above all others. In this service he was wounded in the left arm by a fragment of shell, which tore through his jacket. While on duty on Morris Island, Col. Lawrence and two comrades of the signal service were the last to leav~ the island when it was evacuated, the overwhelming numbers of the enerny forcing a nlove.
On the retreat from Charleston, compelled by Sherman's irresistible numbers, he joined Company A, ot the 5th South Carolina Cavalry, and was continually on the skirmish line as the Gray army was driven back steadily by overwhelming numbers to Raleigh, N. C. He was in General Johnston's division when that outfit surrendered at Greensboro, . C.
After the close of hostilities in 1865, Col. Lawrence was engaged in railroad bridge work, and for some years assisted in rebuilding bridges destroyed during the war.
Col. Lawrence has been much interested in the Stone Mountain Memorial, and commends Mr. Randolph on the progress made, under much opposition since the appointment of Mr. Lukeman as sculptor, and cODgrat-

Col. R. deT. Lawrence
President Board Trustees
ulates the Association in securing so capable a man as Mr. Willis to succeed Mr. Randolph as president.
Col. Lawrence wrote the resolution, unanimously passed at the Little Rock Reunion, recommending the stupendous enterprise to the assistance and cooperation of the whole country.
Col. Lawrence is the author of Meditations of an Octogenarian, an Essay on Political Economies, etc.
In all three branches of the service in which he took part, as a member of the Infantry, of the Signal Corps and of the Cavalry, he was in the thickest of the fighting, and endured the hardships of his comrades. He knows what fighting on almost no rations, ragged clothing, little sanitary regulations, with even hope ever diminishing by the steadily increasing superiority of the enemy, can do to a man.

-39-

IN MEMORY OF

The Hero of The Southern Confederacy
T HE hero of the Southern Confederacy in the Civil War is today respected and honored by all Americans. As a man and as a soldier he ranks with our greatest and best.
Born at Stratford, Virginia, January 19, 1807, Robert E. Lee was educated at West Point, graduating in 1829, and was commissioned second lieutenant of engineers and ass-igned to duty in Washington. The Lee family was one of the most prominent in Virginia, and the social prestige of the brilliant young officer was further increased by his marriage to Mary Ann Randolph, of the distinguished family whose sons and daughters played so prominent a part in our early history. This alliance made him in due time master of Arlington House and of the White House estate on the Pamunkey River.
In the war with Mexico, Lee took an active part, serving as an engineer on the staff of General Winfield Scott, who says: "My success in the Mexican War was largely due to the skill and valor of Robert E. Lee, the best soldier I ever saw in the field; and if opportunity offers he will show himself the foremost captain of his time." This prophecy was only too sadly fulfilled. When hostilities between the North and South appeared to be inevitable, Lincoln offered Lee the command of the United States forces. This Lee declined, resigned his commission in the army, and April 24, 1861, was made commander-in-chief of the forces in Virginia. To understand this action, it is only necessary to remember that Virginia had always regarded herself as a sovereign state and the Constitution of the United States as a voluntary confederacy. The United States as a sovereign unit, superior to the states, was an idea that was only beginning to appear, and that found little acceptance in Virginia, with its proud and high traditions. Lee was a loyal Virginian, loyal to what he understood to be his country. In accepting the command of the Virginia forces, he said: "I devote myself to the service of my native state, in whose cause alone will I ever draw my sword."
His military skill soon became apparent in a series of brilliant victories over the Army of the Potomac. The first of these was Manassas, and the last Chancellorsville. There Lee, with 53,000 men, opposed Hooker with 138,378 men, forcing him to retreat. Chancellorsville, however, was soon followed by Gettysburg, where Lee, owing to a lack of reserve forces, was disastrously defeated. This battle proved to be the turning point of the war. The superior resources of the North began to tell. In the campaign that followed, Lee's diminishing army was crushed by overwhelming forces and he was compelled to surrender to Grant, April 9, 1865.
After the war, General Lee accepted the presidency of Washington College, Lexington, Virginia (now known as Washington-Lee University). There he ~erved with distinction until his death, October 12, 1870. His beautiful home of Arlington is now the National Soldiers' Memorial Cemetery.

General Lee was not only a brilliant soldier who made the most of his resources, but he won quite as wide distinction for his noble character. He did what he believed to be right, regardless of the consequences to himself. He was the idolized leader of the Southern army, and few men have been more beloved by a people than he was by the entire South; while the Northern people as well came to recognize his worth and pay him deserved honor. Grant and Lee, the opposing commanders-in-chief, had both fought in the Mexican War as they had both been trained at West Point; and it was characteristic that when Lee met Grant in the little McLean farmhouse, near the Appomattox apple orchard, where Lee had made his last stand, the two great generals should treat each other with the highest courtesy and friendliness. Lee recognized the unusual generosity of the terms proposed by Grant, in allowing officers and men to return to their homes free on parole, the officers to keep their side arms and private horses and baggage. When General Lee said that some of his men also owned their horses, General Grant said he would give orders that all men owning horses should retain them, adding, "They will need them for their spring ploughing and farm work." Lee replied that Grant could have done nothing that would accomplish more good both for the men and their government. The terms arranged, the two leaders saluted each other like soldiers and gentlemen, and the war was closed with highest honor to the chief commanders.

D. C. WINN

A. B. STRAWN

Two Happy Veterans at the Home

"The Long and the Short"

-40-

THE HEROES IN GRAY

THE ORIGIN OF THE "BONNY BLUE FLAG"

H ARRY McCARTHY, a Confederate soldier and an Irish comedian, appeared on the stage of the Academy of Music in ew Orleans in September, 1861, and sang a song which he had written. The house was filled with Confederate soldiers from Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas on their way to the battle front. He was accompanied by his sister, Marion, who, in honor of the Texans present, bore in her hand a large flag of dark blue silk with one white star in the center. Then McCarthy sang his "Bonny Blue Flag" which brought to the soldiers the memory of home so vividly that they could not repress their feelings. They yelled, they waved their hats, they jumped upon the seats, and the excitement became so great that the police had to be called in to check it. McCarthy had first sung it at his home in Jackson, Miss.
When General Butler was in command at New Orleans he issued an order that any man, woman, or child that sang that song, whistled or played it, should be fined lwenty-five dollars. He had A. E. Blackmar, the publisher of the music, arrested, fined him five hundred

dollars, and ordered every copy of the song destroyed; but "Bonny Blue Flag" was in the hearts of the people and could not be destroyed. It was sung from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean, and from the night McCarthy sang it, it became the Marseillaise of the South.
Mrs. Annie Chambers-Ketchum, of Kentucky, wrote other words to the music, and for this reason it has been said she claimed to have written the original song.
TRIBUTE OF A WOUNDED SOLDIER
I N one of the hospitals of the South a beautiful Southern girl was passing and asked a wounded boy what she could do for him. "I am wounded so badly that I can't live long," he answered.
"Then you will let me pray for you: I am one of the Lord's daughters," she said in a low, sweet voice.
"Yes, pray for me," he said, looking up in the tender, sympathizing face, "and ask the Lord please to let me be his son-in-law."

HOSPITAL STAFF OF THE HOME
Left to right-Dr. R. W. Stallworth, Mrs. Ellia Roberts, Nurse, Mrs. Viola Finch, Nurse, Mrs. P. W. Divver, Matron, Dr. W. H. Minor, Jr., Dr. F. L. Corley, Physician in Charge.
-41-

IN MEMORY OF

Easter entertainments; barbecues; four outdoor picnic

dinners; three watermelon cuttings; Thanksgiving ex-

ercises and refreshments, and moving picture parties.

Each month the three Atlanta Chapters gave some kind

of social pleasure, serving ice cream and cake, and with

the money sent direct to me from Chapters I have car-

ried out often and given each dear old Veteran cigars,

cookies, candy, peaches, oranges, chewing gum; in fact,

all eatables that I thought they would enjoy between

meals.

Three C. of C. Chapters, namely, Montezuma, Dub-

lin and Sandersville, sent seventy-eight handkerchiefs,

which I distributed in their names. Marion County

Chapter made seventy-four eating bibs, which was a

wise contribution. Twenty-nine Chapters sent direct

to me in checks $136.00, which is credited, and I do

thank the Chapters personally and want them to know

the Veterans are always informed from which Chapter

the gifts are given. From all sources the financial value

of gifts is $1,572.00.

A loving cup, given by Mrs. L. D. T. Quinby, was

presented to Fulton Chapter for the best personal work;

MRS. JOHN A. PERDUE,

most substantial contributions, and the largest amount

Trustee of the Home for Eight Years, and Chairman of the Soldiers Home Committee of the Georgia Division, U. D. C.
(Editor's Note: No one was ever more earnest, loyal and interested in her work than Mrs. Perdue has been in her capacity as Chairman of this Committee. As an evidence of this fact, we submit the following incident) :
AT the last meeting of the Georgia Division in the city of Atlanta in October, 1928, absolutely without solicitation on her part and in fact, as a complete surprise to her, Mrs. Perdue was unanimously elected Honorary President for Life of the Georgia Division, one of the highest honors the Division can confer. With tears of happiness streaming down her cheeks she said: "Ladies, I would be less than human

of money to the Veterans. Two prizes were offered by Major McAllister, superintendent of the home, to Chapters Qutside of Atlanta. The first, a large, handsome water color picture of General Lee, was captured by the Dublin Chapter, and the second, a five-dollar goldpiece, by the Decatur Chapter. The cup is an annual gift, going each year to the Chapter manifesting the greatest interest, and Major McAllister also repeats his two gifts for next year.
Madam President, I thank you for the high honor of being your Chairman, and to our Georgia Daughters I thank for the privilege of acting as their Agent in giving pleasure to our Heroes of the Sixties.
Respectfully submitted,
MARION GRAHAM PERDUE,
State Chairman, Soldiers Home, U. D. C.

if I did not appreciate and feel proud of this great

FRIENDLY ENEMIES

W honor you have tendered me, but before I accept, I
must ask if my acceptance will make me ineligible to act as Chairman of the Soldiers Home Committee. If

HEN the war first broke out, and for some time :tfterwards, there was a feeling of personal hostility between the soldiers of the two

so, as much as I appreciate it, I will have to decline, sides. A man in blue uniform was treated with indig-

for I had rather be the State Chairman of the Soldiers nity jf he fell into the hands of the enemy, and the

Home Committee than Honorary President of the Geor- same was true of the man in gray. But conditions

gia Division."

were changed long before the war was over. The men

Mrs. Perdue's report for 1928 reads:

of each side came to respect their enemies. They often

Madam President, Officers and Daughters:

talked and joked across the line when no battle was in

Having visited the Soldiers Home once, twice and progress. It has been said that pickets of the opposing

often three times each week for the past twelve months; armies would even meet and spend the night together

attending as a member the quarter meetings of the in friendly companionship.

Board of Trustees; visiting each room of those confined When the opposing armies were encamped on oppo-

to the bed, and having personal knowledge of the daily site sides of the Little Rapidan River, in Virginia,

government of the Home, it is impossible in five min- sometimes even the officers in bathing would meet and

utes (my allotted time) for me to give you the infor- shake hands in the middle of the stream. The men

mation each delegate should have concerning this-the often traded, Southern tobacco usually being bartered

greatest work of our organization.

for Northern coffee. Sometimes men scantily clad

We have gone over the high tide record of last year would swim across the river, merely to pay a friendly

-more Chapters than ever before contributed in differ- visit to the enemy.

ent ways to the inmates. Beginning the entertainment One day the Southern general, ]. B. Gordon, was rid-

with New Year dinner. General Lee's birthday. Val- ing along his lines, when at one point he noticed an

entine shower, consisting of individual gift boxes; three unusual commotion, and asked:

-42-

THE HEROES IN GRAY

"What's the matter here? What is this confusion about?"
"Nothing at all, -Getleral; it is all right," answere~ the men.
As he was about to ride on he noticed the tall weeds on the river bank shaking. He wheeled his horse about and asked:
"What's the matter with those weeds?" "Nothing, General, nothing." "Go break them down and let me see." The men did so, and there lay a man so nearly undressed that it could not be told by his uniform to which side he belonged. "Where do you belong?" asked the officer. "Over yonder," the man replied, pointing to the Union army across the river. "And what are you doing here? Don't you know, sir, that there i~ war going on in this country?" "Yes, General; but we are not fighting now, and I

didn't think it any harm to come over and visit the Johnnies a little while."
The Union men always spoke of the Confederates as Johnnies, and the Confederates called them Yankees, or Yanks.
General Gordon could hardly keep from laughing, but pretended to be very stern, and said to the Yankee: "I'm going to teach you that we are at war. I'm going to send you to Richmond as a prisoner."
The man turned pale. Then the Johnnies spoke up: "Don't send him to prison, General; we invited the Yank over, and promised to protect him."
Gordon then turned to the trembling Yankee and s:Md: " ow, if I permit you to go, will you promise me, on the honor of a soldier-"
The man did not wait till the general had finished. He shouted, "Yes, General," and leaped into the water like a bullfrog and swam to the Union side of the river. -H. \V. Elson's "A Guide to United History," published by Doubleday, Page & Company.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Bottom row, left to right-Mrs. W. E. Lomax, Mrs. H. M. Franklin, Mrs. John A. Perdue, Mrs. Trox Bankston, Mrs. D. F. Stevenson, Mrs. C. T. Tillman, Mr's. L. D. T. Quinby.
Top row, left to right-Sam J. Bell, Secretary, Dr. F. L. Corley, Surgeon, J. W. Stipe, J. A. McDonald, J. P. Webb, W. E. McAllister, Superintendent, J. B. Strong, R. deT. Lawrence, President.
The absent members are: Edwin J Thomas, H. W. Hopkins, F. H. Colley, Jno. W. Clark, B. Atkinson, M. D., S. Tilden Hall, Mrs. Stafford Seidell, Judge J. J. Hunt.
-43-

IN MEMORY OF

MR. SAMUEL J. BELL, SECRETARY.
This book would be incomplete without some men-
tion being made of Samuel J. Bell, who occupies the
position of Secretary to Major W. E. McAllister and the Home.
Mr. Bell is eminently suited for his position. There is very probably no man in Georgia who possesses equal qualifications, and who is so conscientious, sympathetic, and faithful to his work.
He has more than justified the Board of Trustees and Major McAllister in their belief of his ability, for upon him devolves a great mass of detail work.
In dealing with the veterans, he shows exceptional patience, and you will find him at all times striving to his utmost to satisfy their every wish and to make their remaining days more happy and comfortable.
Mr. Bell has filled the position of Secretary for a number of years and it would be a hard matter to find a man more energetic, and who strives more earnestly to satisfy the many wishes of the veterans at the Home.
The Board of Trustees has every reason to be proud of the services performed by Mr. Bell, and it is with genuine pleasure that he is included in a resume of the activities and officials of the Home.

The flag that floated first at sea was made by five young ladies of Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Misses Mary Langdon, Augusta Pierce, Carolina Chandler, Dorothy Hall, and Helen Leavey.
The flag was made of pieces of silk, "slices from theIr best silk gowns." It was presented in Boston on July 4, 1777, the first anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, which was written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia.
When the "Ranger" arrived in France after a voyage of 32 days, carrying news of Burgoyne's surrender to the King of France, she sailed through the French fleet and this United States flag received the first salute by a foreign naval power-this was February 14, 1778, in Brest Roads, and John Paul Jones, of Virginia, was her commander.
When John Paul Jones returned to the United States in 1781 he found Miss Langdon in Philadelphia. He told her it had been the desire of his heart to bring that flag back to America and present it to her. "But, Miss Mary," he said, "I couldn't bear to strip it from the poor ship in her last agony, nor could I deny to my dead on her decks, who had given their lives to keep it flying."
"You were right, Commodore," said Miss Langdon, "that flag is just where we wish it to be-flying at the bottom of the sea over the only ship that ever sunk in victory."
It was Francis Scott Key, of Maryland, who wrote our National Anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner."
It was George Washington, of Virginia, who was our first President.

WHERE THE SOUTH LEADS
The United States flag was designed by a committee, George Washington of Virginia, Chairman, in 1777. George Washington suggested it and the design was taken from the Washington Coat of Arms.
The first time the flag was floated at sea was Nov. 1, 1777, on the "Ranger" commanded by John Paul Jones, of Virginia. The same day that Congress passed the resolution to adopt the flag, Capt. Paul Jones was appointed commander of the "Ranger."

TWO COMRADES

F. J. Inzer

N. J. Walker

-44-

THE HEROES IN GRAY

Si<:"ETCH
By TinsI~y Tucker White
I E LISTED in the Confederate Army in July before my seventeenth birthday in I ovember. I reached the front just after the battle of Manassas. I was in many other battles and saw the red rim of hell at Gettysburg. I went through four years of it and was at Appomattox Courthouse when Lee surrendered. I walked home from there, nearly starved, barefooted and in rags, and I bore the scars of seven wounds on my body.
I went through the Reconstruction, which was worse than war, wounds, or starvation. The first five dollars I got after the war was spent to pay for the coffin in which myoid black mammy was buried. Her care during my infancy and childhood was all I ever kntw of a mother's love.
Something happened to me, I don't know if it was because my mother died shortly after my birth, or if it was because my father, who was in the state senate, was so much away from home, or if war changes what a man might have been, but though I worked and strove to overcome myself and every misfortune, I never really made good at anything except fighting for the South. I have always defeated myself and been poor with a proud heart. And now I do not own anything but the State of Georgia. She has been a good daughter to me in myoid age. She has provided myself and my comrades who suffered a like defeat with a fine home. By her kind hands we are loved and cherished. I am no

longer poor, but grateful and can keep a proud heart for her.

Tinsley Tucker White

Mrs. D. F. Stevenson, Trustee,
Georgia Soldiers' Home
MRS. D. F. STEVENSO (nee Eva Allison) was born on the old Allison estate (the grant for this plantation coming from George III to the Earl of Granyville, and c.onveyed by him to her great grandfather, Col. Thomas Allison) in Statesville, N. C., Iredell County. She married David Francis Stevenson, a third cousin of the late Adlai E. Stevenson, VicePresident of the United States under Cleveland.
Mrs. Stevenson is President of the Atlanta Chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy, and was a charter member of the Statesville Chapter. She is also a charter member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and of the Memorial Association of her home town, and a member of the Central Presbyterian Church where she served as cultural head of the Annie Crusoe Club for young women.
The Allisons of Cairnduff, Scotland, numbered among its members many who suffered exile for their protestantism; Archibald and Isabel Allison, her forbears, having suffered martyrdom in the Grass Market in Edinburgh, Scotland, for their faith. Their names are now on the Roll of Martyrs in Edinburgh. The printed history of the Allison family dates back to 1135 A. D.
Mrs. Stevenson received her education at Mitchell Memorial University. Her father, the late Captain Richard Monroe Allison, was Captain of Cavalry and fell wounded at the battle of Howe's Shops, Virgin.ia.

