GEORGIA 1939 FOREST PLANNING GEORGIA 1939 PU8LISHED BY TIE STt,TE PLMnJ IriG BO.t,:--4- ~. ISO.18! 1--3- ~ ~. 1--2 V \ ..... ./ 0\ "'" .~<"" ~~u .......... "1", I ..'. "" ~ -, IW... -...-.., t\\ / ,..... r\ \ ~ ..... iIs... ..! .;' ~ \; .. ,/.' '~ "'--. -. 1# \\ it,' ...1 .+ ~ ~\ \,\ Il V' .,"+'." ..- , .. ~"- ... .... 1-lIW-' /. ~~ ,/' ~~ ' .n.tt'l. '" ~, '. . . "It'ft, ,-.". -""I t"" . - \\ " I, \~~ \ ':. . ~l \ , \.\ r-.- .. I ,. \:;~:~+ .... \ ...... , , /.+ .......... Jil' ,,+ /;' '"",,,, ~:'I ....l..::-t':- ' 7- 165.62\ 1--6- -5150.7S! 148.631 - 4 ISO.18! 149.931 - 3 - 2- -I STATE-WIDE 1- .. INCHES 152.661 ANNUAL TOTALS I I I I I I I I I 4.481 4.28 1 'U8 1 5.14 3046 3.78 4.78 5.81 5.47 4.17 3.10 2.88 14.48 4.29 . I I I I I I I I I I I I I DEC. JAN. I F'EBI MARIAPRILI MAY I JUNE JULY AUG. 1SEPTI OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. ==- LEGEND 152.661 ANNUAL TOTALS INCHES SOURCE OF' DATA: UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU CLIMATIC SUMMARY-1930 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF' GEORGIA HIGHLANDS VALLEY-PIEDMONT-MIDLAND ALTAMAHA UPLAND COASTAL TERRACES SEABOARD STATE PLANNING BOARD 1939 W.P.A OF' GMOP'-885-34-3-58 ... \\ '" " ": .: ".;;\.;.:.:.::.:: GEORGIA LATION - 11130 PLAN AND PROGRAM, iNTELLIGENTLY COORDINATED AND INTEGRATED WITH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PHASES, MUST BE PROPERLY PRESENTED, CAREFULLY STUDIED AND PURPOSEFULLY PUT INTO PRACTICE TO HELP CORRECT SOCiAL INEQUALITIES. X~R!", TENANCY AND LAND OWNERSHIP IN SECTIONS OF THE DEEP SOUTH WHERE FOREST INDUSTRIES PROVIDE A LARGE PORTION OF THE PRODUCTS OF LAND USE. SOME CHANGES IN THE USUAL METHODS OF REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT ARE SUGGESTED INSTEAD OF DAIRYING, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GARDENING, AND POULTRY HUSBANDRY TO SUPPLEMENT AGRARIAN AGRICULTURE, FORE ST"FARM UNITS SHOULD BE ARRANGED SO THAT LIVESTOCK RAISING, TRUCK FARMING, AND RAISING CERTAIN SPECIAL CROPS, SUCH AS TUNG Oil AND TOBACCO, SHOULD SUPPLEMENT THE FOREST CROPS OR PRODUCTS. PROBAB LV FOREST FARM FAMILY UNITS SHOULD BE LARGER THAN FARM FAMILY UNITS IN AREAS WHERE AG,~ARIAN AGRICULTURE PROVIDES THE BASIC YIELD. ANOTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION IN RE:iABILITATiNG AND RESETTLING FOREST AREAS WOULD BE TO MAKE PROPER ARRANGEMENTS TO FACTOR OR OTHERWISE FINANCE THE FOREST PRIMARY CROPS, SUCH AS TIMBER, NAVAL STORES AND PULPWOOD FOR SMALL OWNERS. STUDY OF THE PERCENTAGE OF FARM FAMILIES, WHO ARE TENANTS ACCORDING TO THE 1930 CENSUS INDICATES THAT LAND OWNERSHIP AND TENANCY ARE INFLUENCED BY LAND UTILIZATION. THE FIRST ANALYSIS IS OF TOTAL TENANCY, WHICH COMBINES WHITE AND NEGRO TENANCY. SEP" ARATE ANALYSES BY RACIAL GROUPS ALSO NEEDED TO DERIVE SOME FINER POINTS, IN WHICH POPULATION DISTRIBUTiON OF THE RACES, SOIL FERTILITY AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ARE INFLUENCING FACTORS TENANTS CONSTITUTE 69% OF ALL FARM FAMILIES. NEGRO TENANCY AMOUNTS TO 86% OF THE NEGRO FARM FAMILIES. WHEREAS WHITE TENANCY IS ONLY 58% OF THE WHITE FARM FAMILIES. OWNERSHiP OF FARMS BY NEGROES IN THE STATE IS CONSIDERABLY LESS THAN WHITE OWNER SHIP THE SIZE OF FARMS OPERATED BY NEGROES AVERAGES 72,8 ACRES IN THE STATE, WHEREAS FARMS OPERATED BY WHITES AVERAGE 112.6 ACRES, THE AVERAGE SIZE OF ALL FARMS IS 101 0 ACRES FARM TENANCY is HIGHEST IN THE BETTER AGRICULTURAL SECTIONS OF THE STATE. iT IS LOWEST iN THE COASTAL TERRACES, WHERE THERE EXIST LARGE FOREST AREAS DEVOTED TO DiVERSIFIED FOREST INDUSTRIES, AND ESPECIALLY WHERE NAVAL STORES OPERATIONS ARE CONCENTRATED. THE FACTOR OF SOIL FERTILITY HAS A STRONG INFLUENCE ON THE DEGREE OF FARM TENANCY TOTAL FARM TENANCY IS BELOW AVERAGE ON THE LESS PRODUCTIVE SOILS OF THE FALLLINE HiLLS. THE PERCENTAGE OF WHITE FARM TENANCY IS ABOUT 20% MORE IN THE MORE FERTILE PIEDMONT TO THE NORTH, AND THE RICH FARM LANDS OF THE ALTAMAHA UPLAND TO THE SOUTH. HOWEVER, AMONG THE COLORED RACE, THE PERCENTAGE OF FARM TENANCY IS ALMOST AS eREAT IN 7 10 RURAL 2,013,014 69% URBAN 895,492 31 TOTAL 2,908,506 2. WHITES 1,836,974 63% NEGROES AND OTHERS 1 ,071,532 37 TOTAL 2,908,506 3 RURAL FARM 1,413,719 48% RURAL NON-FARM 599,295 21 TOTAL RURAL 2,013,014 4 RURAL FARM WHITES 857,925 29% RURAL FARM NEGROES AND OTHERS 555,794 19 TOTAL RURAL FARM 1,413,719 (LESS FOREIGN) BETWEEN 1920 AND 1930 GEORGIA'S POPULATION INCREASED ONLY 4/10 OF ONE PERCENT. THIS SMALL NET INCREASE WAS CAUSED BY HEAVY MIGRATION OUT OF THE STATE, WHICH PROB" ABLY DRAINED THE STATE OF MUCH OF ITS DRIFTING POPULATION. IT IS DESIRABLE THAT TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT WHICH PROMISE PERMANENCY SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED, SO THAT: (1) PUBLIC FACILITIES OF ALL KINDS MAY BE BUILT SUBSTANTIALLY AND WITH ASSUR" ANCE OF CONTINUED USE, (2) EMPLOYMENT MAY BE STABILIZED, AND (3) OTHER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS WILL NOT BE SUBJECTED TO GREAT CHANGE OR VACILLATION. TEMPORARY FORMS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OFTEN REPRESENT EXPLOITATION. GEORGIANS ARE NATURALLY CONSERVATIVE, AND ARE HAPPIEST AND MOST PROSPEROUS WHEN FOLLOWING CON' STRUCTIVE AND PROGRESSIVE PROGRAMS. A NATURAL DISLIKE FOR CHANGES WHICH MAY BE ONLY TEMPORARILY BENEFICIAL, REFLECTS THE ATTITUDE OF NATIVE GEORGIANS, AND EXPLAINS THE CAUTION WITH WHICH NEW PROGRAMS ARE ACCEPTED, EVEN THROUGH SUCH PROGRAMS ARE DESIRABLE AND VIOULD PROVIDE DIVERSIFICATION AND FILL IN HOLLOWS OF SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS SLACK IN SOUTH GEORGIA A PROGRAM OF PRACTICAL DIVERSIFICATION IN FOREST INDUSTRIES IS IN OPERATION PLANS SHOULD BE DEVISED FOR OTHER SECTIONS OF THE STATE. LARGE FOREST AREAS SHOULD BE RETAINED AND DEVELOPED IN EVERY PART OF GEORGIA. IN SOME CASES THE BENEFITS MAY 'BE INDIRECT, SUCH AS CONSERVING WATER AND SOIL, SUPPLY1NG RECREATIONAL AREAS, AND PROVIDING GAME REFUGES, BUT THE BENEFITS ARE WORTH THE EFFORT. NON CONSERVATIVE PRACTICES, SUCH AS CLEAN-CUTTING OR ONE CROP FORESTRY PRACTICE IS NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE BEST INTERESTS OF GEORGIA. A PROPERLY DESIGNED FORESTRY NOTE: " CLEAR CUTTING FOLLOWED BY REFORESTATION MAY BE THE BEST WAY TO PERPETUATE SOME LONGLEAF PINE STANDS." SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION. 8 5 34' 83 82 8 I NEGRO FAaM TENANCY -GEORGIA- -1930- 35' LEGEND I I 0-50 PERCENT V2/2'50-75 PERCENT ~75 & OVER 34C'l 3' N 3 31 SOURCE OF DATA: U.S.BUREAU OF CENSUS 33' ~ ~'t (, () ..(..." I.., ~ 'l; 31 0 "-l I.., 'l; SCALE IN MILES Kl 10 20 30 40 P1 STATE PLANNING BOARD 83 82' MAY 1939 8'. W.P.A. OF GA. O.P.-"'65-34-3-273 B 5 34 8 8 82 8 ,. TOTAL FARM TENANCY -GEORGIA- -1930- 35 LEGEND I I 13 - 50 PERCENT ~. 50-75 PERCE:NT @Of. 75 & OVER 3 40 33 N t 30 JI. SOURCE OF DATA~ U.S.BUREAU OF CENSUS SCALE IN MILES 10 10 20 30 40 STATE PLANNING BOARD 83 82. MAY 1931 8 ,. W.P.A. OF GA.O.P.-485-34-3-273 8 5 84 82 ,0 FORES-r; AREAS -GEORGIA- -1938- IN TRACTS OF 5000 ACRES OR MORE 35 LEGEND 5.000 TO 10.000 ACRE TRACTS 34 33 -+t+ 3 31 SOURCE OF DATA: STATE COMPTROLLER-GENERAL OFFICE /938 TAX DIGEST(JNDIVIDUAL COUNTY) 85 84 .3 STATE PLANNING BOARD MAY 1939 82 8 1 W.P.A OF" GA. 0.P.-465 -34-3-273 8 5' 34' 8 4' 8 3' 8 2' WHITE FARM TENANCY -GEORGIA- -1930-- 8 ,. 35' I I 2.5-50 PERCENT 50-75 PERCENT 34" 33' N t 32' ". SOURCE OF DATA: u. S.BUREAU OF' CENSUS 31 SCALE IN MILES Kel 10 20 30 40 STATE PLANNING BOARD 83' 82' MAY 1939 8 ,. W.P.A. OF' GA. O. P.-465-34-3-2.73 EDUCATIONAL, HEALTH AND OTHER PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES HAVE NOT USUALLY BEEN AS WELL DEVELOPED, NOR ARE THEY AS ADEQUATE, IN FORESTED SECTIONS. To FURNISH THESE SERVICES IS AN OBLIGATION OF GOVERNMENT. WHILE CONSIDERABLE WORk .HAS BEEN DONE THr.OUGHOUT GEORGIA IN THE PAST THREE OR FOUR YEARS TO CORRECT DEFICIENCIES IN PUBLIC WORKS AND SERVICES, THIS HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO ACCOMPLISH IN FORESTED AREAS, WHERE POPULATION IS LESS CENTRALIZED, AND WHEREIN OTHER SPECIAL PROBLEMS EXIST. A THOROUGH STUDY WITH A VIEW TO PLANNING FOREST-FARMS IN THE DEEP SOUTH, WHICH INCLUDES COASTAL AND SOUTH GEORGIA, IS RECOMMENDED. SUCH STUDY MIGHT EVOLVE A SOLU" TION TO THE PROBLEM OF SUPPLYING SUFFICIENT PUBLIC WORKS AND SERVICES IN THESE AREAS ... THE JUSTIFICATION FOR UNDERTAKING THIS STUDY AND FOR CARRYING OUT RESULTANT PLANS LIES IN THE POSSIBILITY OF ENHANCING LAND VALUES, IMPROVING SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND BUILDING BETTER RURAL CITIZENRY IN THE DEEP SOUTH. 13 THE FALL-LINE HILLS AS IN SECTIONS OF THE MORE FERTILE "COTTON BELT", WHERE THE ,GREATEST DENSITY OF NEGRO POPULATION AND THE GREATEST PERCENTAGE OF FARM TENANCY AMONG NEGRO RURAL FA.n~IES OCeURS'~, OWNERSHIP OF LARGE FOREST AREAS OF 5,000 ACRES OR MORE IS CONCENTRATED IN THE NAVAL STORES BELT. OTHER LARGE FOREST AREAS ARE NOTICEABLY LOCATED IN SECTIONS, WHERE CROP YIELD VALUES ARE LOW. THE OPERATION OF EXTENSIVE AND DIVERSIFIED FOREST INDUSTRIES ON LARGE TRACTS REQUIRES INVESTMENT IN EQUIPMENT, AND FAIRLY STEADY EM' PLOYMENT OF SKILLED AND SEMI-SKILLED LABOR. THIS REQUIRES CAPITAL AND PLANNED MANAGEMENT, WHICH IS NOT EASILY ORGANIZED UNLESS THE FOREST AREA TO BE WORKED IS COMPAR ATIVELY LARGE. A FEW OF THESE OPERATIONS ARE AS LARGE AS 200,000 ACRES. IN THE NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY LAND HAS BEEN LEASED FOR TURPENTINE OPERATIONS BY SMALLER LAND OWNERS TO OPERATORS. IN MORE RECENT YEARS THE SMALL FOREST OWNER OPERATES HIS OWN FARM AND SELLS HIS GUM TO STILL OWNERS. THE EXCESSIVELY HIGH TENANCY OF FARM LANDS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN DEALT WITH EXTENSIVELY IN PUBLICATIONS OF VARIOUS GOVERNMENTAL BUREAUS. REFERENCE TO THE REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE OF FEBRUARY 1937 ON FARM TENANCY PROVIDES A DETAILED TREATISE OF THE SUBJECT. IT IS VERY NOTICEABLE (REPORT PAGE 37) THAT M,SSIS" SIPPI AND GEORGIA HAVE HIGHER STATE-\'IIDE PERCENT OF "TENANT AND CROPPER FARMS" THAN ANY OTHER STATES IN THE UN ION. HERE IN IS THE PERTI NENT STATEMENT THAT "THE PERCENT' 'AGE OF FARMS OPERAI~D BY TENANTS IS HIGHEST IN THE AREAS WHERE THE MAJOR STAPLE CASH CROPS ARE GROWN. AND THE LOWEST IN THE AREAS WHERE LIVESTOCK. SPECIALIZED FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTIO~AND SUBSISTENCE FARMING ARE IMPORTANT". IT IS APPARENT THAT DIVERSIFICATION OF CROPS IN GEORGIA HAS NOT REACHED A SUFFICIENTLY HIGH LEVEL. BE FORE DIVERSIFICATION CAN BE INTRODUCED TO IMPROVE SOCIAL CONDITIONS THROUGH THE STA' BILITY PROVIDED BY PRIDE OF OWNERSHIP, SOME METHOD OF REHABILITATING FARM FAMILIES IS NEEDED TO ENABLE THEIR PURCHASE OF FARMS ON A LONG TIME BASIS. PROJECTS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AT PINE MOUNTAIN VALLEY (WHITE) AND IN MACON COUNTY (NEGRO) ARE ACCOMPLISHING THIS. GOOD MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION, IMPROVED EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES, AND OPERATION ON REASONABLY FERTILE LAND ARE ESSENTIAL FOR CON~TfNG TENANCV TO OWNER~ SHIP. PROVISION OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES MUST BE PART OF THE PLAN. PROPER STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION, TRADING AND MARKETING FACILITIES ALSO ARE A REQUIREMENT FOR THE SUCCESS" FUL CULMINATION OF SUCH PROGRAMS. SUPERVISION OF ALL RESETTLEMENT OR REHABILITATION PROJECTS SHOULD PLAN THE ARRANGEMENT OF LAND USES TO PROVIDE CROP LAND, PASTURAGE AND WOOD LOTS. 8 5 84 8 82 fiRE PREVENTION SYSTEMS -GEORGIA- -1939- 8 ,. 35 34 SOURCE OF DATA: STATE DIVISION OF' rORESliRY 85 84 SCALE IN MILES 10 010203040 STATE PLANNING BOARD JUNE 1939 83 82 8 ,. W.P.A OF' GAO.P.