Forest planning, Georgia, 1939

GEORGIA
1939

FOREST PLANNING GEORGIA 1939
PU8LISHED BY TIE
STt,TE PLMnJ IriG BO.t,:<O RICHARD C. Jus, D'h-::CTOR
CONDUCTED UNDER TI;E AtJSP I CES OF THS
WORKS PROGRESS ADM IIJ ISTRAT ION OF GeORG IA O. P. No. 465-34-3-273
SPONSORED BY STATE PLANNING BOARD OF GEORGIA

t.,', .~.

STATE PLANNING BOARD
E. D. RIVERS, GOVERNOR
HENRY T. !!;c INTOSH, CIIA IRI'AN .............................................. ALB~NY

DR. T. F. ABERCROM81 E, 0 I RECTOR, OEPARn1ENT OF PUBL IC HEALTH

ATLANTA

DR. H. O. COLLINS, STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF SCliOOLS ....................... FAIRBURN

J II':' L. GILLI 5, STATE HIGHWAY C01v1l.11 SS lONER ................................ SOPERTON

FRANK G. LUMPKIN, BUSINESS EXECUTiVE

COLUMBUS

HISS ~lA"THA BERrv, EDUCATOR ............................................... ROME

[i ICllflRD C. JOB, DIF:ECTOR ............................................... JONESBORO

P. O. Box 270
EAST POINT, GEORGIA
THE FOLLOWING SHEET OF PAPER WAS MADE FROM BLEACHED BLACK GUM SULPHATE PULP AT THE HERTY FOUNDATION LABORATORY, SAVANNAH, GEO~GIA ...................

II

I N ME M0 R Y

DR CHARLES H HERTY
1868 1938

WHOSE INSPiRATION, PATIENCE AND PERSEVERANCE IN

PLANNING FOREST CONSERVATION AND INCREASED USES

FOR FOREST RESOURCES IN GEORGIA AND THROUGHOUT

HIS NATIVE SOUTHLAND IS REMEMBERED BY HIS MANY

FRIENDS DR HERTY WAS A SCIENTIST, WHOSE VIS

ION INCLUDED THE BROADER ASPECTS OF SOCIAL AND

ECONOMIC WELFARE LOOKING TO THE PROGRESS OF HIS

FELLOWMEN AND CO WORKERS

IN ADDITION TO HIS

MANY OTHER INTERESTS HE WAS AN ESTEEMED AND

ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE STATE PLANNiNG BOARD

III


FOR E W0 R D
THE MEANING OF CONSERVATION IS ACQUIRING NEW AND ADDED SIGNIFICANCE IN GEORGIA. A POWERFUL STATE IS BEING BUILT HERE BY USING THE WEALTH OF NATURAL RESOURCES, WITH WHICH THE COUNTRY WAS LIBERALLY ENDOWED.
THE RAPID GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE PAST HUNDRED YEARS HAS BEEN PHENOMENAL; BUT IT HAS BEEN ACCOMPANIED BY SOME EXTRAVAGANCE AND WASTE. THIS WAS CONSIDERED UNAVOIDABLE IN THE APPARENT NEED FOR OPENING UP NEW LANDS TO PROVIDE FARMS FOR THE GROWING POPULATION, IMMIGRANTS FROM THE OVER-CROWDED PEASANT CLASSES OF OTHER COUNTRIES CAME TO THE UNITED STATES TRAINED BY FORCE OF CIRCUMSTANCES TO BE CONSERVATIVE AND ECONOMICAL IN USE OF SMALL, MORE OR LESS RESTRICTED AREAS FROM WHICH THEY MIGRATED.
IN THE SCRAMBLE FOR NEW LAND, THE SENSE OF ECONOMY AND CONSERVATION SEEMED LOST. NEW SETTLERS CAME, SAW AND CONQUERED THE IMMENSE VIRGINAL FORESTS, LEARNING HASTY, WASTEFUL METHODS FROM THE ORIGINAL SETTLERS.
AN EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM BECAME ESTABLISHED ON THE UNERODED, FERTILE SOILS OF LARGE' FOREST STANDS. THE VIRGIN FORESTS OF GEORGIA WERE CUT, AND LARGE AREAS BECAME CLEARED FOR AN AGRICULTURAL "ONE-CROP SYSTEM", THE INADEQUACY OF WHICH HAS BECOME A PROBLEM UNDER EXISTING ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.
THE PROBLEM HAS SEEMED UNSURMOUNTABLE TO MANY PEOPLE. REVIEWING THE FACTS WITliOUT CONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSES AND RECOMMENDATIONS MAY RESULT IN A PESSIMISTIC VIEwPOINT OF THE PROBLEM BUT IT MAY HAVE THE EFFECT OF AWAKENING THE POPULACE TO ACTION. HOWEVER, WITHOUT PLANS, UPON WHICH TO ACT, AN AWAKENED COMMONWEALTH IS LEFT IN DIRE STRAITS INDEED.
FOREST CONS~VATIOi. AND CONSERVATIVE UTILIZATION OF FOREST PRODUCTS APPEARS TO BE A LOGICAL STARTING 'OINT FOR LAND USE PLANNING, BECAUSE THE MOST BENEFIT ACCRUES TO THE GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHEN FORESTS ARE WELL MAf~AGED AND PROPERLY USED. THIS REPORT IS INTENDED TO PROVIDE DATA (1) TO AID IN PROMOTING GOOD FORESTRY MANAGEMENT, AND (2) TO SUBSTANTIATE SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FORMULATING AND ACTIVATING EFFECTIVE PLANS AND FORESTRY PROGRAMS.
IV



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE ~ ~

Co ~ e .. .. iI

STATE PLANNING BOARD. ................

II

I N MEMORY OF DR" CHARLES H" HERTY

III

FOREWORD ................................................ IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS .. "................................ V & V I

ACKNOv/LEDGr~ENTS ..........................

VI

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATioNS .......... VI I - X

CHAPTER
CHAPTER II CHAPTER III

I NTRODUCT ION ......................

1

PURPOSE AND SCOPE ...............

1

SOC IAL FACTORS ..................... FARM TENANCY AND lAND OWNERSHIP ...... ~

2 8

THE GREATEST PROBLEM - FOREST FIRE .......

17

ANALYSIS OF STATISTICS AND TRENDS ...

23

GROWTH VERSUS ORA IN ..........

23

OTHER STATISTICS ............

25

CHAPTER IV

FOREST INDUSTRIES ... , .............

47

lUMBER .... , ....... """ .........

47

NAVAL STORES ...........

49

PULPWOOD AND PAPER ", ..... "," .. "

56

EMPLOYMENT .. . ....."............

62

CHAPTER V

OTHER PHASES OF USE "." ... "" .............

65

FOREST CONSERVAT I ON .............

65

I'IATER SUPPL IES ........... " ......

66

So IL EROS ION ...............

66

RESERVO IRS ."." ...............

67

RECREATION AND WILD liFE CONSERVATION .

67

AGRICULTURAL DIVERSIFICATION .............

68

FOREST TREE NURSERIES AND REFORESTATION ...

70

TREE SPECIES AND MAJOR FOREST TYPES ..

75

MAPPiNG ..............................

76

CHAPTER VI

FOREST PLANNING ORGANIZATION .. '" ..........

81

NATURAL PESOURCES PESERVATIONt ......

81

COUNTY AND r1UN IC IPAL FORESTS tN GEORG IA ......

83

GOVERNMENT SERVICES CONCERNED WITH FORESTRy ..

83

CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS ..............

84

STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRy ........

85

OTHER COOPERAT IVE k1EASURES ...........

86

ASSOCiATIONS"."" .... " ...........

87

GEORGE FOSTER PEABODY SCHOOL OF FORESTRy .

88

INDEX TO ApPENDIX ........... .,

~

,.

. 89

TfIBULAT IOl-JS

FOREST FIRE STATiSTiCS

18 & 19

QUANTITY AND VALUE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS .............. 40 &41

COUNTY STATISTICS ON lAND UTILIZATION ................... 42 &43

FOREST INDUSTRIES, EMPLOYMENT, AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS ....... 60 &61

TREND OF STATE NURSERY PROGRAMS GEORGIA ............... 72 &73

V

TABLE OF CONTENTS - (CONTINUED)

MAPS &GRAPHS

PAGE

FOREST LAND, DISTRIBUTION OF ......................... rACINe 1

PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF GEORGIA ................

3

GEORGIA CLIMATE ............................

4

TOTAL POPULATION, DISTRIBUTION OF (1930) .............

5

POPULATION TREND (18801930) ................

6

TOTAL FARM TENANCY, PERCENTAGE OF (1930) ................

9

NEGRO FARM TENANCY, PERCENTAGE OF (1930) ................

10

WHITE FARM TENANCY, PERCENTAGE OF (1930) ............

11

FOREST AREAS IN TRACTS OF 5,000 ACRES OR MORE (1938) .....

12

FIRE PREVENTION SYSTEMS (1939) .......................

16

SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY UNIT BOUNDARIES (FIGURE 1) ........

26

PRODUCTIVE FOREST AREA CLASSIFIED BY FOREST TYPES (FIGURE 3)

27

I NVENTORY OF SAVILOG SIZE TIMBER (1937) (F IGURE 5)

.

28

INVENTORY OF GROWING STOCK (1936) (FIGURE 6) .........

29

COMPARISON OF GROWTH, MORTALITY AND DRAIN (1936 STATE WIDE) (FIG. 7)

30

COMPARISON OF GROWT~I, MORTALITY AND DRAIN (1936-BY SUR. UNITS-FIG. 8)

31

COMPARISON OF TOTAL COMMODITY DRAIN WITH PULPWOOD DRAIN(36-37-FIG.II)

32

COMMODITY DRAIN ON GEORGIA'S FOREST (1936) (FIGURE 12) ...

33

EXPENDITURES AND SOURCE OF FUNDS-FOREST FIRE PROTECTION(37-38-FIG. 13)

34

RESULTS OF FOREST FIPE PROTECTION IN GEORGIA (1937) (FIGURE 14) .

35

CPOP YIELD COMPARED WITH LAND CLASSIFICATION (1934) .......

39

DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURIES (1938) .................

44

PULP MILLS AND NATIONAL FORESTS - SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES .

45

SAWf'.1ILLS, DISTRIBUTION OF .......................

50

TURPENTINE STILLS, DISTRIBUTION OF ...................

51

ILLUSTRATiONS

GEORGIA STATE PARKS AND RECREATIONAL AREAS IN FORESTS. .....

15

GEORGIA'S ADVANTAGES AND RESOURCES (MURAL) ......... ...

22

PAPER AND PULP MILLS AND PULPWOOD ..... ............... ...

46

CREOSOTING PLANT AND ROSIN YARDS - BRUNSWICK & SAVANNAH ....

54

OPERATIONS IN GUM AND WOOD NAVAL STORES ........... ....

63

FOREST TREE NURSERY AND YOUNG STAND OF PINE ...........

64

SCENES IN THE OKEFENOKEE SWAMP WILD LIFE REFUGE .....

79

FOREST AND REFORESTATION SCENES ., ............

80

I\CKtJOWLEDGI:1ENTS
THE STATE PLANNING BOARD GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGES ASSISTANCE RENDERED BY VARIOUS FEDERAL, STATE, AND PRIVATE AGENCIES WHOSE COOPERATION MADE THIS REPORT POSSIBLE. AMONG THOSE TO WHOM WE ARE PARTICULARLY INDEBTED ARE: NATIONAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE,
U S. FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, THE HERTY FOUNDATION, STATE
DIVISION OF FORESTRY, GEORGE FOSTER PEABODY SCHOOL OF FORESTRY - UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, THE GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, AND THE SOUTHERN PULPWOOD CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION THE ASSISTANCE OF THE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION IN SUPPLYING SUPERVISORY, CLERICAL, AND DRAFTING PERSONNEL HAS GREATLY FACILITATED THIS STUDY AND THE COMPANION SOUTHEASTERN REGIONAL STUDY, IN WHICH THE STATE PLANNING BOARD HAS COOPERATED WITH THE ATLANTA REGIONAL OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE.

VI

SUM MAR Y
TWENTY-ONE FACTS THE BASIS FOR RECOMMENDATIONS, CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT, ARE CERTAIN FACTS OR COMBINATIONS OF CIRCUMSTANCES. THESE ARE BRIEFLY STATED IN PART AS FOLLOWS: 1. THE ESTIMATED COST OF STATE-WIDE FIRE PROTECTION IS $1,200,000. DAMAGE
BY FIRE TO FORESTS BETWEEN JULY 1, 1937 AND JUNE 30, 1938 IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE BEEN $3,796,000. 2. THE NET GROWTH OF WOOD IN GEORGIA'S FORESTS IN 1936 WAS APPROXIMATELY 49% MORE IN BOARD FEET THAN THE COMMODITY DRAIN. THIS ADVANTAGEOUS BALANCE BETWEEN NET GROWTH AND COMMODITY DRAIN IS MORE FAVORABLE THAN THAT OF ANY SOUTHERN STATE. MORTALITY LARGELY DUE TO FIRE WAS 285.7 MILLION CUBIC FEET"
11 COMMODITY DRAIN WAS 396.2 MILLION CUBIC FEET.
3. WHILE GEORGIA WAS AN EXTENSIVE VIRGIN FOREST BEFORE WHITE SETTLEMENT, ONLY 12.1% OF THE FOREST AREA NOW IS VIRGIN.
4. EXISTING FOREST IS LARGELY SECOND GROWTH, WHICH HAS SUPPLIED MOST OF THE TIM"" BER FOR SEVERAL YEARS PAST.
5. ANALYSIS OF FORESTRY PROBLEMS AND SPECIFIC FORESTRY PLANNING IN GEORGIA, THE LARGEST STATE EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI, MAY BE EFFICIENTLY ACCOMPLISHED BY SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE STATE.
6. FORESTRY CONSERVATION IN GEORGIA IS LINKED NECESSARILY WITH OTHER LAND USE, PARTICULARLY AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK RAISING.
7. CLIMATE, SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES ARE PARTICULARLY FAVORABLE FOR GROWING
TREES IN GEORGIA.
8. FIRE PROTECTION FOR FOREST RESOURCES IS ESSENTIAL TO GEORGIA'S SUCCESSFUL AG"
RICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL FUTURE. 9. WELFARE OF THE RURAL INHABITANTS OF THE STATE DEPENDS CONSIDERABLY UPON 1M
PROVING FOREST MANAGEMENT, FIRE PREVENTION, AND FOREST INDUSTRIES. 10. FARM TENANCY IS HIGH IN GEORGIA. SOCIETY IN GENERAL SUFFERS FROM THE SCARCITY
OF RURAL HOME OWNERS, WHO WOULD HELP TO MAINTAIN SUBSTANTIALITY. 11. FOREST INDUSTRIES PROVIDE NEEDED EMPLOYMENT, ESPECIALLY IN SOUTH GEORGIA
WHERE FOREST INDUSTRIES ARE WIDELY DIVERSIFIED.
11 SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION - JULY 1939.
VII

12. OPPORTU~ITIES FOR LIVESTOCK GRAZING AND DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE ARE CONSIDERABLY GREATER THAN PRESENT REALIZATION.
13. INSTRUCT ION INAND DEMONSTRAT ION OF FOREST COllSERVAT ION METHODS ARE INCREASING IN THE STATE.
14. THE HERTY LABORATORY AND THE NAVAL STORES LABORATORY AT SAVANNAH HAVE DEMONSTRATED THEIR WORTH MANY TIMES AaOVE THE COSTS OF OPERATION. OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANY NEW AND ADDED USES OF GEORGIA'S RESOURCES AWAIT DISCOVERIES. WHICH SHOULD BE POSSIBLE WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ADDITIONAL LABORATORIES FOR EXPERIMENTATION AND RESEARCH.
15. INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IS TAKING PLACE IN GEORGIA AT AN ACCELERATED RATE. BECAUSE OF EXISTING NATURAL ADVANTAGES TO INDUSTRY.
16. MANY OPPORTUNITIES EXIST rOR NEW MANUFACTURING PLANTS IN GEORGIA TO USE
GEORGIA'S FOREST RESOURCES AND RAW PRODUCTS. 17. GEORGIA LEADS ANY SIMILAR AF~EA IN THE PRODUCTION OF NAVAL STORES. 18. THE USE OF PULPWOOD IS INCREASING IN THE DEEP SOUTH. GEORGIA NOW HAS TWO
LARGE PULP AND PAPER MILLS, BUILT WITH AN INVESTMENT OF SEVERAL MILLION DOLLARS. 19. CONSERVATIVE CUTTING RULES HAVE BEEN ADOPTED BY TilE PULP MILLS~ WHICH DRAW ON GEORGIA'S TIMBER SUPPLY.
20. NATURAL BENEFITS OF FOREST RESOURCES MUST BE PRESERVED IN GEORGIA. - TO PRO-
TECT WAT:R SUPPLIES AND RESERVOIRS, PREVENT SOIL EROSION, AND PROVIDE RECREATIONAL AREAS AND WILD LIFE REFUGES. 21. POTENT IAL INDRO-ELECTR IC SITES IN GEORG IA EXCEED THE EXTENT TO WH ICH DEVELOPMENT HAS OEEN MADE. THESIc SITES S:~OULD BE PRESERVED OY FOREST GROWTH.
RECOMMENDATIONS [T IS RECONMEWDED THAT:
1. MORE ADEqUATE FOREST FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OE CONTINUALLY ADVANCED IN THE STATE UNDER PROVISIONS OF AN AI1ENDMENT TO ARTICLE 7, SECTION 6, PARAGRAPH 2, OF THE CONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA (RATIFIED BY THE VOTERS IN THE GENERAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER, 1938 BY A VOTE OF 28,418 TO 7,536) AND BY WELL-
PLANNED EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE U. S. FOREST SERVICE, THE STATE DIVISION OF
FORESTRY, AND THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE. 2. A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF ALL AVAILABLE MAPS AND RECORDS BE MADE TO PLAN FOR
ADDITIONAL FOREST FIRE PREVEUTION WORK, LOOKING TO INCREASING THE NUMBER OF COUNTY FOREST FIRE CONTROL UNITS THROUGHOUT THE STATE AS SPECIFIED BY A RECENT AMENDMENT (SEE 1 ABOVE) TO THE CONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA.
VIII

3. VARIOUS CONSERVATION WORK NOW IN PROGRESS THROUGHOUT THE STATE, ESPECIALLY
AS IT RELATES TO FOREST RESOURCES, BE CONTINUED ElY GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES, WHO NOW HAVE IT IN CHARGE, AND THAT PROGRAMS BE AUGMENTED AS FUNDS ARE AVAILA8LE. 4. ALL PUBLICLY-OWNED LANDS OF THE STATE BE INCLUDED IN A PROGRAM OF FORESTRY MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION TO DEMONSTRATE GOOD FORESTRY PRACTICE INSOFAR AS THE LIMITS OF EACH AREA ALLOW AND AVAILABLE FUNDS PERMIT. 5. THE HERTY FOUND~TION BE GIVCN CONTII-JUED FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM STATE FUNDS, SO THAT THE EXPERIMENTAL AND RESEARCH WORK OF TI~ LABORATORY CONTINUE AS
PLANNED BY ITS FOUNDER, THE LATE DR. CHARLES II. HEr:TY. 6. r.ESE,~RCH WGRK II" OTHER LINES BC ENCOURAGED AND SUE3S IDI ZED AS EXTE.NS IVELY AS
IS POSSIBLE BY PUBLIC AS WELL AS PRIVATE FUNDS. 7. THE FOREST SURVEYS AND OTHER RESEARCH WORK OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT
STATIPN BE CONTINUED AND EXPANDED ALONG THE LINES SUGGESTED IN THE 18TH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATION, AND THAT IN ADDITION EFFORTS BE MADE TO COMPILE DATA E3Y SMALLER UNITS THAN EXISTING FOREST SURVEY UNITS, - PREFERABLY BY COUNTIES. 8. THE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA BE PROVIDED WITH FUNDS TO ENLARGE THE FACILITIES AND SCOPE OF THEIR WORK IN BOTH TEACHING AND RESEARCH FIELDS SO THAT BETTER TRAINED FORESTERS WILL BECOME AVAILABLE FOR SERVICE IN THE STATE; AND ONE OR MORE GENERAL COURSES IN FORESTRY E3E REQUIRED OF ALL AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF GEORGIA, AND WHEREVER POSSIBLE, OF ALL CIVIL AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS. 9. ADEQUATE PROVISION BE MADE FOR CONTINUED PRODUCTION OF FOREST TREE SEEOLINGS IN STATE NURSERIES TO MEET THE DEMAND.
10. A PROGRAM OF AGRICULTURAL LAND RESETTLEMENT BE DESIGNED AND INITIATED IN
GEORGIA, TO INCLUDE SUFFICIENTLY LARGE AREAS SO THAT EACH UNIT WILL BECOME SELF-SUSTAINING THROUGH DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF FOREST CROPS, LIVESTOCK, POULTRY, TRUCK AND FRUIT CROPS. THIS PLAN SHOULD SPECIFY THAT PROPER SOIL, DRAINAGE AND OTHER FACTORS BE AS GOOn AS AVERAGE ON LANDS SELECTED FOR RESETTLEMENT, AND THAT PURLIC FACILITIES FOR TRANSPORTATION, EDUCATION, flEALTH AND SANITATION, WATER SUPPLY AND OTHER ESSENTIALS OF RURAL HABITATION BE ADEQUATELY PROVIDED. THE PURPOSE OF SUCH RESETTLEMENT SHOULD ANTICIPATE EVENTUAL OWNERSHIP BY SETTLERS ON A LONG TIME PURCHASE BASIS, TO PROMOTE FOREST-FARM OWNERSHIP IN LIEU OF THE HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FARM TENANCY NOW EXISTING IN THE STATE. THE JUSTIFICATION
IX

OF SUCH PROJECTS IS TO HELP STAO I LI ZE THE r:Uf~AL POPULAT I (iN, CREATE MORE DEPENDAI3LE SOCIAL CONDITIONS, AND EVENTUALLY THEREOY IMPROVE AND ENHANCE THE VALUE OF IoGR I CUL TURAL MID FOREST LANDS.
x

8 5

8

8

82

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FOREST LAND -GEORGIA-
-1935-

35
LEGEND

34

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85

84

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.. STATE PLANNING GOARD

ti,W 1939

2

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W.P.A. or GA. O.P:fl465-34-3-273

CHAPTER I
I N T ROD U C T ION
EWRPOSE AND SCOPE FORES, CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION IN GEORGIA MUST BE CONSIDERED JOINTLY WITH ALL LAND USE PLANNiNG SINCE FORESTRY AND AGRICULrURE ARE TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN GEORGIA S INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM. SOCIAL FACTORS HAVE IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIP TO FOREST iNDUSTRIES WATER AND SOIL CONSERVATION PROGRAMS ARE HIGHLY DEPENDENT UPON FOR ESTRY RECREATION AND WILD LIFE CONSERVATION ALSO DEPEND UPON THE USE OF FORESTS TO A CONSIDERABLE EX,EN, IT HAS BEEN APTLY STATED THAT THE PROBLEM OF FORESTRY IS MUCH LARGER THAN ANY STATE WITH ALL OF THIS iN MIND THE NATIONAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE PROPOSED A REGIONAL SURVEY OF THE "USE OF SOUTHERN FOREST RESOURCES" TO BE CONDUCTED BY VARIOUS STATE PLANNING BOARDS, IN COOPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE. THIS WAS SUGGESTED BY A STUDy, WHICH THE STATE PLANNI~G BOARD OF GEORGIA HAD STARTED PRE VIOUSLY, DETAILS OF THE PROPOSED REGIONAL SURVEY WERE DISCUSSED AT A MEETING IN
MONTGOMERY ALABAMA ON AUGUST 5, 1937, ATTENDED BY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE NATIONAL
RESOURCES COMMITTEE, U S FOREST SERVICE, U. S. RESETTLE~NT ADMINISTRATION, TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORiT~ AND VARIOUS STATE FORESTRY DEPARTMENTS AND STATE PLANNING BOARDS, ApPLiCATiONS WERE MADE BY PLANNING BOARDS TO THE W.P.A. FOR TECHNICAL AND
CLERICAL ASSISTANCE, AND A STUDY PROJECT WAS STARTED IN GEORGIA IN MARCH, 1938.
THiS REPORT BY THE STATE PLANNING BOARD OF GEORGIA HAS SEVERAL PURPOSES TO AC COMPLISH.
(1) PROVIDE DATA REGARDING PARTICULAR PHASES OF THE PROBLEM IN GEORGIA (2) PROVIDE A FORESTRY PLANNING PRIMER UPON WHICH DISCUSSION OF THE
PROBLEM MAY BE BASED, (3) SUGGEST POLICiES AND PROGRAMS OF IMPORTANCE TO FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT
IN GEORGIA THIS REPORT IS DESIGNED TO CONTAIN AVAILABLE DATA REGARDING VARIOUS FACTORS, WHICH REQUIRE CONSiDERATION AND STUDY IN THEIR BEARING UPON FORESTRY AND FOREST IN DUSTRiES IN SOME INSTANCES DATA HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE BY MINOR CIVIL DIVISIONS, AND IN MANY CASES DATA HAVE BEEN TABULATED BY COUNTIES. SOME INFORMATION, SUCH AS ACCU RATE LOCATiON OF FOREST LAND, THE DENSITY OF GROWTH THEREON, ANO THE DESIGNATION OF
1

2
TREE 1YPES is NOT AVAilABLE BY COUNTIES, AN ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE IN THIS STUDY IN SUCH CASES TO SHOW CONCENTRATIONS, AND TO PRESENT GENERALIZATIONS IN SUFFICIENTLY COMPREHENSIVE FORM TO ENABLE ANALYSES OF THE PROBLEM BY DIVISIONS OF THE STATE
THEREFORE STUDY OF STAl ISTICS, MAPS AND GRAPHS IS NECESSARY TO APPRECIATE MANY SIGNIF,CANT POINTS IN ORDER TO GIVE AN iDEA OF THE lESS COMPLICATED AND MORE OB VIGUS COMPARISONS BRIEF ANALYSES AND COMMENTS HAVE BEEN INCORPORATED IN THIS REPORT.
THE SOLUTION OF SOil AND WATER CONSERVATION PROBLEMS ARE lARGELY DEPENDENT UP ON PLANNED FORESTRV PROGRAMS AND PRACTICES, FURTHERMORE, TO SAFEGUARD THE VALUE AND USE OF FORESTS APPEARS TO BE NO LESS A RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE THAN SAFEGUARDING OTHER RESOURCES, WHOSE MISUSE OR ABUSE ENDANGERS PUBLIC WELFARE AND HEALTH CUTTING FOR' ESTS WITH ABANDON. AND CARELESS OR IGNORANT BURNING MIGHT BE RESTRICTED lEGALLY. UNTIL LEGAL PROTECTION is DEMANDED FOR AND AFFORDED TO FOREST RESOURCES, AS A PUB LIC RiGHT THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE FOR SECURI~G NEEDED PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION IS B\ INSPIRATiON EDUCATION AND OTHER APPEALS TO PUBLIC OPINION
CONCERTED ACTION BY iNDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS THROUGHOUT THE STATE, WHO ARE INTER' ESTED iN AND FINANCIALLY DEPENDENT UPON FOREST INCOME, COULD BE EFFECTIVE IT IS IMPORTANT THAT FORESTERS AGRICULTURAL SPECIALISTS, PLANNERS, ENGINEERS AND OTHER TECHNiCiANS EXERCISE COOPERATIVELY ALL THE SKilL THEY CAN SUMMON TO HELP SOLVE FOR ESTRv PROBLEMS AN INTEGRATED FOREST CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION PLAN IS AN URGENT STATE WIDE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL NEED AT THIS TIME
SOCIAL FACTORS THE INTER RELATED EFFECTS OF FORESTRY WITH SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN GEORGIA ARE MOST EV,DEN~ IN THE NAVAL' STORES BELT, WHERE A lARGER PROPORTION OF THE INHABITANTS DEPEND UPON FOREST INDUSTRIES FOR THEIR llVLIHOOD THAN IN ANY OTHER SECTION OF THE STATE THE HIGHLANDS MUCH OF WHICH liE IN THE CHATTAHOOCHEE NATIONAL FOREST, ALSO PROVIDE CONSIDERABLE EMPLOYMENT IN LUMBERING OPERATIONS, HOWEVER, THERE IS A WIDE DIFFER ENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO SECTIONS IN THE EFFECT OF FORESTRY INDUSTRIES ON SOCIAL CON DITiONS IN SOUTH GEORGIA THE FOREST INDUSTRIES ARE DIVERSIFIED AND INCLUDE lUMBERING, NAVAL STORES OPERATIONS AND THE NEWER PULPWOOD INDUSTRY, THIS COMPETITION FOR PROD' UCTS OF THE FORESTS HAS HELPED TO STABiliZE SOCIAL CONDITIONS. TOWNS AND VilLAGES BECOME ~ELL ESTABLISHED THE POPULATION BECOMES MORE SETTLED, EMPLOYMENT IS COMPARA TIVELV REGULAR AND OTHER CONDITiONS ARE NOT SUBJECT TO FLUCTUATIONS USUALLY ASSOCI ATED WiTH LUMBERING OPERATIONS.

GEORGIA CLIMATE

N
t

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES
DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

MONTHS

STATE WIDE

HIGHLAND VALLEY PIE"""", MIDLAND ALTA. COASTAL UPLAND TERRACE.

SEA BOARD

JAN. 48.3 40.3 42.0 42.8 45.7 48.9 52.2 52.7

rEB. 47.8 42.1 43.1 44.2 48.9 50.7 53.9 53.8

MAR. 55.8 48.8 525 52.8 55.0 58.9 80.9 81.3

APRIL 82.8 57.1 59.5 80.3 82.5 85.4 87.0 88.7

MAY 70.8 84.7 88.7 88.8 70.9 73.4 74. 74.0

JUNE 77.1 71.5 75.7 75.8 77.8 79.5 80.0 79.7 JULY 79.1 74.3 78.1 77.9 79.8 81.1 81.8 81.0

AUG. 78.8 73.5 77.5 77.0 79.0 80.7 81.3 81.2

SEPT. 74.5 89.2 72.8 72.5 74.8 78.7 77.8 17.8

OCT. NOV.

84.0 58.1 81.4 81.6 83.5 88.3 88.4 88.8 54.2 47.9 50.4 51.2 53.3 58.4 58.8 80.0

DEC. 48.9 41.8 42.8 43.7 45.7 49.5 52.4 53.2

ANNUAL 83.1 57.4 8004 80.7 82.9 85.5 87.3 87.5

AVERAGE RAINFALL

INCHES ~~~~t.li I DEC. I JAN. I rEB. I MARIAPRILI MAY I JUNE I JULY I AUG. SEPT.I OCT. I NOV. I DEC.I JAN. ~!;!~N' INCHES

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STATE-WIDE

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INCHES

152.661
ANNUAL TOTALS

I I I I I I I I I 4.481 4.28 1 'U8 1 5.14 3046 3.78 4.78 5.81 5.47 4.17 3.10 2.88 14.48 4.29

. I I I I I

I

I

I I I I I I DEC. JAN. I F'EBI MARIAPRILI MAY I JUNE JULY AUG. 1SEPTI OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN.

==- LEGEND

152.661
ANNUAL TOTALS

INCHES

SOURCE OF' DATA:
UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU CLIMATIC SUMMARY-1930
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF' GEORGIA

HIGHLANDS VALLEY-PIEDMONT-MIDLAND ALTAMAHA UPLAND COASTAL TERRACES SEABOARD

STATE PLANNING BOARD 1939 W.P.A OF' GMOP'-885-34-3-58

...

