STATE SOIL & COMMISSION ON Field Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control In Georgia Fourth Edition 2002 WATER CONSERVATI SOILOUR BASIC HERITAGE 1937 GEORGIA Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission 4310 Lexington Road P.O. Box 8024 Athens, GA 30603 706-542-3065 Fax 706-542-4242 www.gaswcc.org The preparation of this Field Manual was financed in part through a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to the Environmental Protection Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources under Provisions of Section 319(h) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. All programs and services of the federal, state and local agencies listed above are available on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, marital status, handicap or disability. If you need this document in an alternative format, call (706) 542-3065 2005 ii (This page left blank intentionally.) iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction vi Vegetative Best Management Practices Bf Buffer Zone 2 Cs Coastal Dune Stabilization 6 Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization 10 (With Mulching Only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization 12 (With Temporary Seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization 18 (With Permanent Vegetation) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization 28 (With Sodding) Du Dust Control on Disturbed Areas 32 Mb Erosion Control Matting 34 and Blankets Pm Polyacrylamide (PAM) 38 Sb Streambank Stabilization 40 (With Permanent Vegetation) Tb Tackifiers and Binders 48 Major Land Resource Area Map 50 Structural Best Management Practices Cd Check Dam 52 Ch Channel Stabilization 54 Co Construction Exit 56 Cr Construction Road Stabilization 58 Dc Stream Diversion Channel 60 Di Diversion 64 Dn1 Temporary Downdrain Structure 66 Dn2 Permanent Downdrain Structure 70 Fr Filter Ring 72 Ga Gabion 74 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Gr Grade Stabilization Structure 76 Lv Level Spreader 78 Rd Rock Filter Dam 80 Re Retaining Wall 82 Rt Retrofit 84 Sd1 Sediment Barrier 88 Sd2 Inlet Sediment Trap 94 Sd3 Temporary Sediment Basin 100 Sr Temporary Stream Crossing 106 St Storm Drain Outlet Protection 110 Su Surface Roughening 114 Tp Topsoiling 118 Wt Vegetated Waterway or 120 Stormwater Conveyance Channel The Erosion and Sediment Control Act 124 of 1975, as amended National Pollution Discharge 131 Elimination System (NPDES) Permit Construction Checklist 132 Glossary 146 Points of Contact 155 v INTRODUCTION The First Edition of this Field Manual was printed in 1979 and revised in 1988, 1997 and 2002. Georgia's Erosion and Sedimentation Law has been amended several times since with major changes to the Law occurring in 1994, 1995 and 2000. The emphasis shifted from water quality to meeting "minimum requirements." This means that Best Management Practices (BMPs) must be properly designed, installed and maintained in accordance with sound conservation and engineering principals. This Field Manual has been prepared primarily to assist field personnel involved in on-site land-disturbing activities. It should be helpful as a quick reference in the actual installation and maintenance of BMPs. (The inclusion of detailed design information has purposely been kept to a minimum.) For more detailed information, The Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control in Georgia should be consulted. BMPs are vegetative measures and structural practices that control the erosion of soil and the resulting sedimentation. The law mandates that all BMPs stand up to a 25-year rainfall event or the land-disturber is subject to severe civil penalties. Good erosion control and sediment reduction does not require a rocket scientist or a "legal eagle." The key to well-planned land-disturbing activities is well-informed managers in the field; the individuals for whom this manual is written. Common sense and a working knowledge of the tools nature has provided will lead to good site development. vi Georgia's Law is called the "Erosion and Sedimentation Act." Erosion and sedimentation are two separate processes. If erosion is controlled, sediment is not produced. Therefore, to practice good erosion and sediment control (E&SC), emphasis has to be placed on controlling erosion at the source. Sediment control should be considered the last line of defense. Allowing any erosion to occur is the first step towards noncompliance. Complete erosion control usually does not involve engineered structures, just sensible planning and the immediate application of ground covers including mulch and vegetation. Nature has provided us with an abundance of trees, shrubs and grasses, all of which are effective erosion control tools. USE THEM! And use them wisely in a timely manner. If your E&SC plan does not show a vegetative buffer around a site but there is an area on the perimeter that does not require clearing, then save the existing vegetation! A good vegetative buffer 25'-35' can trap 85-95% of the sediment in runoff water. If a site is properly engineered, cut and fill slopes can be mulched or vegetated daily. Mulch does not require water or fertilizer or lime. A good application of mulch can reduce soil loss by up to 98%. When in doubt, mulch! Use conventional planting methods, when feasible. Sodding may initially be more expensive...but how much more? If a site has to be re-planted several times, then it just may be cheaper to sod rather than seed bare slopes. Even if the sod should die, most sodded areas will protect bare areas from erosion during the duration of the land-disturbing activity. vii To summarize, save as much existing vegetation as possible and mulch/vegetate as early and as frequently as possible. Also, as a last line of defense, install traps for sediment as soon as possible. This will lead to good erosion and sediment control on any site. The BMPs listed in this manual are intended to provide minimum control for erosion and sedimentation problems as required by State Law. However, other measures and innovative practices that are at least as effective as the listed practices are encouraged. Also, while the emphasis is on meeting the requirements of the State Law, land disturbers must also comply with all other local, state and federal laws including that of the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) on Section 404. Local Issuing Authorities must ensure compliance on all regulations before issuing a land disturbing activity (LDA) permit. The Commission is grateful to the several reviewers who assisted in the preparation of this publication. We welcome notice of any errors or omissions we may correct in our next publication. Throughout the Manual, many provisions of the E&SC Law and resulting rules and regulations have been paraphrased or shortened for convenience. Any interpretations or opinions expressed in this shortened format are those of the Commission and are provided for quick reference only. In matters of litigation, the Law and the Courts are the final word. viii VEGETATIVE BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Bf Buffer Zone 2 Cs Coastal Dune Stabilization 6 Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Mulching Only) 10 Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Temporary Seeding) 12 Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Permanent Vegetation) 18 Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Sodding) 28 Du Dust Control on Disturbed Area 32 Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets 34 Pm Polyacrylamide (PAM) 38 Sb Streambank Stabilization (With Permanent Vegetation) 40 Tb Tackifiers and Binders 48 Major Land Resource Area Map 50 1 Bf BUFFER ZONE DEFINITION An undisturbed or planted vegetative strip around a site or bordering a stream. PURPOSE Filter sediment. Filter chemicals, nutrients, and germs. Reduce runoff velocities. Stabilize stream banks. Improve aesthetics. Improve fish and wildlife habitat. Reduce construction noise. Flood protection. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Mark vegetation to be retained with fencing or highly visible marks (tape, paint, etc.). See Section 12-7-6 of E&SC Law and local ordinances for minimum stream buffer widths. Three kinds of buffer vegetation are trees, shrubs and grasses. 2 Bf A good buffer properly installed and maintained can filter out 85-95% of sediment in runoff. Good vegetative buffers are much more durable than sediment barriers and won't fail after a moderate storm. Table 1. Effectiveness of Vegetative Buffer Strips Purpose Filter sediment Filter chemicals Stabilize stream banks Improve aesthetics Improve habitat Reduce noise Grass Shrub High Low Medium Low Low High Low Medium Low Medium Low Medium Tree Low Low High High High High DISTURBED AREA STREAM FLOOD PROTECTION FILTER SEDIMENT FILTER CHEMICAL RUNOFF FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITAT IMPROVE ASTHETICS BANK STABILITY NOISE REDUCTION Figure 1. Some Benefits of a Riparian Buffer 3 Bf FAST-GROWING TREES SHRUBS 15-20' 10' GRASS 20-25' DISTURBED AREA STREAM Figure 2. Typical Multi-Purpose Riparian Buffer for Urban Development MAINTENANCE Lime and fertilize appropriately. Control weeds to promote desired vegeta- tion. Use mulches when establishing new veg- etation. Remove sediments when buffer effective- ness is reduced or lost. Protect trees and shrubs from wildlife and equipment. Check local ordinances for local buffer re- quirements. 4 Bf REFERENCES Ds1 Ds2 Ds3 Sb Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Streambank Stabilization (With permanent vegetation) 5 Cs COASTAL DUNE STABILIZATION (WITH VEGETATION) DEFINITION Planting vegetation on bare dunes or where dunes are to be established. PURPOSE Prevent dune erosion from wind or waves by planting vegetation. Provide for the development or enhancement of dunes. INSTALLATION Install in accordance with an approved design/study. Install in accordance with all federal, state and local regulations. Protect dunes from vehicular and human traffic. Irrigate during the first year to obtain good survival. Mulch areas to be planted. Native plants commercially available that may be planted are included in Table 1. 6 Cs Table 1. Planting Requirements for Native Plants Species Stock Date Marshhay Cordgrass Plants Spring (Spartina patens) Bitter Panicum Rhizomes Spring (Panicum amarum) Coastal Panigrass Seeds or Spring (Panicum amarum v. plants amaralum) Depth 4"-5" Abt 4" 1"-3" Figure 1. Sand Fence and Native Plants Sand Fences Install according to plans, if shown. Use posts made of Black Locust, Red or White Cedar, or similarly durable wood. Use posts with minimum length of 7 feet and minimum diameter of 3 inches. Space posts at a maximum of 10 feet. Entrench posts a minimum of 3 feet. Attach fence to posts with four 12-gauge galvanized wires. 7 Cs Vegetation must be established immediately following development of the dunes. Sand fences should be the same as commercially available snow fence approximately as shown in Figure 2. Black Locust, Red or White Cedar or similarly durable wood 4 12-guage galvanized wires Glervoeul nd s1p0a' cminagx, 3" minimum post diameter 3' min. 7' min. length Figure 2. Sand Fence Installation Requirements MAINTENANCE Blowouts and eroded areas should be repaired promptly. Add fencing, if needed, or use equipment to make repairs. Replant lost or destroyed vegetation. Apply 50 pounds of nitrogen/acre/year. Protect dunes from traffic by using paved paths, elevated or roll-up walks. 8 (This page left blank intentionally.) 9 Ds1 DISTURBED AREA STABILIZATION (WITH MULCHING ONLY) DEFINITION A temporary cover of plant residues applied to the soil surface for a period of six (6) months or less when seeding is not practical. PURPOSE Reduce runoff, erosion, and sedimentation. Reduce dust. Conserve moisture. Prevent surface compaction and crusting. Control undesirable vegetation. INSTALLATION Install all other required BMPs first. Grade site, if possible, to permit the use of equipment for applying and anchoring mulch. Loosen compacted soil, if possible, to a depth of three (3) inches. Apply straw or hay uniformly, as shown in Table 1, by hand or mechanical equipment, and anchor by pressing into soil or using netting. 10 Ds1 Mulch on slopes greater than 3% should be anchored with emulsified asphalt (Grade AE-5 or SS-1) or other suitable tackifier. Wood waste on slopes flatter than 3:1 do not need anchoring. Mulch shall be applied to all disturbed areas left inactive for fourteen days. Table 1. Mulching Application Requirements Material Rate Depth Straw or hay - 2" to 4" Wood waste, chips, sawdust, bark - 2" to 3" Cutback 1200 gal./acre, --- asphalt 1/4 gal./sq. yd. or See manufacturer's recommendations Polyethylene Secure with soil, --- film anchors, weights Geotextiles, See manufacturer's --jute matting, recommendations netting, etc. MAINTENANCE Add mulch as needed to maintain the suggested depth. If organic mulch is to be left and incorporated into the soil, apply 20-30 pounds of Nitrogen in addition to the fertilizer required for vegetation. REFERENCES Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets 11 Ds2 DISTURBED AREA STABILIZATION (WITH TEMPORARY SEEDING) DEFINITION A temporary vegetative cover with fast growing seedings for up to a 12-month period or until permanent vegetation is established. PURPOSE Reduce runoff, erosion, and sedimentation. Improve wildlife habitat. Improve aesthetics. Improve tilth and organic matter. INSTALLATION Install all E&SC measures prior to applying temporary vegetation. Grading or shaping are not required if slopes can be planted with a hydroseeder or by hand-seeding. Seedbed preparation is not required if soil is loose and not sealed by rain. 12 Ds2 When the soil is sealed or crusted, it should be pitted, trenched or scarified to provide a place for seed to lodge and germinate. Agricultural lime is not required. Fertilize low fertility soils prior to or during planting at the rate of 500-700 pounds per acre of 10-10-10 fertilizer or equivalent (1216 pounds/1000 square feet). It is imperative that you check the tag on the bag of seed to verify the type and germination of the seed to be planted. Figure 1. Typical Tag on Bag of Seed Apply seed by hand, cyclone seeder, drill or hydro-seeder. Seed planted with a drill should be planted 1/4"-1/2" deep. Refer to Pure Live Seed (PLS) in the Glossary. Apply in accordance with specifications on the E&SC plan. If information is not available, select a temporary cover from Table 1. Temporary cover shall be applied to all disturbed areas left idle for fourteen days. (If an area is left idle for 6 months, permanent cover shall be applied.) 13 Ds2 MAINTENANCE Re-seed areas where an adequate stand of temporary vegetation fails to emerge or where a poor stand exists. REFERENCES Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Pm Polyacrylamide (PAM) 14 Table 1. Some Temporary Plant Species, Seeding Rates and Planting Dates Species Rates Per 1,000 sq. ft. Rates per Acre Planting Dates by Region M - L P C Ds2 15 Barley Alone Barley In mixtures 3.3 lbs. .6 lbs. 3 bu. .5 bu. 9/1-10/31 9/15-11/15 Lespedeza, Annual Lespedeza In Mixtures 0.9 lbs. 0.2 lbs. 40 lbs. 10 lbs. 3/1-3/31 3/1-3/31 Lovegrass, Weeping Lovegrass In Mixtures 0.1 lbs. .05 lbs. 4 lbs. 2 lbs. 4/1-5/31 4/1-5/31 Millet, Browntop Millet In Mixtures .9 lbs. .2 lbs. 40 lbs. 10 lbs. 4/15-6/15 4/15-6/30 Millet, Pearl 1.1 lbs. 50 lbs. 5/15-7/15 5/1-7/31 1. Unusual site conditions may require heavier seeding rates. 2. Seeding dates may need to be altered to fit temperature variations and local conditions. 3. For Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs), see page 50. 4. Seeding rates are based on pure live seed (PLS). 10/1-12/31 2/1-2/28 3/1-5/31 4/15-6/30 4/15-8/15 Ds2 16 Table 1. Some Temporary Plant Species, Seeding Rates and Planting Dates (continued) Species Rates Per 1,000 sq. ft. Rates per Acre Planting Dates by Region M - L P C Oats Alone Oats In Mixtures 2.99 lbs. .7 lbs. 4 bu. 1 bu. 9/15-11/15 9/15-11/15 9/15-11/15 Rye (Grain) Alone Rye In Mixtures 3.9 lbs. .6 lbs. 3 bu. .5 bu. 8/15-10/31 9/15-11/30 10/1-12/31 Ryegrass 0.9 lbs. 40 lbs. 8/15-11/15 9/1-12/15 9/15-12/31 Sudangrass 1.4 lbs. 60 lbs. 5/1-7/31 5/1-7/31 4/1-7/31 Triticale Alone 3.3 lbs. 3 bu. NA Triticale In Mixtures .6 lbs. .5 bu. NA 10/15-11/30 Wheat Alone Wheat In Mixtures 4.1 lbs. .7 lbs. 3 bu. .5 bu. 9/15-11/30 10/1-12/15 10/15-12/31 1. Unusual site conditions may require heavier seeding rates. 2. Seeding dates may need to be altered to fit temperature variations and local conditions. 3. For Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs), see page 50. 4. Seeding rates are based on pure live seed (PLS). Table 2. Fertilizer Requirements for Temporary Vegetation Types of Species Cool season grasses Cool season grasses & legumes Temporary cover crops seeded alone Warm season grasses Planting Year First Second Maintenance First Second Maintenance First First Second Maintenance Fertilizer (N-P-K) 6-12-12 6-12-12 10-10-10 6-12-12 0-10-10 0-10-10 10-10-10 6-12-12 6-12-12 10-10-10 Rate (lbs./acre) 1500 1000 400 1500 1000 400 500 1500 800 400 N Top Dressing Rate (lbs./acre) 50-100 --30 0-50 ----- 30 50-100 50-100 30 Ds2 17 Ds3 DISTURBED AREA STABILIZATION (WITH PERMANENT SEEDING) DEFINITION A permanent vegetative cover using grasses, trees, shrubs or legumes on highly erodible or critically eroded lands. PURPOSE Reduce runoff and erosion. Improve wildlife habitat. Improve aesthetics. Improve tilth and organic matter. Reduce downstream complaints. Reduce likelihood of legal action. Reduce likelihood of work stoppage due to legal action. Increase "good neighbor" benefits. INSTALLATION Use conventional planting methods, if possible. Apply according to approved plan, if shown, or refer to Table 1. 