-4a!>-34-3-273 VACATION CABIN I LAKE PINE MOUNTAIN STATE: PARK 5ITTON'S GULCH LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN - DADE: COUNTY LAKE TRAl-ILVTA VOGEL STATE: PARK i STATE t,u,OAMA ARKANSAS FLOR,DA GEORG,A LOUISiANA /.11 5S' SS I PP NOIHH CAROL i NA SOUTH CAROLINA TENNESSEE TEXAS SOURCE OF DATA: U, So FOREST SERVICE BURNED FOREST AREA 1937 SOUTHEASTERN STATES II TOTAL LMJD AREA ACRES 32 818 560 33 616 000 35,111 040 37 584 000 29 061. 760 29 671.680 31 193 600 19 516800 26 679 680 167 934 720 1'I1, FOREST AREA ACRES 18,8T' 700 22 000 000 22 060 100 21 045 200 1.6 211 200 15 646 800 21 318 000 12 733 200 13 no 000 1 7 026 300 IV PERCENl FOREST AREA OF LAND AREA 57 52 65 45 6283 56 00 55 78 52 73 68 34 65 24 51 61 10 14 V FOREST DAMAGED ACRES 732 43/ 466 558 ;. 848 9 7 8 3 780 658 745 24? 4 202 666 179 744 847 441. 424 091 980 04? Vi PERCENT FOREST DAMAGED To FOREST AREA 3 88 2 12 35 58 17 96 4 60 26 86 84 6 66 3 08 5 76 18 T H CHAPTER II G REA T EST PRO B L E M FOREST FIRE IT IS ENTIRELY FEASIBLE TO ASSUME THAT, IN THE CASE OF OUR FORES1'rS, WE CAr:!. "HAVE OUR CAKE AND EAT IT", IF WE CONSUME CONSERVATIVELY AND PREVENT ~IRES. THE FORESTERS MUST HAVE THE EAGER COOPERATION OF ALL PARTIES CONCERNED AND INTERESTED TO 00 THIS JOB. IN TOO MANY INSTANCES THEY HAVE BEEN HANDICAPPED BY INCOMPLETE DATA, IN OTHER INSTANCES THE NEED FOR DATA, WHICH WAS NOT A MATTER OF RECORD NOR AVAILABLE THROUGH SURVEY. HAS RESULTED IN OFFICE COMPILATIONS AND ESTIMATES UPON WHICH LITTLE REL 'ANCE COULD BE PLACED, AN EXAMPLE OF TH I5 IS THE AMOUNT OF' REPORTED r I RE LOSS IN UNPROTECTED FOREST AREAS FORESTERS, WHO ARE WELL ACQUAINTED WITH CONDITIONS, SERIOUS LV QUESTION THE WIDE VARIATION IN ESTIMATED LOSSES IN GEORGIA, FLORIDA, ALABAMA, AND OTHER SOUTHERN STATES NEVERTHELESS IT HAS BEEN CONSERVATIVELY ESTIMATED THAT IF FOREST FIRES WERE PRE VEIJTED IN GEORGIA, THE YIELD WOULD BE DOUBLED DAMAGE FROM NATURAL CAUSES OF INSECTS OR FUNGUS, WINO OR FLOOD AND OTHER FACTORS ARE NOT COMPARABLE IN THEIR SUM TOTAL TO THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY FIRE DURING THE LATTER DAYS OF HIS LIFE, DR CHARLES H HERTY DEVOTED A LARGE POR TION OF HIS TIME TO EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS AND EARNEST PLEAS FOR FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION FROM FOREST FIRES. THE FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF TI STATE PLANNING BOARD IN JANUARY 1939 STATES THAT "THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT SUBJECT, WHICH HAS BEEN SERIOUSLY NEGLECTED IN THE PAST, LOSSES DUE TO FOREST FIRES EACH YEAR APPROXIMATING THE AMOUNT WHICH WOULD BE THE LEGAL RATE OF INTEREST ON THE ANNUAL FOREST INCOME" THE FOLLOWING TABULATIONS OF 1937 AND 1938, PREPARED FROM STATISTICS OF THE U, S. FOREST SERVICE, PRESENT AN ARGUMENT FOR FOREST PROTECTION FROM FIRE IT IS THE UNCERTAINTY OF FIRE LOSS, MORE THAN ANY OTHER ENEMY TO FOREST CONSER VATION, WHICH MAKES DIFFICULT A SAFE PROPHECY OF THE FUTURE TREND OF FORESTRY IN GEORG IA WITHOUT EXTENS IVELY ORGAN IZED FIRE PROTECT ION, A DROUGHT OF SEVERAL WEEKS" TO WHICH SECTIONS OF GEORGIA ARE OCCASIONALLY SUBJECTED, MIGHT BE ALL THAT IS NECES SARY TO PERMIT A DEVASTATING FIRE, SWEEPING AWAY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN FOREST ASSETS, A_a MANY MORE MILLIONS OF POTENTIAL INCOME. 17 20 A FEW YEARS AGO CONSIDERABLE CONTROVERSY WAS STARTED BY AN ~LL-ADVISED STATEMENT AMONG SOME LEADERS THAT "BURNING OFF THE WOODS" WAS A NECESSARY PROCEDURE A BRIEF STATEMENT OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING UP TO SUCH "SACRILEGE" MAY BE IN PLACE HERE. MANY LANDOWNERS BELiEVE THAT BURNING THE WOODS KILLS SNAKES, INSECTS AND OTHER PESTS THIS APPEARS FREQUENTLY AS A REASON FOR SUCH FIRES MANY FARMERS, WHO HAVE CATTLE TO GRAZE. BURN OFF THE STUBBLE THROUGH THE WOODS IN JANUARY OR FEBRUARY IN ORDER TO GET A GOOD STAND OF GRASS IN AREAS, WHERE HUNTiNG PRESERVES ARE MAINTAINED. SOME OF TliE MORE OPEN SECTIONS, WHICH HAVE BECOME INFESTED WITH WEASELS, RATS AND OTHER PR~DATORY ANIMALS, ARE BURNED OVER SO THAT QUAIL MAY NEST MORE SAFELY. REGARDLESS OF WHAT PURPOSE IS GIVEN FOR BURNING THE WOODS, THOUSANDS OF SEEDLINGS ARE DESTROYED AND THE GROWTH OF SAPLINGS AND EVEN OLDER TREES IS STUNTED. HEREIN is A CONTROVERSIAL SUBJECT ABOUT WHICH VARIOUS INTERESTED AGENCIES AND LANDOWNERS SHOULD GET TOGETHER AND SHOULD ATTEMPT TO DRAW UP -POLICIES AND STANDARDS AT FIRST CONSID ERATION THE PROBLEM APPEARS ALMOST iMPOSSIBLE TO SOLVE, BECAUSE OF TilE WIDE DIVER GH.lCE OF OP! NION I F THE MATTEr CAN BE CONS I DERED SANELY, THERE IS A COMt10N BAS I S UPON W!I!CH TO MEFT DEFORE WHITE SETTLEMENT OF THE STATE BOTH FORESTS AND GAME WERE PROLIFIC AND ABUNDANT OF COURSE, THE VIRGIN STANDS OF TIMBER PROBABLY WERE BETTER ADAPTED TO SUPPORT GAME THAN EXISTING SECOND GROWTH STANDS. HOWEVER IT IS LIKELY THAT IF PROPER FOREST MANAGEMEtJT WERE PRACTICED, IF TREE STANDS WERE PROPERLY THINNED, AND OTHER PROPER FORESTRY METHODS WERE PRACTICED MORE WIDELY, IN MANY INSTANCES THE ADVOCATES OF BURNING WOULD HAVE LESS OCCASION TO BURN THE WOODS. THERE IS NO WAY TO DETERMINE HOW MANY FOREST FIRES ARE INTENTIONAL AND HOW MANY ARE ACCIDENTAL A SMALL AMOUNT OF CONTROLLED BURNING WOULD NOT AFFECT THE ENTIRE SOUTH GEORGIA FOREST AREA SERIOUSLV BUT FIRE IS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL UNLESS AN ADE QUATE ~OREST FIRE PREVENTION ORGANIZATION IS MAINT~INED IN EVERY COUNTY. THE FIRST FORM OF FIRE PROTECTION IN THE STATE WAS BY TIMBER PROTECTIVE ORGAN IZATIONS,CONS'STING OF GROUPS OF LANDOWNERS COOPERATING WITH THE U S FOREST SERVICE AND THE STATE DiVISION OF FORESTRY IN PROTECTING THEIR LANDS FROM FIRE. THESE TIMBER PROTECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS SERVED A VERY USEFUL PURPOSE IN STIMULATING AN INTEREST IN FOREST PROTECTION THROUGH THESE ORGANIZATIONS THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS CARRIES ON A GREAT DEAL OF THEIR VALUABLE WORK THE GENERAL TREND NOW IS TOWARDS THE COUNTYWiDE SYSTEM OF FIRE PROTECTION IN WHiCH ALL THE FORESTED LANDS iN A COUNTY ARE PROTECTED SINCE THE PASSAGE OF THE HERTY COUNTY WIDE FIRE CONTROL AMENDMENT A CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF COUNTIES HAVE SHOWN A GrEAT DEAL OF INTEREST IN THIS FORM OF PROTECTION IN A NUMBER OF CASES THE TIMBER PROTECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BEEN CHANGED INTO A COUNTY WIDE SYSTEM FOREST FIRE STATISTICS 1937 SOUTHEASTERN STATES STATE FOREST AREA BURNED IN CALENDAR YEAR 1937 ~ROTECTE~) UNPROTECTED ACCURATE (ESTIMATED) (ACRES (ACRES) TOTAL (ACRES) ALABAMA 146,,836 585,601 732A37 ARKANSAS 16558 450,000 466558 FLORIDA 48:978 7 800,000 7.848 978 GEORGiA 63,458 3 717 200 3 780,658 LOUISIANA 45,247 700"000 745 247 MISSISSIPPi 77,046 4,125,620 4.202,,666 NORTH CAROLINA 150,561 29,183 179,744 OKLAHOMA 13,343 950,.000 963,343 NATIONAL FORESTS 36,675 36 675 SOUTH CAROLINA 33 957 813,484 847,441 TENNESSEE 121,285 302,806 424,091 TEXAS 130,047 850,000 980,047 DAMAGE ON PROTECTED AREA ONLY $ 120,548 21..581 62 112 73,845 41848 183,799 239,837 17,,980 40,716 37.595 195,815 95,023 TOTAL 847,316 SOURCE OF DATA: U. S. FOREST SERVICE 20,323,894 21,207,885 $1,130,699 19 DM1AGE ON UNPROTECTED AREA ESTIMATED BY STATE DEPTS, $ 352 t 891 450:000 5,850,000 3 717: 200 210,000 4,125,,620 67,573 950,000 .. 850,000 485,000 510,000 $17,568,284 TOTAL DAMAGE $ 473,439 471 :,581 5.912,112 3,791,045 251,848 4309,419 307,410 967,,980 40,716 887.595 680,815 605,023 $18,698,983 21 THIS CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT, COMMONLY CALLED THE HERTY AMENDt~NT, ALLOWING THE SEVERAL COUNTIES TO LEVY TAXES TO BE USED FOR FOREST FIRE PROTECTION, WAS RATIFIED BY THE PEOPLE OF GEORGIA BY AN OVERWHELMING MAJORITY IN 1938. DURING THE 1939 SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY THE ENABLING ACT TO THIS AMENDMENT WAS PASSED AND THUS THE COUNTIES WERE GIVEN THE LEGAL RIGHT, FOR THE FIRST TIME, TO LEVY TAXES TO BE USED IN PROTECTING THE FOREST LANDS FROM FIRES. ALREADY TWELVE COUNTIES HAVE USED THIS MEANS OF RAISING FUNDS TO BE USED TO MATCH STATE FUNDS IN DEVELOPING A COUNTY-WIDE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM. ADDITIONAL COUNTIES ARE READY TO PROVIDE FUNDS AS SOON AS THE STATE HAS FUNDS TO MATCH. 24 THE FOLLOWING DATA, CONTAINED IN THE 18TH ANNUAL REPORT (1938) OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, DO NOT REFLECT THE PESSIMISTIC VIEWPOINT ENTERTAINED IN 1920. "THE FOREST INVENTORY OF THE SOUTH SHOWS THAT WHILE THE VIRGIN OLD-GROWTH TIMBER STANDS ARE BEING RAPIDLY DEPLETED, THE SECOND-GROWTH STANDS THAT FOLLOWED ON THE CUT-OVER LANDS, DESPITE INDIFFERENCE AND ABUSE, HAVE DE-VELOPED RAPIDLY AND TODAY FORM AN EXTENSIVE GROWING STOCK OF TIMBER, WHICH IF PROPERLY CARED FOR AND CONSERVATIVELY UTILIZED, WILL APPRECIATE BOTH IN VOLUME AND VALUE IN THE YEARS TO COME. THE SURVEY DATA HAVE SERVED TO FOCUS THE ATTENTION OF THE NATION ON THE EXTENT, CHARACTER, AND VALUE OF THIS RE SOURCE; THEY ALSO INDICATED THE NECESSITY OF APPLYING FORESTRY PRINCIPLES TO ITS CARE AND USE IF IT IS TO SERVE AS A SOUND BASIS FOR THE GREATLY INCREASED FOREST INDUSTRIES SO ESSENTIAL TO THE FUTURE PROSPERITY OF THE SOUTH" "THE FOREST SURVEY, WHICH WAS AUTHORIZED BY THE MCSWEENEy-MCNARY ACT OF 1928, WAS ACTIVELY INITIATED IN THE DEEP SOUTH IN 1932 AFTER A SHORT EX-PERIMENTAL PERIOD. "THE SURVEY ALSO COMPLETED ANALYSES DURING 1938 OF THE RELATIVE STOCKING OF THE PRINCIPAL FOREST STANDS IN EACH SURVEY UNIT IN THE DEEP SOUTH. THESE SHOWED CONCLUSIVELY THAT THE STANDS ARE ONLY ONE-HALF TO ONE-FOURTH STOCKED, THIS CAN UNDOUBTEDLY BE LAID TO FREQUENT FOREST FIRES AND TO INDIFFERENT TREATMENT OVER A LONG PERIOD OF YEARS. WITH ADEQUATE FIRE PROTECTION AND GOOD FOREST MANAGEMENT, THE GROWING STOCK IN MANY LOCALITIES COULD BE DOUBLED IN TWO OR THREE DECADES; IN SOME, IT COULD BE TRIPLED. "THIS UNDERSTOCKING IS A CHALLENGE TO A SOUTH IN NEED OF GROWING INDUSTRIES TO HELP SOLVE ITS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS. THE RECENT EXPANSION OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRIES IN THIS AREA HAS GREATLY STIMULATED INTEREST OF FOREST LANDOWNERS IN THE APPLICATION OF GOOD FOREST MANAGEMENT. THE INDUSTRIAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT WOULD BE OPENED UP WITH THE DOUBLING OF THE FOREST RESOURCE WOULD GO FAR TOWARD SOLVING THE UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM THE SHRINKAGE IN COTTON PRODUCTION. To ATTAIN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY IN THE DEEP SOUTH, HOWEVER, DAMAGE FROM FOREST FIRES MUST BE REDUCED, GOOD FOREST MANAGEMENT MUST BE APPLIED, AND OUTLETS FOR FOREST PRODUCTS MUST BE DEVELOPED." FROM TABLE 4 OF THIS REPORT IS TAKEN THE FOLLOWING "COMPARISON OF NET INCRE MENT AND DRAIN IN BOARD FEET (LUMBER TALLY) 1936". GEORGIA (THOUSAND BOARD FEET) HARDWOODS &CYPRESS: INCREMENT NET DRAIN CHANGE 1,896,600 1.208.300 .