Field manual for erosion and sediment control in Georgia

STATE SOIL &

COMMISSION ON

Field Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control
In Georgia
Fourth Edition 2002
WATER CONSERVATI
SOILOUR BASIC HERITAGE
1937 GEORGIA
Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission
4310 Lexington Road P.O. Box 8024
Athens, GA 30603 706-542-3065
Fax 706-542-4242 www.gaswcc.org

The preparation of this Field Manual was financed in part through a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to the Environmental Protection Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources under Provisions of Section 319(h) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
All programs and services of the federal, state and local agencies listed above are available on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, marital status, handicap or disability. If you need this document in an alternative format, call (706) 542-3065
2005
ii

(This page left blank intentionally.) iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction

vi

Vegetative Best Management Practices

Bf Buffer Zone

2

Cs Coastal Dune Stabilization

6

Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization

10

(With Mulching Only)

Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization

12

(With Temporary Seeding)

Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization

18

(With Permanent Vegetation)

Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization

28

(With Sodding)

Du Dust Control on Disturbed Areas 32

Mb Erosion Control Matting

34

and Blankets

Pm Polyacrylamide (PAM)

38

Sb

Streambank Stabilization

40

(With Permanent Vegetation)

Tb Tackifiers and Binders

48

Major Land Resource Area Map 50

Structural Best Management Practices

Cd Check Dam

52

Ch Channel Stabilization

54

Co Construction Exit

56

Cr Construction Road Stabilization 58

Dc Stream Diversion Channel

60

Di Diversion

64

Dn1 Temporary Downdrain Structure 66

Dn2 Permanent Downdrain Structure 70

Fr Filter Ring

72

Ga Gabion

74

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Gr Grade Stabilization Structure 76

Lv Level Spreader

78

Rd Rock Filter Dam

80

Re Retaining Wall

82

Rt Retrofit

84

Sd1 Sediment Barrier

88

Sd2 Inlet Sediment Trap

94

Sd3 Temporary Sediment Basin

100

Sr Temporary Stream Crossing 106

St Storm Drain Outlet Protection 110

Su Surface Roughening

114

Tp Topsoiling

118

Wt Vegetated Waterway or

120

Stormwater Conveyance Channel

The Erosion and Sediment Control Act 124 of 1975, as amended

National Pollution Discharge

131

Elimination System (NPDES) Permit

Construction Checklist

132

Glossary

146

Points of Contact

155

v

INTRODUCTION
The First Edition of this Field Manual was printed in 1979 and revised in 1988, 1997 and 2002. Georgia's Erosion and Sedimentation Law has been amended several times since with major changes to the Law occurring in 1994, 1995 and 2000. The emphasis shifted from water quality to meeting "minimum requirements." This means that Best Management Practices (BMPs) must be properly designed, installed and maintained in accordance with sound conservation and engineering principals.
This Field Manual has been prepared primarily to assist field personnel involved in on-site land-disturbing activities. It should be helpful as a quick reference in the actual installation and maintenance of BMPs. (The inclusion of detailed design information has purposely been kept to a minimum.) For more detailed information, The Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control in Georgia should be consulted.
BMPs are vegetative measures and structural practices that control the erosion of soil and the resulting sedimentation. The law mandates that all BMPs stand up to a 25-year rainfall event or the land-disturber is subject to severe civil penalties.
Good erosion control and sediment reduction does not require a rocket scientist or a "legal eagle." The key to well-planned land-disturbing activities is well-informed managers in the field; the individuals for whom this manual is written. Common sense and a working knowledge of the tools nature has provided will lead to good site development.
vi

Georgia's Law is called the "Erosion and Sedimentation Act." Erosion and sedimentation are two separate processes. If erosion is controlled, sediment is not produced. Therefore, to practice good erosion and sediment control (E&SC), emphasis has to be placed on controlling erosion at the source. Sediment control should be considered the last line of defense. Allowing any erosion to occur is the first step towards noncompliance.
Complete erosion control usually does not involve engineered structures, just sensible planning and the immediate application of ground covers including mulch and vegetation. Nature has provided us with an abundance of trees, shrubs and grasses, all of which are effective erosion control tools. USE THEM! And use them wisely in a timely manner.
If your E&SC plan does not show a vegetative buffer around a site but there is an area on the perimeter that does not require clearing, then save the existing vegetation! A good vegetative buffer 25'-35' can trap 85-95% of the sediment in runoff water.
If a site is properly engineered, cut and fill slopes can be mulched or vegetated daily. Mulch does not require water or fertilizer or lime. A good application of mulch can reduce soil loss by up to 98%. When in doubt, mulch!
Use conventional planting methods, when feasible. Sodding may initially be more expensive...but how much more? If a site has to be re-planted several times, then it just may be cheaper to sod rather than seed bare slopes. Even if the sod should die, most sodded areas will protect bare areas from erosion during the duration of the land-disturbing activity.
vii

To summarize, save as much existing vegetation as possible and mulch/vegetate as early and as frequently as possible. Also, as a last line of defense, install traps for sediment as soon as possible. This will lead to good erosion and sediment control on any site.
The BMPs listed in this manual are intended to provide minimum control for erosion and sedimentation problems as required by State Law. However, other measures and innovative practices that are at least as effective as the listed practices are encouraged. Also, while the emphasis is on meeting the requirements of the State Law, land disturbers must also comply with all other local, state and federal laws including that of the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) on Section 404. Local Issuing Authorities must ensure compliance on all regulations before issuing a land disturbing activity (LDA) permit.
The Commission is grateful to the several reviewers who assisted in the preparation of this publication. We welcome notice of any errors or omissions we may correct in our next publication.
Throughout the Manual, many provisions of the E&SC Law and resulting rules and regulations have been paraphrased or shortened for convenience. Any interpretations or opinions expressed in this shortened format are those of the Commission and are provided for quick reference only. In matters of litigation, the Law and the Courts are the final word.
viii

VEGETATIVE BEST MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES

Bf Buffer Zone

2

Cs Coastal Dune Stabilization

6

Ds1

Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Mulching Only)

10

Ds2

Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Temporary Seeding)

12

Ds3

Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Permanent Vegetation)

18

Ds4

Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Sodding)

28

Du Dust Control on Disturbed Area 32

Mb

Erosion Control Matting and Blankets

34

Pm Polyacrylamide (PAM)

38

Sb

Streambank Stabilization (With Permanent Vegetation)

40

Tb Tackifiers and Binders

48

Major Land Resource Area Map

50

1

Bf

BUFFER ZONE

DEFINITION
An undisturbed or planted vegetative strip around a site or bordering a stream.

PURPOSE
Filter sediment. Filter chemicals, nutrients, and germs. Reduce runoff velocities. Stabilize stream banks. Improve aesthetics. Improve fish and wildlife habitat. Reduce construction noise. Flood protection.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Mark vegetation to be retained with fencing
or highly visible marks (tape, paint, etc.). See Section 12-7-6 of E&SC Law and local
ordinances for minimum stream buffer widths. Three kinds of buffer vegetation are trees, shrubs and grasses.
2

Bf

A good buffer properly installed and maintained can filter out 85-95% of sediment in runoff.
Good vegetative buffers are much more durable than sediment barriers and won't fail after a moderate storm.

Table 1. Effectiveness of Vegetative Buffer Strips

Purpose Filter sediment Filter chemicals Stabilize stream banks Improve aesthetics Improve habitat Reduce noise

Grass Shrub High Low Medium Low Low High
Low Medium
Low Medium Low Medium

Tree Low Low High
High
High High

DISTURBED AREA

STREAM

FLOOD PROTECTION FILTER SEDIMENT

FILTER CHEMICAL RUNOFF

FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITAT

IMPROVE ASTHETICS

BANK STABILITY

NOISE REDUCTION

Figure 1. Some Benefits of a Riparian Buffer

3

Bf

FAST-GROWING TREES SHRUBS

15-20'

10'

GRASS 20-25'

DISTURBED AREA

STREAM

Figure 2. Typical Multi-Purpose Riparian Buffer for Urban Development
MAINTENANCE
Lime and fertilize appropriately. Control weeds to promote desired vegeta-
tion. Use mulches when establishing new veg-
etation. Remove sediments when buffer effective-
ness is reduced or lost. Protect trees and shrubs from wildlife and
equipment. Check local ordinances for local buffer re-
quirements.

4

Bf

REFERENCES

Ds1 Ds2 Ds3 Sb

Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only)
Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding)
Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding)
Streambank Stabilization (With permanent vegetation)

5

Cs

COASTAL DUNE

STABILIZATION

(WITH VEGETATION)

DEFINITION
Planting vegetation on bare dunes or where dunes are to be established.

PURPOSE
Prevent dune erosion from wind or waves by planting vegetation.
Provide for the development or enhancement of dunes.
INSTALLATION
Install in accordance with an approved design/study.
Install in accordance with all federal, state and local regulations.
Protect dunes from vehicular and human traffic.
Irrigate during the first year to obtain good survival.
Mulch areas to be planted. Native plants commercially available that
may be planted are included in Table 1.
6

Cs

Table 1. Planting Requirements for Native Plants

Species

Stock Date

Marshhay Cordgrass Plants Spring (Spartina patens)

Bitter Panicum

Rhizomes Spring

(Panicum amarum)

Coastal Panigrass Seeds or Spring (Panicum amarum v. plants amaralum)

Depth 4"-5" Abt 4" 1"-3"

Figure 1. Sand Fence and Native Plants
Sand Fences Install according to plans, if shown. Use posts made of Black Locust, Red or White Cedar, or similarly durable wood. Use posts with minimum length of 7 feet and minimum diameter of 3 inches. Space posts at a maximum of 10 feet. Entrench posts a minimum of 3 feet. Attach fence to posts with four 12-gauge galvanized wires.
7

Cs

Vegetation must be established immediately following development of the dunes.
Sand fences should be the same as commercially available snow fence approximately as shown in Figure 2.

Black Locust, Red or White Cedar or similarly durable wood
4 12-guage galvanized wires
Glervoeul nd

s1p0a' cminagx,

3" minimum post diameter

3' min. 7' min. length

Figure 2. Sand Fence Installation Requirements
MAINTENANCE
Blowouts and eroded areas should be repaired promptly.
Add fencing, if needed, or use equipment to make repairs.
Replant lost or destroyed vegetation. Apply 50 pounds of nitrogen/acre/year. Protect dunes from traffic by using paved
paths, elevated or roll-up walks.

8

(This page left blank intentionally.) 9

Ds1

DISTURBED AREA

STABILIZATION

(WITH MULCHING ONLY)

DEFINITION
A temporary cover of plant residues applied to the soil surface for a period of six (6) months or less when seeding is not practical.

PURPOSE
Reduce runoff, erosion, and sedimentation. Reduce dust. Conserve moisture. Prevent surface compaction and crusting. Control undesirable vegetation.
INSTALLATION
Install all other required BMPs first. Grade site, if possible, to permit the use of
equipment for applying and anchoring mulch. Loosen compacted soil, if possible, to a depth of three (3) inches. Apply straw or hay uniformly, as shown in Table 1, by hand or mechanical equipment, and anchor by pressing into soil or using netting.
10

Ds1

Mulch on slopes greater than 3% should be anchored with emulsified asphalt (Grade AE-5 or SS-1) or other suitable tackifier.
Wood waste on slopes flatter than 3:1 do not need anchoring.
Mulch shall be applied to all disturbed areas left inactive for fourteen days.

Table 1. Mulching Application Requirements

Material

Rate

Depth

Straw or hay

-

2" to 4"

Wood waste,

chips, sawdust,

bark

-

2" to 3"

Cutback

1200 gal./acre,

---

asphalt 1/4 gal./sq. yd. or

See manufacturer's

recommendations

Polyethylene Secure with soil, ---

film

anchors, weights

Geotextiles, See manufacturer's --jute matting, recommendations netting, etc.

MAINTENANCE
Add mulch as needed to maintain the suggested depth.
If organic mulch is to be left and incorporated into the soil, apply 20-30 pounds of Nitrogen in addition to the fertilizer required for vegetation.
REFERENCES
Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets

11

Ds2

DISTURBED AREA

STABILIZATION

(WITH TEMPORARY SEEDING)

DEFINITION
A temporary vegetative cover with fast growing seedings for up to a 12-month period or until permanent vegetation is established.

PURPOSE
Reduce runoff, erosion, and sedimentation. Improve wildlife habitat. Improve aesthetics. Improve tilth and organic matter.
INSTALLATION
Install all E&SC measures prior to applying temporary vegetation.
Grading or shaping are not required if slopes can be planted with a hydroseeder or by hand-seeding.
Seedbed preparation is not required if soil is loose and not sealed by rain.
12

Ds2
When the soil is sealed or crusted, it should be pitted, trenched or scarified to provide a place for seed to lodge and germinate.
Agricultural lime is not required. Fertilize low fertility soils prior to or during
planting at the rate of 500-700 pounds per acre of 10-10-10 fertilizer or equivalent (1216 pounds/1000 square feet). It is imperative that you check the tag on the bag of seed to verify the type and germination of the seed to be planted.
Figure 1. Typical Tag on Bag of Seed
Apply seed by hand, cyclone seeder, drill or hydro-seeder. Seed planted with a drill should be planted 1/4"-1/2" deep. Refer to Pure Live Seed (PLS) in the Glossary.
Apply in accordance with specifications on the E&SC plan. If information is not available, select a temporary cover from Table 1.
Temporary cover shall be applied to all disturbed areas left idle for fourteen days. (If an area is left idle for 6 months, permanent cover shall be applied.)
13

Ds2
MAINTENANCE
Re-seed areas where an adequate stand of temporary vegetation fails to emerge or where a poor stand exists.
REFERENCES
Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With mulching only) Pm Polyacrylamide (PAM)
14

Table 1. Some Temporary Plant Species, Seeding Rates and Planting Dates

Species

Rates Per 1,000 sq. ft.

Rates per Acre

Planting Dates by Region

M - L

P

C

Ds2
15

Barley Alone Barley In mixtures

3.3 lbs. .6 lbs.

3 bu. .5 bu.

9/1-10/31

9/15-11/15

Lespedeza, Annual Lespedeza In Mixtures

0.9 lbs. 0.2 lbs.

40 lbs. 10 lbs.

3/1-3/31

3/1-3/31

Lovegrass, Weeping Lovegrass In Mixtures

0.1 lbs. .05 lbs.

4 lbs. 2 lbs.

4/1-5/31

4/1-5/31

Millet, Browntop Millet In Mixtures

.9 lbs. .2 lbs.

40 lbs. 10 lbs.

4/15-6/15

4/15-6/30

Millet, Pearl

1.1 lbs.

50 lbs.

5/15-7/15

5/1-7/31

1. Unusual site conditions may require heavier seeding rates. 2. Seeding dates may need to be altered to fit temperature variations and local conditions. 3. For Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs), see page 50. 4. Seeding rates are based on pure live seed (PLS).

10/1-12/31 2/1-2/28 3/1-5/31 4/15-6/30 4/15-8/15

Ds2
16

Table 1. Some Temporary Plant Species, Seeding Rates and Planting Dates (continued)

Species

Rates Per 1,000 sq. ft.

Rates per Acre

Planting Dates by Region

M - L

P

C

Oats Alone Oats In Mixtures

2.99 lbs. .7 lbs.

4 bu. 1 bu.

9/15-11/15

9/15-11/15

9/15-11/15

Rye (Grain) Alone Rye In Mixtures

3.9 lbs. .6 lbs.

3 bu. .5 bu.

8/15-10/31

9/15-11/30

10/1-12/31

Ryegrass

0.9 lbs.

40 lbs.

8/15-11/15

9/1-12/15

9/15-12/31

Sudangrass

1.4 lbs.

60 lbs.

5/1-7/31

5/1-7/31

4/1-7/31

Triticale Alone

3.3 lbs.

3 bu.

NA

Triticale In Mixtures

.6 lbs.

.5 bu.

NA

10/15-11/30

Wheat Alone Wheat In Mixtures

4.1 lbs. .7 lbs.

3 bu. .5 bu.

9/15-11/30

10/1-12/15

10/15-12/31

1. Unusual site conditions may require heavier seeding rates. 2. Seeding dates may need to be altered to fit temperature variations and local conditions. 3. For Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs), see page 50. 4. Seeding rates are based on pure live seed (PLS).

Table 2. Fertilizer Requirements for Temporary Vegetation

Types of Species
Cool season grasses
Cool season grasses & legumes
Temporary cover crops seeded alone
Warm season grasses

Planting Year
First Second Maintenance
First Second Maintenance
First
First Second Maintenance

Fertilizer (N-P-K)
6-12-12 6-12-12 10-10-10 6-12-12 0-10-10 0-10-10
10-10-10
6-12-12 6-12-12 10-10-10

Rate (lbs./acre)
1500 1000 400 1500 1000 400
500
1500 800 400

N Top Dressing Rate (lbs./acre)
50-100 --30 0-50 -----
30
50-100 50-100
30

Ds2
17

Ds3

DISTURBED AREA

STABILIZATION

(WITH PERMANENT SEEDING)

DEFINITION
A permanent vegetative cover using grasses, trees, shrubs or legumes on highly erodible or critically eroded lands.