-45-

IN MEMORY OF

BRIEF LIFE..SKETCH OF SUPERINTENDENT

By a Friend

I wntmg a sketch of the Superintendent of the Confederate Soldiers' Home of Georgia it is a hard matter to dispense with superlatives which smack of exaggeration, and treat the subject in a clear, concise manner. For ten years Major McAllister has been the dominating factor in conducting the affairs of the Home, and he has succeeded every year in improving his previous year's efforts to provide a comfortable residence for the old heroes who followed the Stars and Bars.
The Major is eminently suited for this position.
There is very probably no Confederate v~teran in Geor-
gia who possesses equal qualifications. His entire business career previous to his acceptance of this post seemed preparatory, so well did it particularly fit him for it.
Major McAllister was born in Ruckersville, Georgia, in 1849. His father, James 1. McAllister, was, at the outbreak of the war, one of the most prosperous and influential merchants and hotel proprietors of Athens. He was compelled to look on, too old to take active part in the actual fighting, while the enemy ravaged the region around Athens.
The only hotel in Athens, which was also the McAllister home, was continually filled with wounded and sick Confederate soldiers, on their way home on furlough to recover. The family devoted almost their entire time to ministering to these war-stricken men. The
Major W. E. McAllister

noble service is still remembered by many of the older people of Athens, as well as by the recipients and their friends from far and wide.
In those latter days of the bitter struggle, when the tired, ragged, half-starved army in gray literally had its back to the wall, a last determined stand was made. A general call for volunteers between the ages of sixteen and sixty was sent out. Though not quite sixteen, William McAllister answered.
With absolutely no "breaking in," he was immediately inducted into service under command of Captain Holt, of Athens, as a private. His brother, Cap-
tain C. J. McAllister, had been severely wounded, re-
ceiving two injuries in the Battle of Gettysburg. Cap-
tain McAllister was sent home to recover from his wounds, and on doing so organized a volunteer company, known as Co. "E," 3rd Ga. Cavalry, under Durrough. This division served in many hard-fought engagements around Atlanta. Promotion came rapidly to William McAllister, and the end of the war saw him Sergeant Major.
Major McAllister was one of the first men to engage in the Pullman service in the South. He was in charge for twenty years of the crack Pullman trains of the Southern Railway, principally between Atlanta and Washington, D. C., having charge of the dining and sleeping cars. " On leaving the railway service, he became manager of Durand's Cafe, remembered as the leading restaurant of Atlanta for seventeen years. He has managed hotels and restaurants in Atlanta and North Georgia and has met with signal success in each undertaking in this line. All this experience fitted him ideally for his position as Superintendent of the Soldiers' Home.
Six years after the close of the war, Major McAllister married Miss Laura E. Irby, of Greene County, Georgia. Their married life has been ideal for over half a century. On November 15th, 1921, they celebrated their golden wedding anniversary, ~"nd the multitude of friends who poured out their good wishes on this occasion was a delightful surprise. Mrs. McAllister lives at the Home with her husband and does a great deal toward making the Home a real one to the old veterans.
There are none who knew of the conditions eXlstmg at the Home prior to 1918, when Major McAllister took charge, who do not marvel at the improvement he has made. Lack of proper interest, despite the untiring and e::lrnest efforts of his predecessors, made the Major's job considerable of an up-hill one; but the explanation of his success is simple. Actuated by an earnest desire to serve his compatriots, the men who fought without sufficient clothes or sufficient food for the cause of the Southland, and with the ability and personality to carry out his desires, he has succeeded in making the Home a real haven to the fading remnants of the" "thin gray line."

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THE HEROES II GRAY

"Great to Be a Georgian"

By Mrs. A. McD. -Wilson, President General, Confederate Southern Memorial Association

O N behalf of the oldest patriotic organizatio.n of women in America it is a privilege to extend heartiest and most cordial greetings for Christmas and the ew Year. Patriotic devotion next to religion claims man's highest loyalty, and out of the dusty annals of the past comes a record of brilliant achievement; of high religious and moral traditions, that hark back to the settling of the State by General Oglethorpe, and of his masterful development of affairs, both as a soldier and a statesman.
Religious tolerance found its most ardent advocates among the colonists, many of whom left their native land that they might worship God freely according to their own creed, and to this fact the State owes its distinction as being the birthplace of one of the greatest religious forces of modern times - the Methodist Church-founded by John and Charles Wesley.
Another great factor in the Christian world was the founding in Georgia of the first Sunday School in the world-antedating the one started by Robert Raikes in London, by twenty years; closely followed the development of Savannah, so beautifully planned and laid out by Oglethorpe, from which port sailed the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean; the first Orphan Asylum followed, then in rapid succession Augusta, Georgia, had the first passenger train in America, which carried passengers from Augusta to Charleston, and in rapid development, Georgia led all the thirteen colonies.
The first chartered university in America, our Georgia University; then the first college to stand for higher education of women by conferring a degree, was Wesleyan College, at Macon, Georgia. The discoverer of the cotton gin, the first sewing machine, were Georgians.
The discover~r of the greatest boon to suffering humanity-Dr. Crawford Long-gave to the world anesthesia. Truly it is great to be a Georgian, when we recount the manifold gifts to man stored away in the mountains and valleys in precious gifts of gold, marble, granite, iron, coal, a list too long to enumerate, to which is added a climate ranging from deep winter of the Northern part of the State to the tropical sunshine of her Southern coast.
When devastated, and in desolation lay prostrate her people from the northernmost mountain tops, to the Gulf in the south, following the terrible scourge of Sherman's march to the sea, with the heroic and un<!aunt~d courage characteristic of her people, Georgia rose Phoenix-like from the ashes of her desolation, and today the proud Empire State, not only of the South but of the nation, raises her voice in glad acclaim to the Giver of all good who has showered her people with blessings manifold in His protection. Whose first page ()f history records obedience to His will, and loyalty to the principles ~f divine rights. Living in this day of rapid progress may we fail not in treasuring the mem()ry of the days that tried men's souls, nor fail to pay

Mrs. A. McD. Wilson
loving homage to the heroes who gave their all in their defense of the principles of self-government.
o more prized or precious privilege could be given a people than that of making happy the closing days of her patriots.
In the Georgia Soldiers' Home we find exemplified in its truest sense, a place of quiet rest, to the family gathered there beneath its shelter, and facing the sunset of life. To the guiding spirit of this home, Major W. E. McAllister, the State owes a lasting debt of gratitude. From the moment one crosses the threshold the cleanliness everywhere apparent strikes one accustomed to seeing many State institutions, with the frank and cordial desire to impart the most minute details of information, coupled with patience and infinite courtesy makes a visit anticipated with pleasure.
A visit to the hospital with its sunny beds, brightfaced nurses, and faithful attendants where all earthly comfort is given to make their last days happy, makes a deep impression upon the heart, and a prayer of thanksgiving to God for the bountiful provision made by a great State in recognition of patriotic devotion to duty. May the doors I)f this blessed retreat remain wide ajar to secure valiant aims so long as one remains who needs its protecting care.
Mayan All-wise Providence guard and bless each departed comrades who "rest under the shade of the trees" awaiting the great resurrection day. "Lord God of Hosts be with us yet, Lest we forget, Lest we forget."

-47-

IN MEMORY OF

THE TRUTH ABOUT SECURINGEACKPENSION

By David B. Freeman, General Commanding
the Georgia Division, U. C. v.

SEVERAL claims have been made, claiming credit for securing the back pensions for the Georgia Confederate Veterans, but Col. R. deT. Lawrence, of Marietta, President of the Board of Trustees of the Soldiers Home, was mainly instrumental in securing for the Veterans their back pension money about three years ago.
Because of only partial payment of the legal allowance for pensions having been made for three or four years, a debt had accrued, amounting to several hundred dollars for each pensioner and while it is quite true that what was known as "the script bill" was passed by the legislature, it was faulty and proved an absolutely futile effort.
It was a dead letter. The script was never issued and if it had been, its distribution would have been a vexing problem for the banks did not want the script and if it had been turned over to the Veterans they would ha vc realized little or nothing on it.
umbers of the legislators voted for this script bill through patriotism, knowing its fallacies, and some leading members, prompted by their better judgment, voted against it, although they were real friends of the Veterans.
Col. Lawrence prepared a letter suggesting and appealing to the Legislature to enact a measure providing for the use of the rental from the Western & Atlantic Railroad for a given time to provide the funds for paying off the back pension debt. This appeal was shown to Gen. D. B. Morgan, at that time Commander of

the Georgia Division, U. C. V.-the writer, who at that time was Commander of the orth Georgia Bri-
gade, State Treasurer W. J. Spear and Dr. Arch Avery,
Surgeon-General, orth Georgia Brigade, and these gentlemen endorsed Col. Lawrence's letter and same was sent to every member of the Senate and House.
Col. Lawrence, with a few friends of the suggested measure, got in conference with Col. Culpepper, of Fayette, a leading member of the House and Chairman of its Finance Committee, who said he voted against the "script bill" because it was impractical and faulty, but would gladly support a measure that would secure for the Veterans payment of this back pension debt in cash and he agreed to father and champion a bill of that nature.
A bill was framed embodying the suggestions of Col. Lawrence (in fact, it was drawn by his son, Col. A. A. Lawrence, of Savannah, former member of the legislature), introduced and warmly championed by Col. Culpepper, which went through both Houses practically without opposition, was signed by the Governor and became a law nd gave to the Veterans what was due them in cash, not script.
It is well that the public should know these facts so that credit may be given where credit is due. Col. Lawrence was mainly instrumental in securing the back pension money and any other claims are not founded on fact.
GEN. DAVID B. FREEMAN, Commander Georgia Division, U. C. V.

CONFEDERATE CEMETERY, MARIETTA, GEORGIA All Confederate Veterans buried by the Soldiers' Home are buried in this cemetery,
and a marble headstone is placed at each grave.
-4R-

THE HEROES I I GRAY

BILL YOPP
T HERE is probably no negro in Georgia, and very few white men who have led quite so romantic a life as has "Ten-Cent" Bill Yopp. He shined shoes and did numerous services for the members of the division to which he was attached, and for each service, large or small, he charged ten cents.
Bill was a slave on the Yopp plantation in Laurens County, Georgia, and when seven years old Bill was chosen servant for the son of the family who afterwards became Captain Yopp, of the 14th Georgia Regiment, Co. "H." During his boyhood days Bill was the constant companion of young Yopp, and when, in the spring of 1861, Mr. Yopp volunteered in the Confederate cause, he took Bill with him.
The servants and slaves of the Southerners really acted as guards over their "white folks" and their property, especially at night. Bill performed this service for his young master. On two occasions he nursed young Captain Yopp back to health after the latter was wounded, once at the Battle of Seven Pines, and again at Fredericksburg, Virginia.
After Captain Yopp recovered from his wounds at Fredericksburg, Bill went back to Georgia. But after following the battle flag of the South the monotony of the plantation life was too much for Bill and he soon

returned to the Regiment in Virginia, where he remained with his master till the end of the war.
As with most of the other landowners of the South, the end of the war saw the Yopp family greatly impoverished and land-poor. They notified their slaves they were free to go where they chose and the land they formerly worked as slaves was rented to them on shares. Bill, along with other ex-slaves, supplied the white families with free will offerings of food.
Bill made frequent trips to the Soldiers' Home, where his master, Captain Yopp, was a resident, and brought him fruits and delicacies.
Bill's sympathies were also aroused for others of the old men there, several of whom he had known in the 60's. He conceived the idea of raising some money for them and, with the aEsistance of Mr. Anderson of the Macon Telegraph, he secured enough to distribute at Christmas, 1917, 1918 and 1919, a sum which the last year amounted to $3.00 apiece. While this sum was small, the spirit of sacrifice made it seem large. The old veterans made up a fund and gave Bill a medal for his services in March, 1920. Also the Board of Trustees of the Home, in recognition of the fidelity of this old faithful negro, unanimously voted him a home with the veterans as long as he lives.
A TRIBUTE By MRS. D. F. STEVENSON
B EING President of the Atlanta Chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy, automatically places me on the Board of the Georgia Soldiers' Home as a Trustee. I did not know this till my first invitation came to meet with the Board.
I was intensely interested and looked forward to our first meeting with keen feeling. Many years ago, I had heard of complaint among our dear Confederate "Protectors" and had some kindly curiosity to see for myself how life was treating them.
During each visit, I ask them if they are satisfied and contented. Always the answer: "We are, we have nothing to complain of, plenty to eat and wear, and of the best. We are treated in the best manner. We miss our loved ones, is all." I have seen their tables of well prepared food, in great abundance and variety, and everything is spotlessly clean about the premises. I have inspected the trays going to the sick, and my heart throbbed with delight to witness the excellent care taken of these helpless men who suffered privation of every kind during the years they spent defending their Southland. They are indeed happy and free from care in this Georgia Home, well waited upon and provided for.
They enjoy the sympathy of their Superintendent, Major McAllister, and I know they appreciate it. And who could better understand them than he? He, too, has experienced the misfortunes of war j he, too, has looked into a dull future and smiled; he, too, has had to stay bound and not chafe under the cords; he, too, has had to endure pain and keep the cheer of health; he, too, perhaps has had to see hopes die out and not sink into brutish despair; theirs is courage before which we may pause with reverence and admiration. It is so big that we link it with divine things, carrying it quite. beyond the sphere of any earthly success.

-49-

IN MEMORY OF

C. P. AND W. E. McALLISTER.
T HE above photograph was made just after the close of the War Between the States. The clothing these two young men are wearing are the same as were worn in the Confederate Army and of necessity, had to be worn for sometime thereafter. The woolen jeans from which same were made was carded, spun, woven and dyed by their mother in their home. She cut and made them with her own hands, there being no sewing machines in those days, and, as you will observe from the picture, there were no pressing clubs, either.
Capt. C. P. McAllister had just graduated from the Athens Law School and had just hung out his shingle as an attorney-at-law when the war broke out, and he left for the front with the Athens Guards, the first Company that left Athens. He received two wounds at the first Battle of Manassas and was sent home to recuperate. Returning to his regiment, he was wounded twice more at the Battle of Gettysburg. He was then sent home as unfit for further infantry duty. So he organized a Cavalry Company known as Company "E," 3rd Ga. Bat. of Cavalry, under Major Tom Dorrough. W. E. McAllister, who was too young to enlist at the outbreak of the war, now, at the age of fifteen and one-half years, enlisted in this Company and was sent to the front near Atlanta, where he saw the city burn and assisted in running Sherman through Georgia to the coast. Unfortunately, however, he and his comrades were in the lead.
When the war closed, the brothers were penniless, but managed to buy an outfit and went into the photograph business, working the small towns in Georgia and Alabama, and while at West Point, Ga., Capt. C. P. McAllister was stricken with cerebro-spinal meningitis and died in the early part of 1867, after which W. E. McAllister returned to his old home in Athens, where he remained a short time, and in the latter part of 1868 moved to Atlanta, where he has resided since.
After several years service with the Pullman Com-

pany as Sleeping and Dining Car Conductor, he went with the Cafe Durand, where for a number of years he was Manager, and in this position secured a wide acquaintance with people from all over the South. Leaving Durand's, he next operated summer hotels in the north Georgia mountains at White Sulphur Springs and Helen for several seasons until he was elected Superintendent of the Confederate Soldiers' Home of Georgia in 1918, which position he still holds, and "they do say" that he will have to die to ever get out of it.
He was married to Miss Laura Irby, of Greensboro, Ga., on November 15th, 1871, and they have lived happily together for fifty-seven years.. They have one son, K. S. McAllister, two granddaughters and a great,n:randdaugh ter. KINDNESS AND GENTLENESS GOVERN
By E. C. Hicks, of Co. "C," 2nd S. C. Regt.
I HAVE been at the Soldiers Home about a year and one-half and am real glad to have the opportunity to publicly state my impressions of same, all of which are most favorable. Were it not for the fact that time and space prevents, I would like to say something favorable about each member of the staff separately, but as I cannot do that, I will say that from Superintendent on down the line, every man and woman seems especially fitted to his or her position. Kindness and gentleness govern all their actions and it is such a comfort to us old fellows to know that we have their sympathy.
This is true of the hospital as well as the main building and I would not omit the colored help who, as well as the staff, are capable and kind.
For one, I am deeply indebted to the grand old State of Georgia for taking such good care of us and for placing in the various positions at the Home such efficient men and women.
JUDGE J. J. HUNT
Trustee from the Sixth District, Griffin, Ga.

-50-

THE HEROES I GRAY

A TRIBUTE TO MRS. IZZIE
BASHINISKI
T HE splendid work that is being accomplished by the Oconee Chapter of Dublin is due greatly to the efforts of Mrs. Bashiniski, the president. This Chapter is particularly fortunate in having for its president a woman of so splendid intellectual endowments, a vivid personality, always a leader and a patriot by inheritance.
It is a privilege to give this manifesto of her unselfish service in the direction, care and guidance of our Chapter. Mrs. Bashiniski is deeply interested in all lines of endeavor sponsored by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and in each department gives gladly of her council, valued suggestions and helpful encouragement. Her splendid initiative and originality has greatly developed the work of the Oconee Chapter.
This year shows rapid, forward march in historical and literary study, in the expression of deep-hearted thoughtfulness for our Confederate Soldiers, their wives and their widows. At the same time keeping ever present in the minds and hearts of our daughters, the significance and high honor that is ours in being a descendant of a Confederate Soldier.
Mrs. Bashiniski is a daughter of lofty principles, high ideals, firm poise and has honored the many positions of trust for which sh~ was selected. She has risen rapidly in U. D. C. work because of her true sympathy and enthusiasm, having served her own Chapter so well, performing every duty and meeting every responsibility. The Georgia Division recognized her ability and she was made auditor and is now serving as second vice-president of this Division.
She is a D. A. R., holding a state chairmanship; vicepresident of the \Voman's Study Club of Dublin; president of the Community Club Association, and her activities for their welfare never cease. Her heart beats strong with a love of her Southland. She has rounded her life work into useful and helpful activity.

All day long the battle raged. Just at its close, Jackson, who had been the very life of the ba ttle, was hurrying toward a company of his own men, when they, mistaking him in the smoke and fire for a Union man, fired upon him. He was terribly wounded, but lived on for several days, full of hope to the very last that he should yet b~ able to take his place again on the battlefield.
When Lee heard that Jackson had lost his left arm he wrote to him, "You have lost your left arm; but I, III losing you, have lost my right arm."
MY PERMANENT HOME
By Col. Henry C. Cameron
ENTERING the cause of the Confederacy between the age of 15 and 16, I first belonged to the State Troops, from which I was discharged on account of my health. I shortly afterwards joined the Georgia Cadets, being stationed at Milledgeville, where the last service of the Confederacy was performed, and where I met my brother, Robert A. Cameron, a member of Co. E, 20th Ga. Regiment, which had been stationed in Virginia. My brother, Norman Cameron, was killed in the Battle of Atlanta, on July 22, 1864, being a member of the 1st Alabama Regiment.
I have been in the Home going on five years, and four years of that time has been spent in the hospital, caused by an accident at Columbus, Ga., where I had been on a visit to my sick sister.