+ 688.300 543,900 426.600 + 117,300 TABLE 5 SHOWS THE BOARD--FEET VOLUME (LUMBER TALLY) ON JANUARY 1, 1937 IN GEORGIA TO BE: (THOUSAND BOARD FEET) TOTAL OLUME 33,051,200 13.544.200 46.595.400 CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF STATISTICS AND TRENDS DURING THE COURSE Of THIS STUDY, A GREAT MANY STATISTICS WERE COMPILED, REVIEW ED AND ANALYZED. As HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED, MANY AVAILABLE STATISTICS WERE INCOMPLETE OR INACCURATE. SOME STATISTICS, ESPECIALLY THOSE RELATING TO TAXABLE LANDS, .. ASSESSED VALUAT IONS, LOCAT tON I 'DENT If ICAT ION AND DESCR I PT ION Of fORESTED PROPERTIES, .. WERE NOT AVAILABLE, IT WAS NECESSARY TO COMPILE STATISTICS ON LAND USE AND CROP YIELD fROM VARIOUS SOURCES, IN ORDER TO SECURE RECAPITULATIONS BY COUNTIES, COMPLETE DATA ON THE VALUE Of fOREST PRODUCTS WAS PARTICULARLY DiffiCULT TO SECURE DUE TO GAPS IN RELATED DATA, A COMPLETE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IS NOT POSSIBLE AT THIS TIME BY COUNTIES. STATISTICS Of THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION AT NEW ORLEANS, LA. HAVE BEEN HELPfUL. THESE STATISTICS WERE COMPILED BY SURVEY UNITS. GEORGIA CONTAINS fiVE SUCH UNITS, HOWEVER, THERE ARE 159 COUNTIES IN THE STATE, AND SEVERAL PHASES Of fORESTRY PLANNING REQUIRE THE STUDY Of SMALLER AREAS THAN THOSE CONTAINED IN THE FOREST SURVEY UNiTS. GROWTI:LYERS~DRA,I N.,_ THIS HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT Of CONSIDERABLE CONJECTURE. ESTIMATES Of THE RATIO OF DRAIN TO GROWTH HAVE BEEN COMPROMISING, AND HAVE VARIED BETWEEN WIDE LIMITS THE CONSTANT USE OF GEORGIA'S fOREST RESOURCES fOR MANY PURPOSES COMPLICATES THE STUDY OF THEIR EXTENT AND RATES Of GROWTH. ALL SURVEYS, OPINIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS AGREE ON THE BASIC PREMISE THAT PRODUCTION COULD BE CONSIDERABLY GREATER If WASTE AND DETERIOR ATION WERE LESSENED BY GOOD MANAGEMENT AND CARE. SOME SOURCES HAVE PROPHESIED THE DESTRUCTION Of FORESTS, LOWERED YIELD, AND LOST FOREST INDUSTRIES TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN LATER EVENTS HAVE PROVEN. 23 FIGURE 1 SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY UNIT BOUNDARIES STATE OF GEORGIA YEAR OF SURVEY UNIT I UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT 5 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 STUDY OF THESE TWO TABULATIONS, IN THE REPORT OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, IN WHICH ARE LISTED THE INCREMENT AND DRAIN, AND VOLUME OF BOARD-FEET OF OTHER SOUTHERN STATES, SHOWS THAT GEORGIA'S FOREST RESOURCES ARE LARGEST, THAT THE INCREMENT IS THE GREATEST, AND THAT THE SURPLUS OF GROWTH OVER DRAIN IS MORE THAN ANY OTHER STATE EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. OTHER STATISTICS IN JANUARY OF 1939 A STATISTICAL REPORT WAS PUBLISHED ON FOREST RESOURCES OF GEORGIA BY THE GEORGIA DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND U, S. FOREST SERVICE IN COOPERATION WITH THE GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE GEORGE FOSTER PEABODY SCHOOL OF FOR ESTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, THIS STATISTICAL REPORT TOGETHER WITH FOREST SURVEY RELEASES OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION PROVIDE SPECIFIC FOREST DATA, WHICH IS BEYOND THE INTENDEDSCOPE OF THIS FOREST PLANNING REPORT, To PROVIDE AN INSIGHT INTO THESE DATA, THE FOLLOWING GRAPHS ARE REPRINTED FROM THE REPORT ON FOREST RESOURCES OF GEORGIA, THROUGH COOPERATIVE CONSENT OF THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY. THESE GRAPHS ANALYZE SOME OF THE MORE SALIENT FACTORS. HOWEVER, IT IS HOPED THAT MORE PEOPLE WILL BE INSPIRED TO THINK ABOUT AND STUDY FOREST PROBLEMS, WHEN THEY REALIZE THE GREAT SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE PROBLEMS TO THE GENERAL WELFARE OF THE STATE, AND WHEN THEY UNDERSTAND THE INTER-RELATED BEARING WHICH FOREST PROBLEMS HAVE UPON AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT. (NOTE: - THOSE FIGURES OMITTED DUPLICATE DATA CONTAINED ELSEWHERE IN THIS REPORT. ) FIGURE 3 PRODUCTIVE FOREST AREA CLASSIFIED BY fOREST TYPES STATE OF GEORGIA DATA FROM SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY UNIT 3 LEGENp ~ PINE . . PINE - HARDWOODS . . . UPLAND HARDWOODS ~ BOTTOMLA~D HARDWOODS FOR YEAR 0' .sURVEY SEE FIGURE 1 PRODUCTIVE FOREST AREA STATE TOTALS MILL ION ACRES % 13.0 61.6 3.7 17.6 2..3 11.0 2.0 TOTAL: 21.0 9.8 100.0 FIGURE 3 PRODUCTIVE FOREST AREA CLASSIFIED BY fOREST TYPES STATE OF GEORGIA DATA FROM SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY LEGEND ~ PINE . . PINE -HARDWOODS . . . . UPLAND HARDWOODS .:::::::J BOTTOMLA~D HARDWOODS FOR YEAR OF' .sURVEY SEE FIGURE 1 PRODUCTIVE FOREST AREA STATE TOTALS MILLION ACRES % 13.0 61.6 3.7 17.6 2.3 11.0 2.0 TOTAL: 21.0 9.8 100.0 _.1'0,.,.... FIGURE e INVENTORY OF GROWING STOCK 1936 NET CORDWOOD VOLUME -INCLUDING SAWLOG T1MBER- GOOD TREES ONLY -(] UNIT .5 CJ -rn o o UNIT 3 -r:':':t I:::::i.I D I..............................'.] o UNIT I TOTALS CORDS I.... .. ...... .. .. .. ..... ... ... .. ..................... .J r 49 7 PULPJNG HARDWO. ODS I I 29.5 NON-PULPING HARDWOODS 123.0 PINE FIGURE 8 INVENTORY Of GROWING STOCK 1936 NET CORDWOOD VOLUME -INCLUDING SAWLOG TIMBER- GOOD TREES ONLY -D UNIT .5 CJ -r.:-:t ~ o ...................................1. ) o UNIT 3 -r:':':t ~ o 1:.....................\.....] o UNIT I TOTALS CORDS 1~..'....'....'..:'...'."."..e."......."..".."..."...'......."...............1. 497 PULPJ NG HARDWO' ODS I I 29.5 NON-PULPING HARDWOODS 123.0 PINE o ... MILLIONS OF CORDS (OUrSIDE .A"K N I~ I~ 19Je PULPMIOoD DRAIN (ptN. NARDWOO~) 19'7 PULPWOOD DRAIN (PtNE & HA"DWOO EfTiMATED FUTU' PULPWOOD /J(fAIN WHEN EJdlSTlNG MILLS .....E OPERA TIN. Ar CAPACITY ~.,., ~ ~ n 0 ~ -~ :D e- Oz lD ,.- >:z~-D ,-a. C :D ..1.."..1 0 :;v 1"1 (It ~ .%.. ... ~ c c~ r ~ ~, ~ 0 0 i-z> FIGURE 8 COMPARISON OF GROWTH, MORTALITY & DRAIN 1936 BY SURVEY UNITS - DATA FROM SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY UNIT t 200 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT S I - r~fl I -....1 I ~~ I : : ::!:L~:~WTH I ~~ I [@11 COMMOOITY DRAIN I -.t I I .i.o;.W.1 I I ~, PINE HARDWOODS PINE HARDWOODS PINE HARDWOODS PINE NOTE: CYPRESS INCLUDED WITH HARDWOODS HARDWOODS PINE HARDWOODS 20~ FIGURE 13 EXPENDITURES AND SOURCE OF FUNDS SPENT FOR FOREST FIRE PROTECTION OF STATE AND PRIVATE FOREST LANDS JULY 1.1937 TO JUNE 30. 1938 MONEY SPENT SHOWN IN PERCENT OF TOTAL FUNDS NECESSARY FOR STATE WIDE PROTECTION L.EGEND l>Y! COUNTY-::;-;'RIVATE FUNDS ~ FEDERAL FUNDS STATE FUNDS ALA. ARK. FLA. GA. LA. MISS. N. C. OKLA. S. C TENN. TEXAS STATES ----- ... ,.,. , __ . ] ~c..:.._,_ -~:~---_._~ ~",~----_._--~-,._., ~: ._"._~ 6.TH. . . . .." I'IGURE 12 COMMODITY DRAIN ON GEORG~S FOREST 1 4) 3 6 DATA fROM SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY COMMODITY THOUSANDS Of CORDS-ALL SPECIES Qz< - -' -' - - r:s:---yE -c.:.- z-f5itsTiZ"'--cl. LUMBER 26 I 5 f~'W CROSSTIE5 27I i t ... FENCE POSTS 79 ~ . 6 -&--=--RF== ~- if=;; -r - rei> - >Eii#iJliJ. ........ I PULPWOOD I 94 I FUELWOOD 20 I 3 .................................................. , OTHER TOTAL 58 4 5 65 6 26 THE FOLLOWING TABULATIONS AND GRAPHS WERE DESIGNED TO SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP OF OTHER FACTORS TO FOREST RESOURCES. SOURCE MATERIAL, PREPARED BY THE RESETTLEMENT AD MINISTRATION AS LAND USE PLAN #30, WAS ANALYZED AND RECAPITULATED. WHEN DATA WAS IN COMPLETE, THE BEST AVAILABLE INFORMATION WAS COMPILED TO "ROUND OUT" THE PICTURE. THE U. S. CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE WAS FREELY UTILIZED. DURING PRELIMINARY WORK IN SAVANNAH UNDER SPONSORSHIP OF THE EAST GEORGIA PLAN- NING COUNCIL, IT WAS FOUND THAT THE RECORDED AREAS OF MANY GEORGIA COUNTIES HAD BEEN INACCURATELY REPORTED FOR SEVERAL YEARS. THEREFORE CORRECTED AREAS WERE CALCULATED BY PLANIMETERING A STATE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. THE ESTIMATES OF COUNTY AREAS THUS SECURED ARE USED IN THE TABULATIONS IN THIS REPORT. A MAP OF "CROP YIELD COMPARED WITH LAND CLASSIFICATION" HAS BEEN PREPARED. CROP YIELD WAS EVALUATED IN DOLLARS BY TAKING THE PRINCIPAL CROPS, AS REPORTED BY COUNTIES fN THE U. S. AGRICULTURAL CENSUS, AND THEN MULTIPLYING THE UNITS OF MEASURE OR QUAN- TITY BY THE BEST AVAILABLE AVERAGE PRICES, AS REPORTED IN THE AGRICULTURAL YEAR BOOK AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. S. D. A. AND THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LAND CLASSIFICATION WAS COPIED FROM THE GENERALIZED MAP OF THE STATE, PREPARED BY THE LAND UTILIZATION DIVISION OF THE RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION. FOR GRAPHIC PRESENTATION, fNDEXES OF TOTAL CROP YIELDS OF 1934 WERE CALCULATED FOR EACH OF THE STATE'S 159 COUNTIES. IN ORDER THAT THE COUNTY INDEXES WOULD "AVERAGE" OR "EQUALIZE" THE SIZE OF COUNTIES WITH HARVESTED ACREAGES, THE FOLLOWING FORMULA WAS USED: x COUNTY CROP YIELD IN DOLLARS TOTAL COUNTY ACREAGE COUNTY CROP YIELD IN DOLLARS COUNTY HARVESTED ACREAGE COUNTY INDEX UPON APPLYING THIS FORMULA IN EACH COUNTY, AND BY f.1APPING 1.......l!:TM hlNd'l ," wA'S FOUND THAT A USEFUL GENERAL IZED GRAPH IC rlAP COULD BE OBTA INED. THE ISOPLETHS WERE SUPER-IMPOSED UPON THE LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP_ THUS ARE DESIGNATED THE GENERAL AREAS WHERE EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE WAS A BASIC ECONOMIC INDUSTRY, AND WHERE THE BEST FARMING PRACTICES WERE IN OPERATION, AIDED BY GOOD NATURAL RESOURCES SUCH AS CLIMATE, SOIL AND WATER. A SIMILAR COMPILATION FOR 1939 SHOULD PROVIDE AN INTERESTING COMPARISON. OF FURTHER VALUE HAVE BEEN THE COUNTY TABULATIONS OF CROP YIELD FOR EACH AGRI CULTURAL CENSUS PERIOD SINCE 1920. THE TOTALS FOR THESE YEARS SHOW A SERIOUS ECON- OMIC DECLINE OF CROP VALUES THROUGHOUT THE STATE: CENSUS YEAR 1920 1925 1930 1935 TOTAL CROP VALUE $ 493,900,000 241,960,000 208,495,000 156,134,000 FIGURE 14 Results of FOREST FIRE PROTECTION in Georgia 1937 FoREST PRorECTION LEDCiER. Dat.~ for' Protected FO~t 17cstD it PROTECTED Dale for Unpro't:ected Forest 83rD isUNPl\DI'ECTED f 10&4 F'I~ES eURNED OVER.. 1.810 OF THE l)QIVArE FOREST LA-NO UNOER. PR.OTECTION IS, S8c,.....s.a ACRES J~ ~ ~ ~((( 1/ <..--' .2'4-,781 FIRI!S &LJR.NED OVER. 19.80,10 OF THE. PRIVATE F'ORI!ST I-AND UNPROTECTED $96,000 DAMAGE 001'01 8'11 FIRE TO FORE"iT UNOfR PROTECTIQl'lI $370QOOO DAMAGE. DO~E BY FII!fe. Colquitt 515.200 475.72 923 225.~ 48.573 215 391.040 196.109 502 362.240 221.499 61.1 2.801 17.150 -4.574 O.~ 7 -1.2 82.900 576.5811 314.000 8811.240 357.630 1~76... ~~ 84.11 8.6 78.0 283.", 72.6 288.022 79.5 Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp 196.480 123.946 631 149.760 83.911 560 284.160 35.320 12.4 194.~ 13.368 5~.1 180. 62.195 3 5 -15.535 26.974 -19.041 -79 95 -98 187.530 229.560 142.450 163.800 228.990 140.538 715 132.100 883 219.383 772 139.238 716 153.258 8119 Dade 108.800 86.370 794 3.54~ 33 rawson 135.680 122.019 899 3.93 29 Deca'ur 394.21lO 259.357 6~.8 13.591 35 Deralb Dodge 175.360 327.040 2~.~3 123. 1 1 .6 379 -2.024 -1.2 Dool;r 255.360 146.223 573 Do~ert7 211.200 100.294 475 DJuglas 13.560 21.146 16.2 -- -- 1.320 1.0 larl;r 339.840 174.434 513 18.~ 5" Echols 273.2BO 211.837 775 4. 1. 96.520 135.740 ~.120 2 .700 411.020 144.390 197.110 182.420 164.740 276.470 52.892 1jg.6 83.406 615 122540. .~7 635 710 249.691 76.4 222.212 871 124.589 59.0 lob.116 81.8 197.179 58.2 70.223 25 7 lIff1n&Jlam J:lber' _1 Iv..... laDn1n r.,.". J'1oJ rortp,Jth rr.ak11D 1\11'011 307.200 234.240 439.01lO 119.040 256.640 128.000 326.400 154.800 174.0BO 340.480 256.506 116.130 231.003 72.917 228.250 10.481 202.695 48.803 83.169 54.855 QU. .r Q1aIoock QlIDIl _n_GoI'- Pe~~~nt 17! .&Dnual lalue ot CouatT forestatioD of Count7 Pr~ J'orest Area (Acre.l Area ProdUct, ~~}in !&1'!ls-1934 (Aoro.)" 19) Percent of Count)" Area Cro;l~d 1934 (Aore.) Ill} Percent of Count)" Area (12) lIarket Value 0\~~4PS Lomar Lanier Laurens L. . Libert7 119.040 117.760 520.320 230.400 332.IlOO 41.771 70.42~ 187.63 92.372 286.151 '351 59.8 ~..11 86.0 Lincoln Lone Londe. LUlI]lkin lIoDuffi. 162.560 104;368 64.2 263.680 239.579 99 332.IlOO 201.954 60.7 177.920 161.298 90.7 169.600 82.637 487 MoIntosh lIacon Madison Marion Karl.ether 275.200 260. 