PURPOSE
Reduce runoff and erosion. Improve wildlife habitat. Improve aesthetics. Improve tilth and organic matter. Reduce downstream complaints. Reduce likelihood of legal action. Reduce likelihood of work stoppage due to
legal action. Increase "good neighbor" benefits.
INSTALLATION
Use conventional planting methods, if possible.
Apply according to approved plan, if shown, or refer to Table 1.
18

Ds3
Check the tag on the bag of seed to verify the type and germination of the seed to be planted and the date of the test. Figure 1. Typical Tag on a Bag of Seed
Scarify, pit or trench sealed or crusted soil. Fertilize based on soil tests or as shown in
Table 2. Apply agricultural lime as prescribed by soil
tests or at a rate of 1 to 2 tons per acre. Apply seed by hand, cyclone seeder, drill
or hydro-seeder. Seed planted with a drill should be planted 1/4"-1/2" deep. Straw or hay mulch shall be applied at a rate of 2 or 2.5 tons per acre. Irrigation should be used to supplement rainfall, but not to the extent to cause erosion.
19

Ds3
20

Table 1. Some Permanent Plant Species, Seeding Rates, and Planting Dates

Species

Rates per Acre

Rates per 1,000 sq. ft

Planting Dates by Region

M-L

P

C

Remarks

Bahia, Pensacola Alone or with temporary cover With other perennials
Bahia, Wilmington Alone or with temporary cover With other perennials
Bermuda, Common (Hulled seed)
Alone With other perennials
Bermuda, Common (Unhulled seed)
With temporary cover With other perennials
Bermuda Sprigs Common lawn and forage hybrids

60 lbs. 30 lbs. 60 lbs. 30 lbs.

1.4 lbs. 0.7 lb. 1.4 lbs. 0.7 lb.

10 lbs. 6 lbs.

0.2 lb. 0.1 lb.

10 lbs. 6 lbs.
40 cu. ft.

0.2 lb. 0.1 lb.
0.9 cu. ft.

Sod plugs 3'x3'

--3/15-5/31
----4/15-6/15

4/1-5/31 3/1-5/31 4/1-5/31 10/1-2/28 4/1-6/15

3/1-5/31

Low growing; sod producing; will spread into Bermuda lawns.

---

Same as above.

3/15-5/31

Quick cover; low growing; sod forming; needs full sun.

11/1-1/31 4/1-5/31

Plant with Winter annuals. Plant with Tall Fescue
1 cu. ft. = 650 sprigs; 1 bu. = 1.25 cu. ft. or 800 sprigs

Table 1. Some Permanent Plant Species, Seeding Rates, and Planting Dates (continued)

Ds3
21

Species
Centipede
Crown Vetch With winter annuals or cool season grasses
Fescue, Tall Alone With other perennials
Lespedeza, Sericea

Rates per Acre

Rates per 1,000 sq. ft

Block Sod Only

Block Sod Only

15 lbs.

0.3 lb.

50 lbs. 30 lbs.

1.1 lbs. 0.7 lb.

Scarified

60 lbs.

1.4 lbs.

Planting Dates by Region

M-L

P

C

-

11/1-5/31

11/1-5/31

9/1-10/15

9/1-10/15

---

3/1-4/15

9/1-10/15

---

or

8/15-10/15

4/1-5/31

3/15-5/31

3/1-5/15

Remarks
Drought tolerant. Full sun or partial shade.
Mix with 30 lbs. Tall Fescue or 15 lbs. Rye; inoculate seed; plant only North of Atlanta.
Can be mixed with perennial Lespedezas or Crown Vetch; not for droughty soils or heavy use areas.
Widely adapted and low maintenance; takes 2-3 years to establish; inoculate seed with EL inoculant.; mix with Weeping Lovegrass, Common Bermuda, Bahia or Tall Fescue.

Ds3
22

Table 1. Some Permanent Plant Species, Seeding Rates, and Planting Dates (continued)

Species Lespedeza, Sericea (cont.)
Unscarified
Seed-bearing hay Lespedeza, Ambro Virgata or Appalow
Scarified
Unscarified

Rates per Acre

Rates per 1,000 sq. ft

75 lbs. 3 tons

1.7 lbs. 138 lbs.

Planting Dates by Region

M-L

P

C

9/1-2/28 10/1-2/28

9/1-2/28 10/1-1/31

9/1-2/28 10/15-1/15

Remarks
Mix with Tall Fescue or winter annuals.
Cut when seed is mature but before it shatters. Add Tall Fescue or winter annuals.

60 lbs. 75 lbs.

1.4 lbs. 1.7 lbs.

4/1-5/31 9/1-2/28

3/15-5/31 9/1-2/28

3/1-5/15 9/1-2/28

Spreading growth with height of 18"-24"; good in urban areas; slow to develop good stands; mix with Weeping Lovegrass, Common Bermuda, Bahia Tall Fescue or winter annuals; do not mix with Sericea Lespedeza; inoculate seed with EL inoculant.

Table 1. Some Permanent Plant Species, Seeding Rates, and Planting Dates (continued)

Ds3
23

Species
Lespedeza, Shrub (Lespedeza Bicolor or Lespedeza Thumbergii)
Plants Lovegrass, weeping
Alone With other perennials
Maidencane sprigs
Panicgrass, Atlantic Coastal

Rates per Acre

Rates per 1,000 sq. ft

3'x3' spacing

4 lbs. 2 lbs.

0.1 lbs. 0.05 lbs.

2'x3' spacing

20 lbs.

0.5 lbs.

Planting Dates by Region

M-L

P

C

Remarks

10/1-3/31

11/1-3/15

11/15-2/28

Plant in small clumps for wildlife food and cover.

4/1-5/31 2/1-3/31
---

3/15-5/31 2/1-3/31 3/1-4/30

3/1-5/31 2/1-3/31 3/1-4/30

Quick cover; drought tolerant; grows well with Sericea Lespedeza on road-banks and other steep slopes; short lived.
For very wet sites such as riverbanks and shorelines. Dig sprigs locally.
Grows well on coastal sand dunes; mix with Sericea Lespedeza but not on sand dunes.

Ds3
24

Table 1. Some Permanent Plant Species, Seeding Rates, and Planting Dates (continued)

Species
Reed Canary Grass With other perennials
Sunflower, Aztec Maximillian

Rates per Acre
50 lbs. 30 lbs.
10 lbs.

Rates per 1,000 sq. ft
1.1 lbs. 0.7 lbs.
0.2 lbs.

Planting Dates by Region

M-L

P

C

8/15-10/15

9/1-10/15

---

4/15-5/31

4/15-5/31

4/1-5/31

Remarks
Grows similar to Tall Fescue; for wet sites. Mix with Weeping Lovegrass or other low growing grasses or legumes.

1. Rates are for broadcasted seed. If a seed drill is used, reduce the rates by one-half. 2. PLS is an abbreviation for Pure Live Seed. Refer to the Glossary for an explanation of this term. 3. The resource areas are defined in the Glossary. See page 50 for your Resource Area. 4. Seeding rates are based on pure live seeds (PLS).

Table 2. Fertilizer Requirements for Temporary Vegetation

Ds3
25

Types of Species
Cool season grasses Cool season grasses & legumes
Warm season grasses Warm season grasses and legumes

Planting Year
First Second Maintenance
First Second Maintenance
First Second Maintenance
First Second Maintenance

Fertilizer (N-P-K)
6-12-12 6-12-12 10-10-10
6-12-12 0-10-10 0-10-10
6-12-12 6-12-12 10-10-10
6-12-12 0-10-10 0-10-10

Rate (lbs./acre)
1500 1000 400
1500 1000 400
1500 800 400
1500 1000 400

N Top Dressing Rate (lbs./acre)
50-100 --30
0-50 -----
50-100 50-100
30
50 -----

Ds3
Figure 2. Crown Vetch Figure 3. Sericea Lespedeza
26

Ds3
MAINTENANCE
Re-seed areas where an adequate stand of vegetation fails to emerge or where a poor stand exists.
Apply fertilizer per Table 2. Apply one ton of agricultural lime or as indi-
cated by soil test every 4-6 years. Mow Bermuda and Bahia as desired. Mow
Sericea Lespedeza only after frost to ensure seeds are mature. Maintain 6" or more of top growth.
REFERENCES
Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With temporary seeding)
27

Ds4

DISTURBED AREA

STABILIZATION

(WITH SODDING)

DEFINITION
A permanent vegetation using sods on highly erodible or critically eroded lands.

PURPOSE
Establish immediate ground cover. Reduce runoff and erosion. Improve aesthetics and land value. Reduce dust and sediments. Stabilize waterways and critical areas. Filter sediments, nutrients and bugs. Reduce downstream complaints. Reduce likelihood of legal action. Reduce likelihood of work stoppage due to
legal action. Increase "good neighbor" benefits.
INSTALLATION
Bring soil surface to final grade. Clear surface of trash, woody debris, stones and clods larger than 1". Apply sod to soil surfaces only and not frozen surfaces, or gravel type soils
28

Ds4

Topsoil properly applied will help guarantee a stand. Don't use topsoil recently treated with herbicides or soil sterilants.
Mix fertilizer into soil surface. Fertilize based on soil tests or Table 1. For fall planting of warm season species, half the fertilizer should be applied at planting and the other half in the spring.

Table 1. Fertilizer Requirements for Soil Surface Application

Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer

Type

Rate

Rate

(lbs./acre) (lbs./sq. ft.)

Season

10-10-10 1000

.025

Fall

Agricultural lime should be applied based on soil tests or at a rate of 1 to 2 tons per acre.
Lay sod with tight joints and in straight lines. Don't overlap joints. Stagger joints and do not stretch sod.
On slopes steeper than 3:1, sod should be anchored with wooden or biodegradable pins or other approved methods.
Installed sod should be rolled or tamped to provide good contact between sod and soil.
Irrigate sod and soil to a depth of 4" immediately after installation.
Sod should not be cut or spread in extremely wet or dry weather.
Irrigation should be used to supplement rainfall for a minimum of 2-3 weeks.
MATERIALS
Sod selected should be certified. Sod grown in the general area of the project is desirable.
29

Ds4

Sod should be machine cut and contain 3/4" 1/4" of soil, not including shoots or thatch.
Sod should be cut to the desired size within 5%. Torn or uneven pads should be rejected.
Sod should be cut and installed within 36 hours of digging.
Avoid planting when subject to frost heave or hot weather if irrigation is not available.
The sod type should be shown on the plans or installed according to Table 2. See page 50 for your Resource Area.

Table 2. Sod Planting Requirements

Grass

Resource Growing Varieties Area Season

Bermudagrass

Common Tifway Tifgreen Tiflawn

Bahiagrass Pensacola

M-L, P,C P,C P,C P,C
P,C

Centipede

---

P,C

St. Augustine

Common Bitterblue Raleigh

Zoysia

Emerald Myer

Tall Fescue Kentucky 31

C P,C M-L, P

Warm weather
Warm weather Warm weather
Warm weather Warm weather
Cool weather

MAINTENANCE
Re-sod areas where an adequate stand of sod is not obtained.

30

Ds4

New sod should be mowed sparingly. Grass height should not be cut less than 2"-3" or as specified.
Apply one ton of agricultural lime as indicated by soil test or every 4-6 years.
Fertilize grasses in accordance with soil tests or Table 3.
Table 3. Fertilizer Requirements for Sod

Types of Species

Planting Year

Fertilizer

Rate

(N-P-K) (lbs./acre)

Cool

First

6-12-12

season Second 6-12-12

grasses Maintenance 10-10-10

Warm

First

6-12-12

season Second 6-12-12

grasses Maintenance 10-10-10

1500 1000 400
1500 800 400

Nitrogen Top Dressing Rate
(lbs./acre)
50-100 --30
50-100 50-100
30

REFERENCES
Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets
Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only)
Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding)
Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding)

31

Du

DUST CONTROL ON

DISTURBED AREAS

DEFINITION
Controlling surface and air movement of dust on land-disturbing activities.

PURPOSE
Prevent the movement of dust from exposed soil surfaces.
Prevent the movement of airborne substances that may be harmful to health.
INSTALLATION
Apply according to approved plan, if shown. Mulch disturbed areas and tackify with res-
ins such as asphalt, Curasol or Terratack according to manufacturer's recommendations. Stabilize disturbed areas with temporary or permanent vegetation. Irrigate disturbed areas until surface is wet. Cover surfaces with crushed stone or gravel.
32

Du

Apply calcium chloride at a rate to keep surfaces moist.
Apply spray-on adhesives to mineral soils (not muck soils) as described in Table 1.

Table 1. Spray-On Adhesive Application Requirements

Adhesive Water Nozzle Application Dilution Type (Gal./Acre)

Anionic

asphalt

7:1* Coarse 1,200

emulsion

spray

Latex

12.5:1 * Fine

235

emulsion

spray

Resin-in-

water

4:1*

Fine

300

emulsion

spray

*Use manufacturer's recommendations when available.

MAINTENANCE
Prohibit traffic on surface after spraying. Supplement surface covering as needed.
REFERENCES
Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only)
Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding)
Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding)
Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding)
Tb Tackifiers and Binders

33

Mb

EROSION CONTROL

MATTING AND

BLANKETS

DEFINITION
A protective covering (blanket) or soil stabilization mat used to establish permanent vegetation on steep slopes, channels, or shorelines.

PURPOSE
Reinforce turf. Reduce erosion. Reinforce channels. Provide protective covering.
INSTALLATION
Install on slopes steeper than 2.5:1 and greater than 10 feet in height and in areas of concentrated flow.
Install according to approved plan, if shown. All mats and netting should be appropriately
staked to prevent shifting. These materials must be installed accord-
ing to the manufacturer's specifications.
34

Mb
Jute or Excelsior (Wood Fiber) Matting Seed area. Cover an area completely with a heavy, uniform, jute yarn or organic mulch. Apply on areas with steep slopes, watercourses or where vegetation needs to be quickly established.
Figure 1. Installation of Jute Matting Fiberglass Roving
Seed area. Apply fiberglass with a compressed air
ejector, at a rate of 1/2-1 ton per acre and tack with emulsifier (asphalt) at a rate of 25-35 gal/1000 ft2 or as recommended by the manufacturer. Place in watercourses or on moderate slopes for stabilization and to provide a suitable microclimate for seeds.
Bonded Fiber Matrix A hydraulically applied bonded fiber matrix which upon drying shall adhere to the soil in the form of a continuous 100 per cent coverage biodegradable blanket. The bonded matrix shall not be applied on saturated soils. See manufacturer's specifications for installation instructions. 35

Mb
Turf Reinforcement Mats See manufacturer's specifications for installation instructions.
Other geotextiles include silt fence, geoblocks, weight-bearing fabric, etc.
All blanket and matting materials shall be on the Georgia Department of Transportation Qualified Products List (QPL #62 for blankets and QPL #49 for matting).
Figure 2. Geotextile Installed to Control Erosion in a Concentrated Flow Area
MAINTENANCE
Inspect periodically and after each rainstorm until vegetation is completely established.
Eroded or exposed areas should be seeded and stabilized with mulch as quickly as possible.
36

(This page left blank intentionally.) 37

Pm

POLYACRYLAMIDE

(PAM)

DEFINITION
The land application of a product containing anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) acting as a temporary soil binding agent to reduce soil erosion.
PURPOSE
PAM is used to reduce erosion from wind and water on construction sites and agricultural lands. Other benefits may include improved water quality, infiltration, soil fertility, and visibility.

INSTALLATION
Apply according to approved plan, if shown. These materials should be applied accord-
ing to the manufacturer's specifications. These products are site specific. Use setbacks when applying anionic PAM near natural waterbodies.
Never add water to PAM, add PAM slowly to water. If water is added to PAM, "globs" may form which can clog dispensers.
NOT ALL POLYMERS ARE PAM. Only anionic PAM shall be used. Cationic
PAM is toxic and shall not be used.

MAINTENANCE
Maintenance will consist of reapplying PAM to disturbed areas including high use traffic areas, which interfere in the performance of this practice.

38

(This page left blank intentionally.) 39

Sb

STREAMBANK

STABILIZATION

(USING PERMANENT VEGETATION)

DEFINITION
The use of readily available native plant materials to maintain and enhance streambanks, or to prevent, or restore and repair small streambank erosion problems.

PURPOSE
Lessen the impact of rain directly on the soil. Trap sediment from adjacent land. Form a root mat to stabilize and reinforce
the soil on the streambank. Provide wildlife habitat. Enhance the appearance of the stream. Lower summertime water temperatures for
a healthy aquatic population.
NOTE: Careful thought, planning and execution is required to assure that the streambank stabilization project is done efficiently and correctly. Please refer to SSWCC's Guidelines for Streambank Restoration for more detailed information.
40

Sb
SELECTED MEASURES
Revegetation includes seeding and sodding of grasses, seeding in combination with erosion control fabrics, and the planting of woody vegetation (shrubs and trees).
Use jute mesh and other geotextiles to aid in soil stabilization and revegetation.
Live Stake Fresh, alive woody plant cuttings tamped into the ground as stakes, intended to root and grow into mature shrubs that will stabilize soils and restore the riparian zone habitats. Willow species work best. Provides no immediate streambank stabilization.

LIVE CUTTINGS

Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative at the time of installation.
Robbin B. Sotir & Associates

Figure 1. Illustration of a Live Stake
Joint Planting
Installation of live willow stakes between rock previously placed along the streambank.
Rock needs to be loosely dumped or hand placed and no thicker than 2 feet.
Enables a bank previously installed with conventional rip-rap to become naturalized.