THE DEATH OF STONEWALL JACKSON
W HILE the Army of the West had been full of success, the Eastern Army had met with defeat. McClellan had been taken from the chief command, and Burnside put in his place. Burnside had made one unfortunate attack upon Lee in Fredericksburg, and had then settled down in huts by the riverside for the winter. Early in 1863, Burnside resigned his position, and General Hooker-called "Fighting Joe"-was given command. He began at once getting the army in training for a new start.
His first move was to cross the river quietly, and creep up to Lee's army in Fredericksburg. This he did with such success that Lee knew nothing about it till he heard the army was at Chancellorsville, just outside of Fredericksburg. Lee, not wishing to be attacked in the city, marched out to meet Hooker. This attack was managed by "Stonewall Jackson," the general whose name the Union soldiers learned to fear.

Col. Henry C. Cameron

-51-

IN MEMORY OF

A REMINISCENCE
By Mrs. -Ch;ls. T. Tillman, Trustee
M y mother, Victoria Bellamy Pillot, furnished, with the assistance of her sisters and friends, a hut where the wounded solditrs were brought. She contributed not only financially, but her personal services to the care of our soldiers. She was active in all work for all men who wore the gray.
During the war, my mother made her home with my aunt in South Carolina, and whose home was burned by Sherman's men. Everything was destroyed or taken except some silver which a faithful servant buried and I now possess. Among the articles taken was a beautiful shawl which my mother had purchased from abroad just before the war. After the war, while visiting in Saratoga she recognized her shawl around the shoulders of a Northern woman. She was very indignant, but my father told her that it was not now fit to grace the shoulders of a Southern woman.
I would like to pay a small tribute to our faithful Southern slaves, feeling that I know something of their devotion for their white people. After my mother's death I made my home with my uncle on a large plantation and it was there I saw and learned to love and respect these old time negroes, former slaves of my family. They had no desire to leave the plantation when freed. My uncle was always "Marse Burton," my aunt "Old Miss," and I was "Little Missy." One of the servants, "Uncle Alfred," was left to my care by my aunt and passed away a few years ago, faithful

to the end. When uncle died there were over a thousand at his funeral to pay a last tribute to a good master and I have sweet, sad memory of this most impressive sight and am glad to have experienced this Southern heritage. And now no sweeter privilege is mine than the little service I am permitted to render for our splendid Confederate Soldiers Home as a Trustee.

Mrs. Chas. T. Tillman

Mrs. L. D. T. Quinby, Trustee
B OTH as president of the Fulton Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Soldiers Home, Mrs. Quinby is particularly qualified for the
active work undertaken by her in the U. D. c., and es-
pecially is beloved at the Soldiers Home because she is the daughter of William Arnold Hemphill, a Confederate soldier and a hero who occupies a unique position in the history of the Confederacy, as he is the man who fired the first gun in the battle of Gettysburg.
He entered the Confederate service at the age of 16, but was unable to remain in service, and his father, Samuel Hemphill, who was beyond the age limit for active service, took his place at the front when young Hemphill was remanded to the hospital.
Mrs. Quinby's uncle, Charles Sanders, also served the Confederacy until he was taken prisoner. For two years he was held at Fort Monroe, enduring all the hardships of a war prison camp.
The Fulton Chapter of the U. D. C. is very active in behalf of the Soldiers Home and won this year the silver - cup offered in the Georgia Division, U. D. C., to the Chapter doing the most for the comfort of the Veterans in the home.
-52-

THE HEROES IN GRAY

TRIBUTE TO WOMEN OF THE (CONFEDERACY

Courtesy Mildred Lewis Rutherford

JEFFERSON DAVIS' tribute to the Women of the Confederacy in the dedication of the Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. Whose pious ministration to our wounded soldiers Soothed the last hours of those Who died far from the objects of their tenderest love; Whose domestic labors Contributed much to supply the wants of our defenders in the field;
Whose zealous faith in our cause Shone a guiding star undimmed by the darkest clouds of war; Whose fortitude Sustained them under all the privations to which they were subjected; Whose annual tribute Expressed their enduring grief, love and reverence for our sacred dead; Whose patriotism Will teach their children To emulate the deeds of our Revolutionary sires; These pages are dedicated By their countryman,
JEFFERSON DAVIS.
GEN. JOHN B. GORDON'S TRIBUTE Back of the armies, on the farms, in the towns and cities, the fingers of Southern women were busy knitting socks, and sewing seams of coarse trousers and gray jackets for the soldiers at the front. Their busy needles were stitching, stitching, day and night. Gen. Lee wrote letters expressing his appreciation of the bags of socks and shirts as they came into his camps. He said he could almost hear in the stillness of the night the needles click, and with every click he knew there was a prayer, and with every stitch he knew there was a tear.
GENERAL POLK'S TRIBUTE Bishop Polk said on one occasion: "Talk about heroes -I know a woman in the mountains of Tennessee who sent five sons into the army. When the news came that the eldest was killed in battle she said, 'The Lord's will be done.' Then wiping the tears from her eyes, continued, 'Eddie will be fourteen next spring, and he can take Billy's place.' That is what may be called heroic!"
GOV. C. T. O'FARRELL'S TRIBUTE "As grand as the South was in her sons, she was grander in her daughters; as sublime as she was in her men, she was sublimer in her women. "Women of the Confederacy, you need no monument nor sculptured stone to perpetuate your fameyour fame is deathless."
TRIBUTE OF JUDGE J. H. REAGAN, POSTMASTER-GENERAL OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES
"There was a courage and moral heroism in their lives superior tv that which animated our brave men,

for the men were stimulated by the presence of their associates, the hope of applause, and by the excitements of the battle. While women, in the seclusion and quietude of their homes, were inspired by a moral courage which could only come from love of God and Jove of country."
TRIBUTE OF PRESIDENT DAVIS (From Dr. Craven's Prison Life of Jefferson Davis) "If asked for his sublimest ideal of what women should be in time of war, he said he would point to the dear women of his people as he had seen them during the recent struggle. "The Spartan mother sent her boy, bidding him return with honor, carrying his shield or on it. The women of the South sent forth their sons to return in victory or not to return at all. All that they had they flung into the contest-beauty, grace, passion, ornaments. Their songs, if they had heart to sing, were patriotic, their trinkets were thrown into the crucible; the carpets from their floors were made into blankets for the soldiers of their cause; women bred to every refinement of luxury wore homespuns made by their own hands; their silk dresses were given for army balloons; they nursed the sick; they provided for the soldiers at the front; they cared for the orphans; they made every sacrifice; they lightened by every art and blandishment the burdens of war. Yes, the dear women of his people deserved, he said, to take rank with the highest heroines of the grandest days of the greatest centuries."
GEN. SHERMAN'S TRIBUTE "You women are the toughest set I ever knew. The men would have given up long ago but for you. I believe you would keep this war up for thirty years." Savannah, 1865.
GEN. FORREST'S TRIBUTE The women ran out of a nearby house just as an encounter with the enemy was expected. "What shall we do, general? What can we do?" "I really don't see that you can do much," said General Forrest, "unless you will stand on the stumps and wave your bonnets and shout, 'Hurrah, boys! We'll stand by you.' " Just at the close of the War Between the States when everyone was discussing the questions of the day, such as putting the Southern States under military rule, confiscating our land and dividing it among the negroes, silencing the tongues of the women, and forcing the South to be under negro rule, a broad-shouldered, angular looking mountain woman in the upper part of Georgia, just where the Tennessee River has its rise-standing with her arms akimbo, gave vent to her feelings as follows: "They may captivate the men, and fisticate the land, and arrogate the South, but they'll never conjugate the women, I kin tell ye."

-53-

IN MEMORY OF

Mrs. Walter E. Lomax, President Rebecca Felton Chapter U. D. C.
T HE first president of Rebecca Felton Chapter, U. D. c., organized in 1927, was Mrs. Walter E. Lomax, and she is the first woman in the South
to be elected Adjutant of Camp Evan P. Howell, U. D.
c., and has held that office ever since. She is the first
and only woman th:tt was ever seated as a delegate to any U. C. V. Reunion, and that was at Dallas, Texas.
Mrs. Lomax has worked with the Confederate Veterans for several years, and has always assisted them wherever she was and when possible to do so. She has been Ma tron ot Honor for the past 10 years on different General Staff U. C. V. Reunions, and is a great niece of General Sumter.
The Rebecca Felton Chapter under the able supervision of Mrs. Lomax, has done wonderful work since it was organized, and before it had celebrated its first anniversary it had organized a Children of Confederacy. The Chapter being named for a most wonderful and charming Past President of U. D. C. of Georgia, Mrs. lannie McKinsey, which is known as Jannie McKinsey Chapter, C. of C.
Mrs. Lomax is a member of the Star Legion, having joined while Mrs. Sam Jones was president. She has served three years as President of the Woman's Auxiliary No.1 to the Atlanta Typographical Union No. 48 and is Vice-Presiden;: at this time. She is also the youngest daughter of the late Dr. Thomas P. Dean, of Tennessee, and a niece of Major 1. W. Dean. Captain Virgil Dean, her father, served as surgeon and medical doctor during the war of the sixties.

A TRIBUTE TO THE SOLDIERS' HOME
By Cora Harris
M y father, Mr. Tinsley Rucker White, is a veteran in the Confederate Soldiers' Home. He is there because he prefers it to any other home that can be provided for him, as I know by more than one effort to the contrary. The longest period he can be satisfied out of it is three weeks and every day of those three weeks he draws embarrassing comparisons between my home and his, where everything is done for the particular comfort of the men in it.
I am therefore glad of this opportunity to express my appreciation of the superintendent, Major McAllister, and his staff of helpers. Having known the home under its various administrations, it is obvious and generally admitted that conditions are far better than at any previous period in its history. The food, the cleanliness, the service, and the care given is particularly adapted to these proud old men and their infirmities of mind, spirit and bodies.
In their first childhood, children cry, complain, want to have their way. But they are at an age when it is proper to discipline, correct and punish them. Later, however, when we pass into our second childhood, defeated by our years and the growing weakness of our bodies, with no more victories to win and nothing else to do, we grumble, we are discontented, we are more restless than in that first childhood because there is no diversion and no achieving future before us.
The thing that impresses me about the present management of the home is the wisdom and patience with which Major McAllister meets these conditions in these proud old veterans and the success he has in providing for their interest and amusements, in which he is so ably assisted by the cooperation of so many good women and citizens still grateful for the courage these old soldiers showed and the sacrifices they made so many years ago.
A STORY OF STONEWALL JACKSON
STONEWALL JACKSON'S victories in the valley had won him great renown. Everybody was anxious to see him, but he was so retiring in his habits that he shunned the public gaze. His dress was generally so shabby that many did not know him, even when they saw him on his old sorrel horse. Once, about the time he joined Lee's army, he was riding with some of his officers through a field of oats. The owner ran after them in a rage, demanding Jackson's name, that he might report him at headquarters.
"Jackson is my name, sir," replied the general. "What Jackson?" inquired the farmer. "General Jackson." "\Vhat! Stonewall Jackson!" exclaimed the man III astonishment. "That is what they call me," replied Jackson. "General," said the man, taking off his hat, "ride over my whole field. Do whatever you like with it, sir. "

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THE HEROES IN GRAY

WHAT THE SOUTH MAY CLAIM
Courtesy Mildred Lewis Rutherford

The discovery of ether as an anesthetic, by Crawford Long, of Georgia.
The art of manufacturing ice, by John Gorrie, of Florida.
The first to suggest surgery in hospital service, by Marion Sims, of South Carolina.
"The Gemini of the Scientific Heavens," by John and Joseph LeConte, of South Carolina.
The first successful operation on the heart, by Dr. L. L. Hill, of Alabama.
First to have an X-ray apparatus, A. T. McKissick, of Alabama.
The treatment of the insane revolutionized, by Dr. Peter Bryce, of Alabama.
First to advocate a quarantine station, Dr. John W. Monette, 1825, of Mississippi.
Making Panama Canal habitable, W. C. Gorgas, of Alabama.
First to invent technical thermometer, Dr. Marion Sims, of South Carolina.
First to have ~. physician and a hospital in the United States, Virginia.
First to use a thermometer, Dr. Thomas Wragg, of South Carolina.
First to have a hospital for women, Dr. Marion Sims, of South Carolina.
First to have a dental college, Baltimore, Md. First to have a sanitarium, Texas. Kentucky, Louisiana and Georgia surgeons have done marvelous first things for women, McDowell, Eve, Briggs, McCreary, Battaty and others. The first hip joint amputation, by Bradshaw, of Kentucky.
FIRST IN STATECRAFT
The resolution to force the Colonies from British rule, suggested by Edmund Pendleton, read by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia.
The writer of Declara60n of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.
The Bill of Rights, by George Mason, of Virginia. The writer of the United States Constitution, James Madison, of Virginia. The Monroe Doctrine, James Monroe, of Virginia. The Laws of Neutrality, by Edmund Randolph, of Virginia. The Supremacy of the French in America, George Washington, of Virginia. The first to celebrate George Washington's birthday, 1798, Alexandria, Virginia. The first to build a monument to George Washington, Baltimore, Md. The oldest city in the United States, St. Augustine, Florida. The oldest church in the United States, Pensacola, Florida. The first golf club in the United States, Savannah, Georgia.

The champion bicycle rider of the world, 1902-1905. Bobbie Walthour, of Atlanta, Ga.
The greatest ball player, Ty Cobb, of Georgia. The first Republic in the world, Georgia, Archibald Bullock, President. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic, the Savannah, from Savannah, Georgia. A Southern man's face is on every 2c stamp, George Washington. A Southern man's head is on the United States seal, George Washington. A Southern man suggested our currency, dollar, dime, and cent, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. A Southern man issued the first Thanksgiving Proclamation, 1777, Henry Laurens, of South Carolina. A Southern man was President of the First Continental Congress, Peyton Randolph, of Virginia. A Southern man was President of the First Constitutional Convention, George Washington, of Virginia. A Southern man was commander in 1812 in the greatest battle ever won over the British in America, Andrew Jackson, 181 5, New Orleans, La. Two Southern men commanded the forces in War with Mexico, Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor. Southern men commanded the forces North and South in War between the States, Winfield Scott and Robert E. Lee. Southern men were Presidents North and South in 1861-1865, Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis. Southern men were Vice-Presidents North and South in 1861-1865, Andrew Johnson and Alexander Stephens. The only peace convention before 1865 was presided over by a Southern man, John Tyler, of Virginia. The largest cotton factory in the world under one roof, Greenville, S. C. The largest canning factory in the world, Highland, Arkansas. The largest lumber mill in the United States, Bogalusa, Louisiana. The largest cotton warehouse in the world, Memphis, Tennessee. The largest sulphuric acid plant in the United States, Ducktown, Tennessee. The largest fruit distillery in the world, Bentonville. The largest manganese mines in the world, Virginia. The finest oyster fisheries in the world, Chesapeake Bay. The finest asphalt and cement beds in the world, Arkansas. The largest egg farm in the United States (130 acres), Virginia. The largest duck farm in the world, Virginia.
The largest ship building plant in the United States, Virginia.
The largest dry docks in the United States, Newport News, Virginia.
The only arsenic mine in America, Floyd County, Virginia.

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IN MEMORY OF

The greatest coal shipping port in the world, VirgInIa.
The largest blotting paper factory in America, VirgInIa.
The largest oil fields, Texas. The deepest and hottest artesian wells In the world, Marlin, Texas. The largest fertilizer factory in the world, South Carolina. The largest cabbage farm in the world, South Carolina. The largest t10ating dry docks in the world, Maryland. The largest pontoon bridge in the world, Dardanelle, Arkansas. Largest shippers of strawberry plants in the world, Kittrell, North Carolina. The largest chinquepin tree in the world (7 feet in circumference), Virginia. The largest vinegar and cider factory, Rogers, Arkansas. The largest tobacco plantation in the world, Georgia. The largest lead mines in the United States, St. Francois County, Missouri. The largest fire clay center in the United States, St. Louis, Missouri. The largest block of marble ever quarried in the United States, Georgia. The finest shad in the world, Ogeechee shad, Georgia. The greatest undeveloped water power, Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The finest marble in the United States, Georgia. The finest peach market in the world, Georgia. The largest magnolia tree in the United States, Washington, Arkansas. The largest state capital building in the United States, Texas. The largest zinc producing region in the world, JoPlin and Casper Counties, Missouri. The largest commercial lock in the world, near Birmingham, Alabama. The first college in the United States, Virginia. The first university in the United States, William and Mary, Virginia. The first State University in thr world, University C Georgia, 1874. The first college to bestow degrees upon women In the world, Wesleyan College, Georgia. The first manual training school, Abbeville, S. C. The first free school in the United States, Virginia. The first library, the first free library, the first circulating lihrary, Annapolis, Md. The first public library in the United States, Charles-
ton, S. c., 1698 (still in existence).
The first kindergarten in America. St. Louis, Missouri. The first legacy for education of the poor, Samuel Jones, 1776, Virginia. The first endowed college, Henrico. The first literary society in the United States, Charleston, S. C .. 1743 (now in existence). Arkansas pays the highest school tax in the United States.

The highest Mason in the world (1922), Albert Pike,
Arkansas. The first public female school, Rev. David Ker, Mis-
sissippi. The first school chartered for higher education of
young women, the Elizabeth Academy, Washington, Miss., Feo. 17, 1819.
The first university for negroes, Tougaloo University, Jackson, Mississippi, 1869.
First agricuituraI and mechanical college for negroes, Alcorn University, July, 1871, Mississippi.
First industrial college for girls, Columbus, MiSSISsippi, 1884.
First to e,tablish a literary fund for the education of poor children, MISSIssippi, 1821.
The first temperance paper, "The Cold Water Man," Natchez, Missi~slppi, 1837.
Erst institute for deaf and dumb, 1854, Mississippi. First institute for blind, 1848, Mississippi. First military institute, 1829, Mississippi. First library of Congress, 1800, Virginia. First to have Greek letter fraternities, William and
Mary, Virginia. First to have a chair of history and political science,
William and Mary, Virginia. First to have a chair of electrical engineering, Poly-
technic Institute, Alabama. The first negro s.:hool in the world, Tuskeegee, Ala-
bama. The pioneer of scientific agriculture, Edmund Ruffin,
Virginia. The Rural Philosopher, John Taylor, Virginia. The first professor of p.conomics and statistics, James
DeBow, Louisiana. The South leads in free scholarships in behalf of ed-
ucation. Georgia leads the South. Washington's Monument in Washington and Bunker
Hill Monument in Boston were designed by Southern sculptor Robert Mills, of South Carolina.
The Culebra Cut was made by Col. Gilliard, Alabama. The first book written in New World, "Whitaker's Good News." The first book printed in the New World, Edwin Sandys. William Strachy gave William Shakespeare the thought of the Tempest. Theodore O'Hara's "Bivouac of the Dead" is quoted on monuments of all National Cemeteries and also in Crimea. James Barron Hope's Balaklava gave Tennyson the thought of his "Charge of the Light Brigade." Thackeray asked Kennedy to write a chapter in his 'Virginians." The sounding apparatus, John M. Brooke, of Virginia. Victor Hugo called Edgar Allan Poe "The Prince of American Poets." A German writer said "Give to Germany Sidney Lanier's ashes and a monument worth his genius would soon be erected." Oliver Wendell Holmes says "Maryland, My Maryland" was the finest poem written on either side during the Sixties.