1180 179.~ 240.000 321.280 257.814 109.859 68.621 117.069 123.601 93 7 42.2 a88.22 385 lIiller 184.960 110.914 60.0 lIitoh.11 327.680 172.357 52.6 u.onro. 257.280 126.283 491 :U:ontgomery 152.960 73.244 479 Uorgan 227.840 102.540 45.1 Wurrq llusco~. N.wton Ocone. Ot;lethorpe 222.080 144.000 176.000 120.~ 278. 156.969 71.655 65.384 45.897 157.,.1 705 49.1 37.2 38.1 56.7 PaUl din,; leach Pickens Pierce Piko 204.800 44.332 21.6 97.280 40.858 42.0 144.640 218.240 116.088 168.187 SnO'a 142.720 39.454 276 Po1ll: hlaski l'utnam ~u1t111Ul Rabun 201.600 106.853 530 163.840 62.259 38.0 226.560 149.756 66.1 2130~..r5o2oC 67.95 208.295 631 88.0 Randolph Riolu1ond Rockdale Sohle,.- Screven 280.320 208.640 81.245 97.470 a6l .71 81.920 11.684 14.3 103.680 14.542 14.0 416.640 189.799 456 Seminol. Spaldine Stephens Stewart SU[Ilter 179.200 115.910 647 129.280 10.769 83 125.200 60.972 52.9 296.960 158.751 53.4 315.520 126,932 40.2 Talbot 250.240 84.135 33.6 Taliaferro 125,440 83.179 703 Tattl1l11 316800 208,411 658 TaTlor 257.920 98.481 38.1 Telfair 282.240 140.704 499 Terre;!.l Tholl&. Tift " ~Qmb8 0 11 _ ' ~reutl.~ Tro1lp Turne"r Twigg. Union Upson Walker Walton lare !arren 212.480 350.080 172.800 241.920 110.080 124.800 289.920 190.720 235.520 204.800 221.440 286,080 212.480 582.400 182.400 47.98 225.561 57.031 9964. ,~ 74,262 88,062 59.942 85.966 179.633 110.199 166.346 88.596 554.332 110.637 22.2 64.4 330 389 873 59.~ 3 31.4 36.5 87 7 49.8 53.1 41. 7 952 607 Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White lhitfio1d Wilcox lillres It'illdn90n Worth 443.520 415.360 126.080 199.040 155.520 182.400 246.400 302.080 291.840 373.120 146.479 361.982 24.013 95.225 129.882 113.489 90 .527 206.471 159.823 152.555 330 87.1 190 47.8 835 62.2 367 68.4 54.s 409 State Total 37.695.360 20.617.427 54 7 Sources: United States Department of J.ericulture Agricultural Census Crop and llarke' IIapart A,;r1cu1tural Yearbook Resettlement j,dnin1stratloa rorest Sel'Tiee Dat. Prepared: 4-3-39 I. P. A. Official ProJeot 110. 465-34-3-273 5.016 --4.967 5.997 10.552 -7.115 7.396 4.329 -1.664 17.528 14.48J 31.4 - 24.710 -21.347 13.203 11.606 7.014 8.180 8.853 13.600 11.520 799 11.272 1.07 7.320 -19.981 14.243 7.152 4.776 2.542 --12.737 13.727 1.726 11.526 5.252 9.313 14.560 16,649 4.948 12.650 19.483 4.050 ---- 2.477 - -16.394 4.752 5.780 8.376 20.962 15,373 9.571 10.893 6.120 15.546 -960 2.593 19.198 12.214 16.346 34.266 2.215 1.348.205 4.2 $ 100.210 --4.2 113.120 459.510 101.590 1.8 697.S70 65 177, 700 -27 527.360 644.370 4.2 168.180 2.6 179.140 -.6 356.330 109.460 98 148.930 6.0 91.910 98 184.550 - 74.260 75 172.740 -83 137.050 235.490 58 130.770 52 160.87 4.9 141.810 51 128.370 7.4 87.460 49 110.500 56 290.610 .8 98.290 78 212.050 5 483.170 51 146.810 -99 205. 060 79.070 63 128.890 67 33.490 2.0 179.770 9 --6.1 33 1.0 . 92 4.6 31 4.6 170.710 170.340 31.680 76.720 623.260 44.610 80.820 89,120 212.690 221,400 67 , !3I.9o 76 1.4 ---- 23 - -57 2.0 2.8 242.960 ).16.~ 795. 301,230 671.620 195.320 395.870 278.170 514.710 98.450 172.980 163.270 1n,24O 73.700 82.020 3.8 159.510 73 196. ~SO 72 189. 10 1.6 926.730 6.0 !!6.180 1.4 329. 410 3 7 80~.SOO -.8 7 .320 151.480 17 ,,207.730 105 350.510 50 269.070 54 225,840 1.2 154.060 59 392.970 36 $39.541.950 101,022 47177..35p4 162.253 139.116 122.148 79.720 225.676 69.943 114.840 38.335 218.467 173.120 183.688 239.957 109.273 265.488 191.610 120.507 176.334 143.446 79.504 139.939 107.219 223.090 155.713 81.128 98.790 165.244 117.241 136.056 114.173 181.981 69.1~ 55.8 254.724 124.~7 64. 9 92.283 326.046 132.744 99.302 90.757 233.160 262.374 147.742 92.881 200.4~ 187,7 169,546 191.020 242.763 135.611 162.95 51,255 95.630 200.265 130 .465 111.243 101.799 149.184 200.250 192.993 116,037 141.626 365.404 171.258 116.910 133.574 80.082 158.995 175,433 227,214 210.507 256,117 25.296.522 t111ted State. Departruent of Connerce CensUB of wanutactures State Department ot Batural Reaourcea J'oreltl'7 Dlvhion Stat. llopartmant of .&criculturo 84.9 46.958 39.~ $ 629.220 659 20.526 17 467.580 80.2 225.676 434 2.871.920 70.4 88.335 383 819.850 41.8 18.393 55 119.410 751 30.2 67.8 393 67 7 50.308 31.0 12.988 4.9 79.172 238 16.088 90 53.704 317 607.460 134.450 1.286.360 216.530 661.530 139' 839 963 765 74.7 3.880 122.054 85.740 66. ~81 115. 15 1.4 469 47.8 278 36.0 31.040 1.910.370 1.456.980 5~2. 710 1.7 7.620 59.1 63.092 34.1 1.055.150 81.0 745 1s:~i~ 47,4 22.1 2.406.490 664.960 78.8 54.987 36.0 788.290 774 82.801 36.3 1.273.250 64.6 46.773 21.1 802.910 552 30.081 209 267.430 795 68.173 387 1.086.410 891 58.196 48.4 908.210 80.1 92.469 332 1.112.580 76.0 64.28~ 31.4 1.121.390 834 50.67 52.1 1.134.700 683 26.430 183 420.570 75 7 50.626 232 715.500 82.2 64.042 449 1.115.570 675 69.7 66.373 64.545 5~:~ 1.257.540 902.770 803 49.022 21.6 475.580 643 22.502 209 271.240 236 11.514 49 245.990 909 59.6 136.423 48.8 61.133 29.3 1.812.700 63.5110 790 890 U 30.925 8 46.071 .11 517.8~ 532.7 783 146.576 352 1.714.000 74.1 ~3.284 29 7 832.370 76.8 9.284 37.4 942.630 78.8 29.896 26.0 453.400 785 87.985 293 799.900 832 149.899 475 2.192.720 59:0 40.514 16.2 544.480 74.0 32.845 26.2 389.080 633 76.662 24.2 1.087.850 72.8 72.872 283 963.640 60.1 84.176 298 861.580 899 119.876 56.4 1.986.040 694 109.543 313 1.572,390 785 67.656 392 1.114.180 67.3 72.416 29.9 1.062.320 46.6 13.540 123 216.510 76.6 43.639 350 524.480 69.1 79.000 273 949.020 61.4 69.1~ 363 1.116,240 47.2 49.05 20.8 525,510 49.7 25.167 123 312.960 674 70.0 62.~ 28.4 74,7 26.1 976.860 1.049.700 90.8 105.677 49.7 2.180.650 199 31.742 55 456,120 77 7 67.842 372 1.032.660 S2.l~ 172.649 389 1,860.610 41.2 42.738 103 590.680 927 56.457 44.8 526 .550 67.1 63.005 317 818.830 515 24.599 158 302 ,370 872 62.481 343 878.990 71.2 99.668 405 1.290.420 75. 2 90.900 31 1.092.910 72.1 72.663 24.9 561.470 68.6 140.558 377 2.271.170 671 10.821.940 287 $156.133.060 Not.: (1) Col,... 3 aad 5 bas.d upon Latm Utilization IIepart 130 (IWuttlellllnt Adain1stration - 1934). (2) Col,., 7 inolude. Imber ant timber. Daval .tor and fUel 'WOod. Thele primary 1ndustri value. com- piled b7 cO'Wltiel and based ~Il U. S. Con",," - 1935. 46 BRUNSWICK PULP &PAPER COMPANY UNION BAG &PAPER COMPANY SAVANNAH GEORGIA PULP WOOD SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES a PINE PULP MILLS NATIONAL fORESTS NATIONAL fORESTS PINE PULP MILLS GEORGIA A----CHATTAHOOCHEE B-- --ARMUCHEE PURCHASE UNIT C-- --LOOKOUT MTN. PURCHASE UNIT SOUTH CAROLINA 0-- --fRANCIS MARION E-- --SUMTtR FL.ORIDA r-- --APALACHICOL.A G----CHOCTAWHATCHEE H-- --OCALA I -- --OSCEOLA AL.ABAMA J -- --BLACK WARRIOR K-- --CONECUH 1.-- --TALLEDEGA M-- --TOMBIGBEE . MISSISSIPPI N-- --BIENVILLE 0-- --DELTA P-- --DE SOTO Q-- --HOLLY SPRINGS R-- --HOMOCHITTO U.S. L.AND ACRES 514,112 243,283 250,948 278,433 308,433 2113,024 156,689 1115,170 117,805 232, I88 1,559 189, lOll 13,389 460,141 98,659 184,919 PAw. 25 Q 25 50 15 100 12S i SCALE IN MILES /,2. ETC.-SURVEY UNITS OF U. S. FOREST SERVICE MIL.L. NO. ~ I SOUTHERN KRAFT CORPORATIO GEORGETOWN SOUTH CAROLINA 2 WEST VIRGINIA PUL.P & PAPER CO CHARLESTON SOUTH CAROLINA 3 UNION BAG & PAPER COMPANY SAVANNAH GEORGIA 4 BRUNSWICK PUL.P& PAPER COMPANY BRUNSWICK Gt:ORGIA 5 CONTAINER CORPORATION OF AMERICA fERNANDINA fLORIDA 6 RAYONIER, INCORPORATED , fERNANDINA fLORIDA 7 NATIONAL. CONTAINER CORPORATION JACKSONVILLE fLORIDA 8 ST. JOE PAPER COMPANY PORT ST. JOE fL.OAIDA 9 SOUTHERN KRArT CORPORATION PANAMA CITY fLORIDA 10 MOBIL.E PAPER MIL.L. COMPANY MOBILE ALABAMA I I SOUTHERN KRAFT CORPORATION MOBILE ALABAMA 12 NATIONAL. GYPSUM COMPANY MOBILE ALABAMA 13 GUL.F STATES PAPER CORPORATION TUSCALOOSA ALABAMA 14 SOUTHERN KRAFT CORPORATION MOSS POINT MISSISSIPPI 15 M,ASONITE CORPORATION LAUREL MISSISSIPPI 16 GAYL.ORD CONTAINER CORPORATION BOGALUSA LOUISIANA 17 U.S. GYPSUM COMPANY GREENVILLE MISSISSIPPI (COTTONWOOD ONLY) LEGEND NORMAL CORDS AN NU'AL CONSUMPTION TO !l0000 850001 TO I!lIOOOO E5'--j,,--ISOool '" OVER SOURCE or DATA: DEPARTMENT or NATURAL. RESOURCES (GEORGIA) U.S. FOREST SERVICE THE !OUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION STATE PL.ANNING BOARD DEC. 1V38 Wof!A. OF' GEORGIA- Of! 485-34-3-273. 48 SAWMILLS ARE LOCATED THROUGHOUT THE STATE. THERE IS A PREPONDERANCE OF MILLS CAPABLE OF AN OUTPUT OF LESS THAN 20,000 BOARD FEET PER DAY. A RECAPITULATION OF THE ACTIVE SAWMILLS INCLUDED IN THE U. S. FOREST SERVICE SURVEY FOR THE 1936-1937 SEASON FOLLOWS: DAILY PRODUCTION (BOARD FEET) P I NE OVER 40 TO 79 M 79 M 20 TO 39 M H A R D WOO 0 OVER 40 TO 20 TO 79 iii 79 1'1 39 H PINE OR HARDWOOD TJTAL LESS THAN 20 ~; ALL TYPES UNIT #1 UNIT #2 UNIT #3 _. 2 8 .. 1 12 - 3 9 7 206 223 J 104 120 3 2 516 533 UNIT #4 - 1 368 369 UNIT #5 SHTE-WI DE - .. .. - 6 30 -- .. 3 .. 346 346 - 12 1 540 1 591 IT IS NOTICEABLE THAT SMALLER SAVJMILLS ARE CONCENn~ATED ALONG THE FALL LINE IN FOREST SURVEY UNIT #3, ESPECIALLY IN SECTIONS WHERE (1) AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IS LOW, (2) FARM TENANCY MlONG RURAL WHITE FAMILIES IS BELOW THE STATE AVEr'~AGE, AND (3) MORE THAN 65% OF THE AREA IS FORESTED. SAWMILLS ALSO ARE CONCENTRATED IN A SEMICIRCLE WITH A RADIUS OF APPROXIMATELY 35 MILES TO THE NORTH OF ATLANTA, WITH THAT CITY AS THE CENTER OF THE SEM ICIRCLE. TH IS Af~[A INCLUDES LAND WHERE THE PERCENTAGE OF FORESTED LAND IS ESTIMATED TO BE FROM 20 TO 25% OF THE TOTAL AREA. THE REASON FOR THIS CON- CENTRATION MIGHT BE FOUND IN THE PROXIMITY TO ATLANTA, WHERE THERE IS A SUBSTANTIAL LOCAL MARKET FOR LUMBER. THE MANY USES OF LUMBER ARE DIFFICULT TO TRACE, PARTICULARLY AFTER TIMBER LEAVES THE WOODWORKING INDUSTRIES, AND GOE5 INTO OTHER KINDS OF MANUFACTURING AND TRADE. RECORDS OF SHIPMENTS APPEAR ONLY IN WATER-BORNE TRANSPORTATION. A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THIS COMMERCE INDICATES THE IMPORTANCE OF LUMBER TO GEORGIA TRADE AND INDUSTRY, AS WELL AS TO THE ENTIRE UNITED STATES. EXPORTS OF LUMBER FROM LEADING OCEAN PORTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA AND ALABAMA, BETWEEN 1922 AND 1937, TOTALED 9,542,156 LONG TONS, WHICH WAS 27.2% OF THESE PORTS EXPORT TRADE. LUMBER WAS EXCEEDED IN EXPORT TONNAGE ONLY BY PHOSPI1ATE, WHICH AVERAGED 31% OF THE SOUTHERN REGION'S EXPORT TRADE. COTTON EXPORTS DURING THIS PERIOD AMOUNTED TO ONLY 3,493,688 LONG TONS. IN DOMESTIC WATER-BORNE COMMERCE FROt.' THESE PORTS DURING THE SAME PERIOD THERE WERE HANDLED APPROXIMATELY 17,000,000 SHORT TONS OF LUMBER. CljAPTER IV FOR EST I ND US T R I E S GEORGIA'S FOREST PRODUCTS ARE HIGI1LY DIVERSIFIED. WHILE THE PRODUCTION OF TIMBER IS NOT NEARLY SO LARGE AS THAT OF SEVERAL OTHER STATES, THE YIELD OF NAVAL STORES IS THE GREATEST, AND THE PRODUCTION OF PULPWOOD FOR MAKING PAPER IS INCREASING RAPIDLYTHE PRIMARY FOREST PRODUCTS IN GEORGIA ARE LUMBER, POLES, PILES AND CROSS TIES, FENCE POSTS, FUEL, NAVAL STORES, AND PULPWOOD, tUMBER THE OLDEST COMMERCIAL PRODUCT OF GEORGIA'S FORESTS IS LUMBER, WIIICH WAS SHIPPED TO EUROPE BY THE EARLY SETTLERS TO SUPPLEMENT THE OLD WORLD SUPPLY, WHICH HAS BEEN SERIOUSLY DEPLETED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE REPLACEMENT OF WOOD BY METALS, CLAY PRODUCTS, RUBBER AND SYNTHETIC COMPOSITIONS, THE DEMAND FOR LUMBER CONTINUES TO DRAW UPON FOREST RESOURCES OF THE STATE. GEORGIA'S LUMBER PRODUCTION 1935 BY KItiD OF WOOD QUA N..I..L..:CL (1000 COMTl FEeT) !-VER/\GE VALUE (M F"EET . F. 0.8. tl1LL) l~[0RCIA u. s. ASH 6,660 $ 32.86 $ 30.02 CYPRESS 21,021 25.14 29.51 OAK 14,282 20,39 27.15 RED GUM 29,360 17.54 22.33 TUPELO 8,225 18.16 19.65 YELLOW P,NE YELLOW POPLAR OHlER KINDS 610,616 19.~9 4,365 14.19 26.71 18.24 28.65 TOTAL 713.878 (SOURCE OF DATA: U. S. CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES) PINE TIMBER LEADS IN VOLUME. OAK, CYPRESS, GUM, POPLAR AND SEVERAL OTHER SPEC IES OF TREES PRODUCE VALUABLE LUr~BERo SMALL WOODLAND OWNERS IN THE STATE WOULD FIND IT TO THEIR ADVANTAGE TO MAKE INQUIRIES OF THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY BEFORE CUTTING OR SELLING THEIR TIMBER 47 85 8 83 8 I FOREST INDUSTRIES-GEORGIA ACTIVE SAWt4ILLS 1936-1937 35 LEGEND e DAI L Y CAPICITY" 40-M. TO eo-Me BO~O FEET 34 34 3 31 SOURCE OF DATA! u.s. FOREST SERVICE SOUTH RN FOREST EXPERI ENT STATION 84 .3 SCALE IN MILES f '8 20 30 40 STATE PLANNING BOARD DECEMBER 1938 ,. W.P.A.or GA. O.P.-48S-34-3-213" 49 DURING 1935 THE U. S. CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES REPORTED GEORGIA'S LUMBER PRODUCTION TO BE 713,878,000 BOARD FEET. OF WHICH ABOUT ONE 'FIFTH WAS EITHER EXPORTED OR TRANSPORTED IN DOMESTIC WATER BORNE COMMERCE OTHER PRIMARY USES OF WOOD ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE. POLES, PILES AND CROSS TIES FREQUENTLY ARE PRODUCED BY FARMERS AND SMALL LAND OWNERS, WHO FIND THAT PRICES FOR GOOD QUALITY PRODUCTS OF THIS KIND MAKE PROFITABLE THE SELECTIVE AND MORE INTENSIFIED FORESTRY MANAGE~~ENT. WHICH IS NECESSARY TO PRODUCE THESE COMMODITIES THESE PRODUCTS ARE HANDLED LARGELY BY WOOD PRESERVING PLANTS, AND CLOSE INSPECTION METHODS REQUIRE GOOD QUALITY FENCE POSTS AND FUEL WOOD ARE PRODUCTS, MUCH OF WHICH ARE USED ON THE LAND PRO DUCING THEM, (SEE FIGURE 12 CHAPTER I I I). FUEL PRODUCTION HAS BEEN ESTIMATED BY THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY TO BE 2,000,000 CORDS ANNUALLY. THE USES OF TIMBER IN VARIOUS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES HAVE BEEN ITEMIZED BY THE U, S. CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES. THE MAIN CLASSES OF USAGE ARE PLANING MILL PRODUCTS, WOODEN BOXES, COOPERAGE, FURNITURE, CASKETS AND COFFINS, BASr.ETS AND WOOD TURNERY INCLUDED IN THESE TABULATIONS ARE WOOD PRESERVING, NAVAL STORES AND PULPWOOD. _NAVAL STORES WHEN GEORGIA OAK TIMBERS WERE BEING USED TO BUILD STOUT SHIPS, IT WAS ALSO ECONOMICAL AND PRACTICAL TO USE GEORGIA PINE TREES TO SUPPLY TAR AND PITCH, THESE PRODUCTS BECAME GENERALLY KNOWN AS NAVAL STORES, BECAUSE OF THIS ORIGINAL USE MADE OF THEM. THIS USE WAS INCIDENTAL COMPARED WITH THE USE AND VALUE OF TURPENTINE, ROSIN, AND MANY WOOD NAVAL STORES DERIVATIVES TO FOLLOW WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA WAS THE FIRST NAVAL STORES PORT OF THE WORLD. SAVAN NAH IS NOW THE LEADING PORT AND MARKET, WITH JACKSONVILLE A CLOSE SECOND. EXPORTS OF NAVAL STORES FROM PORTS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN REGION WERE PROPORTIONED IN THE PERIOD 1920 1936 AS FOLLOWS: SAVANNAH, GA JACKSONVILLE, FLA. BRUNSWICK, GA ~7% 31. 14% PENSACOLA, FLA 12% MOB I LE ALA ,_j2~_ TOTAL 100% WILMINGTON, FERNANDINA AND TAMPA EXPORTED NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES.. THIS REPRESENTS PRACTICALLY ALL OF THE EXPORT TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES IN NAVAL STORES, WHICH AVER AGED 236,120 LONG TONS ANNUALLY BETWEEN 1920 1936. 52 ApPROXlr,1ATELY 65% OF. THE UNITED STATES CONSUMPTION OF NAVAL STORES WAS HANDLED IN DOMESTIC COMMERCE FROM SOUTHEASTERN PORTS FOR THE NAVAL STORES SEASON OF 1934-1935. THE UNITED KINGDOM HAS BEEN THE DESTINATION OF THE LARGEST AMOUNT OF EXPORTED NAVAL STORES, FOLLOWED BY GERMANY AND NORTH EUROPE, AND THEN CANADA. SOUTH AMERICA, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND JAPAN APPEAR IN THE MARKET, MORE HEAVILY FOR ROSIN THAN TURPENTINE. DETAILED INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE IN THE ANNUAL NAV~L STORES REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE NAVAL STORES RESEARCH DIVISION, BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND SOILS, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. REFERENCE TO THESE REPORTS WILL GIVE ADDED INFORMATION REGARDING THE IMPORTANCE OF NAVAL STORES IN WOrLD TRADE. NAVAL STORES PRODUCTION ItJ GEORGIA FOREST SURVEY UNIT ~~O. 1 OF THE SOUTHERllIJ"OREST EXPERIMENT STATION, LEADS ANY OTHER SIMILAR NAVAL STORES SECTION OF THE SOUTHEAST- ERN STATES. THE DISTRIBUTion OF WORKING TURPENTINE CROPS, SEASON 1934-1935, BY SURVEY UNITS WERE AS FOLLOWS:- SOUTH CAROLINA UNIT #1 GEORGIA UNIT #1 GEORGIA FLORIDA UNIT #2 UNIT 111 FLORIOI' UNIT #2 FLORIDA UN Ir'#3 ALABM1A UNIT #1 LA. UN IT #4 & MIss. " #4 OTHEF: SECTIONS WEST AND NORTH TOTAL 3.7% 41. 7 10.8 16.6 9.9 2.0 9.0 2.9 3.4 100.0% EMPLOYMENT IN THE WOODS FOR NAVAL STORES OPERATIONS OF VARIOUS SIZES DURING THE SAME PERIOD NUMBERED APPROXIMATELY 23,000 MEN IN GEORGIA. GUM NAVAL STORES LONG LEAF AND SLASH PINE PROVIDE TI~ PRODUCTS OF THIS BRANCH OF THE NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY. THESE SPEC IES P.\RT ICULARLY EXUDE FLU 10, WHEN THEY At-~E WOUNDED, WH ICH IS COLLECTED FROM THE TREES. FROM THIS GUM ARE PRODUCED TURPENTINE AND ROSIN BY 015- TILLATION. TURPENTINE STILLS ARE LOCATED THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH GEORGIA SECTION IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE WOODS OPERATIONS. "THE INSTALLATION OF NEW CUPS IS CARRIED ON DUR- ING THE WINTER, CHIEFLY FROM DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY. REGULAR CHIPPING USUALLY BEGINS "11 IN MARCH AND corn INUES UNT IL NOVEMBER. THE RAPIDITY, WITH WHICH LONG LEAF AND SLASH PINE MATURE IN GEORGIA, AND NEW 11 OPE RAT ING t1ETHODS FORESTALLED THE THREATENED LOSS OF TH I5 INDUSTRY. IN 1934 THE U.S.D.A. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND SOILS DESIGNED A NEW AND IMPROVED FIRE STILL AT THE NAVAL STORES STATION, OLUSTEE, FLORIDA. THE GENERAL FEATURES OF THIS STILL ARE MORE EFFICIENT OPERATION PLUS A MORE UNIFORM AND BETTER GRADE PRODUCT. OTHER 'M?ROVEI1ENTS BENEFICIAL TO THE INDUSTRY ARE THE CONCENTRATION or DISTILLATION INTO LARGER STILLS AND VA NAVAL STORES HANDBOOK - MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No-. 209 BY U.S.D.A. ISSUED JANUARY 1935. .,. FOREST INDUSTRIES-GEORGIA ACTIVE TURPENTINE STILLS 1936-1937 35 LEGEND TURPENTINE STILLS 34 34 N t 30 SOURCE OF DATA: u.s. FOREST SERVICE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERI ENT 4 STATION If;Al.t '" WILES '81283048 STATE PLANNING BOARD DECEMBER 1938 8 O W. P.A. OF" GA. O.P.-465-34-3-273 54 GEORGIA CREOSOTING COMPANY . BRUNSWICK ROS IN YARD DOVIN ING COMPANY INC", BRUNSW ICK ATLANT IC COAST LINE..R. R, ROS IN YARD SAVANNAH 53 THE PRACTICE OF GUM FARMING. THE U. S. CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES GIVES THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION REGARDING PRODUCTION:- TURPaJT I NE YEAR BBLS. SPTS. TURP. 1932-33--------------------------------575,131 1933-34--------------------------------624,761 1934-3~--------------------------------603,093 1935-36--------------------------------602,908 1936-37--------------------------------634,520 THIS TA8LE INDICATES A SLIGHT UPWARD TREND OF PRODUCTION IN THE GUM NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY, ALTHOUGH VARIATIONS IN PRICE, AND FLUCTUATIONS IN MARKET CONDITIONS, AFFECT AVAILABLE STOCKS. CLIMATIC AND OTHER NATURAL CONDITIONS ALSO MATERIALLY AFFECT PRO- DUCTION FROM YEAR TO YEAR. NEVERTHELESS, IT IS SIGNIFICANT THAT MOST OF THE NAVAL STORES, IN THE PRODUCTION OF WHICH GEORGIA LEADS THE WORLD, ARE SHIPPED OUT OF GEORGIA IN CRUDE FORM. VERY FEW ItJDUSTRIES, WHICH USE NAVAL STORES IN QUANTITY ARE LOCATED IN GEORGIA. IN ORDER OF THEIR IMPORTANCE TO THE NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY, FROM THE INDUSTRIAL REPORTED PERCENT- AGE OF TURPENTINE AND ROSIN PRODUCTION USED, THE FOLLOWING LISTS HAVE 8EEN PREPARED FROM THE 1936 - 1937 NAVAL STORES REPORT:- TURPENTINE REPORTED COtJSUMPfTONTN UN ITED STATES -------I936--=-19"'3..!-7_ _ %OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT OR !NDUSTRY CONSUMPTION USED PAINT, VARNISH, LACQUER ------------------CHEMICALS AND PH,\RI'4ACEUTICALS ------------SHOE POLISII AND l,iATERIALS ----------------RAILROADS AND SHIPYARDS ------------------- FOUNDRIES --------------------------------OTHER ------------------------------------- TOTAL------ 59% 21 11 5 (RA I LfWADS (SHIPYARDS 1 _3_ 100% NOTE(l) OTHER PRODUCTS OR USES INCLUDES:- ADHESIVES AND PLASTICS AUTOS AND WAGONS FURNITURE INSECTICIDES AND DISINFECTANTS LINOLEUH OILS AND GREASES PRINTING INK RUDBER SOAP (2) CONSIDERABLE TURPENTINE IS SOLD THROUGH RETAILERS IN SMALL QUANTITIES TO ULTIMATE CONSUMERS. _PULPWOOD AND PAPER A VAST EXPANSION OF THE BROWN PAPER OR KRAFT INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH DURING THE PAST FEW YEARS HAS RESULTED IN RAPIDLY INCREASING THE USE OF SOUTHERN FOREST RESOURCES FOR PULPWOOD. WHILE PAPER-MAKING HAS BEEN PRACTICED IN GEORGIA ON PREVIOUS OCCASIONS, THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MILL AT SAVANNAH BY THE UNION BAG AND PAPER COMPANY WAS THE FIRST LARGE SCALE OPERATION IN THE STATE. SOON TO FOLLOW THIS WAS THE BRUNSWICK PULP AND PAPER COMPANY AT BRUNSWICK. THE RAPID GROWTH OF THIS IMPORTANT AND HIGHLY STABILIZED INDUSTRY IN A NEW SEC T!ON IS ALMOST UNPRECEDENTED. FEAR HAS BEEN MANIFESTED IN CONSERVATIVE QUARTERS, QUESTIONING THE COMPETITION OF THIS ADDED USE OF FOREST RESOURCES TO PRODUCE PULPWOOD, BECAUSE IT CQMPE'TED _ITH EXISTING FOREST INDUSTRIES AND r~IGHT OVERDRAIN THE FOPESTS. DUE TO THE NEWNESS AND RAPID GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY, THERE HAS EXISTED LITTLE STATISTICAL DATA, UPON WHICH TO BASE CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE EXTENT AND YIELD OF THE FORESTS. RECENT REPORTS OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION INDICATE THAT THE POTENTIAL SUPPLY IS ADEQUATE. IN 1938 LESS THAN 4 MILLION CORDS OF WOOD WERE USED FOR PULPING IN THE ENTIRE SOUTH. THIS IS ABOUT ONE-FIFTH AS MUCH WOOD AS IS USED FOR FUEL ALONE. IF SOUTHERN FORESTS SHOULD BECOME DEPLETED, IT WILL BE DUE TO UNCONTROLLED FOREST FIRES AND UNCONSERVATIVE UTILIZATION. VERY SOON AFTER THE FIRST LARGE MILL IN GEORGIA GOT INTO PRODUCTION, THE AMERICAN PULPWOOD ASSOCIATION HELD A MEETING IN NEW ORLEANS ON MAY 3, 1937. AT THIS MEETING CUTTING AND CONSERVATION RULES WERE ADOPTED. 29UTHERN PULPWOOD CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION THE PULPMILLS TliROUGHOUT THE SOUTH, REALIZING THAT STEPS MUST BE TAKEN TO PERPETUATE THE FOREST RESOURCES OF THE REGION IF THE MILLS WERE TO BE ASSURED OF PERMANENT LOCATIONS, FORMED THE SOUTHERN PULPWOOD CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION. THE AssoCIATION, WITH HEADQUARTERS IN ATLANTA, BEGAN OPERATION ON FEBRUARY 1, 1939. THE NEW ASSOCIATION IS REGION-WIDE IN SCOPE, AND CONSISTS OF THE MAJORITY OF THE PULPMILLS LOCATED IN THE STATES OF VIRGINIA TO TEXAS AND ARKANSAS INCLUSIVE. THE PURPOSE OF THE ASSOCIATION IS TO SERVE IN ANY WAY POSSIBLE TOWARDS FURTHERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY IN THE SOUTH. THE MOST IMPORTANT PHASE OF THE WORK WILL BE THE CARRYING OUT OF A SET OF CUTTING PRACTICES ADOPTED BY THE ASSOCIATION. THESE PRACTICES PROVIDE FOR LEAVING A MINIMUM OF 4 SEED TREES PER ACRE AND, IF SUPPLEMENTED BY ADEQUATE FIRE PROTECTION, WILL PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE NEW GROWTH OF YEARLY TIMBER FOR THE FUTURE PULPWOOD SUPPLY. IT IS HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT THAT THE PULPWOOD INDUSTRY IS THE FIRST WOOD USING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH TO ADOPT A SET OF FOREST PRACTICE RULES, AND TO EMPLOY A 55 ROSIN REPORTED CONSU[v]PT ION IN UN ITED STATES 1936 - 1937 %OF INDUSTRIAL -"--P.!..'R~O~D~U~C...!.T--"O'!.:R,--,-I-"N",D",U~S,-,T...!.R,-,Y"_________ _ _ _-"C""O"'N:;SUMP T ION USE D PAPER -------------------------------------SOAP --------------------------------------PAINT, VARNISH, LACQUER -------------------CHEMICALS AND PHAR~MCEUTICALS -------------ESTER GUM AND SYNTHETIC RESINS ------------LINOLEUM AND FLOOR COVERING ---------------OILS AND GREASES --------------------------ADHESIVE AND PLASTICS ---------------------FOUNDRIES AND FOUNDRY SUPPLIES ------------PRINTING INK ------------------------------SHOE POLISH AND MATERIALS -----------------OTHER -------------------------------------- TOTAL--"-- NOTE:- OTHER PRODUCTS OR USES INCLUDE:~ 33.6% 24.4 11.5 9.7 8.4 2.9 2.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 t .7 2.1 00.0% ABATTOIRS ASPHALTIC PRODUCTS AUTOS AND WAGONS FURNITURE INSECTICIDES AND DISINFECTANTS !'lATCHES RAILROADS AND SHIPYARDS RUBBER ALTHOUGH A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, OTHER THAN NAVAL STORES, ARE USED IN THE MAN- UFACTURE OF THESE COMMODITIES, MANY ARE AVAILABLE OR COULD BE PRODUCED IN GEORGIA. THERE ARE r.1MN GRADES ,\ND KINDS OF NAVAL STORES AND THE IfO: DEfO: IVAT IVES. THE NAVAL STORES PRODUCEfO:S MAINTAIN LABORATORIES, WHEfO:E RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION ARE rEGULARLY FINDING NEW USES FOR THESE PRODUCTS. THE NAVAL STORES LABORATORY AT SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, IS DOING OUTSTANDING EXPERIMENTAL AND RESEARCH WORK. WOOD NAVAL STORES FREQUENTLY KNOWN AS""WOOD DISTILLATION", TlilS BRANCH OF THE INDUSTRY EXTRACTS TURPENTINE AND ROSIN PRINCIPALLY FROM PINE STUMPS. UNTIL ONLY A FEW YEARS AGO COM PARATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES OF NAV~L STORES WERE ACQUIRED IN THIS MANNER. CHEMICAL RESEARCH HAS DEVELOPED A LARGE LIST OF DERIVATIVES AND BY-PRODUCTS, CAUSING THIS BRANCH OF THE INDUSTRY TO ASSUME GREAT IMPORTANCE. MANY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, OILS, ACIDS AND GRADES OF WOOD RQSIN ARE MANUFACTURED AT BRUNSWICK, GEORGIA. THIS IS SURPLUS REVENUE FROM PINE TREE STUMPS, HITHERTO LEFT TO ROT OR TO BE USED FOR FUEL. RESEARCH CONTINUES TO DEVELOP NEW DERIVATIVES AND TO FIND NEW USES. THIS INDUSTRY IS COMPARATIVELY NEW, AND COMPLETE STATISTICS APE NOT AVAILABLE. IN 19361937 WOOD NAVAL STOfO:ES PRODUCED 151,733 BAfO:RELS OF TURPENTINE. DURING THE SAME SEASON 724,028 GARrELS OF WOOD ROSIN WEfO:E PfO:ODUCED. IN 1927-28 WOOD TURPENTINE PRODUCTION AMOUNTED TO ONLY 86,664 GARRELS, AND WOOD fO:OSIN TO ONLY 452,187 BARRELS. MOST OF THIS PRODUCTION HAS BEEN BUILT UP SINCE THE WOfO:LD WAR. A LIST OF DERIVATIES AND THEir USES IS CONTAINED IN THE APPENDIX. 58 Fr'OM THIRTY PEELED YOUNG SLASH PINES VARYING IN DIAMETER FROM 4 TO 10 INCHES. ON JANUARY 29, 1929, Mr. S. J. KLOSS OF THAT LABORATORY REPORTED THE AMOUNT OF RESIN TO BE 1.38%. THE FINDING OF THIS LOW RESIN CONTENT IN YOUNG SOUTHERN PINE WAS MADE PUBLIC ON FEBRUARY 21, 1929 IN AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE AMERICAN PAPER AND PULP Asso- CIATION AT ITS ANNUAL MEETING IN NEW YORK CITY. A FEW MONTHS LATER THIS RESULT WAS CONF IRMED BY THE RESEARCH LABORATORY OF TilE I NTERNAT IONAL PAPER COMPANY AT GLENS FALLS, N. Y., AND STILL A LITTLE LATER BY THE GROWN COMPANY AT BERLIN, N. H........ PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS "MR. R. W. HOWELL OF THE R. T. VANDERBILT COMPANY OF NEW YORK, WITH WHOM I HAD BEEN WORKING IN CONNECTION WITH GEORGIA CLAYS, TOLD ME HE FELT CONFIDENT HE COULD GET A SMALL SCALE SULPHITE COOK OF SLASH PINE THROUGH HIS LONG ASSOCIATION WITH THE CASTANEA PAPER COMPANY OF JOHNSONBURG, PA., AND OUR MUTUAL FRIENDSHIP WITH MR. GEORGE SPENCE, THE CHIEF CHEMIST OF THAT ORGANIZATION. MR. SPENCE AGREED TO DO SO, AND ON MARCH 22, 1930 REPORTED SUCCESS IN THIS EXPERIMENT. "IT WAS DIFFICULT TO FIND ANYONE WILLING TO UNDERTAKE AN EXPERIMENTAL GRINDING OF SLASH PINE FOR MECHANICAL PULP, BUT IT WAS FINALLY ARRANGED WITH THE CAROLINA FIBRE COMPANY AT HARTSVILLE, S. C., THROUGH THE COURTESY OF ITS PRESIDENT, MR. J. L. COKER. ON OCTOBER 6, 1930 iHE GRINDING OF SLASH PINE WAS THERE MADE AND FAVORABLE RESULTS OBTAINED. NOTEWORTHY VIAS THE FACT THAT SUCH GROUND WOOD WAS LIGHTER IN COLOR THAN THAT FROM SPRUCE, AN UNEXPECTED RESULT IN VIEW OF THE POPULAR CONCEPTION OF SOUTHERN PINE AS "YELLOW" PINE, BASED UPON OBSERVATION ONLY OF HEART-PINE IN THE FORM OF LUMBER. HEARTWOOD DOES NOT FORM IN SOUTliERN PINE UNTIL ABOUT THE TWENTYFIFTH YE/IR. "THESE RESULTS, TOGETHER WITH SPECIMENS OF THE SEVERAL PRODUCTS, WERE FIRST MADE PUBLIC IN AN ADDRESS BEFORE ATLANTA (GA.) CHAMBER OF COMMERCE ON OCTOBER 29, 1930. THE MATTER ATTRACTED WIDESPREAD INTEREST. _THE [STABL ISHt-1ENT OF A SEt'lI-WORKS SCALE LABORATORY "DELAY IN COMPLETING SIMILAR SULPHITE EXPERIMENTS ON LONG LEAF PINE AT JOHNSON- BURG, PA., EMPHASIZED THE NECESSITY OF HAVING A LABORATORY NEAR THE TIMBER WHOSE SOLE ATTENTION WOULD BE DEVOTED TO THE STUDY OF THE SUITABILITY OF SOUTHERN PINES FOR THE VARIOUS FORMS OF WHITE PAPER. "MR. R. S. JOHNSTON OF THE PUSEY AND JONES CORPORATION OF WILMINGTON, DEL. ESTlr~ATED AT MY REQUEST, THAT A SUM OF $50,000 WOULD BE REQUIRED TO PURCHASE THE PRINCIPAL EQUIPMENT FOR A SEMI-COMMERCIAL LABORATORy ..... MR. FRANCIS P. GARVIN, PRESIDENT OF THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION, WITH WHICH I HAD BEEN OFFICIALLY CONNECTED, 57 TECHNICAL FORESTER TO CARRY OUT THIS PROGRAM. OTHER FACTORS OTHER FACTORS OF THE INDUSTRY REQUIRING ADJUSTMENT, WERE PRICES TO BE PAID FOR PULPWOOD. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF IMPORTANCE ARE FREIGHT RATES, WHICH NECESSARILY IN- CREASE WITH THE DISTANCE OF THE PRODUCER FROM THE MILL. THE USE OF INLAND WATER- WAYS AND RIVER CHANNELS FOR TRANSPORTATION BY BARGE SERVES TO HELP EQUALIZE THIS CON- DITION. IN JULY 1937 IT WAS ESTII,1ATED THAT 50% OF THE PRODUCED PULPWOOD WAS BEING CARRIED BY BARGES VIA WATER-BORNE COASTWISE COMMERCE. COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF THE u. S. CORPS OF ENG ItJEERS, SHOW THE FOLLOW ING TRENDS REGARD ING TH IS COI.1MERCE ALONG THE GEORGIA COAST:- YEAR 1937 1936 PULPWOOD V/ATER-OORNF COASnvlSE COilt'fRCE INLAND WATERWAY BETWEEN BEAUFORT, S. C. AtJD ST. JOHNS :~ IVER, FLOriDA INTEr.NAL SHIPMENTS (t'!ORTH-GOUtJD ) (SOUTH-GOUND) (TotJS) (TONS) THROUGH TRAFFIC (NORTH-GOUND) (SOUTH-GOUND) (TOt,IS) (TONS) 39,324 8,169 427 25,478 4,649 2,257 9,727 GRAND TOTAL (TONS) 73 ,398 16,633 11 RE$,SARCH THE EXPERIMENTS AND DISCOVERIES OF THE LATE DR. CHARLES H. HERTY AT SAVANNAH HAVE OPENED UP THE FIELD FOR MANUFACTURING WHITE PAPER FROM PULPWOOD GROWN IN SOUTH- ERN FORESTS. EXCERPTS FROM AN UNPUBLISHED PAPER PREPARED BY DR. HERTY, ENTITLED "THE PULP AND PAPER LABORATORY AT SAVANNAH - ITS HISTORY, OPERATION AND FUTURE" PROV IDE I NS IGHT ItHO THE STEPS INVOLVED ItJ DEVELOPt.1ENT OF TH IS FIELD. DR. HERTY WF:OTE: "A VISIT TO COGDELL, GA. IN THE SU~'MER OF 1927, WHERE A SLASH PINE FOREST OF 82,000 ACRES WAS BEING DEVELOPED DY MR. ALEX SESSOMS ON CUTOVER-LANDS THROUGH THE SIMPLE AGEN~Y'OF PREVENTION OF GRASS-FIRES, SHOWED CLEARLY THAT THE DENSENESS OF THE STANDS WAS SO Gf'EAT THAT THINNING WOULD BE NECESSARY TO INSURE t,1AXIMur.1 GROWTH. SUCH OPERATIONS WOULD CONSTITUTE A liEAVY CHARGE AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT UNLESS A MAR- KEI COULD DE FOUND FOR THE THINNINGS, POSSIBLY AS PULPWOOD "OCCASIONAL INQUIRIES OF THOSE CONNECTED WITH THE PINE TREE INDUSTRY DROUGHT ESTIMATES OF RESIN CONTENT IN PINES VARYING FROM 5% TO 33%. WITH SUCH A WIDE RANGE CM,lE THE NATURAL DES IPE TO FIND OUT DY ACTUAL EXTRACT ION WHAT THE PES I N CONTENT WAS. THEREFORE, AT MY REQUEST, MR. SESSOMS ARRANGED WITH THE HERCULES POWDER CONPA~Y AT ITS LABORATORY IN ORUNSWICK, GEORGIA, TO MAKE AN EXTRACTION OF SAWDUST PREPARED 11 l.h ... SOURCE: ANNUAL REPORTS OF CH IEF 01" ARMV nNGUIEERS. DATA FOR VEAFflJ PR' OR TO THOSE LISTED ABOVE NOT AVAILADLE. (A) ~, GA. No. OF OF [ST,\()L. U,S. I tJDUSTR I ES RELATED TO rORr::'T P[~ODUCTS or CENSUS rI:ANUFI\CTUrES - 1935 (8) TOTAL rJo. ~ Gt, Q OF OF [t.1PLOYEES. U.S. (C) TOTAL i'7AG,~S % C/,\. (D) VALUE %CA. MID or OF OF" SAL/\R IES U.S. Pr.:JDUCTS U.S. (E) VALUE t,DDED GY MFPs. %GA. OF U,S ALL (GEORGIA 1,128 7.2 I NDUSTR rES ( lL S. 15,421 LUMBER & (GEORGIA 4"'"-.1_) 7.6 T I'.18ER ( U. S. 5,981 PLANN ItJG HILL ((;FORGIA 84 301 {. Uc S 2,753 tJAVAL STORES (GEORGIA ( U S. 497 55.5 895 V}OOD (GEORGIA PRESERVED ( U. S. 7 3.8 185 COOPERAGE (GEORGIA ( U. S, 12 3.0 407 rURNITURE (GEORGIA 31 1.0 ( U So 3,035 CASKETS ETC. (GEORGIA ( u. S 20 3,7 548 \'1000 TURNED (GEORGIA ( U. S. 4 .5 752 BOXES (GEORGIA ( IJ. S. 14 2.1 661 GASKETS (GEORGIA ( IJ. S. 4 2.0 204 31,101 596,887 9,837 268,842 1,736 57,375 14,537 28,352 466 9,833 235 10,669 1,761 147,17Al 324 16,126 186 23,830 1,628 25,084 391 9,602 5.2 3.7 3.0 51. 3 4.7 2.2 1.2 2.0 .8 6" 4.1 $ 11,911,292 2.4 502,865,693 3,057,080 1.8 209,832,813 1,238,736 ~ ..., ~ ,~ :,7,682,467 3,745,193 49.9 7,506,030 304,969 3.7 8,302,016 148,694 1 "';> 9,,335,998 1,255,713 .9 144,825,307 285 ,~31 1.5 19,534,159 40,256 .2 20,498,858 805,570 4.6 19,154,743 149,750 ::'.6 ,5,69-3,222 39 ,:?,~)8 ,255 2i6 $ 21,256,105 2.6 531,70:',43::' 816,553,246 13,435,'>t1 2'.4 7,781,672 2.3 551,614,009 343,500,838 4,841,502 2,,5 196,272,3~!4 2,082,775 204 87,562,488 10,260"t42 53 4 19,::'32,724 6,134,331 51.5 11 ,912 ,512 2.,453,362 3,1 80,367,755 839,629 41 20,602,692 70;:' ,020 1,5 46,5:)5,701 262,151 106 16,585, Til 3,634,!06 .8 2,032,352 .9 434,443,514 226,523,?39 1,087,0:]9 1.7 65,65:' ,011 96,277 .2 59,794,078 556,168 105 36,223,991 . 50,913 .., .:.. 33,710,886 2,547,37'7 4.0 63,277 ,575 1,311,662 4.2 31,173,366 323,659 2~2 14,191,652 203,952 2.3 8 757 463 SOURCE OF DATA: U. S. CENSUS OF MANurACTURES ~ BULLETINS - 17 - 18 - 19 60 59 OFFEREO $50,000 FROM THE INCOME OF THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION, PROVIDED I COULD SECURE $20,000 PER YEAR FOR MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF THE LABORATORY. IMMEDIATELY WENT TO GEORGIA, WHERE THE STATE LEGISLATURE WAS IN THE LAST WEEK OF ITS SESSION. THE PROPOSAL WAS LAID BEFORE THE LEGISLATURE AND ON THE LAST DAY OF ITS SESSION, SEPTEMBER 22, 1931 (ACTUALLY 5 A.M. SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 1931) THE AMOUNT WAS INCLUDED IN THE GENERAL ApPROPRIATION BILL, THE FUNDS TO BECOME AVAILABLE ON JANUARY 1, 1932 AND TIlE WORK TO BE CARRIED ON AS THE PULP AND PAPER DIVISION OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. "IT SOON BECAME EVIDENT THAT THE AMOUNT OF $50,000 WAS NOT NEARLY SUFFICIENT TO FULLY EQUIP THE LABORATORY. THROUGH THE GENEROUS COOPERATION OF THE PUSEY AND JONES CORPORATION, MANUFACTURERS WERE INDUCED TO SUPPLY EQUIPMENT AT PRACTICALLY HALF-PRICE, ON THE GROUND THAT THIS WAS PURELY A RESEARCH UNDERTAKING AND THAT THERE WOULD BE NO SALE OF ANY PRODUCT MANUFACTURED. THERE REMAINED, HOWEVER, THE QUESTION OF RENTING A SUITABLE BUILDING, THE PURCHASE OF POWER, FUEL OIL FOR STEAM, WOOD, WATER, ETC. To MEET THESE NEEDS, THE DESIRE OF NINE GEORGIA CITIES FOR THE LOCATION OF THE LABOR- ATORY WAS CAPITALIZED, AND THE STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY ANNOUNCED THAT SEALED BIDS WOULD BE RECEIVED AT ITS QUARTERLY MEETING IN OCTOBER 1931, IN ATLANTA, THE LABORA- TORY TO DE LOCATED IN THAT CITY OFFERING THE BEST INDUCEMENTS. SAVANNAH MADE THE BEST BID AND THE LABORATORY WAS UNANIMOUSLY AWARDED TO THAT CITY. "EQUIPMENT BEGAN TO ARRIVE AT SAVANNAH THE LATTER PART OF DECEMBER 1931, AND ON JANUARY 1, 1932 THE SMALL STAFF OF FIVE MEN ASSEMBLED IN SAVANNAH ON THE FOLLOWING DAY, MONDAY, WE TOOK POSSESSION OF THE BUILDING. DURING TilE FIVE MONTHS REQUIRED FOR INSTALLATION OF THE EQUIPMENT THE NEED FOR A TESTING LABORATORY BECAME EVIDENT. THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION MADE AN ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORK BY CONTRIBUTING $7,000, WITH WHICH, THROUGII THE COOPERATION OF APPARATUS MANUFACTURERS, ABOUT $12,000 WORTH OF TESTING EQUIPMENT WAS PROViDED ... "THE POSSIBILITY OF MANUFACTURING SULPHITE PULP FROM SOUTHERN PINE HAS BEEN ABUN DANTLY DEMONSTRATED IN THE SAVANNAH LABORATORY. HOWEVER, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT A CON SIDERABLE TONNAGE (POSSIBLY ALL) OF THE IMPORTS OF SULPHITE PULP MAY BE REPLACED DY DOMESTIC BLEACHED KRAFT PULP. THE GREAT NEW FIELD OF DEVELOPMENT, THEREFORE, IS IN NEWSPRINT MILLS. IN ORDER TO REPLACE THE 1936 IMPORTS OF NEWSPRINT, 60 MILLS OF 150 TONS DAILY CAPACITY UTILIZING SOUTHERN PINE WOULD BE NECESSARY. "To BRING ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION OF THIS LARGE NUMBER OF NEW MILLS $300,000,000 WOULD BE REQUIRED. Now THAT THE KRAFT MOVEMENT SEEMS TO HAVE REACHED ITS APPROXI MATE COMPLETION, EFFORTS FOR THE NEXT GREAT INDUSTRIAL MOVEMENT IN LINE FOR THE PAPER 62 I NDUSTRY I N THE SOUTH SHOULD BE DIRECTED TOWM:D NEVISPR I NT. FROM THE FACTS DEVELOPED I N Til IS lABORATORY, THE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED It~ IT, AND TilE PR I NT I NG TESTS OF THE NEWSPRINT, IT CAN DE CONFIDENTLY STATED THAT SUCH SOUTHERN NEWSPRINT MillS Will TURN OUT A PRODUCT AT MUCH lOWER COST THAN THAT OF PRESENT-DAY MANUFACTURE, THAT THE NEWS PRINT Will BE OF THE HIGHEST COMMERCIAL STANDARDS, AND THAT All REQUIREMENTS OF PRINTING Will BE FUllY MET ...... " D~PLOYMENT THE OEST AVAilABLE DATA ON EMPLOYMENT IN FOREST INDUSTRIES ARE IN THE UNITED STATES CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES, OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WHICH HAS BEEN "TAKEN AT TWO YEAR INTERVALS OEGiNNING WITH 1921." No DATA ARE COLLECTED FROM ESTABLISHMENTS WITH PRODUCTS VALUED AT LESS THAN $5.000. IN MAKING COMPARISONS BETWEEN FIGURES FOR 1935 AND THOSE FOR EARLIER YEARS, THE liKELIHOOD "THAT THE PRO PORTION OF PART TIME EMPLOYMENT VARIED FROM YEAR TO YEAR SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT." A SERIES OF INTERESTING COMPARISONS CAN DE MADE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF FOREST INDUSTRIES TO THE STATE OF GEORGIA. ~ "'GlOJNG TABULATIONS HAVE BEEN COMPILED FROM PUBLICATIONS OF THE CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES FOR 1935. UNDETERMINABLE FACTORS IN THESE DATA ARE THE AMOUNT OF TIME, OR HOURS OF WORK, EXPENDED BY EMPLOYEES. IT IS SUSPECTED IN THOSE SUD-INDUSTRIES, WHICH INCLUDE WOODS OPERATIONS, THAT A lARGE PROPORTION OF WORKERS WERE PROVIDED WITH ONLY PART TIME OR PARTIAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA. WORK IN THE WOODS IS POSSIBLE FOR A GREATER PART OF THE YEAR IN GEORGIA THAN THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES AS A WHOLE. "GEORGIA'S WOOD 11 USING INDUSTRIES FURNISH THE EQUIVALENT OF YEAR-lONG EMPLOYMENT TO 71,000 INDIVIDUALS," THE GREATEST VARIANCE OF GEORGIA WITH AVERAGE UNITED STATES STATISTICS OCCUR IN THE LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN THIS SUO iNDUSTRY iT IS SUSPECTED THAT THERE IS CONSIDERABLE PART TIME EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA, BECAUSE THE TIMBER STANDS OF GEORGIA, IN COMPARISON WITH SOME OTHER SECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, ARE NOT RELATIVE lY LARGE, EXCEPTING IN THE NAVAL STORES BELT, WHERE NAVAL STORES AND PULPWOOD COMPETE WITH LUMBERING OPERATIONS. 1/ FOREST RESOURCES OF GEORGIA OY GEORGIA DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND U. S, FOREST SERVICE - PREFACE. ErlPLOYHEfJT & VALUE or PRODUCTS FOREST INDUSTRIES U, So CENSUS OF MANur/\CTURES - 1935 (A) (8) No. OF ~Jo, OF ESTA13L EMPLOYEES (C) No. OF Er,IPLOYEES PER tSTI\OL. (D) AVER., VAL, F'RouuCTS PER ESTABL. (E) VAL, ADDED BY MFR PER ESTABl. (F) WAGES AND SALARIES PER ESTAOl. (G) VALUE OF Pr:OCUCTS PER EMPL, (1-1) VAL. ADDED BY MFR PER EMPLc (I) AVERAGE WAGE PER EMPLOYEE All 1GEORGIA 1,128 31,101 INDUSTRIES U. S. 15,421 596,887 27.6 38.7 $ 34,919 99,326 $ 18,844 52,951 $ 10,560 32,609 $ 1,266 2,566 $ 683 1,368 $ 383 842 LUMOER & (GEORGIA 455 9,837 21.6 29,529 17,103 8,477 1,366 791 394 TIMBER ( u. S. 5,981 268,842 44,9 92,228 57,432 35,083 2,052 1,278 781 PLANNING (GEORGIA 84 1,736 MilL ( U. S, 2,753 57,375 20,7 20.8 57,638 71,294 24,795 31,806 14,747 20,953 2,789 3,421 1,200 1,526 714 1.005 NAVAL (GEORGIA 497 14,~37 29.2 20,657 12,343 7,536 706 422 258 STORES ( U, S. 895 28,352 31. 7 21,489 13 ,310 8,387 678 420 265 WOOD (GEORGIA 7 466 66.6 350,480 119,947 43,567 5,265 1,802 654 PRESERVING ( U. S 185 9,833 53,? 434,420 111,366 44,876 8173 2,095 844 COOPERAGE (GEORGIA 12 235 19.6 58,502 21,846 12,391 2,987 1,116 633 ( U, S. 407 10,669 26 2 114,387 40,,751 24,167 4,,364 1,555 922 FURNITURE (GEORGIA 31 1,761 56 8 117,229 65,576 40,507 2,064 1,154 713 ( U. S 3,035 147,174 48.5 143,144 74,637 47,718 2,952 1,539 984 CASKETS ETC, (GEORGIA ( U. S. 20 324 548 16,126 16.2 29.4 54,394 119,805 27,808 66,102 14,267 35,646 3,358 4,071 1,717 2,246 881 1,211 WOOD (GEORGIA 4 186 46.5 24,069 12,728 10,064 518 274 216 TURNED ( U. S. 752 23,830 31.,7 79,513 44,828 27,259 2,509 1,415 860 BOXES (GEORGIA 14 1,628 11.6 181,956 93,690 63,255 1,565 806 54"1 ( U, S. 661 25,084 37.9 95,730 47,161 28,978 2,523 1,243 764 BASKETS (GEORGIA 4 391 97,8 80,915 50,988 37,438 828 522 383 ( u. S. 204 9,602 47.1 71,038 42,929 27,908 1,509 912 593 SOURCES OF DATA: CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES - BUllETINS 17 - 18 - 19 61 64 STATE FOREST TREE NURSERY SLASH PINE 2 1/2 YEARS AFTER TRANSPLANTING WI TH SEEbL INGS TAKErJ FROM FOREST 63 SCRAPING OPERATIONS GUM ~JAVAL STORES LOADING STUMPS WOOQ NAVAL STORES 66 LIFE OF THESE FACILITIES. THIS HAZARD TO WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS, HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS, AND FLOOD CONTROL STORAGE BASINS IS ALLEVIATED BY GOOD FOREST MANAGE~ENT AND FIRE CONTROL. THE COST OF PLANTING AND MAINTAINING FOREST PROTECTION FOR THESE PUBLIC WORKS IS CONSIDERABLY LESS THAN THE VALUE OF THE SITE OR THE COST FOR REPLACEfAEIH OF THESE FAC ILIT IES. THE EXPENSE OF DREDG I NG PIVER CHANNELS AND HARDORS WOULD DE LESS I F THE AMOUNT OF S ILT CARR IED IN STRCAt1S WERE REDUCED. WATER SUPPLIES GOOD WATER IS ASSOCIATED WITH FORESTS. CLEAR STREAMS FLOWING THROUGH FORESTED LAND, AND SPRINGS IN TREE-FILLED RAVINES APE PICTURES, WITH WHICH AVERAGE PERSONS ARE FAMILIAR. THE ASSOCIATION OF WATER AND FORESTS EXTENDS FURTHER. FLOWING WATER INDICATES A REASONABLY HIGH WATER TAGLE ON ADJOINING LANDS. THIS IS DEMONSTRATED IN DEEP LIMESTONE CAVES, WHEPE THERE MAY BE SEEN VNDERGROUND AREAS THAT ARE SATURATED WITH MOISTURE. THE FUNCTION OF FORESTS TO CONSERVE AND MAKE AVAILAGLE GOOD WATCR FOR I~MAN CONSUMPTION AND USE IS GENERALLY ACKNOWLEDGED, GUT NOT ALWAYS APPRECIATED. LIKE OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES, THE VALUE OF FORESTS ~AY NOT DE FULLY REALIZED UNTIL THEY ARE NEARLY DCPLETED. FORESTS COMBINED WITH PROPCR LAND USE PRACTICES ARE NEEDED TO COMPLETE NA TUPE 's METIIOD OF WATEr CONSERVAT ION. THE QUANTITY AND PRESSURE OF GROUND WATERS, WHICH SUPPLY THE ARTESIAN WELLS OF SOUTH GEORGIA, ARE DC PENDENT UPON INTAKE AREAS. CONSIDERABLE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ACCOUNT FOR LOWERED ARTESIAN HEAD IN ~ANY SOUTH GEORGIA AND fLORIDA LOCATIONS. HOWEVER, UNLESS A LARGE PART OF THE I NTAKE AREA IS SHADED DY TREES TO PREVENT SO IL FROM BAI( I NG, THE GROUND WILL NOT BE SUFFICIENTLY POROUS FOR RAINFALL TO SEEP INTO AND REPLENISH THE UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY. SO I L EPOS IOtJ THE UTILITY OF FORESTS TO CONTROL SOIL EROSION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED DY THE U. S. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. IN ONE OF THEIR RECENT REPORTS, THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT APPEAPED: "II'J TilE /\PPALACHIMJ :~EGlor'J FLOOD-FLO'.'! STUDIES I.'IER::: i.1M>E elY THE forEST SErVICE IN 193473:ii _ NO, OF SEEDLINGS GEOF:G IA 1 MADISON) JACKSON) -- CLARKE ) 6,187,699 GEORGIA 2 SUtHER ) t,t~R I ON ) SCHLEY ) 1,416,999 GEOFiG IA 3 !-LOYD ) POLK ) 1,681,813 GEORGIA 4 HALL ) WHITE ) 593,379 GEORGIA 5 TROUP ) ~LdQ3,820 TOTAL 11,383,710 A FOREST SEEDLING NURSERY AT CORNELIA, GEORGIA WAS ESTABLISHED AS PART OF THE NORTHEAST GEORGIA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT OF THE LAND USE DIVISION OF THE FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION. THE AREA OF THIS PROJECT IS NOW PART OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE NATIONAL FOREST. A NUMBER OF PRIVATELY OWNED NURSERIES ARE PRODUCING SEEDLINGS. 1) HON. JAMES FOWLER SOPERTON. 2) GERCKMANS i,JUR5ERY ,- SHELUIANS BLUFF. 3) UNION BAG & PAPER CORPORATION - SAVtNNAH. 4) SUPERIOR PINE PRODUCTS COMPANY - FARGO. MANY TECHNICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH FOREST TREE SEEDLING NURSERY WORK ARE BEING CONTINUALLY STUDIED IN CONNECTION WITH RESEARCH WORK OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION. THEIR RESEARCH WORK INCLUDES THE STUDY OF NUTRIENT REQUIRE- MENTS AND DEFICIENCIES OF VARIOUS SPECIES. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DIS" TRIOUTION ARE OEING STUDIED. IN PRACTICE THE IMPORTANT PROBLEM TO SOLVE IS THAT OF MAKING PROVISIONS FOR THE PROPER PLANT ING OF SEEDL INGS. IN HE CENT YEARS THE PROJECT WORK OF VAR 10US GOV-' ERNMENTAL AGENCIES, AND THE INCREASING DEMAND FOR SEEDLINGS FROM PRIVATE INDIVIDU- ALS, HAVE COMOINED TO PRACTICALLY EXHAUST THE YEARLY SUPPLY. THE WORK OF THE GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION HAS DONE MUCH TO ACCOUNT FOR THE INCREASED PRIVATE 74 DEI-lAND. ANOTHER PRACTICAL PROBLEM IN THE FIELD IS THE CARE AND PROTECTION OF AREAS RE- FORESTED ARTIFICIALLY. As A PART OF THEIR COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS WITH LAND OWNERS THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE REQUIRES THAT SUCH AREAS BE FENCED AND PROTECTED FROM FIRE. NOTWITHSTANDING, THE SERVICE FOUND IT NECESSARY TO REPLANT AS FOLLOWS:- SEASON NU:""BER OF SEEDLtNGS 1935 1936 --------------------------- 1,076,200 1936 1937 --------------------------- 2,107,300 1937 - 1938 ----- -- --- --- - ---- - - - --_-_~6::..\1.:;:*~1K;0::c:0"---_ TOTAL. 11 3,793,500 A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF THIS MORTALITY WAS DUE TO PLANTINGS MADE ON BADLY GALLED AND WOrN-OUT SOIL, WHERE NATURAL CONDITI'ONS WERE UNFAVOr;ABLE TO GROWTH. PROTECTION FOR PLANTED AREAS IS ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESS IN ARTlrlCIAL REFORESTAT ION. I N A RECENT PLANr, ING REPORT THE FOLLOW I NG RECOMI.1ENDAT ION WAS MADE: "THAT A SURVEY AND STUDY BE iMDE LOOK ING ~ ~OVIARD ALLEV IAT I NG THE DANGER TO TRAFFIC BY LIVESTOCK ON HIGHWAYS." ?d IF IT IS NOT POSSlllLE TO "FENCE IN" LIVESTOCK, IT MAY BE FEASIBLE TO "FENCE-OUT" LIVESTOCK, AND THERE ACCOMPLISH THE PURPOSE EQUALLY WELL, AT LEAST INSOFAR AS PRO- TECTION OF FOREST TREE SEEDLINGS IS CONCERNED. A THOROUGfl STUDY OF THIS CONTROVER- SIAL SUBJECT IS NEEDED, ESPECIALLY IN SOUTH GEORGIA. LAND OWNERS ARE PLANTING GRAZING AREAS IN FIRE BREAKS AND OTHER OPEN SPACES. THESE PROGRESSIVE LIVESTOCK OPERATORS DESIRE TO PROTECT THEIR INVESTMENT OF SEED AND LABOR, AND MAINTAIN THAT THEY CANNOT DEVELOP SUCII GRAZING AND PASTURAGE LAND IF LIVESTOCK THrOUGHOUT THEIR VICIN-' ITY ARE GENERALLY PERMITTED TO FREE-RANGE ON IT. SEVERAL INTERESTS ARE FOCUSED ON THIS PROBLEM. IF THESE INTERESTS GET TOGETHER, THEIR COMBINED EFFORTS MIGHT PRODUCE MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL RESULTS. A SURVEY AND STUDY IS NEEDED TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE ALL THE FACTS AND AVAILABLE DATA UPON WHICH TO BASE EFFECTIVE ACTION PROGRAMS. THE PROLIFIC REPRODUCTION OF PINES BY NATURAL METHODS THROUGHOUT GEORGIA IS WELL-KNOWN. WHENEVER A FIELD IS LEFT OUT OF CULTIVATION FOR 2 OR 3 YEARS, GROWTH OF PINE SEEDLINGS RAPIDLY TAKES OVER. THEREFORE, ARTIFICIAL REFORESTATION IS NEEDED IN GEORGIA PRINCIPALLY FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS: 11 SOURCE OF DATA: SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, U. S. DEPT. AGRICULTURE. 2! RECREATION AND CONSERVATION OY EAST GEORGIA PLANNING COUNCIL APRIL, 1937. YEAR (1) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 TM3LE B TREND OF STATE NURSERY PROGRAMS GEORGIA (REFER TO TABLE 9 - TABLE A) ST/-ITE NURS ERY 1,000 AMOUNT FOREST ACRES (2) ( 3) - E X PEN D I T U RES FED ERA L TOT PER 1,000. AMOUNT FOREST ACRES AMOUNT (4) (5) ( 6) $ 1,619,72 .077 $ 1,122,94 ,053 $ 2,742.66 1,478.82 .070 1,478.81 ,070 2,957.63 4,608.06 .218 2,871. 98 .136 7,480,04 1,572,82 .074 1,164 . 17 .055 2,736 99 1,375.60 .065 1,375.59 .065 2,751.19 1,869.05 .088 1,811,09 .086 3,680 14 5,326.71 .253 2,074.07 .099 7,400,78 6,973.10 .331 1,779.00 .084 8,752.10 L PER 1,000 FOREST ACRES (7) ,130 ,140 ,355 130 131 ,175 352 416 NOTE: COLUMNS 3, 5 AND 7 8ASED ON TOTAL OF 21,045,200 FOREST ACRES. SOURCE OF DATA: U. S. FOREST SERVICE. 73 76 MAPPING OF IMPORTANCE TO THE STUDY OF FOREST RESOURCES ARE THE FOLLOWING SUBJECTS, WHICH REQUIRE STATE-WIDE MAPPING, AND NEED TO BE SHOWN ON LARGE SCALE MAPS BY SYMBOLS AND CULTURE. (1) TOPOGRAPHY - INCLUDING CONTOURS, STREAMS, LAKES AND PONDS, DAMS, SWAMPS AND MARSHES, AND SOIL SURVEYS. (2) TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS - INCLUDING RAILROADS, HIGHWAYS, WATERWAYS AND AIR WAYS. (3) TIMOER TYPES SHOWING FOREST STANDS, WOODS, AND DOMINANT TREE SPECIES. (4) FIRE CONTROL - SHOWING TRUCK TRAILS, BRIDGES WITH LOAD CAPACITY AND CLEARMJCES, F I PE BREAKS, LOOKOUT TOWERS AND TELEPHONE SYSTEMS. (5) LAND USE - SHOWlrJG CULTIVATED FIELDS, PASTURE LANDS, AND CITY AND TOWN LIMITS. (6) LAND OWNERSHIP - SHOWING GOVERNMENT OWNED AS WELL AS PRIVATELY OWNED LANDS, POLITICAL SUO-DIVISIONS, AND LAND LOT SYSTEMS. TOPOGRAPHY LESS THAN ONE-HALF OF THE STATE HAS BEEN MAPPED BY THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, THE U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, OR BY CONTROLLED RECONNAISANCE OF THE U. S. ,<\RMY. t/JOST OF THE EX IST IrJG QUADRANGLES ARE CONS IDERABLY OUT-OF-DATE, AND I N SOME CASES OUT OF PRINT. NEW OR REVISED SOIL SURVEYS ARE NEEDED IN MORE THAN 85 COUNTIES. TRANSPORTATION SYSTE~S THE WORK OF THE STATE H,GHWAY PLANNING SURVEY OF THE GEORGIA STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT IS PROGRESSING RAPIDLY AND PRELIMINARY COUNTY MAPS ARE AVAILABLE FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES AT THIS TIME ON A LARGE PORTION OF THE STATE. THESE MAPS ARE PLANNED TO CONTAIN CONSIDERABLE TOPOGRAPHIC AND OTHER VALUAOLE DATA. 11.1/18E[< TYPES THIS WORK HAS BEEN IN PROGRESS UNDER THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND SUPERVISED 0'1 THE STATE DIRECTOR OF THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS. THE MAPPING IS DONE BY C. C. C. ENROLLEES UNDER SUPERVISION OF CAMP TECHNICAL SUPERVISORY STAFFS. THE PLANS ANTICIPATE MAPPING AGOUT 5 1/2 MILLION ACRES IN SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. ApPROXIMATELY 2 3/4 MILL ION ACRES HAVE BEEN fMPPED, AND VI ILL BE READY FOR PUBL ICAT ION AS SOON AS THE DATA HAS OEEN CHECKED. FIRE CONTROL THESE DATA ARE BEING PARTIALLY MAPPED AS PART OF TilE TIMOER TYPE MAPPING PROJECT. THE DATA ARE ALSO AVAILABLE ON SMALL SCALE MAPS (UNPUBLISHED) OF THE U. S. FOREST (1) To CONTROL GUllY AND SEVERE SHEET EROSION. (2) To INTRODUCE DESIRABLE SPECIES. (3) To PROTECT WATERSHEDS MORE ADEQUATELY AND MORE QUICKLY THAN NATURAL REGENERATION OR REFORESTATION PROVIDES. THE ADVANTAGE OF lEAVING SEED TREES IS FAIRLY WEll APPRECIATED AND PRACTICED AMONG lAND OWNERS IN THE STATE. OTHER FACTORS TO AID REFORESTATION BY NATURAL MEANS, AND TO PROTECT AND CARE FOR REFORESTED AREAS ARE BEING CONSTANTLY STUDIED BY THE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION. To MAKE KNOWN THE RESULTS OF THIS RESEARCH WORK AND TO PUT THEM INTO PRACTICE IS THE RESPONSIBiliTY OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE FO~ESTRY ORGANIZATIONS. THIS CAllS FOR ADEQUATE APPROPRIATIONS SO THAT EDUCATIONAL WORK ON All PHASES OF GOOD FORESTRY ~lANAGEMENT MAY CONTINUE IN GEORGIA. TREE SPECIES AND MAJOR FOREST TYPES GEORG IA IS ACCRED ITED WITH ~10RE THAN 160 SPEC IES OF TREES. THE STATE 0 IV IS ION OF FORESTRY AND THE DIVISION OF STATE PARKS, HISTORIC SITES AND MONUMENTS HAVE PREPARED liSTS WITH DESCRIPTIVE MATERIAL. AN HERBARIUI~ OF THE STATE IS NOW IN PROCESS OF cor~p IlAT ION BY EMORY UN IVERS ITY UNDER THE DIRECT ION OF DR. VI. B. BAKER. TH IS WORK IS VALUABLE TO THE FOREST TECHNICIAN AND FOR REFORESTATION PLANNING. THE UNITED STATES FOREST SEPVICE ALSO HAS PREPARED A MAP SHOWING AREAS CHARAC- TERIZED BY THE ttlAJOR FOREST TYPES. THESE TYPES ARE SHOWN ON A MAP DATED MAY 8, 1937 BY THE FOREST SERVICE, IN COLORS, WITH THE FOllOWING lEGEND:- 1. - LONGLEAF PINE 2. - LONGLEAF - SLASH PINES 3. - LONGLEAF-SLASH-CYPRESS 7. - SHORTlEAF - HARDWOODS 8. - SHORTlEAF-LoBlOlly-HARDWOODS 9. - LOBLOllY - HARDWOODS 11. MIXED UPLAND HARDWOODS 13. - MIXED BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS 16. - CYPRESS - HARDVIOODS THE COASTAL AREA IS NOT DETAilED. GROVES OF LIVE OAK, CYPRESS, AND SEVERAL SPECIES OF PINE WITH ~lANY DECORATIVE SMAll TREES AND SEMI-TROPICAL SHRUBS GENERALLY CONSTITUTE THE FLORA OF THE HEADLANDS AND ISLANDS OF THE COAST. FORESTS IN THIS AREA ARE IMPORTANT FROM A RECREATIONAL STANDPOINT. 78 MAPS ARE AT A SCALE OF APPROXIMATELY 10 CHAINS (660 FEET) EQUAL ONE INCH. THE COST OF THESE MAPS MAKES IT ALMOST PROHIBITIVE TO SECURE SETS COVERING ANY CONSIDERABLE AREA. ~IOWEVER, THEY ARE AVAILAI3LE IN COUNTY AGENTS' OFFICES, AND CAN BE USED AD- VANTAGEOUSLY AT CONVENIENT TIMES FOR DETAILED COUNTY PLANNING. THE VALUE OF THESE MAPS IS COMPARATIVELY SHORT-LIVED, BECAUSE OF CHANGES IN LAND USE, WHICH ARE RESULT- ING FROM ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND FROM VARIOUS CONSERVATION WORK NOW IN PROGRESS THROUGHOUT THE STATE UNDER EX IST I NG Er"lERGENCY PROGRAMS. HOWEVER, THESE MAPS DO PRO- VIDE NECESSARY BASIC DATA, WHICH CAN BE REVISED BY FIELD WORK. THIS USE JUSTIFIES THEIR COMPILATION. LAND OWNERSHIP VALUABLE WORK IS BEING ACCOMPLISHED UNDER TWO W. P. A. PROJECTS, OPERATING ON A STATE-WIDE I3ASIS. 1.1 THE RUFU,L i~EAL PROPERTY I DENT IF ICAT ION SURVEY, IS SUPERV ISED BY PROFESSOR LLOYD C. RAISTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA FACULTY, WHO DESCRIBES THE WORK OF THIS P~OJECT AS FOLLOWS: "As ONE OF ITS PUBLIC SE~VICE ACTIVITIES THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA IS THE OFFICIAL SPONSOR OF THE PROJECT. THE IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE OF THE SURVEY IS TO PREPARE PROPERTY IDENTIFICATION MAPS FOR THE RURAL COUNTIES OF GEORGIA. PROJECT UNITS ARE SET UP BY INDIVIDUAL COUNTIES WHICH ACT AS CO-SPONSORS. THE PROPERTY IDENTIFICATION MAPS WILL BE PREPARED IN SECTIONAL PLAT BOOKS, ON THE SCALE OF ONE INCH TO 660 FEET. THE BOUNDARIES AND ACREAGE OF ALL PROPERTIES WILL BE SHOWN ON THE PLATS. EACH INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY IN TURN WILL BE KEYED TO A DEED DESCRIPTION CARD, A SUMMARY OWNERSHIP CARD AND A TAX RECORD CARD. THE PLAT DOOK AND THE REFERENCE CARDS WILL PERMIT READY IDENTIFICATION, DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF EVERY INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY WITHIN THE COOPERATING COUNTY. THE WORKS PROGF~ESS ADM INISTRAT ION IS PROV IDING ALL L.ASOR AND SUPERV ISORY COST. ALL MATERIAL COSTS ARE BORNE I3Y THE COOPERATING AGENCIES." Z/ TljE CADASTRAL SURVEY PROJECT, IS OPEPATING IN THE "URDAN COUNTIES", INCLUD- ING RICHMOND, CHATHAM, BIBB, FULTON, TROUP, GLYNN, AND MUSCOGEE. THIS IS A MAPPING PROJECT, WHICH IS COMPILING DATA ON PROPERTY LOCATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND DESCRIP- TION. MAPS IN THE VICINITY OF URI3AN COMMUNITIES ARE NEEDED FOR MANY PURPOSES, AND IN CONNECTION WITH FORESTRY, THE COMPILATIONS OF THIS PROJECT ALSO WILL BE HELPFUL TO STUDY RECREATIONAL USE, ~ATERSHED PROTECTION, AND FIRE PROTECTION IN THESE PUR-URBAN AREAS. O. P. 665-34-3-12, W. P. 4926 O. P. 65-34-4581 77 SERVICE, AND IN THEIR RECORDS. THIS TYPE OF DATA SHOULD BE COMBINED AND CORRELATED THROUGHOUT THE STATE. PRO- GRAMS FOR FOREST FIRE PREVENTION ARE A PRIMARY NEED OF FOREST CONSERVATION. MAPS SHOWING EXISTING FIRE PREVENTION UNITS AND SYSTEMS ARE REQUIRED TO ANALYZE AND PLAN ADDITIONAL WORK, AND THIS STUDY FROM MAPS AND RECORDS SHOULD BE GIVEN PRIORITY OVER OTHER FOREST CONSERVATION WORK. CONSIDERABLE STUDY IS BEING GIVEN TO THIS BY THE U. S. FOREST SERVICE AND THE STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY. PRELIMINARY STUDY MAPS HAVE BEEN PREPARED ON SMALL SCALE STATE MAPS (1:1,000,000) SHOWING DATA, SUCH AS THE FIRE PROTECTED AREAS, AND IN GENERAL THE EXISTING AND PROPOSED TYPES OF PROTECTION NEEDED IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE STATE. MORE DETAILED PLANNING AND LARGE SCALE MAPPING SHOULD HELP TO PROMOTE THIS PLANNING ITEM, WHICH IS SO ESSENTIAL. THE CLASSES OF FIRE PROTECTION NOW IN USE ARE AS FOLLOWS: INTENSIVE PROTECTION IS THE PROTECTING OF FOREST LANDS FROM FIRES BY USING AN INTENSIVE SYSTEM OF FIRE DETECTION AND SUPPRESSION. TOWERS, TELEPHONE LINES, AND ACTUAL FIRE-FIGHTING SUPPLIES, MATERIAL, EQUIPMENT, AND PERSONNEL GO TO MAKE UP INTENSIVE PROTECTION. EXTENSIVE PROTECTION IS THE PROTECTING OF FOREST LANDS FROM FIRE BY EDUCATION AND OTHER PRE-SUPPRESSION MEASURES. MEN AND EQUIPMENT ARE USED IN PUBLIC RELATIONS WORK IN ORDER TO EDUCATE THE PUBLIC AGAINST SETTING FIRE TO THE WOODS. VERY LITTLE, IF ANY, ACTUAL SUPPRESSION WORK IS CARRIED ON IN AN EXTENSIVE SYSTEM OF PROTECTION. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VARIOUS AREAS OFTEN SPECI'Y COMBINATIONS OF THE ABOVE CLASSES. IT IS HOPED THAT THIS WORK WILL CONTINUE TO PROGRESS RAPIDLY. As MAPS AT A SUFFICIENTLY LARGE SCALE BECOME AVAILABLE, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT DETAILED PLANS AND PROGRAMS BE FORMULATED FOR THE COUNTIES WHEflE rO'RES'T 'F1FtES ARE MOST PREVALENT AND CAUSE THE MOST DAMAGE SO THAT LOCAL INTERESTS MAY BE PROVIDED WITH SPECIFIC DATA, UPON WHICH THEY MAY ACT TO EFFECTUATE ADEQUATE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS. LAND USE: THESE DATA, IN MORE COMPREHENSIVE FORM THAN IS NOW AVAILABLE, WOULD HELP DETERMINE THE LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF TRACTS NEEDING REFORESTATION. THE RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION PREPARED A FEW COUNTY MAPS IN GEORGIA, WHICH ARE EXAMPLES OF THE TYPE OF DATA NEEDED ON LAND USE MAPS. THE MAGNITUDE OF THIS KIND OF MAPPING IS SUCH AS TO MAKE IT OF DOUBTFUL FEASIBILITY, AT LEAST TO BE DONE ON A STATE-WIDE BASIS. ALMOST ALL OF THE STATE HAS BEEN MAPPED RECENTLY BY AERIAL PHOTOGR/,PHY, FOR THE USE OF COUNTY AGENTS IN PROGRAMS OF AGR ICUL TURAL ADJUSTMENT. THESE SAW LOGS C"C"C. ENROLLEES PLANTING SEEDLINGS, LUMBER TALL TIMBER O(-(EFENO(o(EE . WILD . LifE- . REFUGE u. S. BIOLOGICAL SURVEY BOAT LANOING - eILLV'S LAI-