\\ '" " ": .: ".;;\.;.:.:.::.::

GEORGIA LATION - 11130

PLAN AND PROGRAM, iNTELLIGENTLY COORDINATED AND INTEGRATED WITH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PHASES, MUST BE PROPERLY PRESENTED, CAREFULLY STUDIED AND PURPOSEFULLY PUT INTO PRACTICE TO HELP CORRECT SOCiAL INEQUALITIES.
X~R!", TENANCY AND LAND OWNERSHIP IN SECTIONS OF THE DEEP SOUTH WHERE FOREST INDUSTRIES PROVIDE A LARGE PORTION OF THE PRODUCTS OF LAND USE. SOME CHANGES IN THE USUAL METHODS OF REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT ARE SUGGESTED INSTEAD OF DAIRYING, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GARDENING, AND POULTRY HUSBANDRY TO SUPPLEMENT AGRARIAN AGRICULTURE, FORE ST"FARM UNITS SHOULD BE ARRANGED SO THAT LIVESTOCK RAISING, TRUCK FARMING, AND RAISING CERTAIN SPECIAL CROPS, SUCH AS TUNG Oil AND TOBACCO, SHOULD SUPPLEMENT THE FOREST CROPS OR PRODUCTS. PROBAB LV FOREST FARM FAMILY UNITS SHOULD BE LARGER THAN FARM FAMILY UNITS IN AREAS WHERE AG,~ARIAN AGRICULTURE PROVIDES THE BASIC YIELD. ANOTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION IN RE:iABILITATiNG AND RESETTLING FOREST AREAS WOULD BE TO MAKE PROPER ARRANGEMENTS TO FACTOR OR OTHERWISE FINANCE THE FOREST PRIMARY CROPS, SUCH AS TIMBER, NAVAL STORES AND PULPWOOD FOR SMALL OWNERS.
STUDY OF THE PERCENTAGE OF FARM FAMILIES, WHO ARE TENANTS ACCORDING TO THE 1930
CENSUS INDICATES THAT LAND OWNERSHIP AND TENANCY ARE INFLUENCED BY LAND UTILIZATION. THE FIRST ANALYSIS IS OF TOTAL TENANCY, WHICH COMBINES WHITE AND NEGRO TENANCY. SEP" ARATE ANALYSES BY RACIAL GROUPS ALSO NEEDED TO DERIVE SOME FINER POINTS, IN WHICH POPULATION DISTRIBUTiON OF THE RACES, SOIL FERTILITY AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ARE INFLUENCING FACTORS
TENANTS CONSTITUTE 69% OF ALL FARM FAMILIES. NEGRO TENANCY AMOUNTS TO 86% OF THE NEGRO FARM FAMILIES. WHEREAS WHITE TENANCY IS ONLY 58% OF THE WHITE FARM FAMILIES.
OWNERSHiP OF FARMS BY NEGROES IN THE STATE IS CONSIDERABLY LESS THAN WHITE OWNER SHIP THE SIZE OF FARMS OPERATED BY NEGROES AVERAGES 72,8 ACRES IN THE STATE, WHEREAS
FARMS OPERATED BY WHITES AVERAGE 112.6 ACRES, THE AVERAGE SIZE OF ALL FARMS IS 101 0 ACRES
FARM TENANCY is HIGHEST IN THE BETTER AGRICULTURAL SECTIONS OF THE STATE. iT IS LOWEST iN THE COASTAL TERRACES, WHERE THERE EXIST LARGE FOREST AREAS DEVOTED TO DiVERSIFIED FOREST INDUSTRIES, AND ESPECIALLY WHERE NAVAL STORES OPERATIONS ARE CONCENTRATED.
THE FACTOR OF SOIL FERTILITY HAS A STRONG INFLUENCE ON THE DEGREE OF FARM TENANCY TOTAL FARM TENANCY IS BELOW AVERAGE ON THE LESS PRODUCTIVE SOILS OF THE FALLLINE
HiLLS. THE PERCENTAGE OF WHITE FARM TENANCY IS ABOUT 20% MORE IN THE MORE FERTILE
PIEDMONT TO THE NORTH, AND THE RICH FARM LANDS OF THE ALTAMAHA UPLAND TO THE SOUTH. HOWEVER, AMONG THE COLORED RACE, THE PERCENTAGE OF FARM TENANCY IS ALMOST AS eREAT IN

7

10

RURAL

2,013,014

69%

URBAN

895,492

31

TOTAL

2,908,506

2.

WHITES

1,836,974

63%

NEGROES AND OTHERS 1 ,071,532

37

TOTAL

2,908,506

3

RURAL FARM

1,413,719

48%

RURAL NON-FARM

599,295

21

TOTAL RURAL

2,013,014

4

RURAL FARM WHITES

857,925

29%

RURAL FARM NEGROES

AND OTHERS

555,794

19

TOTAL RURAL FARM

1,413,719

(LESS FOREIGN)

BETWEEN 1920 AND 1930 GEORGIA'S POPULATION INCREASED ONLY 4/10 OF ONE PERCENT.

THIS SMALL NET INCREASE WAS CAUSED BY HEAVY MIGRATION OUT OF THE STATE, WHICH PROB"

ABLY DRAINED THE STATE OF MUCH OF ITS DRIFTING POPULATION.

IT IS DESIRABLE THAT TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT WHICH

PROMISE PERMANENCY SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED, SO THAT:

(1) PUBLIC FACILITIES OF ALL KINDS MAY BE BUILT SUBSTANTIALLY AND WITH ASSUR"

ANCE OF CONTINUED USE,

(2) EMPLOYMENT MAY BE STABILIZED, AND

(3) OTHER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS WILL NOT BE SUBJECTED TO GREAT

CHANGE OR VACILLATION.

TEMPORARY FORMS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OFTEN REPRESENT EXPLOITATION. GEORGIANS

ARE NATURALLY CONSERVATIVE, AND ARE HAPPIEST AND MOST PROSPEROUS WHEN FOLLOWING CON'
STRUCTIVE AND PROGRESSIVE PROGRAMS. A NATURAL DISLIKE FOR CHANGES WHICH MAY BE ONLY

TEMPORARILY BENEFICIAL, REFLECTS THE ATTITUDE OF NATIVE GEORGIANS, AND EXPLAINS THE

CAUTION WITH WHICH NEW PROGRAMS ARE ACCEPTED, EVEN THROUGH SUCH PROGRAMS ARE DESIRABLE

AND VIOULD PROVIDE DIVERSIFICATION AND FILL IN HOLLOWS OF SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT AND

BUSINESS SLACK

IN SOUTH GEORGIA A PROGRAM OF PRACTICAL DIVERSIFICATION IN FOREST INDUSTRIES IS

IN OPERATION PLANS SHOULD BE DEVISED FOR OTHER SECTIONS OF THE STATE. LARGE FOREST

AREAS SHOULD BE RETAINED AND DEVELOPED IN EVERY PART OF GEORGIA. IN SOME CASES THE

BENEFITS MAY 'BE INDIRECT, SUCH AS CONSERVING WATER AND SOIL, SUPPLY1NG RECREATIONAL

AREAS, AND PROVIDING GAME REFUGES, BUT THE BENEFITS ARE WORTH THE EFFORT.

NON CONSERVATIVE PRACTICES, SUCH AS CLEAN-CUTTING OR ONE CROP FORESTRY PRACTICE
IS NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE BEST INTERESTS OF GEORGIA. A PROPERLY DESIGNED FORESTRY
NOTE: " CLEAR CUTTING FOLLOWED BY REFORESTATION MAY BE THE BEST WAY TO PERPETUATE SOME LONGLEAF PINE STANDS." SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION.

8 5 34'

83

82

8 I

NEGRO FAaM TENANCY -GEORGIA-
-1930-

35'

LEGEND

I

I 0-50 PERCENT

V2/2'50-75 PERCENT
~75 & OVER

34C'l

3' N
3
31
SOURCE OF DATA:
U.S.BUREAU OF CENSUS

33'

~
~'t
(,
()

..(..."
I..,
~

'l;

31 0

"-l I..,

'l;

SCALE IN MILES

Kl

10 20 30 40

P1

STATE PLANNING BOARD

83

82'

MAY 1939 8'.

W.P.A. OF GA. O.P.-"'65-34-3-273

B 5 34

8

8

82

8 ,.

TOTAL FARM TENANCY -GEORGIA-
-1930-

35

LEGEND

I

I 13 - 50 PERCENT

~. 50-75 PERCE:NT

@Of. 75 & OVER

3 40

33
N
t
30

JI.
SOURCE OF DATA~
U.S.BUREAU OF CENSUS

SCALE IN MILES

10

10 20 30 40

STATE PLANNING BOARD

83

82.

MAY 1931 8 ,.

W.P.A. OF GA.O.P.-485-34-3-273

8 5

84

82

,0

FORES-r; AREAS -GEORGIA-
-1938-
IN TRACTS OF 5000 ACRES OR MORE
35
LEGEND
5.000 TO 10.000 ACRE TRACTS

34

33
-+t+
3

31

SOURCE OF DATA:

STATE COMPTROLLER-GENERAL OFFICE

/938 TAX DIGEST(JNDIVIDUAL COUNTY)

85

84

.3

STATE PLANNING BOARD

MAY 1939

82

8 1

W.P.A OF" GA. 0.P.-465 -34-3-273

8 5' 34'

8 4'

8 3'

8 2'

WHITE FARM TENANCY
-GEORGIA-
-1930--

8 ,. 35'

I

I 2.5-50 PERCENT

50-75 PERCENT

34"

33'
N
t
32'

".
SOURCE OF DATA:
u. S.BUREAU OF' CENSUS

31

SCALE IN MILES

Kel

10

20

30

40

STATE PLANNING BOARD

83'

82'

MAY 1939 8 ,.

W.P.A. OF' GA. O. P.-465-34-3-2.73

EDUCATIONAL, HEALTH AND OTHER PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES HAVE NOT USUALLY
BEEN AS WELL DEVELOPED, NOR ARE THEY AS ADEQUATE, IN FORESTED SECTIONS. To FURNISH
THESE SERVICES IS AN OBLIGATION OF GOVERNMENT. WHILE CONSIDERABLE WORk .HAS BEEN DONE THr.OUGHOUT GEORGIA IN THE PAST THREE OR FOUR YEARS TO CORRECT DEFICIENCIES IN PUBLIC WORKS AND SERVICES, THIS HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO ACCOMPLISH IN FORESTED AREAS, WHERE POPULATION IS LESS CENTRALIZED, AND WHEREIN OTHER SPECIAL PROBLEMS EXIST.
A THOROUGH STUDY WITH A VIEW TO PLANNING FOREST-FARMS IN THE DEEP SOUTH, WHICH INCLUDES COASTAL AND SOUTH GEORGIA, IS RECOMMENDED. SUCH STUDY MIGHT EVOLVE A SOLU" TION TO THE PROBLEM OF SUPPLYING SUFFICIENT PUBLIC WORKS AND SERVICES IN THESE AREAS ...
THE JUSTIFICATION FOR UNDERTAKING THIS STUDY AND FOR CARRYING OUT RESULTANT PLANS LIES IN THE POSSIBILITY OF ENHANCING LAND VALUES, IMPROVING SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND BUILDING BETTER RURAL CITIZENRY IN THE DEEP SOUTH.

13
THE FALL-LINE HILLS AS IN SECTIONS OF THE MORE FERTILE "COTTON BELT", WHERE THE ,GREATEST DENSITY OF NEGRO POPULATION AND THE GREATEST PERCENTAGE OF FARM TENANCY
AMONG NEGRO RURAL FA.n~IES OCeURS'~, OWNERSHIP OF LARGE FOREST AREAS OF 5,000 ACRES OR MORE IS CONCENTRATED IN THE
NAVAL STORES BELT. OTHER LARGE FOREST AREAS ARE NOTICEABLY LOCATED IN SECTIONS, WHERE CROP YIELD VALUES ARE LOW. THE OPERATION OF EXTENSIVE AND DIVERSIFIED FOREST INDUSTRIES ON LARGE TRACTS REQUIRES INVESTMENT IN EQUIPMENT, AND FAIRLY STEADY EM' PLOYMENT OF SKILLED AND SEMI-SKILLED LABOR. THIS REQUIRES CAPITAL AND PLANNED MANAGEMENT, WHICH IS NOT EASILY ORGANIZED UNLESS THE FOREST AREA TO BE WORKED IS COMPAR ATIVELY LARGE. A FEW OF THESE OPERATIONS ARE AS LARGE AS 200,000 ACRES. IN THE NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY LAND HAS BEEN LEASED FOR TURPENTINE OPERATIONS BY SMALLER LAND OWNERS TO OPERATORS. IN MORE RECENT YEARS THE SMALL FOREST OWNER OPERATES HIS OWN FARM AND SELLS HIS GUM TO STILL OWNERS.
THE EXCESSIVELY HIGH TENANCY OF FARM LANDS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN DEALT WITH EXTENSIVELY IN PUBLICATIONS OF VARIOUS GOVERNMENTAL BUREAUS. REFERENCE TO THE REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE OF FEBRUARY 1937 ON FARM TENANCY PROVIDES A DETAILED TREATISE OF THE SUBJECT. IT IS VERY NOTICEABLE (REPORT PAGE 37) THAT M,SSIS" SIPPI AND GEORGIA HAVE HIGHER STATE-\'IIDE PERCENT OF "TENANT AND CROPPER FARMS" THAN ANY OTHER STATES IN THE UN ION. HERE IN IS THE PERTI NENT STATEMENT THAT "THE PERCENT' 'AGE OF FARMS OPERAI~D BY TENANTS IS HIGHEST IN THE AREAS WHERE THE MAJOR STAPLE CASH CROPS ARE GROWN. AND THE LOWEST IN THE AREAS WHERE LIVESTOCK. SPECIALIZED FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTIO~AND SUBSISTENCE FARMING ARE IMPORTANT". IT IS APPARENT THAT DIVERSIFICATION OF CROPS IN GEORGIA HAS NOT REACHED A SUFFICIENTLY HIGH LEVEL. BE FORE DIVERSIFICATION CAN BE INTRODUCED TO IMPROVE SOCIAL CONDITIONS THROUGH THE STA' BILITY PROVIDED BY PRIDE OF OWNERSHIP, SOME METHOD OF REHABILITATING FARM FAMILIES IS NEEDED TO ENABLE THEIR PURCHASE OF FARMS ON A LONG TIME BASIS. PROJECTS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AT PINE MOUNTAIN VALLEY (WHITE) AND IN MACON COUNTY (NEGRO) ARE ACCOMPLISHING THIS.
GOOD MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION, IMPROVED EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES, AND OPERATION ON REASONABLY FERTILE LAND ARE ESSENTIAL FOR CON~TfNG TENANCV TO OWNER~ SHIP. PROVISION OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES MUST BE PART OF THE PLAN. PROPER STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION, TRADING AND MARKETING FACILITIES ALSO ARE A REQUIREMENT FOR THE SUCCESS" FUL CULMINATION OF SUCH PROGRAMS. SUPERVISION OF ALL RESETTLEMENT OR REHABILITATION PROJECTS SHOULD PLAN THE ARRANGEMENT OF LAND USES TO PROVIDE CROP LAND, PASTURAGE AND WOOD LOTS.

8 5

84

8

82

fiRE PREVENTION SYSTEMS -GEORGIA-
-1939-

8 ,. 35

34

SOURCE OF DATA:

STATE DIVISION OF' rORESliRY

85

84

SCALE IN MILES

10

010203040

STATE PLANNING BOARD

JUNE 1939

83

82

8 ,.

W.P.A OF' GAO.P.-4a!>-34-3-273

VACATION CABIN I LAKE PINE MOUNTAIN STATE: PARK
5ITTON'S GULCH LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN - DADE: COUNTY
LAKE TRAl-ILVTA VOGEL STATE: PARK

i
STATE
t,u,OAMA ARKANSAS FLOR,DA GEORG,A LOUISiANA /.11 5S' SS I PP NOIHH CAROL i NA SOUTH CAROLINA TENNESSEE TEXAS SOURCE OF DATA: U, So FOREST SERVICE

BURNED FOREST AREA
1937
SOUTHEASTERN STATES

II TOTAL LMJD AREA ACRES
32 818 560 33 616 000 35,111 040 37 584 000 29 061. 760 29 671.680 31 193 600 19 516800 26 679 680 167 934 720

1'I1, FOREST AREA ACRES
18,8T' 700 22 000 000 22 060 100 21 045 200 1.6 211 200 15 646 800 21 318 000 12 733 200
13 no 000
1 7 026 300

IV
PERCENl FOREST AREA OF LAND AREA
57 52 65 45 6283 56 00 55 78 52 73 68 34 65 24 51 61 10 14

V
FOREST DAMAGED
ACRES
732 43/ 466 558 ;. 848 9 7 8 3 780 658 745 24? 4 202 666 179 744 847 441. 424 091 980 04?

Vi
PERCENT FOREST DAMAGED To FOREST AREA
3 88 2 12 35 58 17 96 4 60 26 86
84 6 66 3 08 5 76

18

T H

CHAPTER II
G REA T EST PRO B L E M

FOREST FIRE

IT IS ENTIRELY FEASIBLE TO ASSUME THAT, IN THE CASE OF OUR FORES1'rS, WE CAr:!.

"HAVE OUR CAKE AND EAT IT", IF WE CONSUME CONSERVATIVELY AND PREVENT ~IRES. THE

FORESTERS MUST HAVE THE EAGER COOPERATION OF ALL PARTIES CONCERNED AND INTERESTED TO

00 THIS JOB. IN TOO MANY INSTANCES THEY HAVE BEEN HANDICAPPED BY INCOMPLETE DATA,

IN OTHER INSTANCES THE NEED FOR DATA, WHICH WAS NOT A MATTER OF RECORD NOR AVAILABLE

THROUGH SURVEY. HAS RESULTED IN OFFICE COMPILATIONS AND ESTIMATES UPON WHICH LITTLE
REL 'ANCE COULD BE PLACED, AN EXAMPLE OF TH I5 IS THE AMOUNT OF' REPORTED r I RE LOSS IN

UNPROTECTED FOREST AREAS FORESTERS, WHO ARE WELL ACQUAINTED WITH CONDITIONS, SERIOUS

LV QUESTION THE WIDE VARIATION IN ESTIMATED LOSSES IN GEORGIA, FLORIDA, ALABAMA, AND

OTHER SOUTHERN STATES

NEVERTHELESS IT HAS BEEN CONSERVATIVELY ESTIMATED THAT IF FOREST FIRES WERE PRE

VEIJTED IN GEORGIA, THE YIELD WOULD BE DOUBLED DAMAGE FROM NATURAL CAUSES OF INSECTS

OR FUNGUS, WINO OR FLOOD AND OTHER FACTORS ARE NOT COMPARABLE IN THEIR SUM TOTAL TO

THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY FIRE

DURING THE LATTER DAYS OF HIS LIFE, DR CHARLES H HERTY DEVOTED A LARGE POR

TION OF HIS TIME TO EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS AND EARNEST PLEAS FOR FIRE PREVENTION

AND PROTECTION FROM FOREST FIRES. THE FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF TI STATE PLANNING

BOARD IN JANUARY 1939 STATES THAT "THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT SUBJECT, WHICH HAS BEEN

SERIOUSLY NEGLECTED IN THE PAST, LOSSES DUE TO FOREST FIRES EACH YEAR APPROXIMATING

THE AMOUNT WHICH WOULD BE THE LEGAL RATE OF INTEREST ON THE ANNUAL FOREST INCOME"

THE FOLLOWING TABULATIONS OF 1937 AND 1938, PREPARED FROM STATISTICS OF THE
U, S. FOREST SERVICE, PRESENT AN ARGUMENT FOR FOREST PROTECTION FROM FIRE

IT IS THE UNCERTAINTY OF FIRE LOSS, MORE THAN ANY OTHER ENEMY TO FOREST CONSER

VATION, WHICH MAKES DIFFICULT A SAFE PROPHECY OF THE FUTURE TREND OF FORESTRY IN

GEORG IA WITHOUT EXTENS IVELY ORGAN IZED FIRE PROTECT ION, A DROUGHT OF SEVERAL WEEKS"

TO WHICH SECTIONS OF GEORGIA ARE OCCASIONALLY SUBJECTED, MIGHT BE ALL THAT IS NECES

SARY TO PERMIT A DEVASTATING FIRE, SWEEPING AWAY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN FOREST ASSETS,
A_a MANY MORE MILLIONS OF POTENTIAL INCOME.

17

20
A FEW YEARS AGO CONSIDERABLE CONTROVERSY WAS STARTED BY AN ~LL-ADVISED STATEMENT AMONG SOME LEADERS THAT "BURNING OFF THE WOODS" WAS A NECESSARY PROCEDURE A BRIEF STATEMENT OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING UP TO SUCH "SACRILEGE" MAY BE IN PLACE HERE. MANY LANDOWNERS BELiEVE THAT BURNING THE WOODS KILLS SNAKES, INSECTS AND OTHER PESTS THIS APPEARS FREQUENTLY AS A REASON FOR SUCH FIRES MANY FARMERS, WHO HAVE CATTLE TO GRAZE. BURN OFF THE STUBBLE THROUGH THE WOODS IN JANUARY OR FEBRUARY IN ORDER TO GET A GOOD STAND OF GRASS IN AREAS, WHERE HUNTiNG PRESERVES ARE MAINTAINED. SOME OF TliE MORE OPEN SECTIONS, WHICH HAVE BECOME INFESTED WITH WEASELS, RATS AND OTHER PR~DATORY ANIMALS, ARE BURNED OVER SO THAT QUAIL MAY NEST MORE SAFELY.
REGARDLESS OF WHAT PURPOSE IS GIVEN FOR BURNING THE WOODS, THOUSANDS OF SEEDLINGS ARE DESTROYED AND THE GROWTH OF SAPLINGS AND EVEN OLDER TREES IS STUNTED. HEREIN is A CONTROVERSIAL SUBJECT ABOUT WHICH VARIOUS INTERESTED AGENCIES AND LANDOWNERS SHOULD GET TOGETHER AND SHOULD ATTEMPT TO DRAW UP -POLICIES AND STANDARDS AT FIRST CONSID ERATION THE PROBLEM APPEARS ALMOST iMPOSSIBLE TO SOLVE, BECAUSE OF TilE WIDE DIVER GH.lCE OF OP! NION I F THE MATTEr CAN BE CONS I DERED SANELY, THERE IS A COMt10N BAS I S UPON W!I!CH TO MEFT DEFORE WHITE SETTLEMENT OF THE STATE BOTH FORESTS AND GAME WERE PROLIFIC AND ABUNDANT OF COURSE, THE VIRGIN STANDS OF TIMBER PROBABLY WERE BETTER ADAPTED TO SUPPORT GAME THAN EXISTING SECOND GROWTH STANDS. HOWEVER IT IS LIKELY THAT IF PROPER FOREST MANAGEMEtJT WERE PRACTICED, IF TREE STANDS WERE PROPERLY THINNED, AND OTHER PROPER FORESTRY METHODS WERE PRACTICED MORE WIDELY, IN MANY INSTANCES THE ADVOCATES OF BURNING WOULD HAVE LESS OCCASION TO BURN THE WOODS.
THERE IS NO WAY TO DETERMINE HOW MANY FOREST FIRES ARE INTENTIONAL AND HOW MANY ARE ACCIDENTAL A SMALL AMOUNT OF CONTROLLED BURNING WOULD NOT AFFECT THE ENTIRE SOUTH GEORGIA FOREST AREA SERIOUSLV BUT FIRE IS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL UNLESS AN ADE QUATE ~OREST FIRE PREVENTION ORGANIZATION IS MAINT~INED IN EVERY COUNTY.
THE FIRST FORM OF FIRE PROTECTION IN THE STATE WAS BY TIMBER PROTECTIVE ORGAN
IZATIONS,CONS'STING OF GROUPS OF LANDOWNERS COOPERATING WITH THE U S FOREST SERVICE
AND THE STATE DiVISION OF FORESTRY IN PROTECTING THEIR LANDS FROM FIRE. THESE TIMBER PROTECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS SERVED A VERY USEFUL PURPOSE IN STIMULATING AN INTEREST IN FOREST PROTECTION THROUGH THESE ORGANIZATIONS THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS CARRIES ON A GREAT DEAL OF THEIR VALUABLE WORK
THE GENERAL TREND NOW IS TOWARDS THE COUNTYWiDE SYSTEM OF FIRE PROTECTION IN WHiCH ALL THE FORESTED LANDS iN A COUNTY ARE PROTECTED SINCE THE PASSAGE OF THE HERTY COUNTY WIDE FIRE CONTROL AMENDMENT A CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF COUNTIES HAVE SHOWN A GrEAT DEAL OF INTEREST IN THIS FORM OF PROTECTION IN A NUMBER OF CASES THE TIMBER PROTECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BEEN CHANGED INTO A COUNTY WIDE SYSTEM

FOREST FIRE STATISTICS
1937
SOUTHEASTERN STATES

STATE

FOREST AREA BURNED

IN CALENDAR YEAR 1937

~ROTECTE~)

UNPROTECTED

ACCURATE

(ESTIMATED)

(ACRES

(ACRES)

TOTAL (ACRES)

ALABAMA

146,,836

585,601

732A37

ARKANSAS

16558

450,000

466558

FLORIDA

48:978

7 800,000

7.848 978

GEORGiA

63,458

3 717 200

3 780,658

LOUISIANA

45,247

700"000

745 247

MISSISSIPPi

77,046

4,125,620

4.202,,666

NORTH CAROLINA 150,561

29,183

179,744

OKLAHOMA

13,343

950,.000

963,343

NATIONAL FORESTS 36,675

36 675

SOUTH CAROLINA

33 957

813,484

847,441

TENNESSEE

121,285

302,806

424,091

TEXAS

130,047

850,000

980,047

DAMAGE ON PROTECTED AREA ONLY
$ 120,548 21..581 62 112 73,845 41848
183,799 239,837
17,,980 40,716 37.595 195,815 95,023

TOTAL

847,316

SOURCE OF DATA:
U. S. FOREST SERVICE

20,323,894

21,207,885 $1,130,699 19

DM1AGE ON UNPROTECTED AREA
ESTIMATED BY STATE DEPTS,
$ 352 t 891
450:000 5,850,000 3 717: 200
210,000 4,125,,620
67,573 950,000
..
850,000 485,000 510,000
$17,568,284

TOTAL DAMAGE
$ 473,439 471 :,581
5.912,112 3,791,045
251,848 4309,419
307,410 967,,980
40,716 887.595 680,815 605,023
$18,698,983

21
THIS CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT, COMMONLY CALLED THE HERTY AMENDt~NT, ALLOWING THE SEVERAL COUNTIES TO LEVY TAXES TO BE USED FOR FOREST FIRE PROTECTION, WAS RATIFIED BY THE PEOPLE OF GEORGIA BY AN OVERWHELMING MAJORITY IN 1938. DURING THE 1939 SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY THE ENABLING ACT TO THIS AMENDMENT WAS PASSED AND THUS THE COUNTIES WERE GIVEN THE LEGAL RIGHT, FOR THE FIRST TIME, TO LEVY TAXES TO BE USED IN PROTECTING THE FOREST LANDS FROM FIRES.
ALREADY TWELVE COUNTIES HAVE USED THIS MEANS OF RAISING FUNDS TO BE USED TO MATCH STATE FUNDS IN DEVELOPING A COUNTY-WIDE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM. ADDITIONAL COUNTIES ARE READY TO PROVIDE FUNDS AS SOON AS THE STATE HAS FUNDS TO MATCH.

24

THE FOLLOWING DATA, CONTAINED IN THE 18TH ANNUAL REPORT (1938) OF THE SOUTHERN
FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, DO NOT REFLECT THE PESSIMISTIC VIEWPOINT ENTERTAINED IN
1920.
"THE FOREST INVENTORY OF THE SOUTH SHOWS THAT WHILE THE VIRGIN OLD-GROWTH TIMBER STANDS ARE BEING RAPIDLY DEPLETED, THE SECOND-GROWTH STANDS THAT FOLLOWED ON THE CUT-OVER LANDS, DESPITE INDIFFERENCE AND ABUSE, HAVE DE-VELOPED RAPIDLY AND TODAY FORM AN EXTENSIVE GROWING STOCK OF TIMBER, WHICH IF PROPERLY CARED FOR AND CONSERVATIVELY UTILIZED, WILL APPRECIATE BOTH IN VOLUME AND VALUE IN THE YEARS TO COME. THE SURVEY DATA HAVE SERVED TO FOCUS THE ATTENTION OF THE NATION ON THE EXTENT, CHARACTER, AND VALUE OF THIS RE SOURCE; THEY ALSO INDICATED THE NECESSITY OF APPLYING FORESTRY PRINCIPLES TO ITS CARE AND USE IF IT IS TO SERVE AS A SOUND BASIS FOR THE GREATLY INCREASED FOREST INDUSTRIES SO ESSENTIAL TO THE FUTURE PROSPERITY OF THE SOUTH"
"THE FOREST SURVEY, WHICH WAS AUTHORIZED BY THE MCSWEENEy-MCNARY ACT OF 1928, WAS ACTIVELY INITIATED IN THE DEEP SOUTH IN 1932 AFTER A SHORT EX-PERIMENTAL PERIOD.
"THE SURVEY ALSO COMPLETED ANALYSES DURING 1938 OF THE RELATIVE STOCKING OF THE PRINCIPAL FOREST STANDS IN EACH SURVEY UNIT IN THE DEEP SOUTH. THESE SHOWED CONCLUSIVELY THAT THE STANDS ARE ONLY ONE-HALF TO ONE-FOURTH STOCKED, THIS CAN UNDOUBTEDLY BE LAID TO FREQUENT FOREST FIRES AND TO INDIFFERENT TREATMENT OVER A LONG PERIOD OF YEARS. WITH ADEQUATE FIRE PROTECTION AND GOOD FOREST MANAGEMENT, THE GROWING STOCK IN MANY LOCALITIES COULD BE DOUBLED IN TWO OR THREE DECADES; IN SOME, IT COULD BE TRIPLED.
"THIS UNDERSTOCKING IS A CHALLENGE TO A SOUTH IN NEED OF GROWING INDUSTRIES TO HELP SOLVE ITS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS. THE RECENT EXPANSION OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRIES IN THIS AREA HAS GREATLY STIMULATED INTEREST OF FOREST LANDOWNERS IN THE APPLICATION OF GOOD FOREST MANAGEMENT. THE INDUSTRIAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT WOULD BE OPENED UP WITH THE DOUBLING OF THE FOREST RESOURCE WOULD GO FAR TOWARD SOLVING THE UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM THE SHRINKAGE IN COTTON PRODUCTION. To ATTAIN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY IN THE DEEP SOUTH, HOWEVER, DAMAGE FROM FOREST FIRES MUST BE REDUCED, GOOD FOREST MANAGEMENT MUST BE APPLIED, AND OUTLETS FOR FOREST PRODUCTS MUST BE DEVELOPED."
FROM TABLE 4 OF THIS REPORT IS TAKEN THE FOLLOWING "COMPARISON OF NET INCRE
MENT AND DRAIN IN BOARD FEET (LUMBER TALLY) 1936".