18 Ds3 Check the tag on the bag of seed to verify the type and germination of the seed to be planted and the date of the test. Figure 1. Typical Tag on a Bag of Seed Scarify, pit or trench sealed or crusted soil. Fertilize based on soil tests or as shown in Table 2. Apply agricultural lime as prescribed by soil tests or at a rate of 1 to 2 tons per acre. Apply seed by hand, cyclone seeder, drill or hydro-seeder. Seed planted with a drill should be planted 1/4"-1/2" deep. Straw or hay mulch shall be applied at a rate of 2 or 2.5 tons per acre. Irrigation should be used to supplement rainfall, but not to the extent to cause erosion. 19 Ds3 20 Table 1. Some Permanent Plant Species, Seeding Rates, and Planting Dates Species Rates per Acre Rates per 1,000 sq. ft Planting Dates by Region M-L P C Remarks Bahia, Pensacola Alone or with temporary cover With other perennials Bahia, Wilmington Alone or with temporary cover With other perennials Bermuda, Common (Hulled seed) Alone With other perennials Bermuda, Common (Unhulled seed) With temporary cover With other perennials Bermuda Sprigs Common lawn and forage hybrids 60 lbs. 30 lbs. 60 lbs. 30 lbs. 1.4 lbs. 0.7 lb. 1.4 lbs. 0.7 lb. 10 lbs. 6 lbs. 0.2 lb. 0.1 lb. 10 lbs. 6 lbs. 40 cu. ft. 0.2 lb. 0.1 lb. 0.9 cu. ft. Sod plugs 3'x3' --3/15-5/31 ----4/15-6/15 4/1-5/31 3/1-5/31 4/1-5/31 10/1-2/28 4/1-6/15 3/1-5/31 Low growing; sod producing; will spread into Bermuda lawns. --- Same as above. 3/15-5/31 Quick cover; low growing; sod forming; needs full sun. 11/1-1/31 4/1-5/31 Plant with Winter annuals. Plant with Tall Fescue 1 cu. ft. = 650 sprigs; 1 bu. = 1.25 cu. ft. or 800 sprigs Table 1. Some Permanent Plant Species, Seeding Rates, and Planting Dates (continued) Ds3 21 Species Centipede Crown Vetch With winter annuals or cool season grasses Fescue, Tall Alone With other perennials Lespedeza, Sericea Rates per Acre Rates per 1,000 sq. ft Block Sod Only Block Sod Only 15 lbs. 0.3 lb. 50 lbs. 30 lbs. 1.1 lbs. 0.7 lb. Scarified 60 lbs. 1.4 lbs. Planting Dates by Region M-L P C - 11/1-5/31 11/1-5/31 9/1-10/15 9/1-10/15 --- 3/1-4/15 9/1-10/15 --- or 8/15-10/15 4/1-5/31 3/15-5/31 3/1-5/15 Remarks Drought tolerant. Full sun or partial shade. Mix with 30 lbs. Tall Fescue or 15 lbs. Rye; inoculate seed; plant only North of Atlanta. Can be mixed with perennial Lespedezas or Crown Vetch; not for droughty soils or heavy use areas. Widely adapted and low maintenance; takes 2-3 years to establish; inoculate seed with EL inoculant.; mix with Weeping Lovegrass, Common Bermuda, Bahia or Tall Fescue. Ds3 22 Table 1. Some Permanent Plant Species, Seeding Rates, and Planting Dates (continued) Species Lespedeza, Sericea (cont.) Unscarified Seed-bearing hay Lespedeza, Ambro Virgata or Appalow Scarified Unscarified Rates per Acre Rates per 1,000 sq. ft 75 lbs. 3 tons 1.7 lbs. 138 lbs. Planting Dates by Region M-L P C 9/1-2/28 10/1-2/28 9/1-2/28 10/1-1/31 9/1-2/28 10/15-1/15 Remarks Mix with Tall Fescue or winter annuals. Cut when seed is mature but before it shatters. Add Tall Fescue or winter annuals. 60 lbs. 75 lbs. 1.4 lbs. 1.7 lbs. 4/1-5/31 9/1-2/28 3/15-5/31 9/1-2/28 3/1-5/15 9/1-2/28 Spreading growth with height of 18"-24"; good in urban areas; slow to develop good stands; mix with Weeping Lovegrass, Common Bermuda, Bahia Tall Fescue or winter annuals; do not mix with Sericea Lespedeza; inoculate seed with EL inoculant. Table 1. Some Permanent Plant Species, Seeding Rates, and Planting Dates (continued) Ds3 23 Species Lespedeza, Shrub (Lespedeza Bicolor or Lespedeza Thumbergii) Plants Lovegrass, weeping Alone With other perennials Maidencane sprigs Panicgrass, Atlantic Coastal Rates per Acre Rates per 1,000 sq. ft 3'x3' spacing 4 lbs. 2 lbs. 0.1 lbs. 0.05 lbs. 2'x3' spacing 20 lbs. 0.5 lbs. Planting Dates by Region M-L P C Remarks 10/1-3/31 11/1-3/15 11/15-2/28 Plant in small clumps for wildlife food and cover. 4/1-5/31 2/1-3/31 --- 3/15-5/31 2/1-3/31 3/1-4/30 3/1-5/31 2/1-3/31 3/1-4/30 Quick cover; drought tolerant; grows well with Sericea Lespedeza on road-banks and other steep slopes; short lived. For very wet sites such as riverbanks and shorelines. Dig sprigs locally. Grows well on coastal sand dunes; mix with Sericea Lespedeza but not on sand dunes. Ds3 24 Table 1. Some Permanent Plant Species, Seeding Rates, and Planting Dates (continued) Species Reed Canary Grass With other perennials Sunflower, Aztec Maximillian Rates per Acre 50 lbs. 30 lbs. 10 lbs. Rates per 1,000 sq. ft 1.1 lbs. 0.7 lbs. 0.2 lbs. Planting Dates by Region M-L P C 8/15-10/15 9/1-10/15 --- 4/15-5/31 4/15-5/31 4/1-5/31 Remarks Grows similar to Tall Fescue; for wet sites. Mix with Weeping Lovegrass or other low growing grasses or legumes. 1. Rates are for broadcasted seed. If a seed drill is used, reduce the rates by one-half. 2. PLS is an abbreviation for Pure Live Seed. Refer to the Glossary for an explanation of this term. 3. The resource areas are defined in the Glossary. See page 50 for your Resource Area. 4. Seeding rates are based on pure live seeds (PLS). Table 2. Fertilizer Requirements for Temporary Vegetation Ds3 25 Types of Species Cool season grasses Cool season grasses & legumes Warm season grasses Warm season grasses and legumes Planting Year First Second Maintenance First Second Maintenance First Second Maintenance First Second Maintenance Fertilizer (N-P-K) 6-12-12 6-12-12 10-10-10 6-12-12 0-10-10 0-10-10 6-12-12 6-12-12 10-10-10 6-12-12 0-10-10 0-10-10 Rate (lbs./acre) 1500 1000 400 1500 1000 400 1500 800 400 1500 1000 400 N Top Dressing Rate (lbs./acre) 50-100 --30 0-50 ----- 50-100 50-100 30 50 ----- Ds3 Figure 2. Crown Vetch Figure 3. Sericea Lespedeza 26 Ds3 MAINTENANCE Re-seed areas where an adequate stand of vegetation fails to emerge or where a poor stand exists. Apply fertilizer per Table 2. Apply one ton of agricultural lime or as indi- cated by soil test every 4-6 years. Mow Bermuda and Bahia as desired. Mow Sericea Lespedeza only after frost to ensure seeds are mature. Maintain 6" or more of top growth. REFERENCES Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) 27 Ds4 DISTURBED AREA STABILIZATION (WITH SODDING) DEFINITION A permanent vegetation using sods on highly erodible or critically eroded lands. PURPOSE Establish immediate ground cover. Reduce runoff and erosion. Improve aesthetics and land value. Reduce dust and sediments. Stabilize waterways and critical areas. Filter sediments, nutrients and bugs. Reduce downstream complaints. Reduce likelihood of legal action. Reduce likelihood of work stoppage due to legal action. Increase "good neighbor" benefits. INSTALLATION Bring soil surface to final grade. Clear surface of trash, woody debris, stones and clods larger than 1". Apply sod to soil surfaces only and not frozen surfaces, or gravel type soils 28 Ds4 Topsoil properly applied will help guarantee a stand. Don't use topsoil recently treated with herbicides or soil sterilants. Mix fertilizer into soil surface. Fertilize based on soil tests or Table 1. For fall planting of warm season species, half the fertilizer should be applied at planting and the other half in the spring. Table 1. Fertilizer Requirements for Soil Surface Application Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer Type Rate Rate (lbs./acre) (lbs./sq. ft.) Season 10-10-10 1000 .025 Fall Agricultural lime should be applied based on soil tests or at a rate of 1 to 2 tons per acre. Lay sod with tight joints and in straight lines. Don't overlap joints. Stagger joints and do not stretch sod. On slopes steeper than 3:1, sod should be anchored with wooden or biodegradable pins or other approved methods. Installed sod should be rolled or tamped to provide good contact between sod and soil. Irrigate sod and soil to a depth of 4" immediately after installation. Sod should not be cut or spread in extremely wet or dry weather. Irrigation should be used to supplement rainfall for a minimum of 2-3 weeks. MATERIALS Sod selected should be certified. Sod grown in the general area of the project is desirable. 29 Ds4 Sod should be machine cut and contain 3/4" 1/4" of soil, not including shoots or thatch. Sod should be cut to the desired size within 5%. Torn or uneven pads should be rejected. Sod should be cut and installed within 36 hours of digging. Avoid planting when subject to frost heave or hot weather if irrigation is not available. The sod type should be shown on the plans or installed according to Table 2. See page 50 for your Resource Area. Table 2. Sod Planting Requirements Grass Resource Growing Varieties Area Season Bermudagrass Common Tifway Tifgreen Tiflawn Bahiagrass Pensacola M-L, P,C P,C P,C P,C P,C Centipede --- P,C St. Augustine Common Bitterblue Raleigh Zoysia Emerald Myer Tall Fescue Kentucky 31 C P,C M-L, P Warm weather Warm weather Warm weather Warm weather Warm weather Cool weather MAINTENANCE Re-sod areas where an adequate stand of sod is not obtained. 30 Ds4 New sod should be mowed sparingly. Grass height should not be cut less than 2"-3" or as specified. Apply one ton of agricultural lime as indicated by soil test or every 4-6 years. Fertilize grasses in accordance with soil tests or Table 3. Table 3. Fertilizer Requirements for Sod Types of Species Planting Year Fertilizer Rate (N-P-K) (lbs./acre) Cool First 6-12-12 season Second 6-12-12 grasses Maintenance 10-10-10 Warm First 6-12-12 season Second 6-12-12 grasses Maintenance 10-10-10 1500 1000 400 1500 800 400 Nitrogen Top Dressing Rate (lbs./acre) 50-100 --30 50-100 50-100 30 REFERENCES Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) 31 Du DUST CONTROL ON DISTURBED AREAS DEFINITION Controlling surface and air movement of dust on land-disturbing activities. PURPOSE Prevent the movement of dust from exposed soil surfaces. Prevent the movement of airborne substances that may be harmful to health. INSTALLATION Apply according to approved plan, if shown. Mulch disturbed areas and tackify with res- ins such as asphalt, Curasol or Terratack according to manufacturer's recommendations. Stabilize disturbed areas with temporary or permanent vegetation. Irrigate disturbed areas until surface is wet. Cover surfaces with crushed stone or gravel. 32 Du Apply calcium chloride at a rate to keep surfaces moist. Apply spray-on adhesives to mineral soils (not muck soils) as described in Table 1. Table 1. Spray-On Adhesive Application Requirements Adhesive Water Nozzle Application Dilution Type (Gal./Acre) Anionic asphalt 7:1* Coarse 1,200 emulsion spray Latex 12.5:1 * Fine 235 emulsion spray Resin-in- water 4:1* Fine 300 emulsion spray *Use manufacturer's recommendations when available. MAINTENANCE Prohibit traffic on surface after spraying. Supplement surface covering as needed. REFERENCES Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) Tb Tackifiers and Binders 33 Mb EROSION CONTROL MATTING AND BLANKETS DEFINITION A protective covering (blanket) or soil stabilization mat used to establish permanent vegetation on steep slopes, channels, or shorelines. PURPOSE Reinforce turf. Reduce erosion. Reinforce channels. Provide protective covering. INSTALLATION Install on slopes steeper than 2.5:1 and greater than 10 feet in height and in areas of concentrated flow. Install according to approved plan, if shown. All mats and netting should be appropriately staked to prevent shifting. These materials must be installed accord- ing to the manufacturer's specifications. 34 Mb Jute or Excelsior (Wood Fiber) Matting Seed area. Cover an area completely with a heavy, uniform, jute yarn or organic mulch. Apply on areas with steep slopes, watercourses or where vegetation needs to be quickly established. Figure 1. Installation of Jute Matting Fiberglass Roving Seed area. Apply fiberglass with a compressed air ejector, at a rate of 1/2-1 ton per acre and tack with emulsifier (asphalt) at a rate of 25-35 gal/1000 ft2 or as recommended by the manufacturer. Place in watercourses or on moderate slopes for stabilization and to provide a suitable microclimate for seeds. Bonded Fiber Matrix A hydraulically applied bonded fiber matrix which upon drying shall adhere to the soil in the form of a continuous 100 per cent coverage biodegradable blanket. The bonded matrix shall not be applied on saturated soils. See manufacturer's specifications for installation instructions. 35 Mb Turf Reinforcement Mats See manufacturer's specifications for installation instructions. Other geotextiles include silt fence, geoblocks, weight-bearing fabric, etc. All blanket and matting materials shall be on the Georgia Department of Transportation Qualified Products List (QPL #62 for blankets and QPL #49 for matting). Figure 2. Geotextile Installed to Control Erosion in a Concentrated Flow Area MAINTENANCE Inspect periodically and after each rainstorm until vegetation is completely established. Eroded or exposed areas should be seeded and stabilized with mulch as quickly as possible. 36 (This page left blank intentionally.) 37 Pm POLYACRYLAMIDE (PAM) DEFINITION The land application of a product containing anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) acting as a temporary soil binding agent to reduce soil erosion. PURPOSE PAM is used to reduce erosion from wind and water on construction sites and agricultural lands. Other benefits may include improved water quality, infiltration, soil fertility, and visibility. INSTALLATION Apply according to approved plan, if shown. These materials should be applied accord- ing to the manufacturer's specifications. These products are site specific. Use setbacks when applying anionic PAM near natural waterbodies. Never add water to PAM, add PAM slowly to water. If water is added to PAM, "globs" may form which can clog dispensers. NOT ALL POLYMERS ARE PAM. Only anionic PAM shall be used. Cationic PAM is toxic and shall not be used. MAINTENANCE Maintenance will consist of reapplying PAM to disturbed areas including high use traffic areas, which interfere in the performance of this practice. 38 (This page left blank intentionally.) 39 Sb STREAMBANK STABILIZATION (USING PERMANENT VEGETATION) DEFINITION The use of readily available native plant materials to maintain and enhance streambanks, or to prevent, or restore and repair small streambank erosion problems. PURPOSE Lessen the impact of rain directly on the soil. Trap sediment from adjacent land. Form a root mat to stabilize and reinforce the soil on the streambank. Provide wildlife habitat. Enhance the appearance of the stream. Lower summertime water temperatures for a healthy aquatic population. NOTE: Careful thought, planning and execution is required to assure that the streambank stabilization project is done efficiently and correctly. Please refer to SSWCC's Guidelines for Streambank Restoration for more detailed information. 40 Sb SELECTED MEASURES Revegetation includes seeding and sodding of grasses, seeding in combination with erosion control fabrics, and the planting of woody vegetation (shrubs and trees). Use jute mesh and other geotextiles to aid in soil stabilization and revegetation. Live Stake Fresh, alive woody plant cuttings tamped into the ground as stakes, intended to root and grow into mature shrubs that will stabilize soils and restore the riparian zone habitats. Willow species work best. Provides no immediate streambank stabilization. LIVE CUTTINGS Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative at the time of installation. Robbin B. Sotir & Associates Figure 1. Illustration of a Live Stake Joint Planting Installation of live willow stakes between rock previously placed along the streambank. Rock needs to be loosely dumped or hand placed and no thicker than 2 feet. Enables a bank previously installed with conventional rip-rap to become naturalized. 