41

Sb

LIVE STAKE RIPRAP

Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative at the time of installation.
Robbin B. Sotir & Associates
Figure 2. Illustration of Joint Planting
Live Fascine Sausage-like bundles of live cut branches placed into trenches along the streambank. Willow species work best. Provides immediate protection from erosion when properly used and installed. Creates very little site disturbance as com-pared to other systems. Works especially well when combined with surface covers such as jute mesh or coir fabrics.

LIVE BRANCHES DEAD STOUT STAKE
LIVE STAKE
TWINE LIVE BRANCHES

Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative at the time of installation.

Robbin B. Sotir & Associates

Figure 3. Illustration of a Live Fascine

42

Sb
Brushmattress
Combination of living units that form an immediate protective surface cover over the streambank.
Living units used include live stakes, live fascines, and a mattress branch cover (long, flexible branches placed against the bank surface).
Requires a great deal of live material. Complicated and expensive to evaluate,
design, and install. Captures sediment during flood condi-
tions. Produces habitat rapidly, and quickly de-
velops a healthy riparian zone.

LIVE STAKE LIVE BRANCHES DEAD STOUT STAKE
LIVE BRANCHES STAKE WIRE

Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative at the time of installation.
LIVE FASCINE

Robbin B. Sotir & Associates
Figure 4. Illustration of a Brushmattress Live Cribwall
A rectangular framework of logs or timbers, rock, and woody cuttings.
Requires a great deal of assessment and understanding of stream behavior.
Can be complicated and expensive if a supply of wood and some volunteer help is not available.
Develops a natural streambank or upland slope appearance after it has begun to grow.
43

Sb
Provides excellent habitat for a variety of fish, birds, and animals.
Very useful where space is limited on small, narrow stream corridors.
TIMBER/LOGS SELECT FILL MATERIALS

EXISTING

ROCK

LIVE BRANCHES 50/50 SELECT FILLROCK MIX
Robbin B. Sotir & Associates

Figure 5. Illustration of a Live Cribwall

Branchpacking
Process of alternating layers of live branches and soil, incorporated into a hole, gully, or slumped-out area in a slope or streambank.
Moderate to complex level of difficulty for construction.
Produces an immediate filter barrier, reducing scouring conditions, repairing gully erosion, and providing habitat cover and bank reinforcement.
One of the most effective and inexpensive methods for repairing holes in earthen embankments along small stream sites.

Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative at the time of installation.

COMPACTED FILL WOODEN STAKES
SELECTED ROOTED PLANTS OR CUTTINGS
Robbin B. Sotir & Associates

Figure 6. Illustration of Branchpacking 44

Sb

Table 1. Streambank Erosion Protection Measures Relative Costs and Complexity

Measure

Relative Cost

Live stake

Low

Joint planting Low*

Live fascine Moderate

Brushmattress Moderate

Live cribwall

High

Branchpacking Moderate

Conventional Low to vegetation Moderate

Conventional Moderate

bank armoring to

(riprap)

High

*Assumes rock is in place.

Relative Complexity
Simple
Simple*
Moderate
Moderate to Complex
Complex
Moderate to Complex
Simple to Moderate
Moderate to
Complex

MAINTENANCE
Check banks after every high-water event, fixing gaps in the vegetative cover at once with structural materials or new plants, and mulching if necessary.
Fresh cuttings from other plants may be used for repairs.
When fertilizer is applied on the surface, it is best to apply about one-half at planting, one-fourth when new growth is about two inches tall, and one-fourth about six weeks later.

45

Sb
REFERENCES
Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With sodding) Guidelines for Streambank Restoration,
Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission
46

(This page left blank intentionally.) 47

Tb

TACKIFIERS AND

BINDERS

DEFINITION
Substances used to anchor straw or hay mulch by causing the organic material to bind together.

PURPOSE
The purpose of tackifiers and binders is to prevent the movement of mulching material from the desired location. It also increases the performance of the mulching material, so that it can: Increase infiltration. Reduce wind and water erosion. Conserve moisture and prevent surface
compaction or crusting. Control undesirable vegetation. Modify soil temperature. Increase biological activity in the soil.

SPECIFICATIONS
All organic mulching materials shall be anchored by tackifiers/binders or matting/netting. Tackifiers and binders are used to anchor wood cellulose, wood pulp fiber, and other mulch materials applied with hydroseeding equipment.

48

(This page left blank intentionally.) 49

MAJOR LAND RESOURCE AREAS (MLRAS) OF GRORGIA

Dade

Catoosa

Fannin

Walker

Whitfield Murray Gilmer

Chattooga

Gordon

Pickens

Floyd

Bartow

Cherokee

Union

Towns

Rabun

Lumpkin

Habersham White
Stephens

Dawson Forsyth

Banks

Franklin

Hall

Mountain, Blue Ridge, and Ridges and Valley Southern Piedomont
Southern Costal Plain, Sand Hills, Black Lands, and Atlantic Costal Flatwoods
Hart

Jackson

Madison

Elbert

Polk Haralson
Carroll

Paulding

Cobb

Douglas

Gwinnett

Barrow

Dekalb

Walton

Clarke Oconee Oglethorpe

Wilkes

Rockdale

Fulton Clayton

Newton

Morgan

Greene Teliaferro

Lincoln McDuffie Columbia

Heard

Coweta

Fayette

Henry

Spalding

Butts

Jasper

Putnam

Hancock

Warren Glascock

Richmond

Troup

Meriwether

Pike Lanier Monroe

Jones

Baldwin

Washington

Jefferson

Burke

Upson

Harris

Talbot

Muscogee Marion
Chattahoochee

Crawford

Bibb

Taylor

Peach

Wilkinson Twiggs

Macon

Houston Bleckley

Laurens

Johnson Treutlen

Jenkins

Screven

Emanuel Chandler Bulloch

Effingham

Montgomery

Stewart

Schley

Webster

Sumter

Quitman

Randolph

Terrell

Lee

Dooly

Pulaski

Dodge

Wheeler

Crisp

Wilcox

Telfair

Turner

Ben Hill

Jeff Davis

Toombs

Evans Tattnall

Bryan

Appling

Long

Liberty

Chatham

Clay Calhoun

Early

Baker

Miller

Seminole Decatur

Dougherty

Worth

Irwin Tift

Coffee

Mitchell Grady

Colquitt

Berrien Cook

Atkinson

Thomas

Brooks

Lanier

Clinch

Lowndes

Echols

Bacon

Wayne

Pierce

Ware

Brantley

McIntosh Glynn

Charlton

Camden

50

STRUCTURAL BEST MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES

Cd Check Dam

52

Ch Channel Stabilization

54

Co Construction Exit

56

Cr Construction Road stabilization 58

Dc Stream Diversion Channel

60

Di Diversion

64

Dn1 Temporary Downdrain Structure 66

Dn2 Permanent Downdrain Structure 70

Fr Filter Ring

72

Ga Gabion

74

Gr Grade Stabilization Structure

76

Lv Level Spreader

78

Rd Rock Filter Dam

80

Re Retaining Wall

82

Rt Retrofit

84

Sd1 Sediment Barrier

88

Sd2 Inlet Sediment Trap

94

Sd3 Temporary Sediment Basin

100

Sr Temporary Stream Crossing

106

St Storm Drain Outlet Protection 110

Su Surface Roughening

114

Tp Topsoiling

118

Wt Vegetated Waterway or

120

Stormwater Conveyance Channel

51

Cd

CHECK DAM

DEFINITION
A small temporary barrier constructed across a swale, drainage ditch, or area of concentrated flow.

PURPOSE
Reduce velocity. Filter sediment. Stabilize grade.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Place in small, open channels, not in live
streams. Construct center at least 9 inches lower than
outer edges. Extend across entire width of ditch or swale. Make side slopes 2:1 or flatter. Toe of the upstream dam should be at the
same elevation as the top of the downstream dam. Seed and mulch area beneath the dam after its removal.
52

Cd
Stone Check Dams Cd-S Drainage area not to exceed 2 acres. Constructed of graded size 2"-10" stone. 2 feet maximum dam height measured to center of check dam. Place a suitable geotextile between the rock and its soil base and abutments.

Dam A

Dam B
9"
ElevaEtiloenvaotfiotnopofoebfqoDutataomlmsAof Dam B 2"-10" stone
Geotextile underliner

Flow 24" maximum
height

Figure 1. Stone Check Dam Installation Requirements
MAINTENANCE
Periodic inspection and maintenance required.
Remove sediment when it reaches a depth of one-half the original dam height.
Remove at the completion of its useful life.
REFERENCES
Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only)
Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding)
Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding)
Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding)
53

Ch

CHANNEL

STABILIZATION

DEFINITION
Improving, constructing, or stabilizing an open channel or waterway.

PURPOSE
Prevent erosion and sediment deposition. Provide adequate capacity for flood water,
drainage, or other water management practices.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Drainage area not to exceed one square
mile. Establish or install immediately after con-
struction or as soon as weather permits.
Vegetative Lining Ch-V Permanent or temporary vegetation may be used. Install erosion control blankets, if required.
54

Ch
Rock Riprap Lining Ch-Rp Slopes should be 1.5:1 or less. Place a filter blanket, at least 6 inches thick, of sand, gravel, and/or geotextile material between the riprap and the base material.
Concrete Lining Ch-C For channels where velocities exceed 10 feet per second.
Grade Stabilization Structure Constructed of concrete, rock, masonry, steel, aluminum or treated wood.
Provide adequate outlet for discharge. Do not compromise the environmental in-
tegrity of the area. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately.
MAINTENANCE
Periodic inspection and maintenance required.
REFERENCES
Gr Grade Stabilization Structure
Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only)
Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding)
Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding)
Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding)
55

Co

CONSTRUCTION

EXIT

DEFINITION
A stone-stabilized pad located at any point where traffic will be leaving a construction site to a public right-of-way, street, alley, sidewalk, or parking area.

PURPOSE
Reduce or eliminate the transport of mud from the construction area.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Use 1.5"-3.5" stone. Minimum pad thickness of 6 inches. Minimum pad width of 20 feet. Minimum pad length of 50 feet. Excavate footprint 3 inches. If tire washing is required, route runoff from
washing to an approved sediment trap or sediment basin. Install filter fabric under the entire pad.
56

Co

Hard Surfece Public Road
6" Minimum N.S.A. R-2(1.5"-3.5")
Coarse Aggregate Geotextile Underliner

50' Minimum 20' Minimum

Figure 1. Crushed Stone Construction Exit Installation Requirements

Figure 2. Geotextile Underliner Under Gravel Pad
MAINTENANCE
Periodically dress with 1.5"-3.5" stone. Maintain in a condition that will prevent track-
ing or flow of mud onto public rights-of way. Immediately remove mud and debris tracked
or spilled onto roadways.
57

Cr

CONSTRUCTION

ROAD

STABILIZATION

DEFINITION
A travel way constructed as part of a construction plan including access roads, subdivision roads, parking areas, and other on-site vehicle transportation routes.

PURPOSE
To provide a fixed route of travel for construction traffic and to reduce erosion and subsequent regrading of permanent roadbeds between time of initial grading and final stabilization.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan. Temporary roads shall follow the contours
of the natural terrain to minimize disturbance of drainage patterns. If a temporary road must cross a stream, the crossing must be designed, installed and maintained according to temporary stream crossing (Sr) specifications.
58

Cr
Grades for temporary roads should not exceed 10 per cent except for short lengths with a maximum of 20 per cent for special uses.
Temporary roadbeds shall be at least 14 feet wide for one-way traffic, 20 feet wide for twoway traffic, and 24 feet wide for trailer traffic.
All cut and fills shall have side slopes at a maximum of 2:1 or 3:1 if mowing is planned.
Drainage channels shall be designed to be on stable grades or protected with structures or linings for stability.
Geotextile should be applied to the roadbed for additional stability according to the design manual specifications.
A 6-inch layer of coarse aggregate shall be applied immediately after grading.
MAINTENANCE
Roads and parking areas may require a periodic top dressing of gravel to maintain the gravel depth at 6 inches. Vegetated areas should be checked periodically to ensure a good stand of vegetation is maintained. Remove any silt or other debris causing clogging of roadside
REFERENCES
Sr Temporary Stream Crossing
59

Dc

STREAM DIVERSION

CHANNEL

DEFINITION
A temporary channel constructed to convey flow around a construction site while a permanent structure is being constructed in the stream channel.

SILT FENCE

FORMER LOCATION OF FLOW BARRIER

FLOW

VEHICULAR STREAM CROSSING.
(TO BE LOCATED AT ORIGINAL STREAMBED FOR INITIAL CROSSINGS)

PLACE
RIPRAP AT TRANSITION

FLOW FLOW

A

FLOW BARRIER

ORIGINAL STREAM-
BED

FLOW A

FORMER LOCATION OF FLOW BARRIER

FLOW BARRIER (RIPRAP, SANDBAGS, PLYWOOD, JERSEY BARRIERS OR SHEET PILING)
PLACE RIPRAP AT TRANSITION

FLOW

Figure 1. Stream Diversion Channel (Perspective View)

PURPOSE
To protect the streambed from erosion and allow work "in the dry".

60

Dc
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan. Drainage area not to exceed one square
mile (640 acres). The bottom width of the stream diversion
shall be a minimum of six feet or equal to the bottom width of the existing streambed, whichever is greater. Side slopes of the stream diversion channel shall be no steeper than 2:1. Depth and grade of the channel shall be sufficient to ensure continuous flow of water in the diversion. The channel shall be lined to prevent erosion of the channel and sedimentation in the stream. The lining is selected based upon the expected velocity of bankfull flow. The linings are as follows:
1) Geotextile, polyethylene film or sod Dc-A for a velocity range of 0-2.5 fps.
2) Geotextile alone Dc-B for a velocity range of 2.5-9.0 fps.
3) Class I riprap and geotextile Dc-C for a velocity range of 9.0-13.0 fps.
The channel shall be excavated, constructing plugs at both ends.
Silt fence or berms shall be placed along the sides of the channel to prevent unfiltered runoff from entering the stream.
The channel surface shall be smooth (to prevent tearing of the liner) and lined with the material specified in the plans.
The plugs are removed when the liner installation is complete, removing the downstream plug first.
61

Dc
As soon as construction in the streambed is complete, the diversion shall be replugged and backfilled.
Upon removal of the lining, the stream shall immediately be restored and properly stabilized.
All other appropriate agencies, including the COE, must be contacted to ensure compliance with other Laws.
MAINTENANCE
The stream diversion channel shall be inspected at the end of each day to make sure that the construction materials are positioned securely. This will ensure that the work area stays dry and that no construction materials float downstream. All repairs shall be made immediately.
REFERENCES
Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets
62

(This page left blank intentionally.) 63

Di

DIVERSION

DEFINITION
A ridge of compacted soil, constructed above, across, or below a slope.

PURPOSE
Reduce slope lengths. Intercept and divert storm runoff to a stable
outlet at a non-erosive velocity.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Remove trees, brush, stumps and other ob-
jectionable material. Compact all fills. Channel cross-section should be trapezoi-
dal or parabolic in shape. Side slopes should be 2:1 or flatter. Excavate narrow, deep channels on steep
slopes and broad, shallow channels on gentle slopes. Adequate outlet must be present.
64

Di
Stabilize channel and outlet with vegetation (mulch required for all seeded or sprigged channels), riprap, or pavement.
Dispose of and/or stabilize unneeded excavated material.

8"-12" 6'-12'

Excavated Channel 8"-12"
RoOardigiSnuarlface

Figure 1. Typical Diversion Across Road
MAINTENANCE
Inspect frequently and after each rainfall and make necessary repairs.
REFERENCES
Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only)
Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding)
Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding)
Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding)

65

Dn1

TEMPORARY

DOWN DRAIN

STRUCTURE

DEFINITION
A temporary structure used to convey storm water down the face of cut or fill slopes.

PURPOSE
Transport storm runoff from one elevation to another.
Reduce slope erosion.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Install heavy-duty, flexible materials such as
non-perforated, corrugated plastic pipe.
66

Dn1

Table 1. Pipe Diameter for Temporary Downdrain

Maximum Drainage Area per Pipe (acres)
0.3
0.5
1.0

Pipe Diameter (inches)
10 12 18

Place on undisturbed soil or well-compacted fill.
Install tee, "L" or flared end section inlet at the top of the slope.
Entrance sloped 1/2" per foot toward inlet. Compact a dike ridge no less than one foot
above the top of the pipe. Anchor with hold-down grommets or stakes
at intervals not to exceed 10 feet. Ensure connections are watertight. Extend pipe beyond the toe of the slope. Direct outlet uphill. Stabilize outlet with tee, riprap or other suit-
able material. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately. See Figure 1.

MAINTENANCE
Inspect drain and diversion after every rainfall and promptly make necessary repairs.
Remove once the permanent water disposal system is installed.

REFERENCES
St Storm Drain Outlet Protection

67

s1p0'acimnagximun

Dn1
3:1
Figure 1. Temporary Downdrain and Inlet Detail 68

Corrugated plastic pipe

Flow 4'min
Hold-down stakes
Diversion dike
1' min height Undisturbed soil or well-compacted fill
le4v'eml sinection Stabilized outlet

1.5'min

Diversion

channel Normal

ground

level

Flow

(This page left blank intentionally.) 69

Dn2

PERMANENT

DOWN DRAIN

STRUCTURE

DEFINITION
A permanent structure to safely convey surface runoff from the top of a slope to the bottom of the slope.