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THE HEROES IN G~Y

Mississippi gave Irwin Russell,' the first to depict the negro dialect in literature.
Georgia gave "Uncle Remus," unique in literature. John B. Lamar, of Georgia, gave Chas. Dickens the story "Col. Quagg's Conversion." Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, of Georgia, gave to Thomas Hardy from "Georgia Scenes" the Militia Drill.
THE FIRST TO SUGGEST The application of steam to navigation, John Fitch, of Kentucky, or James Rumsey, of Maryland, or William Longstreet, of Georgia. \Vireless telegraphy, Joseph Henry, of orth Carolina.

The telephone, Thomas Workman, of South Carolina.
The practical working of the cable, Matthew Fon-
taine, of Maury, Virginia. The practical use of the X-ray, Dr. Louis Henry
Smith, of North Carolina. The sounding apparatus, John M. Brooke, of Virginia. An iron-clad vessel, John 1. Porter, of Virginia. Iron for wood in gun carriages, Jefferson Davls, of
Mississippi. "The highest honor in the American Field of
Scier.-:~" given to Chas. H. Herty, of Georgia. A floating battery, William Gilmore Simms, South
Carolina.

...
Gen. Robert E. Lee and Gen. T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson
-57-

IN MEMORY OF

The bell buoy, Miss Brown, of Charleston, South Carolina.
The lighthousE' system, William D. Porter, Virginia. The typesetter, Fenton G. Foster, North Carolina. The cotton gin, Joseph Watkins, of Georgia. The first street cars run by electricity, Baltimore, Md., or Montgomery Ala. The reaping machine, Cyrus McCormick, of Virginia. The threshing machine, Christopher Hoxie, of Missouri, in 1800. The sewing machine, Francis Robert Gou,lding, of Georgia, in 1844. The trans-continental railroad, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi. The Gatling gun, Richard Gatling, of orth Carolina. The Weather Bureau, Matthew Fontaine, of Maury, Virginia. The big span of Cabin John's Bridge was suggested by Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi. The first floating mine, Thos. Weldon, of Virginia. The first iron screw cotton press, Sir William Dunbar. of Mississippi, in 1796. The first computing cloth measuring machine, Eugene Albert Luster, of Georgia, patented July, 1911. First to suggest extracting oil from cotton seed, Sir William Dunbar, of Mississippi, in 1799. First Signal Service, Virginia. First National Observatory, Virginia. First incorporated city, Virginia.

First to patent locomotives, William Howard, 1828, Baltimore, Maryland.
First iron steamboats, Maryland, 1837-1838. First to have a linotype, Maryland. First to have a railroad station, Baltimore, Maryland. First woman to own and edit a newspaper, Mr. Hillhouse, of Georgia.
First woman to be president of a railroad, Mr . J. P.
Williams, of Georgia. First woman to receive a commission from U. . Gov-
ernment, Octavia Le Vert, of Georgia. First to use a submarine, South Carolina. First to make silk ribbon, Maryland. First to suggest the Ferris Wheel, Osborn Lowery, of
Georgia. First to cup trees for resin, Charles Herty, of Georgi;!. First to have a rural delivery, Georgia. First to tunnel the Hudson, McAdoo, of Georgia. First to invent a circular saw, Cox, of Georgia. First to have a Railroad Commission, Georgia, 1877. First to legislate against slave-holding, Georgia. First to legislate against slave-trade, Georgia. First to have a commissioned ship, Georgia. First to trail the Spanish flag in the dust, Georgi;!.
THE SOUTH'S ATURAL WONDERS.
The only Stone Mountain in the world is in Georgia7 miles in circumference.
"The Father of Waters," the Mississippi, is in the South.
The largest cave in the world is Mammoth Cave in Kentucky.
The only natural bridge is in Virginia. The bottomless spring is the Blue Grass in Florid;!. The Okefinokee Swamp is in Georgia. The hottest springs in the world, Hot Springs, Arkansas. The largest spring in the world, Mammoth Spring, Arkansas. The largest b;!uxite field in the world, Bauxite, Alabama. The greatest natural darn in the world, Hale's Bar, Tennessee. Largest artesian plant in the world, Tennessee.

Mrs. Trox Bankston, President
Ga. Division, U. D. C.
To the Confederate Veterans at the Soldiers' Home: In behalf of the Georgia Daughters of the Confederacy I bring you greetings and wish for you a very happy Christmas and good health and happiness for 1929. As a trustee of the Home, it has given me great pleasure to visit the Home each quarter and have a small part in the deliberations of that body.

A MIGHTY GOOD HOME
By J. M. JORDON, who served in the Alabama Home
Guards.
I HAVE been an inmate of the Georgia Soldiers Home just a few days over a year and I am not ashamed to say that I have lived as well as I ever did any other year of my life. I have no complaints to make about food, rooms, treatment or anything else.
Having had the misfortune to break my limb, I have had an opportunity to judge the hospital in particular. Not being at the Home when the accident occurred, I first was taken to Grady, where I also received the best of care and attention. From the Grady Hospital I wa taken to the Home Hospital where I received just as good care and efficient attention. A man not satisfieci is indeed hard to please.

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THE HEROES IN GRAY

TRIBUTE TO' SOLDIERS' HOME
By Gen. D .. B. Freeman, Commander
Ga. Division, U. D. C. (Editor's Note: General Freeman, with Col. Jos. B. Cumming, Augusta; Judge Irwin, Athens, and Capt. John Tripley, of Thomasville, was appointed by the Georgia Legislature as a committee to memorialize the Confederate Soldiers.)
E ARLY in September of this year, I was taken violently ill. From my feelings and symptoms I at once realized I was in need of immediate and skilful attention. The Chairman and the Superintendent discovered my condition, while on a visit, and they urged me to enter the Home hospital. They carried me there and I have never regretted their act. I wouldn't have received better treatment anywhere else.
The hospital is kept scrupulously clean and sanitary. The building, originally built for the purpose for which it is being used, is conveniently arranged; rooms easily accessible and the whole building is modernly equipped. Beds are clean and inviting; abundance of coverings, spotless linen, and the food is the best that can be had, well prepared and of sufficient variety to suit every case.
The housekeeper, Mrs. Divver, the nurses, Mrs. Finch and Mrs. Roberts, are both fine and capable women, having the interests of the hospital and its inmates at heart and perform their duties with skill and great care. The attendants are all under excellent discipline, and their services are most satisfactory.
Gen. D. B. Freeman

The physicians are high ranking men in their profession, with thorough knowledge of every case. My case was an extremely stubborn one, owing to my rundown condition, but the physicians diagnosed it properly and the treatment administered brought me around slowly but surely.
As to the Superintendent, Major W. E. McAllister, he is the right man in the right place. He has thoroughly studied the needs of the Home, and takes great pride in supplying every need for the comfort and general welfare of the old fellows of the sixties, now in the evening of life. The home and its affairs are in better shape than ever before, and I doubt if there is another home in any state that will approach it in excellence of appointment and management.
I entered the war when only 11 years of age, as a Marker in the 6th Georgia Cavalry, and after drilling for 18 months entered the ranks, and served through the war. I am now 77 years old.
SECESSION FOUNDED ON LEGAL
RIGHT
(Continued from page 33)
believed in secession at will but solely and as an extreme measure-to resume certainly de facto the sovereignty delegated to the United States.
When the causes of secession are considered in the light of constitutional fundamentals herein outlined, we more readily avoid the illogical contention sometimes met which insists "that the results of the war settled the question against secessionists." Well, well! It is axiomatic that war settles no great question! Didn't the better thinking part of the world gladly agree to reverse the decision of a great question Germany thought she had settled forever by a decisive war? And didn't the reversal of the work of gory, cruel brute force restore to wronged and outraged France suffering Alsace-Lorraine? Ah, and more: America justly poured out her blood and lavished her gold in that great war just closing to help establish for the benefit of all people the principles upon which rest our separation from Great Britain and the de facto secession of the Southern States: the inalienable right of a people to break away from an objectionable and hurtful government!
There will never be another Southern secession. Nobody thinks of it as a remedy for anything now; and no part of this Union will ever dare repeat the orthern nullification of the Constitution to avoid the evils of which-and not to destroy the Union and not to protect or to perpetuate negro slavery-secession became the remedy to preserve the sacred binding power of a written Constitution without which the Union perishes certainly; and again because the Federal Government will never again be as limp and spineless and complacent in defending the South against such evils as nullification and other wrongs by Northern States and some Northern people, to escape all of which our fathers found secession the one probably bloodless remedy, justified by fundamental constitutional law, and the invariable rt:medy with honor.

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IN MEMORY OF

the secretary, ready, efficient and smilingly performing his duties at all times.
My greatest pleasure is found in doing "my little bit" toward brightening the declining years of the comrades of my father. I feel that it is an especial privilege, and all that I do, is done because I love them for what they did for us and their beloved Southland. Mrs. W. A. Ozmer, our president, tells the Chapter quite often that our first duties are toward our soldiers. Our C. of C. also feel it quite a treat to visit the Home and respond cheerfully when asked by me to assist in our entertainments there, and the Soldiers all love our Children of the Confederacy.
THRILLING STORY OF A
REFUGEE

MRS. J. F.. HAMMOND, CHAIRMAN, AGNES LEE
CHAPTER SOLDIERS HOME COMMITTEE
A s a member of the Agnes Lee Chapter, U. D. C., and Chairman of the Soldiers Home Committee, it has been my pleasure to visit the Home many times during the past five years. On each of these visits I am always greatly impressed with the manner in which the people of Georgia are providing for the few survivors of "The Thin Gray Line."
I am happy to be able to pay this tribute to those in charge, and heartily commend them for their splendid management, and the manner in which they minister to the comforts of these brave ones who defended our beloved Southland. I would like to inform those who have never had the pleasure of visiting the Home, that it is one of the most attractive places in Atlanta. Situated in a grove of sturdy oaks, away from the noise and bustle of the crowded city, it is a fitting crown for the hill upon which it is built. Lovely flowers in season enhance the beauty of the grounds surrounding the buildings. A clean and sanitary condition is maintained in all the buildings which are equipped with many modern conveniences, having been installed under the present management. I have met the President of the Board of Trustees, Col. R. deT. Lawrence, there on a great many occasions, and have been told by him that he spends at least a day, and frequently more than that out of every week, at the home.
And now, last but not by any means least, I must mention Major W. E. McAlllister and his lovely wife, who dispenses the old time Southern hospitality, always greeting everyone with smiles. Also we find Mr. Bell,

I N 1864 General Sherman issued an order for the women and children to leave Atlanta, as he intended to burn the city. The families of Dr. John M. Johnson and Col. John C. Whitner started to Alabama, and the story of some of their troubles is thus related by Mrs. Johnson in a private letter.
When General Sherman ordered us to leave, with Colonel Whitner's family we refuged to Talladega, Alabama, but hearing that the Northern Army was very near us we went to my brother John's plantation, and before we could remove our trunks from the depot the Yankees overtook us and destroyed everything. They broke open our trunks, scattered our clothes to the wind, thrust their swords through our family portraits and pocketed all of the jewelry we had.
Both families then went to Tallapoosa and from there to Columbus, Ga. We traveled all night through a swampy country and over an awful road. The night was very dark and stormy, only by flashes of lightning could we see the road. At one time the horses refused to go forward, and a flash of lightning showed that the bridge had been washed away. If the horses had taken one step forward we would all have been killed. We then had to retrace our steps. It was pouring rainquite a storm-and as we had no tops to the buggies we were drenching wet. We asked the agent at the railroad station to let us in the depot for the night. He said his orders were very positive and he had to refuse. We built a log fire and stood by it with our little children, nearly frozen.
Finally Dr. Johnson and Col. Whitner gave the Masonic sign and the agent opened the depot. We sat on bags of corn all night in the pitch dark as we were not allowed to have a light.
No one but God knows how we suffered that night! At daylight a train passed and we got aboard, and such awful looking creatures we were. We stayed in Columbus, Ga., six weeks in an empty house. We spread our bedclothes on the floor, and lived on cowpeas, bacon and cornbread. Then Dr. Johnson and I with the children went to Marion, Alabama, and Colonel Whitner and his family to Pendleton, S. C. Then later I went to Selma, Alabama, and when my new-born baby was three weeks old we took the first boat for Montgomery in order to

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THE HEROES IN GRAY

reach West Point. The passenger train going to West Point was so crowded we had to go into the freight train with sides packed with 'corn. I had an old chair placed between the doors and held my little baby on my knees. The nurse and the children sat on bags of corn. The car soon broke down and we were sidetracked and there we were compelled to stay two days and a night. It was raining and continued very cold. We had no provisions and the children were hungry and cold. The nurse managed to get some eggs for the children. At last we were attached to an engine and reached West Point in the middle of the night. We went to a hotel and were put into a room where the odor was too intolerable to be borne, and when we asked for another room we were told that there was no other, and we only got that one because the man who had died with smallpox had just been carried out of it.
Night as it was, I went to the stable, hired a buggy and horse, and drove to the home of an old widow whom I had known in West Point and she took us in for the night. In the morning I went out to buy some meat and bread, for we were nearly starved.
As soon as possible we returned to Atlanta. My property had been confiscated; there was no boarding house, no hotel--everything burned except a few houses that had been used as stables for the horses or for officers' quarters. There were only twelve families left in the city.

hot time for the brave little garrison. The air was so hot, and the smoke was so choking and so blinding, that they could work only with their faces covered with wet cloths. Every hour the fort grew to look more like a great ruin.
It was plain enough that Major Anderson must surrender. All this time, however, the Stars and Stripes had been kept flying from above the fort. Even when they had been torn down by the flying balls from the enemy, some man had always been ready to nail them up again. But now the white flag of surrender had to be shown. The firing ceased, and the Confederates came over to the fort in boats to make terms with Major Anderson. It was agreed, after a long discussion, that Anderson and his men should be allowed to march out with flying colors, should be allowed to salute the dear old flag with fifty guns, and then should march away in peace.
This was done; and as soon as they had gone General Beauregard, the Confederate leader, marched into the ruined fort, tore down the Stars and Stripes, and ran up the South Carolina state flag in its place.
Great was the excitement in the North and in the South after the taking of Fort Sumter by the Confederates. The effect was electrical. The North drew closer together in solid loyalty to the Union. At the same time the South became a unit for the Confederacy.

FORT SUMTER

D URI G the last months of Buchanan's administration, Major Robert Anderson, who held command over the forts in Charleston Harbor, had

asked over and over again for men and provisions for

these forts. He had shown the president plainly that

he could not much longer hold them against the "se-

ceding" states unless help were given; but still no help

had come. When Lincoln became president, Anderson

asked again. Lincoln replied that help should at once

be sent. The leaders of the "Confederates," hearing of

this, went to Major Anderson and ordered him to sur-

render the fort to them at once.

Anderson, of course, refused. He knew only too

well that he had no men, guns, or powder with which

to hold the fort if the Confederates saw fit to fire upon

it; still, loyal Unionist that he was, he determined to

resist as long as possible.

.

He had only eighty men, but he thought he could

hold out as long as the provisions lasted, and so this

little band prepared for action.

There were three more forts in the harbor, all in

Confederate hands, and besides this they had built two

great rafts upon which they had fixed cannon. These

they floated round in front of the fort, and on Friday,

April 12, 1861, the Confederates opened fire from these

five points, all upon the one little fort with its eighty

men. The Civil War had begun.

Down came the rain of shot and shell, around the

fort, across the fort, into the fort. The wooden bar-

racks inside took fire again .and again; and on the second day they ,,?ere burned to the ground. It was a

Mrs. W. A. Ozmer
Member of Convention Committee, Georgia League of Women Voters and Chairman of
Fifth District

-61-

IN MEMORY OF

bill was passed, appropnatmg $5,000 a year for pocket money for the Old Veterans.
The late Capt. James Henry Rogers, of Thomaston, a Confederate soldier, and who was three times promoted for bravery, was her father. Her mother, Mrs. Loula Kendall Rogers, is State Poet Laureate, U. D. C., a real Daughter of the Confederacy. Her husband, Herbert M. Franklin, served in the Georgia Legislature for many years and greatly assisted in the passage of the bill introduced by Judge W. T. Gary for maintenance of the Soldiers Home.

MRS. HERBERT MITCHELL FRANKLIN,
State Regent Daughters of the American Revolution
A MONG positions of honor which Mrs. Franklin has held are: Member of the Board of Visitors for the Georgia State College for Women, State Chairman Special Memberships in the Musical Federation, Editor of the Washington County Federation, President Tennille Fine Arts Club, State Officer and Chairman of Historical and Literary Reciprocity, Historical Programs, Memorials, State Librarian, Second Vice Regent, Chairman of the New National D. A. R.
auditorium of Washington, D. c., World War State
J?resident of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, General Officer, U. D. C., Custodian of Flags and Pennants, State Director, Jefferson Davis Monument, State
Historian U. D. c., and is now a member of the Na-
tional Board of Management of the D. A. R., and the National Officers' Club.
Mrs. Franklin is Honorary Regent for life of the Major General Samuel Elbert Chapter, which she organized in her home, ''The Colonnades." Her services in D. A. R. work began as a member of the Joseph Habersham Chapter of Atlanta, under Mrs. W. L. Peel.
During her term as State President U. D. C: she made work for Confederate Men and Woman a special feature. Soon after her election, it was brought to her attention that the banner being used by the Confederate Veterans was worn into shreds. Mrs. Franklin immediately sent out an appeal to all U. D. C., and funds were soon on hand for a new banner.
In January, 1919, the late Capt. F. D. Bloodworth, of Savannah, himself a Confederate Veteran, and VicePresident of the Soldiers' Home, called attention to the fact that the Veterans in the Home were penniless. Although the State furnished them with food and clothing, they had no spending money. She immediately appealed to all U. D. C. and nearly a thousand dollars was raised, enough to give each Veteran a dollar a month. Then through the efforts of the U. D. C., the

THE EMPLOYEES
A LTHOUGH it is well known that the successful . operation of the Home for the past ten years is due to a great extent to the executive ability of the Superintendent, Major W. E. McAllister, yet the Major himself cheerfully admits that without the assistance and cooperation of his splendid corps of assistants, he would never have been able to bring the Home up to its present high standard. "And," said he, "I want the readers of this book to know who they are down to the most menial cog in the wheel."
To begin with, Mr. McAllister doe.s not have to give himself the slightest concern over the official details, for all matters in the office are capably handled by Mr.
Sam J. Bell, who fills the triple position of private sec-
retary to Major McAllister, secretary to the Board of Trustees and bookkeeper for the Home. On him falls the mass of clerical work which is greater than might be imagined by those not posted. "See Bell" is Major McAllister's invariable reply when approached about any matter pertaining to the office. In speaking of Mr. Bell, one of the veterans who had been at the Home for a long time, said: "If I were asked to name his friends among the inmates of the Home, I would simply call the roll."
Having for the thirty-odd years bought thousands of dollars of supplies for dining cars, hotels, and restaurants, buying has gotten to be a hobby with Major McAllister and he would never agree to turn that part of the business over to anyone, but after the supplies get
to the home, same are in charge of Mr. J. P. Florence,
Dr. B. Atkinson, Trustee From 11th District

-62-

THE HEROES IN GRAY

steward, not the least among whose good qualities is his sunny disposition and wonderfully good temper. And maybe he doesn't need the latter! Upon him falls the tough job of pleasing every inmate with his room and roommate, his place at the table, etc., but he succeeds to the extent that he is extremely popular among the old men.
Mrs. H. W. Wooding, matron in the main building, is "on the job" every minute of the day and to her is due the main credit for the cleanly condition of the main building and grounds.
Dr. F. 1. Corley, physician in charge of the hospital, does not live" at the Home, but makes a weekly visit and comes oftener if needed. For these extra visits he is allowed to charge $5.00 each. Although he has made dozens of extra visits, he has never presented a bill yet, which proves his deep interest in the Home.
The two student internes, Drs. R. W. Stallworth and \Y!. H. Minor, Jr., live at the Home and give their attention to same except during the hours they are attending Emory Medical School, where they are Seniors. Both are young men of charming personality and ability.
The two nurses, Mrs. Viola Finch and Mrs. Ellie Roberts, are certainly "the right women in the right place." Their patience and gentleness in dealing with the hardest class of patients on earth is the wonder of all with whom they come in contact.
The matron at the hospital, Mrs. Pauline W. Divver (affectionately called "Miss Polly" by all her associates), Ius the stupendous job of keeping the hospital menu up to high standard and also has charge of the diets for the patients. Certainly enough work for one small woman.
Upon Fred G. Bond, engineer at the hospital, falls the task of keeping the old men of thin blood warm during the winter months. That he succeeds any visitor will testify.
The night watchman, J. C. Dodgen, is one of the
inmates, but despite his nearly eighty-three years, he is in splendid physical condition and rarely fails to turn in a perfect dial on his clock.
In the colored division, Lem Watts, fireman at the main building and driver of the supply truck is the "veteran" of the crowd, having been at the Home almost since it opened. His long service speaks well for the class of his work.
Willie Little, chauffeur of the superintendent's car, is a splendid driver and general "handy man," as he can cook and fill most any other place in an emergency.
Ambrose Moses, chef at the main building, and Walrer Jones, who fills a like position at the hospital, need no higher commendation than the many compliments passed on their meals by visitors at the Home.
Dan Thornton, general handy man, only gives part of his time to the Home, but his work is very satisfactory.
Lula Little and Stella Chappelle, maids in the main building, are very efficient, and Minnie Cunningham, colored nurse at the hospital, is another case of an employee fitting the job. For nearly' forty years she nursed her old master, and when he came to the Home she came with him as a special nurse and after his death

she was employed by Superintendent McAllister to help look after the other old men.
Laura Freeman, laundress, has a job that not many would fill unless interested in the Home, for her job is to wash articles that the laundry will not accept.
Assisting the above are ten "trusties," prisoners from the State Farm, whose labor and behavior are to be commended.
While in no sense of the word an "employee," but, on the other hand, the highest official of the Home, this article would be incomplete without a reference to the masterful manner in which the finances of the Home are handled by President R. deT. Lawrence. A loyal and patriotic Veteran himself, his heart is bound up in the Home and his work for it is truly "a labor of love."
Also mention must be made of J. A. Baskin and wife,
who operate the farm and dairy and furnish fresh milk and vegetables for the Home table.
Mrs. J. C. Martin
Member of Convention Committee, Georgia League of Women Voters and Chairman of Fifth District
Mrs. Martin for a number of years has been a member of the U. D. C.'s and a very active worker in the interest of the old Veterans of the War Between the States. Her work has been largely along the line of personal attention to the old men; visiting them in their homes, looking after them when ill, carrying fruits and other delicacies. Besides she has done valuable service in raising funds for Camp Walker, U. C. V. Her motto is, "Why put off until next year what can be done for the Veterans now?"
NATURE'S PENALTY One by one, obeying an inscrutable decree of an allwise Providence, we pay nature's penalty. One by one, like the petals of the hillside blossoms, they droop and pass from sight to Mother Earth.
"Leaf by leaf the roses fall, Drop by drop the springs run dry;
One by one-beyond recallOne by one they'll droop and die."

-63-

IN MEMORY OF

AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAR-1861 seats to tumble, stopping the service till the boards

By ~. deT. Lawrence

could be replaced on the boxes. When, a few years later, the writer undertook to

W HILE refugeeing from Marietta to Talbotton, build a home on the site where a house was burned durGeorgia, kept my father and family out of ing the occupation of the town by the Federals, he General Sherman's march, they encountered the found that snakes, which had become accustomed to

Wilson raid which passed through Talbotton, on their winter in the debris, would get into the rock wall of the

way from Columbus to Macon, Georgia, at which latter basements which was the first part of the house under

place they learned that the war was ended.

construction, and were routed out by pouring boiling

My mother had taken the precaution to sew the silver water into the openings where their heads would appear.

in the mattress, and between two mattresses she had

placed my only good suit. The raiders, who visited

the home, after ransacking the house and failing to find

the silver-though he shook the mattresses-taking

them off the bed, he went off with my suit, saying,

"The rebel would give that much for his freedom." On

going out he encountered my uncle and his daughter

who had refugeed from the seacoast, where my uncle

had lost his property. My aunt, who had come with

them, had just died from exposure in the long trip by

land in a carriage.

My uncle, indifferent to the consequences on account

of his trials and sorrow, no doubt expressed his feelings

to the raider in no uncertain words, whereupon the

"daylight bandit" took the old man, he said, to kill. But

my cousin clung to her father, pleading for his life with

the result that upon reaching the gate, the raider re-

leased my uncle, declaring the d-d rebel was not worth

killing.

Returning to Marietta, it was necessary to provide

something in the way of food. At Talbotton, the fam-

ily was fortunate in obtaining a side of bacon and a sack

of meal from supplies the Confederate Government had stored there. Everything within many miles in the way of food had been exhausted by the two armies.
Having no money, but with a little mule that the Confederates had discarded, and a borrowed wagon and

EMMA CALDWELL
A s a loyal member of the Daughters of the Confederacy and a grand-daughter of a Confederate
Officer, who made the supreme sacrifice for the

harness, and in addition a fairly good second-hand har- cause he knew was right, I have always been interested

ness, I accompanied another wagon and went some 25 in everything pertaining to the Confederacy.

miles up the Chattahoochee River, where we had learned During the past few years I have been especially in-

there was a supply of corn.

terested in the Soldiers Home, and have had not only

With the present selfishness it is difficult to realize the pleasure but the privilege of visiting this institu-

the sympathetic, generous spirit prevailing at the time. tion many times. Some of my visits have been upon in-

Mr. Waters, the name of the planter, said he did not vitation. But several times I have arrived when my

want the harness, but told a negro servant to fill my visit was a surprise, and each time I found conditions

wagon with corn.

exactly the same.

A returned Confederate, finding his family and neigh- The Home is a most attractive place, situated on a

bors out of food, gathered together what money he sloping hill. The paved walks, spreading lawns and

could and going to a section where there was a supply; beds of flowers present a picture that is indeed attrac-

those more for::unate not only divided what they had tive. Nowhere have I ever been given a more cordial

but hauled the food a long distance without a cent of welcome, and nowhere have I found a more delightful

charge. Men who had a little money would deny them- place to visit.

selves and divide with others who were penniless, with- As a visitor enters the Home they are met by Major

out asking for note or receipt.

McAllister, erect of figure, handsome in appearance,

At Marietta, three sides of the public square had been every inch a soldier, and a true picture of the aristocracy

burned. It was remarkable how quickly the stores were of the old South. Mrs. McAllister, a belle of the six-

rebuilt by the returning refugees. Most of the brick ties, who still retains her Southern type of beauty, with

walls were left standing. The first church opened for her cheerful smile makes one's visit a real pleasure.

services had been used for a hospital by the Federal Soon the lives of the Veterans will be recorded on the

army, and as everything movable had been destroyed, pages of history, and it is a comfort to see and know

improvised seats were made of planks supported at the that the few living Veterans are so well provided for

ends on empty boxes. Fidgety boys would cause these by the people of Georgia.

-64-

THE HEROES I GRAY -
WITH THE ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA
By J. R. Jordan
I N June, 1861, a company was made at Bluff Springs, Pike County, Georgia, and known as the Alexander Riflemen. I was one of the boys, young, full of vim and pep that makes a soldier boy. Later we were known as Company G, 27th Georgia Regiment. Levi B. Smith was our colonel.
We went into winter quarters at Manassa Junction that winter of '61, being too late for Bull Run. We evacuated Manassa Junction in 1862 and burned up all the supplies there except two canteens of whiskey and they were around my shoulders. We took up our abode at Yorktown for a while, falling back towards Richmond.
In '62 our first little scrap was at Williamsburgh and from there to Seven Pines where I received my first baptism, not "Holy Ghost," but fire from a hill in front of us, as we w~ded the swamps and mud to our knees. It was there we lost our colonel, Levi B. Smith. Going in with sixty rounds of cartridges, I shot my fifty-ninth ball, the sixtieth was about half way down my gun when a Yankee shot me in my left thigh. A part of my vim was gone, still the fire was in me. After several months I returned to the boys as vicious as ever and had several more battles.
J. R. Jordan

I was with Lee and Jackson and when Stonewall was wounded we were close at hand. On Sunday morning General Stewart renewed the fight with Stonewall's command and about 10 a. m. one bone in my right arm was broken by another Yankee. Then in front of Petersburgh at Crater another Yankee shot me through the neck and shoulder which came near getting this boy. Still that vim was well preserved. I did my best and fear that I laid some to sleep.
I was sent to Fort Sumter and was there when the Yankees dismounted our last gun. One of my company was blown up in the magazine.
Colquitt's brigade, of which I was a member, drifted to Florida and fought the battle of Olustee. There another darned Yankee shot the gun out of my hands with a cannon ball. As I recovered from my fright I picked up another gun and kept on. We drifted from there back to the Carolinas and fought my last battle in Bentonville, . C.
How old am I? Yes, I am seventy-nine, if you don't count the four years I fought them Yankes, as that part of my life is lost. Only one consolation have I now. The good old Mother State of Georgia is looking after this rebel boy's welfare in edibles, clothing and four dollars a month.
God bless our Mother State of Georgia.
THE SADDEST SIGHT OF 1861-1865
C APT. JOHN A. COBB, of Americus, Ga., relates an incident of peculiar nature. He says: "One of the saddest things the writer ever witnessed was when Gen. Sherman was in Atlanta. He notified the Confederate authorities that he had about six hundred Confederate prisoners he would like to ex change for a similar number of United States prisoners. Gen. Winder, at Andersonville, selected the requisite number of Federal prisoners and took those who had been the longest confined in the prison. They were carried to Lovejoy's Station, and there met the officer with the Confederate prisoners. Each officer had a muster role of the prisoners in his charge and tendered them to each other for inspection. When the Federal officer looked at the list furnished him he said: "I will have to take this roll and show it to Gen. Sherman," which he did, and when he returned he told the Confederate officer: "Gen. Sherman declines to exchange for these men, for the terms of service of all of them have expired." They were then returned to Andersonville.
"Elated and happy, freed from prison life and going to their homes and families, a happy, joyous crowd when they left Andersonville; carried in sight of their friends and comrades and refused freedom, because 'their terms of enlistment had expired.' ot recognized by Gen. Sherman as Federal soldiers, yet prisoners in the hands of the enemy, their return to Andersonville was awful, disowned by their own people and heart-broken-is it any wonder that the large majority of the bones of those men now lie in the national cemetery at Anaersonville? They were murdered! Who murdered them?"

-65-

IN MEMORY OF

ON THE RETREAT FROM CHARLESTON
By R. d~c. Lawrence
'WITH the order to evacuate Charleston, necessitated by the advance of Sherman, the different stations of the signal corps were called in. Go-
ing to headquarters in the night and finding that all had left, there was nothing to do but to overtake the corps, which I did the next morning near the old Goose Creek Church, a church built when the attempt was made to found a town a few miles north of the site afterwards selected for the city of Charleston. The English royal emblem W:1S then, and no doubt still is, shown on the wall above the altar.
In passing through the deserted streets in the dead of night the stillness was broken only by the occasional bursting of a shell fired from Morris Island as it passed through some dwelling abandoned by its occupants, who had fled to the upper part of the State or moved to that portion of the city beyond the range of the Parrot guns. As the signal corps was the last to leave Morris Island, the atmosphere no longer disturbed by even the hum of human voices, there seemed weird stillness in the air; so in passing through the quiet streets of the city in the calm of the night there was the sense of utter solitude.
In leaving Charleston I had hung over my shoulder, in addition to a blanket, a pair of new army boots,
MRS. FRANK GOLDEN
Is the daughter of Captain F. S. Treadwell, who served 4 years of th~ War Between the States. She has been a member of the U. D. C. for a good many years and also Chaperon on the North Georgia Brigade Staff for several years.

gotten under the following circumstances: My classmate and comrade, W. A. Clark, now and for many years president of the Carolina National Bank, told me a shoemaker who for $90 would make a pair of boots if the upper leather was furnished. So from a kidskin costing $100 was cut for the boots a part we estimated at $60, Mr. Clark taking what was left for $40, the boots thus costing $150. Unfortunately, they were too tight for me. Finding that they would fit Lieutenant Memminger, son of the Confederate treasurer, and that the boots he had fitted me, I proposed a swap of some kind. This he declined. The next day I told him he was treating me badly, as he knew I could not wear the boots and he could, and I was unable to carry them indefinitely. To this he replied that he could not pay the value of the boots, which were worth $700 in Charleston, but would give me for them $300 and the boots he had on, which offer I very gladly accepted, as it gave me a very comfortable article of footwear, with, as I felt at the time, "money to burn." What became of the $300 I can at this date give no account, as there was too much of interest in other directions to give thought to the then so small a matter as money.
In order that movements of the enemy might be observed and reported, the signal corps were the last to leave their stations on the evacuation of Charleston, so the battle of Averyboro had been fought shortly after we reached the neighborhood. In this battle Lieut. Col. Robert de Treville was killed. Early in the war the then lieutenant colonel killed the colonel of his regiment in a duel and thereupon became colonel and Major de Treville became lieutenant colonel. The colonel of another regiment afterwards challenged the latter, who declined to accept the challenge partly upon religious grounds and also upon having a wife and two children entirely dependent upon him, and that his life was then devoted to his country.
Denounced at the time as a coward, Lieutenant Colonel de Treville's reputation was vindicated and his moral courage applauded when, in the absence of the colonel, he led his regiment in battle and was killed. It was first reported that the colonel had deserted to the enemy, but to his credit, it was subsequently shown that he was captured while reconnoitering, and his courteous treatment by General Sherman was due to his well-dressed appearance, unusual in a Confederate colonel, and to his commanding one of the few regular regiments of the Confederate States.
While the signal corps was not disbanded and had one man killed in an affray with the enemy on the retreat, still I wanted to have a more active participation in the struggle, and without getting a transfer, I joined a company of the 5th South Carolina Cavalry of General Logan's brigade. Gen. T. M. Logan had the distinction of being the youngest general in the service, though the statement has been made that another brigadier general was due the honor. General Logan and Colonel Aleck Haskell were competitors at college for first honor. After much consultation between the professors Mr. Logan was given the first honor and Mr. Haskell second honor. So, too, it was reported, they

-66-

THE HEROES IN GRAY

were both named for promotion to a brigadier generalship, and after much discussion Colonel Logan was given the place. Colonel Ale.ck Haskell, in a combat with two Federals, received a severe saber cut on the side of his head and was left as dead. Reviving, he lived for many years after, and he and his brother, Colonel John Haskell, were potent factors in ridding South Carolina of the carpet-baggers.
The regiment of which I was now a member performed the duties usual on the skirmish line, in checking the advance guards of the enemy while slqwly falling back. We noticed an increased daring and boldness on the part of the Federals. On one occasion we were fired upon from three directions. A light piece of artillery had evidently been hurried forward on a road paralleling the one we were on and placed directly between us and Raleigh. There was nothing for us to do to avoid capture but to follow a trail through the woods that led to the main road, by which we knew had been taken by the army. Satisfied that the army had passed, and going back a short distance in the woods to see whether or not we were pursued and seeing no trace of the enemy, we went on slowly toward Raleigh. The next day we were surprised to hear it reported that we had acted cowardly in leaving a squad asleep on the opposite side of the road from where we had emerged from the woods.
Two or three years after, while stopping over on Sunday at Winona, Miss., a traveling man was also stopping over there, a member of the squad which, to their credit, drove off the attacking party and regained their horses and guns, mentioned the charge against the regiment. I assured him that we had not only satisfied ourselves that none of the enemy were in the immediate vicinity, but that we saw nothing to indicate the presence of a man or horse in the neighborhood, due no doubt to our attention being directed altogether in the direction of which the enemy might be expected.
That night one of our scouts reported that General Lee had surrendered. We ridiculed the report, but he said General Johnston believed it and that there was rejoicing in the Federal army over it. When the report was corroborated later, we found the explanation of the increased activity and daring of the Yanks.
On one occasion during the retreat our sympathies were aroused by the frantic pleadings of some women refugees who begged us for protection. We could only urge them to go at once into the house to escape danger from the Minie balls, which were then flying about us from the enemy's advanced sharpshooters.
Arriving at Greensboro, N. C., we learned definitely of General Lee's surrender. With my parole, I started on the five-hundred-mile trip to Talbotton, Ga., to which town my father's family had refugeed upon General Johnston's falling back from Kennesaw Mountain. For the expense of this trip I had $2.35 in silver, $1.10 received on my "account and $1.25 on account of my older brother, who had been in a hospital at Charlotte, N. C.