GEORGIA

(THOUSAND BOARD FEET)
HARDWOODS
&CYPRESS: INCREMENT
NET DRAIN CHANGE

1,896,600 1.208.300
.+ 688.300
543,900 426.600
+ 117,300

TABLE 5 SHOWS THE BOARD--FEET VOLUME (LUMBER TALLY) ON JANUARY 1, 1937 IN

GEORGIA TO BE:

(THOUSAND BOARD FEET) TOTAL OLUME

33,051,200 13.544.200 46.595.400

CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS OF STATISTICS AND TRENDS DURING THE COURSE Of THIS STUDY, A GREAT MANY STATISTICS WERE COMPILED, REVIEW ED AND ANALYZED. As HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED, MANY AVAILABLE STATISTICS WERE INCOMPLETE OR INACCURATE. SOME STATISTICS, ESPECIALLY THOSE RELATING TO TAXABLE LANDS, .. ASSESSED VALUAT IONS, LOCAT tON I 'DENT If ICAT ION AND DESCR I PT ION Of fORESTED PROPERTIES, .. WERE NOT AVAILABLE, IT WAS NECESSARY TO COMPILE STATISTICS ON LAND USE AND CROP YIELD fROM VARIOUS SOURCES, IN ORDER TO SECURE RECAPITULATIONS BY COUNTIES, COMPLETE DATA ON THE VALUE Of fOREST PRODUCTS WAS PARTICULARLY DiffiCULT TO SECURE DUE TO GAPS IN RELATED DATA, A COMPLETE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IS NOT POSSIBLE AT THIS TIME BY COUNTIES. STATISTICS Of THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION AT NEW ORLEANS, LA. HAVE BEEN HELPfUL. THESE STATISTICS WERE COMPILED BY SURVEY UNITS. GEORGIA CONTAINS fiVE SUCH UNITS, HOWEVER, THERE ARE 159 COUNTIES IN THE STATE, AND SEVERAL PHASES Of fORESTRY PLANNING REQUIRE THE STUDY Of SMALLER AREAS THAN THOSE CONTAINED IN THE FOREST SURVEY UNiTS.
GROWTI:LYERS~DRA,I N.,_ THIS HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT Of CONSIDERABLE CONJECTURE. ESTIMATES Of THE RATIO OF DRAIN TO GROWTH HAVE BEEN COMPROMISING, AND HAVE VARIED BETWEEN WIDE LIMITS THE CONSTANT USE OF GEORGIA'S fOREST RESOURCES fOR MANY PURPOSES COMPLICATES THE STUDY OF THEIR EXTENT AND RATES Of GROWTH. ALL SURVEYS, OPINIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS AGREE ON THE BASIC PREMISE THAT PRODUCTION COULD BE CONSIDERABLY GREATER If WASTE AND DETERIOR ATION WERE LESSENED BY GOOD MANAGEMENT AND CARE. SOME SOURCES HAVE PROPHESIED THE DESTRUCTION Of FORESTS, LOWERED YIELD, AND LOST FOREST INDUSTRIES TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN LATER EVENTS HAVE PROVEN.
23

FIGURE 1
SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY UNIT BOUNDARIES STATE OF GEORGIA

YEAR OF SURVEY

UNIT I UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT 5

1934 1934 1935 1935 1935

STUDY OF THESE TWO TABULATIONS, IN THE REPORT OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, IN WHICH ARE LISTED THE INCREMENT AND DRAIN, AND VOLUME OF BOARD-FEET OF OTHER SOUTHERN STATES, SHOWS THAT GEORGIA'S FOREST RESOURCES ARE LARGEST, THAT THE INCREMENT IS THE GREATEST, AND THAT THE SURPLUS OF GROWTH OVER DRAIN IS MORE THAN ANY OTHER STATE EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
OTHER STATISTICS
IN JANUARY OF 1939 A STATISTICAL REPORT WAS PUBLISHED ON FOREST RESOURCES OF
GEORGIA BY THE GEORGIA DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND U, S. FOREST SERVICE IN COOPERATION WITH THE GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE GEORGE FOSTER PEABODY SCHOOL OF FOR ESTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, THIS STATISTICAL REPORT TOGETHER WITH FOREST SURVEY RELEASES OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION PROVIDE SPECIFIC FOREST DATA, WHICH IS BEYOND THE INTENDEDSCOPE OF THIS FOREST PLANNING REPORT, To PROVIDE AN INSIGHT INTO THESE DATA, THE FOLLOWING GRAPHS ARE REPRINTED FROM THE REPORT ON FOREST RESOURCES OF GEORGIA, THROUGH COOPERATIVE CONSENT OF THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY. THESE GRAPHS ANALYZE SOME OF THE MORE SALIENT FACTORS. HOWEVER, IT IS HOPED THAT MORE PEOPLE WILL BE INSPIRED TO THINK ABOUT AND STUDY FOREST PROBLEMS, WHEN THEY REALIZE THE GREAT SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE PROBLEMS TO THE GENERAL WELFARE OF THE STATE, AND WHEN THEY UNDERSTAND THE INTER-RELATED BEARING WHICH FOREST PROBLEMS HAVE UPON AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT.
(NOTE: - THOSE FIGURES OMITTED DUPLICATE DATA CONTAINED ELSEWHERE IN THIS REPORT. )

FIGURE 3
PRODUCTIVE FOREST AREA CLASSIFIED BY fOREST TYPES STATE OF GEORGIA
DATA FROM SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY

UNIT 3

LEGENp ~ PINE . . PINE - HARDWOODS . . . UPLAND HARDWOODS ~ BOTTOMLA~D HARDWOODS
FOR YEAR 0' .sURVEY SEE FIGURE 1

PRODUCTIVE FOREST AREA

STATE TOTALS
MILL ION ACRES %

13.0

61.6

3.7

17.6

2..3

11.0

2.0 TOTAL: 21.0

9.8 100.0

FIGURE 3
PRODUCTIVE FOREST AREA CLASSIFIED BY fOREST TYPES STATE OF GEORGIA
DATA FROM SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY

LEGEND ~ PINE . . PINE -HARDWOODS . . . . UPLAND HARDWOODS
.:::::::J BOTTOMLA~D HARDWOODS
FOR YEAR OF' .sURVEY SEE FIGURE 1

PRODUCTIVE FOREST AREA

STATE TOTALS

MILLION ACRES %

13.0

61.6

3.7

17.6

2.3

11.0

2.0 TOTAL: 21.0

9.8 100.0
_.1'0,.,....

FIGURE e

INVENTORY OF GROWING STOCK 1936

NET CORDWOOD VOLUME -INCLUDING SAWLOG T1MBER- GOOD TREES ONLY

-(]

UNIT .5

CJ

-rn
o

o
UNIT 3
-r:':':t
I:::::i.I
D

I..............................'.]
o
UNIT I

TOTALS
CORDS

I.... .. ...... .. .. .. ..... ... ... .. ..................... .J r

49 7 PULPJNG HARDWO. ODS

I

I 29.5 NON-PULPING HARDWOODS

123.0 PINE

FIGURE 8

INVENTORY Of GROWING STOCK 1936

NET CORDWOOD VOLUME -INCLUDING SAWLOG TIMBER- GOOD TREES ONLY

-D

UNIT .5

CJ

-r.:-:t
~
o

...................................1. )
o
UNIT 3
-r:':':t
~
o

1:.....................\.....]
o
UNIT I

TOTALS
CORDS

1~..'....'....'..:'...'."."..e."......."..".."..."...'......."...............1. 497 PULPJ NG HARDWO' ODS

I

I 29.5 NON-PULPING HARDWOODS

123.0 PINE

o

...

MILLIONS OF CORDS (OUrSIDE .A"K

N

I~

I~

19Je PULPMIOoD DRAIN (ptN. NARDWOO~)
19'7 PULPWOOD DRAIN (PtNE & HA"DWOO
EfTiMATED FUTU' PULPWOOD /J(fAIN WHEN EJdlSTlNG MILLS .....E OPERA TIN. Ar CAPACITY
~.,.,
~
~

n

0

~

-~
:D
e-

Oz

lD
,.<AI
C.

,0.
d

lD W
..... c.

r~

o~~

~-f
-4

n
~0

'TI 1"1 ~

8- ~~,.0.

~a

-t
-<

C 1"1 0

-4 0
a X ~
1"1
z:;v >-

>:z~-D

,-a.
C :D
..1.."..1

0
:;v
1"1
(It

~
.%..

... ~ c

c~

r

~
~,

~
0

0

i-z>

FIGURE 8
COMPARISON OF GROWTH, MORTALITY & DRAIN 1936
BY SURVEY UNITS - DATA FROM SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY

UNIT t
200

UNIT 2

UNIT 3

UNIT 4

UNIT S

I - r~fl

I

-....1

I

~~

I : : ::!:L~:~WTH

I ~~

I

[@11 COMMOOITY DRAIN

I

-.t

I

I

.i.o;.W.1

I

I ~,

PINE

HARDWOODS

PINE HARDWOODS PINE HARDWOODS PINE NOTE: CYPRESS INCLUDED WITH HARDWOODS

HARDWOODS

PINE

HARDWOODS

20~

FIGURE 13
EXPENDITURES AND SOURCE OF FUNDS SPENT FOR FOREST FIRE PROTECTION OF STATE AND PRIVATE FOREST LANDS
JULY 1.1937 TO JUNE 30. 1938
MONEY SPENT SHOWN IN PERCENT OF TOTAL FUNDS NECESSARY FOR STATE WIDE PROTECTION
L.EGEND
l>Y! COUNTY-::;-;'RIVATE FUNDS
~ FEDERAL FUNDS



STATE FUNDS

ALA. ARK. FLA. GA.

LA. MISS. N. C. OKLA. S. C TENN. TEXAS

STATES

----- ... ,.,. , __ . ] ~c..:.._,_

-~:~---_._~ ~",~----_._--~-,._.,

~:

._"._~

6.TH. . . . .."

I'IGURE 12
COMMODITY DRAIN ON GEORG~S FOREST 1 4) 3 6 DATA fROM SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY
COMMODITY

THOUSANDS Of CORDS-ALL
SPECIES

Qz< - -' -' - - r:s:---yE -c.:.- z-f5itsTiZ"'--cl.

LUMBER

26 I 5

f~'W

CROSSTIE5

27I

i t ...

FENCE POSTS

79

~

.

6 -&--=--RF== ~- if=;; -r - rei> - >Eii#iJliJ.

........ I PULPWOOD I

94 I

FUELWOOD

20 I 3

.................................................. , OTHER TOTAL

58 4 5 65 6

26

THE FOLLOWING TABULATIONS AND GRAPHS WERE DESIGNED TO SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP OF

OTHER FACTORS TO FOREST RESOURCES. SOURCE MATERIAL, PREPARED BY THE RESETTLEMENT AD

MINISTRATION AS LAND USE PLAN #30, WAS ANALYZED AND RECAPITULATED. WHEN DATA WAS IN

COMPLETE, THE BEST AVAILABLE INFORMATION WAS COMPILED TO "ROUND OUT" THE PICTURE.

THE U. S. CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE WAS FREELY UTILIZED.

DURING PRELIMINARY WORK IN SAVANNAH UNDER SPONSORSHIP OF THE EAST GEORGIA PLAN-

NING COUNCIL, IT WAS FOUND THAT THE RECORDED AREAS OF MANY GEORGIA COUNTIES HAD BEEN

INACCURATELY REPORTED FOR SEVERAL YEARS. THEREFORE CORRECTED AREAS WERE CALCULATED

BY PLANIMETERING A STATE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. THE ESTIMATES

OF COUNTY AREAS THUS SECURED ARE USED IN THE TABULATIONS IN THIS REPORT.

A MAP OF "CROP YIELD COMPARED WITH LAND CLASSIFICATION" HAS BEEN PREPARED. CROP

YIELD WAS EVALUATED IN DOLLARS BY TAKING THE PRINCIPAL CROPS, AS REPORTED BY COUNTIES

fN THE U. S. AGRICULTURAL CENSUS, AND THEN MULTIPLYING THE UNITS OF MEASURE OR QUAN-

TITY BY THE BEST AVAILABLE AVERAGE PRICES, AS REPORTED IN THE AGRICULTURAL YEAR BOOK

AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. S. D. A. AND THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

LAND CLASSIFICATION WAS COPIED FROM THE GENERALIZED MAP OF THE STATE, PREPARED BY THE

LAND UTILIZATION DIVISION OF THE RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION.

FOR GRAPHIC PRESENTATION, fNDEXES OF TOTAL CROP YIELDS OF 1934 WERE CALCULATED

FOR EACH OF THE STATE'S 159 COUNTIES. IN ORDER THAT THE COUNTY INDEXES WOULD "AVERAGE"

OR "EQUALIZE" THE SIZE OF COUNTIES WITH HARVESTED ACREAGES, THE FOLLOWING FORMULA WAS

USED:

x COUNTY CROP YIELD IN DOLLARS TOTAL COUNTY ACREAGE

COUNTY CROP YIELD IN DOLLARS COUNTY HARVESTED ACREAGE

COUNTY INDEX

UPON APPLYING THIS FORMULA IN EACH COUNTY, AND BY f.1APPING 1.......l!:TM hlNd'l ," wA'S

FOUND THAT A USEFUL GENERAL IZED GRAPH IC rlAP COULD BE OBTA INED. THE ISOPLETHS WERE

SUPER-IMPOSED UPON THE LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP_ THUS ARE DESIGNATED THE GENERAL AREAS

WHERE EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE WAS A BASIC ECONOMIC INDUSTRY, AND WHERE THE BEST FARMING PRACTICES WERE IN OPERATION, AIDED BY GOOD NATURAL RESOURCES SUCH AS CLIMATE, SOIL

AND WATER. A SIMILAR COMPILATION FOR 1939 SHOULD PROVIDE AN INTERESTING COMPARISON.

OF FURTHER VALUE HAVE BEEN THE COUNTY TABULATIONS OF CROP YIELD FOR EACH AGRI CULTURAL CENSUS PERIOD SINCE 1920. THE TOTALS FOR THESE YEARS SHOW A SERIOUS ECON-

OMIC DECLINE OF CROP VALUES THROUGHOUT THE STATE:

CENSUS YEAR
1920 1925 1930 1935

TOTAL CROP VALUE
$ 493,900,000
241,960,000 208,495,000 156,134,000

FIGURE 14
Results of FOREST FIRE PROTECTION in Georgia
1937
FoREST PRorECTION LEDCiER.

Dat.~ for' Protected FO~t 17cstD it PROTECTED

Dale for Unpro't:ected Forest 83rD isUNPl\DI'ECTED

f

10&4 F'I~ES eURNED OVER..
1.810 OF THE l)QIVArE FOREST LA-NO UNOER.
PR.OTECTION

IS, S8c,.....s.a ACRES

J~ ~ ~ ~(((

1/

<..--'

.2'4-,781 FIRI!S &LJR.NED OVER. 19.80,10 OF THE. PRIVATE F'ORI!ST I-AND
UNPROTECTED

$96,000 DAMAGE
001'01 8'11 FIRE TO FORE"iT UNOfR PROTECTIQl'lI

$370QOOO DAMAGE.
DO~E BY FII<E TO UNP~I!CTeD FOQSSTS

Resulr of PROTECT I ON

~!~. /A+(r;_Jv;

.
/~

,

'Result. of NON-PROTECTION

38
A DRIEF STUDY OF DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING PLANTS IN GEORGIA WAS MADE. THIS
SUBJECT HAS CONSIDERABLE IMPORTANCE IN ITS RELATIONSHIP TO LAND USE, BECAUSE AS INDUSTRY DEVELOPS IN THE STATE, IT USES LABOR, WHOSE EMPLOYMENT HAS BEEN LESSENED THROUGH GENERAL FAILURE OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN GEORGIA.
As INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BALANCES THE DOWNWARD TREND OF AGRICULTURE, THERE WILL
BE VAST LAND AREAS IN GEORGIA, WHERE REFORESTATION WILL BE NEEDED TO USE LAND THAT HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY FARMED FOR SEVERAL GENERATIONS. FORMS OF INTENSIVE AND SPECIALIZED AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, POULTRY AND DAIRY HUSBANDRY SHOULD MAKE USE OF THE BEST LAND, OF WHICH THERE IS ADEQUATE ACREAGE IN GEORGIA TO MORE THAN PROVIDE EMPLOYMENT fOR EXISTING FARM LABOR. IN THE APPARENT BREAKDOWN OF EXTENSIVE FORMS OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY, LAND MIGHT BECOt~E A DEVALUATED ASSET, UNLESS ITS POTENTIAL USE FOR FOREST GROWTH AND INTENSIVE AGRICULJURE BE REALIZED.

37
THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS FROM THE EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SOUTHERN FOR-
EST EXPERIMENT STATION ARE SIGNIFICANT, AND LEAVE LITTLE TO BE SAID ON THE SERIOUS-
NESS OF THE PROBLEM AND THE POTENTIALITIES OF FORESTS TO HELP SOLVE IT:
"TRULY, EVENTS ARE ON THE MARCH IN THE SOUTH, WHERE MALADJUSTMENTS OF LONG STANDING ARE RAPIDLY FORCING FAR-REACHING CHANGES IN THE TRADITIONAL PATTERN OF ITS ECONOMY. WHILE THE SOUTH'S HUMAN POPULATION IS INCREASING, THE OPPORTUNITY FOR EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE, ITS MAIN FIELD FOR LABOR, IS DECREASING. IN THE LOWER SOUTH PARTICULARLY, THE SHRINKAGE IN COTTON CULTURE IS DRIVING INCREASINGLY MORE PEOPLE TO SEEK NEW FIELDS OF ACTIVITY. THE SOUTfl'S PORTS AND RAILROADS ARE SUFFERING FOR LACK OF FREIGHT TONNAGE, AND ALMOST EVERYWHERE THROUGHOUT THE COTTON BELT AGRICULTURAL LANDS ARE BEING ABANDONED AND THE CASH INCOME TO FARMERS IS DIMINISHING. UNDER SUCH CONDITIONS, SOMETHING HAS HAD TO [lAPPEN, AND SO TODAY AS NEVER BEFORE, NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR CAPITAL AND LABOR ARE BEING SOUGHT THROUGHOUT THE REGION; AND NEW ENTERPR ISES APE FOLLOW I NG, AS IN THE [f.RLY YEARS OF THE WEST, HARD UPON THE HEELS OF DISCOVERY.
IT IS THEREFORE FORTUNATE AND TI~1ELY THAT THE FOREST SURVEY OF THE SOUTHERN STATION CAME INTO ACTION WHEN AND AS IT DID, FOR HIGH AMONG THE LIST OF THE SOUTH'S NATURAL RESOURCES IS ITS TIMBER WEALTH. ITS FORESTS, WHICH CHARACTERIZE 6 OUT OF 10 ACRES IN THE LOWER SOUTH, OCCUPY MORE LAND THAN ALL OTHER CROPS COMBINED. CONSEQUENTLY THE DEVELOPMENT AND HARVESTING OF TIMBER CROPS, AND THE MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST PRODUCTS, ARE OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN THE SOLUTION OF THE SOUTH'S ECONOMIC PROBLEM".
RESEARCH, EXPERI~~NTATION AND INVENTION ARE TAKING AN IMPORTANT PART IN THE
GENESIS OF A NEW SYSTEM OF ECONOMY IN GEORGIA THE HERTY FOUNDATION IS THE MOST
NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENT OF RECENT YEARS BY A STATE GOVERNMENT TO FOSTER AND PERPETUATE
A WORK THAT HAS ElEEN INS TRUr.1ENTAL I N OR I NG I NG TO TljE SOUTH MANY MILL IONS OF DOLLARS
OF NEW INVESTMENT IN PAPERPULP MILLS. THE EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY
SYSTEM OF GEORGIA ARE CONTINUALLY CONTRIBUTING VALUABLE DATA AND NEW r~ETHODS TO AGRICULTURE, CERAMICS, AND INDUSTRY IN GENERAL
GEORGIA HAS BEEN NOTED AS THE ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION OF THE COTTON GIN AND THE
DISCOVERY OF THE USE OF ETHER. LATER DAY PRODUCTS OF SCIENCE AND INVENTION IN THE
STATE ARE THE 1,1EANS OF NEW INDUSTRIAL VENTURES. THE LABORATORY OF THE HERCULES POW-
DER COMPANY IN BRUNSWICK IS OF MAJOR CONSEQUENCE IN THE WOOD NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY.
A NEW GYPSUM OOARD PLANT AT SAVANNAH IS NEARING COMPLETION. A NEW STEEL MILL AT
I
TOCCOA, A NEW FOOD PRODUCTS PLANT IN MACON COUNTY, AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION
DEPEND UPON EXPERIMENTATION AND DISCOVERY IN THE LABORATORIES OF THESE ORGANIZA-
TIONS. THE TREND TOWARD DI-CENTRALIZED INDUSTRY REQUIRES GREATER FLEXIBILITY IN MAN-
UFACTURING PLANTS. SUCH FLEXIBILITY IS NEEDED BY INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION TO ENABLE
QUICK SHIFTS IN PRODUCTION TO KEEP STEP WITH RAPIDLY CHANGING PUBLIC DEMAND FOR NEW
PRODUCTS. IN THIS CONNECTION THE WORK OF RESEARCH LABORATORIES IS ESSENTIAL FOR DE
VELOPING NEW AND IMPROVED PRODUCTS, AND TO FIND NEW USES FOR RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR
BY-PRODUCTS. GEORGIA IS COGNIZANT OF THESE TRUTHS, AND WITH AN AMPLE SUPPLY OF NATU-
RAL BESOURCES AND RAW MATERIALS, IS IN A POSITION TO MAKE RAPID PROGRESS IN INDUSTRIAL
GROWTH DURING THE NEXT DECADE

QUANTITY PRODUCED OF PRINCIPAL AGRICULTURAL CROPS STATE OF GEnRGIA
CENSUS DATA - 1920 - 1925 - 1930 - 1935

COMMODITY

UNITS

QUANTITY PRODUCED IN THOUSANDS

----------CENSUS yEARS------------

1919

1924

1929

1934

A. FIELD CROPS

BARLEY

BUSHELS

CORN

BUSHELS 51,492

COTTON (LINT)

BALES

1,682

COTTONSEED

TONS

736

LEGUMES FOR HAY TONS

189

OATS

BUSHELS 2,759

POTATOES (IRISH) BUSHELS

694

POTATOES (SWEET) BUSHELS 10,132

RICE (ROUGH)

BUSHELS

RYE

BUSHELS

100

SORGHUl' SYRUP

GALLONS 1,820

SUGARCANE SYRUP GALLONS 7,053

TOOACCO

POUNDS 10,585

WHE/,T

BUSHELS 1,086

39,776 1,037
445 294 799 742 6,017
26 74 1,313 2,734 27,808 560

11
39,493 1,344 626 128 1,166 880 7,889 18 64
715 4,783 82,364
409

8 38,037
971 430 308 1,429 1,228 8,962
117 1,024 3,712 31,671 1,431

B. ANNUAL LEGUMES
COWPEAS DRY PEAS PEANUTS SOY BEANS VELVET BEANS

BUSHELS BUSHELS BUSHELS BUSHELS BUSHELS

514 3,827

8,546 7,160

266
8,792 68
910

696
10,717 41
1,218

C. VEGETABLES BEAI~s CABOAGE CANTALOUPES
FARM GARDENS
SWEET CORN TOMATOES WATERMELONS

BUSHELS POUNDS CRATES
BUSHELS MELONS

28,884 502

122

761

53,380

219 32,307

23,430

353 18,305

D. FRUITS &NUTS
ApPLES
CHERRIES GRAPES PEACHES PEARS PECANS
PLUMS & PRUNES
STRAWBERRIES

BUSHELS BUSHELS POUNDS BUSHELS BUSHELS
POUNDS BUSHELS QUARTS

417
2,865 4,789
178 2,545
64 506

1,465
2,720 7,853
213 3,600

643
6 1,442 3,246
152 3,809
28 1,055

1,001
17 3,223 5,410
375 6,306
37 957

SOURCES OF DATA:
U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL CENSUS
YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE CROP AND MARKET REPORT STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

(WHERE FIGURES 00 NOT APPEAR, QUANTITIES PRODUCED WERE NEGLIGIBLE OR NOT AVAILABLE.)

TH IS ItlFORMAT I ON HAS E3E~tJ PREPARED FOR [ACH CoutlJTY I N GEORG IA, AND ISIN TilE FILES OF THE STATE PLANN ING BOARD.

DATE PREPARED: 12-30-38

W.P.A. OF GA.O.P. NO.465-34-3-273

CROP YIELD
COMPARED WITH
LAND CLASSIFICATION
1934
GEORGIA-
LAND CLASSIFICATION LEGEND
AREAS UNSUITED rOR FORESTRY, GRAZING OR CUL TIVATION, GENERALLY. AREA" UN50lTED fOA CROPPING; ti\,H ADAPTED TO FORESTRY AND GRAZING.
FAIR fAR .... LAND AREAS.
GOOD 'AR"", LAND AREAS
BEST rARM LAND AREAS
URBAN' AREAS

NOTE: CROP YIELD LEGEND B"'SED ON PRODUCTION
or 30 PRINCIP...L CROPS IN 1834.
INDICE IS YIELD PER "'CRE EQU...TED PROPORTlON...TELY BY H...RVESTED ...CRE...GES AND L"'ND "'RE"'S.
SOURCE or D...T :
RESETTLEMENT DMINISTR...TION (U. SJ
U. S. DEP...RTMENT or ...GRICULTURE

CROP YIELD LEGEND

o

BELOW AVERAGE YIELD

-------IND/CE.JD



AVERAGE YIELD

1m _-_---INDIC.,fJt)

[_I.II_





-

---I ABOVE
BEST

NDlC.11IJ AVERAGE YIELD
YIELD

AV/IAGE INDIC. 75

V
:Iz
...J I-

~LE IN MILES ST"'TE PL"'NNING BOARD
1'3a
W.R.... or G.... o.p. 485-84-3-273

OOUNTY ST.u'ISTI CS 011 L.UID tlTILIllTIOIl

GEORGa

(1)
Coun'7
-App1!.Jlc
"'~Il_
_r Baldlr1n

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

,::.\ oti::t7 "'tal Lud ""al I'ore.' I~':.l

Percent Load for lo- Percent Annual Value Lud 1D

of County torestation

4zoea

(jere.)

of Co""'7 4zoea

Pr1mParJo';dr nIc'ohre.'

~.nDII-~tJll
jer

Percell'

~.&:o
.SXl 118.160

a Q . , .
=.972 .211

ID.II.
659 7'-3

7,560 12.046

-

$ 871,1160

3 7

453.930

6.4

215.100

60., 19'.847
82.865 ItO. 5 113.222 60.2

Z31,r.l

1111.442

61.1

18.691

8.1

16,.~

7'.1127

48.1

14.9111

92

41.750 137.830

116.871 5011 125.234 767

l!BDk. Barrow Bartow
:Sen 11111 Berrien

148.480 108.800

4913.0192~

63.3 37.8

300.800

140,273

46.6

163.81lO

91.748

560

300.160

181.605

605

13.269

89

12.~1

11.6

-38. 6

-12.8

5.876

2.0

158,710 157.110 234.890
128.690 3111.750

126.058 84.9

96,437 88.6

211.264 70.2

210118. .~

725 67.2

:Sibb :Sleckle7
lIrantley
Brooks :Sr;ran

163.200

65.117

399

140.160

59.551

42.4

273.920

23.367

84.1

325.120

179.248

551

282.21lO

241.363

855

-2.303

-1.4

,.155

19

-.035

1-.2

274.~ 90. 405.630 280.910 679.370

100.003 613 129,}13 923 101.368 37.0 271.515 835 82.796 293

llulloch :BurD Butte Calhoun Camden
Candler
Carroll Catoosa Charlton Cha'ham

437.120

267.585

61.2

531.200

195.159

367

118.400

25.359

21.4

185.600

93.818

55

422.400

389.242

92.2

160.640

90.794

56.,

322.560

81.996

25

107,520

57.682

536

534 ,400

491.726

92.0

281.600

91.347

32.4

1.831

0.4

16.956

32

-897

-0.8

2.775

07

6.779

4.2

3.512

1.1

17.122

159

-2.499

-05

715.320 343.280 106.150 169.090 425.170
ill'.511500
44.790 346.610 .283. 820

355.275 813 381.762 71.9 97.O'}J 82.0 124.194 66.9 108.687 257 126.188 78.6 293.529 91.0 84.741 78.8 115.154 21.6 58.686 20.8

Chattahoochee 158.720

770391

48.8

4.920

31

Chattooga

208.61lO

19.348

52.4

20,488

9.8

Cherokee

275.200

175,237

63 7

18.518

67

Clarke

80.000

28.860

36.1

6.549

8.2

Cla;r

142.080

84.604

594

8.704

6.1

27.490 200.170 369,550 55.560 82.320

79.118 499 1511.883 711.2 2}1.746 11I.2 66.232 82.8
125.087 88.0

C1qton

99.200

14.167

143

6.042

6.1

C11Dch Cobb O>!fe. Colquitt

515.200

475.72

923

225.~

48.573

215

391.040

196.109

502

362.240

221.499

61.1

2.801
17.150
-4.574

O.~ 7
-1.2

82.900
576.5811 314.000 8811.240 357.630

1~76... ~~

84.11
8.6 78.0

283.", 72.6

288.022 79.5

Columbia Cook
Coweta
Crawford
Crisp

196.480

123.946

631

149.760

83.911

560

284.160

35.320

12.4

194.~

13.368

5~.1

180.

62.195

3 5

-15.535
26.974
-19.041

-79
95
-98

187.530 229.560 142.450 163.800 228.990

140.538 715 132.100 883 219.383 772 139.238 716 153.258 8119

Dade

108.800

86.370

794

3.54~

33

rawson

135.680

122.019

899

3.93

29

Deca'ur

394.21lO

259.357

6~.8

13.591

35

Deralb Dodge

175.360 327.040

2~.~3 123. 1

1 .6 379

-2.024

-1.2

Dool;r

255.360

146.223

573

Do~ert7

211.200

100.294

475

DJuglas

13.560

21.146

16.2

-- --

1.320

1.0

larl;r

339.840

174.434

513

18.~

5"

Echols

273.2BO

211.837

775

4.

1.

96.520 135.740 ~.120 2 .700 411.020
144.390 197.110 182.420 164.740 276.470

52.892 1jg.6

83.406 615

122540. .~7

635 710

249.691 76.4

222.212 871 124.589 59.0 lob.116 81.8 197.179 58.2 70.223 25 7

lIff1n&Jlam J:lber' _1 Iv.....
laDn1n
r.,.".
J'1oJ rortp,Jth rr.ak11D
1\11'011

307.200 234.240 439.01lO 119.040 256.640
128.000 326.400 154.800 174.0BO 340.480

256.506 116.130 231.003 72.917 228.250
10.481 202.695 48.803 83.169 54.855

QU. .r Q1aIoock QlIDIl
_n_GoI'<lllD
Qnq
lNEIII8 Qo1mIoU
. .11 lIBIlooak

282.240
m::~.160
)00.160
~.8110
128l0I.l.~ 321"3". 2:

257.454 36.864 257.945 109.442 164.17'
1'6-l4. .~3
~.381 .109
216.943

8lo'a11On l!Bn'i' Han I!oard
1Ie1ll'7

lID 296.960 11~..256000 207.360

45.001 182.879
55.801 85.881
32.836

Iloua'on Irwin
Jackson Jasper
Jeff Davis

245.760 245.120 218.880 240.640 212.480

13.219 159.696 96.460 143.721
17'.759

Jefferson

339.840

134.659

Jenkins

225.920

109.592

Johnson

200.960

64.752

Jone.

256.640

169.874

(Contin",,! on oppo.ite pege)

834 49.6 526 61.3 889
8.2 62.1 315 47.8 16.1
91.2 40.0
tl
511-7
6"2
"".1 68.11
".,,~.2
- '69.2
249 61.6 34.2 44.1 158
42.0 652 44.1 597 832
39.6 485 32.2 66.2

3.128

1.0

-12.894

505

5.647

lI.7

8.419

33

11.161

87

10.200

31

2.798

1.S

17.093

9.8

15.40... 45

9.082

32

2.250 . 2.4

'22

03

14.483

6.2

1.421

05

21.329 27.".
9.1'13
11.~

".1.2
ij

13.630

4.11

13.~0 18. 5

t~

8.2O~

50

20.47

105

10.489

51

--

2.992

1.2

28.200

12.9

-18.035

-705

-- --

2.570

13

9.737

38

566.120 146.450 712.430
3C17.950 U7.99O

17'.546 585

179.974 76.8

R 321.311

l

~.913

.6

.789 5811

112.530 107.828

b5O
'~.6oo
1m71..s5m30
:es.0ID
3'.,-_ "_'.70.a.3u3 JIIOIOelIU.-l

tIIl.7
142.~
149.}8f
210.787
1670m
fil.",

181I1h.2l
9202
6~1I.l,
"'2
16.,'13.0
210'
75,3

=ii:i:

gil:.1"
2110.113

JIIi3 16.1
a61;1g.0

1"-(10
J::1580= 7ID
152.lI4O

t-'.1 n"11.11.

1~.

'5.5

1 .951 91M

102.320 ~3.870 1 0.950 102.690 528.820

1D~.. !!

7901 11.'

11 !..501

81.4 69.2

117.'22 552

365.~ 261.1 263.300 101.270

2I1.1IIl2 82.8 16la.01l 72.6 177.1'1 885 178.11.33 695

(10)

(11)

Crop Lud Percent

(~.l

of Coun'7 ~rea

52.6111. 16.0 28.llO7 1'9
.'51 ~.~ 169
1I9."a. '2o9."

50.1111
~:= 119.110

~~
'1.11 '0.0

72.14, 211.0

44.686 68.326
17.89' 114.750 16.296

27.4 48.8 6.5
' 55 8'

z1z5I1I..9)408J ~~

42.2 70.737

'507 '8.1

4.551

1.1

~.lI48 1 .981

~..86

38.531 358

9.212

17

11.102

39

16.560 10.4

58.9~ 283

711..7

272

35.402 44,3

59.347 41.8

112.832 432

8.200

1.6

8II.0QII 372

& .,641302

247 3811

55.044 28.0

50.997 }/l.1

l9i9S.3,l7a8

3,.0 27

87.195 41.,

12.~ 23.

1117..~

95.687 a.~

55.409 152.861

~. 7

llI2.~81 56.0

65. 71 31.1

42.943 32.9

123.253 ,6.,

11.483

11.2

8317. .~
.n: 151.1192
3216.

12'3 3117 )!l.5 26.7 10.)

u:m53.068
77'-"7 lltt3l1Q

111.,
it'3
a6.~

.z= 'tlQt 3M

. .169

105 )53

99.112f 3"1

t,,

112.= 71.,,0 )lI.

275 11.0.1 213

83.01' 302 1ll.1lI8 25.6

5lI.6lIo }Do,
70.3011 237 86.091 52.8
6927'.N128 ~;

97 SII.725 107.228
s4 5840
32.4

5:3tl 0 2, 1503

151.244 411.5

79.665 ~5.1

99.357

9.11

50.103 195

(12) liarD' Value
of Crop. lq14
$ 678.270 406,480
m'419.320 05O .290
720.62:1 1.14l1.~ 1.661.
75'.gIIO 1.1Iil2.030
496208.9.6*0
d~:= 111I.150
2'm'UO 2. .1" .'70 141.~
781.630 2.92.30
575.800 . 69.820
252.020
154.210 ~4.620 1.1 1.620 454.1160 733.130
563.140 110.090
1.~10.5CO
1. 58.6'}J 3.163.660
598.320 1.063.820 1.~.89O
7.070 1.277.830
209.930
258.590 1.71ij '7~0
1.821.030
2.288.600 638.810 623.~70
2.1R30 .000
53l.580
1.13 .170
lm.7,1x1.0l
35'-970
823.~ 1.570. 1.08I.'JO 1.312.170 1.51'O.'JO
~..1~70
.1"
11..=.7.59300
JE6.1OO
=.350 1035.580
1. .980 172.9lIO
~.ogo 18.120 1.!Jl7.380 859.3C!O 1.700.060
1.289.~ 1.608. 1.687.230
714.530 521.550
1.'U.53)
1.0 .390 1.193.~
68il.

MARKET VALUE OF PRINCIPAL AGRICULTURAL CROPS STATE OF GEORGIA
CENSUS DATA - 1920 - 1925 - 1930 - 1935

COMMODITY

1919

VALUES IN THOUSANDS OF DOllARS

----~~------CENSUS YEARS--------

1924

1929

1934

A. FIELD CROPS BARLEY CORN COTTON(LINT} COTTONSEED LEGUMES FOR HAV OATS POTATOES (filISH) POTATOES (SwtET) RICE (ROUGH) RYE SORGHUM SYRUP SUGARCANE SYRUP TOBACCO WHEAT

95,260 277,515 55,260
3,924 3,366 1,929 14,185
231 2,002 8,464 3,916 2,932

47,732 119,225
15,175 5,795 703 1,335 7,220 36 121 1,103 2,597 6,285
890

6
34,754 106,215
17,521 2,081
933 1,231 6,312
18 122 644 3,587 15,649 635

5 31,951 58,871 15,1:46 4,157 1.014
1,179 7.,887
133 502 1,857 6,018 1,602

B. ANNUAL LEGUMES COWPEAS DRY PEAS PEANUTS SOY BEANS VELVET BEANS

1,974 9,413

11,537 5,334

611
7,210 191 373

1,058
8,252 85 463

C. VEGETABLES BEANS CA38AGE CANTALOUPES FARM GARDENS SWEET CORN TOMATOES WATERMELONS

374 552
318 3,812

527 230
61 144 435 2,890

228 267
6,829
529 1,464

D FRUITS & NUTS
ApPLES CHERRIES GRAPES PEACHES PEARS PECANS PLUMS &PRUNES STRAWBERRIES
TOTALS

984
430 10,631
362 891 115 116
493,900

1,875 299
7,931 271
1,440
241,960

900 25 87
3,733 159
1,048 36
127
208,495

951 23
.161 4;328
225 845
27 77
156,134

tOURCES OF DATA: U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL CENSUS YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTVRE CROP AND MARKET REPORTS STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

(WHERE FIGURES DO NOT APPEAR, VALUES WERE NEGLIGIBLE OR NOT AVAILADLE.)

THIS INFORMATION HAS BEEN PREPARED FOR EACH COUNTY IN GEORGIA, AND IS IN

THE FILES OF THE STATE PLANNING BOARD.

DATE PREPARED: 12-30-38

W;P.A. OF GA. O:P. No. 465-34-3-273

5

."

..



'0

DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTUR ES -GEORGIA-
-1938-
35
LEGENp
O-TEXTILES

34"

33

31

tJOTE: TEJJ OR r1Oi~E INDUSTR IES IN URBArJ AREAS - - - SHOVifJ OY PI [-GRAPH, II/HOSE SIZE ISIN
Pi'or'on I CXJ CI r~CLES SHOW ING SINGLE PLANTS.

e o SCALE IN MILES 10203040

SO'JPCE OF DATA: STATE D PARH10JT_Q: LAE'OF: &

SATE PLANfJ ING GOARD

Or-VARY - 1939

I"

W.P.A. OF GA. - O.P.465-34-3-273 "

COUNTY ST~ISTICS OIl LAllD 11rILIZATION (oontinued)

GEORGIJ.

(1) Count7

(2) TotAl Land
(~::sl

13} Total J'orest
(A~~::l

III} Percut

~~~ Land

Xl>-

Pe~~~nt

17! .&Dnual lalue

ot CouatT forestatioD of Count7 Pr~ J'orest

Area

(Acre.l Area

ProdUct,

~~}in
!&1'!ls-1934 (Aoro.)"

19)
Percent of Count)"
Area

Cro;l~d
1934 (Aore.)

Ill} Percent of Count)"
Area

(12) lIarket Value
0\~~4PS

Lomar
Lanier Laurens L. . Libert7

119.040 117.760 520.320 230.400 332.IlOO

41.771 70.42~ 187.63 92.372 286.151

'351 59.8 ~..11 86.0

Lincoln
Lone Londe. LUlI]lkin lIoDuffi.

162.560 104;368

64.2

263.680 239.579

99

332.IlOO 201.954

60.7

177.920 161.298

90.7

169.600

82.637

487

MoIntosh lIacon
Madison Marion
Karl.ether

275.200 260. 1180
179.~
240.000
321.280

257.814 109.859 68.621
117.069 123.601

93 7 42.2
a88.22
385

lIiller

184.960 110.914

60.0

lIitoh.11

327.680 172.357

52.6

u.onro.

257.280 126.283

491

:U:ontgomery

152.960

73.244

479

Uorgan

227.840 102.540

45.1

Wurrq
llusco~.
N.wton Ocone. Ot;lethorpe

222.080 144.000 176.000 120.~ 278.

156.969 71.655
65.384
45.897 157.,.1

705 49.1
37.2 38.1
56.7

PaUl din,; leach
Pickens Pierce Piko

204.800

44.332

21.6

97.280

40.858

42.0

144.640 218.240

116.088 168.187

SnO'a

142.720

39.454

276

Po1ll: hlaski l'utnam
~u1t111Ul
Rabun

201.600 106.853

530

163.840

62.259

38.0

226.560 149.756

66.1

2130~..r5o2oC

67.95 208.295

631 88.0

Randolph Riolu1ond Rockdale
Sohle,.-
Screven

280.320 208.640

81.245 97.470

a6l .71

81.920

11.684

14.3

103.680

14.542

14.0

416.640 189.799

456

Seminol. Spaldine Stephens Stewart SU[Ilter

179.200 115.910

647

129.280

10.769

83

125.200

60.972

52.9

296.960 158.751

53.4

315.520 126,932

40.2

Talbot

250.240

84.135

33.6

Taliaferro

125,440

83.179

703

Tattl1l11

316800 208,411

658

TaTlor

257.920

98.481

38.1

Telfair

282.240 140.704

499

Terre;!.l Tholl&. Tift " ~Qmb8
0
11 _ ' ~reutl.~ Tro1lp Turne"r Twigg. Union
Upson Walker Walton lare !arren

212.480 350.080 172.800 241.920 110.080
124.800 289.920 190.720 235.520 204.800
221.440 286,080 212.480 582.400 182.400

47.98 225.561 57.031
9964. ,~
74,262 88,062 59.942 85.966 179.633
110.199 166.346 88.596 554.332 110.637

22.2 64.4 330 389 873
59.~ 3 31.4 36.5 87 7
49.8 53.1 41. 7 952 607

Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White
lhitfio1d Wilcox lillres It'illdn90n Worth

443.520 415.360 126.080 199.040 155.520
182.400 246.400 302.080 291.840 373.120

146.479 361.982
24.013 95.225 129.882
113.489 90 .527 206.471 159.823 152.555

330 87.1 190 47.8 835
62.2 367 68.4 54.s 409

State Total 37.695.360 20.617.427

54 7

Sources:
United States Department of J.ericulture Agricultural Census Crop and llarke' IIapart A,;r1cu1tural Yearbook Resettlement j,dnin1stratloa
rorest Sel'Tiee Dat. Prepared: 4-3-39 I. P. A. Official ProJeot 110. 465-34-3-273

5.016
--4.967
5.997
10.552
-7.115
7.396 4.329
-1.664
17.528 14.48J 31.4
-
24.710
-21.347
13.203
11.606 7.014 8.180 8.853 13.600
11.520 799
11.272 1.07 7.320
-19.981
14.243 7.152 4.776
2.542
--12.737
13.727
1.726 11.526 5.252 9.313 14.560
16,649 4.948 12.650 19.483 4.050
----
2.477
-
-16.394
4.752 5.780
8.376 20.962 15,373 9.571 10.893
6.120 15.546
-960
2.593
19.198 12.214 16.346 34.266 2.215
1.348.205

4.2 $ 100.210

--4.2

113.120
459.510 101.590

1.8

697.S70

65

177, 700

-27

527.360 644.370

4.2

168.180

2.6

179.140

-.6

356.330 109.460

98

148.930

6.0

91.910

98

184.550

-

74.260

75

172.740

-83

137.050 235.490

58

130.770

52

160.87

4.9

141.810

51

128.370

7.4

87.460

49

110.500

56

290.610

.8

98.290

78

212.050

5

483.170

51

146.810

-99

205. 060 79.070

63

128.890

67

33.490

2.0

179.770

9
--6.1
33
1.0
. 92
4.6 31 4.6

170.710 170.340 31.680
76.720 623.260
44.610 80.820 89,120 212.690 221,400

67
, !3I.9o
76 1.4
----
23
-
-57
2.0 2.8

242.960 ).16.~ 795. 301,230 671.620
195.320 395.870 278.170 514.710 98.450
172.980 163.270 1n,24O
73.700 82.020

3.8

159.510

73

196. ~SO

72

189. 10

1.6

926.730

6.0

!!6.180

1.4

329. 410

3 7

80~.SOO

-.8

7 .320 151.480

17

,,207.730

105

350.510

50

269.070

54

225,840

1.2

154.060

59

392.970

36 $39.541.950

101,022
47177..35p4 162.253 139.116
122.148 79.720 225.676 69.943 114.840
38.335 218.467 173.120 183.688 239.957
109.273 265.488 191.610 120.507 176.334
143.446 79.504 139.939 107.219 223.090
155.713 81.128 98.790 165.244 117.241
136.056 114.173 181.981 69.1~ 55.8
254.724 124.~7 64. 9 92.283 326.046
132.744 99.302 90.757 233.160 262.374
147.742 92.881 200.4~ 187,7 169,546
191.020 242.763 135.611 162.95 51,255
95.630 200.265 130 .465 111.243 101.799
149.184
200.250
192.993 116,037 141.626
365.404 171.258 116.910 133.574 80.082
158.995 175,433 227,214 210.507 256,117
25.296.522

t111ted State. Departruent of Connerce
CensUB of wanutactures State Department ot Batural Reaourcea
J'oreltl'7 Dlvhion Stat. llopartmant of .&criculturo

84.9

46.958

39.~

$ 629.220

659

20.526 17

467.580

80.2

225.676 434

2.871.920

70.4

88.335 383

819.850

41.8

18.393

55

119.410

751 30.2 67.8
393 67 7

50.308 31.0

12.988

4.9

79.172 238

16.088

90

53.704 317

607.460
134.450 1.286.360
216.530 661.530

139'
839 963 765 74.7

3.880 122.054
85.740 66. ~81 115. 15

1.4 469 47.8 278 36.0

31.040
1.910.370 1.456.980
5~2. 710 1.7 7.620

59.1

63.092 34.1

1.055.150

81.0 745

1s:~i~

47,4 22.1

2.406.490 664.960

78.8

54.987 36.0

788.290

774

82.801 36.3

1.273.250

64.6

46.773 21.1

802.910

552

30.081 209

267.430

795

68.173 387

1.086.410

891

58.196 48.4

908.210

80.1

92.469 332

1.112.580

76.0

64.28~ 31.4

1.121.390

834

50.67

52.1

1.134.700

683

26.430 183

420.570

75 7

50.626 232

715.500

82.2

64.042 449

1.115.570

675 69.7

66.373 64.545

5~:~

1.257.540 902.770

803

49.022 21.6

475.580

643

22.502 209

271.240

236

11.514

49

245.990

909 59.6

136.423 48.8 61.133 29.3

1.812.700 63.5110

790 890

U 30.925

8

46.071

.11

517.8~ 532.7

783

146.576 352

1.714.000

74.1

~3.284

29 7

832.370

76.8

9.284 37.4

942.630

78.8

29.896 26.0

453.400

785

87.985 293

799.900

832

149.899 475

2.192.720

59:0

40.514 16.2

544.480

74.0

32.845 26.2

389.080

633

76.662 24.2

1.087.850

72.8

72.872 283

963.640

60.1

84.176 298

861.580

899

119.876 56.4

1.986.040

694

109.543 313

1.572,390

785

67.656 392

1.114.180

67.3

72.416 29.9

1.062.320

46.6

13.540 123

216.510

76.6

43.639 350

524.480

69.1

79.000 273

949.020

61.4

69.1~ 363

1.116,240

47.2

49.05 20.8

525,510

49.7

25.167 123

312.960

674 70.0

62.~ 28.4

74,7

26.1

976.860 1.049.700

90.8

105.677 49.7

2.180.650

199

31.742

55

456,120

77 7

67.842 372

1.032.660

S2.l~

172.649 389

1,860.610

41.2

42.738 103

590.680

927

56.457 44.8

526 .550

67.1

63.005 317

818.830

515

24.599 158

302 ,370

872

62.481 343

878.990

71.2

99.668 405

1.290.420

75. 2

90.900 31

1.092.910

72.1

72.663 24.9

561.470

68.6

140.558 377

2.271.170

671 10.821.940 287 $156.133.060

Not.: (1) Col,... 3 aad 5 bas.d upon Latm
Utilization IIepart 130 (IWuttlellllnt Adain1stration - 1934). (2) Col,., 7 inolude. Imber ant
timber. Daval .tor and fUel 'WOod. Thele primary 1ndustri value. com-
piled b7 cO'Wltiel and based ~Il U. S. Con",," - 1935.

46
BRUNSWICK PULP &PAPER COMPANY UNION BAG &PAPER COMPANY SAVANNAH
GEORGIA PULP WOOD

SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
a PINE PULP MILLS NATIONAL fORESTS

NATIONAL fORESTS

PINE PULP MILLS

GEORGIA

A----CHATTAHOOCHEE

B-- --ARMUCHEE PURCHASE UNIT

C-- --LOOKOUT MTN. PURCHASE UNIT

SOUTH CAROLINA

0-- --fRANCIS MARION

E-- --SUMTtR

FL.ORIDA
r-- --APALACHICOL.A

G----CHOCTAWHATCHEE

H-- --OCALA

I -- --OSCEOLA

AL.ABAMA

J -- --BLACK WARRIOR

K-- --CONECUH

1.-- --TALLEDEGA

M-- --TOMBIGBEE

.

MISSISSIPPI

N-- --BIENVILLE

0-- --DELTA

P-- --DE SOTO

Q-- --HOLLY SPRINGS

R-- --HOMOCHITTO

U.S. L.AND ACRES 514,112
243,283 250,948
278,433 308,433 2113,024 156,689
1115,170 117,805 232, I88
1,559
189, lOll 13,389
460,141 98,659 184,919

PAw. 25 Q 25 50 15 100 12S i SCALE IN MILES
/,2. ETC.-SURVEY UNITS OF U. S. FOREST SERVICE

MIL.L. NO.
~
I SOUTHERN KRAFT CORPORATIO GEORGETOWN SOUTH CAROLINA
2 WEST VIRGINIA PUL.P & PAPER CO CHARLESTON SOUTH CAROLINA
3 UNION BAG & PAPER COMPANY SAVANNAH GEORGIA
4 BRUNSWICK PUL.P& PAPER COMPANY BRUNSWICK Gt:ORGIA
5 CONTAINER CORPORATION OF AMERICA fERNANDINA fLORIDA
6 RAYONIER, INCORPORATED , fERNANDINA fLORIDA
7 NATIONAL. CONTAINER CORPORATION JACKSONVILLE fLORIDA
8 ST. JOE PAPER COMPANY PORT ST. JOE fL.OAIDA
9 SOUTHERN KRArT CORPORATION PANAMA CITY fLORIDA
10 MOBIL.E PAPER MIL.L. COMPANY MOBILE ALABAMA
I I SOUTHERN KRAFT CORPORATION MOBILE ALABAMA
12 NATIONAL. GYPSUM COMPANY MOBILE ALABAMA
13 GUL.F STATES PAPER CORPORATION TUSCALOOSA ALABAMA
14 SOUTHERN KRAFT CORPORATION MOSS POINT MISSISSIPPI
15 M,ASONITE CORPORATION LAUREL MISSISSIPPI
16 GAYL.ORD CONTAINER CORPORATION BOGALUSA LOUISIANA
17 U.S. GYPSUM COMPANY GREENVILLE MISSISSIPPI (COTTONWOOD ONLY)

LEGEND

NORMAL

CORDS

AN NU'AL

CONSUMPTION

TO !l0000

850001 TO I!lIOOOO
E5'--j,,--ISOool '" OVER

SOURCE or DATA: DEPARTMENT or NATURAL. RESOURCES (GEORGIA) U.S. FOREST SERVICE THE !OUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

STATE PL.ANNING BOARD DEC. 1V38
Wof!A. OF' GEORGIA- Of! 485-34-3-273.

48

SAWMILLS ARE LOCATED THROUGHOUT THE STATE. THERE IS A PREPONDERANCE OF MILLS CAPABLE OF AN OUTPUT OF LESS THAN 20,000 BOARD FEET PER DAY. A RECAPITULATION OF THE ACTIVE SAWMILLS INCLUDED IN THE U. S. FOREST SERVICE SURVEY FOR THE 1936-1937 SEASON FOLLOWS:

DAILY PRODUCTION (BOARD FEET)

P I NE
OVER 40 TO 79 M 79 M

20 TO
39 M

H A R D WOO 0

OVER 40 TO 20 TO

79 iii 79 1'1

39 H

PINE OR HARDWOOD TJTAL
LESS THAN 20 ~; ALL TYPES

UNIT #1 UNIT #2
UNIT #3

_.

2

8

..

1

12

-

3

9

7

206

223

J

104

120

3

2

516

533

UNIT #4

-

1

368

369

UNIT #5 SHTE-WI DE

-

..

..

-

6

30

--

..

3

..

346

346

-

12 1 540

1 591

IT IS NOTICEABLE THAT SMALLER SAVJMILLS ARE CONCENn~ATED ALONG THE FALL LINE

IN FOREST SURVEY UNIT #3, ESPECIALLY IN SECTIONS WHERE (1) AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IS

LOW, (2) FARM TENANCY MlONG RURAL WHITE FAMILIES IS BELOW THE STATE AVEr'~AGE, AND (3)

MORE THAN 65% OF THE AREA IS FORESTED. SAWMILLS ALSO ARE CONCENTRATED IN A SEMICIRCLE

WITH A RADIUS OF APPROXIMATELY 35 MILES TO THE NORTH OF ATLANTA, WITH THAT CITY AS

THE CENTER OF THE SEM ICIRCLE. TH IS Af~[A INCLUDES LAND WHERE THE PERCENTAGE OF FORESTED

LAND IS ESTIMATED TO BE FROM 20 TO 25% OF THE TOTAL AREA. THE REASON FOR THIS CON-

CENTRATION MIGHT BE FOUND IN THE PROXIMITY TO ATLANTA, WHERE THERE IS A SUBSTANTIAL

LOCAL MARKET FOR LUMBER.

THE MANY USES OF LUMBER ARE DIFFICULT TO TRACE, PARTICULARLY AFTER TIMBER LEAVES

THE WOODWORKING INDUSTRIES, AND GOE5 INTO OTHER KINDS OF MANUFACTURING AND TRADE.

RECORDS OF SHIPMENTS APPEAR ONLY IN WATER-BORNE TRANSPORTATION. A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF

THIS COMMERCE INDICATES THE IMPORTANCE OF LUMBER TO GEORGIA TRADE AND INDUSTRY, AS

WELL AS TO THE ENTIRE UNITED STATES.

EXPORTS OF LUMBER FROM LEADING OCEAN PORTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA,

FLORIDA AND ALABAMA, BETWEEN 1922 AND 1937, TOTALED 9,542,156 LONG TONS, WHICH WAS

27.2% OF THESE PORTS EXPORT TRADE. LUMBER WAS EXCEEDED IN EXPORT TONNAGE ONLY BY

PHOSPI1ATE, WHICH AVERAGED 31% OF THE SOUTHERN REGION'S EXPORT TRADE. COTTON EXPORTS

DURING THIS PERIOD AMOUNTED TO ONLY 3,493,688 LONG TONS.

IN DOMESTIC WATER-BORNE COMMERCE FROt.' THESE PORTS DURING THE SAME PERIOD THERE

WERE HANDLED APPROXIMATELY 17,000,000 SHORT TONS OF LUMBER.

CljAPTER IV
FOR EST I ND US T R I E S
GEORGIA'S FOREST PRODUCTS ARE HIGI1LY DIVERSIFIED. WHILE THE PRODUCTION OF TIMBER IS NOT NEARLY SO LARGE AS THAT OF SEVERAL OTHER STATES, THE YIELD OF NAVAL STORES IS THE GREATEST, AND THE PRODUCTION OF PULPWOOD FOR MAKING PAPER IS INCREASING RAPIDLYTHE PRIMARY FOREST PRODUCTS IN GEORGIA ARE LUMBER, POLES, PILES AND CROSS TIES, FENCE POSTS, FUEL, NAVAL STORES, AND PULPWOOD,

tUMBER THE OLDEST COMMERCIAL PRODUCT OF GEORGIA'S FORESTS IS LUMBER, WIIICH WAS SHIPPED TO EUROPE BY THE EARLY SETTLERS TO SUPPLEMENT THE OLD WORLD SUPPLY, WHICH HAS BEEN SERIOUSLY DEPLETED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE REPLACEMENT OF WOOD BY METALS, CLAY PRODUCTS, RUBBER AND SYNTHETIC COMPOSITIONS, THE DEMAND FOR LUMBER CONTINUES TO DRAW UPON FOREST RESOURCES OF THE STATE.

GEORGIA'S LUMBER PRODUCTION 1935

BY KItiD OF WOOD
QUA N..I..L..:CL (1000 COMTl FEeT)

!-VER/\GE VALUE

(M F"EET . F. 0.8. tl1LL)

l~[0RCIA

u. s.

ASH

6,660

$ 32.86

$ 30.02

CYPRESS

21,021

25.14

29.51

OAK

14,282

20,39

27.15

RED GUM

29,360

17.54

22.33

TUPELO

8,225

18.16

19.65

YELLOW P,NE YELLOW POPLAR OHlER KINDS

610,616 19.~9 4,365

14.19 26.71

18.24 28.65

TOTAL

713.878

(SOURCE OF DATA: U. S. CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES)

PINE TIMBER LEADS IN VOLUME. OAK, CYPRESS, GUM, POPLAR AND SEVERAL OTHER SPEC

IES OF TREES PRODUCE VALUABLE LUr~BERo SMALL WOODLAND OWNERS IN THE STATE WOULD FIND

IT TO THEIR ADVANTAGE TO MAKE INQUIRIES OF THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY BEFORE

CUTTING OR SELLING THEIR TIMBER 47

85

8

83

8

I

FOREST INDUSTRIES-GEORGIA
ACTIVE SAWt4ILLS 1936-1937

35
LEGEND
e DAI L Y CAPICITY" 40-M. TO eo-Me BO~O FEET

34 34

3

31

SOURCE OF DATA!

u.s. FOREST SERVICE

SOUTH RN FOREST EXPERI ENT STATION



84

.3

SCALE IN MILES

f

'8 20

30

40

STATE PLANNING BOARD DECEMBER 1938 ,.
W.P.A.or GA. O.P.-48S-34-3-213"

49

DURING 1935 THE U. S. CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES REPORTED GEORGIA'S LUMBER PRODUCTION TO BE 713,878,000 BOARD FEET. OF WHICH ABOUT ONE 'FIFTH WAS EITHER EXPORTED OR
TRANSPORTED IN DOMESTIC WATER BORNE COMMERCE OTHER PRIMARY USES OF WOOD ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE. POLES, PILES AND
CROSS TIES FREQUENTLY ARE PRODUCED BY FARMERS AND SMALL LAND OWNERS, WHO FIND THAT PRICES FOR GOOD QUALITY PRODUCTS OF THIS KIND MAKE PROFITABLE THE SELECTIVE AND MORE INTENSIFIED FORESTRY MANAGE~~ENT. WHICH IS NECESSARY TO PRODUCE THESE COMMODITIES THESE PRODUCTS ARE HANDLED LARGELY BY WOOD PRESERVING PLANTS, AND CLOSE INSPECTION METHODS REQUIRE GOOD QUALITY
FENCE POSTS AND FUEL WOOD ARE PRODUCTS, MUCH OF WHICH ARE USED ON THE LAND PRO
DUCING THEM, (SEE FIGURE 12 CHAPTER I I I). FUEL PRODUCTION HAS BEEN ESTIMATED BY THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY TO BE 2,000,000 CORDS ANNUALLY.
THE USES OF TIMBER IN VARIOUS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES HAVE BEEN ITEMIZED BY THE U, S. CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES. THE MAIN CLASSES OF USAGE ARE PLANING MILL PRODUCTS, WOODEN BOXES, COOPERAGE, FURNITURE, CASKETS AND COFFINS, BASr.ETS AND WOOD TURNERY INCLUDED IN THESE TABULATIONS ARE WOOD PRESERVING, NAVAL STORES AND PULPWOOD.

_NAVAL STORES

WHEN GEORGIA OAK TIMBERS WERE BEING USED TO BUILD STOUT SHIPS, IT WAS ALSO

ECONOMICAL AND PRACTICAL TO USE GEORGIA PINE TREES TO SUPPLY TAR AND PITCH, THESE

PRODUCTS BECAME GENERALLY KNOWN AS NAVAL STORES, BECAUSE OF THIS ORIGINAL USE MADE OF

THEM. THIS USE WAS INCIDENTAL COMPARED WITH THE USE AND VALUE OF TURPENTINE, ROSIN,

AND MANY WOOD NAVAL STORES DERIVATIVES TO FOLLOW

WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA WAS THE FIRST NAVAL STORES PORT OF THE WORLD. SAVAN

NAH IS NOW THE LEADING PORT AND MARKET, WITH JACKSONVILLE A CLOSE SECOND. EXPORTS OF

NAVAL STORES FROM PORTS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN REGION WERE PROPORTIONED IN THE PERIOD

1920 1936 AS FOLLOWS:

SAVANNAH, GA JACKSONVILLE, FLA. BRUNSWICK, GA

~7%
31.
14%

PENSACOLA, FLA

12%

MOB I LE ALA ,_j2~_

TOTAL

100%

WILMINGTON, FERNANDINA AND TAMPA EXPORTED NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES.. THIS REPRESENTS

PRACTICALLY ALL OF THE EXPORT TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES IN NAVAL STORES, WHICH AVER

AGED 236,120 LONG TONS ANNUALLY BETWEEN 1920 1936.

52

ApPROXlr,1ATELY 65% OF. THE UNITED STATES CONSUMPTION OF NAVAL STORES WAS HANDLED

IN DOMESTIC COMMERCE FROM SOUTHEASTERN PORTS FOR THE NAVAL STORES SEASON OF 1934-1935.

THE UNITED KINGDOM HAS BEEN THE DESTINATION OF THE LARGEST AMOUNT OF EXPORTED

NAVAL STORES, FOLLOWED BY GERMANY AND NORTH EUROPE, AND THEN CANADA. SOUTH AMERICA,

AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND JAPAN APPEAR IN THE MARKET, MORE HEAVILY FOR ROSIN THAN TURPENTINE. DETAILED INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE IN THE ANNUAL NAV~L STORES REPORTS OF

THE UNITED STATES BY THE NAVAL STORES RESEARCH DIVISION, BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND

SOILS, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. REFERENCE TO THESE REPORTS WILL

GIVE ADDED INFORMATION REGARDING THE IMPORTANCE OF NAVAL STORES IN WOrLD TRADE.

NAVAL STORES PRODUCTION ItJ GEORGIA FOREST SURVEY UNIT ~~O. 1 OF THE SOUTHERllIJ"OREST

EXPERIMENT STATION, LEADS ANY OTHER SIMILAR NAVAL STORES SECTION OF THE SOUTHEAST-

ERN STATES. THE DISTRIBUTion OF WORKING TURPENTINE CROPS, SEASON 1934-1935, BY

SURVEY UNITS WERE AS FOLLOWS:-

SOUTH CAROLINA UNIT #1

GEORGIA

UNIT #1

GEORGIA FLORIDA

UNIT #2
UNIT 111

FLORIOI'

UNIT #2

FLORIDA

UN Ir'#3

ALABM1A

UNIT #1

LA. UN IT #4 & MIss. " #4

OTHEF: SECTIONS WEST AND NORTH

TOTAL

3.7% 41. 7 10.8
16.6
9.9 2.0 9.0 2.9
3.4 100.0%

EMPLOYMENT IN THE WOODS FOR NAVAL STORES OPERATIONS OF VARIOUS SIZES DURING THE

SAME PERIOD NUMBERED APPROXIMATELY 23,000 MEN IN GEORGIA.

GUM NAVAL STORES

LONG LEAF AND SLASH PINE PROVIDE TI~ PRODUCTS OF THIS BRANCH OF THE NAVAL STORES

INDUSTRY. THESE SPEC IES P.\RT ICULARLY EXUDE FLU 10, WHEN THEY At-~E WOUNDED, WH ICH IS

COLLECTED FROM THE TREES. FROM THIS GUM ARE PRODUCED TURPENTINE AND ROSIN BY 015-

TILLATION. TURPENTINE STILLS ARE LOCATED THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH GEORGIA SECTION IN CLOSE

PROXIMITY TO THE WOODS OPERATIONS. "THE INSTALLATION OF NEW CUPS IS CARRIED ON DUR-

ING THE WINTER, CHIEFLY FROM DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY. REGULAR CHIPPING USUALLY BEGINS
"11 IN MARCH AND corn INUES UNT IL NOVEMBER.

THE RAPIDITY, WITH WHICH LONG LEAF AND SLASH PINE MATURE IN GEORGIA, AND NEW

11 OPE RAT ING t1ETHODS

FORESTALLED THE THREATENED LOSS OF TH I5 INDUSTRY. IN 1934 THE

U.S.D.A. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND SOILS DESIGNED A NEW AND IMPROVED FIRE STILL AT THE

NAVAL STORES STATION, OLUSTEE, FLORIDA. THE GENERAL FEATURES OF THIS STILL ARE MORE

EFFICIENT OPERATION PLUS A MORE UNIFORM AND BETTER GRADE PRODUCT. OTHER 'M?ROVEI1ENTS

BENEFICIAL TO THE INDUSTRY ARE THE CONCENTRATION or DISTILLATION INTO LARGER STILLS AND

VA NAVAL STORES HANDBOOK - MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No-. 209 BY U.S.D.A. ISSUED JANUARY 1935.

.,.
FOREST INDUSTRIES-GEORGIA
ACTIVE TURPENTINE STILLS 1936-1937
35
LEGEND TURPENTINE STILLS
34 34

N
t

30

SOURCE OF DATA:
u.s. FOREST SERVICE
SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERI ENT
4

STATION

If;Al.t '" WILES
'81283048
STATE PLANNING BOARD DECEMBER 1938
8 O
W. P.A. OF" GA. O.P.-465-34-3-273

54 GEORGIA CREOSOTING COMPANY . BRUNSWICK
ROS IN YARD DOVIN ING COMPANY INC", BRUNSW ICK ATLANT IC COAST LINE..R. R, ROS IN YARD SAVANNAH

53

THE PRACTICE OF GUM FARMING. THE U. S. CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES GIVES THE FOLLOWING

INFORMATION REGARDING PRODUCTION:-

TURPaJT I NE YEAR

BBLS. SPTS. TURP.

1932-33--------------------------------575,131

1933-34--------------------------------624,761

1934-3~--------------------------------603,093
1935-36--------------------------------602,908

1936-37--------------------------------634,520

THIS TA8LE INDICATES A SLIGHT UPWARD TREND OF PRODUCTION IN THE GUM NAVAL STORES

INDUSTRY, ALTHOUGH VARIATIONS IN PRICE, AND FLUCTUATIONS IN MARKET CONDITIONS, AFFECT

AVAILABLE STOCKS. CLIMATIC AND OTHER NATURAL CONDITIONS ALSO MATERIALLY AFFECT PRO-

DUCTION FROM YEAR TO YEAR.

NEVERTHELESS, IT IS SIGNIFICANT THAT MOST OF THE NAVAL STORES, IN THE PRODUCTION

OF WHICH GEORGIA LEADS THE WORLD, ARE SHIPPED OUT OF GEORGIA IN CRUDE FORM. VERY FEW

ItJDUSTRIES, WHICH USE NAVAL STORES IN QUANTITY ARE LOCATED IN GEORGIA. IN ORDER OF

THEIR IMPORTANCE TO THE NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY, FROM THE INDUSTRIAL REPORTED PERCENT-

AGE OF TURPENTINE AND ROSIN PRODUCTION USED, THE FOLLOWING LISTS HAVE 8EEN PREPARED
FROM THE 1936 - 1937 NAVAL STORES REPORT:-

TURPENTINE

REPORTED COtJSUMPfTONTN UN ITED STATES
-------I936--=-19"'3..!-7_ _

%OF INDUSTRIAL

PRODUCT OR !NDUSTRY

CONSUMPTION USED

PAINT, VARNISH, LACQUER ------------------CHEMICALS AND PH,\RI'4ACEUTICALS ------------SHOE POLISII AND l,iATERIALS ----------------RAILROADS AND SHIPYARDS -------------------
FOUNDRIES --------------------------------OTHER -------------------------------------
TOTAL------

59% 21 11
5 (RA I LfWADS
(SHIPYARDS
1 _3_
100%

NOTE(l) OTHER PRODUCTS OR USES INCLUDES:-

ADHESIVES AND PLASTICS AUTOS AND WAGONS FURNITURE INSECTICIDES AND DISINFECTANTS LINOLEUH

OILS AND GREASES PRINTING INK RUDBER SOAP

(2) CONSIDERABLE TURPENTINE IS SOLD THROUGH RETAILERS IN SMALL QUANTITIES TO

ULTIMATE CONSUMERS.

_PULPWOOD AND PAPER A VAST EXPANSION OF THE BROWN PAPER OR KRAFT INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH DURING THE PAST FEW YEARS HAS RESULTED IN RAPIDLY INCREASING THE USE OF SOUTHERN FOREST RESOURCES FOR PULPWOOD. WHILE PAPER-MAKING HAS BEEN PRACTICED IN GEORGIA ON PREVIOUS OCCASIONS, THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MILL AT SAVANNAH BY THE UNION BAG AND PAPER COMPANY WAS THE FIRST LARGE SCALE OPERATION IN THE STATE. SOON TO FOLLOW THIS WAS THE BRUNSWICK PULP AND PAPER COMPANY AT BRUNSWICK. THE RAPID GROWTH OF THIS IMPORTANT AND HIGHLY STABILIZED INDUSTRY IN A NEW SEC T!ON IS ALMOST UNPRECEDENTED. FEAR HAS BEEN MANIFESTED IN CONSERVATIVE QUARTERS, QUESTIONING THE COMPETITION OF THIS ADDED USE OF FOREST RESOURCES TO PRODUCE PULPWOOD, BECAUSE IT CQMPE'TED _ITH EXISTING FOREST INDUSTRIES AND r~IGHT OVERDRAIN THE FOPESTS. DUE TO THE NEWNESS AND RAPID GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY, THERE HAS EXISTED LITTLE STATISTICAL DATA, UPON WHICH TO BASE CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE EXTENT AND YIELD OF THE FORESTS. RECENT REPORTS OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION INDICATE THAT THE POTENTIAL SUPPLY IS ADEQUATE. IN 1938 LESS THAN 4 MILLION CORDS OF WOOD WERE USED FOR PULPING IN THE ENTIRE SOUTH. THIS IS ABOUT ONE-FIFTH AS MUCH WOOD AS IS USED FOR FUEL ALONE. IF SOUTHERN FORESTS SHOULD BECOME DEPLETED, IT WILL BE DUE TO UNCONTROLLED FOREST FIRES AND UNCONSERVATIVE UTILIZATION. VERY SOON AFTER THE FIRST LARGE MILL IN GEORGIA GOT INTO PRODUCTION, THE AMERICAN PULPWOOD ASSOCIATION HELD A MEETING IN NEW ORLEANS ON MAY 3, 1937. AT THIS MEETING CUTTING AND CONSERVATION RULES WERE ADOPTED. 29UTHERN PULPWOOD CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION THE PULPMILLS TliROUGHOUT THE SOUTH, REALIZING THAT STEPS MUST BE TAKEN TO PERPETUATE THE FOREST RESOURCES OF THE REGION IF THE MILLS WERE TO BE ASSURED OF PERMANENT LOCATIONS, FORMED THE SOUTHERN PULPWOOD CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION. THE AssoCIATION, WITH HEADQUARTERS IN ATLANTA, BEGAN OPERATION ON FEBRUARY 1, 1939. THE NEW ASSOCIATION IS REGION-WIDE IN SCOPE, AND CONSISTS OF THE MAJORITY OF THE PULPMILLS LOCATED IN THE STATES OF VIRGINIA TO TEXAS AND ARKANSAS INCLUSIVE. THE PURPOSE OF THE ASSOCIATION IS TO SERVE IN ANY WAY POSSIBLE TOWARDS FURTHERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY IN THE SOUTH. THE MOST IMPORTANT PHASE OF THE WORK WILL BE THE CARRYING OUT OF A SET OF CUTTING PRACTICES ADOPTED BY THE ASSOCIATION. THESE PRACTICES PROVIDE FOR LEAVING A MINIMUM OF 4 SEED TREES PER ACRE AND, IF SUPPLEMENTED BY ADEQUATE FIRE PROTECTION, WILL PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE NEW GROWTH OF YEARLY TIMBER FOR THE FUTURE PULPWOOD SUPPLY.
IT IS HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT THAT THE PULPWOOD INDUSTRY IS THE FIRST WOOD USING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH TO ADOPT A SET OF FOREST PRACTICE RULES, AND TO EMPLOY A

55

ROSIN REPORTED CONSU[v]PT ION IN UN ITED STATES
1936 - 1937
%OF INDUSTRIAL
-"--P.!..'R~O~D~U~C...!.T--"O'!.:R,--,-I-"N",D",U~S,-,T...!.R,-,Y"_________ _ _ _-"C""O"'N:;SUMP T ION USE D

PAPER -------------------------------------SOAP --------------------------------------PAINT, VARNISH, LACQUER -------------------CHEMICALS AND PHAR~MCEUTICALS -------------ESTER GUM AND SYNTHETIC RESINS ------------LINOLEUM AND FLOOR COVERING ---------------OILS AND GREASES --------------------------ADHESIVE AND PLASTICS ---------------------FOUNDRIES AND FOUNDRY SUPPLIES ------------PRINTING INK ------------------------------SHOE POLISH AND MATERIALS -----------------OTHER --------------------------------------
TOTAL--"--
NOTE:- OTHER PRODUCTS OR USES INCLUDE:~

33.6% 24.4
11.5 9.7 8.4 2.9 2.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
t .7 2.1 00.0%

ABATTOIRS ASPHALTIC PRODUCTS AUTOS AND WAGONS FURNITURE

INSECTICIDES AND DISINFECTANTS !'lATCHES
RAILROADS AND SHIPYARDS RUBBER

ALTHOUGH A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, OTHER THAN NAVAL STORES, ARE USED IN THE MAN-

UFACTURE OF THESE COMMODITIES, MANY ARE AVAILABLE OR COULD BE PRODUCED IN GEORGIA.

THERE ARE r.1MN GRADES ,\ND KINDS OF NAVAL STORES AND THE IfO: DEfO: IVAT IVES. THE NAVAL STORES PRODUCEfO:S MAINTAIN LABORATORIES, WHEfO:E RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION

ARE rEGULARLY FINDING NEW USES FOR THESE PRODUCTS. THE NAVAL STORES LABORATORY AT

SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, IS DOING OUTSTANDING EXPERIMENTAL AND RESEARCH WORK. WOOD NAVAL STORES

FREQUENTLY KNOWN AS""WOOD DISTILLATION", TlilS BRANCH OF THE INDUSTRY EXTRACTS TURPENTINE AND ROSIN PRINCIPALLY FROM PINE STUMPS. UNTIL ONLY A FEW YEARS AGO COM PARATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES OF NAV~L STORES WERE ACQUIRED IN THIS MANNER. CHEMICAL

RESEARCH HAS DEVELOPED A LARGE LIST OF DERIVATIVES AND BY-PRODUCTS, CAUSING THIS BRANCH OF THE INDUSTRY TO ASSUME GREAT IMPORTANCE. MANY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, OILS,

ACIDS AND GRADES OF WOOD RQSIN ARE MANUFACTURED AT BRUNSWICK, GEORGIA. THIS IS SURPLUS REVENUE FROM PINE TREE STUMPS, HITHERTO LEFT TO ROT OR TO BE USED FOR FUEL.
RESEARCH CONTINUES TO DEVELOP NEW DERIVATIVES AND TO FIND NEW USES. THIS INDUSTRY IS COMPARATIVELY NEW, AND COMPLETE STATISTICS APE NOT AVAILABLE. IN 19361937 WOOD NAVAL STOfO:ES PRODUCED 151,733 BAfO:RELS OF TURPENTINE. DURING THE SAME SEASON 724,028 GARrELS OF WOOD ROSIN WEfO:E PfO:ODUCED. IN 1927-28 WOOD TURPENTINE PRODUCTION AMOUNTED TO ONLY 86,664 GARRELS, AND WOOD fO:OSIN TO ONLY 452,187 BARRELS.
MOST OF THIS PRODUCTION HAS BEEN BUILT UP SINCE THE WOfO:LD WAR. A LIST OF DERIVATIES
AND THEir USES IS CONTAINED IN THE APPENDIX.

58
Fr'OM THIRTY PEELED YOUNG SLASH PINES VARYING IN DIAMETER FROM 4 TO 10 INCHES. ON JANUARY 29, 1929, Mr. S. J. KLOSS OF THAT LABORATORY REPORTED THE AMOUNT OF RESIN TO BE 1.38%. THE FINDING OF THIS LOW RESIN CONTENT IN YOUNG SOUTHERN PINE WAS MADE PUBLIC ON FEBRUARY 21, 1929 IN AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE AMERICAN PAPER AND PULP Asso-
CIATION AT ITS ANNUAL MEETING IN NEW YORK CITY. A FEW MONTHS LATER THIS RESULT WAS CONF IRMED BY THE RESEARCH LABORATORY OF TilE I NTERNAT IONAL PAPER COMPANY AT GLENS
FALLS, N. Y., AND STILL A LITTLE LATER BY THE GROWN COMPANY AT BERLIN, N. H........
PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS
"MR. R. W. HOWELL OF THE R. T. VANDERBILT COMPANY OF NEW YORK, WITH WHOM I
HAD BEEN WORKING IN CONNECTION WITH GEORGIA CLAYS, TOLD ME HE FELT CONFIDENT HE COULD GET A SMALL SCALE SULPHITE COOK OF SLASH PINE THROUGH HIS LONG ASSOCIATION WITH THE CASTANEA PAPER COMPANY OF JOHNSONBURG, PA., AND OUR MUTUAL FRIENDSHIP WITH MR. GEORGE SPENCE, THE CHIEF CHEMIST OF THAT ORGANIZATION. MR. SPENCE AGREED TO DO SO, AND ON
MARCH 22, 1930 REPORTED SUCCESS IN THIS EXPERIMENT.
"IT WAS DIFFICULT TO FIND ANYONE WILLING TO UNDERTAKE AN EXPERIMENTAL GRINDING OF SLASH PINE FOR MECHANICAL PULP, BUT IT WAS FINALLY ARRANGED WITH THE CAROLINA FIBRE COMPANY AT HARTSVILLE, S. C., THROUGH THE COURTESY OF ITS PRESIDENT, MR. J. L.
COKER. ON OCTOBER 6, 1930 iHE GRINDING OF SLASH PINE WAS THERE MADE AND FAVORABLE
RESULTS OBTAINED. NOTEWORTHY VIAS THE FACT THAT SUCH GROUND WOOD WAS LIGHTER IN COLOR THAN THAT FROM SPRUCE, AN UNEXPECTED RESULT IN VIEW OF THE POPULAR CONCEPTION OF SOUTHERN PINE AS "YELLOW" PINE, BASED UPON OBSERVATION ONLY OF HEART-PINE IN THE FORM OF LUMBER. HEARTWOOD DOES NOT FORM IN SOUTliERN PINE UNTIL ABOUT THE TWENTYFIFTH YE/IR.
"THESE RESULTS, TOGETHER WITH SPECIMENS OF THE SEVERAL PRODUCTS, WERE FIRST
MADE PUBLIC IN AN ADDRESS BEFORE ATLANTA (GA.) CHAMBER OF COMMERCE ON OCTOBER 29, 1930. THE MATTER ATTRACTED WIDESPREAD INTEREST.
_THE [STABL ISHt-1ENT OF A SEt'lI-WORKS SCALE LABORATORY "DELAY IN COMPLETING SIMILAR SULPHITE EXPERIMENTS ON LONG LEAF PINE AT JOHNSON-
BURG, PA., EMPHASIZED THE NECESSITY OF HAVING A LABORATORY NEAR THE TIMBER WHOSE SOLE ATTENTION WOULD BE DEVOTED TO THE STUDY OF THE SUITABILITY OF SOUTHERN PINES FOR THE VARIOUS FORMS OF WHITE PAPER.
"MR. R. S. JOHNSTON OF THE PUSEY AND JONES CORPORATION OF WILMINGTON, DEL.
ESTlr~ATED AT MY REQUEST, THAT A SUM OF $50,000 WOULD BE REQUIRED TO PURCHASE THE
PRINCIPAL EQUIPMENT FOR A SEMI-COMMERCIAL LABORATORy ..... MR. FRANCIS P. GARVIN,
PRESIDENT OF THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION, WITH WHICH I HAD BEEN OFFICIALLY CONNECTED,

57

TECHNICAL FORESTER TO CARRY OUT THIS PROGRAM.

OTHER FACTORS

OTHER FACTORS OF THE INDUSTRY REQUIRING ADJUSTMENT, WERE PRICES TO BE PAID FOR

PULPWOOD. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF IMPORTANCE ARE FREIGHT RATES, WHICH NECESSARILY IN-

CREASE WITH THE DISTANCE OF THE PRODUCER FROM THE MILL. THE USE OF INLAND WATER-

WAYS AND RIVER CHANNELS FOR TRANSPORTATION BY BARGE SERVES TO HELP EQUALIZE THIS CON-

DITION. IN JULY 1937 IT WAS ESTII,1ATED THAT 50% OF THE PRODUCED PULPWOOD WAS BEING

CARRIED BY BARGES VIA WATER-BORNE COASTWISE COMMERCE. COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF THE
u. S. CORPS OF ENG ItJEERS, SHOW THE FOLLOW ING TRENDS REGARD ING TH IS COI.1MERCE ALONG

THE GEORGIA COAST:-

YEAR 1937 1936

PULPWOOD V/ATER-OORNF COASnvlSE COilt'fRCE INLAND WATERWAY BETWEEN BEAUFORT, S. C. AtJD ST. JOHNS :~ IVER, FLOriDA

INTEr.NAL SHIPMENTS

(t'!ORTH-GOUtJD )

(SOUTH-GOUND)

(TotJS)

(TONS)

THROUGH TRAFFIC

(NORTH-GOUND)

(SOUTH-GOUND)

(TOt,IS)

(TONS)

39,324

8,169

427

25,478

4,649

2,257

9,727

GRAND TOTAL (TONS)
73 ,398
16,633 11

RE$,SARCH

THE EXPERIMENTS AND DISCOVERIES OF THE LATE DR. CHARLES H. HERTY AT SAVANNAH

HAVE OPENED UP THE FIELD FOR MANUFACTURING WHITE PAPER FROM PULPWOOD GROWN IN SOUTH-

ERN FORESTS. EXCERPTS FROM AN UNPUBLISHED PAPER PREPARED BY DR. HERTY, ENTITLED

"THE PULP AND PAPER LABORATORY AT SAVANNAH - ITS HISTORY, OPERATION AND FUTURE"

PROV IDE I NS IGHT ItHO THE STEPS INVOLVED ItJ DEVELOPt.1ENT OF TH IS FIELD. DR. HERTY

WF:OTE: "A VISIT TO COGDELL, GA. IN THE SU~'MER OF 1927, WHERE A SLASH PINE FOREST OF

82,000 ACRES WAS BEING DEVELOPED DY MR. ALEX SESSOMS ON CUTOVER-LANDS THROUGH THE

SIMPLE AGEN~Y'OF PREVENTION OF GRASS-FIRES, SHOWED CLEARLY THAT THE DENSENESS OF

THE STANDS WAS SO Gf'EAT THAT THINNING WOULD BE NECESSARY TO INSURE t,1AXIMur.1 GROWTH.

SUCH OPERATIONS WOULD CONSTITUTE A liEAVY CHARGE AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT UNLESS A MAR-

KEI COULD DE FOUND FOR THE THINNINGS, POSSIBLY AS PULPWOOD

"OCCASIONAL INQUIRIES OF THOSE CONNECTED WITH THE PINE TREE INDUSTRY DROUGHT

ESTIMATES OF RESIN CONTENT IN PINES VARYING FROM 5% TO 33%. WITH SUCH A WIDE RANGE

CM,lE THE NATURAL DES IPE TO FIND OUT DY ACTUAL EXTRACT ION WHAT THE PES I N CONTENT WAS. THEREFORE, AT MY REQUEST, MR. SESSOMS ARRANGED WITH THE HERCULES POWDER CONPA~Y AT

ITS LABORATORY IN ORUNSWICK, GEORGIA, TO MAKE AN EXTRACTION OF SAWDUST PREPARED

11 l.h ... SOURCE: ANNUAL REPORTS OF CH IEF 01"

ARMV nNGUIEERS. DATA FOR VEAFflJ PR' OR

TO THOSE LISTED ABOVE NOT AVAILADLE.

(A)
~, GA.
No. OF OF
[ST,\()L. U,S.

I tJDUSTR I ES RELATED TO rORr::'T P[~ODUCTS
or CENSUS rI:ANUFI\CTUrES - 1935

(8)

TOTAL rJo. ~ Gt, Q

OF

OF

[t.1PLOYEES. U.S.

(C)
TOTAL i'7AG,~S % C/,\.

(D)

VALUE

%CA.

MID

or

OF

OF"

SAL/\R IES U.S. Pr.:JDUCTS U.S.

(E)
VALUE t,DDED GY MFPs.

%GA.
OF
U,S

ALL

(GEORGIA 1,128 7.2

I NDUSTR rES ( lL S. 15,421

LUMBER & (GEORGIA

4"'"-.1_)

7.6

T I'.18ER

( U. S.

5,981

PLANN ItJG HILL

((;FORGIA

84 301

{. Uc S

2,753

tJAVAL STORES

(GEORGIA ( U S.

497 55.5 895

V}OOD

(GEORGIA

PRESERVED ( U. S.

7 3.8 185

COOPERAGE (GEORGIA ( U. S,

12 3.0 407

rURNITURE (GEORGIA

31 1.0

( U So 3,035

CASKETS ETC.

(GEORGIA
( u. S

20 3,7 548

\'1000
TURNED

(GEORGIA
( U. S.

4 .5 752

BOXES

(GEORGIA
( IJ. S.

14 2.1 661

GASKETS

(GEORGIA ( IJ. S.

4 2.0 204

31,101 596,887
9,837 268,842
1,736 57,375
14,537 28,352
466 9,833
235 10,669
1,761 147,17Al
324 16,126
186 23,830
1,628 25,084
391 9,602

5.2 3.7 3.0 51. 3 4.7 2.2 1.2 2.0
.8 6" 4.1

$ 11,911,292 2.4
502,865,693

3,057,080 1.8 209,832,813

1,238,736

~ ...,

~

,~

:,7,682,467

3,745,193 49.9 7,506,030

304,969 3.7 8,302,016

148,694 1 "';> 9,,335,998

1,255,713 .9 144,825,307

285 ,~31 1.5 19,534,159

40,256 .2 20,498,858

805,570 4.6 19,154,743

149,750 ::'.6 ,5,69-3,222

39 ,:?,~)8 ,255 2i6 $ 21,256,105 2.6

531,70:',43::'

816,553,246

13,435,'>t1 2'.4

7,781,672 2.3

551,614,009

343,500,838

4,841,502 2,,5
196,272,3~!4

2,082,775 204 87,562,488

10,260"t42 53 4 19,::'32,724

6,134,331 51.5 11 ,912 ,512

2.,453,362 3,1 80,367,755

839,629 41 20,602,692

70;:' ,020 1,5 46,5:)5,701

262,151 106 16,585, Til

3,634,!06 .8

2,032,352 .9

434,443,514

226,523,?39

1,087,0:]9 1.7 65,65:' ,011
96,277 .2 59,794,078

556,168 105 36,223,991

. 50,913

..,
.:..

33,710,886

2,547,37'7 4.0 63,277 ,575

1,311,662 4.2 31,173,366

323,659 2~2 14,191,652

203,952 2.3 8 757 463

SOURCE OF DATA: U. S. CENSUS OF MANurACTURES ~ BULLETINS - 17 - 18 - 19 60

59

OFFEREO $50,000 FROM THE INCOME OF THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION, PROVIDED I COULD SECURE

$20,000 PER YEAR FOR MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF THE LABORATORY.

IMMEDIATELY

WENT TO GEORGIA, WHERE THE STATE LEGISLATURE WAS IN THE LAST WEEK OF ITS SESSION. THE

PROPOSAL WAS LAID BEFORE THE LEGISLATURE AND ON THE LAST DAY OF ITS SESSION, SEPTEMBER

22, 1931 (ACTUALLY 5 A.M. SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 1931) THE AMOUNT WAS INCLUDED IN THE

GENERAL ApPROPRIATION BILL, THE FUNDS TO BECOME AVAILABLE ON JANUARY 1, 1932 AND TIlE

WORK TO BE CARRIED ON AS THE PULP AND PAPER DIVISION OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.

"IT SOON BECAME EVIDENT THAT THE AMOUNT OF $50,000 WAS NOT NEARLY SUFFICIENT TO

FULLY EQUIP THE LABORATORY. THROUGH THE GENEROUS COOPERATION OF THE PUSEY AND JONES

CORPORATION, MANUFACTURERS WERE INDUCED TO SUPPLY EQUIPMENT AT PRACTICALLY HALF-PRICE,

ON THE GROUND THAT THIS WAS PURELY A RESEARCH UNDERTAKING AND THAT THERE WOULD BE NO

SALE OF ANY PRODUCT MANUFACTURED. THERE REMAINED, HOWEVER, THE QUESTION OF RENTING

A SUITABLE BUILDING, THE PURCHASE OF POWER, FUEL OIL FOR STEAM, WOOD, WATER, ETC.

To MEET THESE NEEDS, THE DESIRE OF NINE GEORGIA CITIES FOR THE LOCATION OF THE LABOR-

ATORY WAS CAPITALIZED, AND THE STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY ANNOUNCED THAT SEALED BIDS

WOULD BE RECEIVED AT ITS QUARTERLY MEETING IN OCTOBER 1931, IN ATLANTA, THE LABORA-

TORY TO DE LOCATED IN THAT CITY OFFERING THE BEST INDUCEMENTS. SAVANNAH MADE THE BEST

BID AND THE LABORATORY WAS UNANIMOUSLY AWARDED TO THAT CITY.

"EQUIPMENT BEGAN TO ARRIVE AT SAVANNAH THE LATTER PART OF DECEMBER 1931, AND ON

JANUARY 1, 1932 THE SMALL STAFF OF FIVE MEN ASSEMBLED IN SAVANNAH ON THE FOLLOWING

DAY, MONDAY, WE TOOK POSSESSION OF THE BUILDING. DURING TilE FIVE MONTHS REQUIRED FOR

INSTALLATION OF THE EQUIPMENT THE NEED FOR A TESTING LABORATORY BECAME EVIDENT. THE

CHEMICAL FOUNDATION MADE AN ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORK BY CONTRIBUTING

$7,000, WITH WHICH, THROUGII THE COOPERATION OF APPARATUS MANUFACTURERS, ABOUT $12,000

WORTH OF TESTING EQUIPMENT WAS PROViDED ...

"THE POSSIBILITY OF MANUFACTURING SULPHITE PULP FROM SOUTHERN PINE HAS BEEN ABUN

DANTLY DEMONSTRATED IN THE SAVANNAH LABORATORY. HOWEVER, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT A CON

SIDERABLE TONNAGE (POSSIBLY ALL) OF THE IMPORTS OF SULPHITE PULP MAY BE REPLACED DY

DOMESTIC BLEACHED KRAFT PULP. THE GREAT NEW FIELD OF DEVELOPMENT, THEREFORE, IS IN

NEWSPRINT MILLS. IN ORDER TO REPLACE THE 1936 IMPORTS OF NEWSPRINT, 60 MILLS OF 150

TONS DAILY CAPACITY UTILIZING SOUTHERN PINE WOULD BE NECESSARY.

"To BRING ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION OF THIS LARGE NUMBER OF NEW MILLS $300,000,000
WOULD BE REQUIRED. Now THAT THE KRAFT MOVEMENT SEEMS TO HAVE REACHED ITS APPROXI

MATE COMPLETION, EFFORTS FOR THE NEXT GREAT INDUSTRIAL MOVEMENT IN LINE FOR THE PAPER

62
I NDUSTRY I N THE SOUTH SHOULD BE DIRECTED TOWM:D NEVISPR I NT. FROM THE FACTS DEVELOPED I N Til IS lABORATORY, THE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED It~ IT, AND TilE PR I NT I NG TESTS OF THE NEWSPRINT, IT CAN DE CONFIDENTLY STATED THAT SUCH SOUTHERN NEWSPRINT MillS Will TURN OUT A PRODUCT AT MUCH lOWER COST THAN THAT OF PRESENT-DAY MANUFACTURE, THAT THE NEWS PRINT Will BE OF THE HIGHEST COMMERCIAL STANDARDS, AND THAT All REQUIREMENTS OF PRINTING Will BE FUllY MET ...... "
D~PLOYMENT
THE OEST AVAilABLE DATA ON EMPLOYMENT IN FOREST INDUSTRIES ARE IN THE UNITED STATES CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES, OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WHICH
HAS BEEN "TAKEN AT TWO YEAR INTERVALS OEGiNNING WITH 1921." No DATA ARE COLLECTED FROM ESTABLISHMENTS WITH PRODUCTS VALUED AT LESS THAN $5.000. IN MAKING COMPARISONS BETWEEN FIGURES FOR 1935 AND THOSE FOR EARLIER YEARS, THE liKELIHOOD "THAT THE PRO
PORTION OF PART TIME EMPLOYMENT VARIED FROM YEAR TO YEAR SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT."
A SERIES OF INTERESTING COMPARISONS CAN DE MADE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF FOREST INDUSTRIES TO THE STATE OF GEORGIA. ~ "'GlOJNG TABULATIONS HAVE BEEN COMPILED FROM
PUBLICATIONS OF THE CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES FOR 1935. UNDETERMINABLE FACTORS IN THESE DATA ARE THE AMOUNT OF TIME, OR HOURS OF WORK,
EXPENDED BY EMPLOYEES. IT IS SUSPECTED IN THOSE SUD-INDUSTRIES, WHICH INCLUDE WOODS OPERATIONS, THAT A lARGE PROPORTION OF WORKERS WERE PROVIDED WITH ONLY PART TIME OR PARTIAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA. WORK IN THE WOODS IS POSSIBLE FOR A GREATER PART OF THE YEAR IN GEORGIA THAN THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES AS A WHOLE. "GEORGIA'S WOOD
11
USING INDUSTRIES FURNISH THE EQUIVALENT OF YEAR-lONG EMPLOYMENT TO 71,000 INDIVIDUALS," THE GREATEST VARIANCE OF GEORGIA WITH AVERAGE UNITED STATES STATISTICS OCCUR IN
THE LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN THIS SUO iNDUSTRY iT IS SUSPECTED THAT
THERE IS CONSIDERABLE PART TIME EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA, BECAUSE THE TIMBER STANDS OF GEORGIA, IN COMPARISON WITH SOME OTHER SECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, ARE NOT RELATIVE lY LARGE, EXCEPTING IN THE NAVAL STORES BELT, WHERE NAVAL STORES AND PULPWOOD COMPETE WITH LUMBERING OPERATIONS.
1/ FOREST RESOURCES OF GEORGIA OY GEORGIA DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND U. S, FOREST SERVICE - PREFACE.

ErlPLOYHEfJT & VALUE or PRODUCTS FOREST INDUSTRIES
U, So CENSUS OF MANur/\CTURES - 1935

(A)

(8)

No. OF ~Jo, OF ESTA13L EMPLOYEES

(C) No. OF Er,IPLOYEES PER tSTI\OL.

(D)
AVER., VAL, F'RouuCTS
PER ESTABL.

(E)
VAL, ADDED BY MFR
PER ESTABl.

(F)
WAGES AND SALARIES PER ESTAOl.

(G) VALUE OF Pr:OCUCTS PER EMPL,

(1-1)
VAL. ADDED BY MFR
PER EMPLc

(I)
AVERAGE WAGE PER EMPLOYEE

All

1GEORGIA 1,128 31,101

INDUSTRIES U. S. 15,421 596,887

27.6 38.7

$ 34,919 99,326

$ 18,844
52,951

$ 10,560
32,609

$ 1,266
2,566

$ 683
1,368

$ 383 842

LUMOER & (GEORGIA

455 9,837

21.6

29,529

17,103

8,477

1,366

791

394

TIMBER

( u. S. 5,981 268,842

44,9

92,228

57,432

35,083

2,052

1,278

781

PLANNING (GEORGIA

84 1,736

MilL

( U. S, 2,753 57,375

20,7 20.8

57,638 71,294

24,795 31,806

14,747 20,953

2,789 3,421

1,200 1,526

714 1.005

NAVAL

(GEORGIA

497 14,~37

29.2

20,657

12,343

7,536

706

422

258

STORES

( U, S.

895 28,352

31. 7

21,489

13 ,310

8,387

678

420

265

WOOD

(GEORGIA

7

466

66.6

350,480

119,947

43,567

5,265

1,802

654

PRESERVING ( U. S

185 9,833

53,?

434,420

111,366

44,876

8173

2,095

844

COOPERAGE (GEORGIA

12

235

19.6

58,502

21,846

12,391

2,987

1,116

633

( U, S.

407 10,669

26 2

114,387

40,,751

24,167

4,,364

1,555

922

FURNITURE (GEORGIA

31 1,761

56 8

117,229

65,576

40,507

2,064

1,154

713

( U. S

3,035 147,174

48.5

143,144

74,637

47,718

2,952

1,539

984

CASKETS ETC,

(GEORGIA
( U. S.

20

324

548 16,126

16.2 29.4

54,394 119,805

27,808 66,102

14,267 35,646

3,358 4,071

1,717 2,246

881 1,211

WOOD

(GEORGIA

4

186

46.5

24,069

12,728

10,064

518

274

216

TURNED

( U. S.

752 23,830

31.,7

79,513

44,828

27,259

2,509

1,415

860

BOXES

(GEORGIA

14 1,628

11.6

181,956

93,690

63,255

1,565

806

54"1

( U, S.

661 25,084

37.9

95,730

47,161

28,978

2,523

1,243

764

BASKETS

(GEORGIA

4

391

97,8

80,915

50,988

37,438

828

522

383

( u. S.

204 9,602

47.1

71,038

42,929

27,908

1,509

912

593

SOURCES OF DATA: CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES - BUllETINS 17 - 18 - 19

61

64
STATE FOREST TREE NURSERY SLASH PINE 2 1/2 YEARS AFTER TRANSPLANTING
WI TH SEEbL INGS TAKErJ FROM FOREST

63 SCRAPING OPERATIONS GUM ~JAVAL STORES
LOADING STUMPS WOOQ NAVAL STORES

66
LIFE OF THESE FACILITIES. THIS HAZARD TO WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS, HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS, AND FLOOD CONTROL STORAGE BASINS IS ALLEVIATED BY GOOD FOREST MANAGE~ENT AND FIRE CONTROL. THE COST OF PLANTING AND MAINTAINING FOREST PROTECTION FOR THESE PUBLIC WORKS IS CONSIDERABLY LESS THAN THE VALUE OF THE SITE OR THE COST FOR REPLACEfAEIH OF THESE FAC ILIT IES. THE EXPENSE OF DREDG I NG PIVER CHANNELS AND HARDORS WOULD DE LESS I F THE AMOUNT OF S ILT CARR IED IN STRCAt1S WERE REDUCED.
WATER SUPPLIES GOOD WATER IS ASSOCIATED WITH FORESTS. CLEAR STREAMS FLOWING THROUGH FORESTED LAND, AND SPRINGS IN TREE-FILLED RAVINES APE PICTURES, WITH WHICH AVERAGE PERSONS ARE FAMILIAR. THE ASSOCIATION OF WATER AND FORESTS EXTENDS FURTHER. FLOWING WATER INDICATES A REASONABLY HIGH WATER TAGLE ON ADJOINING LANDS. THIS IS DEMONSTRATED IN DEEP LIMESTONE CAVES, WHEPE THERE MAY BE SEEN VNDERGROUND AREAS THAT ARE SATURATED WITH MOISTURE. THE FUNCTION OF FORESTS TO CONSERVE AND MAKE AVAILAGLE GOOD WATCR FOR I~MAN CONSUMPTION AND USE IS GENERALLY ACKNOWLEDGED, GUT NOT ALWAYS APPRECIATED. LIKE OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES, THE VALUE OF FORESTS ~AY NOT DE FULLY REALIZED UNTIL THEY ARE NEARLY DCPLETED. FORESTS COMBINED WITH PROPCR LAND USE PRACTICES ARE NEEDED TO COMPLETE NA TUPE 's METIIOD OF WATEr CONSERVAT ION. THE QUANTITY AND PRESSURE OF GROUND WATERS, WHICH SUPPLY THE ARTESIAN WELLS OF SOUTH GEORGIA, ARE DC PENDENT UPON INTAKE AREAS. CONSIDERABLE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ACCOUNT FOR LOWERED ARTESIAN HEAD IN ~ANY SOUTH GEORGIA AND fLORIDA LOCATIONS. HOWEVER, UNLESS A LARGE PART OF THE I NTAKE AREA IS SHADED DY TREES TO PREVENT SO IL FROM BAI( I NG, THE GROUND WILL NOT BE SUFFICIENTLY POROUS FOR RAINFALL TO SEEP INTO AND REPLENISH THE UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY.
SO I L EPOS IOtJ
THE UTILITY OF FORESTS TO CONTROL SOIL EROSION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED DY THE U. S. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. IN ONE OF THEIR RECENT REPORTS, THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT APPEAPED:
"II'J TilE /\PPALACHIMJ :~EGlor'J FLOOD-FLO'.'! STUDIES I.'IER::: i.1M>E elY THE forEST SErVICE IN 193473:ii <m23 SM-'LL WATliRSHQ."CS. IHE -AVEflAGE tAAxn'*J~ ~~oo ihpw:ii:~ .....&. FOR-
ESTED VIATt::R'SHtDS AMOUNTED TO 38 CUBIC FEET pc" SEcotJb PEP-SQUArE: !-lILE, WHILE
FOR GRASSED AND ABANDONED AGR ICUL TurAL LAND THE F IGU'lE Wi,S 432 CUB IC FCET AN) FOP COMPLETELY DENUDED LAND 1,304 CUBIC FEET." ~ "FORESTS IN FLOOD CONTROL" COt'1PILED BY E. N. MUNNS AND IVAN H. SIMS - SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT TO THE COMMITTEE ON FLOOD CONTROL, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
74TH CONGRESS, 2ND SESSION ON H. R. 12517.

CHAPTER V
OTHER PHASES OF USE
INCREASED APPRECIATION OF FOREST RESOURCES, AND THE FORM IN WHICH THEY ARE MOST DESIRABLE, MOST BENEFICIAL, AND OF MOST VALUE, SHOULD BE GAINED. FROM A PLANNING STANDPOINT ONE SHOULD GUARD AGAINST "GETTING SO CLOSE TO THE WOODS THAT YOU CANNOT SEE THE FOREST FOR THE TREES", AND APPROACH THE SUBJECT WITH A BROAD VIEWPOINT.
FOPEST CONSERVATION IN ADDITION TO THE USE OF FOREST RESOURCES TO PRODUCE TANGIBLE WEALTH, IT MIGHT BE WELL TO CONSIDER OTHER BENEFITS PROVIDED BY GEORGIA'S FORESTS. MAXIMUM ECONOMIC UTILIZATION OF FOREST RESOURCES AND MAXIMUM PUBLIC BENEFITS FROM FOREST CONSERVATION MAY BECOr.1E CONFL ICT I NG OR COMPET I NG ODJECT IVES. I F THERE WERE NO HUMAN USE OF FORESTS, FORESTRY CONSERVATION WOULD BE A COMPARATIVELY SIMPLE PROBLEM. THE PROBLEM DOES NOT ALONE BELONG TO FORESTERS. IT IS A PROBLEM WHOSE SOLUTION MATERIALLY AFFECTS EVERY CITIZEN OF THE COMMONWEALTH. A HIGH WATER TABLE IS IMPORTANT TO AGRICULTURE, WATER SUPPLIES, AND STREAM FLOW REGULATION. FORESTS TEND TO PREVENT FLASH RUN-OFF OF INTERMITTENT SHOWERS, AND LESSEN EXTREMES OF DROUGHT. A THICK FOREST FLOOR ACTS LIKE A SPONGE IN ABSORBING RAINFALL, AND PROVIDES A MULCH TO PREVENT HOT RAYS OF THE SUN FROM "BAKING" THE SOIL, WHICH
HINDERS I NF I LTRAT I ON AND LOWERS THE WATER TABLE. I N SECT IONS OF THE FALL -L I NE HILLS,
DEEP GULLIES STARTED IN THE SAND AFTER THE ORIGINAL FOREST COVER WAS REMOVED. SOME
OF THESE GULLIES ARE OVER 100 FEET DEEP. SEEPAGE FROM THE GULLY WALLS IS A CONTINUAL
DRAIN ON THE WATER TABLE. THESE DEEP WOUNDS IN THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH CAUSE THE SURROUNDING LAND TO "BLEED" AND DRY OUT.
FORESTS ARE AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF CONTROLLING SOIL lOSlON. WHEN THE VIRGIN
FORESTS OF THE STATE WERE CLEARED, THE RATE OF SOIL EROSION WAS GRADUALLY ACCELERATED TO THE PRESENT PROBLEM STAGE. FORESTS ARE ESSENTIAL TO RECREATIONAL USE OF LAND, ESPECIALLY IN THE INTERIOR SECTIONS OF THE STATE. MOST SPECIES OF FAUNA DEPEND UPON FOREST AREAS FOR SHELTER AND FOOD. BIRD LIFE, OF WHICH THE STATE HAS UNCOUNTED NUMBERS, REQUIRES WOODLAND FOR NESTING, PROTECTION, AND FOOD.
WATERSHED PROTECTION BY FORESTS IS DESIRABLE FOR RESERVOIRS. SILTING SHORTENS THE
65

68

MIGRATORY V'!ATERFOVIL REFUG:::S OF TIlE UNITED STATES BIOLOGICAL SURVEY AT S,WANNAH AND ON [lLACKOEARD ISLAND UTILIZES LAND WHICH IS NOT NEEDED FOR FORESTRY, ALTHOUGH APPROXIMATELY TWO-THirDS OF THE GLACKGEAPD ISLAND REFUGE SUPPORTS A FINE GROWTH OF LARGE LIVE OAKS AND VIRGIN SLASH PINE. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT OWNS ABOUT 300,000 ACRES OF LAND IN THE HEART OF THE OKEFENOKEE SWAMP, WHICH IS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF
THE BIOLOG ICAL SURVEY. CONS:::RVAT ION I1EASURES ARE CAUS ING TilE RAP ID rETURN AND INCREASE OF MANY KINDS OF WILD LIFE HERE. BETWEEN 1908 AND 1930 EXTENSIVE LOGGING OPERATIONS
WERE CONDUCTED IN THE SWAMP. SEVERAL MILLION OOARD FEET OF VIRGIN CYPRESS WERE RE-
11 to10VED, ALTHOUGH "MANY VIPG ItJ STANDS REMA I N IN LESS ACCESS IBLE PARTS OF THE SWAMP".
RECENTLY THE DIOLOGICAL SURVEY ACQUIRED PART OF THE GEORGIA PLANTATION - PIEDMONT PROJECT OF THE RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION NEAR EATONTON, GEORGIA, AND ARE INTRODUCING PLANS FOR WILD LIFE MANAGEMENT IN THIS SECTION ON APPROXIMATELY 30,000 ACRES OF A3ANDONED FARM LAND, PARTS OF WHICH ARE IN WOODS,

,'\GR ICULTUr;AL D! '!EPS Ir ICI\T I ON

THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RAISING LIVESTOCK AND FOR CONSERVING WILD LIFE IN THE

FOREST LANDS OF THE STATE ARE EXCELLENT.

THE SECTION OF SOUTH GEORGIA, COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE NAVAL STOPES DELT, SUPPORTS
A LARGER NUMBER OF CATTLE, ACCORDING TO THE U. S. AGRICULTURAL CENSUS OF 1935, THAN

ANY OTHER PART OF GEORGIA. THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT IS SIGNIFICANT OF THE VALUE OF

THIS LARGE FORESTED AREA TO WILD LIFE:

"THE I ND IANS TRADED LAF'GE STORES OF SI: INS VI ITH COLON ISTS, AND GEORG IA DE-
RIVED MUCH OF ITS EARLY REVENUE FROM THIS SOURCE. As SETTLEMENT PUSHED
WESTWARD FROM THE COAST, AND AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS SPREAD OVER THE STATE, GM,!E WAS DEPRIVED OF ITS HABITAT MID SAFETY. HOWEVER, TilE COASTAL AREA
OF THE STATE, WHICH WAS THE SECTION FIRST SETTLED, SUPPORTS GREATER NUM-
BERS OF ANIMAL LIFE AT THIS TIME THAN ANY OTHER SECTION. ON THE COASTAL ISLANDS AS WELL AS THE I1AINLAND ARE MANY SPECIES OF GAME INCLUDING BEAR,
DEER. SQUIRREL, FOX, RACCOON, OPOSSUM, WILD TURKEY, QUAIL AND MARSH HEN. THIS IS DUE TO LARGE FOREST AREAS, LOW AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AND GAME
PRESERVES, WHICH ARE BEING LOCATED HERE OY BOTH PRIVATE INTERESTS AND
THE UN ITED STATES BIOLOG ICf,L SURVEY. THE OKEFENOKEE AND OTHER WILD LI FE
11 REFUGES, WIIICH ARE UNDER rED[~AL OWNERSHIP, HAVE ALREADY PROVED THEIR
vr,LUE I N THE INCRCASED tJU~,18EPS AND SPEC IES OF ALL I~ INDS OF '.V ILD L I FE."

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF GEORGIA BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA IN 1925 cor~-

TAINS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT REGARDING PARTICULARLY THE SbUTHERN PAPT OF TilE TIFTON

IjPLAIJD, MlO WOULD APPLY GENERALLY TO TilE LOWEr COASTAL PLA IN AND COASTAL TERRACE

SECTIONS OF SOUTH GEORGIA AND NORTH FLORIDA.

"THE ENT'RE rEG ION FOR~lERL Y SUPPorTED A SUPCic , GROWTH OF OPEN PINE \'100D5 CARPETED WITH \'JlRE-GRASS \'IHICH AFForDED PASTUU,GE For rlAtJY CATTLE. MOST OF THE LAND HAS NOW OEEN CUT-OV~R .... "

1/

OUT DOOR I~ECr;EAT ION GEOrGIA, OY THE STATE PLANNING BOAPo:-FEORUARY, 1939).

67

INASMUCH AS RUN-OFF IS LESS ON FORESTED AREAS, SCOURING EFFECT AND SOIL CARRYING CAPACITIES OF SURFACE RUN-OFF ARE LESS.

RESERVOIRS ONE OF GEORGIA'S MOST VALUABLE USES OF WATER 15 TO GENERATE ELECTRIC POWER.
TH~RE ARE APPROXIMATELY 40 WATER-POWER PLANTS OF 100 HORSEPOWER OR MORE IN GEORGIA, TOTALING 586,300 HORSEPOWER. OF THIS NUMBER 30 PLANTS ARE PUBLIC UTILITIES, AND THE
BALANCE ARE INDUSTRIALLY OR 11UNICIPALLY OWNED AND OPERATED.
THERE ARE 78 PROPOSED SITES ON GEORGIA RIVERS. THE POTENTIALITIES OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT IS EVIDENT FROM THESE DATA, WHICH ARE CONTAINED IN 1934 RIVER BASIN
REPORTS OF THE WATER RESOURCES COMMITTEES. RELATED TO HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT IS WATERSHED PROTECTION, WHICH IS REQUIRED
TO PROLONG THE LIFE OF RESERVOIRS THROUGH PREVENTING OR ALLEVIATING SILTATION. THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESERVOIRS IS A CONTINUING STUDY, INVOLVING ENGINEERING ANALY-
SES OF DETAILED TECHNICAL CHARACTER, AND DEPENDING UPON THE DEMAND OF THE POWER MARKET. WHETHER DAMS ARE BUILT FOR MULTIPLE PURPOSES, OR SPECIFICALLY FOR FLOOD CONTROL, NAVIGATION, WATER SUPPLY OR RIVER FLOW REGULATION, PLANS FOR EXTENSIVE REFORESTATION SHOULD BE CONSTANTLY REVISED AND INTEGRATED WITH NEW RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENTS.
RECREATION AND WILD LIFE CONSERVATION
RECREATIONAL USE OF FORESTS HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY DEMONSTRATED ON PUBLICLY OWNED LAND BY GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES IN GEORGIA. THE DEVELOPMENT OF RECREATIONAL AREAS IN THE CHATTAHOOCHEE NATIONAL FOREST IN NORTH GEORGIA, ESPECIALLY AT LAKE WINFIELD SCOTT AND RABUN BEACH IS NOTEWORTHY. Two OF GEORGIA'S STATE PARKS ARE LOCATED IN THIS VICINITY, NAMELY ON FORT MOUNTAIN AND IN NEEL GAP, AT VOGEL LAKE AND NEAR NOTTELEY FALLS.
THE FOREST SERVICE MAINTAINS 14,000 ACRES AS THE NOONTOOTLEY NATIONAL GAME REFUGE
IN THE CHATTAHOOCHEE NATIONAL FOREST. MORE RECENTLY THIS WORK HAS BEEN EXTENDED TO INCLUDE FOUR AREAS, WHICH "MAY BE ENLARGED PERIODICALLY AS CONDITIONS WARRANT".

NAME COHUTTA FISH AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA
LAKE BURTON FISH AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA
BLUE RIDGE FISH AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA (INCLUDE NOONTOOTLY AREA)
CHATTAHOOCHEE-CHESTATEE FISH AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA TOTAL

ACRES
40,768 15,000
41,135
.-26,256 153,159

70
PEANUTS, SWEET POTATOES, AND GROWS CONSIDERABLE COTTON AND PECANS. THE COUNTY IS FAVORED WITH DETTER THAN AVERAGE SOIL. NEVERTHELESS, THE RECORD IS WORTHY OF STUDY CY OTHER SOUTH GEOrGIA COUNTIES. IN THE VICINITY OF PIERCE COUNTY AND PARTS OF WAYNE COUNTY, SOIL CONDITIONS APE ALSO GOOD. THESE COUNTIES ALSO ARE IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL YIELD, AND ArE WORKING OUT A BALANCED LAND USE PROGRAM, IN WHICII FOREST INDUSTRIES AND LIVESTOCK ARE IMPORTANT FACTORS.
THE GEOrGIA-CAROLINA LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATION HAS BEEN ACTIVE AND HELPFUL IN PROMOTING THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTPY IN COASTAL AND SOUTH GEORGIA. LARGE ACREAGES OF PASTURE LAND HAVE BEEN BUILT, NOTABLY IN SCREVEN, BULLOCH, WAYNE AND EVANS COUNTIES. A PASTUrAGE EXPERT HAS BEEN rETAINED, MID THE ASSOCIATIOrJ HAS WORKED CLOSELY WITH THE STATE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE AND THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY. VARIOUS HERD ASSOCIATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS HAVE CEEN ACTIVE IN IMPROVING THE STRAINS OF STOCK. LEADI NG BREEDS OF CEEr: CATTLE IN TH IS SECT ION ARE BLACK ANGUS AND IIEREFOPDS. DA IRY BREEDS ALSO ARE IN EVIDENCE ALTHOUGH TO A LESSEP EXTENT THAN THE DUO-PURPOSE BREEDS.
IN OTIIER SECTIONS OF THE STATE, LIVESTOCK RAISING IS MAINLY CONFINED TO FARM PASTURES. DAIRYING IS THE LARGER PART OF THE CATTLE INDUSTRY. THE NUMBER OF IIOGS ARE HIGHEST IN THCSE COUNTIES VIHERE PEANUT PRODUCTION IS HIGH, OR VELVET BEANS AND COW PEAS PROVIDE FIELD CROPS FOP FEED. THE NUMBER OF MULES OCCUR IN PROPORTION TO THE EXTENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND AMOUNT OF LAND IN FARMS.
-fORFST TREE t~IJRSER IES ArlO REFORFSTAT ION
TilE NUliJDER OF FOr:EST TREE SEEDLINGS GrOWN AND DISTRIBUTED IN GEORGIA INCREASED CONSIDERABLY FOR THE 1938-39 SEASON, AS COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS YEARS. WHEN NATIONAL Arm ST,-HE FORESTRY PROGRAf-1S rECE IVED MJ IMPETUS UNDER THE V,~R IOUS GOVERrJMENTAL EtlEPGENCY PROGRAMS OF RECENT 'fEArS, I T VIAS FOUND THAT THE NU'1BEP OF SEEDL INGS AVA ILAGLE FOR ARTIFICIAL REFORESTATION WERE NOT ADEQUATE TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THESE PROGRAMS. PRIVATELY OWNED NURSERIES WERE NOT GEARED TO MEET THE DEMAND AND GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES HAD BEEN CONCERNED MORE WITII EXPERIMENTAL WORK THAN VOLUME PRODUCTION OF SEEDLINGS. TABULATIONS HEREIN INCLUDED SHOW THE TREND FRON 1930 THROUGH 1937, AND APPLY TO THE STATE NURSERIES AT FLOWERY BRANCH (FORMERLY BLAIRSVILLE) AND ALDANY, GEORGIA. RECENT DATA SHOWS THAT 14,077,898 SEEDLINGS WERE GROWN AND DISTRIBUTED DURING THE 1938-1939 SEASON BY THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY,
IN THE MEANTIME SEEDLING PRODUCTION WAS STEPPED UP 8'1 DEPARTMENTS OF THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT OPERATING IN GEORGIA, THE U. S, FOREST SERVICE, THE SOIL CONSERVATION
SERVICE, AND THE FAR'~ SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MANAGED REFORESTATION BY SEEDLINGS AT

69

THIS TYPE OF GRAZING LAND WAS COMMON THROUGHOUT SOUTH GEORGIA, NORTH FLORIDA AND

THE PAN-HANDLE, AND THE WIRE-GRASS REGION OF ALABAMA AND SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI, - ALL

BORDERING THE GULF OF MEXICO.

IN ADDITION TO DANGER rROM FIRE, TREE SEEDLINGS MUST ALSO WITHSTAND LIVESTOCK,

WHO BITE OrF THE TOPS OF SEEDLINGS OR PULL THEM UP. SHEEP AND GOATS APPEAR TO BE THE

WORST OFFENDERS OF ALL DOMESTICATED LIVESTOCK SPECIES IN THE SOUTH GEORGIA SECTION.

THE FOLLOWING COUNTIES HAVE OVER 1,000 HEAD, ACCORDING TO THE 1935 U. S. AGRICULTURAL

CENSUS.

COUNTY

No. OF HEAD
SHEEP &LAMBS- ALb AGES

LONG ----------------------------- 2,639

MciNTOSH ------------------------- 1,113

COFFEE-------------- --------- --- 1,786

CHARLTON-------------------------- 1,092

MITCHELL-------------------------- 1,379

MOST SOUTH GEORGIA COUNTIES HAVE OVER 100 HEAD, THE EXCEPTION BEING IN COUNTIES

TO THE WEST OF THE OKEFENOKEE SWAMP, NAMELY CLINCH, ECHOLS, LANIER, LOWNDES, BROOKS

AND THOMAS.

HOGS ALSO DESTROY MUCH OF THE LONG LEAF PINE REPRODUCTION.

THE rMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK RAISING IN THE SOUTH GEORGIA SECTION SHOULD NOT BE

MINIMIZED. THERE IS AMPLE AREA TO PROVIDE FOR DIVERSIFIED FOREST INDUSTRIES, LIVE-

STOCK RAISING AND DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE. IT APPEARS ONLY NECESSARY TO BALANCE LAND

USE BY ADOPTING PROPERLY PLANNED LAND UTILIZATION PROGRAMS. THERE ARE SOME NOTABLE

EXAMPLES OF THIS IN SOUTH GEORGIA, AS IN GRADY COUNTY. AN EXTRACT OF RECENT NEWS-

PAPER ARTICLE ILLUSTRATES THIS.

"THE NAME CAIRO HAS SUGGESTED PURE GEORGIA CANE SYRUP TO THE MINDS OF MANY PEOPLE ..... OFFERS PICKLES AND RELISHES AND PEANUT BUTTER ....

UPWARDS OF 130,000 BUSHELS OF CUCUMBER PRODUCED ANNUALLy ...... A LINE

OF CANNED FOOD PRODUCTS IS NOW FAIRLY WELL ESTABLiSHED ..... SLICED OKRA

IN BRINE FOR SOUPS .... TOMATOES, TURNIP GREENS, ENGLISH PEAS, FIELD PEAS,

LIMA BEANS, STRING BEANS, BEETS ..... INCLUDING CORN CANNED BY A NEW PRO-

CESS

SEVERAL LOCAL PLANTS PROCESS PECANS .... A LARGE PEANUT SHELLING

PLANT

NEAR THE TOP ALSO IN PRODUCTION OF POULTRY AND EGGS ..... LEADER

"11 IN HOG PRODUCTION ..... BETTER TYPES OF BEEF CATTLE HAVE FOUND AN IMPORTANT
PLACE IN THE DIVERSIFICATION PROGRAM ..... TUNG OIL IS ANOTHER PRODUCT ... ..

IN ADDITION TO THESE ACTIVITIES, GRADY COUNTY HAS 2 SAWMILLS, EACH WITH A CAPA-

CITY OF 20 TO 40 THOUSAND BOARD-FEET PER DAY, 5 SAWMILLS EACH WITH A CAPACITY UP TO

20 THOUSAND BOARD FEET PER DAY, AND 8 TURPENTINE STILLS. THESE STATISTICS ARE THE
NUMBER OF SAWMILLS AND TURPENTINE STILLS RECORDED BY THE U. S. FOREST SERVICE. THIS

COUNTY ALSO IS A HEAVY PRODUCER OF TOBACCO, TOMATO PLANTS, COLLARD SEED, SUGAR CANE,
iJ ATLANTA CONSTITUTION OF SUNDAY, MAY 14, 1939 BY M. L. MAYES, SECRETARY OF THE GRADY COUNTY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.

YEAR
{ 11
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

NUt,mER OF NURSERIES
(2) 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

TABLE A TREND OF STATE NURSERY PROGRN1S
GECmG IA

TOTAL AMOUNT

TYPE or STOCK

STOCK LONG LEAF SHORT LEAF

(3 )

(4)

(5)

250,500

22

550,975

23 1

599,300

6,5

0.9

806,100

12.1

766,953

5,7

3,110,500

19.2

3,928,300

10,0

2,697,870

10.5

_.

PERCENT or TOTAL SLASH LOBLOLLY
(6) -- --~

87 9

C) 5

67.1

9.2

87 2

42

59 0

26 2

63 3 50 4 79.8 77,6

2(jo3 29 1
6,3 8,1

ApPROPRIATION OTHER For: ~JURSERY

( 8)

(9)

o 4 $ 2,742 66

0.6

2,957 63

1 2

7,480 04

27

2,736 99

2,7

2,,751 19

1,3

3,680 14

3,9

7,400 78

3,8

8,752 10

ApPROPRIATION PER 1,000
rOF~EST ACRES (10)
$ 0 130
o 141
0.355
o 130 o 131 o 175 o 352
0,416

NOTE: COLUMN 10 BASED ON TOTAL OF 21,045,200 FOREST ACRES. SOURCE OF DATA: U. S. FOREST SERVICE,
72

7f

SEVERAL LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT THE STATE. IN ADDITION TO PRODUCTION OF SEeDLINGS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA I~ ATHENS, THE U. S. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STARTED A SEEDLING NURSERY NEAR AMERICUS, GEORGIA, DURING THE SUMMER OF 1936, IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE S. C. S. DEMONSTRATION AREA PROJECT OPERATING IN SUMTER, MARION AND SCHLEY COUNTIES. THROUGH 1937 THE FOLLOWING SEEDLINGS WERE PLANTED OY THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE DEMONSTRATION UNITS IN GEORGIA.

_UNIL

_ COUNI1J;;>_

NO, OF SEEDLINGS

GEOF:G IA 1

MADISON) JACKSON) --
CLARKE )

6,187,699

GEORGIA 2

SUtHER ) t,t~R I ON ) SCHLEY )

1,416,999

GEOFiG IA 3

!-LOYD ) POLK )

1,681,813

GEORGIA 4

HALL ) WHITE )

593,379

GEORGIA 5

TROUP )

~LdQ3,820

TOTAL

11,383,710

A FOREST SEEDLING NURSERY AT CORNELIA, GEORGIA WAS ESTABLISHED AS PART OF THE

NORTHEAST GEORGIA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT OF THE LAND USE DIVISION OF THE FARM SECURITY

ADMINISTRATION. THE AREA OF THIS PROJECT IS NOW PART OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE NATIONAL

FOREST.

A NUMBER OF PRIVATELY OWNED NURSERIES ARE PRODUCING SEEDLINGS.
1) HON. JAMES FOWLER SOPERTON.
2) GERCKMANS i,JUR5ERY ,- SHELUIANS BLUFF.
3) UNION BAG & PAPER CORPORATION - SAVtNNAH. 4) SUPERIOR PINE PRODUCTS COMPANY - FARGO.

MANY TECHNICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH FOREST TREE SEEDLING NURSERY WORK ARE

BEING CONTINUALLY STUDIED IN CONNECTION WITH RESEARCH WORK OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST

EXPERIMENT STATION. THEIR RESEARCH WORK INCLUDES THE STUDY OF NUTRIENT REQUIRE-

MENTS AND DEFICIENCIES OF VARIOUS SPECIES. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DIS"

TRIOUTION ARE OEING STUDIED.

IN PRACTICE THE IMPORTANT PROBLEM TO SOLVE IS THAT OF MAKING PROVISIONS FOR

THE PROPER PLANT ING OF SEEDL INGS. IN HE CENT YEARS THE PROJECT WORK OF VAR 10US GOV-'

ERNMENTAL AGENCIES, AND THE INCREASING DEMAND FOR SEEDLINGS FROM PRIVATE INDIVIDU-

ALS, HAVE COMOINED TO PRACTICALLY EXHAUST THE YEARLY SUPPLY. THE WORK OF THE

GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION HAS DONE MUCH TO ACCOUNT FOR THE INCREASED PRIVATE

74

DEI-lAND.

ANOTHER PRACTICAL PROBLEM IN THE FIELD IS THE CARE AND PROTECTION OF AREAS RE-
FORESTED ARTIFICIALLY. As A PART OF THEIR COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS WITH LAND OWNERS

THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE REQUIRES THAT SUCH AREAS BE FENCED AND PROTECTED FROM

FIRE. NOTWITHSTANDING, THE SERVICE FOUND IT NECESSARY TO REPLANT AS FOLLOWS:-

SEASON

NU:""BER OF SEEDLtNGS

1935 1936 --------------------------- 1,076,200

1936 1937 --------------------------- 2,107,300

1937 - 1938 ----- -- --- --- - ---- - - - --_-_~6::..\1.:;:*~1K;0::c:0"---_

TOTAL.

11 3,793,500

A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF THIS MORTALITY WAS DUE TO PLANTINGS MADE ON BADLY GALLED AND WOrN-OUT SOIL, WHERE NATURAL CONDITI'ONS WERE UNFAVOr;ABLE TO GROWTH.
PROTECTION FOR PLANTED AREAS IS ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESS IN ARTlrlCIAL REFORESTAT ION. I N A RECENT PLANr, ING REPORT THE FOLLOW I NG RECOMI.1ENDAT ION WAS MADE:
"THAT A SURVEY AND STUDY BE iMDE LOOK ING ~ ~OVIARD ALLEV IAT I NG THE DANGER
TO TRAFFIC BY LIVESTOCK ON HIGHWAYS." ?d
IF IT IS NOT POSSlllLE TO "FENCE IN" LIVESTOCK, IT MAY BE FEASIBLE TO "FENCE-OUT" LIVESTOCK, AND THERE ACCOMPLISH THE PURPOSE EQUALLY WELL, AT LEAST INSOFAR AS PRO-
TECTION OF FOREST TREE SEEDLINGS IS CONCERNED. A THOROUGfl STUDY OF THIS CONTROVER-
SIAL SUBJECT IS NEEDED, ESPECIALLY IN SOUTH GEORGIA. LAND OWNERS ARE PLANTING GRAZING AREAS IN FIRE BREAKS AND OTHER OPEN SPACES. THESE PROGRESSIVE LIVESTOCK OPERATORS DESIRE TO PROTECT THEIR INVESTMENT OF SEED AND LABOR, AND MAINTAIN THAT THEY CANNOT DEVELOP SUCII GRAZING AND PASTURAGE LAND IF LIVESTOCK THrOUGHOUT THEIR VICIN-' ITY ARE GENERALLY PERMITTED TO FREE-RANGE ON IT.
SEVERAL INTERESTS ARE FOCUSED ON THIS PROBLEM. IF THESE INTERESTS GET TOGETHER, THEIR COMBINED EFFORTS MIGHT PRODUCE MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL RESULTS. A SURVEY AND STUDY IS NEEDED TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE ALL THE FACTS AND AVAILABLE DATA UPON WHICH TO BASE EFFECTIVE ACTION PROGRAMS.
THE PROLIFIC REPRODUCTION OF PINES BY NATURAL METHODS THROUGHOUT GEORGIA IS WELL-KNOWN. WHENEVER A FIELD IS LEFT OUT OF CULTIVATION FOR 2 OR 3 YEARS, GROWTH OF PINE SEEDLINGS RAPIDLY TAKES OVER.
THEREFORE, ARTIFICIAL REFORESTATION IS NEEDED IN GEORGIA PRINCIPALLY FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS:
11 SOURCE OF DATA: SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, U. S. DEPT. AGRICULTURE. 2! RECREATION AND CONSERVATION OY EAST GEORGIA PLANNING COUNCIL APRIL, 1937.

YEAR
(1) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

TM3LE B TREND OF STATE NURSERY PROGRAMS
GEORGIA (REFER TO TABLE 9 - TABLE A)

ST/-ITE

NURS ERY

1,000

AMOUNT

FOREST ACRES

(2)

( 3)

-

E X PEN D I T U RES

FED ERA L

TOT

PER 1,000.

AMOUNT

FOREST ACRES

AMOUNT

(4)

(5)

( 6)

$ 1,619,72

.077

$ 1,122,94

,053

$ 2,742.66

1,478.82

.070

1,478.81

,070

2,957.63

4,608.06

.218

2,871. 98

.136

7,480,04

1,572,82

.074

1,164 . 17

.055

2,736 99

1,375.60

.065

1,375.59

.065

2,751.19

1,869.05

.088

1,811,09

.086

3,680 14

5,326.71

.253

2,074.07

.099

7,400,78

6,973.10

.331

1,779.00

.084

8,752.10

L PER 1,000
FOREST ACRES
(7) ,130 ,140 ,355 130 131 ,175 352 416

NOTE: COLUMNS 3, 5 AND 7 8ASED ON TOTAL OF 21,045,200 FOREST ACRES. SOURCE OF DATA: U. S. FOREST SERVICE.
73

76
MAPPING OF IMPORTANCE TO THE STUDY OF FOREST RESOURCES ARE THE FOLLOWING SUBJECTS, WHICH REQUIRE STATE-WIDE MAPPING, AND NEED TO BE SHOWN ON LARGE SCALE MAPS BY SYMBOLS AND CULTURE.
(1) TOPOGRAPHY - INCLUDING CONTOURS, STREAMS, LAKES AND PONDS, DAMS, SWAMPS
AND MARSHES, AND SOIL SURVEYS. (2) TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS - INCLUDING RAILROADS, HIGHWAYS, WATERWAYS AND AIR
WAYS. (3) TIMOER TYPES SHOWING FOREST STANDS, WOODS, AND DOMINANT TREE SPECIES. (4) FIRE CONTROL - SHOWING TRUCK TRAILS, BRIDGES WITH LOAD CAPACITY AND
CLEARMJCES, F I PE BREAKS, LOOKOUT TOWERS AND TELEPHONE SYSTEMS. (5) LAND USE - SHOWlrJG CULTIVATED FIELDS, PASTURE LANDS, AND CITY AND TOWN
LIMITS. (6) LAND OWNERSHIP - SHOWING GOVERNMENT OWNED AS WELL AS PRIVATELY OWNED LANDS,
POLITICAL SUO-DIVISIONS, AND LAND LOT SYSTEMS. TOPOGRAPHY
LESS THAN ONE-HALF OF THE STATE HAS BEEN MAPPED BY THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, THE U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, OR BY CONTROLLED RECONNAISANCE OF THE U. S.
,<\RMY. t/JOST OF THE EX IST IrJG QUADRANGLES ARE CONS IDERABLY OUT-OF-DATE, AND I N SOME CASES OUT OF PRINT. NEW OR REVISED SOIL SURVEYS ARE NEEDED IN MORE THAN 85 COUNTIES. TRANSPORTATION SYSTE~S
THE WORK OF THE STATE H,GHWAY PLANNING SURVEY OF THE GEORGIA STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT IS PROGRESSING RAPIDLY AND PRELIMINARY COUNTY MAPS ARE AVAILABLE FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES AT THIS TIME ON A LARGE PORTION OF THE STATE. THESE MAPS ARE PLANNED TO CONTAIN CONSIDERABLE TOPOGRAPHIC AND OTHER VALUAOLE DATA. 11.1/18E[< TYPES
THIS WORK HAS BEEN IN PROGRESS UNDER THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND SUPERVISED 0'1 THE STATE DIRECTOR OF THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS. THE MAPPING IS DONE
BY C. C. C. ENROLLEES UNDER SUPERVISION OF CAMP TECHNICAL SUPERVISORY STAFFS. THE
PLANS ANTICIPATE MAPPING AGOUT 5 1/2 MILLION ACRES IN SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. ApPROXIMATELY 2 3/4 MILL ION ACRES HAVE BEEN fMPPED, AND VI ILL BE READY FOR PUBL ICAT ION AS SOON AS THE DATA HAS OEEN CHECKED. FIRE CONTROL
THESE DATA ARE BEING PARTIALLY MAPPED AS PART OF TilE TIMOER TYPE MAPPING PROJECT. THE DATA ARE ALSO AVAILABLE ON SMALL SCALE MAPS (UNPUBLISHED) OF THE U. S. FOREST

(1) To CONTROL GUllY AND SEVERE SHEET EROSION.
(2) To INTRODUCE DESIRABLE SPECIES. (3) To PROTECT WATERSHEDS MORE ADEQUATELY AND MORE QUICKLY THAN NATURAL REGENERATION OR REFORESTATION PROVIDES. THE ADVANTAGE OF lEAVING SEED TREES IS FAIRLY WEll APPRECIATED AND PRACTICED AMONG lAND OWNERS IN THE STATE. OTHER FACTORS TO AID REFORESTATION BY NATURAL MEANS, AND TO PROTECT AND CARE FOR REFORESTED AREAS ARE BEING CONSTANTLY STUDIED BY THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION. To MAKE KNOWN THE RESULTS OF THIS RESEARCH WORK AND TO PUT THEM INTO PRACTICE IS THE RESPONSIBiliTY OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE FO~ESTRY ORGANIZATIONS. THIS CAllS FOR ADEQUATE APPROPRIATIONS SO THAT EDUCATIONAL WORK ON All PHASES OF GOOD FORESTRY ~lANAGEMENT MAY CONTINUE IN GEORGIA.
TREE SPECIES AND MAJOR FOREST TYPES GEORG IA IS ACCRED ITED WITH ~10RE THAN 160 SPEC IES OF TREES. THE STATE 0 IV IS ION OF FORESTRY AND THE DIVISION OF STATE PARKS, HISTORIC SITES AND MONUMENTS HAVE PREPARED liSTS WITH DESCRIPTIVE MATERIAL. AN HERBARIUI~ OF THE STATE IS NOW IN PROCESS
OF cor~p IlAT ION BY EMORY UN IVERS ITY UNDER THE DIRECT ION OF DR. VI. B. BAKER. TH IS
WORK IS VALUABLE TO THE FOREST TECHNICIAN AND FOR REFORESTATION PLANNING. THE UNITED STATES FOREST SEPVICE ALSO HAS PREPARED A MAP SHOWING AREAS CHARAC-
TERIZED BY THE ttlAJOR FOREST TYPES. THESE TYPES ARE SHOWN ON A MAP DATED MAY 8, 1937 BY THE FOREST SERVICE, IN COLORS, WITH THE FOllOWING lEGEND:-
1. - LONGLEAF PINE 2. - LONGLEAF - SLASH PINES 3. - LONGLEAF-SLASH-CYPRESS
7. - SHORTlEAF - HARDWOODS 8. - SHORTlEAF-LoBlOlly-HARDWOODS 9. - LOBLOllY - HARDWOODS 11. MIXED UPLAND HARDWOODS 13. - MIXED BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS 16. - CYPRESS - HARDVIOODS THE COASTAL AREA IS NOT DETAilED. GROVES OF LIVE OAK, CYPRESS, AND SEVERAL SPECIES OF PINE WITH ~lANY DECORATIVE SMAll TREES AND SEMI-TROPICAL SHRUBS GENERALLY CONSTITUTE THE FLORA OF THE HEADLANDS AND ISLANDS OF THE COAST. FORESTS IN THIS AREA ARE IMPORTANT FROM A RECREATIONAL STANDPOINT.

78

MAPS ARE AT A SCALE OF APPROXIMATELY 10 CHAINS (660 FEET) EQUAL ONE INCH. THE COST

OF THESE MAPS MAKES IT ALMOST PROHIBITIVE TO SECURE SETS COVERING ANY CONSIDERABLE AREA. ~IOWEVER, THEY ARE AVAILAI3LE IN COUNTY AGENTS' OFFICES, AND CAN BE USED AD-

VANTAGEOUSLY AT CONVENIENT TIMES FOR DETAILED COUNTY PLANNING. THE VALUE OF THESE

MAPS IS COMPARATIVELY SHORT-LIVED, BECAUSE OF CHANGES IN LAND USE, WHICH ARE RESULT-

ING FROM ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND FROM VARIOUS CONSERVATION WORK NOW IN PROGRESS

THROUGHOUT THE STATE UNDER EX IST I NG Er"lERGENCY PROGRAMS. HOWEVER, THESE MAPS DO PRO-

VIDE NECESSARY BASIC DATA, WHICH CAN BE REVISED BY FIELD WORK. THIS USE JUSTIFIES

THEIR COMPILATION.

LAND OWNERSHIP
VALUABLE WORK IS BEING ACCOMPLISHED UNDER TWO W. P. A. PROJECTS, OPERATING ON A

STATE-WIDE I3ASIS.

1.1 THE RUFU,L i~EAL PROPERTY I DENT IF ICAT ION SURVEY,

IS SUPERV ISED BY PROFESSOR

LLOYD C. RAISTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA FACULTY, WHO DESCRIBES THE WORK OF THIS

P~OJECT AS FOLLOWS:
"As ONE OF ITS PUBLIC SE~VICE ACTIVITIES THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA IS THE OFFICIAL SPONSOR OF THE PROJECT. THE IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE OF THE SURVEY IS TO PREPARE PROPERTY IDENTIFICATION MAPS FOR THE RURAL COUNTIES OF GEORGIA.

PROJECT UNITS ARE SET UP BY INDIVIDUAL COUNTIES WHICH ACT AS CO-SPONSORS. THE PROPERTY IDENTIFICATION MAPS WILL BE PREPARED IN SECTIONAL PLAT BOOKS, ON THE SCALE OF ONE INCH TO 660 FEET. THE BOUNDARIES AND ACREAGE OF ALL PROPERTIES WILL BE SHOWN ON THE PLATS. EACH INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY IN TURN WILL BE KEYED TO A DEED DESCRIPTION CARD, A SUMMARY OWNERSHIP CARD AND A TAX RECORD CARD. THE PLAT DOOK AND THE REFERENCE CARDS WILL PERMIT READY IDENTIFICATION, DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF EVERY INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY WITHIN THE COOPERATING COUNTY.

THE WORKS PROGF~ESS ADM INISTRAT ION IS PROV IDING ALL L.ASOR AND SUPERV ISORY COST. ALL MATERIAL COSTS ARE BORNE I3Y THE COOPERATING AGENCIES."

Z/ TljE CADASTRAL SURVEY PROJECT,

IS OPEPATING IN THE "URDAN COUNTIES", INCLUD-

ING RICHMOND, CHATHAM, BIBB, FULTON, TROUP, GLYNN, AND MUSCOGEE. THIS IS A MAPPING

PROJECT, WHICH IS COMPILING DATA ON PROPERTY LOCATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND DESCRIP-

TION. MAPS IN THE VICINITY OF URI3AN COMMUNITIES ARE NEEDED FOR MANY PURPOSES, AND

IN CONNECTION WITH FORESTRY, THE COMPILATIONS OF THIS PROJECT ALSO WILL BE HELPFUL

TO STUDY RECREATIONAL USE, ~ATERSHED PROTECTION, AND FIRE PROTECTION IN THESE

PUR-URBAN AREAS.

O. P. 665-34-3-12, W. P. 4926
O. P. 65-34-4581

77
SERVICE, AND IN THEIR RECORDS. THIS TYPE OF DATA SHOULD BE COMBINED AND CORRELATED THROUGHOUT THE STATE. PRO-
GRAMS FOR FOREST FIRE PREVENTION ARE A PRIMARY NEED OF FOREST CONSERVATION. MAPS SHOWING EXISTING FIRE PREVENTION UNITS AND SYSTEMS ARE REQUIRED TO ANALYZE AND PLAN ADDITIONAL WORK, AND THIS STUDY FROM MAPS AND RECORDS SHOULD BE GIVEN PRIORITY OVER OTHER FOREST CONSERVATION WORK.
CONSIDERABLE STUDY IS BEING GIVEN TO THIS BY THE U. S. FOREST SERVICE AND THE
STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY. PRELIMINARY STUDY MAPS HAVE BEEN PREPARED ON SMALL SCALE STATE MAPS (1:1,000,000) SHOWING DATA, SUCH AS THE FIRE PROTECTED AREAS, AND IN GENERAL THE EXISTING AND PROPOSED TYPES OF PROTECTION NEEDED IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE STATE. MORE DETAILED PLANNING AND LARGE SCALE MAPPING SHOULD HELP TO PROMOTE THIS PLANNING ITEM, WHICH IS SO ESSENTIAL.
THE CLASSES OF FIRE PROTECTION NOW IN USE ARE AS FOLLOWS: INTENSIVE PROTECTION IS THE PROTECTING OF FOREST LANDS FROM FIRES BY USING AN INTENSIVE SYSTEM OF FIRE DETECTION AND SUPPRESSION. TOWERS, TELEPHONE LINES, AND ACTUAL FIRE-FIGHTING SUPPLIES, MATERIAL, EQUIPMENT, AND PERSONNEL GO TO MAKE UP INTENSIVE PROTECTION. EXTENSIVE PROTECTION IS THE PROTECTING OF FOREST LANDS FROM FIRE BY EDUCATION AND OTHER PRE-SUPPRESSION MEASURES. MEN AND EQUIPMENT ARE USED IN PUBLIC RELATIONS WORK IN ORDER TO EDUCATE THE PUBLIC AGAINST SETTING FIRE TO THE WOODS. VERY LITTLE, IF ANY, ACTUAL SUPPRESSION WORK IS CARRIED ON IN AN EXTENSIVE SYSTEM OF PROTECTION. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VARIOUS AREAS OFTEN SPECI'Y COMBINATIONS OF THE ABOVE CLASSES. IT IS HOPED THAT THIS WORK WILL CONTINUE TO PROGRESS RAPIDLY. As MAPS AT A SUFFICIENTLY LARGE SCALE BECOME AVAILABLE, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT DETAILED PLANS AND PROGRAMS BE FORMULATED FOR THE COUNTIES WHEflE rO'RES'T 'F1FtES ARE MOST PREVALENT AND CAUSE THE MOST DAMAGE SO THAT LOCAL INTERESTS MAY BE PROVIDED WITH SPECIFIC DATA, UPON WHICH THEY MAY ACT TO EFFECTUATE ADEQUATE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS.
LAND USE:
THESE DATA, IN MORE COMPREHENSIVE FORM THAN IS NOW AVAILABLE, WOULD HELP DETERMINE THE LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF TRACTS NEEDING REFORESTATION.
THE RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION PREPARED A FEW COUNTY MAPS IN GEORGIA, WHICH ARE EXAMPLES OF THE TYPE OF DATA NEEDED ON LAND USE MAPS. THE MAGNITUDE OF THIS KIND OF MAPPING IS SUCH AS TO MAKE IT OF DOUBTFUL FEASIBILITY, AT LEAST TO BE DONE ON A STATE-WIDE BASIS. ALMOST ALL OF THE STATE HAS BEEN MAPPED RECENTLY BY AERIAL PHOTOGR/,PHY, FOR THE USE OF COUNTY AGENTS IN PROGRAMS OF AGR ICUL TURAL ADJUSTMENT. THESE

SAW LOGS

C"C"C. ENROLLEES PLANTING SEEDLINGS,

LUMBER

TALL TIMBER

O(-(EFENO(o(EE . WILD . LifE- . REFUGE
u. S. BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
BOAT LANOING - eILLV'S LAI-<E
SUWANNEE CANAL
MINNIE: LAI<E-

82

THE FOLLOWING AREAS HAVE BEEN ACQUIRED UNDER THIS PROGRAM. IT IS PLANNED THAT SEVER-
AL or THESE AREAS WILL BE DEVELOPED IN THEIR ENTIRETY FOR THE RECREATIONAL AND HIS-
TORICAL VALUES CONTAINED AS SHOWN. THIS LIST DOES NOT INCLUDE PARK AREAS ACQUIRED PRIOR TO THE PROGRAM FOR DEVELOPING NATURAL RESOURCE RESERVATIONS.

NATURAL RESOURCE RESERVATIONS
GEORGIA - JUNE - 1939

SITTON'S GULCH PARK MIONA SPRINGS PARK

LOCATION
DADE COUNTY (NEAR TRENTON)
MACON COUNTY (NEAR MONTEZUMA)

ACREAGE
1390.
796.9

MAGNOLIA SPRINGS PARK BLACK ROCK MOUNTAIN PARK

JENKINS COUNTY UJEAR MILLEN)
RABUN COUNTY (NEAR CLAYTON)

1100. (APPROX. )

KOLOMOKI MOUNDS STATE MONUMENT WAYNE COUNTY NAT. RES. PESERV. GOVERNOl't'TROUP NAT. RES. RSERV.

EARLY COUNTY (NEAR BLAKELY)
WAYNE COUNTY (NEAR JESUP)
TREUTLEN COUNTY (NEAR SOPERTON)

1037. 948. 800. (APPROX.)

ST. MARYS RIVER NAT. RES. RESERV.

CHARLTON COUNTY (NEAR FOLKSTON)

1017.4

SANTA MARIA NAT. RES. RESERV.

CAMDEN COUNTY (tJEAR KINGSLAND)

SHOULDER BONE CREEK

HANCOCK COUNTY

1000. (APPROX.)

IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY IS MANAGING 38,000 ACRES

OF LAND 8 MILES SOUTHEAST OF WAYCROSS, UNDER LEASE WITH TflE U. S. SOIL CONSERVATION

SERVICE. THIS AREA VIAS DEVELOPED AS THE GEORGIA COASTAL FLATWOOD UPLAND GAME PROJECT

BY THE RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION.

IT HAD BEEN PROPOSED THAT EACH OF THE NATURAL RESOURCE RESERVATIONS CONTAIN
1,000 ACRES OR MORE, AND DE USED FOR THE FOLLOWING PURPOSES:

(1) FORESTRY DEMONSTRATION PLOTS

(2) WILD LIFE AND GAME PRESERVES (3) RECREATION AREAS

EVEN THOUGH THERE MAY NOT BE FORESTRY DEMONSTRATION PLOTS ON ALL OF THESE AREAS,
THE PRACTICE or GOOD FORESTRY MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE APPLIED TO FORESTS CONTAINED THERE-

IN.

CHAPTER VI
FOREST PLANNING ORGANIZATION MOST OF THE GOVERNMENT FOREST AREAS IN GEORGIA MAY BE CLASSIFIED UNDER ONE Of THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS:
(1) FORESTS. (2) PARKS. (3) WILD LIFE REFUGES. (4) RESETTLEMENT AREAS. (5) GAME FARMS, FISH HATCHERIES AND PLANT INDUSTRY GARDENS. (6) EXPERIMENT STATIONS, EDUCATIONAL, ELEEMOSYNARY AND PENAL
I tJSTI TUT IONS. (7) NATIONAL MONUMENTS AND CEMETERIES. OTHER AREAS, ON WHICH COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS ARE EFfECTIVE BETWEEN OWNERS AND SOME GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY, MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS: (1) TIMBER PROTECTIVE ORGANIZATION AREAS (2) GAME MANAGEMENT AREAS (3) SOIL CONSERVATION DEMONSTRATION AREAS (NATIONAL) AND
SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS (STATE) (4) C . C. C. CAMP AREAS (5) COUNTY-WIDE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS THE ACREAGE OF MANY PARK AREAS IS TOO SMALL TO BE PRACTICAL fOR EXTENSIVE DEMONSTRATIONS OF fORESTRY MANAGEMENT. WHEREAS THE AREA Of THE CHATTAHOOCHEE NATIONAL FOREST IS FULLY ADEQUATE TO CARRY ON PROPER FORESTRY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS, OTHER GOVERNMENTALLY - OWNED AREAS IN THE STATE ARE MORE LIMITED IN SIZE. HOWEVER, ON THESE AREAS THERE IS OPPORTUNITY FOR DEMONSTRATION Of SOME ONE OR MORE PRINCIPLES Of GOOD FORESTRY PRACTICE, IN LOCATIONS WHERE THE PUBLIC MAY READILY VIEW AND EXAMINE THEM. IT IS FUNDAMENTAL THAT GOOD FORESTRY SHOULD BE PRACTICED ON ALL PARK AREAS, AND THE OPPORTUNITY TO SET GOOD EXAMPLES BEFORE LARGER NUMBERS OF THE PUBLIC THAN CAN VISIT THE EXTENSIVE NATIONAL FOREST AREA, SHOULD NOT BE OVERLOOKED.
J1~TURAL RESOURCE RESERVATIONS A PLAN FOR ESTABLISHING NATURAL RESOURCE RESERVATIONS IN GEORGIA HAS BEEN INCLUDED AS PART OF THE PROGRAM OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
81

84

AMONG FEDERAL AGENCIES, WHOSE SCOPE OF WORK INCLUDES FORESTRY, ARE - U. S.

FOREST SERVICE, NATIOtJAL PARK SERVICE, U S B,OLOGICAL SURVEY, SOIL CONSERVATION

SERVICE, AND THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WORK OF EACH OF

THESE AGENCIES TO FOREST RESOURCES IS DEALT WITH BRIEFLY IN VARrOUS PARTS OF THIS

REPORT. THE WORK OF THE CiVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS DESERVES SPECIAL RECOGNITION

AND EXPLANATION.

J~.L'lhJAU CONSERVAT ION C08ES._ THE CORPS STARTED WORK IN THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN JUNE 1933.

NEVER IN HISTORY HAS THERE BEEN A MORE CONCENTRATED NOR SUSTAINED PROGRAM OF FOR-

EST CONSERVATION. THESE CAMPS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED ON AREAS EITHER OWNED BY THE

GOVERNMENT OR PLACED UNDER A COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT PROGP.A~1 BY GROUPS OF PRIVATE

OWNERS, SUCH AS TIMBER PROTECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS, SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS, OR

DRAINAGE DISTRICTS

I N t~OST CASES TI1E PR IMARY OBJECT WAS FOREST CONSERVAT ION, AS I N NAT I ONAL AND

STATE FORESTS, NATIONAL AND STATE PARKS, AND T. P. O. DISTRICTS. IN WILD LIFE

REFUGES AND SOME OF THE PARK WORK, THE PRIMARY OBJECTS WERE CONSERVATION OF WILD

LIFE AND DEVELOPMENT OF RECREATION FACILITIES. GOOD FORESTRY MANAGEMENT HAS BEEN

TANTAMOUNT IN THESE INSTANCES TO THE SUCCESS OF THE PROJECTS. ON MAY 10, 1939 THE

FOLLOWING CAMPS WERE OPERATING IN GEORGIA:

MIGRATORY BIRD REFUGES

1

NATIONAL FORESTS

5

NATIONAL MONUMENTS

3

PRIVATE FORESTS

6

SOIL CONSERVATION STATE PARKS
TOTAL

9 _ _5 _
V - 29

THE WORK OF FORESTRY CAMPS HAS CONSISTED PRIMARILY OF BUILDING TRUCK TRAILS

AND FIRE BREAKS, LOOK-OUT TOWERS, REFORESTATION AND MANY OTHER ITEMS OF GOOD FOR-

EST MANAGEMENT. THE SERVICES OF THESE CAMPS IN FIGHTING FOREST FIRES HAS RESULTED

IN SAVING FROM DAMAGE OR DESTRUCTION LARGE AREAS OF FOREST LAND. THE VALUE OF THIS

WORK IS DIFFICULT TO ENUMERATE; IT WILL BE REALIZED FOR MANY YEARS TO COME.
17---SOuRCE: -HEA"OquARTErSCivILIAN CONSERVAT ION COURSE, 4TH CO"RP AREA, ATLANTA, GA.

83

A PLAN PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THAT SECTION OF A NATURAL RESOURCE RE-

SERVATION, WHICH WILL DE DEVELOPED AS A RECREATIONAL AREA, HAS BEEN RECOMMENDED IN

THE REPORT ON OUT-DOOR RECREATION, GEORGIA, PUBLISHED BY THE STATE PLANNING BOARD,

COOPERATING WITH NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF THE WORKS PROGRESS

ADMINISTRATION OF GEORGIA, - FEBRUARY, 1939.

As THE NATURAL RESOURCE RESERVATION PROGRAM PROGRESSES, PLANS FOR DEVELOPMENT

or THOSE SECTIONS, WHICH WILL B~ USED TO DEMONSTRATE FORESTRY, SHOULD BE FORMULATED

BY THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY IN COOPERATION WITH THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SEP-
VICE AND THE U. S. FOREST SERVICE. THE FORESTRY NATURAL RESOURCE RESERVATION PLANS

SHOULD PARALLEL AND BE COORDINATED WITH THE PLAN OF THE DIVISION OF STATE PARKS AS

OUTLINED IN THE OUT-DOOR RECREATION REPORT.

COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL FORESTS IN GEORGIA

SOME TOWNS AND CIT IES Ir~ GEORG IA HAVE BECOME I NTERESTED IN ACQU I RING AND MA I N-

TAINING MUNICIPAL FORESTS. IN A RECENT ARTICLE, W. G. WALLACE, DISTRICT FORESTER OF

THE GEORGIA DIVISION OF FORESTRY, STATES IN PART AS FOLLOWS:

"NEWNAN ..... HAS 800 ACRES ..... PUT UNDER FOREST MANAGEMENT BY THE GEORGIA DIVISION OF FORESTRY IN 1930. SINCE THEN, NEARLY 200,000 TREE SEEDLINGS OF MANY VARIETIES HAVE BEEN PLANTED ON THE BARREN AREAS ..... FIRE PROTECTION HAS BEEN INITIATED, AND THE WATERSHED VALUE TO THE CITY WATER SUPPLY HAS, QUOTING HARVEY NORTH, CIIAIRMAN OF THE WATER AND LIGHT COMMISSION, I INCREASED 400 PERCEIH' ..... "

"MANCHESTER, IN MERIWETHER COUNTY, NEXT DOOR TO PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S HOME, HAS DONE A REMARI~ABLE JOB OF REFORESTATION, BEGINNING IN 1934 WHEN 100,000 PINE SEEDLINGS WERE PLANTED ON THE 700 ACRE MANCHESTER WATERSHED FOREST. LAST YEAR, 86,000 MORE TREES WERE PLANTED, USING W. P. A. LABOR. THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY HAS RECEIVED AN ORDER FOR 100,000 ADDITIONAL SLASH PINE SEEDLINGS FROM I. H. DAVIS, CHAIRMAN OF THE MANCHESTER CITY BOARD OF COMMiSSiONERS ... "

"JUDGE: M. C. MOSELEY OF fORT VALLEY HAS STUDIED THE COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF COUNTY-OWNED FORESTS ..... A TRACT OF 389 ACRES WAS BOUGHT OUTRIGHT ... PLANTING 40,000 SL,\SH PINES THIS WINTER."

"NEWNAN HAS DEVELOPED A RECREATION AREA IN ITS TOWN FOREST .... POPULARITY ATTESTED BY ITS REGULAR USE .... "

"MAYOr. J. A. CASON AND TilE ENT I RE CITY COUNC IL OF OARNESV ILLE MADE A TOUR OF

nlE /f1ANCHESTER ViATERSHED FOLLO'illtJG \'lHICH GEFINITE PLAtJ!:, V'EP.E MADE TO RE-

FO?EST t~OFiE THM~ 100 ACFES

ALREADY O't/l,jEO av .{).ARNESVl.e. FOURTEEN THOUS"

AND SLASH PINES WERE PLANTED THIS WiNTER .. " ~

GOVE?NMENT SERV ICES CONCERN~D WI Til FORESTRY

THE ACTIVITIES OF FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCIES IN FORESTRY SHOULD BECOME MORE GEN-

ERALLY KNOWN TO CITIZENS AND TAX PAYERS. FORESTRY IS IMPORTANT TO EVERY GOVERNMENT-

AL DEPARTMENT IIAVING A TRACT OF LAND UNDER CONTROL. THE NEED FOR TECHNICAL FORESTRY

SUPERVISION AND ADVICE IS SO GREAT THAT MANY UNITS OF GOVERNMENT REQUIRE THE SERVICES

OF FORESTERS AS MUCH AS THEY NEED ACCOUNTANTS, SECRETARIES AND OTHER TECHNICAL OR

CLERICAL HELP

y--ATLANTAJOURtIAL, MAGAZINE SECTION, SUNDAY, MARCH 5,1939.

86
OTHER COOPERAT IVE ['1EASURES
THE LEADING ORGANIZATION MOVEMENT IN THE STATE OF IMPORTANCE TO FORESTRY CON-
'i
SERVATION HAS BEEN THE ACTIVITIES OF TIMBER PROTECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS, THROUGH WHOSE COOPERATION CONSIDERABLE VALUABLE WORK OF THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS HAS BEEN DONE. THESE UNITS HAVE ACCOMPLISHED CONSIDERABLE IN UNITING PUBLIC OPINION FOR FORESTRY CONSERVATION IN THE SECTIONS WHERE THEY OPERATE. THE ORGANIZATIONS ARE COM' POSED OF LAND OWNERS IN PARTICULAR LOCALITIES. THE TREND NOW IS TOWARD ORGANIZING COUNTY UNITS FOR THIS BENEFICIAL WORK.
THE UNITED STATES BIOLOGICAL SURVEY HAS BEEN VERY ACTIVE IN GEORGIA, AND HAS ESTABLISHED MIGRATORY REFUGES AND WILD LIFE REFUGES PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED OF MOST SIGNIFICANCE HAS BEEN THE REFUGE IN THE OKEFENOKEE SWAMP, WHERE TIMBER OPERATIONS AND WANTON DESTRUCTION OF WILD LIFE HAS THREATENED TO SERIOUSLY DAMAGE THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THIS DISTINCTIVE AND UNIQUE AREA. MOPE RECENTLY THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY HAS INITIATED A PROGRAM OF GAME MANAGEMENT FOR UPLAND AREAS OF THE STATE, WHICH IS CENTERED IN THE PLANTATION PIEDMONT RESETTLEMENT PROJECT NEAR EATONTON SOME PHASES OF THE WORK ArE IN AN EXPERIMENTAL STAGE, IN WHICH THE GROWTH OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF INTRODUCED PLANT FOOD ARE BEING TESTED, AND OTHER TECHNICAL ANGLES ARE BEING WORKED OUT. As LAND OWNERS AND FARMERS IN THIS SECTION BECOME EDUCATED IN THE ADVANTAGES OF WILD LIFE CONSERVATION, THEY WILL ALSO LEARN THE ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL METHODS OF LAND MANAGEMENT, AND WILL BE INCLINED TO PRACTICE CONSERVATION OF OTHER RE" SOURCES, INCLUDING THEIR FOREST LANDS,
THE WORK OF TilE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE WAS STARTED IN GEORGIA IN 1934 ON
A LARGE DEMONSTRATION AREA NEAR ATHENS, GEORGIA. THE VALUE OF ADOPTING SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES WAS RAPIDLY ASSIMILATED BY LAND OWNERS THROUGHOUT THE
11 STATE. THE STATE SOIL CONSERVATION COMMITTEE WAS CREATED IN 1937.
THE ORGANIZATION OF SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS HAS ADVANCED SYSTEMATICALLY THROUGHOUT THE STATE ONE OF THE CHIEF PROBLEMS IN CARRYING ON THIS WORK HAS BEEN THE EXPENSE OF TERRACING AND MAINTAINING TERRACES ON LAND OF LOW PRODUCTIVITY. THE COST OF TERRACING HAS Ar~OUNTED TO BETWEEN 50 CENTS AND $2000 PER ACRE, DEPEND" ING UPON LOCATION, SLOPE, AND THE CHARACTER OF THE SOIL. IT HAS BEEN NEARLY IMPOSSI" BLE TO BUILD SATISFACTORY TERRACE SYSTEMS IN THE LIGHT SANDY SOILS OF THE FALL LINE HILLS .
.V SEE ApPENDIX FOR BRIEF OF ACT CREATING STATE SOIL CONSERVATION COMMITTEE,

85

11 MAJOR WORK COMPLETED BY CCC CAMPS' IN GEORGIA
JUNE 1933 TO MAY 31, 1939

TELEPHONE LINES -------------------------- 1,703 MILES

TRUCK TRAILS ----------------------------- 1,363 MILES

LOOKOUT TOWERS ---------------------------

54

FIGHTING FOREST FIRES -------------------- 27,192 MAN-DAYS ABOVE fiGURES INCLUDE ONLY WORK COMPLETED BY PRIVATE FOREST CAMPS IN GEORGIA.

STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY

THE DIVISION WAS ESTABLISHED AS ONE Of THE fOUR DIVISIONS Of tHE DEPARTMENT

Of NATURAL RESOURCES BY ACT Of THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND APPROVED MARCH 5, 1937.

THE DIVISION Of FORESTRY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL PHASES OF fORESTRY WORK AS

THEY AfFECT THE FORESTED AREAS OF THE STATEo THE DIRECTOR, WHO IS IN CHARGE OF THE DIVISION, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FIRE CONTROL PROGRAM OF THE STATE~ RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXPENDITURE OF ALL FEDERAL FUNDS USED FOR fiRE PROTECTION~ AND fOR NURSERY WORK IN THE STATEo

WORKING UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE DIRECTOR ARE TWO ASSISTANT DIRECTORS, ONE I~j CHARGE OF fIRE CONTROL AND THE OTHER IN CHARGE OF FORESTATION. THE FIRE CONTROL ASSISTANT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FIRE CONTROL PROGRAM THROUGHOUT THE STATE~ TO HELP ORGANIZE NEW PROTECTION AREASi AND TO HELP IN PLANNING THE WORK OF THOSE ALREADY

ORGANIZED. THE ASSISTANT IN CHARGE Of FORESTATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REFORESTA-

TION PROGRAM IN THE STATE. UNDER HIS DIRECTION ARE THE TWO fOREST TREE NURSERIES-ONE AT ALBANY PRODUCING 15~000,000 SEEDLINGS AND A SMALLER ONE AT FLOWERY BRANCH PRODUCING ABOUT 5,OOO~OOO TREES. THESE TREES ARE GROWN fOR DISTRIBUTION TO LANDOWNERS FOR REFORESTATION PURPOSES ONLY.

IN ORDER TO BETTER REACH THE INDIVIDUAL 'LANDOWNERS THE STATE IS DIVIDED INTO fOUR DISTRI~TS WITH A DISTRICT FORESTER IN CHARGE OF EACH DISTRICT. DISTRICT

OFfiCES ARE LOCATED AT GAINESVILLE, MACON, ALBANY, AND BAXLEY. THESE DISTRICT fOR-

ESTERS, WITH THEIR ASSISTANTS ARE IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE VARIOUS LANDOWNERS
Y AND ADVISE WITH THEM IN REGARD TO THErR VARIOUS fORESTRY PROBLEMS.
11 SOURCE: GEORGIA CCC OffICE. Y SEE ApPENDIX FOR BRIEf OF ACT CREATING THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY,

88
SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIATION THIS IS ONE OF THE OLDER TRADE ASSOCIATIONS IN THE SOUTH AND REPRESENTS THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. HEADQUARTERS ARE AT NEW ORLEANS. MR. H. C. BERKES IS SECRETARY AND MANAGER, AND A. G. T. MOORE IS DIRECTOR OF THEIR CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT. THE SOUTHERN PINE MANUAL OF STANDARD WOOD CONSTRUCTION, PUBLISHED IN 1920 BY THE ASSOCIATION IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE VALUABLE WORK DONE BY THIS GROUP. THE MANUAL IS RECOGNIZED AS A STANDARD WORK AND IS IN CONSTANT USE AND DEMAND BY ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS.
SOUTHERN PULPWOOD CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION THE WORK OF THIS ASSOCIATION IS DESCRIBED ON PAGE 56 UNDER PULPWOOD AND PAPER. MR. JAMES H. ALLEN OF SAVANNAH, GEORGIA IS PRESIDENT AND MR. FRANK HEYWARD JR. IS GENERAL MANAGER AND SECRETARY WITH OFFICESIN ATLANTA, GEORGIA.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS OF NATIONAL SCOPE, WITH ACTIVITIES AND INTERESTS EXTENDING INTO THE SOUTH, ARE THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C., AND THE AMERICAN PULPWOOD AssoCIATION.
GEORGE FOSTER PEABODY SCHOOL OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
FROM A MODEST BEGINNING IN 1905 WITH AN ENDOWMENT BY MR. GEORGE FOSTER PEABODY, THE SCHOOL HAS GROWN TO INCLUDE THE EXCELLENT FACILITIES IT NOW CONTAINS FOR FURTHERING THE STUDY OF FORESTRY IN EDUCATIONAL AND EXTENSION FIELDS. THE SCHOOL MAINTAINS A MODERN FOREST NURSERY WITH CAPACITY OF OVER 1,000,000 SEEDLINGS, AND OWNS FOUR FORESTS; NAMELY, THE OCONEE DEMONSTRATION FOREST - 120 ACRES, THE DENMARK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST - 145 ACRES, THE WHITEHALL FOREST - 750 ACRES (MORE OR LESS), AND THE WATSON SPRINGS FOREST - APPROXIMATELY 600 ACRES. THE CURRICULUM INCLUDES THEORY AND PRACTICE. EXTENSIVE FIELD WORK IS PART OF THE FORESTRY COURSE. THE SOPHOMORE CAMP IS CONDUCTED ON 6,000 ACRES OF UNIVERSITY OWNED PROPERTY IN HALL COUNTY.

87

FORMS OF STRIP CROPPING AND CROP ROTATION HAVE BEEN TRIED WITH VARIABLE SUCCESS IN SUCH LOW YIELD AREAS. MANY LAND OWNERS, AS MIGHT BE EXPECTED, HAVE BEEN RETICENT TO TAKE CERTAIN LANDS OUT OF CULTIVATION AND TO PLACE THEM EITHER fN PASTURAGE"OR FOREST. WHILE THIS FORM OF LAND USE IS DESIRABLE IN SEVERAL PARTS OF THE ST~TE, TO MAKE RADICAL CHANGES IN LAND USE HAS NOT BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT SERIOUSLY UPSETTING THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF SUCH SECTIONS, EVEN THOUGH THE STATUS HAD REACHED AN EXTREMELY LOW POINT UNDER THE OLD METHODS. THESE PROBLEM AREAS ARE GRADUALLY CHANGING. THE ORGANIZATION OF SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS; OPERATING UNDER LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE DIRECTION, APPEARS TO BE A SATISFACTORY MANNER IN WHICH TO EFFECT THE NEEDED CHANGES IN LAND USE POLICIES. IT IS HOPED THAT THESE PROBLEM AREAS WILL CEASE TO BE SO DESIGNATED IN PROPORTION AS AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF FORESTRY LAND USE BECOMES ESTABLISHED, WHEREBY EARLY RETURNS FROM QUICK GROWING TREE SPECIES WILL BE REALIZED BY THE SALE OF PULP WOOD, FOLLOWED BY OTHER PRODUCTS AS A PROGRAM OF CONTINUAL FOREST YIELD BECOMES AVAILABLE FROM NEW FORESTS AND RENOVATED OLD FORESTS AND FARM WOODLANDS.
ASSOCIATIONS

GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

THE EIGIITEENTH ANNUAL MEETING WAS HELD MAY 18-19, 1939 AT SAVANNAH, GEORGIA. THE REPORT OF THE ASSOCIATION'S PRESIDENT, MR. T G. WOOLFORD OF ATLANTA, GEORGIA, OUTLINES THE IMPORTANT POLICIES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE ASSOCIATION, WHOSE WORK HAS BENEFITTED THE FIELD OF FORESTRY IN GEORGIA.

SLASH PIN~ FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

M. THIS ASSOCIATION, OF WHICH MR. G.

BAZEMORE OF WAYCROSS, GEORGIA, IS PrESIDENT,

SPONSORS THE ANNUAL SLASH P,NE FOrESTRY FESTIVAL AND OTHERWISE PROMOTES THE VALUE ~ND

USE OF THIS QUICK GROWING SPECIES, IN ADDITION TO OTHER WORK IMPORTANT TO FOREST CON-

SERVATION AND UTILIZATION IN THE DEEP SOUTH.

AMERICAN TURPENTINE FARMERS' ASSOCIATION THE NAVAL STORES PRODUCERS ARE REPRESENTED BY THIS ASSOCIATION.

MR. HARLEY

LANGDALE OF VALDOSTA, GEORGIA IS PRESIDENT. ITS WORK AS A TRADE GROUP HAS BEEN BENE-

FICIAL TO THIS INDUSTRY.

90

PRODUCT AGALYN

WOOD NAVAL STOrES
REPORTED USES IN UNITED STATES
1937

PROPERTIES

USES

RESINOUS PLASTICIZER REMARKABLY RESISTANT TO ALKALIES
AND ACIDS; NEUTRAL AND NONVOLATILE.

NITROCELLULOSE LACqUERS, ADHESIVES, INKS, PLASTIC COMPOSITIONS,
TRACING PAPER, LEATHER FINISHES, SPECIAL COATING COMPOSITIONS, INSECTICIDES, FIXATIVE FOR PERFUMES.

COMMERCIAL HIGH ACID AND RESINOUS MATE- HIGH-TENSION ELECTRICAL CABLE COMABIETIC ACID RIAL FREE FROM OXIDIZED ROSIN POUNDS, SOLDERING FLUX, LAKE PIG-
MENTS, SYNTHETIC RESINS.

BRISGO

ROSIN COMPOUND

DEHAIRS HOGS FOR MEATPACKERS.

HERCOLYN

DERIVATIVE OF'ABALYN WITH GR~ATER PLASTICIZING EFFECT, PALER COLOR, MORE RESISTANT TO OXIDATION AND DISCOLORATION.

NITROCELLULOSE LACQUERS, PLASTIC COMPOSITIONS, ADHESIVES, SPECIAL COATING COMPOSITIONS, TRANSPARENT PAPER. TORNESIT FINISHES, FINGER NAIL POLISH, FIXATIVE FOR PERFUt,IES.

PETREX

ORGANIC ACID ANHYDRIDE

FF 2200

LIME-TREATED ROSIN

LIMED ROSIN

FF 1950
LlrvlED ROSIN

SPECIAL LIME HARDENED FF \"I00D Ros IN

FF 2350
Lit/lED ROSIN

SPECIAL LIME-TREATED rF
WOOD ROSIN WITH HIGH
MELTING POINT.

SYNTHETIC RESIN MANUFACTURE
MATCHES, THERMOPLASTICS, ETC.
CORE 0 ILS, PR INT I NG I NI(, DRY CORE BINDER, FLOOR TILE, BATTERY WAX, COLD CUT VARNISH, BOX TOES, THERMOPLASTICS, ETC.
BOX TOES, THERMOPLASTICS, GASKET CEMENTS, ETC.

H WOOD ROSIN

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD ROSIN, OUT ONE GRADE DARKER IN COLOR.

SOAP, PAPER, ROSIN OIL, DISINFECTANT, ESTER GUM, BATIK WAX.

I WOOD ROSIN

REFINED WOOD ROSIN

K. WOOD
ROSIN

REFINED WOOD ROSIN

SOAP, RUBBER, PAINT AND VARNISH, ESTER GUM, AND OTHER SYNTHETIC RESINS, DISINFECTANTS, ROSIN OIL, CEMENTS, LAKE PIGMENTS, RESINATES, SOLDERING FLUX.
SAME AS I, SOLD CHIEFLY TO MANU-
FACTURERS OF SOAP.

SOURCE OF DATA: HERCULES POWDER CO. INC.

A P PEN D I X
WOOD NAVAL STORES DERIVATIVES STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY HERTY FOUNDATION
~TAIE SO I L CONSERVAliON COMMJITEE
89

PRODUCT B;'~ REAGENT

WOOD NAVAL STORES (CONT'D)

PROPERTIES

USES

SPECIAL PINE OIL OF NARROW DOlLING RANGE BEING HIGH IN TERPINEOL CONTENT.

DELUSTERING AND PROCESSING OF RAYON IN BOTH MANUFACTURING AND FINISHING PROCESSES.

CABINOL

PINE OIL COMPOUND

INSECTICIDE FOR USE ON RUSTIC FURNITURE, FENCES, AND LOG CABINS, GENERAL SPRAY FOR POULTRY HOUSES.

DAINTEX

PINE OIL COMPOUND

WETTING OUT AGENT AND PENETRANT FOR COMMERCIAL LAUNDRIES.

DAINTEX (SUPER)

SPECIAL DAINTEX

FOR SAME USE AS REGULAR DAINTEX, BUT OF MILDER ODOR.

FOLOTAX

WATER MISCIDLE PINE OtL COMPOUND

WETTING AGENT FOR HORTICULTURAL CONTACT INSECTICIDES.

HERCO

SPECIAL WATER-WHITE, DEHYDRATED PINE OIL.

MEDICINAL AND PAINT AND VARNISH USE.

HERCOSOL
No. 80

SPECIAL SOLVENT DERIVED FROM PINE OIL.

NITROCELLULOSE LACQUER SOLVENT, VARNISH AND ENAMEL THINNER, RESIN SOLVENT; WETTING AND DISPERSING AGENT.

HYBREX

SPECIAL PINE OIL

A MATERIAL TO BE USED FOR KILLING CODLING MOTH LARVAE ON APPLE TREES.

RISOR

CRUDE PINE OIL

FLOTATION; MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER GOODS.

YARMOR AND YARMOR 302

PINE OIL HIGHLY REFINED FOR SPEC tAL lZEDUSE~.'

PAPER COATING, DISINFECTANTS, TEXTILE SOAPS AND WETTING AGENTS, LAUNDRY AND TOILET SOAPS, RAG BO ILING, INSECT ICIDES, DEODORANTS, MARINE PAINTS, CUTTING OILS, LINIMENTS, POLISHES, FULLING AND SCOURING WOOL.

YARMOR F

PINE OIL

FLOTATION

TAROL No. 1 SPECIALLY COMPOUNDED REA-
GENT.

FOR RUBBER RECLAIMING AND RUBBER COMPOUNDING; USED TO SOME EXTENT AS A FLOTATION OIL.

TAROL No. 2 SPECIALLY COMPOUNDED FLOTA- PRODUCES A VERY TOUGH, PERSISTENT

TION REAGENT.

FROTH IN THE FLOTATION PROCESS.

91

PRODUCT
MWOOD
WOOD ROSIN
N WOOD ROSIN
I No.20
WOOD ROSIN

WOOD NAVAL STORES (CONTiD)

PROPERTIES REFINED WOOD ROSIN

USES
SA~E AS I, WHERE PALER ROSIN IS
REQUIRED, CHIEFLY PAINT AND VARNISH, ESTER GUM, AND OTHER SYNTHETIC RESINS.

REFINED WOOD ROSIN

SAME AS MWHERE STILL PALER ROSIN
IS REQUIRED.

SPECIAL GRADE I-ROSIN

SOAP, DISINFECTANTS, PAPER SIZE.

FF WOOD ROSIN

SIZING, ASPHALT EMULSIONS, GREASES, ROOFING MATERIALS, PAINT DRIERS, BINDING MATERIALS, PYROTECHNICS, MARINE PAINTS, BLACK PAINTS AND ENAMELS, SIZING VARNISH, VARNISH STAINS.

FF tJo. 5 WOOD Ros IN
FF No. 6
WOOD ROSIN
FF No. 20
WOOD ROSIN

PARTIALLY DISTILLED ROSIN ROSIN PARTIALLY DISTILLED SPECIAL GRADE OF NON-CRYS-
TALLIZING FF WOOD ROSIN

PRINTING INr-, BREWERS PITCH
PRINTING INK, SPIRIT VARNISH, ROSIN SOLUTIONS, CORE OILS.
CORE OILS, PRINTING INK, PAPER SIZE, DISINFECTANTS.

BELRO Rosrll

HAS A LOWER AND SAPONIFICATION NUMBER THAN OTHER UNTREATED ROSINS AND HIGHER r.1EL T I NG PO I NT .

PAPER SIZE, ASPHALTS, EMULSIONS, LAMP BASE CEMENT, ADHESIVE, VARNISH, ESTER GUM, LINOLEUM, THERMOPLASTICS, INSULATING COMPOUNDS, BOX TOES, DIPILATING COMPOUNDS.

L I~,lED BELRO ROSIN

BELRO ROSIN TREATED WITH HYDRATED LIME, HIGH MELTING POINT.

DRY CORE BINDERS, THERMOPLASTICS, ETC.

V,tJSOL Ros It~

BLACK, BRITTLE, HIGH MELTING SPECIAL VARNISH, BOX TOES, THERPOINT ROSIN ALMOST COMPLETELY MOPLASTICS, RUBBER, INSULATING INSOLUBLE IN PETROLEUM OILS, COMPOUNDS, ASPHALT EMULSIONS, PARTIALLY SOLUBLE IN COAL TAR LACQUERS, OIL-RESISTANT FINISHES. SOLVENTS; COMPLETELY SOLUBLE IN ALCOHOLS AND ACETONE.

ROSIN RESIDUE

DARK COLORED VISCOUS LIQUID CONTAINING RESIN ACIDS AND POLYMERIZED PRODUCTS.

PLASTICIZERS, ADHESIVES, FLOTATION.

TRULINE GINDER

PULVERIZED DRY CORE BINDER

FOUNDRY CORES; AS A DRY BINDER IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER BINDERS IN OIL SAND CORES.

STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY
THE DIVISION WAS ES1ABLISHED AS ONE OF FOUR DIVISIONS OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT
OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY APPROVED MARCH 5, 1937. THE
SAME ACT ABOLISHED THE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE
COMMISSION OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY. THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY SHALL HAVE THE RIGHT TO ACQUIRE, IN THE NAME OF THE STATE, BY PURCHASE, LEASE, AGREEMENT, OR CONDEMNATION, SUCH LAND WITHIN THE STATE AS MAY BE DEEMED NECESSARY AND PROPER. IT SHALL BE THE DUTY OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY, WHO SHALL BE A GRADUATE OF A RECOGNIZED SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, WITH AT LEAST FOUR YEARS EXECUTIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPERIENCE IN FORESTRY WORK.
1. To MAKE A FULL REPORT TO THE COMMISSIONER OF NATURAL RESOURCES, AND HE, IN TURN, TO DELIVER SAID REPORT TO EACH SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, AND TO MAKE SUCH RECOMMENDATIONS THEREIN AS IT MAY BE DEEMED ADVISABLE.
2. To DO RESEARCH WORK IN WOOD PULP AND CELLULOSE WITHIN THE STATE AS FUNDS MAY BECOME AVAILABLE.
3. To DE DESIGNATED AGENCY TO EXPEND THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT ALL FEDERAL AID
FUNDS AVAILABLE UNDER THE CLARK MCNARY LAW FOR FIRE PREVENTION AND NURSERY WORK AND TO ENTER INTO COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS AND LEASES UNDER THE FULMER ACTS.
4. To MAKE, WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE COMMISSIONER, EXPENDITURES OF FUNDS NOT OTHERWISE OBLIGATED TO THE MANAGEMENT, DEVELOPMENT, AND UTILIZATION OF SUCH AREAS, TO SELL AND OTHERWISE DISPOSE OF THE PRODUCTS FROM SUCH LANDS, AND ALL FUNDS SO DERIVED SHALL BE USED BY THE DIRECTOR IN THE ACQUISITION, MANAGEMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF SUCH LANDS, UNTIL ALL OBLIGATIONS HAVE BEEN PAID IN FULL.
5. To ESTABLISH AND FROM TIME TO TIME ALTER RULES AND REGULATIONS, WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE COMMISSIONER, GOVERNING THE USE, OCCUPANCY AND PROTECTION OF THE LAND AND PROPERTY UNDER ITS CONTROL, AND TO PRESERVE THE PEACE THEREIN.
6. To HAVE, WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE COMMISSIONER, FULL POWtR AND AUTHORITY TO EX-
CHANGE, SELL, OR LEASE LANDS UNDER ITS JURISDICTION WHEN IN THEIR JUDGMENT IT IS ADVANTAGEOUS TO THE STATE TO DO SO IN THE HIGHEST ORDERLY DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF STATE FORESTS.
7. To APPOINT, WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE COMMISSIONER, FIRE WARDENS TO ENFORCE THE
PROVISIONS OF THE FIRE LAWS OF THE STATE AND THE WARDENS SO APPOINTED AND TilE FIRE FIGHTING CREWS UNDER THEIR DIRECTION MAY ENTER UPON ANY LAND FOR THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTING AND SUPPRESSING FIRES AND ENFORCING THE PROVISIONS OF THE FIRE LAWS OF THE STATE,
94

93

WOOD NAVAL STORES (CONTiD)

t
',1

PRQDUCT

PROPERTIES

USES

U. S. NAVY
STEAM
DISTILLED PINE OIL.

CONFORMS TO REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIFICATION BOARD OF
U. S. NAVY,

CONSTITUENT OF ANTI-FOULING PAINTS,

WOOD

PINE OIL COMPOUND

PRESERVATIVE

DIPENTENE No. 122

TERPENE HYDROCARBON - A HIGHLY REFINED PRODUCT.

A PRODUCT FOR USE AGAINST TERMITES.
PAINT AND VARNISH THINNER, POLYTERPENES, RUBBER SOLVENT, DILUENT FOR PERFUMES, SYNTHETIC RESINS, SOLVENT FOR INSECTICIDES.

PINENE No. 111

OBTAINED FROM FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF STEAM-DISTILLED WOOD TURPENTINE.

SYNTHETIC CAMPHOR, TERPIN HYDRATE, TERPINEOL; PAINT AND VARNISH SOLVENT.

SOLVENOL No. 1

TERPENE HYDROCARBON

PAINT AND VARNISH THINNER AND SOLVENT; RUBBER RECLAIMING SOFTENER AND DEVULCANIZING AGENT.

TERPINOLENE TERPENE HYDROCARBON

ESSENTIAL OILS.

ALPHA TERPINEOL CRYSTALS (COMMERCIAL)

ORGANIC CHEMICAL

PERFUMES, DISINFECTANTS.

ALPHA TERPINEOL (DENATURING GRADE)
STEAM-DIS TILLED WOOD TURPENTINE

ORGANIC CHEMICAL
PURE SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE

DENATURED ALCOHOL
SOLVENT AND THINNER FOR PAINTS AND VARNISHES, SHOE, FLOOR, STOVE, METAL AND JEWELRY POLISHES, SEALING, MODELLING AND GRAFTING WAX, PRINTING OF TEXTILES, ANTI-FROTH AGENT, LAUNDRY GLOSSES AND WASHING PREPARATIONS, WATERPROOF CEMENTS, LEATHER, RUBBER, GLASS, SOAPS, DRUGS, CAMPHOR, DISINFECTANTS AND INSECTICIDES, INK, PRINTING, ESSENTIAL OILS, ETC.

STf, TE SO IL CONSERVAT ION corAM ITTEE
THE COMMITTEE WAS CREATED BY ACT No. 339 OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY (GEORGIA LAWS
1937, P. 377).
PURPOSE: AN ACT TO DECLARE THE NECESSITY OF ESTABLISHING "SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS," TO ENGAGE IN CONSERVING SOIL RESOURCES AND PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING SOIL EROSION; TO ESTABLISH THE STATE SOIL CONSERVATION COMMITTEE, AND TO DEFINE ITS POWERS AND DUTIES; TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS, WITH SPECIFIC DUTIES AND POWERS THEREOF.
ORGANIZATION: THERE IS HEREBY ESTABLISHED, TO SERVE AS AN AGENCY OF THE STATE AND TO PERFORM THE FUNCTIONS CONFERRED UPON IT IN THIS ACT, THE STATE SOIL CONSERVATION COMMITTEE. THE FOLLOWING SHALL SERVE, EX-OFFICIOS, AS MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE: THE DIRECTOR OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE; THE DIRECTOR OF THE GEORGIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION LOCATED AT EXPERIMENT, GEORGIA; AND THE DIRECTOR OF THE GEORGIA COASTAL PLAINS EXPERIMENT STATION LOCATED AT TIFTON, GEORGIA, AND THE GOVERNOR OF GEORGIA. THE COMMITTEE SHALL ADOPT A SEAL, WHICH SEAL SHALL BE JUDICIAL' LY NOT ICED, AND MAY PERFORIA SUCH ACTS, HOLD SUCH PUBLI C HEAR I NG, AND PROMULGATE SUCH RULES AND REGULATIONS AS MAY BE NECESSARY FOR THE EXECUTION OF ITS FUNCTIONS UNDER THIS ACT
THE STATE SOIL CONSERVATION COMMITTEE MAY EMPLOY AN ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER AND SUCH TECHNICAL EXPERTS AND SUCH OTHER AGENTS AND EMPLOYEES, PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY, AS IT MAY REQUIRE, AND SHALL DETERMINE THEIR QUALIFICATIONS, DUTIES, AND COMPENSATION. THE COMMITTEE MAY CALL UPON THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF THE STATE FOR SUCH LEGAL SERVICES AS IT MAY REQUIRE, OR MAY EMPLOY ITS OWN COUNSEL AND LEGAL STAFF.
ACTIVITIES: IN ADDITION TO THE DUTIES AND POWERS HEREINAFTER CONFERRED UPON THE STATE SOIL CONSERVATION COMMITTEE, IT SHALL HAVE THE FOLLOWING DUTIES AND POWERS:
1. To OFFER SUCH ASSISTANCE AS MAY BE APPROPRIATE TO THE SUPERVISORS OF SOIL CONSER'
VATION DISTRICTS, ORGANIZED AS PROVIDED HEREINAFTER, IN THE CARRYING OUT OF ANY OF THEIR POWERS AND PROGRAMS.
2. To KEEP THE SUPERVISORS OF EACH OF TilE SEVERAL DISTRICTS ORGANIZED UNDER THE PRO-
VISIONS OF THIS ACT INFORMED OF THE ACTIVITIES AND EXPERIENCE OF ALL OTHER DISTRICTS ORGANIZED HEREUNDER, AND TO FACILITATE AN INTERCHANGE OF ADVICE AND EXPERIENCE BETWEEN SUCH DISTRICTS AND COOPERATION BETWEEN THEM.
3. To COORDINATE THE PROGRAMS OF T~~ SEVERAL SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS ORGANIZED
HEREUNDER SO FAR AS TlilS MAY BE DONE BY ADVICE AND CONSULTATION.
4. To SECURE TltE COOPEI\ATION AND ASSISTANCE OF THE UNITED STATES AND ANY OF ITS
AGENCIES, AND OF AGENCIES AND COUNTIES OF THIS STATE, IN THE WORK OF SUCH DISTRICTS.
5. To DISSEMINATE INFORMATION TllROUGHOUT THE STATE CONCERNING THE ACTIVITIES AND
PROGRAMS OF TilE SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS ORGANIZED HEREUNDER, AND TO ENCOURAGE THE FORMATION OF SUCI1 DISTRICTS IN AREAS WHERE THEIR ORGANIZATION IS DESIRABLE.
GOVERNOR E. D. RIVERS,
CHAIRMAN
96

HERTY FOUNDATION
THE HERTY FOUNDATION WAS CREATED BY ACT 381 OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF 1937-38 IN EXTRA SESSION, AND APPROVED FEBRUARY 16, 1938 AS A BODY POLITIC AND CORPORATE.
PURPOSE: To PROMOTE AND ADVANCE EXPERIMENTS IN PULP WOOD OF ALL KINDS AND TO DISCOVER AND DETERMINE USES FOR WHICH SAME ARE ADAPTABLE.
ACTIVITIES: THIS FOUNDATION IS 4 PUBLIC FOUNDATION CREATED FOR THE PURPOSE OF REN-
DERING SERVICES TO THE CITIZENS NOT ONLY OF GEORGIA, BUT IN EQUAL MANNER AND TO THE SAME EXTENT TO THE CITIZENS OF THE OTHER STATES OF THE SOUTH. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IS AUTHORIZED TO ACCEPT DONATIONS, BEQUESTS OR FUNDS APPROPRIATED FOR ITS USE BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THIS OR ANY OF THE STATES. AND IN CONSIDERATION OF SUCH APPROPRIATIONS OF OTHER STATES THE FOUNDATION IS EMPOWERED TO CONDUCT WITHIN THE LIMITS OF ITS EQUIPMENT, EXPERIMENTS ON ANY PULP WOOD PECULIARLY BENEFICIAL TO THE VARIOUS STATES MAKING SUCH APPROPRIATION. IF ANY STATE MAKING APPROPRIATIONS TO SUPPORT THE FOUNDATION DESIRES TO DE REPRESENTED ON THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS, ITS GOVERNOR MAY APPOINT ONE CITIZEI~ OF HIS STATE TO BECOME A DIRECTOR.
IT SHALL BE THE DUTY OF THE STATE AUDITOR TO AUDIT THE BOOKS AND ACCOUNTS OF SAID FOUNDATION AND SUBMIT THE AUDIT TO THE GOVERNOR WHO SHALL TRANSMIT SAME TO EACH REGULAR SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.
UNDER PROVISION OF ACT No. 406 (1937-38, SPECIAL SESSION PP. 63, 64) A FUND OF $20,000.00 WAS SET UP FOR THE PURPOSE OF DEVELOPING THE PAPER-PULP INDUSTRY IN THIS
STATE, PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT BEFORE THIS SUM BECOMES AVAILABLE FOR USE THERE SHALL
BE DONATED FROM OTHER SOURCES AN EQUAL SUM OF $20,000.00.
95