41 Sb LIVE STAKE RIPRAP Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative at the time of installation. Robbin B. Sotir & Associates Figure 2. Illustration of Joint Planting Live Fascine Sausage-like bundles of live cut branches placed into trenches along the streambank. Willow species work best. Provides immediate protection from erosion when properly used and installed. Creates very little site disturbance as com-pared to other systems. Works especially well when combined with surface covers such as jute mesh or coir fabrics. LIVE BRANCHES DEAD STOUT STAKE LIVE STAKE TWINE LIVE BRANCHES Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative at the time of installation. Robbin B. Sotir & Associates Figure 3. Illustration of a Live Fascine 42 Sb Brushmattress Combination of living units that form an immediate protective surface cover over the streambank. Living units used include live stakes, live fascines, and a mattress branch cover (long, flexible branches placed against the bank surface). Requires a great deal of live material. Complicated and expensive to evaluate, design, and install. Captures sediment during flood condi- tions. Produces habitat rapidly, and quickly de- velops a healthy riparian zone. LIVE STAKE LIVE BRANCHES DEAD STOUT STAKE LIVE BRANCHES STAKE WIRE Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative at the time of installation. LIVE FASCINE Robbin B. Sotir & Associates Figure 4. Illustration of a Brushmattress Live Cribwall A rectangular framework of logs or timbers, rock, and woody cuttings. Requires a great deal of assessment and understanding of stream behavior. Can be complicated and expensive if a supply of wood and some volunteer help is not available. Develops a natural streambank or upland slope appearance after it has begun to grow. 43 Sb Provides excellent habitat for a variety of fish, birds, and animals. Very useful where space is limited on small, narrow stream corridors. TIMBER/LOGS SELECT FILL MATERIALS EXISTING ROCK LIVE BRANCHES 50/50 SELECT FILLROCK MIX Robbin B. Sotir & Associates Figure 5. Illustration of a Live Cribwall Branchpacking Process of alternating layers of live branches and soil, incorporated into a hole, gully, or slumped-out area in a slope or streambank. Moderate to complex level of difficulty for construction. Produces an immediate filter barrier, reducing scouring conditions, repairing gully erosion, and providing habitat cover and bank reinforcement. One of the most effective and inexpensive methods for repairing holes in earthen embankments along small stream sites. Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative at the time of installation. COMPACTED FILL WOODEN STAKES SELECTED ROOTED PLANTS OR CUTTINGS Robbin B. Sotir & Associates Figure 6. Illustration of Branchpacking 44 Sb Table 1. Streambank Erosion Protection Measures Relative Costs and Complexity Measure Relative Cost Live stake Low Joint planting Low* Live fascine Moderate Brushmattress Moderate Live cribwall High Branchpacking Moderate Conventional Low to vegetation Moderate Conventional Moderate bank armoring to (riprap) High *Assumes rock is in place. Relative Complexity Simple Simple* Moderate Moderate to Complex Complex Moderate to Complex Simple to Moderate Moderate to Complex MAINTENANCE Check banks after every high-water event, fixing gaps in the vegetative cover at once with structural materials or new plants, and mulching if necessary. Fresh cuttings from other plants may be used for repairs. When fertilizer is applied on the surface, it is best to apply about one-half at planting, one-fourth when new growth is about two inches tall, and one-fourth about six weeks later. 45 Sb REFERENCES Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) Guidelines for Streambank Restoration, Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission 46 (This page left blank intentionally.) 47 Tb TACKIFIERS AND BINDERS DEFINITION Substances used to anchor straw or hay mulch by causing the organic material to bind together. PURPOSE The purpose of tackifiers and binders is to prevent the movement of mulching material from the desired location. It also increases the performance of the mulching material, so that it can: Increase infiltration. Reduce wind and water erosion. Conserve moisture and prevent surface compaction or crusting. Control undesirable vegetation. Modify soil temperature. Increase biological activity in the soil. SPECIFICATIONS All organic mulching materials shall be anchored by tackifiers/binders or matting/netting. Tackifiers and binders are used to anchor wood cellulose, wood pulp fiber, and other mulch materials applied with hydroseeding equipment. 48 (This page left blank intentionally.) 49 MAJOR LAND RESOURCE AREAS (MLRAS) OF GRORGIA Dade Catoosa Fannin Walker Whitfield Murray Gilmer Chattooga Gordon Pickens Floyd Bartow Cherokee Union Towns Rabun Lumpkin Habersham White Stephens Dawson Forsyth Banks Franklin Hall Mountain, Blue Ridge, and Ridges and Valley Southern Piedomont Southern Costal Plain, Sand Hills, Black Lands, and Atlantic Costal Flatwoods Hart Jackson Madison Elbert Polk Haralson Carroll Paulding Cobb Douglas Gwinnett Barrow Dekalb Walton Clarke Oconee Oglethorpe Wilkes Rockdale Fulton Clayton Newton Morgan Greene Teliaferro Lincoln McDuffie Columbia Heard Coweta Fayette Henry Spalding Butts Jasper Putnam Hancock Warren Glascock Richmond Troup Meriwether Pike Lanier Monroe Jones Baldwin Washington Jefferson Burke Upson Harris Talbot Muscogee Marion Chattahoochee Crawford Bibb Taylor Peach Wilkinson Twiggs Macon Houston Bleckley Laurens Johnson Treutlen Jenkins Screven Emanuel Chandler Bulloch Effingham Montgomery Stewart Schley Webster Sumter Quitman Randolph Terrell Lee Dooly Pulaski Dodge Wheeler Crisp Wilcox Telfair Turner Ben Hill Jeff Davis Toombs Evans Tattnall Bryan Appling Long Liberty Chatham Clay Calhoun Early Baker Miller Seminole Decatur Dougherty Worth Irwin Tift Coffee Mitchell Grady Colquitt Berrien Cook Atkinson Thomas Brooks Lanier Clinch Lowndes Echols Bacon Wayne Pierce Ware Brantley McIntosh Glynn Charlton Camden 50 STRUCTURAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Cd Check Dam 52 Ch Channel Stabilization 54 Co Construction Exit 56 Cr Construction Road stabilization 58 Dc Stream Diversion Channel 60 Di Diversion 64 Dn1 Temporary Downdrain Structure 66 Dn2 Permanent Downdrain Structure 70 Fr Filter Ring 72 Ga Gabion 74 Gr Grade Stabilization Structure 76 Lv Level Spreader 78 Rd Rock Filter Dam 80 Re Retaining Wall 82 Rt Retrofit 84 Sd1 Sediment Barrier 88 Sd2 Inlet Sediment Trap 94 Sd3 Temporary Sediment Basin 100 Sr Temporary Stream Crossing 106 St Storm Drain Outlet Protection 110 Su Surface Roughening 114 Tp Topsoiling 118 Wt Vegetated Waterway or 120 Stormwater Conveyance Channel 51 Cd CHECK DAM DEFINITION A small temporary barrier constructed across a swale, drainage ditch, or area of concentrated flow. PURPOSE Reduce velocity. Filter sediment. Stabilize grade. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Place in small, open channels, not in live streams. Construct center at least 9 inches lower than outer edges. Extend across entire width of ditch or swale. Make side slopes 2:1 or flatter. Toe of the upstream dam should be at the same elevation as the top of the downstream dam. Seed and mulch area beneath the dam after its removal. 52 Cd Stone Check Dams Cd-S Drainage area not to exceed 2 acres. Constructed of graded size 2"-10" stone. 2 feet maximum dam height measured to center of check dam. Place a suitable geotextile between the rock and its soil base and abutments. Dam A Dam B 9" ElevaEtiloenvaotfiotnopofoebfqoDutataomlmsAof Dam B 2"-10" stone Geotextile underliner Flow 24" maximum height Figure 1. Stone Check Dam Installation Requirements MAINTENANCE Periodic inspection and maintenance required. Remove sediment when it reaches a depth of one-half the original dam height. Remove at the completion of its useful life. REFERENCES Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) 53 Ch CHANNEL STABILIZATION DEFINITION Improving, constructing, or stabilizing an open channel or waterway. PURPOSE Prevent erosion and sediment deposition. Provide adequate capacity for flood water, drainage, or other water management practices. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Drainage area not to exceed one square mile. Establish or install immediately after con- struction or as soon as weather permits. Vegetative Lining Ch-V Permanent or temporary vegetation may be used. Install erosion control blankets, if required. 54 Ch Rock Riprap Lining Ch-Rp Slopes should be 1.5:1 or less. Place a filter blanket, at least 6 inches thick, of sand, gravel, and/or geotextile material between the riprap and the base material. Concrete Lining Ch-C For channels where velocities exceed 10 feet per second. Grade Stabilization Structure Constructed of concrete, rock, masonry, steel, aluminum or treated wood. Provide adequate outlet for discharge. Do not compromise the environmental in- tegrity of the area. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately. MAINTENANCE Periodic inspection and maintenance required. REFERENCES Gr Grade Stabilization Structure Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) 55 Co CONSTRUCTION EXIT DEFINITION A stone-stabilized pad located at any point where traffic will be leaving a construction site to a public right-of-way, street, alley, sidewalk, or parking area. PURPOSE Reduce or eliminate the transport of mud from the construction area. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Use 1.5"-3.5" stone. Minimum pad thickness of 6 inches. Minimum pad width of 20 feet. Minimum pad length of 50 feet. Excavate footprint 3 inches. If tire washing is required, route runoff from washing to an approved sediment trap or sediment basin. Install filter fabric under the entire pad. 56 Co Hard Surfece Public Road 6" Minimum N.S.A. R-2(1.5"-3.5") Coarse Aggregate Geotextile Underliner 50' Minimum 20' Minimum Figure 1. Crushed Stone Construction Exit Installation Requirements Figure 2. Geotextile Underliner Under Gravel Pad MAINTENANCE Periodically dress with 1.5"-3.5" stone. Maintain in a condition that will prevent track- ing or flow of mud onto public rights-of way. Immediately remove mud and debris tracked or spilled onto roadways. 57 Cr CONSTRUCTION ROAD STABILIZATION DEFINITION A travel way constructed as part of a construction plan including access roads, subdivision roads, parking areas, and other on-site vehicle transportation routes. PURPOSE To provide a fixed route of travel for construction traffic and to reduce erosion and subsequent regrading of permanent roadbeds between time of initial grading and final stabilization. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan. Temporary roads shall follow the contours of the natural terrain to minimize disturbance of drainage patterns. If a temporary road must cross a stream, the crossing must be designed, installed and maintained according to temporary stream crossing (Sr) specifications. 58 Cr Grades for temporary roads should not exceed 10 per cent except for short lengths with a maximum of 20 per cent for special uses. Temporary roadbeds shall be at least 14 feet wide for one-way traffic, 20 feet wide for twoway traffic, and 24 feet wide for trailer traffic. All cut and fills shall have side slopes at a maximum of 2:1 or 3:1 if mowing is planned. Drainage channels shall be designed to be on stable grades or protected with structures or linings for stability. Geotextile should be applied to the roadbed for additional stability according to the design manual specifications. A 6-inch layer of coarse aggregate shall be applied immediately after grading. MAINTENANCE Roads and parking areas may require a periodic top dressing of gravel to maintain the gravel depth at 6 inches. Vegetated areas should be checked periodically to ensure a good stand of vegetation is maintained. Remove any silt or other debris causing clogging of roadside REFERENCES Sr Temporary Stream Crossing 59 Dc STREAM DIVERSION CHANNEL DEFINITION A temporary channel constructed to convey flow around a construction site while a permanent structure is being constructed in the stream channel. SILT FENCE FORMER LOCATION OF FLOW BARRIER FLOW VEHICULAR STREAM CROSSING. (TO BE LOCATED AT ORIGINAL STREAMBED FOR INITIAL CROSSINGS) PLACE RIPRAP AT TRANSITION FLOW FLOW A FLOW BARRIER ORIGINAL STREAM- BED FLOW A FORMER LOCATION OF FLOW BARRIER FLOW BARRIER (RIPRAP, SANDBAGS, PLYWOOD, JERSEY BARRIERS OR SHEET PILING) PLACE RIPRAP AT TRANSITION FLOW Figure 1. Stream Diversion Channel (Perspective View) PURPOSE To protect the streambed from erosion and allow work "in the dry". 60 Dc INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan. Drainage area not to exceed one square mile (640 acres). The bottom width of the stream diversion shall be a minimum of six feet or equal to the bottom width of the existing streambed, whichever is greater. Side slopes of the stream diversion channel shall be no steeper than 2:1. Depth and grade of the channel shall be sufficient to ensure continuous flow of water in the diversion. The channel shall be lined to prevent erosion of the channel and sedimentation in the stream. The lining is selected based upon the expected velocity of bankfull flow. The linings are as follows: 1) Geotextile, polyethylene film or sod Dc-A for a velocity range of 0-2.5 fps. 2) Geotextile alone Dc-B for a velocity range of 2.5-9.0 fps. 3) Class I riprap and geotextile Dc-C for a velocity range of 9.0-13.0 fps. The channel shall be excavated, constructing plugs at both ends. Silt fence or berms shall be placed along the sides of the channel to prevent unfiltered runoff from entering the stream. The channel surface shall be smooth (to prevent tearing of the liner) and lined with the material specified in the plans. The plugs are removed when the liner installation is complete, removing the downstream plug first. 61 Dc As soon as construction in the streambed is complete, the diversion shall be replugged and backfilled. Upon removal of the lining, the stream shall immediately be restored and properly stabilized. All other appropriate agencies, including the COE, must be contacted to ensure compliance with other Laws. MAINTENANCE The stream diversion channel shall be inspected at the end of each day to make sure that the construction materials are positioned securely. This will ensure that the work area stays dry and that no construction materials float downstream. All repairs shall be made immediately. REFERENCES Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets 62 (This page left blank intentionally.) 63 Di DIVERSION DEFINITION A ridge of compacted soil, constructed above, across, or below a slope. PURPOSE Reduce slope lengths. Intercept and divert storm runoff to a stable outlet at a non-erosive velocity. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Remove trees, brush, stumps and other ob- jectionable material. Compact all fills. Channel cross-section should be trapezoi- dal or parabolic in shape. Side slopes should be 2:1 or flatter. Excavate narrow, deep channels on steep slopes and broad, shallow channels on gentle slopes. Adequate outlet must be present. 64 Di Stabilize channel and outlet with vegetation (mulch required for all seeded or sprigged channels), riprap, or pavement. Dispose of and/or stabilize unneeded excavated material. 8"-12" 6'-12' Excavated Channel 8"-12" RoOardigiSnuarlface Figure 1. Typical Diversion Across Road MAINTENANCE Inspect frequently and after each rainfall and make necessary repairs. REFERENCES Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) 65 Dn1 TEMPORARY DOWN DRAIN STRUCTURE DEFINITION A temporary structure used to convey storm water down the face of cut or fill slopes. PURPOSE Transport storm runoff from one elevation to another. Reduce slope erosion. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Install heavy-duty, flexible materials such as non-perforated, corrugated plastic pipe. 66 Dn1 Table 1. Pipe Diameter for Temporary Downdrain Maximum Drainage Area per Pipe (acres) 0.3 0.5 1.0 Pipe Diameter (inches) 10 12 18 Place on undisturbed soil or well-compacted fill. Install tee, "L" or flared end section inlet at the top of the slope. Entrance sloped 1/2" per foot toward inlet. Compact a dike ridge no less than one foot above the top of the pipe. Anchor with hold-down grommets or stakes at intervals not to exceed 10 feet. Ensure connections are watertight. Extend pipe beyond the toe of the slope. Direct outlet uphill. Stabilize outlet with tee, riprap or other suit- able material. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately. See Figure 1. MAINTENANCE Inspect drain and diversion after every rainfall and promptly make necessary repairs. Remove once the permanent water disposal system is installed. REFERENCES St Storm Drain Outlet Protection 67 s1p0'acimnagximun Dn1 3:1 Figure 1. Temporary Downdrain and Inlet Detail 68 Corrugated plastic pipe Flow 4'min Hold-down stakes Diversion dike 1' min height Undisturbed soil or well-compacted fill le4v'eml sinection Stabilized outlet 1.5'min Diversion channel Normal ground level Flow (This page left blank intentionally.) 69 Dn2 PERMANENT DOWN DRAIN STRUCTURE DEFINITION A permanent structure to safely convey surface runoff from the top of a slope to the bottom of the slope. PURPOSE Minimize erosion due to concentrated storm runoff on cut or fill slopes. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Types of Structures Paved flume: parabolic, rectangular, or trapezoidal cross section. Pipe: steel, plastic, etc. Sectional: a prefabricated sectional con- duit of half-round or third-round pipe. Slopes must have sufficient grade to pre- vent sediment deposition. Stabilize outlet according to plans. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately. 