BRIEF SKETCH OF GEORGIA'S
PRISON COMMISSIONERS
RJ\INEY, Eugene Leigh. Chairman. Editor, PublIsher and Farmer. Born January 21, 1863, in Perry, Houston County, Georgia. Son of Watkins L. Rainey (born in Twiggs County, Georgia, served four years in Confederate Army), and Joannie (McMurray) Rainey. Grandson of Signal and Martha
Rainey and J. B. and Sarah (Tomlinson) McMurray,
of Houston County, Georgia. Married in 1886 in Dawson, Georgia, to Mary Ella Symmes, daughter of Edward and Mary Symmes, of McDuffie County. Children: Ellagene, Clement E. Methodist. Editor and publisher Dawson News for forty years. Councilman of Dawson for four years; member Board of Education, Dawson, sixteen years; member House of Representatives from Terrell County, 1902-03-04-05-06; supervisor census, Second Congressional District, 1910; trustee, State Sanitarium, Sept. 28, 1912, to March 26, 1913. Resigned to become member of Prison Commission, April 1, 1913, to date. Residence, Dawson, Ga.
Johns, George Alexander, Commissioner. Lawyer. Born Feb. 27, 1872, in Warrenton, Warren County, Ga. Son of George Alexander Johns (born 1831 in Danville, Va.; Confederate cavalryman; resident of Social Circle, Ga., at time of his death in 1898) and Margaret L. (Williamson) Johns (born near Charlotte, N. C.; died Sept., 1918). Grandson of John Johns, of Danville, Va., and of John Williamson, who lived near Charlotte, N. C. Graduated at Mercer University, A.B. degree, June, 1894; studied law in Washington, D. C. Practiced law in Winder, Ga., since 1902. Married Aug. 15, 1900, in Winder, Ga., to Sunie Jackson, daughter of Hilman D. Jackson (died in 1928). Children, Mary Louise, Sunie Jackson. Presbyterian. Democrat. Shriner. Knight Templar. Mason. Red Man. S.A.E. Captain Winder Guards, 19071914. Served on staffs of Governors Brown and Slaton. Judge, City Court, Jefferson, 1911-15, resigned; member House of Representatives, Barrow County, 191920; Senator Twenty-Seventh District, 1921-22, 192324; Ex.-24; member Prison Commission June 24, 1927, to date. Attorney, Winder, 10 years; attorney, Barrow County, 4 years. Residence, Winder, Ga.
Stanley, Vivian Lee, Commissioner, editor, publisher, farmer, native of Dublin, Laurens County, Ga. Son of Captain Rollin A. and Martha Lowther Stanley. Editor, publisher, councilman, clerk of council, treasurer, postmaster under President Cleveland and under President Wilson, Dublin, Ga. Secretary the Prison Commission of Georgia; elected to the unexpired term on the present commission made vacant by the death of the lamented Robert E. Davison, and also to the long term of six years at the general election held on November 6, 1928.

-67-

IN MEMORY OF

HISTORY OF AGNES LEE CHAPTER
By MRS. V. A. S. MOORE, Historian
A GNES LEE CHAPTER, U. D. c., of Decatur, was organized in January, 1901, upon solicitation of the veterans of Camp Clement A. Evans, who wished to receive Crosses of Honor in their home town.
Mrs. Clement A. Evans, who was reared in Decatur, called together a group of representative women to meet at the home of Mrs. Milton A. Candler to organize a chapter, which was named for the youngest daughter of Robert E. Lee, who died in early girlhood.
The first president was Mrs. Rebecca Sassnett Green, a Wesleyan graduate, and the first historian was Miss Mary Gay, a well known writer.
Of this original group of elect ladies, three Confederate widows, Mrs. Cora Beck Holleyman, Mrs. C. E. Kerr and Mrs. Albert Cox are still enrolled with the membership of over two hundred.
Besides the regular Chapter routine, the outstanding accomplishment of those days was furnishing the reception room at the Georgia Confederate Soldiers Home, a bed room at the Winnie Davis Memorial Dormitory in Athens, raising a substantial contribution for the DeKalb County Confederate Monument and mounting on Court House square the cannon used by DeKalb County soldiers in the Indian war of 1836.

Important landmarks of the Battle of Decatur have been marked, also the graves of over one hundred Confederates in the Decatur cemetery.
The Chapter is represented upon the Stone Mountain founders' roll and four members are honored as Directors of the Monumental Association.
Besides meeting every Star Chapter requirement, Agnes Lee carries on valuable educational work in presenting five gold essay medals annually, and sustaining scholarships in Agnes Scott College and Rabun GapSchool, in supporting a department of Southern History and Literature in the Decatur Public Library.
The pride of the Chapter and a factor in binding the membership in leve and loyalty is the beautiful Chapter House erected in 1916. The lot was presented by a husband of the president, Mr. Thos. N. Fulton, and was part of the Avery estate, the childhood home of Mrs. Evans, the founder.
The building was financed by work of members and the gifts of generous friends. It fulfills a useful need as a civic center and patriotic gathering place, and a depository for precious relics and records.
Two camps of United Confederate Veterans, Camp Wheeler and Camp Evans, having abandoned monthly meetings because of infirmity and diminishing numbers, entrusted us with their pictures, books, and dearly beloved silken flags, which are tenderly preserved along with the Confederate Uniform of another friend who has crossed over.
Happy memories overwhelm us of the "at home" affairs given the World War soldiers from Camp Gordon before they faced "No Man's Land" and "Flanders Field." And of the "spend the day" parties for the bruised and broken from Fort McPherson Hospital. In patriotic service, Agnes Lee met her opportunity well.
We love to recall the memories of dinners given on Memorial Days when dozens of Veterans of the Gray, stalwart, bright and happy, shared our hospitality, making our hearts swell with pride at the high privilege of being called a "Daughter of the Confederacy."
Many have answered the last call but they live in our memory, urging with pathetic insistence that we gladden the path of those few remaining who represent all that was chivalrous in the Old South, and brave and true in the New.
May we be worthy of our heritage.

PATRIOT-SOLDIER

To preserve unsullied and untarnished one's honor, and the honor of his country, is the highest, the noblest ambition of a patriot-soldier.

Mrs. R. J. Young, of West End, Atlanta, is a tried
friend of the Confederate Veterans, and has done much for their comfort. She is very prominent in club life in Atlanta, especially in the U. D. C. She is
a member of the Staff of General Vance.

"For gold the merchant plows the mam, The farmer plows the manor;
But glory is the soldier's prize: The soldier's wealth is honor.

-68-

THE HEROES IN GRAY

THE BONNIE BLUE FLAG
The flag of the South was of solid blue with one white star. The "Bonnie Blue Flag" was doubtless the most popular song of the war. The people sang itt :he bands played it.
A little Irishmant Harry McCartYt went over the land smgmg it and stirred the people as the Frenchman with the uMarseillaise hymn."

We are a band of brothers And native to the soil,
Fighting for the property We gained by honest toil;
And when our rights were threatened The cry rose near and far-
"Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag That bears the single starl"
CHORUS
Hurrah! Hurrah! For Southern rights Hurrah!
Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag That bears the single star.
As long as the Union Was faithful to her trust,
Like friends and like brothers Both kind were we and just;
But now, when Northern treachery Attempts our rights to mar,
We hoist on high the Bonnie Blue Flag That bears the single star.
CHORUS
First gallant South Carolina Nobly made the stand,
Then came Alabama Who took her by the hand;
Next quickly Mississippi, Georgia and Florida
All raised on high the Bonnie Blue Flag, That bears the single star.

CHORUS
And here's to old VirginiaThe Old Dominion State-
With the young Confederacy At length has linked her fate,
Impelled by her example, Now other states prepare
To hoist the Bonnie Blue Flag That bears the single star.
CHORUS
Then here's to our Confed'racy, Strong are we and brave,
Like patriots of old we'll fight Our heritage to save.
And rather than submit to shame, To die we would prefer;
So cheer for the Bonnie Blue Flag That bears the single star.
CHORUS
Then cheer, boys, cheer; Raise the joyous shout,
For Arkansas and North Carolina Now have both gone out;
And let another rousing cheer For Tennessee be given,
The single star of the Bonnie Blue Flag Has grown to be eleven.
CHORUS

-69-

IN MEMORY OF

SOUTHERN COLONIES

AT the time the Pilgrims left England, they were not the only people who were being persecuted. The Catholics, too, were having a hard time of it. At last, one of their nobles, Lord Baltimore, obtained from the English king, Charles I, a grant of land and permission to found a colony, to be called Maryland, on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay. Lord Baltimore died before he could carry out his good work, but in 1634, his son, Leonard Calvert, came over, bringing with him three hundred emigrants. After a voyage of four months, they reached the mouth of the Potomac, and there built a town, which they named St. Mary's.
As soon as these English people were settled in their new home, they made laws for their colony. Their laws were very just and generous, especially in regard to religion. All persons were free to worship as they pleased in Maryland. On account of this generous law, many Puritans from Virginia, who had been persecuted there by the Episcopalians, came to Maryland; Quakers came from Massachusetts, and all classes came from England. Among the latter were many Methodists, who not only desired to worship God in their own way, but sent missionaries among the Indians. Later, John and Charles Wesley, the founders of Methodism, came over to assist in the work; but the bad example of some of the white settlers often did as much harm to the Indians as the missionaries could do good.
During this time colonies had also been settled III North and South Carolina, and they had come to be important and flourishing.
On the southern border of South Carolina there is a large river, the Savannah. When the Carolinas were settled the Indians made great trouble for the white

men. They felt that the white men were taking their homes from them and that something must be done to drive these newcomers away. A treaty was at last made with the Indians, in which the white men promised to make no settlements south of the Savannah River. This treaty was not broken for about seventy years. Then there came to be a new king in England, called George II. He gave permission to General James Oglethorpe, a wealthy, brave, and charitable Englishman, to found a colony south of the Savannah. His desire was to establish a place in the New World where poor people could obtain a new start in life; for at this time there was much poverty and wretchedness in England.
In November, 1732, his little band, 116 people in all, set sail from England. They arrived off South Carolina in February of the following year, and, ascending the Savannah River, chose for their home the present site of the city of Savannah. The colonists immediately set to work to build huts and cultivate the fertile soil, and by untiring industry during the spring and summer they had, when winter came, fairly comfortable homes.
Soon after their arrival their leader sent for the Indians, purchased the land from them, and made a treaty with them, which was faithfully kept as long as General Oglethorpe remained in the country. The territory was named Georgia in honor of the king, and, when the laws for this new colony were drawn up, General Oglethorpe firmly declared that there should be no rum allowed there, and that any sale of it to the Indians should be severely punished. When the Revolution came on no colony was braver or did more in proportion to its size for the cause than Georgia.

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG

L EE had now defeated the Union soldiers so many times that he began to think his army was equal to anything. And well he might; for he had defeated McClellan and Pope and Burnside and Hookerfour of the greatest generals of the Union Army.
"Now," said Lee, "it is time for us to start again up through Pennsylvania, to New York, and on to Boston if we see fit." Again the Southerners began to make their threats of how the New York streets would soon be rivers of blood, and how proud old Boston should bow before the Confederate army.
Lee was now upon the borderland of the North. "If we only had a leaded" cried the Northern soldiers. And a leader came. Hooker gave up the command, and General Meade was put in his place. Meade, with new forces from the North, started on in pursuit of Lee.

When Lee found that so large an army was at his heels, he thought the best thing he could do would be to stand still and let Meade overtake him. A battle was sure to come sooner or later, and Lee was wise enough to know that the sooner it came the better; for in case of his own defeat, he could not be far from his own part of the country, and therefore not far from help.
So it happened that Meade came upon Lee at Gettysburg.
The battle began on the morning of the 1st of July. For two days it seemed as if again Lee was to win; but on the third day the tide turned. More than forty thousand men lay dead or wounded un the field. At the close of this third day Lee began to draw away his forces. Lee was at last defeated. And on the 4th of July, the same day that Grant's men were cheering within the walls of Vicksburg, Lee's army, what was left of it, was marching away toward the South.

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THE HEROES IN GRAY

SAM BELL'S PAGE
"A little nonsense now and then, Is relished by the wisest men."

DOING THINGS IN A BIG WAY "They say that every time we kiss, a Chinaman dies." "Come on, kid; let's extermil}ate the Chinese race."

SOLOMON IN ALL HIS GLORY

He: now."
She: He: Dial.

"Well, my father has another wife to support
"How's that? Is he a bigamist?" "No; but I just got married."-ohio State Sun

TO BE SURE Two motorists met at a small bridge too narrow for the two cars to pass. "I never back up for a d-n fool," shouted one driver." "That's all right," replied the other quietly as he shifted into reverse, "I always do."-Cleveland Safety News.
REVISED DEFINITION Heredity is something a father believes in until his son begins acting like a darn fool.-Royal Arcanum Bulletin.

GOOD MORNING
"Her sweetie must have died recently." "I don't see how you figure that out." "I see she is wearing her hose at half mast."-Wet Hen.

ASK DRS. STALLWORTH AND MINOR
Young doctor puts his shingle out, Proclaiming him a M.D.,
But from A.M. to late P.M. His office is M.T. -Reserve Red Cat.

THE LITTLE WOMAN Him: "Where did you get the new hat?" Jum: "It's a present from the wife. I came home early yesterday and found it on the table."-Illinois Siren.
WIFE IN NAME ONLY "Is Maya good girl?" "I'll say she is. After the wedding she forgot she was married and slapped her husband when he tried to kiss her."-Carolina Buccaneer.
YEAH! Visitor at the Home (Considering purchasing a lot in this section): "By the way, Captain, how does the land lie in this neighborhood?" Supt. McAllister: "It isn't the land that lies, it is the real estate agents.

OH! OH! HE WOULDN'T DO THAT The minister called at the Jones home one Sunday afternoon and little Willie answered the bell. "Pa ain't home," he announced. "He went over to the Golf Club." The minister's brow darkened, so Willie hastened to explain: "Oh! he ain't gonna play any golf on Sunday. He just went over for a few highballs and a little stud poker."-Two Bells.
CLOSE RACE Grayce: "Percy says he fell in love with me because of my exquisite taste in perfume." Diana: "Won by a nose, eh?"-Two Bells.
THE MODEST MAIDEN He-You nearly lost your equilibrium that time. She (anxiously)-Oh! I hope it's not showing.Spartan Spasms.

SAME THING
Veteran Donald Bain was born a Scotchman, but President Lawrence cultivated his economical characteristics.

"No, Daddy, I won't need any clothes this summer." "Ye gods, I was afraid it would come to this."Life.

-71-

IN MEMORY OF

)1n )lmemortam
Veterans of the Home who died in 1928.

CAGLE, J. J.-Born January 16, 1838, in Cherokee County, Ga. Enlisted June 1, 1861, as private in Co. "F" 23rd Ga. Fought at Manassas, Seven Days' and Bentonville, S. C. Honorably discharged at the surrender. Died July 2nd, 1928.
COOKER, P. R.-Born September 16, 1846, in Catoosa County, Ga. Enlisted in fall of 1863, as private in Co. "A" 2nd Ga. Battalion. Fought at Griswoldville, and other skirmishes. Paroled at surrender in May, 1865. Died April 27, 1928.
CHILDS, W. A.-Born April 28, 1845, in Henry County, Ga. Enlisted in 1862, as private in Co. "H" 27th Ga. Regt. Fought at Manassas, Cold Harbor, Culpepper Courthouse. Honorably discharged in April, 1865. Died January 24th, 1928.
EVANS, WILLIAM P.-Born September 15, 1830, in Lumpkin County, Ga. Enlisted in April, 1861, as private in Co. "A" 3rd Tennessee Regt. Fought at Manassas, Vicksburg and Port Hudson. Honorably discharged at Johnson's surrender. Died February 12, 1928.
GLAZIER, FRANK H.-Born December 28, 1843, at Greenville, Ga. Enlisted September, 1862, as private in Co. "D" 8th Ga. Volunteers. Fought in battle of Fredericksburg. Honorably discharged at Lee's surrender. Died August 17, 1928.
GRACE, LORENZO D.-Born October 29, 1813, in Buncombe County, N. C. Enlisted in October, 1864, as private in Capt. Sisson's Company of Ralston's Battalion. Fought Bushwhackers and took part in the Cohutta skirmishes. Honorably discharged May 12, 1865. Died July 24, 1928.
HAYLES, W. F.-Born October 6, 1837, in Polk County, Ga. Enlisted in February, 1865, as private in Co. "An Jackson's Battalion of Infantry. Fought at Griswoldville and Honey Hill, S. C. Honorably discharged at surrender of Johnston, 1865. Died January 6, 1928.

KELL, W. A.-Born June 7, 1839, in Gilmer County, Ga. Enlisted in 1861, as private in Co. "R" 65th Ga. Regt. Fought at Atlanta, Chickamauga and Resaca. Honorably discharged at the surrender. Died September 25, 1928.
LAWHORN, John W.-Born January 25, 1839, in DeKalb County, Ga. Enlisted in February, 1861, as private and was assigned to the position of escort to General McClelland. Fought at Oak Hill, Lexington, Elk Horn, etc. Paroled at end of war. Died September 2, 1928.
MILLICAN, J. F.-Born December 30, 1846, in Floyd County, Ga. Enlisted May 1, 1864, as private in Co. "C" 1st Ga. Cavalry. Fought at Atlanta, Signal Mountain and New Hope Church. Honorably discharged at surrender. Died February 21, 1928.
McGUIRE, James W.-Born November 12, 1841, at Suf-
folk, Va. Enlisted June, 1861, as private in Co. "cn 1st
Maryland Volunteers. Fought at Battles of Manassas. Paroled at close of the war. Died March 30, 1928.
POWELL, George W.-Born October 11, 1844, in Cobb County, Ga. Enlisted October 17, 1861, as private in Co. "A" 9th Ga. Artillery. Fought at Knoxville, Squirrel Hill, and skirmishes. Honorably discharged April, 1865. Died May 4, 1928.
SAUNDERS, T. J.-Born December 15, 1837, in Houston County, Ga. Enlisted June 3, 1863, as private in Co. "G" 1Oth Ga. State Troops. Took part in number of skirmishes. Honorably discharged February 25, 1865. Died November 17, 1928.
WARREN, W. H.-Born October 27, 1843, in DeKalb County, Ga. Enlisted in Co. "K" 2nd Ga. Reserves. Served as guard at Andersonville Prison. Honorably discharged at close of war. Died January 4, 1928.
WARROCK, E. S.-Born August 20, 1840, in Camden County, N. C. Enlisted June, 1861, as private in Co. "A" of Nelson's Battery of Artillery. Fought at Manassas, Fredericksburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Sharpsburg. Honorably discharged at surrender. Died June 9. 1928.

-72-

THE HEROES IN GRAY
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE VETERANS AT THE HOME

ADAMS, H. Q.-Member of Co. "C" 27th Ga. Bat. Born at Edgefield, S. C. Enlisted in January, 1863. Fought at Bentonville, S. C., and in skirmishes from Savannah, Ga., to Greensboro, N. C.
ADAMS, W. J.-Member of Co. "B" 1st S. C. Heavy Artillery. Born in Pickens County, S. C. Enlisted in 1862. Fought up and down the coast of both the Carolinas.
BEACHAM, W. B.-Member of Co. "H" 2nd Georgia. Born in Greenville, S. C. Enlisted in June, 1864, and fought in the Battle of Atlanta
BEACH, Benjamin-Born May 16, 1846, in Talbot County, Ga. Enlisted in Spring of 1864 as private in Co. "B" 4th Ga. Battalion of Cavalry. Did Courier duty throughout his service and was Paroled in May, 1865.

CARNEY, R. F.-Member of Co. "G" 20th North Carolina. Enlisted in May, 1861, and fought at Gettysburg, Sharpsburg, Chancellorsville, and others. Wounded at Sharpsburg.
COPELAND, W. A.-Born August 31, 1842, in Newton County, Ga. Enlisted Aug. 18, 1861, as Sergeant in Co. "H" 27th Ga. Regt. Fought at Seven Pines, Cold Harbor, Williamsburg, and all other battles in which his Regiment took part. Wounded at South Mt., Md. Honorably discharged April 26, 1865.
DODGEN, J. C.-Member of Co. "B" Phillips' Legion. Born in Bartow County, Ga. Enlisted in January, 1864. Fought at Orangeburg, S. C., Petersburg, Va., Battle of Wilderness and others.
DUNCAN, W. A.-Member of Capt. Moke Simmons' Graham Scouts. Born in Hall County, Ga. Enlisted in April, 1863.

BUCHANNON, J. R.-Born July 28, 1848, in Cobb County, Ga. Enlisted in Spring of 1862 as private in Co. "E," 2nd Regt. of State Troops. Fought at Peachtree Creek. Honorably discharged in June, 1865.
BAIN, Donald M.-Born March 25, 1847, in Ross Shire, Scotland. Enlisted July 4, 1862, as private in Co. "A" of Murchesson's Cavalry. Participated in many skirmishes in Kentucky and Georgia. Paroled in May, 1865.
BOWLING, M. L.-Member of John Shelley's Company of Ledford's Mounted Infantry. Born in Union County, Ga. Enlisted in May, 1864.
BOLTON, J. W.-Born November 26, 1847, in Gwinnett County, Ga. Enlisted in October, 1864, as private in Capt. Knuckles' Company of Graham Scouts. Fought at Athens, Tenn. Honorably discharged in May, 1865.
BOND, C. S.-Born May 13, 1848, at Augusta, Ga. Enlisted Sept. 17, 1863, as private in Co. "F" 10th Ga. Regt. Fought at Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Bailor's Creek. Wounded at Cold Harbor. Honorably discharged Aug. 10, 1865, on which date was released from prison.
BLUNT, J. A.-Born May 13, 1847, in Decatur County, Ga. Enlisted Oct., 1864, as private in Co. "E" Georgia Marines. Fought Sherman in and around Atlanta. Honorably discharged April, 1865. (Note: Veteran Blount so far as is known is the only Marine ever to enter the Home).
BARFIELD, A. J.-Born June 28, 1833, in Macon County, Ga. Enlisted in April, 1862, as a private in Co. "B" 3rd Ga. Cavalry. Fought at Perryville, Ky. Honorably discharged April, 1865.

DUNMAN, P. W.-Member of Co. "B" Provost Guards. Born in Harris County, Ga. Enlisted in April, 1863.
DORTIC, A. L.-Member of Beauregard Rifles. Born in Augusta, Ga. Enlisted in Nov., 1864 Took part in the fighting between Covshattee and Saltkatchie River, S. C.
DORMAN, C. A.-Member of Co. "A" 4th Ga. Reserves. Born in Harris County, Ga. Enlisted June 12, 1864. Was engaged as Guard at Anderson Prison during the entire time of enlistment.
FREEMAN, S. A.-Member of Co. "I" 16th Ga. Cavalry. Born ill Gwinnett County, Ga. Enlisted in 1862 and fought at Bunker Hill, Winchester and Shenandoah Valley, Virginia.
GOSS, W. T.-Born December 17, 1847, in DeKalb County, Ga. Enlisted in July, 1863, as a private in Co. "D" Lee's Battalion. Later transferred to Co. "K" 38th Ga. Volunteers. Fought in Battle of Wilderness and at Winchester, Va. Paroled in April, 1865, at close of war.
GRAHAM, H. W.-Born May 5, 1848, in the State of Kentucky. Enlisted May 2, 1862, as private in Co. "H" 2nd Ga. Cavalry. Fought at Ringgold, Roswell, and other skirmishes. Honorably discharged at close of war in April, 1865.
HARDIE, J. C.-Member of Co. "E" 11 th Ga. Cavalry. Born In Laurens County, S. C. Enlisted in July, 1864, and fought at Camden, S. C.
HUGHES, Andrew Jackson-Member of the 7th Ga. Battalion. Born in Wilkes County, Ga. Enlisted in Aug., 1861, and fought at Richmond, Gettysburg, Winchester, and principal fights of East. Was a sharpshooter.

ALLEN-T. J.-Born in year 1845, in Hancock County, Ga. Enlisted Dec. 18, 1863, as private in Co. "I" 49th Ga. Regt. Fought in a number of battles, but his mental condition is such that he cannot remember them. Honorably discharged April 13, 1865.
CAMERON, H. C.-Member of Co. "B," Battalion of Cadets. Born in Harris County, Ga. Enlisted in 1863, and participated in the fighting around Atlanta and other battles.
CAMP, J. J.-Born Aug. 13, 1845, in Clayton County, Ga. Enlisted in September, 1861, as private in Co. "E" 30th Ga. Regt. Fought at Atlanta, Kennesaw Mountain, Jonesboro, Chickamauga. Wounded at Jonesboro, Ga. Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.

HENDERSON, S. J.-Born April 18, 1844, in Jasper County, Ga. Enlisted March 1, 1862, as private in Co. "B" 53rd Ga. Regt. Fought at Gettysburg, Sharpsburg, South Mountain. Honorably discharged April 3, 1864, on account of being badly wounded.
HICKS, E. C.-Member of Co. "C" 2nd S. C. Regt. Born in Pickens County, S. C. Enlisted Nov. 15,1861. Fought at Sharpsburg, Wilderness, the Seven Days' Fight Around Richmond, and others. Was wounded May 6, 1864, in the Battle of the Wilderness.
INZER, F. J.-Member of Co. "I" 28th Ga. Battalion. Born in Bibb County, Ga. Enlisted in 1862. Fought at Ocean Pond, Fla., John's Island, S. C., and in skirmishes in the Carolinas. Wounded July 9, 1863, at John's Island, S. C.

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IN MEMORY OF

JORDON, J. M.-Member Alabama Home Guards. Born in Cobb County, Ga. Enlisted in March, 1865.
JORDON, J. R.-Member of Co. "G" 27th Ga. Born in Upson County, Ga. Enlisted in July, 1861, and fought at Seven Pines, Chancellorsville, Petersburg, and others. Was wounded at Seven Pines.
LUMLEY, T. L.-Member of Co. "A" 55th Ga. Infantry. Born in Stewart County, Ga. Enlisted in May, 1862, and served till the end of the war.

SUTHERLIN, P. W.-Member of Ringgold's Battery, of Walker's Division of Artillery. Born in Halifax County, Va, Enlisted May, 1864. Took part in the fighting around Richmond and Petersburg.
SHERIDAN, T. D.-Member of Co. "H" 34th Ga. Regt. Born in North Georgia. Enlisted in April, 1862. In battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca and Atlanta.
SCOTT, W. A.-Member of Co. "A" 1st Fla. Cavalry. Born in Branford, Fla. Enlisted in July, 1862.

LYLE, C. G.-Born in Harris County, Ga., Dec. 17, 1847. Enlisted in 1862 as a private in Co. "E" 46th Ga. Regt. Fought in Chickamauga, Atlanta, Nashville. Honorably discharged at surrender in 1865.
MARTIN, H. B.-Member of Co. "A" 1st Infantry of Ga. Volunteers. Born near Macon, Ga. Enlisted when barely 16, and was in the fighting at Fort Gaines, MurIreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and others. Became Sergeant and was severely wounded carrying the colors at Franklin, Tenn.
MAYS, JNO. T.-Born July 7, 1840, in Upson County; Ga. Enlisted in July, 1861, as private in Company "E" 3rd Ga. Battalion, and later transferred to Co. "C" 37th Ga. Regt. Fought at Murfreesboro, Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge. Branford, Fla. Enlisted July, 1862.
MABRY, T. A.-Member of Co. "H" 6th Ga. State Troops. Born in Union County, Ga. Enlisted Oct. 21, 1861. Never took part in the fighting as he was specially detailed by Commanding Officer for work in government harness shop.
NORMAN, J. T.-Member of Co. "F" Cobb's Legion, and later Co. "K" 1st Ga. Reserves. Born in Laurens County, S. C. Enlisted Aug. 14, 1861. Fought at Big Bethel Church, Hanover Junction and Seven Days' Fighting Around Richmond.
NIX, J. H.-Member of Co. "D" 9th Ga. Battalion. Born in Gwinnett County, Ga. Enlisted in July, 1863. Took part in Battle of Chickamauga and the fighting around Richmond.
OSBORN, W. T.-Was a Sergeant of Co. "C" 44th Ga. Volunteers. Born in Clarke County, Ga., and enlisted in March, 1862. Fought at Seven Days' Battle, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and others.
PRESSLEY, R. C.-Member of Co. "F" 56th Ga. Born in Anderson County, S. C. Enlisted in Sept., 1861, and fought at Baker's Creek, Missionary Ridge, Vicksburg, and others.
PARISH, W. S.-Born Sept. 14, 1847, in Henry County, Ga. Enlisted January, 1864, as private in Baxter's Battalion of Artillery. Fought at Atlanta and Jonesboro. Honorably discharged in April, 1865.
RICKS, D. W.-Born Nov. 3, 1837, is Nash County, N. C. Enlisted in July, 1862, as private in Company "G" 39th Ga. Regt. Did picket duty from Rome, Ga., to Kennesaw Mountain. Honorably discharged April, 1865.
ROOK, S. G.-Born Aug. 8, 1847, in Laurens County, S. C. Enlisted April 10, 1862, as private in Co. "F" 20th S. C. Volunteers. Fought at Petersburg, Cold Harbor, Sumter. Paroled April 26, 1865.
ROBERTS, Jas. W.-Member of Co. "C" 2nd Ga. Regt. Born in Hall County, Ga. Enlisted in 1863. Fought in and around Atlanta and New Hope Church.
RUSSELL, Geo. W.-Member of Co. "G" 2nd S. C. Battalion. Born at Anderson, S. C. Enlisted Sept. 10, 1864. Was in the battle of Piedmont, S. C., and numerous skirmishes.
STRAWN, Abraham B.-Member of Co. "B" 23rd Ga. Born in Cobb County, Ga. Enlisted in July, 1862, and fought at Williamsburg, Va., Seven Pines, Cold Harbor, and others. Was wounded in June, 1864, at Cold Harbor.

SIMPKINS, L. C.-Member of Co. "A" Joe Bell's Battalion. Born in Henry County, Ga. Enlisted in July, 1864.
STEPHENS, E. J.--Born Oct. 13, 1845, in Carroll County, Ga. Enlisted Oct. 13, 1863, as private in Co. "G" 40th Ga. Regt. Fought at Atlanta, Resaca, Missionary Ridge. Paroled MarCh, 1865.
STEPHENS, L. E.-Born April 25, 1844, in Clayton County, Ga. Enlisted in 1861 as private in Co. "E" 30th Ga. Regt. Fought at Atlanta, Nashville, Chickamauga, Powder Springs, Jonesboro. Wounded at Powder Springs. Honorably discharged in April, 1865.
STRICKLAND, W. B.-Born Oct. 2, 1840, in Henry County, Ga Enlisted May 20, 1861, as private in Co. "E" Tenth Ga. Regt. Fought at Seven Pines, Fredericksburg, Seven Days' Fight, Spottsylvania, Second Manassas, Gettysburg, Chancellorsville, Gaines Mill, and thirty-four others. Wounded at Cedar Creek, Va. Honorably discharged on July 1, 1865.
THOMASSON, H. C.-Member of Co. "H" 11th Ga. Born in Warren County, N. C. Enlisted in May, 1861, and fought at Bull Run, Gettysburg, the Seven Days' Fight, and others. Lost his right arm at Gettysburg.
TOLBERT, J. J.-Member of Co. "G" 25th N. C. Regt. Born in Clarke County, N. C. Enlisted in March, 1862. Fought at Fredericksburg, Petersburg, and Malvern Hill.
WALKER, Geo. W.-Born Sept. 9, 1848, near Buena Vista, Ga. Enlisted Oct. 5, 1861, as Musician in Co. "C" 31st Ga. Regt. As a musician and bandmaster he did no fighting, but served throughout the war and was honorably discharged April 19. 1865.
WALKER, N. J.-Member of Co. "H" Ga. Reserves. Born in Putnam County, Ga. Enlisted in June, 1864, and fought in the Battle of Atlanta.
WHITE, T. R.-Member Co. "I" 15th Ga. Infantry. Born III Elbert County, Ga. Enlisted July, 1861, and fought at Seven Pines, Seven Days,' Williamsburg, and others. Wounded in the Seven Days' Battle.
WHITTLE, J. F.-Member of Co. "B" 12th Alabama. Born in Crawford County, Ga. Enlisted in 1864, and fought at Kennesaw Mountain and Atlanta.
WINN, A. H.-Member of Co. "D" 1st Ga. Sharpshooters. Born in Douglas County, Ga. Enlisted in July, 1861, and fought at Missionary Ridge, Chickamauga, Resaca, and others.
WINN, D. C.-Member of Co. "M" Phillips' Legion. Born at Marietta, Ga. Enlisted April, 1862. Fought at Gettysburg, Fredericksburg, Cold Harbor.
WOOD, A. H.-Born Oct. 24, 1851, in Haralson County, Ga. Enlisted in January, 1864, as private in Co. "I" 9th Ga. Battalion. Fought at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, New Hope Church. Honorably discharged at close of war in April, 1865.
WOODS, W. A.-Born Nov. 28, 1839, in Bulloch County, Ga. Enlisted Sept. 9, 1861, as private in Co. "D" 61st Ga. Regt. Fought at Manassas, Chancellorsville, Sharpsburg, Gettysburg, Harper's Ferry. Honorably discharged in April, 1865.
YOPP, William H. (CoL)-See Personal Sketch.

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THE HEROES IN GRAY

THIS book and the cheer andcomfort
afforded by it is made possible by those good people of the state-busi ness firms and individuals-whose names and advertisements hereinafter appear.
Allen, J. P. & Co. American Bakeries Co. American Hat Mfg. Co. Anderson-Roundtree-Crenshaw, Arkwright, P. S. Armstrong, R. S. & Bro. Co. Arnold, Reuben & Lowry Ashcraft-Wilkinson Co. A. & P. Tea Co. Atlanta Paper Co. Atlanta Plow Co. Austin Bros. Bridge Co. Ballard, Walter Optical Co. Barnett, Sam Beaver, James L. Benedict School (Savannah) Black, D. C. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. Buick Motor Co. Cabaniss, C. B. Carroll, J. T. Carroll Furniture Co. Capital City Tobacco Co. Carson, George (Newnan, Ga.) Case-Fowler Lumber Co. (Macon, Ga.) Chajage, L. Chamberlin-johnson-DuBose Co. Childs, Dr. LeRoy City Cafe (Hogansville, Ga.) Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (Rome, Ga.) Columbus Ledger (Columbus, Ga.) Courts & Co. Culpepper Bros. (Augusta, Ga.) Daniel Brothers Co.
Decatur Buick Co. Dinkins-Davidson Hardware Co.

Duffee-Freeman Furniture Co. Dunin, J. H. Bros. (Columbus, Ga.) Durand, H. R. East Atlanta Hardware Co. Ernst & Ernst Etowah Monument Co. Everhart Surgical Supply Co. Farley & Anderson Farmers & Merchants Warehouse
(Griffin, Ga.)

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-75-

Finnigan, J; J. Co. Flipper, Rt. Rev. J. S. Frohsin, Leon, Inc. Gentry, J. C. Gibson, Bayne Glenn, Thomas K. Golden, I. E. (Columbus, Ga.) Gordon, G. A. (Savannah, Ga.) Graham-Paige Co. of Georgia Granitesville Mfg. Company
(Granitesville, S. C.) Grant, W. T. Co. Griffin Grocery Co. Haas-Howell Hager, Clint W. Harris, Eugene Hastings, H. G. Haverty Furniture Co. Hebert, P. Q. Henry & Company Herndon's Barber Shop
High, J. M. & Co. Hirsch, Morris Houston, Tom Peanut Co.
Jeffreys-McElrath Mfg. Co. Jenkins, H. V. (Savannah, Ga.) Kertz, M. Co. Kelley Brothers Co. King Brothers Co. Knight, J. T. & Son, Inc.
(Columbus, Ga.) Kress, S. H. & Co. L. F. M. Store (Macon, Ga.) L. F. M. Store Lambert-Eskridge M. Co. Lewis, H. G. & Co. Linder, H. P. Mack International M. T. Corp. Macon Grocery Co. Manry Bros. & Heston Martin-Nash M. Co. Mechanics Overall Laundry Mendel, H. & Co. Miller's Book Store Miller Lumber Co. Mion, Charles

Mitchell, T. R.
Moffett, C. J. Medicine Co. (Columbus, Ga.)
Morgan, Dillon & Lewis Moore, Virgil B.
Muse, Geo. Clothing Co.
McIntosh Mills (Newnan, Ga.) McDaniel, Sanders National Casket Co. Nunnally, C. T. O'Donnelly, R. E. Oelschig, A. C. & Sons
(Savannah, Ga.)
Patterson, J. M. Com. Co. Patillo Lumber Co. Peacock Pharmacy Peaborg, E. P.
Penney, J. C. Co. (LaGrange, Ga.) Perdue & Egleston, Inc. Perryman-Green Co. Pool, Willard H. Rich, M. Brothers Co. Richardson, Jackson & Davis Roberts, W. E. Rushton, W. W. Savannah Electric & P. Co. Schoen Brothers, Inc. Seals, T. D. Silverman's Bakery, Inc. Smith, Marion Southern Bell T. & T. Co. Sunshine Peanut Butter Co. Turner, D. A. (Columbus, Ga.) Trimble, R. M. (Trimble, Ga.) Union Investment Co. Warren Company, The Wells, Jere A. Westmoreland, Geo. & John L. Weyman & Connors White Hickory Wagon Mfg. Co. Whitman, Geo. P. Wilkinson, J. W. (Hogansville, Ga.) Williams Brothers Lumber Co. Williams-Flynt Lumber Co. Willner's Womack Lime & Cement Co.

-76-

KING'S
13 Hardware Department Stores All in Atlanta
KING HARDWARE COMPANY
Main Store 53 Peachtree Atlanta, Georgia

FRANKLIN PLUMBING & TINNING CO.
T. C. Connally, Secretary and Gen. Mgr.
184 Whitehall St., S. W., Atlanta, Ga.
JACOBS' PHARMACY COMPANY

PHILLIPS & CREW PIANO CO.

Atlanta,

Walnut 8061

Georgia

Stores All Over Atlanta
Mail Orders Given Prompt Attention

FORSYTH HOTEL
10 Forsyth St., N. W. Ivy 8562
Running Water in Every Room

HOTEL LUCKIE
180 Luckie St., S. W. Ivy 9210
Dining Room in Connection

HOTEL DOMAIN
Cor. Peachtree and Harris Sts., N. E. (Entrance 10% Harris St., N. E.) Every Room With Bath

Operated by Hines Chain Hotels, Incorporated,

Originators of Popular Prices.

All Hotels Steam Heated.

Office Phone Ivy 8259

Atlanta, Georgia

-77-

CAPITAL CITY
TOBACCO CO.
Roi-Tan Cigars
Atlanta, Georgia

GATE CITY
MATTRESS CO.
P. G. Hornbuckle, Pres. and Gen. Mgr. Ivy 3861
625 Edgewood Ave., S. E. Atlanta, Ga.

Always Use
CLAUSSEN'S

Bread and Cakes

H. H. Claussen's Sons

AUGUSTA,

GEORGIA

GEORGIA VITRIFIED BRICK AND CLAY CO.
Manufacturers of Clay Products
AUGUSTA, GA.

~ I' Hotels 01 the
DIakIer Cbala
ANSLEY, Atlanta, Ga.
TUTWILER and REDMONT. Birmingham, Ala.
ANDREW JACKSON, Nashvllle, Tenn.
CARLING, Jacksonville, Fla.
BROADVIEW, East St. Louis, DL
WOLFORD, Danville, Ill.
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN HOTEL, Chattanooga, Tenn.
JEFFERSON DAVIS, 1Iiontgomery, Ala.
(Under Construction)
TIlE PHOENIX, Waycro88, Oa. Operated by
DinkIer Hore1s.lnc. Dispensers @ 01 True Soutbern Hospitality CABLINO L. DINKLEB, Pre

LOMBARD

Iron Works & Supply Co.

Machinery - Supplies - Repairs Everything for the MiIl

Augusta,

Georgia

BATSON-COOK CO.
Incorporated
GENERAL CONTRACTORS
West Point, Ga.

-78-

EAGLE STOVE WORKS
Rome, Georgia
"They Are Made on the Square"
T. B. Owens, Pres. U. N. Howell, Mgr.

THE NATIONAL CITY BANK
Of Rome

STANDARD STOVE & RANGE CO.
Manufacturers of
"High Class" and C las sic Ranges, Standard Cook Stoves,
Hot Blast and Oak Heaters

Main Office Broad at 5th Ave.
Branch Office 226 Broad St.
John M. Graham President
W. W. Berry Cashier
Complete Banking Service

"We Store Perishable Commodities"
In Modern Cold Storage From All Parts of the Nation
THOMASVILLE ICE & MFG. COMPANY
Thomasville, Ga.

FIRST NATIONAL BANK
"Where You Feel at Home"
ROME, GA.
Geo. F. Nixon, President R. R. Harris, Cashier R. L. Wilson, Vice-Pres. C. J. Warner, Asst. Cash. Jno. L. Brannon, Vice-Pres. T. A. Lamar, Asst. Cash.

VALWAYS Suntones

Rugs

Made in the heart of the old South from Southern Cotton. Guaranteed not to fade
from Boiling, Washing, or Sunlight.
Suntones in brilliant colors an ideal Rug for the Southern Home.

VALWAY RUG MILLS

Division Callaway Mills

LaGrange,

Georgia

ROME STOVE & RANGE CO.

Hazel Ranges Hazel Cook Stoves Hazel Heaters

Rome,

Georgia

-79-

GEORGIA ICE CO.
Savannah, Georgia
ALWAYS ASK FOR

Merry Christmas and Happy New Year to the Old Vets of the South
A. Fugazzi & Company
Fruits and Produce Atlanta, Georgia

Pure &Perfect

Made By
Savannah Su~ar Refinery
PORT WENTWORTH SAVANNAH, GA.
SAVANNAH GAS CO.
If it is to be done with heat It is best done with Gas
J. A. P. Crisfield, President

STRACHAN SHIPPING COMPANY

"STRACHAN LINE"

Steamship Agents and Chartering Brokers

Savannah,

Georgia

Offices at

Savannah, Ga.

Fernandina, Fla.

Brunswick, Ga.

New Orleans, La.

Jacksonville, Fla.

Galveston, Texas

Houston, Texas

Services by
Diercet Steamers to United Kingdom, Continental Mediterranean, Adriatic Baltic, South American
and Far East Ports

New York Office, Whitehall Building, 17 Battery Place

-80-

A Georgia Product

Fumigating

Exterminating

82 Courtland St., S. E., Atlanta, Ga.
Walnut 1050
ROBERT J. GUINN
General Agent
NEW ENGLAND MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY Atlanta, Georgia

COLUMBUS DAIRY COMPANY

3rd and 17th

Columbus,

Georgia

Best Wishes
From

HARDAWAY CONTRACTING CO.

Columbus,

Georgia

THE HANLEY CO.
Undertakers
Private Ambulance Service
Walnut 1474 and Ivy 9007 270 Edgewood Ave., N. E., Atlanta, Ga.
-81-

NEHI, Inc.
Columbus, Ga.

REO SALES AND SERVICE, Inc.

419 Peachtree St., N. E.

Atlanta,

Georgia

RESPESS & RESPESS
Certified Public Accountants Commercial, Public Utilities and Municipal
904-7 Atlanta National Bank Building Atlanta, Georgia

EAST ATLANTA
GARAGE
General Auto Repairing Kelly Springfield Tires
Willard Batteries
530 Flat Shoals Ave., S. E. Atlanta, Ga.

PURITAN CHEMICAL

COMPANY

Manufacturers of

Soaps, Chemicals, and Sanitary Supplies

Atlanta,

Georgia

SCOTT-FORESMAN COMPANY

Publishers

Atlanta.

Georgia

SOUTHERN SANITARY

I.

COMPANY

Ma.nufacturers and Distributors

"LESANCO" PRODUCTS

220 Whitehall St., S. W., Atlanta, Ga.

MARCUS LOEB & CO., Inc.

Manufacturers of

UNION MADE

Loeb's MECHANIC Pants, Shirts, Overalls

172 Trinity Ave., S. W.,

Atlanta, Ga.

WHITNER & CO.
Established 1865

Insurance, Loans and Bonds

502 Grant Building

Atlanta, Ga.

-82-


Ernest G. Beaudry
A uthorized Ford Dealer
Established 1916
CARS - SERVICE - PARTS Exclusive
Twenty-Four Hour Service
Service Entrance, 168 Walton Street Sales Entrance, 169 Marietta Street
IVY 0446

CUMBERLAND REALTY & LOAN CO.

Real Estate Sales, Leases

Rents and Insurance

Phone Walnut 2550

Wynne-Claughton Bldg.,

Atlanta, Ga.

J. G. St. Amand Robt. M. Clayton Peter F. Clarke

President

Vice-President

Cashier

AMERICAN SAVINGS BANK
Organized 1887
Capital and Surplus $300,000.00

140 Peachtree Street

Atlanta, Georgia

Ice Is the Best and Cheapest of All Refrigerates
CITY ICE DELIVERY COMPANY

Randall Brothers, Inc.
Dfanufacturers of Sash, Doors, Blinds, Mouldings, Etc.
Dealers in Lumber, Shingles, Lath and Building
Material Phones Ivy 4110-4111
Atlanta, Georgia
J. C. DUGGAN
Optometrist and Optician
Walnut 9985 221 Mitchell St., S. W.
Atlanta, Ga.

-83-

PRINGLE & SMITH

Architects

Norris Building,

Atlanta

A. L. Zachry Company

Hart, Schaflner & Marx Clothes

Atlanta,

Georgia

w. D. BEATIE
Homes Without Loans at
Capital View
Call o. w. Settle, Sales Mgr.
Walnut 2811
305-101 Marietta St. Bldg. Atlanta, Ga.

THE A. A. WOOD & SONS CO.

Makers of Ginsaw Filing Machines, Files, Gummers, Etc.

Atlanta,

Georgia

Service Everywhere

ADAMSON-COSTER CO., Inc.

Plant and Office, 888 Lake Ave., N. E.

Wa/nut 5372-5373

West End Branch

North Side Branch

1375 Gordon, St., S. W. 972 W. Peachtree St., N. W.

West 2530

Hemlock 4046

Decatur Branch 104 S. Candler St.
Dearborn 3087

South Side Branch 14 Georgia Ave., S. E.
Main 3783

Call OHice Nearest You

J. K. ORR SHOE CO.
"Red Seal" Shoes
30 Auburn Ave., N. E., Atlanta, Ga.

Wm. H. James & Company

Certified Public Accountants

Atlanta,

Candler Building

Georgia

KAYE ICE CO., Inc.
Ice and Coal
Ice Plant: 708 Hemphill Ave. Hemlock 2845
Coal Department: 540 Marietta St.

-84-

Now you can afford to SPRAY PAINT. It is Better and Does Not
Cost as Much as Brush Work.
THE SPRAY PAINTING CO.
Spray Painters for The Home-Industrial Plants-
Business Property
Phone Walnut 9481 for Estimates
614 Rhodes Building, Atlanta, Ga.

Farrell Heating and Plumbing Company
Complete Plants a Specialty Plumbing, Heating and Ventilating
248 Ivy St., N. E., Atlanta, Ga.
This name on high grade work is like Sterling on Silver
Robinson-Humphrey Company
Municipal and Corporation Bonds Atlanta, Georgia

STANDARD COAL
COMPANY

309-12 Peters Building

Phone Walnut 5757

Atlanta,

Georgia

GEORGIA CASUALTY COMPANY

Harry C. Mitchell, President

Brown Building

Atlanta, Ga.

Satisfaction
-use-
Southeastern Express

Home Furnishings That Will Please

at

ED. MATHEWS & CO.

Furniture and Hoosier Kitchen Cabinets

Phone Walnut 0622

75-77 Broad St., S. W.,

Atlanta, Ga.

At Hunter St.

-85-

J. B. RICHARDS
PRINTING CO.
Reliable Printers
11 Courtland St., N. E. Atlanta, Ga.

Insecticides

Deodorizing Blocks

McDOUGALL COFFEE CO.
High Grade Coffee and Tea
Blended Especially For Institutions, Hotels and Restaurants
Atlanta, Georgia

Disinfectants

Liquid Soap

NI-LATE MANUFACTURING CO.

Walnut 4713

272 Decatur St.

Atlanta, Ga.

PICKERT PLUMBING SUPPLY CO.

Wholesale and Retail

197-199 Central Avenue, S. W.

Phone Walnut 8169

Atlanta,

Georgia

SPALDING FOUNDRY CO.

Machine Work

Iron and Brass Castings

Atlanta,

Georgia

THE McNEEL MARBLE CO.
The Largest in the South and one of the Largest in America
MEMORIALS IN MARBLE, GRANITE
Capital One-half Million Dollars
Marietta, Georgia

-86-

JAMESG! HALE & CO.
Clothing, Shoes and Furnishings
Corner Pryor and Decatur Sts. Atlanta, Ga.

A. McD. Wilson Co.

Wholesale Groceries

38 Wall St.

A tlanta, Ga.

Pan-Am Gasoline Pan-Am Motor Oil

Buy These Better Motor Products at the Familiar Cream Colored Pumps

. Pan-American Petroleum Corp.,

801 Hurt Bldg.,

Atlanta, Georgia

Accountants Auditors Tax Specialists
R. J. BEAMAN & COMPANY
Consolidating the business of Dawson, Osborn & Baggs and Amason, Pope & Company
"Offices in Principal Southern Cities" GEORGIA OFFICES Atlanta Wynn-Claughton Bldg. Valdosta Ritz B'dg.

MARBUT & MINOR
Dry Goods, Gents' Furnishings, Shoes, Gifts, Novelties

Groceries, Poultry, Feeds, Seeds and Fertilizers

REAL ESTATE

Telephone IVy 2848

East Atlanta,

Georgia

W. T. Ashford

H. C. Caldwell

ASHFORD PARK

NURSERIES

Growers of

Hardy Ornamental Plants Landscape Designers

Atlanta,

HEMLOCK 0333

Georgia

Geo. Griffin, Jr.

Wheeler Mangum

THE MODEL LAUNDRY

Telephone Walnut 2372-2373

Atlanta,

Georgia

-87-

"SPRING HILL"
Where all Veterans from the Soldiers' Home Are Prepared for Their Final Sleep

T HE new building of H. M. Patterson and Son, which has been named "Spring Hill," occupies an outstanding, commanding hill, said to be the second highest point in the city, is very conveniently located, accessible from all parts of the city and ample room for parking space.
The structure reflects the atmosphere of a residence of the Virginia Manor type, and is the last word in modern mortuary construction, and a beauty of design and appointment is equal to any similar institution, if not superior, in the country.
The architecture is modern English. Certain sections of the building are two stories high and the balance one story. The exterior is Virginia white with some stone work and a tile roof resembling the old roofs of England.
A particular idea of the exterior is three entrances, one a porte-cochere through the chapel, another in the center for those coming on business, and another at the south end of the building for friends and patrons, thus giving a separate entrance for each calling, no matter what their mission may be.
On the north at the chapel end with a horse-shoe drive is a lovely sunken garden. On the south is a rock garden around which is a circular drive.
On entering the foyer or center entrance a view can be had of a lovely court, and from the foyer you may pass into the business section of the building, or into a

corridor on the idea of the one in Homewood Hall, Virglllia.
The floor of the chapel will seat 238 people, and with the lounges in connection a total of 462. In connection with the chapel is the family room giving the members of the family ample opportunity to hear and see all that is done, also there is the choir room and the minister's room.
At the south end of the foyer is found the Service Department. Here attractive lounges and parlors are located. Also in this section is the vault room for those desiring to keep remains for a period of time prior to interment.
In the past we have done our best with the limitations of a down-town establishment. Now with a less investment caused by the high valuation of our old location and the cheapness with which we purchased and erected our present building, which is of a special design and has every facility of modern equipment, we can render improved service at the same moderate cost.
The building is a memorial to the late Hyatt M. Patterson. On a tablet in the chapel is the following inscription:
"This building is a memorial to my father, Hyatt M. Patterson, the founder of this institution, whose ideals of public service, whose instinctive good taste, whose deep and understanding heart made him a leader in this his revered profession. He gave of his best to the least." Frederick M. Patterson.

-88-

Successful Metnories
Combine the enthusiasm of hard working publishers......with the scientific skill of
PHOTO. ENGRAVING ART
WRIGLEY ,ENGRAVING co.
I ' PhAotrotEisngtsra-v-ers
1. PIectrolypers
Established Before the Spanish-American War
-89-

DELICIOUS

ROLLS

CAKES

Fresh Daily From Your Grocer

Made by
AMERICAN BAKERIES COMPANY

THE SOUTH'S LARGEST TENT AND AWNING BUILDERS

All Styles of Window and Door Awnings

Atlanta Tent & Awning Co.

Fairfax 1483-1484

East Point,

Georgia

Architectural Interiors

Consulting Decorating

TRINITY QUALITY SHOP, INC.

Manufacturers of Period Furniture Rebuilders of Antique and Modern Pieces

Furniture Fabrics - Objects of Art

363 Boulevard, N. E.

Atlanta, Ga.

W.R. Hoyt & Company
Insurance

American Writing Machine Co.
We sell, re'nt and repair all makes of typewriters.
W. D. FRICKS, Manager Walnut 2860
67 Forsyth St., N. W., Atlanta, Ga.

JACK'S PLACE

R. R. Chaffin, Mgr.

All the latest and best news of the country. Magazines, Papers, Cigars
and Tobacco.

14% Marietta St.

Atlanta, Ga.

401-405 Connally Building

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

SOUTHERN WOOD PRESERVING CO.

Creosoting and Creo-Pine

Products

Atlanta,

Georgia

-90-

BIBB MANUFACTURING COMPANY

COTTON SPINNERS
Macon, Georgia

MACON PORTERDALE

Mills at

REYNOLDS COLUMBUS

THE WHITAKER PAPER COMPANY
of Georgia
Wishes
THE CONFEDERATE VETERANS
the
MERRY CHRISTMAS
They So Justly Deserve
Use Whitaker Standard Papers
-'91-

STONE BAKING COMPANY
MAKERS OF
"OBOY" Bread

Southern Bread and Cakes

ATLANTA

WAlnut 4217
.. .. ..

GEORGIA

Atlanta Milling Company
lManufacturers of
UCapitola"
THE SOUTH'S MOST FAMOUS FLOUR
-92-

COLOR in yourPRINTING
adds character and emphasis to your advertising!
Showing the colors in which a product may be purchased cuts down your sales resis~ tance to a greater degree than any other one step forward that has been perfected by the Printing Fraternity during the past twenty years.
Today we reproduce faithfully the exact color blends and hues of the original and the four color printing process is being used successfully in selling everything from gold fish to Georgia Marble.
It costs about three times as much as black and white work but actual tests have shown that the returns are from six to eight times as profitable.
GJhe RURALIST PRESS
COLOR PRINTERS ROTOGRAVURE ELECTROTYPERS BINDERS 713 GLENN ST., S. w. ATLANTA : GA.
~ j[ Samples of Color Printing done direct from the object
q and reproductions of famous paintings sent on request
-93-

lIThe Electric City of the South"

-Always Growing-

liThe Electric City of the South"

COLUMBUS ELECTRIC AND POWER CO.

It is with pride that we subscribe to this page in sincerest compliments to the heroes of the 60's

R. M. HARDING, Manager Columbus,

Georgia

-94-

Thirst is something more than wanting
a drink .. It means
you need one

~s
Delicious and Refreshing

When the moisture in you runs low-
Thirst is nature's way of letting you know your human boiler should be replenished. And when you thirst and want a drink you want full enjoyment. You want something you can really taste, that makes you smack thirsty lips, that holds the chill of the ice, that you can feel all the way down. On this foundation, Coca-Cola, a drink of natural flavors, has proved more popular and perfect than any beverage before it or since.
The Coca-Cola Co., Adanta, Ga.
7million a do!!
IT HAD TO BE GOOD TO GET WHERE IT IS
-95-

1helOi!"Livinq.Molber I a I: .'

~,.y',~I)

0

i':~~
uilmL'm. .((m3~_4J~O"llUlije'r

\! ( ~'.~~.'. ~-j~'j ~ -~t--..,~- ~~~ ~w-' _~

-_

_

.... /.

'... ---

~,.)

r.=--_ /. I

~

'
f'~.

llLJ. '
$'

lf.",

.:y--r-

)~,r\ BLACK- DRAUGHT was used by the
Cc1nfcdcrate Forces in Georgia - - ..

r:.

. I'

r ,:.I

-/fr! ~~-4r~~

(
-=

--

~.

Mrs. Juliann Pridgen

r:

of North Carolina

Was Born 105 Years Ago

MRS. JULIANN PRIDGEN, of Currie, N. C., is believed to be the only woman now living
who was the mother of a Confederate soldier. This remarkable old lady recently celebrated her 105th birthday anniversary, and'was remembered on the occasion by several prominent southern women's societies who sent her greetings. For several years, the Daughters of the Confederacy have been sending her flowers on November 3rd, when children and grandchildren gather at her home to wish her many happy returns of the day.
She was Juliann Bordeaux before her marriage at about the age of 17 to Alfred Pridgen. Her husband worked in an arsenal at Wilmington, making cannon and cannonballs, during the War Between the States, and her oldest son was a soldier of the Confederacy.
Of Mrs. Pridgen's twelve children, six are still living, and she has numerous grandchildren and great grand-~hildren in eastern North Carolina.
Mrs. Pridgen said:

The above halftone engraving was made from one of the most recent photographs of Mrs. Pridgen.

"My health is very good, and I have

not needed to take much medicine, but we have used Black-Draught in

our family a good many years, and have always found it beneficial.

As a mild purgative it is very satisfactory, and I can recommend it."

-96-

This Memorial Tablet Contributed by

The Texas Company White Provision Co. Atlanta Utility Worb Atlanta Laundries Inc.
(Excelsior Branch)

Swift and Co.wpany MacDollgald Const. Co. American Textile Co. West Point Mfg. Co. (West Point, Ga.)