PURPOSE
Minimize erosion due to concentrated storm runoff on cut or fill slopes.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Types of Structures
Paved flume: parabolic, rectangular, or trapezoidal cross section.
Pipe: steel, plastic, etc. Sectional: a prefabricated sectional con-
duit of half-round or third-round pipe. Slopes must have sufficient grade to pre-
vent sediment deposition. Stabilize outlet according to plans. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately.
70

Dn2
Flow
Flow Stabilized outlet
Figure 1. Typical Concrete Paved Flume
MAINTENANCE
Periodic inspection and maintenance required.
REFERENCES
St Storm Drain Outlet Protection Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With sodding)
71

Fr

FILTER RING

DEFINITION
A temporary stone barrier constructed at storm drain inlets and pond outlets.

PURPOSE
This structure reduces flow velocities, preventing the failure of other sediment control devices. It also prevents sediment from leaving the site or entering drainage systems, prior to permanent stabilization of the disturbed area.

INSTALLATION
Filter rings shall be used in conjunction with other sediment control measures, except where other practices defined in this manual are not appropriate.
The filter ring shall surround all sides of the structure receiving runoff from disturbed areas.
The ring should be placed a minimum of 4 feet from the structure.
If the ring is utilized above a retrofit structure, it should be a minimum of 8 to 10 feet from the retrofit.
When utilized at inlets with diameters less than 12 inches, the filter ring shall be constructed of stone no smaller than 3-5 inches (15-30 lbs).
When utilized at pipes with diameters greater than 12 inches, the filter ring shall be constructed of stone no smaller than 1015 inches (50-100 lbs).
The filter ring shall be constructed at a height no less than 2 feet above grade.

72

Fr
MAINTENANCE
The filter ring must be kept clear of trash and debris. This will require continuous monitoring and maintenance, which includes sediment removal when one-half full. These structures are temporary and should be removed when the land-disturbing project has been stabilized.
REFERENCES
Rt Retrofit Sd3 Temporary Sediment Basin St Storm Drain Outlet Protection

Minimum 8' - 10' 50# - 150# Stone Rip-Rap

2'-0" Min.

STONE FILTER RING

73

Ga

GABION

DEFINITION
Large, multi-celled, rock-filled wire mesh boxes used in channel revetments, retaining walls, abutments, check dams, etc.

PURPOSE
Construction of erosion control structures. Stabilize steep or highly erosive slopes.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Foundations must be smooth and level. Only galvanized or PVC coated wire should
be used. Set individual baskets into place, wire them
together in courses, and fill with rock to form flexible monolithic building blocks. Rock should be durable and adequately sized (normally 4"-8") to be retained in the baskets. "Key" structure securely into foundations and abutment surfaces.
74

Ga MAINTENANCE
Periodically inspect for signs of undercutting or excessive erosion at transition areas, and make necessary repairs immediately.
75

Gr

GRADE

STABILIZATION

STRUCTURE

DEFINITION
A structure to stabilize the grade in natural or artificial channels.

PURPOSE
Stabilize the grade in natural or artificial channels.
Prevent the formation or advancement of gullies.
Reduce erosion and sediment pollution.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Construct with concrete, rock, masonry,
steel, aluminum, or treated wood. Dewater excavations prior to filling. Construct minimum top width of 10 feet with
side slopes of 3:1 or flatter on earthfill embankments that are constructed in 6" to 8" horizontal lifts. Compact fill to approximately 95 percent of standard density. Construct keyway 8 or more feet wide and 2 feet deep along centerline of the structure and embankment.
76

Gr
Provide adequate outlet for discharge. Apply protective cover immediately after
completion of the structure. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately. All other appropriate agencies, including the
COE, must be contacted to ensure compliance with other Laws.
Inlet Channel
Flow
Headwall

Wingwall

Apron

Wingwall
Figure 1. Typical Drop Spillway Structure
MAINTENANCE
Periodic inspection and maintenance required.
REFERENCES
St Storm Drain Outlet Protection
Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only)
Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding)
Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding)
Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) 77

Lv

LEVEL SPREADER

DEFINITION
An outlet device constructed at zero grade across the slope where concentrated runoff may be discharged at non-erosive velocities onto undisturbed areas stabilized by existing vegetation.

PURPOSE
Minimize erosion. Convert concentrated storm runoff to sheet
flow. Guide storm runoff to an undisturbed, veg-
etated area.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Grade the channel no greater than 1% for
the last 15 feet of the dike or diversion. Construct on undisturbed soil that is stabi-
lized with vegetation. Minimum width of 6 feet. Minimum, uniform depth of 6 inches as mea-
sured from the lip. Uniform depth across the entire length.
78

Lv
Level lip constructed on zero percent grade. Discharge onto an undisturbed, stabilized
area at zero grade. Provide a smooth outlet. Prevent water from concentrating below
point of discharge. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately.

VEGETATED DIVERSION
STABLE UNDISTURBED OUTLET

TRANSITION TO 0 GRADE
STABILIZED SLOPE

Figure 1. Level Spreader Installation Requirements
MAINTENANCE
Periodic inspection and maintenance is required.
REFERENCES
Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only)
Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding)
Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding)
Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding)

79

Rd

ROCK FILTER DAM

DEFINITION
A temporary stone filter dam installed across small streams or drainageways.

PURPOSE
Capture and filter sediment for removal when working in a stream or water body.
Reduce velocity of water.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. For use in small channels with drainage ar-
eas of 50 acres or less. Must be used in conjunction with other ap-
propriate sediment control measures. Use below culvert installations, dam con-
struction, or any project that may involve grading activity directly in a stream. Not intended to substantially impound water. Use at the upstream end of ponds or lakes. Edges should not be higher than the channel banks.
80

Rd
Center should be at least 6 inches lower than the outer edges of the dam at the channel banks.
Height should not exceed elevation of upstream property line.
Side slopes should be 2:1 or flatter. Top width should be greater than 6 feet. Extend completely across the channel and
securely tie into both channel banks. All other appropriate agencies, including the
COE, must be contacted to ensure compliance with other Laws.
Larger stone installed according to plan

6'min width

Flow

3 - 5 lb stone

Figure 1. Rock Filter Dam Installation Requirements

MAINTENANCE
Requires periodic inspection and maintenance.
Sediment removed when it reaches one-half of the original dam height.
Remove at the completion of its useful life.

81

Re

RETAINING WALL

DEFINITION
A constructed wall of one or more of the following: concrete masonry, reinforced concrete cribbing, treated timbers, steel pilings, gabions, stone drywall, rock riprap, etc.

PURPOSE
To assist in stabilizing cut or fill slopes where stability could only be obtained with the use of a wall.
INSTALLATION
Retaining walls require specific designs which are within the capabilities of a design engineer or a licensed architect. Close supervision is required to ensure proper installation.

Figure 1. Typical Stone Retaining Wall 82

(This page left blank intentionally.) 83

Rt

RETROFITTING

DEFINITION
A device placed in front of an outlet structure to temporarily filter sediment.

PURPOSE
Allow stormwater detention basins to function as temporary sediment retention basins.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Prohibited in detention basins on live
streams. Install on approximately 1/2 the height of
the outlet structure.
Perforated Half-Round Pipe with Stone Filter Rt-P Half-round pipe diameter should be 1.5 times the diameter of the principal pipe outlet or wider than the greatest width of the concrete weir. Attach to the outlet structure, but never use on exposed pipe end or winged headwall. Drainage area not to exceed 30 acres. See Figures 1 and 2.
84

Rt
Flow
Flow
See Figure 2 for an exploded view of this structure.
Figure 1. Perforated Half-Round Pipe Retrofit with Stone Filter.
Stone Filter Ring Use in conjunction with half-rounds or board dams. Minimum height of 2'. Minimum distance of 8' to 10' between retrofit and ring. Pipe with diameter larger than 12" requires 10"-15" stone, faced with smaller filter stone.
85

Rt
Figure 2. Perforated Half-Round Pipe Retrofit with Stone Filter Installation
Requirements 86

L- 2" x2" x1/ 4" 1/2" Thrd. Rod with nuts and washers (anchored to wall) Half-round CMP attached to weir

1' hoes 8' - 10" apart

Flow

3" - 4" stone even top of pipe (1' min width)

Flow
Apron or concrete bottom

Rt
Slotted Board Dam with Stone Rt-B
Can be used with open pipe ends, winged headwalls, or concrete weir outlets.
Install with 4x4" or larger posts with 0.5" to 1" spacing.
Drainage area not to exceed 100 acres. Can excavate in front of the retrofitted
outlet structure or raise the outlet structure to obtain required sediment storage.

4" x 4" posts
2" x 4" boards 0.5"- 1" spacing

Flow

3"- 4" stone even with top
Figure 3. Slotted Board Dam Installation Requirements
MAINTENANCE
Clean-out when one-third sediment storage capacity is lost. Indicate this elevation with a mark on the outlet structure or a post inserted in the pond.
Remove all trash and debris. Remove retrofit and accumulated sediment
when the project is completed. Stabilize all disturbed areas immediately
with permanent vegetation.
87

Sd1

SEDIMENT BARRIER

DEFINITION
A temporary structure made of silt fence supported by steel or wood posts, sandbags, straw bales or other filtering material.

PURPOSE
Slow the velocity of runoff and cause sediment deposition at the structure.
Filter sediment from runoff.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Install along contours with ends pointing
uphill. Do not place in waterways or areas of con-
centrated flow.
Sandbags Sd1-S Flow under or between bags should be minimal. Anchoring with steel rods may be required if height exceeds two bags.
88

Sd1

Hay or Straw Bales Sd1-Hb
Place in a single row, lengthwise, on the contour.
Embed in the soil to a depth of 4 inches. Secure with stakes or bars driven through
the bales or by other adequate means. Place in areas of low rate sheet flow.
For use on projects with a duration of three months or less.

ANGLE FIRST STAKE TOWARDS PREVIOUSLY LAID BALE

WIRE OR NYLON BOUND BALES PLACEDON THE CONTOUR

FLOW

2 RE-BARS, STEEL PICKETS, OR 2" x 2" STAKES 1 1/2' - 2' IN GROUND

EMBEDDED 4" DEEP
Figure 1. Straw Bale Barrier Installation Requirements

Brush (use during timber clearing operations)
Sd1-Bb
Pile in a row along the perimeter of landdisturbing activities.
Windrow on the contour as close as possible.
Compaction may be required. Filter fabric may be placed on the con-
struction side of the brush barrier for added filtering capacity. Lower edge must be entrenched 4 to 6 inches deep. The upper edge must be fastened to the brush barrier.
Silt Fence Sd1-A Sd1-B Sd1-C
Install where sheet flow conditions exist. Drainage area is not to exceed 1/4 acre
per 100 ft. of silt fence.

89

Sd1

Verify fabric by inspection of fabric name printed every 100 ft. of silt fence.
Start post installation at the center of the lowest point with remaining posts spaced according to Figures 2, 3, or 4.
If non-erosive outlets are provided, slope length may be increased beyond that shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Criteria for Sediment Barrier Placement

Land Slope (percent)
<2 2 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 20 >20

Maximum Slope Length behind Fence
(feet) 100 75 50 25 15

Ground

6' max o.c. Fabric

28"
Flow 6" deep
Trench
2" wide

2.5'min

Wood or steel posts

1.5'min

1) Use on developments where the life of the project is greater than six months.
2) Use where the slope gradient is steeper than 3:1.
Figure 2. Type "A" Silt Fence (Sd1-A)
90

Sd1

6'max o.c.

Ground

Fabric

Flow

Wood or steel posts
16"
4"deep Trench
2" wide

1.5'min

1.5'min

1) Use on small developments where the life of the project is less than six months.
2) Use where the slope gradient is less than or equal to 3:1.
Figure 3. Type "B" Silt Fence (Sd1-b)

Ground Flow

4'max o.c.

Woven wire fence behind fabric
Steel posts
28"

2.5'min

6" deep Trench
2" wide

1.5'min

Use where fill slopes exceed a vertical height of 20 feet and the slope gradient is steeper then 3:1.
Figure 4. Type "C" (Sd1-C) WireReinforced Silt Fence

91

Sd1
Figure 5. Typical Type "C" Silt Fence
MAINTENANCE
Inspect barriers at the end of each working day, or after each rain, and repair or clean as necessary.
Remove sediment from barrier when onehalf full.
Dispose of sediment and stabilize it with vegetation.
Replace filter fabric when deteriorated. Design life of a synthetic silt fence is ap-
proximately 6 months. Maintain until the project is vegetated or oth-
erwise stabilized. Remove barriers and accumulated sedi-
ment and stabilize the exposed area when the project is stabilized. Approved silt fence fabrics are listed in the Georgia Department of Transportation Qualified Products List #36 (QPL-36).
92

(This page left blank intentionally.) 93

Sd2 INLET SEDIMENT TRAP
DEFINITION
A temporary sediment barrier placed around a storm drain drop inlet.
PURPOSE
Prevent sediment from entering storm drainage systems.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Do not install where vehicular traffic will be
affected. Install at or around all storm drain drop in-
lets that receive runoff from disturbed areas. Construct on natural ground surface, excavated surface, or on machine compacted fill. Excavated Sediment Traps Minimum of 1.5 feet of sediment storage
in excavated sediment traps. Must be self-draining unless otherwise
protected.
94

3' max

Sd2
2" x 4" wood or equivalent metal

3' min

1.5' max

1' min

1' miGnround level

Wire-reinforced silt fence

Figure 1. Fabric and supporting Frame for Inlet Protection (Sd2-F)
Block and Gravel Drop Inlet Protection
Sd2-Bg
Excavate foundation at least 2 inches below the crest of the storm drain.
On each side of the structure, place one block in the bottom row on its side to allow pool drainage.
Place the bottom row of blocks against the edge of the storm drain.
Add support by placing 2"x4" wood studs through block openings.
Fit hardware cloth or wire mesh with 1/2 inch openings over all block openings to hold gravel in place.
Place clean gravel 2 inches below the top of the block on a 2:1 or flatter slope and smooth it to an even grade. DOT #57 stone is recommended.

95

Sd2

DEWATERING CONCRETE BLOCK

2:1 SLOPE, GRAVEL FILTER

TEMPORARY SEDIMENT WIRE SCREEN POOL

DEWATERING

1' MIN

16"

2' MAX

SEDIMENT

DROP INLET WITH GRATE

Figure 2. Block and Gravel Drop Inlet Protection Installation Requirements
(Sd2-Bg)

Gravel Drop Inlet Protection (Gravel Donut)
Sd2-G
3:1 or flatter slope toward the inlet.
Create a minimum 1-foot wide level stone area between the structure and the inlet to prevent gravel from entering the inlet.
Place stone 3 inches in diameter, or larger, on the slope toward the inlet.
Place 1/2" to 3/4" gravel on the slope away from the inlet at a minimum thickness of 1 foot.

96

Sd2
Curb Inlet Filter (Pigs-in-a-Blanket") Sd2-P Install filter after asphalt pavement installation. Wrap 8" concrete blocks in filter fabric and span across catch basin inlet. Face openings in blocks outward. Leave a gap of approximately 4 inches between the curb and the filters to allow for overflow to prevent hazardous ponding. Install outlet protection below storm drain outlets.

Catch basin

8" concrete blocks wrapped in filter fabric
Flow

Curbing

Pavement
Figure 3. Curb Inlet Filter Installation Requirements (Sd2-P)

Figure 4. Alternative Inlet Sediment Trap 97

Sd2 MAINTENANCE
Inspect, clear, and/or repair trap at the end of each working day.
Do not remove inlet protection and wash sediment into the storm drain.
Remove sediment from the trap and stabilize it with vegetation.
Remove all materials and any unstable soil once the contributing drainage area has been adequately stabilized.
Appropriately stabilize all bare areas around the inlet.
REFERENCES
Sd1 Sediment Barrier
98

(This page left blank intentionally.) 99

Sd3

TEMPORARY

SEDIMENT BASIN

DEFINITION

A basin created by excavation or the construction of a dam for sediment collection.

PURPOSE
Detain runoff waters and trap sediment. Protect properties and drainageways below
the basin from damage by excessive sedimentation and debris.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Length to width ratio shall be greater than
2:1, where length is the distance between the inlet and outlet.
100

Inflow

Trash rack Gravel filter
Perforated riser pipe
Concrete riser base

Sd3
Earthen dam

Outflow Emergency Spillway

Figure 1. Components of a Typical Temporary Sediment Basin
Location Must never be placed in a live stream. Storm drains should discharge into the basin. Install on sites where (1) failure will not result in loss of life or interruption of use or service of public utilities and (2) the drainage area does not exceed 150 acres.
Principal Spillway Join vertical pipe or box type riser to a pipe that extends through the embankment and exits beyond the downstream toe of the fill. Perforate lower half of riser with 1/2 inch holes spaced approximately 3 inches, and cover with two feet of 1/2 to 3/4 inch aggregate. Install pipe with a minimum diameter of 8 inches. Equip with a trash rack and anti-vortex device.
101

Sd3

3 at 120 - 3/8" stud with nut and 2" O.D. washer

D
1' 2'
1'
C.S. pipe

Removable top 10 Ga. expanded metal
3 at 120 - 5/8" thrd. rods; Use 5 support rods and jam nuts for diameters 8" 54" and larger
3 at 120 - 1/2" nut, weld to C.S. pipe; 1/2" jam nut, 1/2" bolt

Figure 2. Typical Sediment Basin Trash Rack

Attach riser to the base with a watertight connection. Embed riser 9 inches into an 18" thick concrete base.
The riser and all pipe connections shall be completely watertight.

Angle the stub to be shown Angle based on barrel grade

Corrugated metal riser

Drain (optional)

Pipe

9"

4"

Base Thickness (T) (usually 18')

Flow

Square Base B

2-#6 (min.) Bars placed at right angles and projecting into sides of riser to help anchor riser to concrete base.

Figure 3. Concrete Riser Base Detail

Emergency Spillway
Constructed in undisturbed ground (not fill).
Excavate a trapezoidal channel with minimum bottom width of 8 feet.
Stabilize with vegetation, riprap, asphalt, or concrete.

102

Sd3

Trashrack Riser pipe

Flood pool

for principal

spillway

1' min.

1/2" drainage

holes with gravel

#57 or #5 clean

1:1

Anti-flotation Selected fill

block

placed in layers

and compacted Principal

spillway

pipe

Emergency spillway crest

Freeboard - 1' min 2.5:1 or flatter
Embankment stabilized with vegetation

Anti-seep collar
Cut-off trench 2' deep, min.

Stabilized outlet

Figure 4. Section Through Embankment and Typical Features

Table 1. Sediment Basin Dam Width Requirements

Fill Height Less than 10 feet
10 to 15 feet

Minimum Top Width 8.0 feet 10.0 feet

Entrance of Runoff into Basin Install dikes, swales, or other water control devices to direct runoff into the basin. Locate points of entry as far away from the riser as possible.
Stabilize with permanent vegetation immediately following construction.
MAINTENANCE
Remove sediment when storage volume has been reduced by one-third.
Dispose and stabilize sediment beyond the reach of the pond.
Do not deposit sediment downstream from the embankment, adjacent to a stream or floodplain.
103

Sd3
Indicate clean-out elevation with a mark on the riser or by a marked post near the riser.
Do not remove basin until the sediment-producing area is permanently stabilized.
REFERENCES
St Storm Drain Outlet Protection Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization|
(With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With sodding)
104

(This page left blank intentionally.) 105

Sr

TEMPORARY

STREAM CROSSING

DEFINITION
A temporary structure installed across a flowing stream or watercourse for use by construction equipment.

PURPOSE
Protect streams from damage and erosion.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Includes bridges Sr-B , round pipes or pipe
arches Sr-C . Drainage area not to exceed one square
mile. Minimize clearing and excavation of the stre-
ambed and banks. Cross very small streams with armored, pro-
tected fords, such as rock riprap. Elevate crossing to reduce the possibility of
washout from a 25-year peak discharge. Convey full bank flow without appreciably
altering or restricting stream flow habits.
106

Sr

Washout protection may include elevation of bridges above adjacent flood plain lands, crowning of fills over pipes, or the use of diversions, dikes or island type structures.

EARTH FILL COVERED BY APPROPRIATELY LARGE ANGULAR ROCK

25' MIN

TOP OF BANK FLOW

COARSE AGGREGATE

MINIMUM PIPE DIAMETER SIZED AS SPECIFIED IN "PIPE DIAMETERS FOR STREAM CROSSINGS"
Figure 1. Temporary Stream Crossing Installation Requirements

Table 1. Pipe Diameters for Stream Crossings (inches)

Drainage Area
(acres) 1-25 26-50
51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-300 301-350 351-400 401-450 451-500 501-550 551-600 601-640

Average Slope of Watershed

1% 4% 24 24 24 30 30 36 30 42 36 42 36 48 36 48 42 48 42 54 42 54 42 54 48 60 48 60 48 60

8% 16% 30 30 36 36 42 48 48 48 48 54 54 54 54 60 60 60 60 60 60 72 60 72 60 72 60 72 72 72

107

Sr
Remove when no longer necessary for project construction.
Properly reshape the stream and its banks to the original cross-section after removal of the crossing.
Stabilize denuded areas with appropriate vegetation.
All other appropriate agencies, including the COE, must be contacted to ensure compliance with other Laws.
MAINTENANCE
Inspect structure after every rainfall and at least once a week.
Repair all damages immediately.
REFERENCES
Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only)
Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding)
Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding)
Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding)
108

(This page left blank intentionally.) 109

St

STORM DRAIN

OUTLET PROTECTION

DEFINITION
Paved and/or riprapped channel sections placed below storm drain outlets.

PURPOSE
Reduce the velocity of flow from storm drain outlets.
Reduce erosion of receiving channels. Stabilize grades.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Place a filter blanket or filter fabric between
riprap and soil foundation. Install a graded gravel layer if geotextile is
not used. Line with riprap, grouted riprap, or concrete.
Use field or quarry stone with minimum diameter of 6 inches for riprap. Minimum apron thickness should be 1.5 times the maximum stone diameter. Extend apron length to at least six times the outlet pipe diameter.
110

Apron extends to top of channel bank
(or 6" above the max tailwater
depth, whichever is less.)

St
d

Filter blanket or
filter fabric
Soil foundation
Figure 1. Outlet Protection for a WellDefined Channel
Apron Width for a Well-Defined Channel Side slopes of the channel no steeper than 2:1. Apron extends across the channel bottom. Apron extends up the channel banks to an elevation one foot to the top of the bank.
Apron Width for a Flat Area Upstream width three times the diameter of the outlet pipe. Downstream width three times the diameter of the outlet pipe plus the length of the apron. Construct apron at zero grade with no overfall at the end. Conform to bottom grade of receiving channel.
111

St
Locate to prevent bends in horizontal alignment.
Place necessary curves in the upper section of the apron.
Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately.

L=6d minimum W=3d minimum
W
d

Filter blanket or
filter fabric

Soil foundation

L

6"min depth

Figure 2. Outlet Protection for a Flat Area

MAINTENANCE
Inspect after heavy rains for erosion and dislodged stones.
Make all repairs immediately.

112

(This page left blank intentionally.) 113

Su

SURFACE

ROUGHENING

DEFINITION
Providing a rough soil surface on the contour.

PURPOSE
Aid in establishment of vegetative cover with seed.
Reduce runoff velocity and increase infiltration.
Reduce erosion and provide for sediment trapping.
INSTALLATION
Apply according to approved plan, if shown. Not required on slopes with a stable rock
face. Stair-step, groove, furrow, or track slopes
that are to be vegetated. Lightly roughen and loosen soil to a depth
of 2"-4" on slopes 3:1 or flatter. Slopes requiring mowing shall not be
steeper than 3:1. Groove or maintain roughness of fill slopes
steeper than 3:1. Stair-step or groove cut slopes steeper than
3:1.
114

30" - 40" maximum

Su
Stair-Step Grading Particularly good for slopes with soft rock. Vertical cut distance to horizontal distance shall be less than 1:1. Horizontal portion of the "step" shall slope toward the vertical wall. Individual vertical cuts are not to exceed 30 inches on soft materials and not more than 40 inches in rocky materials.
Debris from slope above is caught by steps
Drainage
40" - 50" maximum
Water, soil, and fertilizer are held by steps - plants can become established on the steps.
Figure 1. Stair-Stepping Cut Slopes
Figure 2. Typical Stair-Step Grading
115

Su
Grooving Use discs, tillers, spring harrows, or the teeth on a front-end loader. On unmowed slopes, minimum groove depth of 3 inches and maximum groove spacing of 15 inches. On mowed slopes, minimum depth of one inch and maximum groove spacing of 12 inches.

Grooving is cutting furrows along the conyour of a slope. Irregularities in the soil surface provide some coverage of lime, fertilizer and seed.

13"-15" maximum 3" minimum

Figure 3. Grooving Slopes

116

Su
Tracking Not recommended unless no alternatives are available. Minimize machine passes to minimize compaction.

Dozer treads create grooves perpeddicular to the slope.

Slope

TRACKING
Figure 4. Roughening with Tracked Machinery

Each lift of the fill is compacted, but the outer face of the slope is allowed to remain lose so that the rocks, clods, etc. reach the natural angle of repose.
Figure 5. Fill Slope Treatment
Seed and mulch roughened areas as soon as possible.
117

Tp

TOPSOILING

DEFINITION
Stripping-off the fertile top soil, storing it, then spreading it over the disturbed area after construction is completed.

PURPOSE
Provide a suitable soil medium for vegetative growth on low fertility areas.
SPECIFICATIONS
Apply according to approved plan, if shown. Recommended for sites with slopes 2:1 or
flatter where: the texture of the exposed subsoil or par-
ent material is not suitable to produce adequate vegetative growth, the root zone is too shallow, or the soil to be vegetated contains material toxic to plant growth. Topsoil should be friable and loamy, free of debris, objectionable weed and stones, and contain no toxic substance that may be harmful to plant growth.
118

Tp
Stripping depth of 4 to 6 inches is common and should be confined to the immediate construction area.
Stockpiles may be vegetated and should not obstruct natural drainage or cause off-site environmental damage.
If subsoil is composed of heavy clays, lime shall be spread at the rate of 100 pounds per 1,000 square feet.
Subsoil should be loosened by discing or scarifying to a minimum depth of 3 inches to permit bonding of the topsoil to the subsoil. Tracking by a bulldozer is also adequate.
Topsoil should be applied at a uniform depth of 5 inches (unsettled), but may be adjusted at the discretion of the engineer or landscape architect.

Table 1. Cubic Yards of Topsoil Required for Application to Various Depths

Depth (inches)
1 2 3 4 5 6

Per 1,000 Square Feet
3.1 6.2 9.3 12.4 15.5 18.6

Per Acre 134 268 403 537 672 806

119

Wt VEGETATED WATERWAY OR STORMWATER
CONVEYANCE CHANNEL
DEFINITION
A waterway that is shaped or graded to required dimensions and stabilized with vegetation.
PURPOSE
Dispose of stormwater runoff. Prevent erosion. Reduce sedimentation.
INSTALLATION
Install according to approved plan, if shown. Remove all woody growth, obstructions and
other objectionable material. Waterway cross-section may be parabolic
or trapezoidal in shape. Maximum permissible velocity within a veg-
etated channel is approximately 5 feet per second without geosynthetic material.
120

Wt

Table 1. Permissible Velocities for Vegetated and Rock-Lined Waterways

Vegetative Cover

Maximum Permissible Velocity
(fps)

Bermuda

5

Bahia

4

Tall Fescue

4

Sericea Lespedeza

Weeping Lovegrass

3

Stone center

Design required

Maximum bottom width of 50 feet unless multiple or divided waterways or other means are provided to control meandering of low flows within this limit.

8"-12" 6'-12'

Excavated Channel 8"-12"
RoOardigiSnuarlface

Figure 1. Typical Vegetated Waterway or Stormwater Conveyance Channel
Tile or other subsurface drainage measure shall be provided for sites having high water tables or seepage problems. Where there is base flow, a stone center or lined channel may be required.
121

Wt
Disturbed areas must be stabilized with vegetation immediately following construction.
Mulching is required for all seeded or sprigged channels.
Erosion control fabrics which are designed to protect seed and slopes during the establishment of vegetation shall be used.
If conditions permit, water should be temporarily diverted from the channel, or otherwise disposed of, during the establishment of vegetation.
REFERENCES
Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only)
Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding)
Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding)
Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding)
122

(This page left blank intentionally.) 123

O.C.G.A. 12-7-1 The Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975
as Amended
HISTORY
Georgia's Erosion and Sedimentation Act was passed in 1975 and became effective in 1977. It has been amended several times; in 1980, 1985, 1989, 1994, 1995 and 2000. The 1994 and 1995 amendments were significant in that the emphasis is now on Best Management Practices (BMPs) instead of water quality.
AGENCIES
This law specifically defines the duties of four separate and distinct agencies: 1. Local Issuing Authority (LIA). 2. The Environmental Protection Division
(EPD) of the Department of Natural Resources (DNR). 3. The Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD). 4. The State Soil and Water Conservation Commission (SSWCC).
Unnamed, but critically important to the program, is the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).
124

CERTIFICATION AS A LOCAL ISSUING AUTHORITY
City and County governments may become LIAs by adopting ordinances and enforcing provisions of the Law for specific land-disturbing activities (LDA). By becoming a LIA, the local government may also issue LDA permits. Otherwise, the EPD will have permitting, inspection and enforcement authority within the local government's jurisdiction. Most metro governments have elected to become issuing authorities along with over 80 percent of the counties. Among smaller towns and cities, over 40 percent are issuing authorities. In fact, over 90 percent of Georgia's population resides where local governments have that responsibility.
LAND-DISTURBING ACTIVITIES
The Law defines a land-disturbing activity as: "Any land change which may result in soil erosion from water or wind and the movement of sediments into State Water or onto lands within the State including, but not limited to clearing, dredging, grading, excavating, transporting, and filling."
EXEMPTED LAND-DISTURBING ACTIVITIES
The Law contains certain exemptions. Permits for land-disturbing activities are not required for the following:
1. Surface mining.
2. Granite quarrying.
3. Minor land-disturbing activities such as home gardens, home landscaping, etc.
125

4. Construction of single-family residences for or by the owner.
5. Agricultural Practices.
6. Forestry Practices.
7. Projects of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
8. Projects of 1.1 acre or less (if not within 200' of State Waters).
9. Construction or maintenance projects by the Department of Transportation, the Georgia Highway Authority, or Georgia Tollway Authority and road construction and maintenance projects by counties and cities.
10. Any LDA by an EMC or municipal electrical system or public utility regulated by the Public Service Commission.
11. Public Water System Reservoirs
Although permits are not required, exemptions 4, 8, 9, 10 and 11 must meet certain minimum requirements of the Law.
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
The minimum requirements specified in the Law mandate that Best Management Practices (BMPs) be designed, installed and maintained in accordance with 16 sound conservation and engineering principals and accommodate up to and including a 25-year 24-hour rainfall event.
BMPs are vegetative measures and structural practices that, when properly applied, will provide effective erosion and sedimentation control for all rainfall events. Some of the vegetative measures are temporary and permanent plants, mulches, and undisturbed buffers.
126

There are many structural practices including diversions, sediment barriers and basins, waterways, etc. Properly designed, installed and maintained BMPs constitute a total defense against punitive actions by the EPD and the Local Issuing Authority. Should BMPs fail under less than the 25-year 24-hour rainfall event, then land-disturbers are subject to penalties of up to $2,500 per day by the Issuing Authority and up to $50,000-100,000 per day for water quality violations under a different law, the Georgia Water Quality Control Act. The storm water from a construction site should not increase the turbidity of the receiving waters by more than 25 Nephlometric Turbidity Units (NTUs) on warm water streams or more than 10 NTUs on streams classified as "trout streams."
CONSERVATION AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPALS
The Law requires that BMPs conform to the criteria contained in the "big brother" of this Field Manual, The Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control in Georgia, which is published by the Conservation Commission.
Additionally, the Law requires that BMPs conform to the following principals:
1. LDAs shall be conducted so as to minimize erosion.
2. Cut and fill operations must be kept to a minimum.
3. Development plans must conform to topography and soil type, so as to create the lowest practicable erosion potential.
4. Whenever feasible, natural vegetation shall be retained, protected and supplemented.
127

5. The disturbed area and the duration of exposure to erosive elements shall be kept to a practicable minimum.
6. Disturbed soil shall be stabilized as quickly as practicable.
7. Temporary vegetation or mulching shall be employed to protect exposed critical areas during development.
8. Permanent vegetation and structural erosion control measures must be installed as soon as practicable.
9. To the extent necessary, sediment in runoff water must be trapped by the use of debris basins, sediment basins, silt traps, or similar measures until the disturbed area is stabilized. A disturbed area is stabilized when it is brought to a condition of continuous compliance with the requirements of the Law.
10. Adequate provisions must be provided to minimize erosion damage to cut and fill slopes.
11. Cuts and fills may not endanger adjoining property.
12. Fills may not encroach upon natural watercourses or constructed channels so as to adversely affect other property owners.
13. Grading equipment must cross flowing streams using bridges or culverts, except when they are not feasible; provided, in any case, that such crossing must be kept to a minimum.
14. LDA plans for E&SC shall include BMPs for the treatment or control of any sediment sources. They must also show adequate BMPs to retain sediments on site or preclude sedimentation of adjacent
128

waters beyond the levels specified in section 12-7-6 (a) (2).
15. Except as provided in paragraph 16, LDAs shall not be conducted within 25 feet of the banks of any state waters, as measured horizontally from the point where vegetation has been wrested by normal stream flow or wave action, except where the Director of EPD allows a variance that is at least as protective of natural resources and the environment, or where a drainage structure or a roadway drainage structure must be constructed. Adequate erosion control measures must be incorporated in the project plans and implemented on site. Buffers of at least 25 feet established pursuant to provisions of the "Georgia Water Quality Control Act" shall remain in force unless a variance is granted by the Director. The following requirements shall apply to any such buffer:
A. No LDAs shall be conducted within a buffer and a buffer shall remain undisturbed until all LDAs on the site are completed. Once the final stabilization of the site is achieved a buffer may be trimmed or thinned as long as long as the natural canopy is left in sufficient quantity. For single family construction, thinning or trimming of the buffer is allowed as long as the natural canopy is left in sufficient quantity.
B. The granting or denial of a variance request by the Director is based on the specific criteria of the rules adopted by the Board.
16. LDAs shall not be conducted within 50 horizontal feet as measured from the point where vegetation has been wrested by
129

normal stream flow or wave action of any state waters classified as "trout streams" pursuant to the "Georgia Water Quality Control Act" except where a roadway Drainage structure must be constructed, provided that streams classified as trout streams which discharge an average annual flow of 25 gallons per minute or less may be piped by the landowner. See above sections A and B of paragraphs for buffer requirements.
PLANS AND PERMITS
Before a permit on non-exempt land-disturbing activities can be obtained, an application and Erosion and Sediment Control plan must be submitted to the Issuing Authority. The Issuing Authority must forward the plan to the local Soil and Water Conservation District for approval unless they have entered a Memorandum of Agreement with the local Soil and Water Conservation District.
The Districts usually call on the State Soil and Water Conservation Commission or Natural Resources Conservation Service for technical assistance in plan reviews. The Law requires that a permit be issued or denied within 45 days after a complete application and plan are submitted.
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT
A Local Issuing Authority can bypass the District plan review process by demonstrating that it has an effective program, has trained personnel and the capability to review plans. It can then petition the local SWCD to enter into a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). Most of Georgia's most populated counties and cities have elected to go this route.
130

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit
A related Federal and State program also regulates land disturbance activities (LDAs). The Federal Clean Water Act and the Georgia Water Quality Control Act require the operator of an LDA to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit. This NPDES Permit regulates the discharge of storm water from LDAs of five (5) acres or more, and smaller parcels within developments of five (5) acres or more. As is the case with LDA permits issued pursuant to the Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act, the NPDES Permit requires that Best Management Practices (BMPs) be employed. The BMPs are described in this Manual. Further information regarding the NPDES Permit can be obtained from the Environmental Protection Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.
131

Construction Checklist of "BMPs" And Minimum Requirements
Project Name: File No.__________________________ Inspection Date:_____ Time:____ Inspected by:______
Stage of Construction
___Pre-Construction Phase ___Construction Phase ___Building Phase ___Final Stabilization

Cd Check Dam
Minimum Requirement CENTER: 9 inches lower than outer edges.

Passed Failed

SIDE SLOPES: 2.1 or flatter

SPACING: Toe of upstream dam is at same elevation as the top of the downstream dam.
GEOTEXTILE: Placed between the rock and its soil foundation.

MAINTENANCE: Sediment removed when depth reaches 1/2 the original dam height. Dam removed and area stabilized when useful life has expired.

132

Ch Channel Stabilization

Minimum Requirement
INSTALLATION: Channel lining installed immediately after grading and vegetate all bare areas.

Passed

Failed

RIPRAP LINING: Graded to 1.5:1 or less. A filter blanket, at least 6" thick, of sand, gravel, and/or geotextile material should be between soil and riprap.
OUTLET: Adequate outlet for free flow of water from flood plains into channel.

CLEARING: Objectionable materials removed from channel. As many trees preserved, as possible.
BUFFERS: Buffers preserved by clearing for spoil placement on one side of channel only. Buffers reestablished with appropriate vegetation. MAINTENANCE: Inspected periodically and necessary repairs made immediately.
Co Construction Exit
AGGREGATE SIZE: 1.5 to 3.5 inches.

PAD THICKNESS: 6-inch minimum.

PAD WIDTH: 20 foot minimum.

PAD LENGTH: 50 feet minimum.

LOCATION: At all entrance/exit points.

GEOTEXTILE: Placed full length and width of the entrance/exit.
MAINTENANCE: Periodic top dressing with 1.5 to 3.5 inch stone as conditions demand.

133

Cr Construction Road Stabilization

Minimum Requirement

Passed Failed

AGGREGATE SIZE: 1.5 to 3.5 inches.

PAD THICKNESS: 8-10-inches.

PAD WIDTH: 14 feet minimum.

MAINTENANCE: Periodic top dressing with 1.5 to 3.5 inch stone as conditions demand.
Dc Stream Diversion Channel
SIZE: Channel width should be a minimum of 6 feet with side slopes no steeper than 2:1.
LINING: The liner should consist of Geotextile (Dc-B) or class I riprap (Dc-C).
MAINTENANCE: Inspected daily for construction material positioning.
Di Diversion
SITE PREPARATION: Trees, brush, stumps and other objectionable material have been removed.
FILLS: All fills compacted. Unneeded excavated material disposed of and stabilized. Ridge should be at least 10 feet wide. Add 10% to height for settlement. STABILIZATION: Channel outlets require adequate vegetation, riprap, or pavement.
MAINTENANCE: Inspected frequently and after each rainfall with necessary repairs made immediately.

134

Dn1 Downstream Structure Dn2

Minimum Requirement
LOCATION: On undisturbed soil or well-compacted fill.

Passed Failed

OUTLET: Stabilized with rock riprap.

PIPE: Heavy-duty flexible tubing staked at 10-foot intervals (Temporary Structure Dn1 ). Joints well- connected and watertight. MAINTENANCE: Checked after every rainfall with necessary repairs made promptly. Temporary structure removed when no longer needed. Exposed areas stabilized.
Fr Filter Ring
SIZE: At inlets with diameters less than 12 inches, the stone size should be 3-5 inches.
SIZE: At inlets with diameters greater than 12 inches, the stone size should be 10-15 inches.
HEIGHT: The filter ring should have a minimum height of 2 feet from grade.
MAINTENANCE: The ring should be kept clear of trash and debris, and the sediment should be removed when one-half full.
Ga Gabion
DESIGN: Performed by a qualified professional familiar with the use of gabions.
MAINTENANCE: Periodically inspected for signs of undercutting or excessive erosion.
Gr Grade Stabilization Structure
MATERIALS: Constructed of concrete, rock, masonry, steel, aluminum, or treated wood.

135

Minimum Requirement
OUTLET: Adequate, stable outlet for discharges.

Passed Failed

VEGETATION: On all disturbed areas immediately.

Maintenance: Periodically inspected for signs of undercutting or excessive erosion.
Lv Level Spreader
GRADE: No greater than 1 % for the last 15 feet of the dike or diversion.

LENGTH: Determined by plan preparer from estimated storm flow.

OUTLET: Discharges onto an undisturbed stabilized area to create uniform sheet flow.
MAINTENANCE: No blockages at point of discharge.

Mb

Erosion Control Matting and Blankets

INSTALLATION: According to manufacturer's specifications.

Maintenance: check for slumping or failure of material.

Rd Rock Filter Dam
HEIGHT: Not higher than channel banks with dam center 6 inches lower than outer edges of dam.
SIDE SLOPES: 2:1 or flatter.

LOCATION: Located so that it will not cause flooding of upstream property.

136

Minimum Requirement
ROCK SIZE: Determined by the design criteria established in the riprap section (Appendix C) of the E&SC Manual.

Passed

Failed

TOP WIDTH: Should be no less than 6 feet.

MAINTENANCE: Sediment removed when it reaches a depth of 1/2 the original height of dam. Dam removed at completion of its useful life.
Re Retaining Wall
SPECIFIC DESIGN: Performed by capable design engineer or architect.

MAINTENANCE: Periodically inspected for signs of undercutting or excessive erosion.
Rt Retrofitting
HEIGHT: 1/2 the height of the stormwater management structure.

HALF-ROUND PlPE: Diameter should be 1.5 times the principal pipe outlet diameter.
SLOTTED BOARD DAM: Posts minimum size of 4"x4". 0.5 to 1 inch spacing between boards.
STONE SIZE: 3 to 4 inch stone.

POND INLET: Sediment entry point should be at opposite end of basin from outlet. If not, baffles should be installed.
MAINTENANCE: Trash and debris hindering drainage has been removed. Sediment removed when structure is 1/3 full. Structure removed when project is stabilized.

137

Sd1 Sediment Barrier

Minimum Requirement
LOCATION: Intended for areas where sheet flow occurs. Not installed in areas of concentrated flow. Installed on contour.
BRUSH: Windrowed on the contour and at the lower perimeter of site. Compacted, if necessary. Filter fabric added, if necessary, to increase efficiency.
SILT FENCE: Verify fabric and post types. Entrenched 4-6" depending on fence type. Posts spaced at a maximum of 6'.
HAYBALES: Embedded to a depth of 4". Secured with stakes or bars driven through bales.

Passed

Failed

SAND BAGS: Flow between and beneath sandbags minimized. If height exceeds two (2) bags, staked with steel rods.
MAINTENANCE: Sediment removed at 1/2 barrier capacity and disturbed area stabilized. Barrier removed at end of useful life.
Sd2 Inlet Sediment Trap
BLOCK: Blocks wrapped with fabric with #57 wash stone placed on front.

GRAVEL: Minimum stone diameter of 3 inches on inlet side and #57 stone on opposite side at a thickness of 1 foot.
FRAME AND FABRIC: Sturdy frame with fabric entrenched and pulled taut.

MAINTENANCE: Sediment removed when 2/3 fence capacity is reached and stabilize loose soil material.
Sd3 Temporary Sediment Basin
LOCATION: Not located in a live stream.

PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY PIPE: Pipe extended beyond downstream toe of the fill. All pipe joints watertight.

138

Minimum Requirement
RISER: 1/2 inch perforations 3 inches apart covered with two feet of 1/2 to 3/ 4 inch stone. Trash rack installed.

Passed

Failed

EMERGENCY SPILLWAY: installed in undisturbed soil. Minimum bottom width of 8 feet. Stabilized with vegetation, riprap, or concrete.
MAINTENANCE: All damages to structure repaired before day's end. Sediment removed when storage capacity has been reduced by 1/3.
Sr Temporary Stream Crossing
SIZE: Large enough to convey the full bank flow of the stream without appreciably altering the stream flow characteristics.
OVERFLOW PROTECTION: Elevated crossings, crown fills over pipes, diversions or dikes.

MAINTENANCE: Inspected after every rainfall or at least once a week with repairs made immediately.

St Storm Drain Outlet Protection
ALIGNMENT: Contains no bends and aligns with receiving channel.

SUBGRADE: Constructed on 0.0% grade. Invert and outlet at same elevation as bottom of receiving channel. Compacted fill required.
FILTER: Gravel filter or geotextile installed between riprap and subgrade. Gravel filter should be properly graded and geotextiles installed in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations.
MINIMUM DIMENSIONS: Thickness = 3x's max. rock diameter; Width = 3x's outlet pipe diameter; Length = 6x's outlet pipe diameter.
MAINTENANCE: inspect riprap outlet structures for any dislodged stones causing erosion. Repairs made immediately.
Su Surface Roughening
SLOPES STEEPER THAN 3:1: Roughened by either stair-step grading, grooving, furrowing, or tracking. Areas to be mowed should have small furrows only.
139

Minimum Requirement
SLOPES FLATTER THAN 3:1: Soils loosened to a depth of 2 to 4 inches.

Passed Failed

STAIR-STEPPING: Stair-steps should have maximum width of 40"-50" and a maximum depth of 30"-40".
GROOVING: Installed by equipment operating on the contour (across the slope). Maximum top width of 12"-15" and minimum depth of 3 inches for grooves. TRACKING: Tracked equipment operated up and down slope. Heavy clay soils may not track well.
VEGETATION: Seed, mulch, lime, and fertilizer applied immediately after roughening.
Tp Topsoiling
STRIPPING: Confined to the immediate construction area. Only friable, loamy topsoil stripped. Objectionable rock and roots removed. STOCKPILES: Vegetated and mulched and located in areas not obstructing natural drainage.
SPREADING: Areas prepared by tilling or scarifying. Lime and fertilizer added as required. Topsoil handled when it is not too wet. A 5 inch depth of loose soil is desirable. VEGETATION: Vegetation and mulch applied immediately.

Wt Vegetated Waterway
CHANNEL: Free of all trees, rocks, brush, and other debris. Shaped to desired cross-section. Protected from erosion during establishment by diversions, geotextiles, etc. FILL MATERIAL: Compacted. Excess fill material disposed of in a suitable manner and vegetated.
VEGETATION: Seed, mulch, lime and fertilizer applied immediately.

140

Bf Buffer Zone

Minimum Requirement
WIDTH: Minimum of 25 feet on all state waters; 50 feet on streams designated as "Trout Waters" unless variance is obtained. See Law for specifics.
MAINTENANCE: Buffers protected from equipment encroachment. Sediment removed when effectiveness is lost.

Passed

Failed

Cs Coastal Dune Stabilization

LOCATION: 100 feet from mean high tide line.

POSTS: Minimum length of 7' with minimum diameter of three inches; slats spaced approximately 1 1/4 inches apart. SPACING: Two or more parallel 4-foot high fences spaced from 30 to 40 feet apart.
PLACEMENT: 30-foot sections of fence installed perpendicular to the prevailing winds.
VEGETATION: Installed immediately following dune development. Mulch applied and irrigated, if necessary.
PRESERVATION: Dunes protected from human and vehicular traffic.

Ds1

Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With Mulching Only)

SOIL PREPARATION: Loosed to a depth of 3", if possible.

ANCHORING: Mulch anchored with a "packer disk" or with an emulsifier.

EMULSIFIER MIXTURE: 100 gallons of emulsifier per ton of mulch.

MATERIALS AND RELATED DEPTHS: Straw or hay - 2" to 4" depth. Pine needles - 4" to 6" depth. Wood chips, sawdust - 2" to 3" depth. Shredded leaves - 2" to 3" depth.

141

Minimum Requirement
COMMERCIAL MATTING OR NETTING: Followed manufacturer's specifications.

Passed Failed

Ds2

Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With Temporary Seeding)

SEEDBED PREPARATION: Soil should be loose and friable.

LIME AND FERTILIZER: Fertilizer may be needed when low fertility conditions exist (500-700 pounds of 10-10-10 per acre).
SEEDING: Vegetation selected is suitable to the area and season of the year.
GERMINATION: Tag on bag should be checked and a simple germination test should preclude plantings.
MULCH: Placed after seeding to retain moisture and protect seed.

Ds3

Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With Permanent Vegetation)

SEEDBED PREPARATION: Needed when the soil has been sealed from crusting or when conventional seeding is used.
LIME AND FERTILIZER: Rates of 1-2 tons of lime per acre with fertilizer rates following Field Manual recommendations.
SEEDING: Refer to appropriate planting tables. Companion crops may be required for areas needing quick cover.
INOCULANTS: All legume seed should be inoculated and careful attention given to it's handling.

MULCH: Dry straw applied at a rate of 2 tons per acre, and dry hay at a rate of 2 1/2 tons per acre. 75% of soil surface covered.
MULCH ANCHORING: 100 gallons emulsified asphalt per ton of mulch, "packer disk," or synthetic netting.

142

Minimum Requirement
MOWING: 6" minimum height maintained.

Passed Failed

FUTURE FERTILIZER RATES: Refer to the Manual for second year fertilizer rates.

Ds4

Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With Sodding)

SURFACE: Surface at final grade. Surface clear of trash and other objects larger than 1 inch.

INSTALLATION: Sod applied to soil surface only (not to frozen or graveltype soils). Certified sod cut used within 36 hours.
LIME AND FERTILIZER: Based on soil test. Applied according to recommendations.

ANCHORING: Anchored with pins if slopes are steeper than 3:1.

IRRIGATION: Rainfall supplemented with irrigation, if necessary.
Du Dust Control
METHODS: Mulch, vegetation or tackifiers applied or surface sprayed with water until it is thoroughly wet.

Sb

Streambank Stabilization
(Using Permanent Vegetation)

DESIGN: Designed and installed by professionals familiar with process.

MATERIALS: None used that could be poisonous to fish and aquatic life (i.e. asphalt, wood treated with creosote)
RUNOFF: Intensive runoff diverted from the area being treated.

SIDE SLOPE: 2:1 or flatter. Refer to Guidelines for recommended slope lengths.

143

Minimum Requirement
WORK SEQUENCE: Work starts upstream at a stable point along the bank.
STAKE HEALTH: Cut with a saw. Planted same day as prepared. Buds upward. Split, stripped, and mushroomed cuttings replaced.
STAKE INSTALLATION: Begins at water's edge and works up the bank.

Passed Failed

VEGETATION: Native trees and shrubs. Failures fixed at once with structural materials or new plants, mulching if necessary.
INSPECTION: Checked regularly for wash-outs, undercutting, unhealthy vegetation, especially after heavy rains. Make necessary repairs immediately.
Tb Tackifiers and Binders
SPECIFICATIONS: Tackifiers and Binders are used to anchor wood cellulose, wood pulp fiber, and other mulch materials applied with hydroseeding equipment.

144

ACTIONS TAKEN

___ Verbal Warning Issued Date: ______

___ Stop Work Order Issued Date: ______

___ Citation Issued

Date: ______

Comments:

145

GLOSSARY
The list of terms that follows is representative of those used by soil scientists, engineers, developers, conservationist planners, etc. The terms are not necessarily used in the text, nonetheless they are in common use in conversation matters.
AASHTO CLASSIFICATION (soil engineering) -- The official classification of soil materials and soil aggregate mixtures for highway construction used by the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials.
ACID SOIL -- Soil with a pH value less than 7.0. The term is usually applied to the surface layer or to the root zone unless specified otherwise.
ACRE-FOOT -- The volume of water that will cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot.
ALKALINE SOIL -- A soil that has a pH greater than 7.0, particularly above 7.3.
ALLUVIAL -- Pertaining to material that is transported and deposited by running water.
ANTI-SEEP COLLAR -- A device constructed around a pipe or other conduit and placed through a dam, levee or dike for the purpose of reducing seepage losses and piping failures.
ANTI-VORTEX DEVICE -- A facility placed at the entrance to a pipe conduit structure, such as a drop inlet spillway or hood inlet spillway, to prevent air from entering the structure when the pipe is flowing full.
APRON (soil engineering)-- A floor or lining to protect a surface from erosion. An example is the pavement below chutes, spillways, or at the toes of dams.
AUXILIARY SPILLWAY -- A dam spillway built to carry runoff in excess of that carried by the principal spillway. See Emergency Spillway.
BACKFILL -- The material used to refill a ditch or other excavation, or the process of doing so.
BEDLOAD -- The sediment that moves by sliding, rolling or bounding on or very near the streambed.
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) -- A collection of structural practices and vegetative measures which, when properly designed, installed and maintained, will provide effective erosion and sedimentation control for all rainfall events up to and including a 25-year, 24-hour rainfall event.
BORROW AREA -- A source of earth fill material. BRUSH MATTING -- (1) A matting of branches placed on
badly eroded land to conserve moisture and reduce erosion while trees or other vegetative covers are being established. (2) A matting of mesh wire and brush used to retard stream bank erosion.
146

CHANNEL -- A natural stream that conveys water; a ditch or channel excavated for the flow of water. See Watercourse.
CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT -- The improvement of the flow characteristics of a channel by clearing, excavating, realignment, lining, or other means.
CHANNEL SLOPE -- Natural or excavated sides (banks) of a watercourse.
CHANNEL STABILIZATION -- Erosion prevention and stabilization of velocity distribution in a channel using jetties, drops, revetments, vegetation, and other measures.
COMPACTION -- The process by which soil grains are rearranged to decrease void space and bring them into closer contact with one another, thereby increasing the weight of solid material per cubic foot.
CONDUIT - - Any channel intended for the conveyance of water, whether open or closed.
CONSERVATION -- The protection, improvement and use of natural resources according to principles that will assure their highest economic or social benefit.
CONSERVATION DISTRICT -- An agency of state government created to develop and carry out a program of soil, water and related resource conservation use and development within its boundaries.
CONTOUR -- (1) An imaginary line on the surface of the earth connecting points of the same elevation. (2) A line drawn on a map connecting points of the same elevation.
COVER CROP -- A close growing crop protecting and improving soil between periods of permanent vegetation.
CRITICAL AREA -- A severely eroded, sediment-producing area that requires special management to establish and maintain vegetation.
CUT -- A portion of land surface or area from which earth has been removed or will be removed by excavation; the depth below the original ground surface to the excavated surface. Syn. Excavation.
CUT-AND-FILL - - Process of earth moving by excavating part of an area and using the excavated material for adjacent embankments or fill areas.
CUTOFF -- A wall, collar or other structure, such as a trench, filled with relatively impervious material intended to reduce seepage of water through porous strata.
DAM -- A barrier to confine or raise water for storage or diversion.
DEBRIS -- The loose material arising from the disintegration of rocks and vegetative material; transportable by streams, ice, or floods.
DEBRIS DAM -- A barrier built across a stream channel to retain rock, sand, gravel, silt, or other material.
DEGRADATION -- To wear down by erosion, especially through stream action.
DESIGN LIFE -- The period of time for which a facility is expected to perform its intended function.
147

DESILTING AREA -- An area of grass, shrubs or other vegetation used for deposition of silt and other debris from flowing water.
DETENTION DAM -- A dam constructed for the purpose of temporary storage of streamflow or surface runoff and for releasing the stored water at controlled rates.
DISCHARGE (hydraulics) -- The volume of fluid passing a point per unit time, commonly expressed as cubic feet per second, million gallons per day, gallons per minute, or cubic meters per second.
DIVERSION -- A channel, with or without a supporting ridge on the lower side, constructed across the top or bottom of a slope to intercept surface runoff.
DIVERSION DAM -- A barrier built to divert part or all of the water from a stream into a different course.
DRAIN -- (1) A buried pipe or other conduit (closed drain). (2) A ditch (open drain) for carrying off surplus surface water or groundwater. (3) To provide channels, such as open ditches or closed drains, so that excess water can be removed by surface flow or by internal flow. (4) To lose water (from the soil) by percolation.
DRAINAGE -- (1) The removal of excess surface water or ground water from land by means of surface or subsurface drains. (2) Soil characteristics that affect natural drainage.
DROP-INLET SPILLWAY -- An overfall in which the water drops through a vertical riser connected to a discharge conduit.
DROP SPILLWAY -- An overfall structure in which the water drops over a vertical wall onto an apron at a lower elevation.
DROP STRUCTURE -- A structure for dropping water to a lower level and dissipating its surplus energy; a fall. A drop may be vertical or inclined.
EARTH DAM -- Dam constructed of compacted soil material.
EMBANKMENT -- A man-made deposit of soil, rock, or other material used to form an impoundment.
EMERGENCY SPILLWAY -- A spillway used to carry runoff exceeding a given design flood. Syn. Auxiliary Spillway.
ENERGY DISSIPATOR -- A device used to reduce the energy of flowing water.
ERODIBLE (geology and soils) -- Susceptible to erosion.
EROSION -- (1) The wearing away of the land surface by running water, wind, ice, or other geological agents, including such processes as gravitational creep. (2) Detachment and movement of soil or rock fragments by water, wind, ice or gravity. The following terms are used to describe different types of water erosion:
ACCELERATED EROSION -- Erosion much more rapid than normal, primarily as a result of the influence of the activities of man.
GEOLOGICAL EROSION -- The normal or natural erosion caused by geological processes acting over long geologic periods.
148

GULLY EROSION -- The erosion process whereby water accumulates in narrow channels and, over short periods, removes the soil from this narrow area.
NATURAL EROSION -- Wearing away of the Earth's surface by water, ice, or other natural agents under natural environmental conditions.
NORMAL EROSION -- The gradual erosion of land used by man which does not greatly exceed natural erosion.
RILL EROSION - An erosion process in which numerous small channels, only several inches deep, occur mainly on recently disturbed and exposed soils.
SHEET EROSION - The removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil from the land surface by runoff water.
SPLASH EROSION - The spattering of small soil particles caused by the impact of raindrops on wet soils.
EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PLAN - A plan for the control of erosion and sediment resulting from a land-disturbing activity.
EROSIVE - Having sufficient velocity to cause erosion; refers to wind or water. Not to be confused with erodible as a quality of soil.
EXISTING GRADE -- The vertical location of the existing ground surface prior to cutting or filling.
FERTILIZER -- Any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin that is added to a soil to supply elements essential to growth.
FERTILIZER ANALYSIS -- The percentage composition of fertilizer, expressed in terms of nitrogen (N), phosphoric acid (P), and potash (K).
FILLING -- The placement of any soil or other solid material, either organic or inorganic, on a natural ground surface or an excavation.
FILTER STRIP -- A long, narrow vegetative planting used to retard or collect sediment.
FINAL CUT -- The last cut or line of excavation made when mining a specific property or area.
FINISHED GRADE -- The final grade or elevation of the ground surface.
FLOODPLAIN -- Nearly level land situated on either side of a channel subject to overflow flooding.
FREEBOARD (hydraulics) -- Vertical distance between the maximum water surface elevation anticipated in design and the top of retaining banks or structures. Provided to prevent overtopping because of unforeseen conditions.
GEOTEXTILE -- A term used to describe woven or nonwoven fabric materials used to reinforce or separate soil and other materials.
GRADE -- (1) The slope of a road, channel, or natural ground. (2) The finished surface of a canal bed, roadbed, top of embankment, or bottom of excavation; any surface prepared for the support of construction like paving or laying a conduit. (3) To finish the surface of a canal bed, roadbed, top of embankment, or bottom of excavation.
149

GRADE STABILIZATION STRUCTURE -- A structure stabilizing the grade of a gully or other watercourse, thereby preventing further headcutting or lowering of the channel grade.
GRADIENT -- Change of elevation, velocity, pressure or other characteristics per unit length; slope.
GRADING -- Altering surfaces to specified elevations, dimensions, and/or slopes.
GRASSED WATERWAY -- A natural or constructed waterway, usually broad and shallow, covered with erosionresistant grasses, used to conduct surface water from cropland.
GULLY -- A channel or miniature valley cut by concentrated runoff sufficiently deep that it would not be obliterated by normal tillage operations, whereas a rill is of lesser depth and would be smoothed out by use of ordinary tillage equipment.
INTERMITTENT STREAM -- A stream, or portion of a stream, that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It receives little or no water from springs and no long-continued supply from melting snow or other sources. It is dry for a large part of the year, ordinarily more than three months.
LAND-DISTURBING ACTIVITY (LDA) -- Any land change which may result in soil erosion from water or wind and the movement of sediments into State water or onto lands within the State, including, but not limited to, clearing, dredging, grading, excavating, transporting, and filling of land.
LEGUME -- A member of the legume or pulse family, such as the peas, beans, peanuts, clover, alfalfas, sweet clovers, lespedezas, vetches and kudzu. Practically all legumes are nitrogen-fixing plants.
LEVEL SPREADER -- A shallow channel excavation at the outlet end of a diversion with a level section for the purpose of diffusing the diversion outflow.
LIME -- From the strictly chemical standpoint, refers to only one compound, calcium oxide (CaO); however, the term "lime" can include a great variety of materials which are usually composed of the oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of calcium or of calcium and magnesium.
LITTER -- A surface layer of loose organic debris in forests consisting of freshly fallen or slightly decomposed organic materials.
MULCH -- A natural or artificial layer of plant residue or other materials, such as sand or paper, on the soil surface.
OUTLET -- Point of water disposal from a stream, river, lake, tidewater, or artificial dam.
OUTLET CHANNEL -- A waterway constructed or altered primarily to carry water from man-made structures, such as terraces, tile lines, and diversions.
PEAK DISCHARGE -- The maximum instantaneous flow from a given storm condition at a specific location.
PERMEABILITY, SOIL -- The quality of soil that enables water or air to move through it.
150

pH -- A numerical measure of the acidity or hydrogen ion activity. The neutral point is pH 7.0. All pH values below 7.0 are acid and all above are alkaline.
PIPE DROP -- A circular conduit used to convey water down steep grades.
PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY -- A water-conveying device designed to regulate the normal water level.
PURE LIVE SEED (PLS) -- A term used to express the quality of seed, even if it is not shown on the label. Expressed as a percentage of the seeds that are pure and will germinate. Determined by multiplying the percent of pure seed times the percent of germination and dividing by 100.
Example: Common bermuda seed: 70% germination, 80% purity.
PLS =70% germination * 80% purity
100
PLS = 56/100 =.56 = 56%
RILL -- A small intermittent watercourse with steep sides, usually only a few inches deep.
RIPRAP -- Broken rocks, cobbles, or boulders placed on earth surfaces, such as the face of a dam or the bank of a stream for protection against the action of water.
RISER -- The inlet portions of a drop inlet spillway that extend vertically from the pipe conduit barrel to the water surface.
ROCK-FILL DAM -- A dam composed of loose rock usually dumped in place, often with the upstream part constructed of hand-placed or derrick-placed rock, and faced with rolled earth or with an impervious surface of concrete, timber, or steel.
RUNOFF (hydraulics) -- That portion of the precipitation on a drainage area that is discharged from the area in stream channels.
SCARIFY -- To abrade, scratch or modify the surface; for example, to scratch the impervious seed coat of a hard seed or to break the surface of the soil with a narrowbladed instrument.
SEDIMENT -- Solid material, both mineral and organic, that is in suspension, is being transported, or has been moved from its site of origin by air, water, gravity, or ice as a product of erosion.
SEDIMENT BASIN -- A depression formed from the construction of a barrier or dam built at a suitable location to retain sediment and debris.
SEEDBED -- The soil prepared by natural or artificial means to promote the germination of seed and the growth of seedlings.
SHEET FLOW -- Water, usually storm runoff, flowing in a thin layer over the ground surface; also called overland flow.
SIDE SLOPE -- Generic term used to describe the slope of earth-moving operations, generally stated in horizontal to vertical ratio.
151

SILT -- (1) A soil separate consisting of particles between 0.05 and 0.02 millimeter in equivalent diameter. (2) A soil textural class.
SLOPE -- The degree of deviation of a surface from horizontal, measured in numerical ratio, percent, or degrees. Expressed as a ratio or percentage, the first number is the horizontal distance (run) and the second is the vertical distance (rise), as 2:1 or 50 percent (rise/run X 100%). Expressed in degrees, it is the angle of the slope from the horizontal plane with a 90 degree slope being vertical (maximum) and 45 degrees being a 1:1 slope.
SOIL -- The unconsolidated mineral and organic material on the immediate surface of the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.
SPILLWAY -- An open or closed channel, or both, used to convey excess water from a reservoir.
SPOIL -- Soil or rock material excavated from a canal, ditch, basin, or similar construction.
STABILIZATION -- The process of establishing an enduring soil cover of vegetation and/or mulch or other ground cover in combination with installing temporary or permanent structures to minimize transport of sediment by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
STABILIZED GRADE -- The slope of a channel at which neither erosion, nor deposition, occurs.
STAGE (hydraulics) -- The variable water surface or the water surface elevation above any chosen datum
STATE SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION COMMISSION -- The State agency established by the Soil and Water Conservation District Enabling Act to administer that law.
STORM DRAIN OUTLET PROTECTION -- A device used to dissipate the energy of flowing water.
STORM FREQUENCY -- An expression or measure of how often a hydrologic event of a given size or magnitude should on an average occur, based on a reasonable sample.
STREAMBANKS -- The usual boundaries, not the flood boundaries, of a stream channel. Right and left banks are named facing downstream.
STRUCTURAL PRACTICES -- Soil and water conservation measures, other than vegetation, utilizing the mechanical properties of matter to change the surface of the land to store, regulate, or dispose of runoff to prevent excessive sediment loss. This includes, but is not limited to, riprap, sediment basins, dikes, level spreaders, waterways or outlets, diversions, grade stabilization structures, sediment traps, land grading, etc.
SUBWATERSHED -- A watershed subdivision of unspecified size that forms a convenient natural unit.
TILTH -- A soil's physical condition as related to its ease to work (till).
TOPSOIL -- Earthy material used as top-dressing for house lots, grounds for large buildings, gardens, road cuts or similar areas. It has favorable characteristics for production of desired kinds of vegetation or can be made favorable.
152

TRASH RACK - - A structural device used to prevent debris from entering a spillway or other hydraulic structure.
UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (engineering) - A classification system based on the identification of soils according to their particle size, gradation, plasticity index, and liquid limit.
UNIFORM FLOW -- A state of steady flow when the mean velocity and cross-sectional area are equal to all sections of each.
VEGETATIVE MEASURES -- Stabilization of erosive or sediment-producing areas by covering the soil with: (a) permanent seeding, producing long-term vegetative cover or (b) short-term seeding, producing temporary vegetative cover or (c) sodding, producing areas covered with a turf or perennial sod, forming grass.
WATER CONSERVATION -- The physical control, protection, management, and use of water resources in such a way as to maintain maximum sustained benefits to people, agriculture, industry, commerce and other segments of the economy.
WATERCOURSE -- Any natural or artificial watercourse, stream, river, creek, channel, ditch, canal, conduit, drain, waterway, gully, ravine, or wash in which water flows either continuously or intermittently, and which has a definite channel, bed and banks, including any area adjacent thereto subject to inundation by reason of overflow or floodwater.
WATERSHED AREA -- All land and water within the confines of a drainage divide, or a water problem-area consisting in whole, or in part, of land needing drainage or irrigation.
WEIR -- Device for measuring or regulating the flow of water.
This glossary was compiled from definitions supplied by the Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil and Water Conservation Society of America, Resource Conservation Glossary and other state and federal publications.
153

(This page left blank intentionally.) 154

Georgia Points
of Contact
155

GEORGIA SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION COMMISSION
REGIONAL OFFICES

Dade

Catoosa

Fannin

Walker

Whitfield Murray Gilmer

Chattooga

Gordon

Pickens

REGION 1

Floyd

Bartow

Cherokee

Union

Towns

Rabun

Lumpkin

White

Habersham Stephens

Dawson Forsyth

Hall

Banks Franklin

REGION 2

Jackson

Madison

Hart Elbert

Polk Haralson

Paulding

Cobb

Gwinnett

REGION 3

Dekalb Douglas Fulton

Barrow Walton

Clarke Oglethorpe
Oconee

Wilkes

Lincoln

Rockdale

Carroll Heard
Troup

Clayton

Fayette Coweta

Henry

Spalding

Meriwether

Pike Lanier

Upson

Newton

Morgan

Greene Teliaferro

Columbia

Warren McDuffie

Butts Jasper

Putnam

Hancock

REGION 4

Glascock

Baldwin

Jefferson

Monroe

Jones

Washington

Richmond Burke

Harris Muscogee

Talbot

Bibb Crawford

Taylor

Peach

Wilkinson Twiggs

Johnson

Jenkins Screven Emanuel

Marion Chattahoochee

Macon

Houston Bleckley

Laurens

Treutlen

Bulloch Chandler

Effingham

Stewart Quitman

Schley

Webster

Sumter

Dooly

REGION 5 Crisp

Pulaski Wilcox

Dodge

Randolph

Terrell

Lee

Turner

Ben Hill

Clay

Calhoun

Dougherty

Worth

Irwin Tift

Montgomery

Wheeler Telfair
Jeff Davis

Toombs

Evans

Tattnall
REGION 6

Appling

Long

Bryan Liberty

Coffee

Bacon

Wayne

McIntosh

Early

Baker

Miller

Mitchell

Colquitt

Berrien

Atkinson

Cook

Seminol

Decatur

Grady

Thomas

Brooks

Lanier

Clinch

Lowndes

Echols

Pierce

Ware

Brantley

Glynn

Charlton

Camden

Chatham

Region 1 700 East 2nd Avenue, Suite J Rome, Georgia 30161-3359 Phone: 706-295-6131
Region 3 1500 Klondike Road Suite A109 Conyers, Georgia 30094 Phone: 770-761-3020
Region 5 2700 Palmyra Road Albany, Georgia 31707-1845 Phone: 229-430-4408