70 Dn2 Flow Flow Stabilized outlet Figure 1. Typical Concrete Paved Flume MAINTENANCE Periodic inspection and maintenance required. REFERENCES St Storm Drain Outlet Protection Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) 71 Fr FILTER RING DEFINITION A temporary stone barrier constructed at storm drain inlets and pond outlets. PURPOSE This structure reduces flow velocities, preventing the failure of other sediment control devices. It also prevents sediment from leaving the site or entering drainage systems, prior to permanent stabilization of the disturbed area. INSTALLATION Filter rings shall be used in conjunction with other sediment control measures, except where other practices defined in this manual are not appropriate. The filter ring shall surround all sides of the structure receiving runoff from disturbed areas. The ring should be placed a minimum of 4 feet from the structure. If the ring is utilized above a retrofit structure, it should be a minimum of 8 to 10 feet from the retrofit. When utilized at inlets with diameters less than 12 inches, the filter ring shall be constructed of stone no smaller than 3-5 inches (15-30 lbs). When utilized at pipes with diameters greater than 12 inches, the filter ring shall be constructed of stone no smaller than 1015 inches (50-100 lbs). The filter ring shall be constructed at a height no less than 2 feet above grade. 72 Fr MAINTENANCE The filter ring must be kept clear of trash and debris. This will require continuous monitoring and maintenance, which includes sediment removal when one-half full. These structures are temporary and should be removed when the land-disturbing project has been stabilized. REFERENCES Rt Retrofit Sd3 Temporary Sediment Basin St Storm Drain Outlet Protection Minimum 8' - 10' 50# - 150# Stone Rip-Rap 2'-0" Min. STONE FILTER RING 73 Ga GABION DEFINITION Large, multi-celled, rock-filled wire mesh boxes used in channel revetments, retaining walls, abutments, check dams, etc. PURPOSE Construction of erosion control structures. Stabilize steep or highly erosive slopes. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Foundations must be smooth and level. Only galvanized or PVC coated wire should be used. Set individual baskets into place, wire them together in courses, and fill with rock to form flexible monolithic building blocks. Rock should be durable and adequately sized (normally 4"-8") to be retained in the baskets. "Key" structure securely into foundations and abutment surfaces. 74 Ga MAINTENANCE Periodically inspect for signs of undercutting or excessive erosion at transition areas, and make necessary repairs immediately. 75 Gr GRADE STABILIZATION STRUCTURE DEFINITION A structure to stabilize the grade in natural or artificial channels. PURPOSE Stabilize the grade in natural or artificial channels. Prevent the formation or advancement of gullies. Reduce erosion and sediment pollution. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Construct with concrete, rock, masonry, steel, aluminum, or treated wood. Dewater excavations prior to filling. Construct minimum top width of 10 feet with side slopes of 3:1 or flatter on earthfill embankments that are constructed in 6" to 8" horizontal lifts. Compact fill to approximately 95 percent of standard density. Construct keyway 8 or more feet wide and 2 feet deep along centerline of the structure and embankment. 76 Gr Provide adequate outlet for discharge. Apply protective cover immediately after completion of the structure. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately. All other appropriate agencies, including the COE, must be contacted to ensure compliance with other Laws. Inlet Channel Flow Headwall Wingwall Apron Wingwall Figure 1. Typical Drop Spillway Structure MAINTENANCE Periodic inspection and maintenance required. REFERENCES St Storm Drain Outlet Protection Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) 77 Lv LEVEL SPREADER DEFINITION An outlet device constructed at zero grade across the slope where concentrated runoff may be discharged at non-erosive velocities onto undisturbed areas stabilized by existing vegetation. PURPOSE Minimize erosion. Convert concentrated storm runoff to sheet flow. Guide storm runoff to an undisturbed, veg- etated area. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Grade the channel no greater than 1% for the last 15 feet of the dike or diversion. Construct on undisturbed soil that is stabi- lized with vegetation. Minimum width of 6 feet. Minimum, uniform depth of 6 inches as mea- sured from the lip. Uniform depth across the entire length. 78 Lv Level lip constructed on zero percent grade. Discharge onto an undisturbed, stabilized area at zero grade. Provide a smooth outlet. Prevent water from concentrating below point of discharge. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately. VEGETATED DIVERSION STABLE UNDISTURBED OUTLET TRANSITION TO 0 GRADE STABILIZED SLOPE Figure 1. Level Spreader Installation Requirements MAINTENANCE Periodic inspection and maintenance is required. REFERENCES Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) 79 Rd ROCK FILTER DAM DEFINITION A temporary stone filter dam installed across small streams or drainageways. PURPOSE Capture and filter sediment for removal when working in a stream or water body. Reduce velocity of water. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. For use in small channels with drainage ar- eas of 50 acres or less. Must be used in conjunction with other ap- propriate sediment control measures. Use below culvert installations, dam con- struction, or any project that may involve grading activity directly in a stream. Not intended to substantially impound water. Use at the upstream end of ponds or lakes. Edges should not be higher than the channel banks. 80 Rd Center should be at least 6 inches lower than the outer edges of the dam at the channel banks. Height should not exceed elevation of upstream property line. Side slopes should be 2:1 or flatter. Top width should be greater than 6 feet. Extend completely across the channel and securely tie into both channel banks. All other appropriate agencies, including the COE, must be contacted to ensure compliance with other Laws. Larger stone installed according to plan 6'min width Flow 3 - 5 lb stone Figure 1. Rock Filter Dam Installation Requirements MAINTENANCE Requires periodic inspection and maintenance. Sediment removed when it reaches one-half of the original dam height. Remove at the completion of its useful life. 81 Re RETAINING WALL DEFINITION A constructed wall of one or more of the following: concrete masonry, reinforced concrete cribbing, treated timbers, steel pilings, gabions, stone drywall, rock riprap, etc. PURPOSE To assist in stabilizing cut or fill slopes where stability could only be obtained with the use of a wall. INSTALLATION Retaining walls require specific designs which are within the capabilities of a design engineer or a licensed architect. Close supervision is required to ensure proper installation. Figure 1. Typical Stone Retaining Wall 82 (This page left blank intentionally.) 83 Rt RETROFITTING DEFINITION A device placed in front of an outlet structure to temporarily filter sediment. PURPOSE Allow stormwater detention basins to function as temporary sediment retention basins. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Prohibited in detention basins on live streams. Install on approximately 1/2 the height of the outlet structure. Perforated Half-Round Pipe with Stone Filter Rt-P Half-round pipe diameter should be 1.5 times the diameter of the principal pipe outlet or wider than the greatest width of the concrete weir. Attach to the outlet structure, but never use on exposed pipe end or winged headwall. Drainage area not to exceed 30 acres. See Figures 1 and 2. 84 Rt Flow Flow See Figure 2 for an exploded view of this structure. Figure 1. Perforated Half-Round Pipe Retrofit with Stone Filter. Stone Filter Ring Use in conjunction with half-rounds or board dams. Minimum height of 2'. Minimum distance of 8' to 10' between retrofit and ring. Pipe with diameter larger than 12" requires 10"-15" stone, faced with smaller filter stone. 85 Rt Figure 2. Perforated Half-Round Pipe Retrofit with Stone Filter Installation Requirements 86 L- 2" x2" x1/ 4" 1/2" Thrd. Rod with nuts and washers (anchored to wall) Half-round CMP attached to weir 1' hoes 8' - 10" apart Flow 3" - 4" stone even top of pipe (1' min width) Flow Apron or concrete bottom Rt Slotted Board Dam with Stone Rt-B Can be used with open pipe ends, winged headwalls, or concrete weir outlets. Install with 4x4" or larger posts with 0.5" to 1" spacing. Drainage area not to exceed 100 acres. Can excavate in front of the retrofitted outlet structure or raise the outlet structure to obtain required sediment storage. 4" x 4" posts 2" x 4" boards 0.5"- 1" spacing Flow 3"- 4" stone even with top Figure 3. Slotted Board Dam Installation Requirements MAINTENANCE Clean-out when one-third sediment storage capacity is lost. Indicate this elevation with a mark on the outlet structure or a post inserted in the pond. Remove all trash and debris. Remove retrofit and accumulated sediment when the project is completed. Stabilize all disturbed areas immediately with permanent vegetation. 87 Sd1 SEDIMENT BARRIER DEFINITION A temporary structure made of silt fence supported by steel or wood posts, sandbags, straw bales or other filtering material. PURPOSE Slow the velocity of runoff and cause sediment deposition at the structure. Filter sediment from runoff. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Install along contours with ends pointing uphill. Do not place in waterways or areas of con- centrated flow. Sandbags Sd1-S Flow under or between bags should be minimal. Anchoring with steel rods may be required if height exceeds two bags. 88 Sd1 Hay or Straw Bales Sd1-Hb Place in a single row, lengthwise, on the contour. Embed in the soil to a depth of 4 inches. Secure with stakes or bars driven through the bales or by other adequate means. Place in areas of low rate sheet flow. For use on projects with a duration of three months or less. ANGLE FIRST STAKE TOWARDS PREVIOUSLY LAID BALE WIRE OR NYLON BOUND BALES PLACEDON THE CONTOUR FLOW 2 RE-BARS, STEEL PICKETS, OR 2" x 2" STAKES 1 1/2' - 2' IN GROUND EMBEDDED 4" DEEP Figure 1. Straw Bale Barrier Installation Requirements Brush (use during timber clearing operations) Sd1-Bb Pile in a row along the perimeter of landdisturbing activities. Windrow on the contour as close as possible. Compaction may be required. Filter fabric may be placed on the con- struction side of the brush barrier for added filtering capacity. Lower edge must be entrenched 4 to 6 inches deep. The upper edge must be fastened to the brush barrier. Silt Fence Sd1-A Sd1-B Sd1-C Install where sheet flow conditions exist. Drainage area is not to exceed 1/4 acre per 100 ft. of silt fence. 89 Sd1 Verify fabric by inspection of fabric name printed every 100 ft. of silt fence. Start post installation at the center of the lowest point with remaining posts spaced according to Figures 2, 3, or 4. If non-erosive outlets are provided, slope length may be increased beyond that shown in Table 1. Table 1. Criteria for Sediment Barrier Placement Land Slope (percent) <2 2 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 20 >20 Maximum Slope Length behind Fence (feet) 100 75 50 25 15 Ground 6' max o.c. Fabric 28" Flow 6" deep Trench 2" wide 2.5'min Wood or steel posts 1.5'min 1) Use on developments where the life of the project is greater than six months. 2) Use where the slope gradient is steeper than 3:1. Figure 2. Type "A" Silt Fence (Sd1-A) 90 Sd1 6'max o.c. Ground Fabric Flow Wood or steel posts 16" 4"deep Trench 2" wide 1.5'min 1.5'min 1) Use on small developments where the life of the project is less than six months. 2) Use where the slope gradient is less than or equal to 3:1. Figure 3. Type "B" Silt Fence (Sd1-b) Ground Flow 4'max o.c. Woven wire fence behind fabric Steel posts 28" 2.5'min 6" deep Trench 2" wide 1.5'min Use where fill slopes exceed a vertical height of 20 feet and the slope gradient is steeper then 3:1. Figure 4. Type "C" (Sd1-C) WireReinforced Silt Fence 91 Sd1 Figure 5. Typical Type "C" Silt Fence MAINTENANCE Inspect barriers at the end of each working day, or after each rain, and repair or clean as necessary. Remove sediment from barrier when onehalf full. Dispose of sediment and stabilize it with vegetation. Replace filter fabric when deteriorated. Design life of a synthetic silt fence is ap- proximately 6 months. Maintain until the project is vegetated or oth- erwise stabilized. Remove barriers and accumulated sedi- ment and stabilize the exposed area when the project is stabilized. Approved silt fence fabrics are listed in the Georgia Department of Transportation Qualified Products List #36 (QPL-36). 92 (This page left blank intentionally.) 93 Sd2 INLET SEDIMENT TRAP DEFINITION A temporary sediment barrier placed around a storm drain drop inlet. PURPOSE Prevent sediment from entering storm drainage systems. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Do not install where vehicular traffic will be affected. Install at or around all storm drain drop in- lets that receive runoff from disturbed areas. Construct on natural ground surface, excavated surface, or on machine compacted fill. Excavated Sediment Traps Minimum of 1.5 feet of sediment storage in excavated sediment traps. Must be self-draining unless otherwise protected. 94 3' max Sd2 2" x 4" wood or equivalent metal 3' min 1.5' max 1' min 1' miGnround level Wire-reinforced silt fence Figure 1. Fabric and supporting Frame for Inlet Protection (Sd2-F) Block and Gravel Drop Inlet Protection Sd2-Bg Excavate foundation at least 2 inches below the crest of the storm drain. On each side of the structure, place one block in the bottom row on its side to allow pool drainage. Place the bottom row of blocks against the edge of the storm drain. Add support by placing 2"x4" wood studs through block openings. Fit hardware cloth or wire mesh with 1/2 inch openings over all block openings to hold gravel in place. Place clean gravel 2 inches below the top of the block on a 2:1 or flatter slope and smooth it to an even grade. DOT #57 stone is recommended. 95 Sd2 DEWATERING CONCRETE BLOCK 2:1 SLOPE, GRAVEL FILTER TEMPORARY SEDIMENT WIRE SCREEN POOL DEWATERING 1' MIN 16" 2' MAX SEDIMENT DROP INLET WITH GRATE Figure 2. Block and Gravel Drop Inlet Protection Installation Requirements (Sd2-Bg) Gravel Drop Inlet Protection (Gravel Donut) Sd2-G 3:1 or flatter slope toward the inlet. Create a minimum 1-foot wide level stone area between the structure and the inlet to prevent gravel from entering the inlet. Place stone 3 inches in diameter, or larger, on the slope toward the inlet. Place 1/2" to 3/4" gravel on the slope away from the inlet at a minimum thickness of 1 foot. 96 Sd2 Curb Inlet Filter (Pigs-in-a-Blanket") Sd2-P Install filter after asphalt pavement installation. Wrap 8" concrete blocks in filter fabric and span across catch basin inlet. Face openings in blocks outward. Leave a gap of approximately 4 inches between the curb and the filters to allow for overflow to prevent hazardous ponding. Install outlet protection below storm drain outlets. Catch basin 8" concrete blocks wrapped in filter fabric Flow Curbing Pavement Figure 3. Curb Inlet Filter Installation Requirements (Sd2-P) Figure 4. Alternative Inlet Sediment Trap 97 Sd2 MAINTENANCE Inspect, clear, and/or repair trap at the end of each working day. Do not remove inlet protection and wash sediment into the storm drain. Remove sediment from the trap and stabilize it with vegetation. Remove all materials and any unstable soil once the contributing drainage area has been adequately stabilized. Appropriately stabilize all bare areas around the inlet. REFERENCES Sd1 Sediment Barrier 98 (This page left blank intentionally.) 99 Sd3 TEMPORARY SEDIMENT BASIN DEFINITION A basin created by excavation or the construction of a dam for sediment collection. PURPOSE Detain runoff waters and trap sediment. Protect properties and drainageways below the basin from damage by excessive sedimentation and debris. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Length to width ratio shall be greater than 2:1, where length is the distance between the inlet and outlet. 100 Inflow Trash rack Gravel filter Perforated riser pipe Concrete riser base Sd3 Earthen dam Outflow Emergency Spillway Figure 1. Components of a Typical Temporary Sediment Basin Location Must never be placed in a live stream. Storm drains should discharge into the basin. Install on sites where (1) failure will not result in loss of life or interruption of use or service of public utilities and (2) the drainage area does not exceed 150 acres. Principal Spillway Join vertical pipe or box type riser to a pipe that extends through the embankment and exits beyond the downstream toe of the fill. Perforate lower half of riser with 1/2 inch holes spaced approximately 3 inches, and cover with two feet of 1/2 to 3/4 inch aggregate. Install pipe with a minimum diameter of 8 inches. Equip with a trash rack and anti-vortex device. 101 Sd3 3 at 120 - 3/8" stud with nut and 2" O.D. washer D 1' 2' 1' C.S. pipe Removable top 10 Ga. expanded metal 3 at 120 - 5/8" thrd. rods; Use 5 support rods and jam nuts for diameters 8" 54" and larger 3 at 120 - 1/2" nut, weld to C.S. pipe; 1/2" jam nut, 1/2" bolt Figure 2. Typical Sediment Basin Trash Rack Attach riser to the base with a watertight connection. Embed riser 9 inches into an 18" thick concrete base. The riser and all pipe connections shall be completely watertight. Angle the stub to be shown Angle based on barrel grade Corrugated metal riser Drain (optional) Pipe 9" 4" Base Thickness (T) (usually 18') Flow Square Base B 2-#6 (min.) Bars placed at right angles and projecting into sides of riser to help anchor riser to concrete base. Figure 3. Concrete Riser Base Detail Emergency Spillway Constructed in undisturbed ground (not fill). Excavate a trapezoidal channel with minimum bottom width of 8 feet. Stabilize with vegetation, riprap, asphalt, or concrete. 102 Sd3 Trashrack Riser pipe Flood pool for principal spillway 1' min. 1/2" drainage holes with gravel #57 or #5 clean 1:1 Anti-flotation Selected fill block placed in layers and compacted Principal spillway pipe Emergency spillway crest Freeboard - 1' min 2.5:1 or flatter Embankment stabilized with vegetation Anti-seep collar Cut-off trench 2' deep, min. Stabilized outlet Figure 4. Section Through Embankment and Typical Features Table 1. Sediment Basin Dam Width Requirements Fill Height Less than 10 feet 10 to 15 feet Minimum Top Width 8.0 feet 10.0 feet Entrance of Runoff into Basin Install dikes, swales, or other water control devices to direct runoff into the basin. Locate points of entry as far away from the riser as possible. Stabilize with permanent vegetation immediately following construction. MAINTENANCE Remove sediment when storage volume has been reduced by one-third. Dispose and stabilize sediment beyond the reach of the pond. Do not deposit sediment downstream from the embankment, adjacent to a stream or floodplain. 103 Sd3 Indicate clean-out elevation with a mark on the riser or by a marked post near the riser. Do not remove basin until the sediment-producing area is permanently stabilized. REFERENCES St Storm Drain Outlet Protection Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization| (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) 104 (This page left blank intentionally.) 105 Sr TEMPORARY STREAM CROSSING DEFINITION A temporary structure installed across a flowing stream or watercourse for use by construction equipment. PURPOSE Protect streams from damage and erosion. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Includes bridges Sr-B , round pipes or pipe arches Sr-C . Drainage area not to exceed one square mile. Minimize clearing and excavation of the stre- ambed and banks. Cross very small streams with armored, pro- tected fords, such as rock riprap. Elevate crossing to reduce the possibility of washout from a 25-year peak discharge. Convey full bank flow without appreciably altering or restricting stream flow habits. 106 Sr Washout protection may include elevation of bridges above adjacent flood plain lands, crowning of fills over pipes, or the use of diversions, dikes or island type structures. EARTH FILL COVERED BY APPROPRIATELY LARGE ANGULAR ROCK 25' MIN TOP OF BANK FLOW COARSE AGGREGATE MINIMUM PIPE DIAMETER SIZED AS SPECIFIED IN "PIPE DIAMETERS FOR STREAM CROSSINGS" Figure 1. Temporary Stream Crossing Installation Requirements Table 1. Pipe Diameters for Stream Crossings (inches) Drainage Area (acres) 1-25 26-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-300 301-350 351-400 401-450 451-500 501-550 551-600 601-640 Average Slope of Watershed 1% 4% 24 24 24 30 30 36 30 42 36 42 36 48 36 48 42 48 42 54 42 54 42 54 48 60 48 60 48 60 8% 16% 30 30 36 36 42 48 48 48 48 54 54 54 54 60 60 60 60 60 60 72 60 72 60 72 60 72 72 72 107 Sr Remove when no longer necessary for project construction. Properly reshape the stream and its banks to the original cross-section after removal of the crossing. Stabilize denuded areas with appropriate vegetation. All other appropriate agencies, including the COE, must be contacted to ensure compliance with other Laws. MAINTENANCE Inspect structure after every rainfall and at least once a week. Repair all damages immediately. REFERENCES Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) 108 (This page left blank intentionally.) 109 St STORM DRAIN OUTLET PROTECTION DEFINITION Paved and/or riprapped channel sections placed below storm drain outlets. PURPOSE Reduce the velocity of flow from storm drain outlets. Reduce erosion of receiving channels. Stabilize grades. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Place a filter blanket or filter fabric between riprap and soil foundation. Install a graded gravel layer if geotextile is not used. Line with riprap, grouted riprap, or concrete. Use field or quarry stone with minimum diameter of 6 inches for riprap. Minimum apron thickness should be 1.5 times the maximum stone diameter. Extend apron length to at least six times the outlet pipe diameter. 110 Apron extends to top of channel bank (or 6" above the max tailwater depth, whichever is less.) St d Filter blanket or filter fabric Soil foundation Figure 1. Outlet Protection for a WellDefined Channel Apron Width for a Well-Defined Channel Side slopes of the channel no steeper than 2:1. Apron extends across the channel bottom. Apron extends up the channel banks to an elevation one foot to the top of the bank. Apron Width for a Flat Area Upstream width three times the diameter of the outlet pipe. Downstream width three times the diameter of the outlet pipe plus the length of the apron. Construct apron at zero grade with no overfall at the end. Conform to bottom grade of receiving channel. 111 St Locate to prevent bends in horizontal alignment. Place necessary curves in the upper section of the apron. Vegetate all disturbed areas immediately. L=6d minimum W=3d minimum W d Filter blanket or filter fabric Soil foundation L 6"min depth Figure 2. Outlet Protection for a Flat Area MAINTENANCE Inspect after heavy rains for erosion and dislodged stones. Make all repairs immediately. 112 (This page left blank intentionally.) 113 Su SURFACE ROUGHENING DEFINITION Providing a rough soil surface on the contour. PURPOSE Aid in establishment of vegetative cover with seed. Reduce runoff velocity and increase infiltration. Reduce erosion and provide for sediment trapping. INSTALLATION Apply according to approved plan, if shown. Not required on slopes with a stable rock face. Stair-step, groove, furrow, or track slopes that are to be vegetated. Lightly roughen and loosen soil to a depth of 2"-4" on slopes 3:1 or flatter. Slopes requiring mowing shall not be steeper than 3:1. Groove or maintain roughness of fill slopes steeper than 3:1. Stair-step or groove cut slopes steeper than 3:1. 114 30" - 40" maximum Su Stair-Step Grading Particularly good for slopes with soft rock. Vertical cut distance to horizontal distance shall be less than 1:1. Horizontal portion of the "step" shall slope toward the vertical wall. Individual vertical cuts are not to exceed 30 inches on soft materials and not more than 40 inches in rocky materials. Debris from slope above is caught by steps Drainage 40" - 50" maximum Water, soil, and fertilizer are held by steps - plants can become established on the steps. Figure 1. Stair-Stepping Cut Slopes Figure 2. Typical Stair-Step Grading 115 Su Grooving Use discs, tillers, spring harrows, or the teeth on a front-end loader. On unmowed slopes, minimum groove depth of 3 inches and maximum groove spacing of 15 inches. On mowed slopes, minimum depth of one inch and maximum groove spacing of 12 inches. Grooving is cutting furrows along the conyour of a slope. Irregularities in the soil surface provide some coverage of lime, fertilizer and seed. 13"-15" maximum 3" minimum Figure 3. Grooving Slopes 116 Su Tracking Not recommended unless no alternatives are available. Minimize machine passes to minimize compaction. Dozer treads create grooves perpeddicular to the slope. Slope TRACKING Figure 4. Roughening with Tracked Machinery Each lift of the fill is compacted, but the outer face of the slope is allowed to remain lose so that the rocks, clods, etc. reach the natural angle of repose. Figure 5. Fill Slope Treatment Seed and mulch roughened areas as soon as possible. 117 Tp TOPSOILING DEFINITION Stripping-off the fertile top soil, storing it, then spreading it over the disturbed area after construction is completed. PURPOSE Provide a suitable soil medium for vegetative growth on low fertility areas. SPECIFICATIONS Apply according to approved plan, if shown. Recommended for sites with slopes 2:1 or flatter where: the texture of the exposed subsoil or par- ent material is not suitable to produce adequate vegetative growth, the root zone is too shallow, or the soil to be vegetated contains material toxic to plant growth. Topsoil should be friable and loamy, free of debris, objectionable weed and stones, and contain no toxic substance that may be harmful to plant growth. 118 Tp Stripping depth of 4 to 6 inches is common and should be confined to the immediate construction area. Stockpiles may be vegetated and should not obstruct natural drainage or cause off-site environmental damage. If subsoil is composed of heavy clays, lime shall be spread at the rate of 100 pounds per 1,000 square feet. Subsoil should be loosened by discing or scarifying to a minimum depth of 3 inches to permit bonding of the topsoil to the subsoil. Tracking by a bulldozer is also adequate. Topsoil should be applied at a uniform depth of 5 inches (unsettled), but may be adjusted at the discretion of the engineer or landscape architect. Table 1. Cubic Yards of Topsoil Required for Application to Various Depths Depth (inches) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Per 1,000 Square Feet 3.1 6.2 9.3 12.4 15.5 18.6 Per Acre 134 268 403 537 672 806 119 Wt VEGETATED WATERWAY OR STORMWATER CONVEYANCE CHANNEL DEFINITION A waterway that is shaped or graded to required dimensions and stabilized with vegetation. PURPOSE Dispose of stormwater runoff. Prevent erosion. Reduce sedimentation. INSTALLATION Install according to approved plan, if shown. Remove all woody growth, obstructions and other objectionable material. Waterway cross-section may be parabolic or trapezoidal in shape. Maximum permissible velocity within a veg- etated channel is approximately 5 feet per second without geosynthetic material. 120 Wt Table 1. Permissible Velocities for Vegetated and Rock-Lined Waterways Vegetative Cover Maximum Permissible Velocity (fps) Bermuda 5 Bahia 4 Tall Fescue 4 Sericea Lespedeza Weeping Lovegrass 3 Stone center Design required Maximum bottom width of 50 feet unless multiple or divided waterways or other means are provided to control meandering of low flows within this limit. 8"-12" 6'-12' Excavated Channel 8"-12" RoOardigiSnuarlface Figure 1. Typical Vegetated Waterway or Stormwater Conveyance Channel Tile or other subsurface drainage measure shall be provided for sites having high water tables or seepage problems. Where there is base flow, a stone center or lined channel may be required. 121 Wt Disturbed areas must be stabilized with vegetation immediately following construction. Mulching is required for all seeded or sprigged channels. Erosion control fabrics which are designed to protect seed and slopes during the establishment of vegetation shall be used. If conditions permit, water should be temporarily diverted from the channel, or otherwise disposed of, during the establishment of vegetation. REFERENCES Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With mulching only) Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With temporary seeding) Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With permanent seeding) Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With sodding) 122 (This page left blank intentionally.) 123 O.C.G.A. 12-7-1 The Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975 as Amended HISTORY Georgia's Erosion and Sedimentation Act was passed in 1975 and became effective in 1977. It has been amended several times; in 1980, 1985, 1989, 1994, 1995 and 2000. The 1994 and 1995 amendments were significant in that the emphasis is now on Best Management Practices (BMPs) instead of water quality. AGENCIES This law specifically defines the duties of four separate and distinct agencies: 1. Local Issuing Authority (LIA). 2. The Environmental Protection Division (EPD) of the Department of Natural Resources (DNR). 3. The Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD). 4. The State Soil and Water Conservation Commission (SSWCC). Unnamed, but critically important to the program, is the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). 124 CERTIFICATION AS A LOCAL ISSUING AUTHORITY City and County governments may become LIAs by adopting ordinances and enforcing provisions of the Law for specific land-disturbing activities (LDA). By becoming a LIA, the local government may also issue LDA permits. Otherwise, the EPD will have permitting, inspection and enforcement authority within the local government's jurisdiction. Most metro governments have elected to become issuing authorities along with over 80 percent of the counties. Among smaller towns and cities, over 40 percent are issuing authorities. In fact, over 90 percent of Georgia's population resides where local governments have that responsibility. LAND-DISTURBING ACTIVITIES The Law defines a land-disturbing activity as: "Any land change which may result in soil erosion from water or wind and the movement of sediments into State Water or onto lands within the State including, but not limited to clearing, dredging, grading, excavating, transporting, and filling." EXEMPTED LAND-DISTURBING ACTIVITIES The Law contains certain exemptions. Permits for land-disturbing activities are not required for the following: 1. Surface mining. 2. Granite quarrying. 3. Minor land-disturbing activities such as home gardens, home landscaping, etc. 125 4. Construction of single-family residences for or by the owner. 5. Agricultural Practices. 6. Forestry Practices. 7. Projects of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 8. Projects of 1.1 acre or less (if not within 200' of State Waters). 9. Construction or maintenance projects by the Department of Transportation, the Georgia Highway Authority, or Georgia Tollway Authority and road construction and maintenance projects by counties and cities. 10. Any LDA by an EMC or municipal electrical system or public utility regulated by the Public Service Commission. 11. Public Water System Reservoirs Although permits are not required, exemptions 4, 8, 9, 10 and 11 must meet certain minimum requirements of the Law. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS The minimum requirements specified in the Law mandate that Best Management Practices (BMPs) be designed, installed and maintained in accordance with 16 sound conservation and engineering principals and accommodate up to and including a 25-year 24-hour rainfall event. BMPs are vegetative measures and structural practices that, when properly applied, will provide effective erosion and sedimentation control for all rainfall events. Some of the vegetative measures are temporary and permanent plants, mulches, and undisturbed buffers. 126 There are many structural practices including diversions, sediment barriers and basins, waterways, etc. Properly designed, installed and maintained BMPs constitute a total defense against punitive actions by the EPD and the Local Issuing Authority. Should BMPs fail under less than the 25-year 24-hour rainfall event, then land-disturbers are subject to penalties of up to $2,500 per day by the Issuing Authority and up to $50,000-100,000 per day for water quality violations under a different law, the Georgia Water Quality Control Act. The storm water from a construction site should not increase the turbidity of the receiving waters by more than 25 Nephlometric Turbidity Units (NTUs) on warm water streams or more than 10 NTUs on streams classified as "trout streams." CONSERVATION AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPALS The Law requires that BMPs conform to the criteria contained in the "big brother" of this Field Manual, The Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control in Georgia, which is published by the Conservation Commission. Additionally, the Law requires that BMPs conform to the following principals: 1. LDAs shall be conducted so as to minimize erosion. 2. Cut and fill operations must be kept to a minimum. 3. Development plans must conform to topography and soil type, so as to create the lowest practicable erosion potential. 4. Whenever feasible, natural vegetation shall be retained, protected and supplemented. 127 5. The disturbed area and the duration of exposure to erosive elements shall be kept to a practicable minimum. 6. Disturbed soil shall be stabilized as quickly as practicable. 7. Temporary vegetation or mulching shall be employed to protect exposed critical areas during development. 8. Permanent vegetation and structural erosion control measures must be installed as soon as practicable. 9. To the extent necessary, sediment in runoff water must be trapped by the use of debris basins, sediment basins, silt traps, or similar measures until the disturbed area is stabilized. A disturbed area is stabilized when it is brought to a condition of continuous compliance with the requirements of the Law. 10. Adequate provisions must be provided to minimize erosion damage to cut and fill slopes. 11. Cuts and fills may not endanger adjoining property. 12. Fills may not encroach upon natural watercourses or constructed channels so as to adversely affect other property owners. 13. Grading equipment must cross flowing streams using bridges or culverts, except when they are not feasible; provided, in any case, that such crossing must be kept to a minimum. 14. LDA plans for E&SC shall include BMPs for the treatment or control of any sediment sources. They must also show adequate BMPs to retain sediments on site or preclude sedimentation of adjacent 128 waters beyond the levels specified in section 12-7-6 (a) (2). 15. Except as provided in paragraph 16, LDAs shall not be conducted within 25 feet of the banks of any state waters, as measured horizontally from the point where vegetation has been wrested by normal stream flow or wave action, except where the Director of EPD allows a variance that is at least as protective of natural resources and the environment, or where a drainage structure or a roadway drainage structure must be constructed. Adequate erosion control measures must be incorporated in the project plans and implemented on site. Buffers of at least 25 feet established pursuant to provisions of the "Georgia Water Quality Control Act" shall remain in force unless a variance is granted by the Director. The following requirements shall apply to any such buffer: A. No LDAs shall be conducted within a buffer and a buffer shall remain undisturbed until all LDAs on the site are completed. Once the final stabilization of the site is achieved a buffer may be trimmed or thinned as long as long as the natural canopy is left in sufficient quantity. For single family construction, thinning or trimming of the buffer is allowed as long as the natural canopy is left in sufficient quantity. B. The granting or denial of a variance request by the Director is based on the specific criteria of the rules adopted by the Board. 16. LDAs shall not be conducted within 50 horizontal feet as measured from the point where vegetation has been wrested by 129 normal stream flow or wave action of any state waters classified as "trout streams" pursuant to the "Georgia Water Quality Control Act" except where a roadway Drainage structure must be constructed, provided that streams classified as trout streams which discharge an average annual flow of 25 gallons per minute or less may be piped by the landowner. See above sections A and B of paragraphs for buffer requirements. PLANS AND PERMITS Before a permit on non-exempt land-disturbing activities can be obtained, an application and Erosion and Sediment Control plan must be submitted to the Issuing Authority. The Issuing Authority must forward the plan to the local Soil and Water Conservation District for approval unless they have entered a Memorandum of Agreement with the local Soil and Water Conservation District. The Districts usually call on the State Soil and Water Conservation Commission or Natural Resources Conservation Service for technical assistance in plan reviews. The Law requires that a permit be issued or denied within 45 days after a complete application and plan are submitted. MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT A Local Issuing Authority can bypass the District plan review process by demonstrating that it has an effective program, has trained personnel and the capability to review plans. It can then petition the local SWCD to enter into a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). Most of Georgia's most populated counties and cities have elected to go this route. 130 The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit A related Federal and State program also regulates land disturbance activities (LDAs). The Federal Clean Water Act and the Georgia Water Quality Control Act require the operator of an LDA to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit. This NPDES Permit regulates the discharge of storm water from LDAs of five (5) acres or more, and smaller parcels within developments of five (5) acres or more. As is the case with LDA permits issued pursuant to the Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act, the NPDES Permit requires that Best Management Practices (BMPs) be employed. The BMPs are described in this Manual. Further information regarding the NPDES Permit can be obtained from the Environmental Protection Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. 131 Construction Checklist of "BMPs" And Minimum Requirements Project Name: File No.__________________________ Inspection Date:_____ Time:____ Inspected by:______ Stage of Construction ___Pre-Construction Phase ___Construction Phase ___Building Phase ___Final Stabilization Cd Check Dam Minimum Requirement CENTER: 9 inches lower than outer edges. Passed Failed SIDE SLOPES: 2.1 or flatter SPACING: Toe of upstream dam is at same elevation as the top of the downstream dam. GEOTEXTILE: Placed between the rock and its soil foundation. MAINTENANCE: Sediment removed when depth reaches 1/2 the original dam height. Dam removed and area stabilized when useful life has expired. 132 Ch Channel Stabilization Minimum Requirement INSTALLATION: Channel lining installed immediately after grading and vegetate all bare areas. Passed Failed RIPRAP LINING: Graded to 1.5:1 or less. A filter blanket, at least 6" thick, of sand, gravel, and/or geotextile material should be between soil and riprap. OUTLET: Adequate outlet for free flow of water from flood plains into channel. CLEARING: Objectionable materials removed from channel. As many trees preserved, as possible. BUFFERS: Buffers preserved by clearing for spoil placement on one side of channel only. Buffers reestablished with appropriate vegetation. MAINTENANCE: Inspected periodically and necessary repairs made immediately. Co Construction Exit AGGREGATE SIZE: 1.5 to 3.5 inches. PAD THICKNESS: 6-inch minimum. PAD WIDTH: 20 foot minimum. PAD LENGTH: 50 feet minimum. LOCATION: At all entrance/exit points. GEOTEXTILE: Placed full length and width of the entrance/exit. MAINTENANCE: Periodic top dressing with 1.5 to 3.5 inch stone as conditions demand. 133 Cr Construction Road Stabilization Minimum Requirement Passed Failed AGGREGATE SIZE: 1.5 to 3.5 inches. PAD THICKNESS: 8-10-inches. PAD WIDTH: 14 feet minimum. MAINTENANCE: Periodic top dressing with 1.5 to 3.5 inch stone as conditions demand. Dc Stream Diversion Channel SIZE: Channel width should be a minimum of 6 feet with side slopes no steeper than 2:1. LINING: The liner should consist of Geotextile (Dc-B) or class I riprap (Dc-C). MAINTENANCE: Inspected daily for construction material positioning. Di Diversion SITE PREPARATION: Trees, brush, stumps and other objectionable material have been removed. FILLS: All fills compacted. Unneeded excavated material disposed of and stabilized. Ridge should be at least 10 feet wide. Add 10% to height for settlement. STABILIZATION: Channel outlets require adequate vegetation, riprap, or pavement. MAINTENANCE: Inspected frequently and after each rainfall with necessary repairs made immediately. 134 Dn1 Downstream Structure Dn2 Minimum Requirement LOCATION: On undisturbed soil or well-compacted fill. Passed Failed OUTLET: Stabilized with rock riprap. PIPE: Heavy-duty flexible tubing staked at 10-foot intervals (Temporary Structure Dn1 ). Joints well- connected and watertight. MAINTENANCE: Checked after every rainfall with necessary repairs made promptly. Temporary structure removed when no longer needed. Exposed areas stabilized. Fr Filter Ring SIZE: At inlets with diameters less than 12 inches, the stone size should be 3-5 inches. SIZE: At inlets with diameters greater than 12 inches, the stone size should be 10-15 inches. HEIGHT: The filter ring should have a minimum height of 2 feet from grade. MAINTENANCE: The ring should be kept clear of trash and debris, and the sediment should be removed when one-half full. Ga Gabion DESIGN: Performed by a qualified professional familiar with the use of gabions. MAINTENANCE: Periodically inspected for signs of undercutting or excessive erosion. Gr Grade Stabilization Structure MATERIALS: Constructed of concrete, rock, masonry, steel, aluminum, or treated wood. 135 Minimum Requirement OUTLET: Adequate, stable outlet for discharges. Passed Failed VEGETATION: On all disturbed areas immediately. Maintenance: Periodically inspected for signs of undercutting or excessive erosion. Lv Level Spreader GRADE: No greater than 1 % for the last 15 feet of the dike or diversion. LENGTH: Determined by plan preparer from estimated storm flow. OUTLET: Discharges onto an undisturbed stabilized area to create uniform sheet flow. MAINTENANCE: No blockages at point of discharge. Mb Erosion Control Matting and Blankets INSTALLATION: According to manufacturer's specifications. Maintenance: check for slumping or failure of material. Rd Rock Filter Dam HEIGHT: Not higher than channel banks with dam center 6 inches lower than outer edges of dam. SIDE SLOPES: 2:1 or flatter. LOCATION: Located so that it will not cause flooding of upstream property. 136 Minimum Requirement ROCK SIZE: Determined by the design criteria established in the riprap section (Appendix C) of the E&SC Manual. Passed Failed TOP WIDTH: Should be no less than 6 feet. MAINTENANCE: Sediment removed when it reaches a depth of 1/2 the original height of dam. Dam removed at completion of its useful life. Re Retaining Wall SPECIFIC DESIGN: Performed by capable design engineer or architect. MAINTENANCE: Periodically inspected for signs of undercutting or excessive erosion. Rt Retrofitting HEIGHT: 1/2 the height of the stormwater management structure. HALF-ROUND PlPE: Diameter should be 1.5 times the principal pipe outlet diameter. SLOTTED BOARD DAM: Posts minimum size of 4"x4". 0.5 to 1 inch spacing between boards. STONE SIZE: 3 to 4 inch stone. POND INLET: Sediment entry point should be at opposite end of basin from outlet. If not, baffles should be installed. MAINTENANCE: Trash and debris hindering drainage has been removed. Sediment removed when structure is 1/3 full. Structure removed when project is stabilized. 137 Sd1 Sediment Barrier Minimum Requirement LOCATION: Intended for areas where sheet flow occurs. Not installed in areas of concentrated flow. Installed on contour. BRUSH: Windrowed on the contour and at the lower perimeter of site. Compacted, if necessary. Filter fabric added, if necessary, to increase efficiency. SILT FENCE: Verify fabric and post types. Entrenched 4-6" depending on fence type. Posts spaced at a maximum of 6'. HAYBALES: Embedded to a depth of 4". Secured with stakes or bars driven through bales. Passed Failed SAND BAGS: Flow between and beneath sandbags minimized. If height exceeds two (2) bags, staked with steel rods. MAINTENANCE: Sediment removed at 1/2 barrier capacity and disturbed area stabilized. Barrier removed at end of useful life. Sd2 Inlet Sediment Trap BLOCK: Blocks wrapped with fabric with #57 wash stone placed on front. GRAVEL: Minimum stone diameter of 3 inches on inlet side and #57 stone on opposite side at a thickness of 1 foot. FRAME AND FABRIC: Sturdy frame with fabric entrenched and pulled taut. MAINTENANCE: Sediment removed when 2/3 fence capacity is reached and stabilize loose soil material. Sd3 Temporary Sediment Basin LOCATION: Not located in a live stream. PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY PIPE: Pipe extended beyond downstream toe of the fill. All pipe joints watertight. 138 Minimum Requirement RISER: 1/2 inch perforations 3 inches apart covered with two feet of 1/2 to 3/ 4 inch stone. Trash rack installed. Passed Failed EMERGENCY SPILLWAY: installed in undisturbed soil. Minimum bottom width of 8 feet. Stabilized with vegetation, riprap, or concrete. MAINTENANCE: All damages to structure repaired before day's end. Sediment removed when storage capacity has been reduced by 1/3. Sr Temporary Stream Crossing SIZE: Large enough to convey the full bank flow of the stream without appreciably altering the stream flow characteristics. OVERFLOW PROTECTION: Elevated crossings, crown fills over pipes, diversions or dikes. MAINTENANCE: Inspected after every rainfall or at least once a week with repairs made immediately. St Storm Drain Outlet Protection ALIGNMENT: Contains no bends and aligns with receiving channel. SUBGRADE: Constructed on 0.0% grade. Invert and outlet at same elevation as bottom of receiving channel. Compacted fill required. FILTER: Gravel filter or geotextile installed between riprap and subgrade. Gravel filter should be properly graded and geotextiles installed in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. MINIMUM DIMENSIONS: Thickness = 3x's max. rock diameter; Width = 3x's outlet pipe diameter; Length = 6x's outlet pipe diameter. MAINTENANCE: inspect riprap outlet structures for any dislodged stones causing erosion. Repairs made immediately. Su Surface Roughening SLOPES STEEPER THAN 3:1: Roughened by either stair-step grading, grooving, furrowing, or tracking. Areas to be mowed should have small furrows only. 139 Minimum Requirement SLOPES FLATTER THAN 3:1: Soils loosened to a depth of 2 to 4 inches. Passed Failed STAIR-STEPPING: Stair-steps should have maximum width of 40"-50" and a maximum depth of 30"-40". GROOVING: Installed by equipment operating on the contour (across the slope). Maximum top width of 12"-15" and minimum depth of 3 inches for grooves. TRACKING: Tracked equipment operated up and down slope. Heavy clay soils may not track well. VEGETATION: Seed, mulch, lime, and fertilizer applied immediately after roughening. Tp Topsoiling STRIPPING: Confined to the immediate construction area. Only friable, loamy topsoil stripped. Objectionable rock and roots removed. STOCKPILES: Vegetated and mulched and located in areas not obstructing natural drainage. SPREADING: Areas prepared by tilling or scarifying. Lime and fertilizer added as required. Topsoil handled when it is not too wet. A 5 inch depth of loose soil is desirable. VEGETATION: Vegetation and mulch applied immediately. Wt Vegetated Waterway CHANNEL: Free of all trees, rocks, brush, and other debris. Shaped to desired cross-section. Protected from erosion during establishment by diversions, geotextiles, etc. FILL MATERIAL: Compacted. Excess fill material disposed of in a suitable manner and vegetated. VEGETATION: Seed, mulch, lime and fertilizer applied immediately. 140 Bf Buffer Zone Minimum Requirement WIDTH: Minimum of 25 feet on all state waters; 50 feet on streams designated as "Trout Waters" unless variance is obtained. See Law for specifics. MAINTENANCE: Buffers protected from equipment encroachment. Sediment removed when effectiveness is lost. Passed Failed Cs Coastal Dune Stabilization LOCATION: 100 feet from mean high tide line. POSTS: Minimum length of 7' with minimum diameter of three inches; slats spaced approximately 1 1/4 inches apart. SPACING: Two or more parallel 4-foot high fences spaced from 30 to 40 feet apart. PLACEMENT: 30-foot sections of fence installed perpendicular to the prevailing winds. VEGETATION: Installed immediately following dune development. Mulch applied and irrigated, if necessary. PRESERVATION: Dunes protected from human and vehicular traffic. Ds1 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Mulching Only) SOIL PREPARATION: Loosed to a depth of 3", if possible. ANCHORING: Mulch anchored with a "packer disk" or with an emulsifier. EMULSIFIER MIXTURE: 100 gallons of emulsifier per ton of mulch. MATERIALS AND RELATED DEPTHS: Straw or hay - 2" to 4" depth. Pine needles - 4" to 6" depth. Wood chips, sawdust - 2" to 3" depth. Shredded leaves - 2" to 3" depth. 141 Minimum Requirement COMMERCIAL MATTING OR NETTING: Followed manufacturer's specifications. Passed Failed Ds2 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Temporary Seeding) SEEDBED PREPARATION: Soil should be loose and friable. LIME AND FERTILIZER: Fertilizer may be needed when low fertility conditions exist (500-700 pounds of 10-10-10 per acre). SEEDING: Vegetation selected is suitable to the area and season of the year. GERMINATION: Tag on bag should be checked and a simple germination test should preclude plantings. MULCH: Placed after seeding to retain moisture and protect seed. Ds3 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Permanent Vegetation) SEEDBED PREPARATION: Needed when the soil has been sealed from crusting or when conventional seeding is used. LIME AND FERTILIZER: Rates of 1-2 tons of lime per acre with fertilizer rates following Field Manual recommendations. SEEDING: Refer to appropriate planting tables. Companion crops may be required for areas needing quick cover. INOCULANTS: All legume seed should be inoculated and careful attention given to it's handling. MULCH: Dry straw applied at a rate of 2 tons per acre, and dry hay at a rate of 2 1/2 tons per acre. 75% of soil surface covered. MULCH ANCHORING: 100 gallons emulsified asphalt per ton of mulch, "packer disk," or synthetic netting. 142 Minimum Requirement MOWING: 6" minimum height maintained. Passed Failed FUTURE FERTILIZER RATES: Refer to the Manual for second year fertilizer rates. Ds4 Disturbed Area Stabilization (With Sodding) SURFACE: Surface at final grade. Surface clear of trash and other objects larger than 1 inch. INSTALLATION: Sod applied to soil surface only (not to frozen or graveltype soils). Certified sod cut used within 36 hours. LIME AND FERTILIZER: Based on soil test. Applied according to recommendations. ANCHORING: Anchored with pins if slopes are steeper than 3:1. IRRIGATION: Rainfall supplemented with irrigation, if necessary. Du Dust Control METHODS: Mulch, vegetation or tackifiers applied or surface sprayed with water until it is thoroughly wet. Sb Streambank Stabilization (Using Permanent Vegetation) DESIGN: Designed and installed by professionals familiar with process. MATERIALS: None used that could be poisonous to fish and aquatic life (i.e. asphalt, wood treated with creosote) RUNOFF: Intensive runoff diverted from the area being treated. SIDE SLOPE: 2:1 or flatter. Refer to Guidelines for recommended slope lengths. 143 Minimum Requirement WORK SEQUENCE: Work starts upstream at a stable point along the bank. STAKE HEALTH: Cut with a saw. Planted same day as prepared. Buds upward. Split, stripped, and mushroomed cuttings replaced. STAKE INSTALLATION: Begins at water's edge and works up the bank. Passed Failed VEGETATION: Native trees and shrubs. Failures fixed at once with structural materials or new plants, mulching if necessary. INSPECTION: Checked regularly for wash-outs, undercutting, unhealthy vegetation, especially after heavy rains. Make necessary repairs immediately. Tb Tackifiers and Binders SPECIFICATIONS: Tackifiers and Binders are used to anchor wood cellulose, wood pulp fiber, and other mulch materials applied with hydroseeding equipment. 144 ACTIONS TAKEN ___ Verbal Warning Issued Date: ______ ___ Stop Work Order Issued Date: ______ ___ Citation Issued Date: ______ Comments: 145 GLOSSARY The list of terms that follows is representative of those used by soil scientists, engineers, developers, conservationist planners, etc. The terms are not necessarily used in the text, nonetheless they are in common use in conversation matters. AASHTO CLASSIFICATION (soil engineering) -- The official classification of soil materials and soil aggregate mixtures for highway construction used by the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. ACID SOIL -- Soil with a pH value less than 7.0. The term is usually applied to the surface layer or to the root zone unless specified otherwise. ACRE-FOOT -- The volume of water that will cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot. ALKALINE SOIL -- A soil that has a pH greater than 7.0, particularly above 7.3. ALLUVIAL -- Pertaining to material that is transported and deposited by running water. ANTI-SEEP COLLAR -- A device constructed around a pipe or other conduit and placed through a dam, levee or dike for the purpose of reducing seepage losses and piping failures. ANTI-VORTEX DEVICE -- A facility placed at the entrance to a pipe conduit structure, such as a drop inlet spillway or hood inlet spillway, to prevent air from entering the structure when the pipe is flowing full. APRON (soil engineering)-- A floor or lining to protect a surface from erosion. An example is the pavement below chutes, spillways, or at the toes of dams. AUXILIARY SPILLWAY -- A dam spillway built to carry runoff in excess of that carried by the principal spillway. See Emergency Spillway. BACKFILL -- The material used to refill a ditch or other excavation, or the process of doing so. BEDLOAD -- The sediment that moves by sliding, rolling or bounding on or very near the streambed. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) -- A collection of structural practices and vegetative measures which, when properly designed, installed and maintained, will provide effective erosion and sedimentation control for all rainfall events up to and including a 25-year, 24-hour rainfall event. BORROW AREA -- A source of earth fill material. BRUSH MATTING -- (1) A matting of branches placed on badly eroded land to conserve moisture and reduce erosion while trees or other vegetative covers are being established. (2) A matting of mesh wire and brush used to retard stream bank erosion. 146 CHANNEL -- A natural stream that conveys water; a ditch or channel excavated for the flow of water. See Watercourse. CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT -- The improvement of the flow characteristics of a channel by clearing, excavating, realignment, lining, or other means. CHANNEL SLOPE -- Natural or excavated sides (banks) of a watercourse. CHANNEL STABILIZATION -- Erosion prevention and stabilization of velocity distribution in a channel using jetties, drops, revetments, vegetation, and other measures. COMPACTION -- The process by which soil grains are rearranged to decrease void space and bring them into closer contact with one another, thereby increasing the weight of solid material per cubic foot. CONDUIT - - Any channel intended for the conveyance of water, whether open or closed. CONSERVATION -- The protection, improvement and use of natural resources according to principles that will assure their highest economic or social benefit. CONSERVATION DISTRICT -- An agency of state government created to develop and carry out a program of soil, water and related resource conservation use and development within its boundaries. CONTOUR -- (1) An imaginary line on the surface of the earth connecting points of the same elevation. (2) A line drawn on a map connecting points of the same elevation. COVER CROP -- A close growing crop protecting and improving soil between periods of permanent vegetation. CRITICAL AREA -- A severely eroded, sediment-producing area that requires special management to establish and maintain vegetation. CUT -- A portion of land surface or area from which earth has been removed or will be removed by excavation; the depth below the original ground surface to the excavated surface. Syn. Excavation. CUT-AND-FILL - - Process of earth moving by excavating part of an area and using the excavated material for adjacent embankments or fill areas. CUTOFF -- A wall, collar or other structure, such as a trench, filled with relatively impervious material intended to reduce seepage of water through porous strata. DAM -- A barrier to confine or raise water for storage or diversion. DEBRIS -- The loose material arising from the disintegration of rocks and vegetative material; transportable by streams, ice, or floods. DEBRIS DAM -- A barrier built across a stream channel to retain rock, sand, gravel, silt, or other material. DEGRADATION -- To wear down by erosion, especially through stream action. DESIGN LIFE -- The period of time for which a facility is expected to perform its intended function. 147 DESILTING AREA -- An area of grass, shrubs or other vegetation used for deposition of silt and other debris from flowing water. DETENTION DAM -- A dam constructed for the purpose of temporary storage of streamflow or surface runoff and for releasing the stored water at controlled rates. DISCHARGE (hydraulics) -- The volume of fluid passing a point per unit time, commonly expressed as cubic feet per second, million gallons per day, gallons per minute, or cubic meters per second. DIVERSION -- A channel, with or without a supporting ridge on the lower side, constructed across the top or bottom of a slope to intercept surface runoff. DIVERSION DAM -- A barrier built to divert part or all of the water from a stream into a different course. DRAIN -- (1) A buried pipe or other conduit (closed drain). (2) A ditch (open drain) for carrying off surplus surface water or groundwater. (3) To provide channels, such as open ditches or closed drains, so that excess water can be removed by surface flow or by internal flow. (4) To lose water (from the soil) by percolation. DRAINAGE -- (1) The removal of excess surface water or ground water from land by means of surface or subsurface drains. (2) Soil characteristics that affect natural drainage. DROP-INLET SPILLWAY -- An overfall in which the water drops through a vertical riser connected to a discharge conduit. DROP SPILLWAY -- An overfall structure in which the water drops over a vertical wall onto an apron at a lower elevation. DROP STRUCTURE -- A structure for dropping water to a lower level and dissipating its surplus energy; a fall. A drop may be vertical or inclined. EARTH DAM -- Dam constructed of compacted soil material. EMBANKMENT -- A man-made deposit of soil, rock, or other material used to form an impoundment. EMERGENCY SPILLWAY -- A spillway used to carry runoff exceeding a given design flood. Syn. Auxiliary Spillway. ENERGY DISSIPATOR -- A device used to reduce the energy of flowing water. ERODIBLE (geology and soils) -- Susceptible to erosion. EROSION -- (1) The wearing away of the land surface by running water, wind, ice, or other geological agents, including such processes as gravitational creep. (2) Detachment and movement of soil or rock fragments by water, wind, ice or gravity. The following terms are used to describe different types of water erosion: ACCELERATED EROSION -- Erosion much more rapid than normal, primarily as a result of the influence of the activities of man. GEOLOGICAL EROSION -- The normal or natural erosion caused by geological processes acting over long geologic periods. 148 GULLY EROSION -- The erosion process whereby water accumulates in narrow channels and, over short periods, removes the soil from this narrow area. NATURAL EROSION -- Wearing away of the Earth's surface by water, ice, or other natural agents under natural environmental conditions. NORMAL EROSION -- The gradual erosion of land used by man which does not greatly exceed natural erosion. RILL EROSION - An erosion process in which numerous small channels, only several inches deep, occur mainly on recently disturbed and exposed soils. SHEET EROSION - The removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil from the land surface by runoff water. SPLASH EROSION - The spattering of small soil particles caused by the impact of raindrops on wet soils. EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PLAN - A plan for the control of erosion and sediment resulting from a land-disturbing activity. EROSIVE - Having sufficient velocity to cause erosion; refers to wind or water. Not to be confused with erodible as a quality of soil. EXISTING GRADE -- The vertical location of the existing ground surface prior to cutting or filling. FERTILIZER -- Any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin that is added to a soil to supply elements essential to growth. FERTILIZER ANALYSIS -- The percentage composition of fertilizer, expressed in terms of nitrogen (N), phosphoric acid (P), and potash (K). FILLING -- The placement of any soil or other solid material, either organic or inorganic, on a natural ground surface or an excavation. FILTER STRIP -- A long, narrow vegetative planting used to retard or collect sediment. FINAL CUT -- The last cut or line of excavation made when mining a specific property or area. FINISHED GRADE -- The final grade or elevation of the ground surface. FLOODPLAIN -- Nearly level land situated on either side of a channel subject to overflow flooding. FREEBOARD (hydraulics) -- Vertical distance between the maximum water surface elevation anticipated in design and the top of retaining banks or structures. Provided to prevent overtopping because of unforeseen conditions. GEOTEXTILE -- A term used to describe woven or nonwoven fabric materials used to reinforce or separate soil and other materials. GRADE -- (1) The slope of a road, channel, or natural ground. (2) The finished surface of a canal bed, roadbed, top of embankment, or bottom of excavation; any surface prepared for the support of construction like paving or laying a conduit. (3) To finish the surface of a canal bed, roadbed, top of embankment, or bottom of excavation. 149 GRADE STABILIZATION STRUCTURE -- A structure stabilizing the grade of a gully or other watercourse, thereby preventing further headcutting or lowering of the channel grade. GRADIENT -- Change of elevation, velocity, pressure or other characteristics per unit length; slope. GRADING -- Altering surfaces to specified elevations, dimensions, and/or slopes. GRASSED WATERWAY -- A natural or constructed waterway, usually broad and shallow, covered with erosionresistant grasses, used to conduct surface water from cropland. GULLY -- A channel or miniature valley cut by concentrated runoff sufficiently deep that it would not be obliterated by normal tillage operations, whereas a rill is of lesser depth and would be smoothed out by use of ordinary tillage equipment. INTERMITTENT STREAM -- A stream, or portion of a stream, that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It receives little or no water from springs and no long-continued supply from melting snow or other sources. It is dry for a large part of the year, ordinarily more than three months. LAND-DISTURBING ACTIVITY (LDA) -- Any land change which may result in soil erosion from water or wind and the movement of sediments into State water or onto lands within the State, including, but not limited to, clearing, dredging, grading, excavating, transporting, and filling of land. LEGUME -- A member of the legume or pulse family, such as the peas, beans, peanuts, clover, alfalfas, sweet clovers, lespedezas, vetches and kudzu. Practically all legumes are nitrogen-fixing plants. LEVEL SPREADER -- A shallow channel excavation at the outlet end of a diversion with a level section for the purpose of diffusing the diversion outflow. LIME -- From the strictly chemical standpoint, refers to only one compound, calcium oxide (CaO); however, the term "lime" can include a great variety of materials which are usually composed of the oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of calcium or of calcium and magnesium. LITTER -- A surface layer of loose organic debris in forests consisting of freshly fallen or slightly decomposed organic materials. MULCH -- A natural or artificial layer of plant residue or other materials, such as sand or paper, on the soil surface. OUTLET -- Point of water disposal from a stream, river, lake, tidewater, or artificial dam. OUTLET CHANNEL -- A waterway constructed or altered primarily to carry water from man-made structures, such as terraces, tile lines, and diversions. PEAK DISCHARGE -- The maximum instantaneous flow from a given storm condition at a specific location. PERMEABILITY, SOIL -- The quality of soil that enables water or air to move through it. 150 pH -- A numerical measure of the acidity or hydrogen ion activity. The neutral point is pH 7.0. All pH values below 7.0 are acid and all above are alkaline. PIPE DROP -- A circular conduit used to convey water down steep grades. PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY -- A water-conveying device designed to regulate the normal water level. PURE LIVE SEED (PLS) -- A term used to express the quality of seed, even if it is not shown on the label. Expressed as a percentage of the seeds that are pure and will germinate. Determined by multiplying the percent of pure seed times the percent of germination and dividing by 100. Example: Common bermuda seed: 70% germination, 80% purity. PLS =70% germination * 80% purity 100 PLS = 56/100 =.56 = 56% RILL -- A small intermittent watercourse with steep sides, usually only a few inches deep. RIPRAP -- Broken rocks, cobbles, or boulders placed on earth surfaces, such as the face of a dam or the bank of a stream for protection against the action of water. RISER -- The inlet portions of a drop inlet spillway that extend vertically from the pipe conduit barrel to the water surface. ROCK-FILL DAM -- A dam composed of loose rock usually dumped in place, often with the upstream part constructed of hand-placed or derrick-placed rock, and faced with rolled earth or with an impervious surface of concrete, timber, or steel. RUNOFF (hydraulics) -- That portion of the precipitation on a drainage area that is discharged from the area in stream channels. SCARIFY -- To abrade, scratch or modify the surface; for example, to scratch the impervious seed coat of a hard seed or to break the surface of the soil with a narrowbladed instrument. SEDIMENT -- Solid material, both mineral and organic, that is in suspension, is being transported, or has been moved from its site of origin by air, water, gravity, or ice as a product of erosion. SEDIMENT BASIN -- A depression formed from the construction of a barrier or dam built at a suitable location to retain sediment and debris. SEEDBED -- The soil prepared by natural or artificial means to promote the germination of seed and the growth of seedlings. SHEET FLOW -- Water, usually storm runoff, flowing in a thin layer over the ground surface; also called overland flow. SIDE SLOPE -- Generic term used to describe the slope of earth-moving operations, generally stated in horizontal to vertical ratio. 151 SILT -- (1) A soil separate consisting of particles between 0.05 and 0.02 millimeter in equivalent diameter. (2) A soil textural class. SLOPE -- The degree of deviation of a surface from horizontal, measured in numerical ratio, percent, or degrees. Expressed as a ratio or percentage, the first number is the horizontal distance (run) and the second is the vertical distance (rise), as 2:1 or 50 percent (rise/run X 100%). Expressed in degrees, it is the angle of the slope from the horizontal plane with a 90 degree slope being vertical (maximum) and 45 degrees being a 1:1 slope. SOIL -- The unconsolidated mineral and organic material on the immediate surface of the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants. SPILLWAY -- An open or closed channel, or both, used to convey excess water from a reservoir. SPOIL -- Soil or rock material excavated from a canal, ditch, basin, or similar construction. STABILIZATION -- The process of establishing an enduring soil cover of vegetation and/or mulch or other ground cover in combination with installing temporary or permanent structures to minimize transport of sediment by wind, water, ice, or gravity. STABILIZED GRADE -- The slope of a channel at which neither erosion, nor deposition, occurs. STAGE (hydraulics) -- The variable water surface or the water surface elevation above any chosen datum STATE SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION COMMISSION -- The State agency established by the Soil and Water Conservation District Enabling Act to administer that law. STORM DRAIN OUTLET PROTECTION -- A device used to dissipate the energy of flowing water. STORM FREQUENCY -- An expression or measure of how often a hydrologic event of a given size or magnitude should on an average occur, based on a reasonable sample. STREAMBANKS -- The usual boundaries, not the flood boundaries, of a stream channel. Right and left banks are named facing downstream. STRUCTURAL PRACTICES -- Soil and water conservation measures, other than vegetation, utilizing the mechanical properties of matter to change the surface of the land to store, regulate, or dispose of runoff to prevent excessive sediment loss. This includes, but is not limited to, riprap, sediment basins, dikes, level spreaders, waterways or outlets, diversions, grade stabilization structures, sediment traps, land grading, etc. SUBWATERSHED -- A watershed subdivision of unspecified size that forms a convenient natural unit. TILTH -- A soil's physical condition as related to its ease to work (till). TOPSOIL -- Earthy material used as top-dressing for house lots, grounds for large buildings, gardens, road cuts or similar areas. It has favorable characteristics for production of desired kinds of vegetation or can be made favorable. 152 TRASH RACK - - A structural device used to prevent debris from entering a spillway or other hydraulic structure. UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (engineering) - A classification system based on the identification of soils according to their particle size, gradation, plasticity index, and liquid limit. UNIFORM FLOW -- A state of steady flow when the mean velocity and cross-sectional area are equal to all sections of each. VEGETATIVE MEASURES -- Stabilization of erosive or sediment-producing areas by covering the soil with: (a) permanent seeding, producing long-term vegetative cover or (b) short-term seeding, producing temporary vegetative cover or (c) sodding, producing areas covered with a turf or perennial sod, forming grass. WATER CONSERVATION -- The physical control, protection, management, and use of water resources in such a way as to maintain maximum sustained benefits to people, agriculture, industry, commerce and other segments of the economy. WATERCOURSE -- Any natural or artificial watercourse, stream, river, creek, channel, ditch, canal, conduit, drain, waterway, gully, ravine, or wash in which water flows either continuously or intermittently, and which has a definite channel, bed and banks, including any area adjacent thereto subject to inundation by reason of overflow or floodwater. WATERSHED AREA -- All land and water within the confines of a drainage divide, or a water problem-area consisting in whole, or in part, of land needing drainage or irrigation. WEIR -- Device for measuring or regulating the flow of water. This glossary was compiled from definitions supplied by the Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil and Water Conservation Society of America, Resource Conservation Glossary and other state and federal publications. 153 (This page left blank intentionally.) 154 Georgia Points of Contact 155 GEORGIA SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION COMMISSION REGIONAL OFFICES Dade Catoosa Fannin Walker Whitfield Murray Gilmer Chattooga Gordon Pickens REGION 1 Floyd Bartow Cherokee Union Towns Rabun Lumpkin White Habersham Stephens Dawson Forsyth Hall Banks Franklin REGION 2 Jackson Madison Hart Elbert Polk Haralson Paulding Cobb Gwinnett REGION 3 Dekalb Douglas Fulton Barrow Walton Clarke Oglethorpe Oconee Wilkes Lincoln Rockdale Carroll Heard Troup Clayton Fayette Coweta Henry Spalding Meriwether Pike Lanier Upson Newton Morgan Greene Teliaferro Columbia Warren McDuffie Butts Jasper Putnam Hancock REGION 4 Glascock Baldwin Jefferson Monroe Jones Washington Richmond Burke Harris Muscogee Talbot Bibb Crawford Taylor Peach Wilkinson Twiggs Johnson Jenkins Screven Emanuel Marion Chattahoochee Macon Houston Bleckley Laurens Treutlen Bulloch Chandler Effingham Stewart Quitman Schley Webster Sumter Dooly REGION 5 Crisp Pulaski Wilcox Dodge Randolph Terrell Lee Turner Ben Hill Clay Calhoun Dougherty Worth Irwin Tift Montgomery Wheeler Telfair Jeff Davis Toombs Evans Tattnall REGION 6 Appling Long Bryan Liberty Coffee Bacon Wayne McIntosh Early Baker Miller Mitchell Colquitt Berrien Atkinson Cook Seminol Decatur Grady Thomas Brooks Lanier Clinch Lowndes Echols Pierce Ware Brantley Glynn Charlton Camden Chatham Region 1 700 East 2nd Avenue, Suite J Rome, Georgia 30161-3359 Phone: 706-295-6131 Region 3 1500 Klondike Road Suite A109 Conyers, Georgia 30094 Phone: 770-761-3020 Region 5 2700 Palmyra Road Albany, Georgia 31707-1845 Phone: 229-430-4408 Region 2 P.O. Box 8024 Athens, Georgia 30603 Phone: 706-542-9233 Region 4 3014 Heritage Road, Suite 1 Milledgeville, Georgia 31061 Phone: 478-445-5766 Region 6 117 Savannah Avenue Stateboro, Georgia 30458 Phone: 912-681-5241 156 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Dade Catoosa Fannin Walker Whitfield Murray Gilmer Chattooga Gordon Pickens Floyd Bartow Cherokee Union Towns Rabun Lumpkin White Habersham Stephens Dawson Forsyth Hall Banks Franklin Hart Polk Haralson Cobb Gwinnett PauMldingountain District Douglas Fulton Dekalb Jackson Madison Elbert NREegGioenorgia Barrow Clarke Oglethorpe Oconee Walton Wilkes Lincoln Rockdale Carroll Heard Coweta Clayton Fayette Henry Spalding Newton Morgan Greene Teliaferro Columbia Butts Jasper Putnam Hancock Warren McDuffie Glascock Richmond Troup Meriwether Pike Lanier Upson Monroe Jones Baldwin Washington Jefferson Burke Harris Muscogee Bibb Middle Talbot Georgia Crawford Wilkinson RegTaiyloor n Twiggs Peach East Central Johnson Jenkins Screven DistrictEmanuel Marion Chattahoochee Macon Houston Bleckley Laurens Treutlen Bulloch Chandler Effingham Stewart Schley Webster Sumter Quitman Dooly Pulaski Dodge Crisp Wilcox Randolph Terrell Lee SW GeorgiaTurner Clay Region Calhoun Dougherty Worth Tift Ben Hill Irwin Montgomery Wheeler Telfair Jeff Davis Toombs Evans Bryan Coastal Tattnall District Liberty Appling Long Coffee Bacon Wayne McIntosh Early Baker Miller Seminol Decatur Mitchell Grady Berrien Atkinson Colquitt Cook Thomas Brooks Lanier Clinch Lowndes Echols Pierce Ware Brantley Glynn Charlton Camden Chatham Mountain District (Mail) P.O. Box 3250 Cartersville, Georgia 30120 (Street) 16 Center Road Cartersville, Georgia 30121 Phone:770-387-4900 Tradeport Office Park, Suite 114 4244 International Parkway Atlanta, Georgia 30354 Phone: 404-362-2671 Middle Georgia Region 2640 Shurling Drive Macon, Georgia 31211 Phone: 478-751-6612 Southwest Georgia Region 2024 Newton Road Albany, Georgia 31701 Phone: 229-430-4144 Northeast Georgia Region 745 Gaines School Road Athens, Georgia 30605 Phone: 706-369-6376 East Central District 1885 Tobacco Road Augusta, Georgia 30906 Phone: 706-792-7744 Coastal District One Conservation Way Brunswick, Geogia 31520 Phone: 912-264-7284 Abercorn Center 6555 Abercorn Street Suite 130 Savannah, Georgia 31405 Phone: 912-353-3225 157 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES WILDLIFE RESOURCES DIVISION FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SECTION Dade Catoosa Fannin Walker Whitfield Murray Gilmer Chattooga Gordon Pickens Floyd Bartow Cherokee Region 1 Union Towns Rabun Habersham White Lumpkin Stephens Region 2 Dawson Hall Banks Franklin Hart Forsyth Jackson Madison Elbert Polk Haralson Paulding Cobb Douglas Fulton Gwinnett Barrow Dekalb Walton Clarke Oglethorpe Oconee Region 3 Wilkes Lincoln Rockdale Carroll Clayton Fayette Henry Coweta Heard Region 4 Spalding Newton Morgan Greene Teliaferro Columbia Butts Jasper Putnam Hancock Warren McDuffie Glascock Richmond Troup Meriwether Pike Lanier Upson Monroe Jones Baldwin Washington Jefferson Burke Harris Muscogee Talbot Crawford Bibb Taylor Peach Wilkinson Twiggs Johnson Jenkins Screven Emanuel Marion Chattahoochee Macon Houston Bleckley Laurens Treutlen Bulloch Chandler Effingham Schley Stewart Webster Sumter Region 5 Quitman Randolph Terrell Lee Clay Calhoun Dougherty Dooly Pulaski Dodge Wheeler Toombs Evans Bryan Crisp Wilcox Telfair Turner Worth Tift Ben Hill Jeff Davis Appling Irwin Coffee Region 6 Bacon Tattnall Liberty Long Region 7 Wayne McIntosh Montgomery Early Baker Miller Seminol Decatur Mitchell Grady Berrien Atkinson Colquitt Cook Thomas Brooks Lanier Clinch Lowndes Echols Pierce Ware Brantley Glynn Charlton Camden Chatham Region 1 -- Northwestern P.O. Box 519 Calhoun, Georgia 30703 Phone: 706-629-1259 Region 3 -- East Central 2123 U.S. Highway 278, S.E. Social Circle, Georgia 30025 Phone: 770-918-6418 Region 5 -- Southwestern 2024 Newton Road Albany, Georgia 31701 Phone: 229-430-4256 Region 7 -- Coastal 22814 Highway 144 Richmond Hill, Georgia 31324 Phone: 912-727-2112 Region 2 -- Northeastern 2150 Dawsonville Highway Gainesville, Georgia 30501 Phone: 770-535-5498 Region 4 -- West Central 1014 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. Fort Valley, Georgia 31030 Phone: 478-825-6151 Region 6 -- South Central P.O. Box 2089 Waycross, Georgia 31502 Phone: 912-285-6094 158 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT OFFICES Dade Catoosa Whitfield Murray Fannin Union Towns Rabun Walker Gilmer White Habersham District 6 Chattooga Gordon Pickens Lumpkin Stephens Dawson Floyd Bartow Cherokee District 1 Forsyth Banks Hall Franklin Hart Jackson Madison Elbert Polk Haralson Carroll Paulding Cobb Gwinnett Barrow District 7 Douglas Dekalb Fulton Clayton Rockdale Walton Newton Clarke Oconee Morgan Oglethorpe Wilkes Lincoln Greene Teliaferro McDuffie Columbia Heard Coweta Fayette Henry Spalding Butts Jasper Putnam Hancock Warren Glascock Richmond Troup Meriwether Pike Lanier Monroe Jones District 2 Baldwin Jefferson Burke Washington Upson Bibb District 3 Harris Talbot Crawford Wilkinson Twiggs Johnson Jenkins Muscogee Taylor Peach Emanuel Screven Marion Chattahoochee Macon Houston Bleckley Laurens Treutlen Bulloch Chandler Effingham Montgomery Stewart Schley Webster Sumter Quitman Randolph Terrell Lee Dooly Pulaski Dodge Wheeler Crisp Wilcox Telfair Turner Ben Hill Jeff Davis Toombs Evans Tattnall Bryan Appling Long Liberty Clay Calhoun Dougherty Worth Early DBakierstrict 4 Miller Mitchell Colquitt Irwin Tift Berrien Cook Coffee Atkinson District 5 Bacon Wayne McIntosh Pierce Ware Brantley Glynn Seminole Decatur Grady Lanier Thomas Brooks Lowndes Clinch Charlton Camden Echols Chatham District 1 -- Gainesville, GA P.O. Box 1057 Gainesville, Georgia 30503 Phone: 770-532-5526 District 3 -- Thomaston, GA 715 Andrews Drive Thomaston, Georgia 30286 Phone: 706-646-6500 District 5 -- Jesup, GA 204 North Highway 301 P.O. Box 608 Jesup, Georgia 31546 Phone: 912-427-5711 District 7 -- Chamblee, GA 5025 New Peachtree Road, N.E. Chamblee, Georgia 30341 Phone: 770-986-1001 District 2 -- Tennille, GA 801 Fourth Street P.O. Box 8 Tennille, Georgia 31089 Phone: 912-552-4600 District 4 -- Tifton, GA 710 West Second Street P.O. Box 7510 Tifton, Georgia 31793-7510 Phone: 229-386-3300 District 6 -- Cartersville, GA 500 Joe Frank Harris Pkwy, S.E. P.O. Box 10 Cartersville, Georgia 30120 Phone: 770-387-3602 159 GEORGIA FORESTRY COMMISSION WATER QUALITY DISTRICTS Dade Catoosa Fannin Walker Whitfield Murray Gilmer Union Towns Rabun Habersham White Lumpkin Stephens Chattooga Gordon Pickens District 1 District 2 Dawson Banks Franklin Hall Hart Floyd Bartow Cherokee Forsyth Jackson Madison Elbert Polk Haralson Carroll Paulding Cobb Douglas Gwinnett Barrow Clarke Oconee Oglethorpe District 3 Dekalb Walton Wilkes Rockdale Fulton Clayton Newton Morgan Greene Teliaferro Lincoln McDuffie Columbia Fayette Henry Coweta Heard Spalding Butts District 4 Jasper Putnam Hancock Warren Richmond Glascock District 6 Troup Meriwether Pike Lanier Monroe Jones Baldwin Jefferson Burke Washington Upson District 5 Harris Talbot Crawford Bibb Wilkinson Johnson Jenkins Screven Twiggs Muscogee Taylor Peach Emanuel Marion Chattahoochee Macon Schley Stewart Webster Sumter District 7 Montgomery Houston Bleckley Laurens Treutlen District 11 Dooly Pulaski Dodge Wheeler Toombs Crisp Wilcox Telfair Chandler Bulloch Effingham District 10 Evans Bryan Tattnall Chatham Quitman Liberty Randolph Terrell Lee Turner Ben Hill Jeff Davis Appling Long Clay Calhoun Dougherty DistrictIrw8in Worth Tift Coffee Bacon Wayne McIntosh Early Miller Baker Mitchell Colquitt Berrien Cook Pierce Atkinson District 12 Brantley Ware District 9 Seminole Decatur Grady Thomas Brooks Lanier Clinch Charlton Lowndes Echols Glynn Camden District 1 -- Rome, GA Phone: 706-295-6021 District 3 -- Athens, GA Phone: 706-542-6880 District 5 -- Milledgeville, GA Phone: 478-445-5164 District 7 -- Americus, GA Phone: 229-931-2436 District 9 -- Camilla, GA Phone: 229-522-3580 District 11 -- McRae, GA Phone: 912-868-5649 District 2 -- Gainesville, GA Phone: 770-531-6043 District 4 -- Newman, GA Phone: 770-254-7218 District 6 -- Washington, GA Phone: 706-678-2015 District 8 -- Tifton, GA Phone: 229-386-3617 District 10 -- Statesboro, GA Phone: 912-681-5347 District 12 -- Waycross, GA Phone: 912-287-4915 160 UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS GEORGIA AREA SECTIONS Dade Catoosa Fannin Walker Whitfield Murray Gilmer Chattooga Gordon Pickens Union Towns Rabun Lumpkin Habersham White Stephens Dawson Banks Franklin Hall Floyd Bartow Cherokee Forsyth North Area Section Jackson Madison Hart Elbert Polk Haralson Carroll Paulding Cobb Douglas Gwinnett Barrow Dekalb Walton Clarke Oconee Oglethorpe Wilkes Rockdale Fulton Clayton Newton Morgan Greene Teliaferro Lincoln McDuffie Columbia Heard Coweta Fayette Henry Spalding Butts Jasper Putnam Hancock Warren Glascock Richmond Troup Meriwether Pike Lanier Monroe Jones Baldwin Washington Jefferson Burke Upson Harris Talbot Muscogee Marion Chattahoochee Crawford Bibb Taylor Peach Wilkinson Twiggs Johnson Macon Houston Bleckley Laurens Treutlen Jenkins Screven Emanuel Chandler Bulloch Effingham Montgomery Stewart Schley Webster Sumter Dooly Pulaski Dodge Wheeler Crisp Wilcox Telfair Quitman Central Area Section Randolph Terrell Lee Turner Ben Hill Jeff Davis Toombs Appling Clay Calhoun Dougherty Worth Irwin Tift Coffee Bacon Evans Tattnall Bryan Chatham Coastal Liberty Long Area Section Wayne McIntosh Early Baker Miller Seminole Decatur Mitchell Grady Colquitt Berrien Cook Atkinson Thomas Brooks Lanier Lowndes Clinch Pierce Ware Brantley Glynn Charlton Camden Echols Central and Coastal Area Sections (Southern Section) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Attention: Regulatory Branch P.O. Box 889 Savannah, Georgia 31402-0889 Phone: 912-652-5065 1-800-448-2402 North Area Section U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Attention: Regulatory Branch Plaze 1590 Adamson Parkway Suite 130 Morrow, Georgia 30260 Phone: 678-422-2721 161 GEORGIA NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE AREA OFFICES Dade Catoosa Fannin Walker Whitfield Murray Gilmer Chattooga Gordon Pickens Area 1 Floyd Bartow Cherokee Union Towns Rabun Lumpkin Habersham White Stephens Dawson Forsyth Banks Franklin Hall Jackson Madison Hart Elbert Polk Haralson Carroll Paulding Cobb Douglas Fulton Gwinnett Barrow Clarke Oconee Oglethorpe Dekalb Clayton Rockdale Walton Area 2 Newton Morgan Greene Wilkes Teliaferro Lincoln McDuffie Columbia Heard Coweta Fayette Henry Spalding Butts Jasper Putnam Hancock Warren Glascock Richmond Troup Meriwether Pike Lanier Monroe Jones Baldwin Washington Jefferson Burke Upson Harris Talbot Muscogee Marion Chattahoochee Bibb Crawford Taylor Peach Wilkinson Twiggs Macon Houston Bleckley Laurens Johnson Treutlen Jenkins Screven Emanuel Chandler Bulloch Effingham Montgomery Stewart Schley Webster Sumter Quitman Randolph Terrell Lee Dooly Pulaski Dodge Crisp Wilcox Turner Ben Hill Clay Calhoun Dougherty Worth Area 3 Early Baker Miller Mitchell Colquitt Irwin Tift Berrien Cook Wheeler Toombs Evans Bryan Telfair Tattnall Jeff Davis Liberty Appling Long Area 4 Coffee Bacon Wayne McIntosh Atkinson Pierce Ware Brantley Glynn Chatham Seminole Decatur Grady Thomas Brooks Lanier Lowndes Clinch Charlton Camden Echols Area 1 Federal Building, Room G-27 P.O. Box 115 Griffin, Georgia 30224-3037 Phone: 770-227-1026 Area 2 355 East Hancock Avenue Mail Stop 211 Athens, Georgia 30601 Phone: 706-546-2039 Area 3 295 Morris Drive Americus, Georgia 31709 Phone: 229-924-0042 Area 4 Federal Building, Room 214 601 Tebeau Street Waycross, Georgia 31502-4701 Phone: 912-283-5598 162 Comments: Comments: