1561 1926 publishd by THE CONI=EDERATE SOLDlbRS HOM]; of Georgia IN MEMORY of the HEROES in GRAY i? Published by The Confederate Soldiers' Home of GEORGIA To the Soldiers' Mothers and Wives of the South Who Bravely gave their beloved ones to the Confederate Cau.se This Book is Respectfu.Uy Dedicated ] efferson Davis, President Confederate States of America -3- CONFEDERATE CABINET Executive Officers 1861-1865. PRESIDENT Jefferson Davis, inaugurated February 18, 1861, and inaugurated as permanent president February 22, 1862. VICE-PRESIDENT Alexander H. Stephens, February 11, 1861, and February 22, 1862. SECRETARY OF STATE Robert Toombs, February 21, 1861. Robert M. T. Hunter, July 25, 1861, to February 17, 1862. William M. Browne (ad interim). Judah P. Benjamin, March 18, 1862. ATTORNEY GENERAL Judah P. Benjamin, February 25,1861. Thomas Bragg, November 21, 1861. Thomas H. Watts, Marci, 18, 1862. (The date when Watts ceased to perform duty as ;; torney general is not definitely fixed by the records. He was inaugurated as Governor cf Alabama, December 2, 1863. Wade Keyes (ad interim). George Davis, January 2, 1864. SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY Charles G. Memminger, February 21, 1861. George A. Trenholm, July 18, 1864. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY Stephen R. Mallory, March 4, 1861. POSTMASTER GENERAL Henry T. Ellet, February 25, 1861 (declined appointment). John H. Reagan, March 6, 1861. SECRETARY OF WAR Leroy P. Walker, February 21, 1861, to September 16, 1861. Judah P. Benjamin, November 21,1861 (was also acting from September 17, 1861, to November 21,1861, and from March 18, 1862, to March 23,1862). Brigadier General George \XT. Randolph, March 18, 1862. Major General Gustavus W. Smith (assigned temporarily), November 17, 1862. James A. Sneddon, November 21,1862. Major General John C. Breckinridge, February 6,1865. -4- General Robert E. Lee -5- CONTENTS PAGE Title (In Memory of the Heroes in Gray) 1 Ded~ation ------------_________________________________________________________________ 2 President Jefferson DaviL__________________________________ 3 Confederate Cabinet -- .______________________ 4 General Robert E. Lee____________________________________________________________________ 5 General T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson .______________________________________ 7 Foreword ----_______________________________________ _ _ __ 8 General John B. Gordon__________________________________________________________________ 9 Confederate States of AmericL 10 Hon. Henry W. Grady . .. .. 11 Formation of the Confederate StateL Jefferson Davis' Farewell Speech to U. S. Senat"Sherman vs. Johnston______________ Scenes from Battle of AtiantL Robert E. Lee and His GeneraIL 12 .. 13 15 16-17-19 21 Monument to General Joseph E. Johnston (Dalton) .. __ .. 23 The Gate City Guard .. _.. .. 25 Confederate Monument (Augusta) . 27 The Secession of 1861 . 28 Georgia's First Confederate Soldiers' Home 29 Stone Mountain Memorial________________________ 33 History Georgia Confederate Home . 34 Major W. E. McAllister, Superintendent of Home . .. .. 35 Governors of GeorgiL 36 Wildcat Carter 38 Colonel R. deT. Lawrence, President TrusteeL __ .__ . 39 The Hero of the Southern Confederacy 40 Hospital Staff 41 Mrs. John A. Perdu"- Board of TrusteeL Mrs. D. F. Stevenson . .. __ . . 42 .. 43 45 Mrs. A. McD. Wilson Confederate Cemetery (Marietta) Mrs. Chas. T. Tillman Mrs. L. D. T. Quinby Tribute to \Vomen of Confederacy .. .. __ . .. 47 48 .. .. 52 . 52 53 Mrs. Walter E. LomaL .. What the South May Claim 54 .. . .. 55 Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson . . 57 Mrs. Trox Bankston. .____ 58 Mrs. J. F. Hammond 60 !vIrs. W. A. Ozmer Mrs. Herbert Mitchell Franklin Mrs. J. C. Martin 61 62 - 63 Mrs. Emma Caldwell Mrs. Frank Golden Mrs. R. J. Young .. . .. .. ._____ 64 66 .. .. 68 "Bonny Blue Flag" 69 Southern Colonies .. .... .. ... 70 Sam Bell's Pag"- .. .. 71 In Memoriam, 1928 . 72 Brief History of Veterans at Hom"Advertisers .. . 73 . .... . ____ ___ 75 -6- General T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson -7-:' FOREWORD T HE "Thin Gray Line" is charging the bulwarks of time. Slowly that line is disappearing beyond the distant hill, but a little while and only the memory of their valiantry will be left. Would but their mortal frames li ve on and on telling in living emphasis the greatest story of the greatest nation in the world-but the ravages of time is fast erasing all but the written accounts of their love, their devotion, their sacrifices and those things which they cherish to this day. The only remaining symbol is that home which the good old State of Georgia has given to its Fathers. Here live only a remnant of a once great and glorious army. Here flies the Stars and Bars. Here the camp fires burn constantly, and oft the hearts of these brave men revel in their rendezvous of days forgotten to all but they. The world in a hurry to meet its destiny soon forgets the things most dear. That future generations may not yearn in vain for the story that might have been written, we dedicate these annals to those surviving Veterans who now inhabit their last earthly home. Their deeds, their stories, their wants demand the finest indulgence and consideration that we may give to them, and we leave this record that "Those who run may read," and know who the makers of their country were, in person and in deed. -8- General John B. Gordon -9- Confederate States of America (Date of Secession and War Governors) South Carolina, December 20, 1860, FRANCIS W. PICKENS Mississippi, January 9, 1861, JOHN ]. PETTUS Florida, January 10, 1861, M. S. PERRY Alabama, January 11,1861, ANDREW D. MOORE Georgia, January 19, 1861, JOSEPH E. BROWN Louisiana, January 26,1861, THOMAS O. MOORE Texas, February 1, 1861, EDWARD CLARK Virginia, April 17, 1861, JOHN YETCHER Arkansas, May 6, 1861, HENRY M. RECTOR North Carolina, May 20, 1861, JOHN W. ELLIS Tennessee, June 25,1861, ISHAM G. HARRIS Missouri, August 20, 1861, CLAIBOURNE F. JACKSON Kentucky, December 10, 1861, GEORGE W. JOHNSON -10- Hon. Henry W. Grady Journalist, Orator and Patriot The Father of the Georgia Confederate Soldiers' Home. It was he who subscribed the first thousand dollars to a fund to build the Home. --11'- IN MEMORY OF FORMATION OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES Courtesy Mildred Rutherford A CONVENTION of delegates from six StatesSouth Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Louisiana-met in Montgomery, Alabama, February 4, 1861. The object was to form a Provisional Congress, looking to the organization of a Southern Confederacy. These delegates, without a dissenting voice, elected Howell Cobb, of Georgia, President of the Congress. He was nominated by R. Barnwell Rhett, of South Carolina. Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, proposed that a committee on rules be appointed. Charles G. Memminger, of South Carolina, was made chairman of a committee to report a plan for the formation of a provisional government. R. Barnwell Rhett was made chairman of a committee to draw up a Constitution. The directions given were that it must be as much as possible in conformity with the Constitution of the United States. As it happened that Thomas Jefferson, a member of that committee, wrote the Declaration of Independence "because he was a ready writer," so it happened that Thomas R. R. Cobb, of Georgia, a member of this committee, wrote the Constitution of the Confederate States. The original draft, in the handwriting of Mr. Cobb, can be seen in the library of the University of Georgia today. This Constitution differed little from the United States Constitution. It stressed more strongly that the slave trade should cease; it stood for a six years' term of office for president and no re-election; regulated the tariff question in justice to all; and it invoked the guidance and protection of Almighty God. The seceding States had no dissatisfaction with the United States Constitution, but with its administration. Secession to them meant a restoration of its integrity, and a security in the future of its faithful observance. Three candidates had been discussed for the presidency of the Confederacy, but all delegates agreed upon Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, and he was unanimously chosen, February 11, 1861. Then Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, was made Vice-President. On the following day, February 12, the Confederate Government, after taking charge of all forts, arsenals, and all government property in the seceding States, turned their attention to the adopting a Constitution. President Davis, who was at his plantation at Briarsfield, Miss., was notified of his election as president, and while he had not sought the honor or desired it, yet as a true patriot he quickly responded to the call of his countrymen. He reached Montgomery February 15; on the 18th he W,lS inaugurated. The oath of office was administered by President Howell Cobb of the Provisional Congress, as there had been no Chief Justice appointed whose duty it was to perform this office. The ceremony took place on the steps of the capital at Montgomery, Alabama, in the presence of a large assembly of men and women. As the ceremony was completed the cannon was fired by the grand-daughter of ex-President Tyler. She also raised the first Confederate flag over the capital. On the 2t5h of February three commissioners, Mar- tin J. Crawford, of Georgia; John Forsyth, of Ala- bama, and A. B. Roman, of Louisiana, were appointed to go to Washington to intercede for a peaceable surrender of Fort Sumter. THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION On the 26th the committee on the Constitution reported and the Constitution was adopted on the 11th of March and signed by Howell Cobb, of Georgia, President of the Provisional Congress, and J. J. Hooper, of Alabama, Secretary. Alexander H. Stephens said: "The Constitution of the Confederate States was not only a monument of the wisdom, forecast and statesmanship of those who constructed it, but it was an everlasting refutation of the charge that it was an attempt to overthrow the United States Constitution and erect a great slave oligarchy." Before July of 1861, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas had passed ordinances of secession. They resented Lincoln's call for troops to coerce the South. The congress adjourned the 21st day of May to meet in Richmond, Virginia, July 20th-the following day the first battle of Manassas occurred. There were necessarily some irregularities in the formation of the new government. The delegates from Texas were delayed in coming to Montgomery on acof the vote upon the secession ordinance, but they were allowed to sign the Constitution as the delegates from the other six states. Then as Missouri and Kentucky really held secession conventions and had ordinances of secession prepared and signed, but were not allowed to submit them to the people, it was agreed that their delegates sent to the Congress at Richmond should be recognized. On the 22nd of February, 1862, in Richmond, Va., the Permanent Congress of the Confederate States met in joint session and declared Jefferson Davis elected President for six years. The oath was administered to the President by Hon. J. Halyburton, of Virginia, Con- federate Judge, during a fearful snow storm, on a platform erected beneath the bronze group surrounding the Washington monument in Richmond. This is the history of the beginning of the Confederate States of America. THE CONFEDERATE FLAG Alex. H. Stephens was made chairman of a committee February 4, 1861, to select a flag for the Confederate States. The direction given was that the flag should be just as much like the United States flag as possible. Designs were asked for. On March 5, 1861, the committee made its report and the flag was then accepted, but on March 4th, it floated over the capital in Montgomery. By whose authority or directions is not known. -12- THE HEROES IN GRAY SPEECH OF JEFFERSON DAVIS Delivered on January 21, 1861, on Retiring from United States Senate I RISE, Mr. President, for the purpose of announcing to the Senate that I have satisfactory evidence that the State of Mississippi, by a solemn ordinance of her people in convention assembled, has declared her separation from the United States. Under these circumstances, of course my functions are terminated here. It has seemed to me proper, however, that I should appear in the Senate to announce that fact to my associates, and I will say but very little more. The occasion does not invite me to go into argument; and my physical condition would not permit me to do so if it were otherwise, and yet it seems to become me to say something on the part of the State I here represent, on an occasion so solemn as this. It is known to Senators who have served with me here, that I have for many years advocated as an essential attribute of State sovereignty the right of a State to secede from the Union. Therefore, if I had not believed there was justifiable cause, if I had not thought that Mississippi was acting without sufficient provocation or without an existing necessity, I should still, under my theory of the government, because of my allegiance to the State of which I am a citizen, have been bound by her action. I, however, may be permitted to say that I do think she has iustifiable cause and I approve of her act. I conferred with her people before that act was taken, counseled them that if the state of things which they apprehended should exist when the convention met, they should take the action which they have now adopted. I hope none who hear me will confound this expression of mine with the advocacy of the right of a State to remain in the Union and to disregard its constitutional obligations by the nullification of the law. Such is not my theory. Nullification and secession so often confounded are indeed antagonistic principles. Nullification is a remedy which it is sought to apply within the Union and against the agents of the States. It is only to be justified when the agent has violated his constitutional obligation, and a State, assuming to judge for itself, denies the right of the agent thus to act and appeals to the other States of the Union for a decision; but when the States themselves and when the people of the States have so acted as to convince us that they will not regard cur constitutional rights, then, and then for the first time, arises the doctrine of secession in its practical application. A great man who now reposes with his fathers and who has been often arraigned for a want of fealty to the Union advocated the doctrine of nullification because it preserved the Union. It was because of his deep-seated att-<: (1) John B. Hood; (2) R. S. Stoddard; (3) Braxton Bragg; (4) Albert Sidney Johnston; (5) Wade Hampton; (6) E. Kirby Smith; (7) Jubal Al Early; (8) A. P. Hill; (9) S. D. Lee; (10) R. H. Anderson; (11) John B. Gordon; (12) Theophalus S. Holmes; (13) W. G. Hardee; (14) Joseph E. Johnston; (15) Simon Buckner; (16) James Longstreet; (17) Leonidas Polk; (18) Robert E. Lee; (19) N. B. 8 Forrest; (20) G. T. Beauregard; (21) T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson; (22) Samuel E. Cooper; (23) J. E. Stewart; (24) Richard Taylor; (25) J. C. Pemberton; (26) D. H. Hill. 1 t.rv-.,4' IN MEMORY OF would change the policy of Johnston to one of open ham. "Surrender," was the call that rang out. But battle with Sherman's army. And so it proved. he wheeled his horse as if to flee, when he was instantly Johnston had lost, since the opening of the campaign shot dead, and the horse galloped back riderless. at Dalton, about fifteen thousand men, and the army The death of the brilliant, dashing young leader, that he now delivered to Hood consisted of about sixty James B. McPherson, was a great blow to the Union thousand in all. army. But thirty-six years of age, one of the most While Hood was no match for Sherman as a strate- promising men in the country, and already the com- gist, he was not a weakling. His policy of aggression, mander of a military department. McPherson was the however, was not suited to the circumstances-to the only man in all the Western armies whom Grant, on nature of the country-in view of the fact that Sher- going to the East, placed in the same military class with man's army was far stronger than his own. Sherman. Two days after Hood took command of the Confed- Logan succeeded the fallen commander, and the bat- erate army he offered battle. Sherman's forces had tle raged on. The Confederates were gaining headway. crossed Peachtree Creek, a small stream flowing into They captured several guns. Cheatham was pressing the Chattahoochee, but a few miles from Atlanta, and on, pouring volley after volley into the ranks of the were approaching the city. They had thrown up slight Army of the Tennessee, which seemed about to be cut breastworks, as was their custom, but were not expect- in twain, a gap was opening. The Confederates were ing an attack. Suddenly, however, about four o'clock pouring through. General Sherman was present and saw in the afternoon of July 20th, an imposing column of the danger. Calling for Schofield to send several bat- Confederates burst from the woods near the position teries, he placed them and poured a concentrated artil- of the Union right center, under Thomas. The Fed- lery fire through the gap and mowed down the advanc- erals were soon at their guns. The battle was short, ing men in swaths. At the same time, Logan pressed fierce, and bloody. The Confederates made a gallant forward and Schofield's infantry was called up. The assault, but were pressed back to their entrenchments, Confederates were hurled back with great loss. The leaving the ground covered with dead and wounded. shadows of night fell-and the battle of Atlanta was The Federal loss in the battle of Peachtree Creek was over. Hood's losses exceeded eight thousand of his placed at over seventeen hundred, the Confederate loss brave men, whom he could ill spare. Sherman lost being much greater. This battle had been planned by about thirty-seven hundred. Johnston before his removal, but he had been waiting The Confederate army recuperated within the defense for the strategic moment to fight it. of Atlanta-behind an almost impregnable barricade. Two days later, July 22nd, occurred the greatest en- Sherman had no hope of carrying the city by assault, gagement of the entire campaign-the battle of At- while to surround and invest it was impossible with his lanta. The Federal army was closing in on the en- number. He determined, therefore, to strike Hood's trenchments of Atlanta and was now within two or line of supplies. On July 28th, Hood again sent Hardee three miles of the city. On the night of the 21st, Gen- out from his entrenchments to attack the army of the eral Blair, of McPherson's army, had gained possession Tennessee, now under the command of General How- of a high hill on the left, which commanded a view ard. A fierce battle at Ezra Church on the west side of the heart of the city. Hood thereupon planned to of the city ensued, and again the Confederates were de- recapture this hill, and make a general attack on the feated with heavy loss. morning of the 22nd. He sent General Hardee on a A month passed and Sherman had made little prog- long night march around the extreme flank of McPher- ress toward capturing Atlanta. Two cavalry raids son's army, the attack to be made at daybreak. Mean- which he organized resulted in defeat, but the two rail- time, General Cheatham, who had succeeded to the roads from the south into Atlanta were considerably command of Hood's former corps, and General A. P. damaged. But, late in August, the Northern com- Stewart, who now had Polk's corps, were to engage mander made a daring move that proved successful. Thomas and Schofield in front and thus prevent them Leaving his base of supplies, as Grant had done at Vicks- from sending aid to McPherson. burg, and marching toward Jonesboro, Sherman de- Hardee was delayed in his fifteen-mile night march, stroyed the Macon and Western Railroad, the only re- and it was noon before he attacked. At about that maining line of supplies to the Confederate Army. hour Generals Sherman and McPherson sat talking near Hood attempted to block the march on Jonesboro, the Howard house, which was the Federal headquarters, and Hardee was sent with his and S. D. Lee's Corps when the sudden boom of artillery from beyond the to attack the Federals while he himself sought an op- hill that Blair had captured announced the opening of portunity to move upon Sherman's right flank. Hardee's the coming battle. McPherson quickly leaped upon his attack failed, and this necessitated the evacuation of horse and galloped away toward the sound of the guns. Atlanta. After blowing up his magazines and destroy- Meeting Logan and Blair near the railroad, he conferred ing the supplies which his men could not carry with with them for a moment, when they separated, and them, Hood abandoned the city, and next day, Septem- each hastened to his place in the battle line. McPher- ber 2nd, General Slocum, having succeeded Hooker, led son sent aides and orderlies in various directions with the Twentieth Corps of the Federal army within its dispatches, until but two were still with him. He then earthen walls. Hood had made his escape, saving his rode into a forest and was suddenly confronted by a army from capture. His chief desire would have been portion of the Confederate army under General Cheat- to march directly north on Marietta and destroy the -22- THE HEROES IN GRAY depots of Fe-deral supplies, but a matter of more importance prevented. Thirty-four thousand Union prisoners were confined at Andersonville, and a small body of cavalry could have released them. So Hood placed himself between Andersonville and Sherman. In the early days of September the Federal hosts occupied the city toward which they had toiled all summer long. At East Point, Atlanta, and Decatur, the three armies settled for a brief rest, while the cavalry, stretched for many miles along the Chattahoochee, protected their flanks and rear. Since May their ranks had been depleted by some twenty-eight thousand killed and wounded, while nearly four thousand had fallen prisoners, into the Confederates' hands. It was a great price, but whatever else the capture of Atlanta did, it insured the re-election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency of the United tSates. The total Confederate losses were in the neighborhood of thirty-five thousand, of which thirteen thousand were prisoners. Almost immediately after the capture of Atlanta, Sherman decided to remain there for some time and to make it a Federal military center, and ordered all the inhabitants to be removed. General Hood pronounced the act one of ingenious cruelty, transcending any that had ever before come to his notice in the dark history of the war. Sherman insisted that his act was one of kindness and the decision was fully carried out. Many of the people chose to go southward, others to the north, the latter being transported free, by Sherman's order, as far as Chattanooga. Shortly after the middle of September, Hood moved his army from Lovejoy's Station, just south of Atlanta, to the vicinity of Macon, where Jefferson Davis visited the encampment, and on the 22nd made a speech to the homesick Army of Tennessee which, reported in the Southern newspapers, disclosed to Sherman the new plans of the Confederate leaders. Hood, in the hope of leading Sherman away from Atlanta, crossed the Chattahoochee on the 1st of October, destroyed the railroad above Marietta and sent General French against Allatoona. It was a brave defense of this place by General John M. Corse that brought forth Sherman's famous message, "Hold out; relief is coming." Corse had been ordered from Rome to Allatoona by signals from mountain to mountain, MONUMENT AT DALTON Erected in Honor of Gene'ral Joseph E. Johnston During the winter of 1864 the Confederate army, under command of General Joseph E. Johnston, was stationed at Dalton, the county seat of Whitfield, 91 miles north of Atlanta. Dalton, subsequently, was the first town in the South to erect a monument to General Johnston. -23- IN MEMORY OF over the heads of the Confederate troops, who occupied the valley between. Reaching the mountain pass soon after midnight, on October 5th, Corse added a thousand men to the nine hundred already there, and soon after daylight the battle began. General French, in command of the Confederates, first summoned Corse to surrender, and receiving a defiant answer, opened fire. During the bz.ttle Sherman was on Kennesaw Mountain, from which he could see the cloud of smoke and hear the faint reverberation of the cannons' boom. When Sherman learned by signal that Corse was there and in command, he said, "If Corse is there, he will hold out; I know the man," and he did hold out, at the loss of seven hundred of his men, he himself being among the wounded, while French lost more than a thousand. It was about this time that Sherman fully decided to march to the sea. Sometime before this he had telegraphed to Grant: "Hood ... can constantly break my roads. I would infinitely prefer to make a wreck of the road ... send back all my wounded and worthless, and, with my effective army, move through Georgia, smashing things to the sea." On October 11, Grant gave permission for the march, and on November 2nd, he telegraphed Sherman at Rome: "I do not really see that you can withdraw from where you are to follow Hood without giving up all we have gained in territory. I say, then, go as you propose." Sherman moved his army back to Atlanta; sent the vast army store that he had collected at Atlanta, which he could not take with him, as well as his wounded, to Chattanooga, destroyed the railroad, also the machine shops at Rome, and on November 12th, deliberately cut himself off from all communications with the Northern States, by severing the telegraph lines. For the next two days all was astir in Atlanta. The great depot, round-house and machine shops were destroyed. Walls were battered down; chimneys pulled over; machinery smashed to pieces, and boilers punched full of holes. Heaps of rubbish covered the spots where fine buildings had stood, and on the night of November 15th, the torch was applied. Only the commanders of the wings and Kilpatrick were entrusted with the secret of Sherman's intentions. But even Sherman was not fully decided as to his objective-Savannah, Georgia, or Port Royal, South Carolina, until well on the march. Howard led his wing to Gordon by way of McDonough as if to threaten Macon, while Slocum proceeded to Covington and Madison, with Milledgeville as his goal. General Sherman accompanying first one corps of his army, then another. The night of November 22nd, Sherman spent in the home of General Cobb, who had been a member of the United States Congress and of Buchanan's Cabinet. Thousands of soldiers encamped that night on Cobb's plantation, using his fences for camp fire fuel. By Sherman's order, everything on the plantation movable or destructible was carried away the next day or destroyed. On the whole, the great march was but little disturbed by the Confederates. The Georgia militia, probably ten thousand in all, did what they could to defend their homes and their fir~sides; but their endeavors were futile against the vast hosts that were sweeping through the country. The great army kept on its way by various routes, leaving a swath of destruction, from forty to sixty miles wide, in its wake. All public buildings that might have a military use were burned, with a great number of private dwellings and barns, some by accident, others wantonly. This fertile and prosperous region, after the army had passed, was a scene of ruin and desolation. Day by day Sherman issued orders for the progress of the wings, but on December 2nd they contained the decisive words, "Savannah." What a tempting prize was this fine Southern city, and how the Northern commander would add to his laurels could he effect its capture! The memories clinging about the historic old town, with its beautiful parks and its magnolia-lined streets, are part of the inheritance of not only the South, but of all America. Here Oglethorpe had bartered with the wild men of the forest, and here, in the days of the Revolution, Count Pulaski and Sergeant Jasper had given up their lives in the cause of liberty. Sherman had set his heart on capturing Savannah; but on December 15 th, he received a letter from Grant which greatly disturbed him. Grant ordered him to leave his artillery and cavalry, with infantry enough to support them, and with the remainder of his army to come by sea to Virginia and join forces before Richmond. Sherman prepared to obey, but hoped that he would be able to capture the city before the transports would be ready to carry him northward. GENERAL LEE'S FAREWELL ADDRESS Headquarters Army of Northern Virginia Appomattox C. H. April 10, 1865 GENERAL ORDER No.9. After four years of arduous service, marked by un- surpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources. I need not tell the survivors of so many hard-fought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to this result from no distrust of them; but, feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish nothing that could compensate for the loss that would have attended the continuation of the contest. I have determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen. By the terms of the agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and remain there until exchanged. You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a merciful God may extend to you his blessings and protection. \'Vith an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration of myself, I bid you an affectionate farewell. ROBERT E. LEE, General. -24- THE HEROES IN GRAY I THE GATE CITY GUARD From Chronicles of the Old Guard T HE Gate City Guard was first organized on the 8th of January, 1857, at Atlanta, Georgia, and was named after the City of Atlanta, which bore the cognomen, "Gate City." The first place of meeting was in a room over a bank building, located on the corner of what is now Wall and Peachtree Streets, then belonging to the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company. The election of offi- cers resulted as follows: THE ORGANIZERS George Harvey Thompson Captain William 1. Ezzard First Lieutenant S. W. JoneL Senior Second Lieutenant John H. Lovejoy Junior Second Lieutenant Daniel Pitman Secretary and Treasurer M. O. Markham, J. Edgar Thompson Markers PRIVATES Marginius A. Bell, David W. Brown, J. M. Black- well, A. J. Buchanan, G. W. Burr, M. . Bartlett, Thomas M. Beaumont, E. A. Center, Nath Center, A. G. Chisolm, J. 1. Crenshaw, R. W. Craven, W. B. Cox, J. 1. Cutting, P. N. Calhoun, D. H. Connally, Philip Dodd, Vines Fish, F. S. Fitch, R. A. Fife, T. P. Fleming, F. W. Farrar, John Ficken, H. H. Glenn, Henry Gul- latt, Zach Gatewood, Elias Holcombe, C. R. Hanleiter, W. G. Herndon, Albert Howell, F. E. Hensof.l, John Haslett, C. A. Harralson, W. H. Hulsey, R. O. Haynes, 1. 1. Jones, Warren Jourdan, T. C. Jackson, Marion John T. LewiL Wilson J. Ballard Willis P. Chisolm J. H. PurteL Thomas M. Clark James E. ButleL Ed Holland Joseph Thompson, Jr. Dr. James F. AlexandeL THE OLD GUARD Ordnance Sergeant Second Sergeant Third Sergeant Fourth Sergeant First Corporal Second Corporal Third Corporal Fourth Corporal Surgeon Jackson, James F. Jackson, James H. Johnson, Peter F. Jones, Harry Krouse, O. G. Kile, J. J. King, Austin Leyden, James W. Loyd, James M. Love, William Mims, R. F. Maddox, H. A. Mitchell, N. A. McLendon, John McLendon, James H. Neal, A. J. Orme, David Prince, C. A. Stone, P. M. Sitton, W. J. Tanner, Joe B. Tanner, Robert Winship, George Winship, Frank Watkins, David Young, W. F. Peck. The membership was representative of the best ele- -25- IN MEMORY OF ment of Atlanta's citizenship. The uniform of the company was a remarkably brilliant one, being dark blue, with dark epaulettes - and trimmings, edged with gold. The hat was a black French shako, with drooping white plume. The service uniform was gray. The company, even in those ante-bellum times, was well drilled, and noted for its proficiency in the manual of arms and company movements, and was the favorite corps of gala festivities. All was harmony until the close of 1860-61. There was a marked division among the people of Georgia on the question of secession from the Federal Union. Some of the State's most illustrious men firmly opposed it up to and during the sittings of the Milledgeville Convention, which adopted the fateful ordinance of withdrawal from the Union. It was but natural that there should be some discussion in the Gate City Guard upon the momentous issue. (A test of the question arose among them out of the proposition to hoist the United States flag over the armory. There was a warm, if not angry discussion of the question, and the decision was averse to the banner of the Union. The State flag was unfurled.) It being thought probable about this time, that Governor Joseph E. Brown would accept troops for active service, a vote was proposed to be taken as to whether the Guard would volunteer. Preceding the ballot the flag issue was again raised, and was bitterly debated. Some members refused to remain longer in the company if the Stars and Stripes were not used. A temporary adjournment was resorted to in hopes of uniting all the members, but no agreement could be reached, and nearly half of the members resigned, including one or two commissioned officers. At the next meeting the resignations were accepted. A paper was passed for the signatures of those who were willing to volunteer for active service, and forty-six members signed at once. The remainder declined. The fortysix who signed decided to invite volunteers to join them, and in a few days the forty-six had grown to about eighty. Then the company met and elected the following officers: G. H. Thompson, Captain (afterwards Major of 1st Regiment); W. L. Ezzard, First Lieutenant; H. M. Wylie, Second Lieutenant; C. A. Stone, Third Lieutenant; A. Leyden, Ensign; T. C. Jackson, Orderly Sergeant; Peter F. Jones, Second Sergeant; A. G. Chisolm, Third Sergeant; William Mims, Fourth Sergeant; P. M. Sitton, Fifth Sergeant; A. J. Orme, First Corporal; Albert Howell, Second Corporal; Joseph Thompson, Jr., Third Corporal; Harry Krouse, Fourth Corporal; Dr. W. F. Westmoreland, Surgeon. The privates seem to have been the following: Alton Angier, Ed Atkinson, James Barnes, William Barnes, Dave Brown, M. D. Bass, A. E. Brooks, Charles Barrett, James Crockett, J. L. Crenshaw, Warren Jourdan, William W. Johnson, James Loyd, James Love, W. M. Leatherwood, Charles Latimer, Jep. N. Langston, Joe Montgomery, H. A. Mitchell, Robert J. Mitchell, William L. Corley, Dave Connally, Tom R. Clingham, Ed A. Center, Nath Center, Richard Craven, Philip Dodd, Thomas M. Darnell, Albert Dudley, Joe Eddleman, Vines Fish, Robert Farris, M. Friedenthall, Frank Farrar, J. H. Furcrum, Robert Fife, Henry Gullatt, Dave S. Guard, Adolphus Gant, Zack Gatewood, John A. Hill, F. Henson, R. O. Haynes, G. A. Loftin, Joe Harrison, Richard Hammond, Nat. M. Mangum, Thomas Moon, Seab Ozburn, W. F. Peck, W. H. Ozburn, John Pilsbury, M. Rote, J. L. Rodgers, Zack Smith, Alf Suttle, G. A. Strick, James Stokes, John Sanders, Jesse Thornton, W. J. Tanner, Gus Tomilson, James Turner, Stephen Turner, Hiram Wing, Marcus V. Wood, M. Witgenstein, Charles Wallace, David Young, Mike White, John Warwick, J. J. King, W. R. Key, David Prince, F. S. Fitch, J. Furguson, C. A. Haralson, Marshall Hibler, Ed Hill, William H. Joiner, L. L. Jones, Marion Jackson, James H. Johnston, J. M. Blackwell, Robert Badger, John Bankston, J. c. Barrett, William Connally, J. C. Connally. The Governor accepted the offer of the company's services, and ordered them to hold themselves in readiness for active duty, and on March 18, 1861, orders came to rendezvous at Macon, on April 1, 1861. On arriving at Macon, the company was ordered to camp in the fair grounds below the city. All companies having arrived, the First Regiment of Georgia Volunteers was organized on the 16th of the month. They were ordered to Pensacola, Florida. While in camp at Macon, Governor Brown ordered that we should give up to the State their fine Springfield rifled muskets, and take the old smooth-bore muskets. This created much indignation and the fine guns were shipped secretly to Atlanta and concealed. The company accepted the old muskets, and kept them until their return to Atlanta from Pensacola. The First Regiment was ordered to leave Florida and proceed to Virginia about the 1st of June, 1861. Passing through Atlanta they gathered some recruits, and exchanged their old muskets for their Springfields. "Probably, if they had been more e~perienced soldiers," says the historian in the "Cartridge Box," they would not have been so anxious to take the long-range rifles when the rest of the regiment had short-range guns; for when there was any skirmishing or sharp-shooting to be done, the Gate City Guard rifles were ordered to do it, as they were more on an equality with the Federals. History shows the Gate City Guards participating in many of the important battles of the war. The Gate City Guard was reorganized in 1870 by many of the old members, and with younger men made a full company. Major Austin Leyden, of the old company, was elected Captain; W. H. Wooten, First Lieutenant; W. W. Austell, Drill Sergeant. After organizing it was found that under the Federal statutes, no State military organizations were allowed or recognized. The company continued to exist in this condition until July, 1876, when it was reorganized, permanently, with the following officers: Austin Leyden, Captain;T. J. Dabney, First Lieutenant; W. R. Biggers, Second Lieutenant; John W. Butler, Junior Second Lieutenant. Major W. M. Camp, District Superintendent of the Pullman Company, with headquarters in Atlanta, has been Commander of the Old Guards Battalion for the past four years, and has extended many courtesies to the old Confederate Veterans. -26- THE HEROES IN GRAY THE CONFEDERATE MONUMENT, AUGUSTA, GEORGIA T HIS beautiful shaft, 80 feet high, is pronounced by artists and competent critics as one of the most beautiful memorials in America. It was erected by the Ladies' Memorial Association, of Augusta, the cornerstone being laid in October, 1878-just fifty years ago. Surmounting the monument is a life-sized figure of Sergeant Berry Benson, deceased, of Augusta, while on the four corners of the first section, above the base are figures of General Robert E. Lee, and Gen. T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson, representing the Confederacy, as a nation, and Gen. Thomas R. R. Cobb, representing the state of Georgia, and Gen. William H. T. Walker, representing Richmond county. Gen. Clement A. Evans, famous Georgian, who was a noted Oonfederate leader, took a leading part in laying the cornerstone. A verse, declared exceptionally impressive, was inscribed on the monument, which reads: "No nation rose so white and fair; N one fell so pure of crime:' -27- IN MEMORY OF THE SECESSION FOUNDED ON LEGAL RIGHT By E. W. R. Ewing, A.M., LL.B., LLD., Historian-in-Chief, S. C. V. S ECESSION rested upon fundamental law. The which it at least sought to become and for a time was secession from the United States by the several de facto independent of the United States, out of the States of the South in 1861, which led to the war Union, just as each colony became by revolution inde- between the Confederacy and the Federal Government pendent of and out of the British Empire back in 1776. aided by the remaining States, was within constitu- Mr. Lincoln, who was at the time, as President, the tional right found in that governmental instrument, the chief executive of the United States, took the position Constitution of the United States. That secession was that no State could withdraw and become completely the extreme means, in the sense that the right of revo- independent. So as the Southern States one by one lution as such means is sometimes justified, for the pur- persisted in the secession course Mr. Lincoln sent Fed- pose of preserving the sacredness and blessings of writ- eral troops into the South to re-establish where broken ten constitutional government, and for these purposes and to maintain Federal authority-not to free the only. slaves or affect in the least slavery. To resist this in- Now brush .he cobwebs and preconceived notions vasion by armed force the seceding States raised troops from (he mental vision and let us measure by the stern- to defend the newly asserted independence, just as the est logic and the strictest of universally recognized colonies did back in 1776 with regard to Great Bri- rules these sweeping premises, standards of conduct for tain, the Southern States organizing in the meantime which our fathers fought and for which many gave a central government known as the Confederate States their lives and for which our mothers made the most of America. Thus the war came on apace. supreme sacrifices. Then since secession was either a withdrawal or an First, then, exactly what do we mean by secession? effort to withdraw from the Union, to become com- We are to examine specific conduct, not the mere aca- pletely independent of the government of the United demic definition of the word secession. The question States, our first inquiry must be: What is the rela- before us is: \'V'hat is meant by the secession of cer- tion of each state to the Union? In finding this rela- tain States in the southern part of the United States tion we necessarily define the government of the United in 1861? States, also called the Federal Government. For the purpose of finding the legal ground upon The first thing we discover, as just intimated, when which those Southern States acted, it is immaterial we come to see exactly what the American Union is, whether we regard the acts comprehended by the word when we really discern the universally acknowledged secession in this connection as accomplished or at- fundamental of all fundamentals regarding its existence, tempted secession, but it is interesting to recall that is that the Constitution is the one source of its power those in the exercise of the chief functions of the Fed- and authority, the sole source of its vitality; and so out- eral Government and a large part of Northern people side of or minus this Constitution there would be no generally insisted in 1861 (contrary to prior Northern Union, no United States of America. This great, basal doctrine and practice) that no Southern State could truth is one of the settled and established facts con- secede, could get out of the Union; while for years cerning our American government. later, after the South had worn out her swords and had broken her bayonets, and her brave boys were mostly asleep beneath the golden rods of the summer and the withering leaves of somber winter, the same pro-Union In 1816, when Marshall, of Virginia, and Story, of Massachusetts, two great constitutional lawyers, members of the bench, the Supreme Court of the United States, the entire bench concurring, said: people generally and the functionaries of the United States Government were sordid and cruel in holding that the seceding States were out of the Union and as sovereign and independent States ceased to functionate as units of the Union! So to avoid confusion of thought upon this point it may be assumed without fear of successful contradiction that the seceding States were at least de facto out of the Union. That a course of conduct does not reach its final goal is no evidence that it was not legally taken. So the secession here under consideration may be broadly and correctly defined as the act or acts of the Southern States, each exercising what we call its sovereign political powers, the purpose of which was to sever allegiance to and connection with the Union. The Union was and yet is the relation between each State and a sovereignty known as the United States "The government, then, of the United States can claim no powers which are not granted to it by the Constitution, and the powers actually granted must be such as are expressly given, or given by necessary implication." (1 Wheaton, U. S. Reports, 326.) In 1906 Mr. Justice Brewer, speaking for the same high court, said: "As heretofore stated, the constant declaration of this court from the beginning is that this government (of the United States) is one of enumerated powers." Then, as showing the place where that enumeration is found, the court in 1906 quoted with entire approval the words from the decision, as written by Story, of Massachusetts, in 1816, "the United States can claim no powers which are not granted to it by the Constitution." (or Federal Government) which was created by and This fact, a most basal truth, is found not alone in which exists bv the Constitution of the United States. the decisions of the courts; but it is the great principle Hence seces~ion was the act of a State as such by by which all departments of the Federal Government -28- THE HERQE~IN.GRAY are ad.qlittedly controlled. It is the practical fact in all the actIvities of the general government. There is another similarly fundamental truth, practical fact: The United States Government does not enjoy spontaneous or original or inherent sovereignty; all of its sovereign powers are delegated. This fact is just as universally and as practically recognized as the other. "The government of the United States is one of delegated, limited, and enumerated powers," is one of the hundreds of statements of this truth repeated by the Supreme Court in case of the United States vs. Harris (106 U. S. Supreme Court Reports, 635.) There is a dispute whether the States created the Federal Government, delegated to it powers it has, or whether it is the creature of the whole people of the United States acting as a great sovereign political unit. It appears to me, since the Constitution went from its framers back to the States, back to each separate State for its independent action, too clear for argument that it is the creature of the States, particularly since three- fourths of the States had to approve it before it became operative and three-fourths may now amend it. (Constitution, Art. V.) And all the more that this must be true when we recall at the formation of the Federal Government and before the ratification of the Constitution, "thirteen dependent colonies became thirteen independent States"; that is, in other words, before the ratification of the Constitution "each State had a right to govern itself by its own authority and its own laws, without any control by any other power on earth." (Ware vs. Hilton, 3 Dallas, 199; McIlvaine vs. Coxe, 4 Cranch, 212; Manchester vs. Mass., 139 U. S., 257; Johnson vs. McIntosh, 8 Wheaton, 395; Shivley vs. Bowlby, 152 U. S. 14). But we need not stop to debate this question here or let it bother us in considering secession. At the time of secession we had a certain kind of government, the same we have now, in fact; and however it was created we know that the universally admitted facts are that the Federal Government gets its vital THE ORIGINAL SOLDIERS' HOME The accompanying picture is of the first Confederate Soldiers' Home, which occupied the same site as the present Home. It had been occupied a short time when on September 30, 1901, it was burned to the ground. IN MEMORY OF breath from the Constitution; that all its powers are enumerated in that Constitution and are delegated through it. Regardless of from whom or from what delegated, this fact of the delegation from some other completely sovereign power is an important one in considering secession. Many errors have been made by confusing the powers of the United States as they might be under the general nature of sovereignty with what they really are under the limited and delegated sovereignty it really has. "The government of the United States has no inherent common law prerogative and it has no power to interfere in the personal or social relations of citizens by virtue of authority deducible from the general nature of sovereignty," as a recognized law authority correctly states the actual, practical and accepted fact. (39 Cyc. 694). Then, the United States being a government of limited powers, lacking any power over many subjects which must be controlled or produce chaotic confusion, it follows that the powers or sovereignty wherein the United States is limited, which were never entrusted to it, must rest somewhere. As summarized by a leading law authority, deduced from universally admitted decisions, here is full government in America: "The powers of sovereignty in the United States are divided between the government of the Union and those of the States. They are each sovereign with respect to the objects committed to it, and neither sovereign with respect to the objects committed to the other." (26 Ruling Case Law, 1417.) Here is the same truth in the language of justices of the supreme court of Massachusetts: "It was a bold, wise and successful attempt to place people under two distinct governments, each sovereign and independent within its own sphere of action, and dividing the jurisdiction between them, not by territorial limits, and not by the relation of superior and subordinate, but by classifying the subjects of government and designating those over which each has entire and independent jurisdiction." (14 Gray, Mass. Reports, 616.) In 1904 the Supreme Court of the United States stated same fact in these words: "In this republic there is a dual system of government, National and State, and each within its own domain is suprem~." (Matter of Heff, 197 U. S. 505.) In an opinion written for the court by Justice Day, of Ohio, the same high court in 1917 said: "The maintenance of the authority of the States over matters purely local is as essential to the preservation of our institutions as is the conservation of the supremacy of the Federal power in all matters entrusted to the Nation by the Federal Constitution. "In interpreting the Constitution it must never be forgotten that the Nation is made up of States to which are entrusted the powers of local government. And to them and to the people the powers not expressly delegated to the National Government are reserved. The power of the States to regulate their purely internal affairs by such laws as seem wise to the local authority is inherent and has never been surrendered to the general government." (Hammer vs. Dagenhart, 247 U. S. 275.) Then, it is clear and certain, the Union is one of States-States each of which is as absolutelv and independently sovereign with reference to the' objects or affairs not committed to the government of the United States with reference to the specific, delegated and enumerated objects and affairs within its jurisdiction solely and by virtue of the Constitution. And don't forget the distinction: the sovereignty of the United States is delegated; that of each State is inherent. Hence, some light upon the sovereignty of the States may rightly be had from a consideration of the nature of sovereignty in general. These all-important facts were well understood and recognized by the seceding States in 1861. The war of 1861 to 1865 did not change the nature of our government or abate in the least the dignity of the inherent sovereignty of each State. Over and again the Supreme Court of the United States finds it necessary to emphasize this truth. Many persons are under the erroneous impression that in any and all cases of unreconcilable conflict between the United States and a State over any and all subjects the decision and action of the United States becomes the supreme law of the land. Nay, not so, as the above evidence proves to any open mind. And I earnestly desire that particularly our young men and women of the South will bear this governmental fact in mind when considering the secession by Southern States in 1861. And this, too, by all means: Each State has a most vital attribute the United States has not under the law of the Constitution. "W'ithout the States or in case of an ignored or otherwise abrogated Constitution, the United States as a government, the Union, ceases to exist. On the other hand, in the words of the supreme court in 1868 when there certainly were no pro-secessionists on the bench: "The people of each State compose a State, having its own government and endowed with all the functions essential to separate and independent existence." (Lane County vs. Oregon, 7 Wallace, 71; Texas vs. White, Id. 725; Pollock vs. Farmers', etc., 157 U. S. 560; N. B. Co. vs. U. S., 193 U. S. 348.) There you are! Don't start to quarrel as to who or what created this situation, this peculiar and dual government, this distinctively American government. These definitions and illustrations state it as it was as soon as the Constitution superseded the Articles of Confederation, as it was at secession, as it is. The results of the war for the independence of the Confederacy somewhat dulled the usual conception of the reality, of the dignity, of the real nature of State sovereignty; and my earnest hope is that we shall from now on swing back to the true grasp of what the American States each is, to that universal understanding which the States had when the Constitution was adopted, for all, again it must be remembered that greatest instrument is construed in the light of the contemporaneous history and existing history and existing conditions at its formation and adoption. "That which it meant when adopted it means now," said the Supreme Court -30- THE HEROES IN GRAY in Scott vs. Sanford, 19 Howard, 426, a rule followed universally. (See, among many, Missouri vs. Illinois, 180 U. S. 219; In ore Debts, 158 U. S. 591; S. C. vs. U. S., 199, U. S. 450.) ow, aside from its practical bearing upon the problems which arise today and those which will press for solution tomorrow, here is the bearing of all this upon the historical interpretation of secession: If the delegated powers of the Federal Government are perverted by those exercising them, or misused or non-used, or powers not granted are assumed, persistently, endangering the domestic peace of a State, and this condition is backed and encouraged by a great bulk of opinion in other States and aided and abetted by laws of those other States, what is to be done by the suffering State? What would have been the answer to this question by any State, North or South, at the formation of the United States? Meet the issue squarely. Grant that such a cond.ition has arisen, where are we? Such a condition existing, there remain the sovereign powers of the State, the admittedly undelegated and inherent sovereignty, having all the machinery of local government adequate when not thus obstructed for the protection of the domestic peace, for the defense of the property and lives of its CltlZenS, endowed with all the functions essential to separate and independent existence, and thus equipped, thus endowed, mind you, under and pursuant to the Constitution, according to the fundamental law. Fundamental law because constitutionally recognized and guaranteed, notwithstanding the inherent and reserved powers of each State are not derived from the Constitution. In the light of the contemporaneous history and existing conditions, to this question what would have been the answer of the people of any State when they insisted at latif1.cation upon and obtained the Tenth Amendment: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to that State, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." The answer must be that each State would have said that thus guarded the Constitution left to it, in the event of the conditions which I have assumed, the right to defend the admitted inherent sovereignty by any means adequate for that purpose. "The Constitution is a written instrument. As such its meaning does not alter. That it meant when adopted it means now." "The Constitution is to be interpreted by what was the condition of the parties to it when it was formed, by their objects and purposes in forming it, and by the Hospita.l at Georgia Confederate Soldiers' Home -31- Photo by Lane Bros. IN MEMORY OF actual recognition in it of the dissimilar institutions of the States." There is another fundamental rule followed in the interpretation of the Constitution, and that is that light is found in declarations by the States when ratifying that instrument, in imparting to the United States the breath of life which it would never have had but for the action of three-fourths of the States concerned. So also we go to the debates of the ratifying conventions and "to the views of those who adopted the Constitution" and get all the light possible from contemporaneous history and existing conditions. (For leading authorities see 4 Ency. U. S. Court Reports, pages 36 and 41.) One great mistake too many make in examining the legal justification of secession is to see it too exclusively in the light of today and under brighter conditions subsequent to that war. Such an error is fatal to a just estimate of secession. The question is: Did the States think they were getting into "an entangling alliance" from which, come whatever woe might befall, they could not withdraw? Do the light from ratifying conventions, the views of those who ratified the Constitution, and the weight of contemporary history indicate that the States meant forever to surrender for whatever domestic evil might result some of their most important attributes of sovereignty? I don't see how any open minded and sincere mind can in the light of the great bulk of the evidence upon these questions relating to the formation and vitalization of the United States believe that under any interpretation of the Constitution that instrument was meant to take from the States or from a State forever the invaluable right of resuming the delegated sovereignty when in the wisdom of the people of a State such resumption (that is, secession) appeared necessary for domestic peace and to protect and make effective the undelegated sovereignty. Mr. Justice Catron, of the Supreme Court of the United States, quoting from the famous Federalist "in favor of State power," said: "These remarks were made to quiet the fears of the people and to clear up doubts on the meaning of the Constitution then before them for adoption by the State convention." (License Cases, 5 Howard, 607.) The great bulk of the people of the several then totally independent States were afraid of the centralized power about to be loaned to the United States government; and the right to resume the delegated powers should the experiment become unhappy was the great reason which brought the States to embark upon the venture. They were sure they had fixed the fundamental documents 50 that they might legally, constitutionally and morally rightly get out if any State so desired. Some of the ratifying conventions sought to make assurance doubly sure, Virginia, for instance, interpreting the Constitution as part of her ratification, said: "The powers granted under the Constitution may be resumed by the people" "whenever the same shall be perverted to their injury or oppression." New York, followed by Rhode Island, as part of the res gestae, with reference to the powers delegated to the Federal Government, said that "the powers of government may be resumed by the people whenever it shall become necessary to their happiness." Applying with such evidence a proper reasoning deducible from the general nature of sovereignty, it follows that the existence of a sovereignty "endowed with all the functions essential to separate and independent existence" must have the attribute of self-defense. That is not sovereignty which has not the right of self-preservation. Sovereignty without the right of self-determined existence is unthinkable. Sovereignty must be dignified by all that the word implies. "As men whose intentions require no concealment generally employ the words which most directly and aptly express the ideas they intend to convey, the enlightened patriots who framed our Constitution, and the people who adopted it, must be understood to have intended what they have said," correctly said Chief Justice Marshall in Gibbons vs. Ogden (9 Wheaton, 188. See also Kidd vs. Pearson, 128 U. S. 20; McPherson vs. Blacker, 146 U. S. 36; Hodges vs. U. S., 203 U. S. 16.) There can be no such thing as limited sovereignty. There is a division of sovereign powers; and that is the condition under and by virtue of the Constitution in this country. But sovereignty is a self-explanatory word and meant at secession exactly what it meant at the adoption ot the Constitution. Shortly before leaving the bench in 1915 Mr. Justice Hughes of New York prepared the opinion in Kennedy vs. Becker (241 U. S. 563). As thus prepared this opinion was subsequently adopted and delivered by Chief Justice White ,1S the unanimous opinion of the Supreme Court. Concerning the power of the State of New York to control lands which were the subject of a treaty between Robert Morris and the Seneca Nation of Indians in 1797, the court says: "But the existence of the sovereignty of the State was well understood, and this conception involved all that was necessarily implied in that sovereignty, whether appreciated or not." Upon that impregnable position stood each seceding State in 1861. In the South we are coming too much to whisper that "our fathers did their duty as they saw it." We should be calling to the world from the housetop that our Confederate fathers were right. For historical truth we should speak in no uncertain terms in the schools, should sound the facts in trumpet blasts wherever the subject is under consideration; we should let the world know that we know that those fathers are entitled to as much glory for their defense of their wives, their mothers, their children, the domestic peace of their States by wielding the inherent sovereignty to recall the delegated and misused sovereignty, as in the defense of that delegated sovereignty against a European foe, a defence which the South rendered gladly in our war with Spain, for which the right of local self-government might not perish from the earth; "to insure domestic tranquillity" -one of the five reasons assigned in the preamble as the grounds for the establishment of the Constitution of the United States-to better safeguard the lives of the women and children of the South; to avert a destruction of some of the State's most important inherent powers of sovereignty-in short, to escape imminent disaster involving the most vital and basal human rights, the seceding States faced one or two courses of action, -32- THE HEROES IN GRAY short of the most servile submission to the greatest wrongs: they must .either withdraw from the Union; or, remaining in the Union resort to armed force against Northern States and the Federal Government. But the situation at that day can be best appreciated when we consider the constitutional facts here briefly outlined in the immediate light of what constituted the imminent disaster, the ominous peril which shrouded the South in increasing gloom. There is not space here, unfortunately, to discuss those powerful causes of that secession. Those causes are too inadequately presented in text-books and too little taught even in the South. The production of this work, however, by the Sons of Confederate Veterans is one among other happy signs of a revival in the interest of historical truth. The truth and the whole truth, is the battle cry of the great organization of which I have the honor to be Historian-in-Chief-a cry uttered from the soul of sincerity and without the least thought or purpose of animosity or bitterness. In the interest of history, for we do teach the children something about the great war which followed secession, and to be just to our Confederate fathers we must have a fuller grasp of the fundamental legal grounds of secession and of the weighty causes which moved the South-not that she (Continued on page 59) THE STONE MOUNTAIN MEMORIAL As It Will Appear When Completed General Lee and "Traveler," his famous horse, which he rode throughout the War Between the States, were unveiled April 9th, 1928. The outlines of horse and rider are fully revealed on Stone Mountain. From the heads of the riders to the feet of the horses, these figures will be as high as a ten-story building. The famous Lion of Lucerne could be placed in the crook of General Lee's arm and would hardly be visible from the foot of the mountain without glasses. The sword of General Lee from the bottom edge of his saddle blankets to the tip of the sword would weigh, if detached from the mountain, fifty tons. I MEMORY OF HISTORY OF THE HOME 0 1 a beautiful sloping hill, just outside of the incorporated limits of the city of Atlanta, there, surrounded by wide-spreading lawns, with forests, oaks, shrubbery and flowers, and on a site sufficiently high to command a splendid view of our beloved city, is situated the Georgia Confederate Soldiers' Home. Love and deep gratitude to the men who so valiantly defended our Southland, and who gave their all in so doing, prompted the people of Georgia to provide this home, which would offer to our veterans comfort, protec~ion and love. An interesting bit of history of the manner in which the Georgia Confederate Sold\ers' Jiome had its inception is given by Donald M. Bain, one of the first trustees of the Home, who also helped to select the site of the Home. Mr. Bain remained one of the trustees until the State of Georgia agreed to provide for the maintenance of the Home and have a Board of Trustees appointed by the Governor of the State for the purpose of supervising it. Mr. Bain says: "As the records of the early history of the Confederate Soldiers' Home of Georgia are lost or misplaced, and as I am so familiar with all the de- tails of the establishment of the Home, I am glad to answer your request for a general outline of the purchase of the land and the erection of the first building. "Major Stewart went north to solicit funds for a Home for ex-Confederate veterans in Texas; and, when he met poor response, Mr. Henry Grady, in an article in the Atlanta Constitution (of which he was editor), called him home, and began the subscriptions for a home in Georgia with a thousand-dollar subscription from the Constitution. To this fund was added subscriptions for equal and smaller amounts from friends and those who sympathized with the purpose of providing a home for ex-Confederates of Georgia. No appropriation was made by the State, nor was any subscription made by any organization in the State." A tract of 119% acres was purchased, and a beautiful home erected on the site. This had only been occupied a short time when, on September 30, 1901, it was destroyed by fire, as was practically the entire contents. The inmates escaped uninjured, and were temporarily housed at the Thompson Hotel, on Marietta Street, in Atlanta. Plan were immediately made by the trustees for re- The Present Georgia Confederate Soldiers' Home -34- Photo hy l.:l.IlC Bros. THE HEROES IN GRAY building. Colonial style of architecture being submitted by Messrs. Bruce & Morgan, and accepted, substituting brick veneer walls instead of wood. February 22, 1902, the contract for its erection was let to Angus McGilvary and Samuel H. Ogletree. August 26, 1902, it was completed and accepted by the building committee. The Home contains 68 rooms, providing besides the bedrooms, a living room, chapel, library, superintendent's office, dining hall, kitchen, pantry, storage rooms, etc. Rebuilding of the Home and refinishing it throughout with new and substantial furniture and fixtures was done without cost to the State. Insurance collected from the burning of the first building was supplemented by generous and liberal contributions from individuals and patriotic citizens, and enabled the Board to rebuild, equip and open the new Home without asking one dollar of the State, except the insurance money which had been turned into the treasury soon after the burning. September 24, 1902, the Home was formally opened with appropriate exercises in the presence of a large assembly of people. A hospital, equipped with every modern convenience, with trained nurses and skilled physicians was added some time later. Major W. E. McAllister, Superintendent, Georgia Confederate Soldiers' Home -35- GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA COLONIAL, PROVINCIAL, PROVISIONAL AND STATE FROM 1732 TO 1928 Jarries Edward Oglethorpe . Feb. 12, 1732-1743 Williams StephenL Henry Parker (Acting Governor) John Reynolds -----------July 11, 1743-1751 Apr. 8, 1751-1754 Oct. 31, 1754-1757 Henry ElliL ~ James Wrighc Feb. 16, 1757-17(.0 Oct. 31, 1760-1776 Archibald Bullock (President of Executive Council) Button Gwinnett (President of Executive Council) John A. Treutlen John Houston Jan. 22, 1776-1777 Mar. 4, 1777-1777 May 8, 1777-1778 Jan. 10, 1778-1778 John Wereat (President of Executive Council) . George Walton Aug. 6, 1778-1779 Jan. --, 1779-1780 Richard Howley ---__Jan. 4, 1780-1781 Stephen Heard (President of Executive Council) Nathan Brownson John Martin Lyman HaIL John Houston Feb. 18, 1781-1781 Aug. 18, 1781-1782 Jan. 3, 1782-1783 Jan. 8, 1783-1784 ------Jan. 9, 1784-1785 Samuel Elberc Jan. 7, 1785-178 6 Edward Telfair Jan. 9, 1786-1787 George MathewL George Handly George Walton ._--------------------Jan. 9, 1787-1788 Jan. 26, 1788-1789 Jan. 7, 1789-1790 Edward Telfair George MathewL Jared Irwin James Jackson ... Nov. 9, 1790-1793 Nov. 7, 1793 -179 (, Jan. 15, 1796-1798 Jan. 12, 1798-1801 David Emanuel (President of Senate) Josiah Tattnall, Jr. Mar. 3, 1801-1801 Nov. 7, 1801-1802 John Milledge Jared Irwin (President of Senate) N ov. 4, 1802-1806 Sept. 23, 1806-1809 David B. MitcheIL Peter Early David B. MitchelL Nov. 10, 1809-1813 Nov. 5, 1813 -1815 Nov. 10, 1815-1817 William Rabun (President of Senate) ... Mar. 4, 1817-1819 Matthew Talbot (President of Senate) John Clark George M. Troup Oct. 24, 1819-1819 Nov. 5, 1819-1823 Nov. 7, 1823-1827 John Forsyth . George R. GilmeL ... Nov. 7, 1827-1829 Nov. 4, 1829-1831 Wilson Lumpkin William Schley Nov. 9, 1831-1835 Nov. 4, 1835 -18 37 George R. GilmeL Charles J. McDonald . Nov. 8, 1837-1839 Nov. 6, 1839-1843 George VV. Crawford Nov. 8, 1843-1847 George W. Townslfowell Cobb Nov. 3, 1847-1851 Nov. 5, 1851-185~ lferschel V. Johnson . Joseph E. Brown Nov. 9, 1853 -18 57 Nov. 6, 1857-1865 James Johnson (Provisional) Charles J. Jenkins- . June 17, 1865-1865 Dec. 14, 1865-1868 General T. H. Ruger (U. S. A. Military) Rufus E. Bullock (Provisional) -- Jan. 13, 1868-1868 July 4, 1868-1868 Rufus E. Bullock (Reconstruction) July 21, 1868-1871. Benjamin Conley (Reconstruction, President of Senate) James M. Smith- Alfred H. ColquitL Oct. 30, 1871-1872 Jan. 12, 1872-1877 Jan. 12, 1877-1882 Alexander H. StephenL . Nov. 4, 1882-1883 James S. Boynton (President of Senate) Henry D. McDanieL John B. Gordon William J. Northen Mar. 5, 1883-1881 May 10, 1883 -18 86 Nov. 4, 1886-1890 Nov. 8, 1890-1894 William Y. Atkinson Allen D. CandleL Joseph M. Terrell Oct. 27, 1894-1898 Oct. 29, 1898-1902 Oct. 25, 1902-1907 Hoke Smith Joseph M. Brown ---------------June 29, 1907-1909 June 26, 1909-1911 Hoke Smith John M. Slaton (President of Senate) Joseph M. Brown John M. Slaton --------------July 1, 1911-1911 Nov. 16, 1911-1912 Jan. 25, 1912-1913 June 28, 1913-1915 Nathaniel E. Harris- . lfugh 11. Dorsey -- June 26, 1915-1917 June 30, 1917-1921 Thomas William HardwicL Clifford Walker L. G. lfardman June 25, 1921-1923 June 30, 1923-1927 June 25, 1927- First row, bottom, left to right-Mrs. H. W. Wooding, Mrs. P. W. Divver, J. P. Florence, Major W. E. McAllister, Supt., Samuel J. Bell, Sec'y, Mrs. Viola Finch, Mrs. Ella Roberts, G. W. Walker. Second row-H. C. Thomason, D. C. Winn, W. S. Parish, A. B. Strawn, N. J. Walker, A. J. Hughes, S. A. Freeman, F. J. Inzer, E. C. Hicks, Benjamin Beach, J. M. Jordan, T. R. White, P. W. Dunman. Third row-So J. Henderson, J. C. Dodgen, C. G. Bond, J. J. Tolbert, A. H. Winn, R. C. Presley, J. W. Bolton, (a visitor), W. B. Strickland, J. J. Camp, D. W. Ricks, J. T. Norman, J. A. Blount, J. R. Jordan, G. W. Russell. MEMORY OF Dr. James W. (Wildcat) Carter was traded by General Sterling Price to General N. B. Forrest for five private soldiers and two mules shortly before the close of the War Between the States. Wildcat, derived from the Indian word "Erekeus," which translated is "Wildcat," was born in Ridge Valley, now the city of Rome, Georgia, in 1810. He lived to be 107 years old and until his death practiced medicine in Montgomery, Alabama. He is remembered distinctly for his services with General N. B. Forrest's famous band of scouts that ravaged the Federal forces during the Civil War. His father was a Frenchman and his mother a fullblooded Cherokee Indian. Wildcat demonstrated the greater traits inherited from his parents. When he was 12 years of age, his family engaged with the whit.e man in the only war between the Cherokees and Whites near Coosewatie, the fork in the Chattahoochee where Rome is now located. The Cherokees waged war on their white brothers to drive them from the prolific hunting grounds in that section and, failing to drive the palefaces away, they found them friendly. In 1835 Dr. Carter settled in Indian Territory but the war with Mexico drove him out in 1847. He fought with Sam Houston at San Jacinto, near Houston, Texas, and in 1861 enlisted in the Confederate Army under General Albert Pike and saw his first action in the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. He then joined General Sterling Price in his campaign through Missouri and returning down the Mississippi they met General Forrest, who traded the five men and two mules for the famous scout. General Forrest offered Wildcat a captain's commission but he refused. DR. JAMES W. (WILDCAT) CARTER By MRS. ANITA LiNDSEY WEATHERS D URING the Confederates' 33rd Reunion in New Orleans, Louisiana, it was my pleasure and privilege to entertain Major Wildcat Carter in our home in New Orleans. At that time he was 103 years old. He was born in 1810 and died at the age of 107 years. For an old man, Dr. Carter had the keenest memory for present, as well as past events, that I have ever known. He was one of the most entertaining men that it has ever been my pleasure to meet. He had a keen sense of humor and enjoyed telling jokes on many prominent people that he had visited at various times during his long life. He served General Forrest during the Civil War and told me that many times when food was scarce that he even went so far as to steal food for his beloved General-and at one time was severely reprimanded for stealing fodder for his horse, but when carried before Gen. Forrest was immediately forgiven-Gen. Forrest remarked "that a man who would not take care of his horse did not deserve to have one." AN OLD CAMPAIGN STORY By R. deT. LAWRENCE, Marietta, Ga. T HE relationship between the Lily Whites and the Negro Republicans reminds me of a story which I have frequently told but not seen in print. Gen. Malone aspired to the U. S. Senatorship from Virginia. As it was at the period immediately after the War Between the States, it was necessary for him to join the Republican party and get the negro votes. Whereupon his negro opponent made up the following story: "General Malone started for heaven, walking, arrived at the gate, and was asked what he wanted. '1'0 get in,' he replied. "'Riding or walking?' was the next question. "'Walking,' he replied. "'You can't get in,' he was told; 'only those riding can get in.' "Turning back, he met a negro walking, who said he also was on the quest of heaven. 'You can't get in,' General Malone told him, 'unless you are riding. Let me get on your back and we will both ride in.' To this the negro assented, and with Gen. Malone mounted on his back arrived at the gate to heaven, and asked to be let in. To the usual question, 'riding or walking,' General Malone was glad to answer, 'riding.' 'Hitch your horse outside and come in,' he was told. So the Lily White got in but the negro did not." -38- THE HEROES I GRAY A TRIBUTE TO COL. R. deT. LAWRENCE Bya Friend T HE Confederate Soldiers' Home of Georgia is particularly fortunate in having for its Board of Trustees a group of men and women who are jealously anxious to outdo each other in striving to make the Home a real one to the remnant of the soldiers of the Southland. At the head of the board is Col. R. deT. Lawrence, of Marietta, Georgia. There is no man to be found anywhere who has the welfare of the men entrusted to his care more at heart, who tries harder to make life pleasant and comfortable for them. For Col. Lawrence knows what his comrades went through in the War Between the States. His own experience as a member of the Confederate army expressed that indelibly in his mind. At the beginning of hostilities in 1861 he was a student at the South Carolina College, at Columbia. He belonged to the college cadets, who offered their services to the Confederacy and were accepted by the Governor of South Carolina, being sent to Sullivan's Island, just out from Fort Sumter, to prevent the landing of Federal troops at that point. He was present when Fort Sumter was captured. Returning to college, he enlisted for the war in Washington Light Infantry, afterwards Company B, 25th South Carolina Infantry. At the battle of Secessionville, S. C., the fighting was exceptionally fierce, and of the four men nearest Col. Lawrence in the battle line, three were killed outright, the fourth severely wounded, while his own jacket was ripped off on the right side by a minie ball. He was elected by his company to the highest vacancy, that of third corporal. Soon after this promotion he was transferred to the Signal Corps, a particularly hazardous position, as the enemy sharpshooters were on the alert for members of this branch of the service above all others. In this service he was wounded in the left arm by a fragment of shell, which tore through his jacket. While on duty on Morris Island, Col. Lawrence and two comrades of the signal service were the last to leav~ the island when it was evacuated, the overwhelming numbers of the enerny forcing a nlove. On the retreat from Charleston, compelled by Sherman's irresistible numbers, he joined Company A, ot the 5th South Carolina Cavalry, and was continually on the skirmish line as the Gray army was driven back steadily by overwhelming numbers to Raleigh, N. C. He was in General Johnston's division when that outfit surrendered at Greensboro, . C. After the close of hostilities in 1865, Col. Lawrence was engaged in railroad bridge work, and for some years assisted in rebuilding bridges destroyed during the war. Col. Lawrence has been much interested in the Stone Mountain Memorial, and commends Mr. Randolph on the progress made, under much opposition since the appointment of Mr. Lukeman as sculptor, and cODgrat- Col. R. deT. Lawrence President Board Trustees ulates the Association in securing so capable a man as Mr. Willis to succeed Mr. Randolph as president. Col. Lawrence wrote the resolution, unanimously passed at the Little Rock Reunion, recommending the stupendous enterprise to the assistance and cooperation of the whole country. Col. Lawrence is the author of Meditations of an Octogenarian, an Essay on Political Economies, etc. In all three branches of the service in which he took part, as a member of the Infantry, of the Signal Corps and of the Cavalry, he was in the thickest of the fighting, and endured the hardships of his comrades. He knows what fighting on almost no rations, ragged clothing, little sanitary regulations, with even hope ever diminishing by the steadily increasing superiority of the enemy, can do to a man. -39- IN MEMORY OF The Hero of The Southern Confederacy T HE hero of the Southern Confederacy in the Civil War is today respected and honored by all Americans. As a man and as a soldier he ranks with our greatest and best. Born at Stratford, Virginia, January 19, 1807, Robert E. Lee was educated at West Point, graduating in 1829, and was commissioned second lieutenant of engineers and ass-igned to duty in Washington. The Lee family was one of the most prominent in Virginia, and the social prestige of the brilliant young officer was further increased by his marriage to Mary Ann Randolph, of the distinguished family whose sons and daughters played so prominent a part in our early history. This alliance made him in due time master of Arlington House and of the White House estate on the Pamunkey River. In the war with Mexico, Lee took an active part, serving as an engineer on the staff of General Winfield Scott, who says: "My success in the Mexican War was largely due to the skill and valor of Robert E. Lee, the best soldier I ever saw in the field; and if opportunity offers he will show himself the foremost captain of his time." This prophecy was only too sadly fulfilled. When hostilities between the North and South appeared to be inevitable, Lincoln offered Lee the command of the United States forces. This Lee declined, resigned his commission in the army, and April 24, 1861, was made commander-in-chief of the forces in Virginia. To understand this action, it is only necessary to remember that Virginia had always regarded herself as a sovereign state and the Constitution of the United States as a voluntary confederacy. The United States as a sovereign unit, superior to the states, was an idea that was only beginning to appear, and that found little acceptance in Virginia, with its proud and high traditions. Lee was a loyal Virginian, loyal to what he understood to be his country. In accepting the command of the Virginia forces, he said: "I devote myself to the service of my native state, in whose cause alone will I ever draw my sword." His military skill soon became apparent in a series of brilliant victories over the Army of the Potomac. The first of these was Manassas, and the last Chancellorsville. There Lee, with 53,000 men, opposed Hooker with 138,378 men, forcing him to retreat. Chancellorsville, however, was soon followed by Gettysburg, where Lee, owing to a lack of reserve forces, was disastrously defeated. This battle proved to be the turning point of the war. The superior resources of the North began to tell. In the campaign that followed, Lee's diminishing army was crushed by overwhelming forces and he was compelled to surrender to Grant, April 9, 1865. After the war, General Lee accepted the presidency of Washington College, Lexington, Virginia (now known as Washington-Lee University). There he ~erved with distinction until his death, October 12, 1870. His beautiful home of Arlington is now the National Soldiers' Memorial Cemetery. General Lee was not only a brilliant soldier who made the most of his resources, but he won quite as wide distinction for his noble character. He did what he believed to be right, regardless of the consequences to himself. He was the idolized leader of the Southern army, and few men have been more beloved by a people than he was by the entire South; while the Northern people as well came to recognize his worth and pay him deserved honor. Grant and Lee, the opposing commanders-in-chief, had both fought in the Mexican War as they had both been trained at West Point; and it was characteristic that when Lee met Grant in the little McLean farmhouse, near the Appomattox apple orchard, where Lee had made his last stand, the two great generals should treat each other with the highest courtesy and friendliness. Lee recognized the unusual generosity of the terms proposed by Grant, in allowing officers and men to return to their homes free on parole, the officers to keep their side arms and private horses and baggage. When General Lee said that some of his men also owned their horses, General Grant said he would give orders that all men owning horses should retain them, adding, "They will need them for their spring ploughing and farm work." Lee replied that Grant could have done nothing that would accomplish more good both for the men and their government. The terms arranged, the two leaders saluted each other like soldiers and gentlemen, and the war was closed with highest honor to the chief commanders. D. C. WINN A. B. STRAWN Two Happy Veterans at the Home "The Long and the Short" -40- THE HEROES IN GRAY THE ORIGIN OF THE "BONNY BLUE FLAG" H ARRY McCARTHY, a Confederate soldier and an Irish comedian, appeared on the stage of the Academy of Music in ew Orleans in September, 1861, and sang a song which he had written. The house was filled with Confederate soldiers from Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas on their way to the battle front. He was accompanied by his sister, Marion, who, in honor of the Texans present, bore in her hand a large flag of dark blue silk with one white star in the center. Then McCarthy sang his "Bonny Blue Flag" which brought to the soldiers the memory of home so vividly that they could not repress their feelings. They yelled, they waved their hats, they jumped upon the seats, and the excitement became so great that the police had to be called in to check it. McCarthy had first sung it at his home in Jackson, Miss. When General Butler was in command at New Orleans he issued an order that any man, woman, or child that sang that song, whistled or played it, should be fined lwenty-five dollars. He had A. E. Blackmar, the publisher of the music, arrested, fined him five hundred dollars, and ordered every copy of the song destroyed; but "Bonny Blue Flag" was in the hearts of the people and could not be destroyed. It was sung from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean, and from the night McCarthy sang it, it became the Marseillaise of the South. Mrs. Annie Chambers-Ketchum, of Kentucky, wrote other words to the music, and for this reason it has been said she claimed to have written the original song. TRIBUTE OF A WOUNDED SOLDIER I N one of the hospitals of the South a beautiful Southern girl was passing and asked a wounded boy what she could do for him. "I am wounded so badly that I can't live long," he answered. "Then you will let me pray for you: I am one of the Lord's daughters," she said in a low, sweet voice. "Yes, pray for me," he said, looking up in the tender, sympathizing face, "and ask the Lord please to let me be his son-in-law." HOSPITAL STAFF OF THE HOME Left to right-Dr. R. W. Stallworth, Mrs. Ellia Roberts, Nurse, Mrs. Viola Finch, Nurse, Mrs. P. W. Divver, Matron, Dr. W. H. Minor, Jr., Dr. F. L. Corley, Physician in Charge. -41- IN MEMORY OF Easter entertainments; barbecues; four outdoor picnic dinners; three watermelon cuttings; Thanksgiving ex- ercises and refreshments, and moving picture parties. Each month the three Atlanta Chapters gave some kind of social pleasure, serving ice cream and cake, and with the money sent direct to me from Chapters I have car- ried out often and given each dear old Veteran cigars, cookies, candy, peaches, oranges, chewing gum; in fact, all eatables that I thought they would enjoy between meals. Three C. of C. Chapters, namely, Montezuma, Dub- lin and Sandersville, sent seventy-eight handkerchiefs, which I distributed in their names. Marion County Chapter made seventy-four eating bibs, which was a wise contribution. Twenty-nine Chapters sent direct to me in checks $136.00, which is credited, and I do thank the Chapters personally and want them to know the Veterans are always informed from which Chapter the gifts are given. From all sources the financial value of gifts is $1,572.00. A loving cup, given by Mrs. L. D. T. Quinby, was presented to Fulton Chapter for the best personal work; MRS. JOHN A. PERDUE, most substantial contributions, and the largest amount Trustee of the Home for Eight Years, and Chairman of the Soldiers Home Committee of the Georgia Division, U. D. C. (Editor's Note: No one was ever more earnest, loyal and interested in her work than Mrs. Perdue has been in her capacity as Chairman of this Committee. As an evidence of this fact, we submit the following incident) : AT the last meeting of the Georgia Division in the city of Atlanta in October, 1928, absolutely without solicitation on her part and in fact, as a complete surprise to her, Mrs. Perdue was unanimously elected Honorary President for Life of the Georgia Division, one of the highest honors the Division can confer. With tears of happiness streaming down her cheeks she said: "Ladies, I would be less than human of money to the Veterans. Two prizes were offered by Major McAllister, superintendent of the home, to Chapters Qutside of Atlanta. The first, a large, handsome water color picture of General Lee, was captured by the Dublin Chapter, and the second, a five-dollar goldpiece, by the Decatur Chapter. The cup is an annual gift, going each year to the Chapter manifesting the greatest interest, and Major McAllister also repeats his two gifts for next year. Madam President, I thank you for the high honor of being your Chairman, and to our Georgia Daughters I thank for the privilege of acting as their Agent in giving pleasure to our Heroes of the Sixties. Respectfully submitted, MARION GRAHAM PERDUE, State Chairman, Soldiers Home, U. D. C. if I did not appreciate and feel proud of this great FRIENDLY ENEMIES W honor you have tendered me, but before I accept, I must ask if my acceptance will make me ineligible to act as Chairman of the Soldiers Home Committee. If HEN the war first broke out, and for some time :tfterwards, there was a feeling of personal hostility between the soldiers of the two so, as much as I appreciate it, I will have to decline, sides. A man in blue uniform was treated with indig- for I had rather be the State Chairman of the Soldiers nity jf he fell into the hands of the enemy, and the Home Committee than Honorary President of the Geor- same was true of the man in gray. But conditions gia Division." were changed long before the war was over. The men Mrs. Perdue's report for 1928 reads: of each side came to respect their enemies. They often Madam President, Officers and Daughters: talked and joked across the line when no battle was in Having visited the Soldiers Home once, twice and progress. It has been said that pickets of the opposing often three times each week for the past twelve months; armies would even meet and spend the night together attending as a member the quarter meetings of the in friendly companionship. Board of Trustees; visiting each room of those confined When the opposing armies were encamped on oppo- to the bed, and having personal knowledge of the daily site sides of the Little Rapidan River, in Virginia, government of the Home, it is impossible in five min- sometimes even the officers in bathing would meet and utes (my allotted time) for me to give you the infor- shake hands in the middle of the stream. The men mation each delegate should have concerning this-the often traded, Southern tobacco usually being bartered greatest work of our organization. for Northern coffee. Sometimes men scantily clad We have gone over the high tide record of last year would swim across the river, merely to pay a friendly -more Chapters than ever before contributed in differ- visit to the enemy. ent ways to the inmates. Beginning the entertainment One day the Southern general, ]. B. Gordon, was rid- with New Year dinner. General Lee's birthday. Val- ing along his lines, when at one point he noticed an entine shower, consisting of individual gift boxes; three unusual commotion, and asked: -42- THE HEROES IN GRAY "What's the matter here? What is this confusion about?" "Nothing at all, -Getleral; it is all right," answere~ the men. As he was about to ride on he noticed the tall weeds on the river bank shaking. He wheeled his horse about and asked: "What's the matter with those weeds?" "Nothing, General, nothing." "Go break them down and let me see." The men did so, and there lay a man so nearly undressed that it could not be told by his uniform to which side he belonged. "Where do you belong?" asked the officer. "Over yonder," the man replied, pointing to the Union army across the river. "And what are you doing here? Don't you know, sir, that there i~ war going on in this country?" "Yes, General; but we are not fighting now, and I didn't think it any harm to come over and visit the Johnnies a little while." The Union men always spoke of the Confederates as Johnnies, and the Confederates called them Yankees, or Yanks. General Gordon could hardly keep from laughing, but pretended to be very stern, and said to the Yankee: "I'm going to teach you that we are at war. I'm going to send you to Richmond as a prisoner." The man turned pale. Then the Johnnies spoke up: "Don't send him to prison, General; we invited the Yank over, and promised to protect him." Gordon then turned to the trembling Yankee and s:Md: " ow, if I permit you to go, will you promise me, on the honor of a soldier-" The man did not wait till the general had finished. He shouted, "Yes, General," and leaped into the water like a bullfrog and swam to the Union side of the river. -H. \V. Elson's "A Guide to United History," published by Doubleday, Page & Company. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Bottom row, left to right-Mrs. W. E. Lomax, Mrs. H. M. Franklin, Mrs. John A. Perdue, Mrs. Trox Bankston, Mrs. D. F. Stevenson, Mrs. C. T. Tillman, Mr's. L. D. T. Quinby. Top row, left to right-Sam J. Bell, Secretary, Dr. F. L. Corley, Surgeon, J. W. Stipe, J. A. McDonald, J. P. Webb, W. E. McAllister, Superintendent, J. B. Strong, R. deT. Lawrence, President. The absent members are: Edwin J Thomas, H. W. Hopkins, F. H. Colley, Jno. W. Clark, B. Atkinson, M. D., S. Tilden Hall, Mrs. Stafford Seidell, Judge J. J. Hunt. -43- IN MEMORY OF MR. SAMUEL J. BELL, SECRETARY. This book would be incomplete without some men- tion being made of Samuel J. Bell, who occupies the position of Secretary to Major W. E. McAllister and the Home. Mr. Bell is eminently suited for his position. There is very probably no man in Georgia who possesses equal qualifications, and who is so conscientious, sympathetic, and faithful to his work. He has more than justified the Board of Trustees and Major McAllister in their belief of his ability, for upon him devolves a great mass of detail work. In dealing with the veterans, he shows exceptional patience, and you will find him at all times striving to his utmost to satisfy their every wish and to make their remaining days more happy and comfortable. Mr. Bell has filled the position of Secretary for a number of years and it would be a hard matter to find a man more energetic, and who strives more earnestly to satisfy the many wishes of the veterans at the Home. The Board of Trustees has every reason to be proud of the services performed by Mr. Bell, and it is with genuine pleasure that he is included in a resume of the activities and officials of the Home. The flag that floated first at sea was made by five young ladies of Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Misses Mary Langdon, Augusta Pierce, Carolina Chandler, Dorothy Hall, and Helen Leavey. The flag was made of pieces of silk, "slices from theIr best silk gowns." It was presented in Boston on July 4, 1777, the first anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, which was written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. When the "Ranger" arrived in France after a voyage of 32 days, carrying news of Burgoyne's surrender to the King of France, she sailed through the French fleet and this United States flag received the first salute by a foreign naval power-this was February 14, 1778, in Brest Roads, and John Paul Jones, of Virginia, was her commander. When John Paul Jones returned to the United States in 1781 he found Miss Langdon in Philadelphia. He told her it had been the desire of his heart to bring that flag back to America and present it to her. "But, Miss Mary," he said, "I couldn't bear to strip it from the poor ship in her last agony, nor could I deny to my dead on her decks, who had given their lives to keep it flying." "You were right, Commodore," said Miss Langdon, "that flag is just where we wish it to be-flying at the bottom of the sea over the only ship that ever sunk in victory." It was Francis Scott Key, of Maryland, who wrote our National Anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner." It was George Washington, of Virginia, who was our first President. WHERE THE SOUTH LEADS The United States flag was designed by a committee, George Washington of Virginia, Chairman, in 1777. George Washington suggested it and the design was taken from the Washington Coat of Arms. The first time the flag was floated at sea was Nov. 1, 1777, on the "Ranger" commanded by John Paul Jones, of Virginia. The same day that Congress passed the resolution to adopt the flag, Capt. Paul Jones was appointed commander of the "Ranger." TWO COMRADES F. J. Inzer N. J. Walker -44- THE HEROES IN GRAY Si<:"ETCH By TinsI~y Tucker White I E LISTED in the Confederate Army in July before my seventeenth birthday in I ovember. I reached the front just after the battle of Manassas. I was in many other battles and saw the red rim of hell at Gettysburg. I went through four years of it and was at Appomattox Courthouse when Lee surrendered. I walked home from there, nearly starved, barefooted and in rags, and I bore the scars of seven wounds on my body. I went through the Reconstruction, which was worse than war, wounds, or starvation. The first five dollars I got after the war was spent to pay for the coffin in which myoid black mammy was buried. Her care during my infancy and childhood was all I ever kntw of a mother's love. Something happened to me, I don't know if it was because my mother died shortly after my birth, or if it was because my father, who was in the state senate, was so much away from home, or if war changes what a man might have been, but though I worked and strove to overcome myself and every misfortune, I never really made good at anything except fighting for the South. I have always defeated myself and been poor with a proud heart. And now I do not own anything but the State of Georgia. She has been a good daughter to me in myoid age. She has provided myself and my comrades who suffered a like defeat with a fine home. By her kind hands we are loved and cherished. I am no longer poor, but grateful and can keep a proud heart for her. Tinsley Tucker White Mrs. D. F. Stevenson, Trustee, Georgia Soldiers' Home MRS. D. F. STEVENSO (nee Eva Allison) was born on the old Allison estate (the grant for this plantation coming from George III to the Earl of Granyville, and c.onveyed by him to her great grandfather, Col. Thomas Allison) in Statesville, N. C., Iredell County. She married David Francis Stevenson, a third cousin of the late Adlai E. Stevenson, VicePresident of the United States under Cleveland. Mrs. Stevenson is President of the Atlanta Chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy, and was a charter member of the Statesville Chapter. She is also a charter member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and of the Memorial Association of her home town, and a member of the Central Presbyterian Church where she served as cultural head of the Annie Crusoe Club for young women. The Allisons of Cairnduff, Scotland, numbered among its members many who suffered exile for their protestantism; Archibald and Isabel Allison, her forbears, having suffered martyrdom in the Grass Market in Edinburgh, Scotland, for their faith. Their names are now on the Roll of Martyrs in Edinburgh. The printed history of the Allison family dates back to 1135 A. D. Mrs. Stevenson received her education at Mitchell Memorial University. Her father, the late Captain Richard Monroe Allison, was Captain of Cavalry and fell wounded at the battle of Howe's Shops, Virgin.ia. -45- IN MEMORY OF BRIEF LIFE..SKETCH OF SUPERINTENDENT By a Friend I wntmg a sketch of the Superintendent of the Confederate Soldiers' Home of Georgia it is a hard matter to dispense with superlatives which smack of exaggeration, and treat the subject in a clear, concise manner. For ten years Major McAllister has been the dominating factor in conducting the affairs of the Home, and he has succeeded every year in improving his previous year's efforts to provide a comfortable residence for the old heroes who followed the Stars and Bars. The Major is eminently suited for this position. There is very probably no Confederate v~teran in Geor- gia who possesses equal qualifications. His entire business career previous to his acceptance of this post seemed preparatory, so well did it particularly fit him for it. Major McAllister was born in Ruckersville, Georgia, in 1849. His father, James 1. McAllister, was, at the outbreak of the war, one of the most prosperous and influential merchants and hotel proprietors of Athens. He was compelled to look on, too old to take active part in the actual fighting, while the enemy ravaged the region around Athens. The only hotel in Athens, which was also the McAllister home, was continually filled with wounded and sick Confederate soldiers, on their way home on furlough to recover. The family devoted almost their entire time to ministering to these war-stricken men. The Major W. E. McAllister noble service is still remembered by many of the older people of Athens, as well as by the recipients and their friends from far and wide. In those latter days of the bitter struggle, when the tired, ragged, half-starved army in gray literally had its back to the wall, a last determined stand was made. A general call for volunteers between the ages of sixteen and sixty was sent out. Though not quite sixteen, William McAllister answered. With absolutely no "breaking in," he was immediately inducted into service under command of Captain Holt, of Athens, as a private. His brother, Cap- tain C. J. McAllister, had been severely wounded, re- ceiving two injuries in the Battle of Gettysburg. Cap- tain McAllister was sent home to recover from his wounds, and on doing so organized a volunteer company, known as Co. "E," 3rd Ga. Cavalry, under Durrough. This division served in many hard-fought engagements around Atlanta. Promotion came rapidly to William McAllister, and the end of the war saw him Sergeant Major. Major McAllister was one of the first men to engage in the Pullman service in the South. He was in charge for twenty years of the crack Pullman trains of the Southern Railway, principally between Atlanta and Washington, D. C., having charge of the dining and sleeping cars. " On leaving the railway service, he became manager of Durand's Cafe, remembered as the leading restaurant of Atlanta for seventeen years. He has managed hotels and restaurants in Atlanta and North Georgia and has met with signal success in each undertaking in this line. All this experience fitted him ideally for his position as Superintendent of the Soldiers' Home. Six years after the close of the war, Major McAllister married Miss Laura E. Irby, of Greene County, Georgia. Their married life has been ideal for over half a century. On November 15th, 1921, they celebrated their golden wedding anniversary, ~"nd the multitude of friends who poured out their good wishes on this occasion was a delightful surprise. Mrs. McAllister lives at the Home with her husband and does a great deal toward making the Home a real one to the old veterans. There are none who knew of the conditions eXlstmg at the Home prior to 1918, when Major McAllister took charge, who do not marvel at the improvement he has made. Lack of proper interest, despite the untiring and e::lrnest efforts of his predecessors, made the Major's job considerable of an up-hill one; but the explanation of his success is simple. Actuated by an earnest desire to serve his compatriots, the men who fought without sufficient clothes or sufficient food for the cause of the Southland, and with the ability and personality to carry out his desires, he has succeeded in making the Home a real haven to the fading remnants of the" "thin gray line." -- 46- THE HEROES II GRAY "Great to Be a Georgian" By Mrs. A. McD. -Wilson, President General, Confederate Southern Memorial Association O N behalf of the oldest patriotic organizatio.n of women in America it is a privilege to extend heartiest and most cordial greetings for Christmas and the ew Year. Patriotic devotion next to religion claims man's highest loyalty, and out of the dusty annals of the past comes a record of brilliant achievement; of high religious and moral traditions, that hark back to the settling of the State by General Oglethorpe, and of his masterful development of affairs, both as a soldier and a statesman. Religious tolerance found its most ardent advocates among the colonists, many of whom left their native land that they might worship God freely according to their own creed, and to this fact the State owes its distinction as being the birthplace of one of the greatest religious forces of modern times - the Methodist Church-founded by John and Charles Wesley. Another great factor in the Christian world was the founding in Georgia of the first Sunday School in the world-antedating the one started by Robert Raikes in London, by twenty years; closely followed the development of Savannah, so beautifully planned and laid out by Oglethorpe, from which port sailed the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean; the first Orphan Asylum followed, then in rapid succession Augusta, Georgia, had the first passenger train in America, which carried passengers from Augusta to Charleston, and in rapid development, Georgia led all the thirteen colonies. The first chartered university in America, our Georgia University; then the first college to stand for higher education of women by conferring a degree, was Wesleyan College, at Macon, Georgia. The discoverer of the cotton gin, the first sewing machine, were Georgians. The discover~r of the greatest boon to suffering humanity-Dr. Crawford Long-gave to the world anesthesia. Truly it is great to be a Georgian, when we recount the manifold gifts to man stored away in the mountains and valleys in precious gifts of gold, marble, granite, iron, coal, a list too long to enumerate, to which is added a climate ranging from deep winter of the Northern part of the State to the tropical sunshine of her Southern coast. When devastated, and in desolation lay prostrate her people from the northernmost mountain tops, to the Gulf in the south, following the terrible scourge of Sherman's march to the sea, with the heroic and un