Region 2 P.O. Box 8024 Athens, Georgia 30603 Phone: 706-542-9233
Region 4 3014 Heritage Road, Suite 1 Milledgeville, Georgia 31061 Phone: 478-445-5766
Region 6 117 Savannah Avenue Stateboro, Georgia 30458 Phone: 912-681-5241

156

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION

Dade

Catoosa

Fannin

Walker

Whitfield Murray

Gilmer

Chattooga

Gordon

Pickens

Floyd

Bartow

Cherokee

Union

Towns

Rabun

Lumpkin

White

Habersham Stephens

Dawson Forsyth

Hall

Banks Franklin

Hart

Polk Haralson

Cobb

Gwinnett

PauMldingountain

District Douglas

Fulton

Dekalb

Jackson

Madison

Elbert

NREegGioenorgia Barrow

Clarke Oglethorpe

Oconee

Walton

Wilkes

Lincoln

Rockdale

Carroll Heard

Coweta

Clayton

Fayette

Henry

Spalding

Newton

Morgan

Greene Teliaferro

Columbia

Butts Jasper

Putnam

Hancock

Warren McDuffie
Glascock

Richmond

Troup

Meriwether

Pike Lanier Upson

Monroe

Jones

Baldwin

Washington

Jefferson

Burke

Harris Muscogee

Bibb

Middle
Talbot

Georgia Crawford

Wilkinson

RegTaiyloor n

Twiggs

Peach

East Central Johnson

Jenkins Screven

DistrictEmanuel

Marion Chattahoochee

Macon

Houston Bleckley

Laurens

Treutlen

Bulloch Chandler

Effingham

Stewart

Schley

Webster

Sumter

Quitman

Dooly

Pulaski

Dodge

Crisp

Wilcox

Randolph

Terrell

Lee

SW GeorgiaTurner

Clay

Region Calhoun

Dougherty

Worth

Tift

Ben Hill Irwin

Montgomery

Wheeler Telfair
Jeff Davis

Toombs

Evans

Bryan

Coastal Tattnall District Liberty

Appling

Long

Coffee

Bacon

Wayne

McIntosh

Early

Baker

Miller

Seminol

Decatur

Mitchell Grady

Berrien

Atkinson

Colquitt

Cook

Thomas

Brooks

Lanier

Clinch

Lowndes

Echols

Pierce

Ware

Brantley

Glynn

Charlton

Camden

Chatham

Mountain District (Mail) P.O. Box 3250 Cartersville, Georgia 30120 (Street) 16 Center Road Cartersville, Georgia 30121 Phone:770-387-4900
Tradeport Office Park, Suite 114 4244 International Parkway Atlanta, Georgia 30354 Phone: 404-362-2671
Middle Georgia Region 2640 Shurling Drive Macon, Georgia 31211 Phone: 478-751-6612
Southwest Georgia Region 2024 Newton Road Albany, Georgia 31701 Phone: 229-430-4144

Northeast Georgia Region 745 Gaines School Road Athens, Georgia 30605 Phone: 706-369-6376
East Central District 1885 Tobacco Road Augusta, Georgia 30906 Phone: 706-792-7744
Coastal District One Conservation Way Brunswick, Geogia 31520 Phone: 912-264-7284
Abercorn Center 6555 Abercorn Street Suite 130 Savannah, Georgia 31405 Phone: 912-353-3225

157

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
WILDLIFE RESOURCES DIVISION FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SECTION

Dade

Catoosa

Fannin

Walker

Whitfield Murray

Gilmer

Chattooga

Gordon

Pickens

Floyd

Bartow

Cherokee

Region 1

Union

Towns

Rabun

Habersham

White

Lumpkin

Stephens

Region 2

Dawson

Hall

Banks Franklin

Hart

Forsyth

Jackson

Madison

Elbert

Polk Haralson

Paulding

Cobb

Douglas Fulton

Gwinnett Barrow

Dekalb

Walton

Clarke Oglethorpe
Oconee
Region 3

Wilkes

Lincoln

Rockdale

Carroll

Clayton

Fayette

Henry

Coweta
Heard
Region 4 Spalding

Newton

Morgan

Greene Teliaferro

Columbia

Butts Jasper

Putnam

Hancock

Warren McDuffie
Glascock

Richmond

Troup

Meriwether

Pike Lanier Upson

Monroe

Jones

Baldwin

Washington

Jefferson

Burke

Harris Muscogee

Talbot

Crawford

Bibb

Taylor

Peach

Wilkinson Twiggs

Johnson

Jenkins Screven Emanuel

Marion Chattahoochee

Macon

Houston Bleckley

Laurens

Treutlen

Bulloch Chandler

Effingham

Schley

Stewart

Webster

Sumter

Region 5
Quitman

Randolph

Terrell

Lee

Clay

Calhoun

Dougherty

Dooly

Pulaski

Dodge

Wheeler

Toombs

Evans

Bryan

Crisp

Wilcox

Telfair

Turner Worth
Tift

Ben Hill

Jeff Davis

Appling

Irwin

Coffee

Region 6 Bacon

Tattnall

Liberty
Long
Region 7

Wayne

McIntosh

Montgomery

Early

Baker

Miller

Seminol

Decatur

Mitchell Grady

Berrien

Atkinson

Colquitt

Cook

Thomas

Brooks

Lanier

Clinch

Lowndes

Echols

Pierce

Ware

Brantley

Glynn

Charlton

Camden

Chatham

Region 1 -- Northwestern P.O. Box 519 Calhoun, Georgia 30703 Phone: 706-629-1259
Region 3 -- East Central 2123 U.S. Highway 278, S.E. Social Circle, Georgia 30025 Phone: 770-918-6418
Region 5 -- Southwestern 2024 Newton Road Albany, Georgia 31701 Phone: 229-430-4256
Region 7 -- Coastal 22814 Highway 144 Richmond Hill, Georgia 31324 Phone: 912-727-2112

Region 2 -- Northeastern 2150 Dawsonville Highway Gainesville, Georgia 30501 Phone: 770-535-5498
Region 4 -- West Central 1014 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. Fort Valley, Georgia 31030 Phone: 478-825-6151
Region 6 -- South Central P.O. Box 2089 Waycross, Georgia 31502 Phone: 912-285-6094

158

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DISTRICT OFFICES

Dade

Catoosa Whitfield Murray

Fannin

Union

Towns

Rabun

Walker

Gilmer

White Habersham

District 6 Chattooga

Gordon

Pickens

Lumpkin

Stephens

Dawson

Floyd

Bartow

Cherokee

District 1 Forsyth

Banks Hall

Franklin

Hart

Jackson

Madison

Elbert

Polk Haralson
Carroll

Paulding

Cobb

Gwinnett

Barrow

District 7 Douglas

Dekalb

Fulton Clayton

Rockdale

Walton Newton

Clarke Oconee
Morgan

Oglethorpe

Wilkes

Lincoln

Greene

Teliaferro

McDuffie Columbia

Heard

Coweta

Fayette

Henry

Spalding

Butts

Jasper

Putnam

Hancock

Warren Glascock

Richmond

Troup

Meriwether

Pike Lanier Monroe

Jones

District 2

Baldwin

Jefferson

Burke

Washington

Upson

Bibb

District 3 Harris

Talbot

Crawford

Wilkinson Twiggs

Johnson

Jenkins

Muscogee

Taylor

Peach

Emanuel

Screven

Marion Chattahoochee

Macon

Houston Bleckley

Laurens

Treutlen

Bulloch Chandler

Effingham

Montgomery

Stewart

Schley

Webster

Sumter

Quitman

Randolph

Terrell

Lee

Dooly

Pulaski

Dodge

Wheeler

Crisp

Wilcox

Telfair

Turner

Ben Hill

Jeff Davis

Toombs

Evans

Tattnall

Bryan

Appling

Long

Liberty

Clay

Calhoun

Dougherty

Worth

Early

DBakierstrict 4

Miller

Mitchell

Colquitt

Irwin Tift
Berrien Cook

Coffee Atkinson

District 5 Bacon

Wayne

McIntosh

Pierce

Ware

Brantley

Glynn

Seminole Decatur

Grady

Lanier

Thomas

Brooks

Lowndes

Clinch

Charlton

Camden

Echols

Chatham

District 1 -- Gainesville, GA P.O. Box 1057 Gainesville, Georgia 30503 Phone: 770-532-5526
District 3 -- Thomaston, GA 715 Andrews Drive Thomaston, Georgia 30286 Phone: 706-646-6500
District 5 -- Jesup, GA 204 North Highway 301 P.O. Box 608 Jesup, Georgia 31546 Phone: 912-427-5711
District 7 -- Chamblee, GA 5025 New Peachtree Road, N.E. Chamblee, Georgia 30341 Phone: 770-986-1001

District 2 -- Tennille, GA 801 Fourth Street P.O. Box 8 Tennille, Georgia 31089 Phone: 912-552-4600
District 4 -- Tifton, GA 710 West Second Street P.O. Box 7510 Tifton, Georgia 31793-7510 Phone: 229-386-3300
District 6 -- Cartersville, GA 500 Joe Frank Harris Pkwy, S.E. P.O. Box 10 Cartersville, Georgia 30120 Phone: 770-387-3602

159

GEORGIA FORESTRY COMMISSION
WATER QUALITY DISTRICTS

Dade

Catoosa

Fannin

Walker

Whitfield Murray Gilmer

Union

Towns

Rabun

Habersham

White

Lumpkin

Stephens

Chattooga

Gordon

Pickens

District 1

District 2
Dawson Banks Franklin

Hall

Hart

Floyd

Bartow

Cherokee

Forsyth

Jackson

Madison

Elbert

Polk Haralson
Carroll

Paulding

Cobb

Douglas

Gwinnett

Barrow

Clarke

Oconee Oglethorpe

District 3 Dekalb

Walton

Wilkes

Rockdale

Fulton Clayton

Newton

Morgan

Greene Teliaferro

Lincoln McDuffie Columbia

Fayette

Henry

Coweta

Heard

Spalding

Butts

District 4

Jasper

Putnam

Hancock

Warren Richmond
Glascock
District 6

Troup

Meriwether

Pike Lanier Monroe

Jones

Baldwin

Jefferson

Burke

Washington

Upson

District 5

Harris

Talbot

Crawford

Bibb

Wilkinson

Johnson

Jenkins

Screven

Twiggs

Muscogee

Taylor

Peach

Emanuel

Marion Chattahoochee

Macon

Schley

Stewart

Webster

Sumter

District 7

Montgomery

Houston Bleckley

Laurens

Treutlen

District 11

Dooly

Pulaski

Dodge

Wheeler

Toombs

Crisp

Wilcox

Telfair

Chandler Bulloch

Effingham

District 10

Evans

Bryan

Tattnall

Chatham

Quitman

Liberty

Randolph

Terrell

Lee

Turner

Ben Hill

Jeff Davis

Appling

Long

Clay

Calhoun

Dougherty

DistrictIrw8in
Worth Tift

Coffee

Bacon

Wayne

McIntosh

Early Miller

Baker Mitchell

Colquitt

Berrien Cook

Pierce
Atkinson District 12 Brantley
Ware

District 9

Seminole Decatur

Grady

Thomas

Brooks

Lanier

Clinch

Charlton

Lowndes

Echols

Glynn Camden

District 1 -- Rome, GA Phone: 706-295-6021
District 3 -- Athens, GA Phone: 706-542-6880
District 5 -- Milledgeville, GA Phone: 478-445-5164
District 7 -- Americus, GA Phone: 229-931-2436
District 9 -- Camilla, GA Phone: 229-522-3580
District 11 -- McRae, GA Phone: 912-868-5649

District 2 -- Gainesville, GA Phone: 770-531-6043
District 4 -- Newman, GA Phone: 770-254-7218
District 6 -- Washington, GA Phone: 706-678-2015
District 8 -- Tifton, GA Phone: 229-386-3617
District 10 -- Statesboro, GA Phone: 912-681-5347
District 12 -- Waycross, GA Phone: 912-287-4915

160

UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
GEORGIA AREA SECTIONS

Dade

Catoosa

Fannin

Walker

Whitfield Murray Gilmer

Chattooga

Gordon

Pickens

Union

Towns

Rabun

Lumpkin

Habersham White
Stephens

Dawson

Banks Franklin Hall

Floyd

Bartow

Cherokee

Forsyth

North Area Section Jackson Madison

Hart Elbert

Polk Haralson
Carroll

Paulding

Cobb

Douglas

Gwinnett

Barrow

Dekalb

Walton

Clarke Oconee Oglethorpe

Wilkes

Rockdale

Fulton Clayton

Newton

Morgan

Greene Teliaferro

Lincoln McDuffie Columbia

Heard

Coweta

Fayette

Henry

Spalding

Butts

Jasper

Putnam

Hancock

Warren Glascock

Richmond

Troup

Meriwether

Pike Lanier Monroe

Jones

Baldwin

Washington

Jefferson

Burke

Upson

Harris

Talbot

Muscogee Marion
Chattahoochee

Crawford

Bibb

Taylor

Peach

Wilkinson Twiggs

Johnson

Macon

Houston Bleckley

Laurens

Treutlen

Jenkins

Screven

Emanuel Chandler Bulloch

Effingham

Montgomery

Stewart

Schley

Webster

Sumter

Dooly

Pulaski

Dodge

Wheeler

Crisp

Wilcox

Telfair

Quitman

Central Area Section Randolph

Terrell

Lee

Turner

Ben Hill

Jeff Davis

Toombs Appling

Clay

Calhoun

Dougherty

Worth

Irwin Tift

Coffee

Bacon

Evans Tattnall

Bryan

Chatham

Coastal Liberty Long
Area

Section Wayne

McIntosh

Early

Baker

Miller

Seminole Decatur

Mitchell Grady

Colquitt

Berrien Cook

Atkinson

Thomas

Brooks

Lanier Lowndes

Clinch

Pierce

Ware

Brantley

Glynn

Charlton

Camden

Echols

Central and Coastal Area Sections (Southern Section) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Attention: Regulatory Branch P.O. Box 889 Savannah, Georgia 31402-0889 Phone: 912-652-5065 1-800-448-2402

North Area Section U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Attention: Regulatory Branch Plaze 1590 Adamson Parkway
Suite 130 Morrow, Georgia 30260 Phone: 678-422-2721

161

GEORGIA NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE
AREA OFFICES

Dade

Catoosa

Fannin

Walker

Whitfield Murray Gilmer

Chattooga

Gordon

Pickens

Area 1 Floyd

Bartow

Cherokee

Union

Towns

Rabun

Lumpkin

Habersham White
Stephens

Dawson Forsyth

Banks

Franklin

Hall

Jackson

Madison

Hart Elbert

Polk Haralson
Carroll

Paulding

Cobb

Douglas Fulton

Gwinnett

Barrow

Clarke

Oconee Oglethorpe

Dekalb Clayton

Rockdale

Walton
Area 2

Newton

Morgan

Greene

Wilkes Teliaferro

Lincoln McDuffie Columbia

Heard

Coweta

Fayette

Henry

Spalding

Butts

Jasper

Putnam

Hancock

Warren Glascock

Richmond

Troup

Meriwether

Pike Lanier Monroe

Jones

Baldwin

Washington

Jefferson

Burke

Upson

Harris

Talbot

Muscogee Marion
Chattahoochee

Bibb Crawford

Taylor

Peach

Wilkinson Twiggs

Macon

Houston Bleckley

Laurens

Johnson Treutlen

Jenkins

Screven

Emanuel Chandler Bulloch

Effingham

Montgomery

Stewart

Schley

Webster

Sumter

Quitman

Randolph

Terrell

Lee

Dooly

Pulaski

Dodge

Crisp

Wilcox

Turner

Ben Hill

Clay

Calhoun

Dougherty

Worth

Area 3

Early

Baker

Miller

Mitchell

Colquitt

Irwin Tift
Berrien Cook

Wheeler

Toombs

Evans

Bryan

Telfair

Tattnall

Jeff Davis

Liberty

Appling

Long

Area 4

Coffee

Bacon

Wayne

McIntosh

Atkinson

Pierce

Ware

Brantley

Glynn

Chatham

Seminole Decatur

Grady

Thomas

Brooks

Lanier Lowndes

Clinch

Charlton

Camden

Echols

Area 1 Federal Building, Room G-27
P.O. Box 115 Griffin, Georgia 30224-3037
Phone: 770-227-1026
Area 2 355 East Hancock Avenue Mail Stop 211
Athens, Georgia 30601 Phone: 706-546-2039
Area 3 295 Morris Drive Americus, Georgia 31709 Phone: 229-924-0042
Area 4 Federal Building, Room 214
601 Tebeau Street Waycross, Georgia 31502-4701
Phone: 912-283-5598
162

Comments:

Comments: