New vision: the preservation plan for Georgia's heritage

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
1. Vision, Mission, and Goals
Mission Statement Goals for Preservation in Georgia
2. Historic Resources in Georgia
Overview of Georgia's Historic Properties How Many Are There? Why Do These Numbers Keep Changing? Why Are More Historic Properties Being Identified? How Many Historic Properties Have Been Lost? What Makes All These Properties "Historic?" Who Decides What Is Historic? Exactly How Are Properties Determined To Be Historic? Why Preserve Historic Properties?
3. Georgia Now and in the Future
Fast-Changing Population Housing Trends Economic Trends Governmental Change Transportation Trends Tourism Trends Historic Preservation Trends Conclusion
4. Historic Preservation and How it Works
Preservation at the Local Level Regional Historic Preservation

Federal and National Preservation Support Conclusion
5. Goals and Objectives for Preservation
6. A Call for Action
National Action Needed State Level Action Needed Local Level Action Needed Conclusions
7. The Planning Process
Public Participation Phase I Public Participation Phase II
8. In Conclusion
Appendix : The Basic Elements of Local Preservation Planning Bibliography

PREFACE
Table of Contents
A new century looms before us. Already we begin taking stock. What was the twentieth century about? What did we accomplish? What did it mean? How did we fail and how did we triumph? Already we begin looking ahead. How will we shape the twenty-first century? How will it shape us? Will it be more of the same, or will we make new and better choices? We prepare to witness the end of an amazing era; yet we also anticipate the beginning of something new.
As we head toward 2000 and beyond, it is time to create a new vision. A vision of community, of shared experiences and shared heritage. A vision of a sustainable society rather than a throwaway one. A vision that blends what we treasure from our past accomplishments and experiences with what we create from new ideas.
Georgia ends the twentieth century as one of the fastest growing and changing states in the union. We have grown so fast that we have not taken the opportunity to stop and assess, to adjust our course, to decide if our choices have been best. Now is that time.
New plans are underway in Georgia for the future of our communities, for new direction in state government, for new transportation systems, for the Atlanta region to the year 2020, for coastal management, for economic development and for many other aspects of Georgia. Planning for our future must include planning for the continuation and protection of our heritage -- our historic places and cultural patterns that tell the story of who we have been and who we are becoming.
New Vision: The Preservation Plan for Georgia's Heritage is the plan for the state historic preservation program administered by the Historic Preservation Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. It covers the final chapter of the twentieth century, specifically the years 1996 through 2000. Yet it is more about the advent of the new century than the end of the current one, for the future is now. The choices we make now will limit the options and create the pportunities we will have when the new century arrives.
This plan presents a new vision that is shared by many. It sets goals that are designed to turn the vision into reality. It identifies actions that will help keep open the options, remove the barriers, and create the opportunities that will allow Georgians to preserve their historic places for a better future. The plan is intended to guide the direction and activities of the Historic Preservation Division. Because it also represents the views and priorities of preservationists throughout Georgia who participated in its development, New Vision: The Preservation Plan for Georgia's Heritage can provide common direction for all organizations and individuals who support the preservation of our historic places.

How will Georgia grow and change in the new century? How will our neighborhoods and our communities meet our needs and reflect our values? How will we tell our story of who we are as Georgians? Historic preservation can provide some of the answers to these vital questions. The Historic Preservation Division has adopted this plan as a statement of policy direction and as a commitment to action for the protection and use of Georgia's valuable historic resources. We invite the reader to join us in working together to turn the new vision into reality for the betterment of Georgia.

CHAPTER ONE
Vision, Mission and Goals
A Vision for Historic Preservation in Georgia
Georgia will be a better place tomorrow than it is today, providing quality communities in which to live, work, learn and recreate. Historic places will be widely valued as irreplaceable resources that contribute to our heritage, our economy, our neighborhoods, and our sense of who we are as Georgians. Communities and the State will plan for growth and change that respects and includes our historic places. Communities will possess the knowledge, the legal and financial tools, and the authority to decide how preservation and new development will relate to one another. There will still be distinctions between city and suburbs, developing areas and countryside. All Georgians will possess a greater understanding and appreciation of our shared heritage in all its variations. People and organizations throughout Georgia will work in partnership to preserve and use historic places. Georgia's communities, economy, environment and people will be better because of the preservation of historic resources.
MISSION STATEMENT
The Historic Preservation Division's mission is to promote the preservation and use of historic places for a better Georgia.
GOALS FOR PRESERVATION IN GEORGIA
1. Achieve widespread public awareness and involvement in historic preservation in Georgia.
2. Gather information about all historic resources in Georgia, and make the information accessible for planning, advocacy and educational purposes.
3. Secure financial and legal tools sufficient to preserve the significant historic resources in Georgia.
4. Strengthen and expand the coordinated network of historic preservation organizations throughout the state.

5. Protect and use Georgia's historic places so that they may exist into the future.
These five goals represent the consensus of preservationists and other community and state leaders who helped create this plan. These goals will guide the Historic Preservation Division's actions, funding priorities, and policies through the year 2000. They are listed in order of priority and in the order in which preservation activity must take place--at the statewide level and at the local level--for historic places to truly be protected, preserved, used and appreciated. This plan is directed toward accomplishing the five goals, in order to make the Vision a reality in Georgia's future.
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CHAPTER TWO
Historic Resources in Georgia
Georgia was founded in 1733 as one of the thirteen original American colonies. For the next two-and-a-half centuries, its history was shaped largely by the activities and interactions of three peoples: Euro-Americans intent on creating a "New World" in America, African-Americans largely caught up in the creation of this new world, and American Indians who ultimately were dispossessed of it. For two centuries prior to English colonization, the Spanish with their African servants and slaves explored and settled what would later become Georgia. This African-European presence was itself preceded by thousands of years of American Indian occupation.
The 10,000-year history of what we now know as Georgia has left its mark all across the state. Not only in metropolitan areas, where the signs of development are everywhere, but also in the most remote mountain valleys, along apparently undeveloped rivers and streams, across vast stretches of field and forest, deep in seemingly inaccessible swamps, and along coastal marshes and islands--there is hardly an acre of land in Georgia untouched by the past.
The evidence of history takes the form of buildings and structures, historic and archeological sites, historic landscapes and traditional cultural properties, and historic districts. These are Georgia's historic properties. They provide a window into our past, and a foundation on which to build a vision for our future. Preserving these historic properties is what historic preservation is all about.
An Overview of Georgia's Historic Properties
Buildings
For many people, buildings are the most familiar type of historic property in Georgia. Certainly the most obvious, they dominate Georgia's listings in the National Register of Historic Places. Usually categorized by function, Georgia's historic buildings include a wide variety of houses, stores and offices, factories and mills, outbuildings on farms and plantations, and community landmarks.
Houses are the most prevalent type of historic building in Georgia. They make up approximately 70% of all the Georgia listings in the National Register and nearly 80% of all surveyed properties. Most historic houses in Georgia are one-story high with wood frames and siding. Others are

built of brick; a few are constructed of stone. The single-family detached house is the most common house form in the state, although apartment buildings are found in most larger communities and rowhouses highlight Savannah.
Approximately one-third of Georgia's historic housing is located in the state's cities and larger towns; another third is found in smaller towns; and the remaining third is dispersed throughout the countryside. Three-quarters of all the extant historic houses in Georgia were built between 1890 and World War II. As important as individual buildings, houses with their landscaped yards and associated domestic archeological resources form a special category of historic property known as "Georgia's Living Places." In rural areas, historic houses serve as the centerpieces of farms and plantations; in communities, houses grouped together form historic neighborhoods.
Commercial buildings including stores and offices constitute only about 5% of Georgia's historic buildings, but they are the second most numerous type of historic building in Georgia. Commercial buildings tend to be concentrated in communities, often forming a cohesive business district or "downtown," although some like the country store are found in sparsely settled rural areas and others like the corner store are situated in residential neighborhoods. In addition to the country and corner stores, common Georgia examples include the small-town "storefront" building, the larger city business block, and the urban skyscraper.
Brick is a common building material, although wood is used in some rural and small-town commercial buildings; big-city buildings employ steel and concrete. Most extant historic commercial buildings in Georgia date from the late 19th through the early 20th centuries.
Industrial buildings in Georgia are not numerous, constituting only about 1% of all surveyed buildings, yet they represent some of the largest and most economically important historic buildings in the state. Georgia's industrial buildings include factories, mills, warehouses, gins, and multi-purpose lofts. They usually are located in or adjacent to communities, often along rivers or railroads, sometimes grouped in industrial areas or districts.
A distinct form of self-contained community, the mill village, grew up around some industrial buildings, usually late 19th or early 20th century textile mills. In contrast, rural grist mills with their characteristic dams and millponds are located near sources of waterpower, often in isolated areas. Most rural mills are constructed of wood with heavy mortised-and-tenoned wood frames, although a few are built of brick or stone.
Most of the larger urban factories are constructed of brick with "slow burning" heavy timber frames. Twentieth-century industrial buildings often were constructed with steel or concrete frames and concrete and brick walls, for durability and to make them relatively fireproof.

Agricultural buildings are representative of the major role played by agriculture throughout Georgia's history. Historically, agriculture dominated land use across the state. Agricultural buildings are found in most rural areas, usually in complexes, along with other structures and landscape features comprising farmsteads or plantations. The typical historic Georgia farm consists of a late 19th or early 20th century farmhouse, half a dozen outbuildings, a yard, and agricultural land. Approximately 10% of all surveyed houses in the state are associated with farms. Associated historic agricultural buildings typically include tenant farmhouses, barns, cotton gins, mills, and offices, although the complete list of Georgia's agricultural outbuildings is seemingly endless.
Community landmark buildings are a small but diverse group of historic buildings housing community institutions such as local governments, religious groups, civic organizations, hospitals, and schools. Although they account for only about 5% of all surveyed buildings, community landmarks are prominent due to their large size, architectural treatment, and strategic location. They are focal points, literally and figuratively, for their communities. Common examples include courthouses, city halls, post offices, churches, lodges and clubhouses, libraries, jails, depots, theaters, and community centers.
Structures
Structures are defined as "functional constructions made usually for purposes other than creating shelter." In other words, structures are not primarily places in which to live or work, although they may be occupied for short periods of time or used in work or other activities. Many structures resemble buildings and are differentiated from them only by function; other kinds of structures are fundamentally different than buildings. Many structures are physically or functionally related to buildings and are sometimes considered subsidiary to them; some are found in complexes while others stand alone.
Common kinds of historic structures in Georgia include wells, water towers, agricultural outbuildings such as corn cribs or implement sheds, military fortifications, bridges, and railroads (rail beds). Other familiar although less numerous structures include lighthouses, tunnels, dams, and locomotives. Less familiar types of structures include mines and quarries.
Structured Environments
Another kind of historic structure, less commonly recognized, is what might be called a structured environment: the large-scale, two-dimensional plans or patterns that underlie and shape historic development. Historic structured environments are found all across Georgia, in cities, towns, and

rural areas. They include city plans, courthouse squares, the layout of parks, gardens, cemeteries, and yards, agricultural field patterns, and land-lot lines.
Sites
A site is defined as "the location of a significant event ... occupation, or activity, or a building or structure, whether standing, ruined, or vanished, where the location itself possesses historic, cultural, or archeological value ...." There are several distinct types of sites in Georgia.
Archeological sites, both historic and prehistoric, are the most numerous if not the most familiar type of historic property in Georgia. More than 25,000 archeological sites are recorded in the Georgia Archeological Site File. Approximately 2,000 newly discovered sites are added each year, yet only a small fraction of the state has been surveyed methodically for archeological resources.
A wide variety of archeological sites exists in Georgia. Some sites are complex "stratified" sites, with various layers representing different periods of occupation and use. Other complex sites are "multi-component" locations of prehistoric villages. Less complex sites may represent a single activity or use, such as hunting or fishing, manufacturing or quarrying, or camping. Archeological sites in Georgia usually contain artifacts made from stone, bone, ceramic, metal, wood, paper, and glass, even fabric, food remains, and plant matter. Major river valleys, ridge lines, and the Fall Line have yielded the greatest numbers of archeological sites. A less well-known type of archeological site, the underwater site, is found on river bottoms, in coastal marshes, and off the coast on the continental shelf.
Prehistoric Indians built monumental architecture, in the form of earthen and stone mounds scattered over the Georgia landscape, since the beginning of the Christian era. They were most pronounced in the period 1250-1500 A.D. Many still stand.
Prehistoric archeological sites in Georgia include earthen mounds and platforms, shell middens in the form of piles and rings, rock quarries, fishing weirs, rock piles, scattered stone chips, and concentrations of broken pottery. Examples of historic archeological sites include Revolutionary and Civil War trenches and earthworks, industrial sites, subsurface evidence of former landscape features, buildings, and structures such as the former Cherokee Nation capitol at New Echota, and refuse dumps. Underwater archeological sites include submerged ships, piers and wharfs, building foundations, trash dumps, river crossings, and evidence of former waterfront activities.
Graves also can be considered as archeological sites, although state and federal laws protecting

burial sites severely restrict their archeological investigation.
Historic sites are places where a significant event or activity took place but where there were no buildings or structures associated with the event or activity or where the associated buildings or structures no longer exist. Historic sites are important primarily for the events or activities which took place there, although significant archeological resources also may be present at the site.
Historic sites may be characterized by distinctive natural features, like a mountain or cave or tree, or they may simply be the place where something important happened, like an open field. Good examples of historic sites in Georgia are the Jeff Davis Capture Site in Irwin County and the Bloody Marsh battle site in Glynn County. Historic sites are often marked by historic markers or plaques.
Traditional cultural properties are a newly recognized type of historic site. This type may be a distinctive natural place (such as a mountaintop) or historic environment (such as an ethnic neighborhood), or it may be simply a spatial location, a place, having pronounced historic cultural value to a living racial, ethnic, or cultural group today. Historical associations with such properties may be demonstrated through historical documentation, but more likely through traditional uses or practices, oral history, or common cultural knowledge. Because traditional cultural properties may be significant for metaphysical reasons, they may be especially difficult to detect by "outsiders." Although no traditional cultural properties have been officially recognized in Georgia, several have been tentatively identified.
Landscapes
Landscapes are a special type of historic property combining elements of "sites" and "structures" and often including buildings as well. Most historic landscapes also contain archeological resources. Historic landscapes often are overlooked, taken for granted, or misunderstood as "natural" resources.
Georgia contains a variety of historic landscapes. They range from small formal gardens to vast expanses of agricultural countryside and planted woodlands. Typical examples are courthouse squares (often the largest public landscape space in a community), city parks, streetscapes in neighborhoods with their street trees and sidewalks, and cemeteries. A well-documented type of historic landscape in Georgia is the yard; nine major forms of historic domestic landscaping have been identified through the Georgia's Living Places project.
Historic Districts

Historic districts are another special type of historic resource. Defined as "a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aesthetically by plan or physical development," a historic district contains a combination of the other types of historic properties--buildings, structures, sites, landscapes, structured environments--where the overall grouping, the ensemble, takes on an identity and significance greater than the individual components.
Historic districts make up about 25% of Georgia's National Register listings, yet they include more than 95% of all the historic properties listed in the National Register. Because they contain such a variety of historic properties, in their historic spatial relationships, historic districts best represent what our historic environments really were like.
The most common type of historic district in Georgia is the residential neighborhood. Second in frequency is the downtown central business district. Other important but less numerous types of historic districts include industrial and warehousing areas, school campuses, military installations, parks, and waterfronts. Georgia has several extensive archeological districts containing historically and geographically related sites, such as the Etowah Valley district, and several vast rural historic districts containing multiple farms, rural communities, and historic rural landscapes, such as McLemore Cove and the Sautee-Nacoochee Valleys.
How Many Are There?
It is estimated that there are about 71,500 historic buildings in Georgia at the present time. Field survey information on over 26,000 buildings has been entered into the Historic Preservation Division's computerized database. Previously unsurveyed buildings are being added to the inventory at the rate of about 5,000 per year.
Nobody knows exactly how many archeological sites exist in Georgia; because they are mostly underground (or under water), they are difficult to locate without expert field investigation. At the present time, more than 25,000 archeological sites have been identified and recorded in the University of Georgia's Archeological Site File, yet only a small percentage of the state's land area has been systematically searched for archeological sites. Newly discovered archeological sites are being reported at the rate of nearly 2,000 per year.
Why do these numbers keep changing?
The number of known and estimated historic properties in Georgia changes frequently, with good reason. On the one hand, known historic properties are lost due to demolition, remodeling, or

destruction every year. A historic building may burn to the ground, or an archeological site may be bulldozed for a new shopping center. On the other hand, with the passage of time, properties that formerly were not old enough to be considered historic come of age, so to speak, and the expanding scope of history and archeology encompass properties not previously recognized as historic. In addition, continuing and improved field surveys identify more historic properties every year, and provide a better basis for estimating the total number of historic properties in the state. So, while the number of historic properties in Georgia at any given point in time is finite, it will change over time.
Why are more historic properties being identified?
The process of identifying and evaluating historic properties lies at the very heart of historic preservation. By its very nature, it is a continuing, neverending process. Just as time marches on, so does history, and historic preservation with it.
The study of history and the practice of archeology, both of which underlie historic preservation, are dynamic. Both are constantly expanding. For example, historians are now studying what is called the "recent past"--the period from World War II through the 1960s--while archeologists are pushing back the dates of human occupation in Georgia to 10,000 years and more. Historians continue to expand on the achievements of Georgia's African-Americans with special interest in the 1960s Civil Rights movement, while archeologists and ethnologists are beginning to document American Indian traditional cultural properties overlooked in previous surveys. If we were to try to limit our universe of historic properties to only those previously recognized by historians and archeologists, we would be undermining the very basis of the historic preservation movement.
Continuing and improving field surveys are identifying more historic properties than ever before all across the state. For example, a recently completed county survey identified 20 times the number of historic properties recorded in a 1970s survey of the county. By restricting the number of historic properties to those previously surveyed, we would be denying the obvious fact that many more historic properties exist.
An expanding historic preservation constituency is bringing with it a broader view of historic properties. For example, increased participation by African-Americans has encouraged the broader recognition of African-American historic properties from the earliest days of exploration and settlement to the mid-20th-century Civil Rights movement. Interest on the part of American Indian groups has led to a heightened sensitivity to many types of prehistoric sites, particularly

burials and traditional cultural properties. The important role played by women in historic preservation has resulted in new interest in women's history and associated historic properties. If we were to limit historic properties to those that we know now, many new interest groups would find their heritage excluded from the historic preservation movement. As more cultural and interest groups discover their heritage, their desire to preserve the historic places associated with that heritage grows.
In short: to limit our universe of historic properties to what is currently known would artificially constrain historic preservation and directly controvert the intent of the National Historic Preservation Act which is to preserve properties which represent the "broad patterns" of American history as we best understand it.
How many historic properties have been lost?
No one knows how many archeological sites have been destroyed over the years. But every time ground-disturbing activity takes place, there is the potential for additional loss.
It is clear, however, that the vast majority of all the historic buildings and structures that ever existed in Georgia already have been lost. In just the last 50 years, nearly three-quarters of the buildings and structures that existed prior to World War II have been lost through destruction or remodeling. And in some counties, more than one-quarter of the surveyed historic properties that existed twenty years ago are now gone.
What kinds of buildings have been lost? Whose heritage has vanished? No detailed study has been done, but it appears that the greatest losses have been vernacular buildings, modest houses, tenant farm houses which once dotted every 40 acres or so, many utilitarian structures like mule barns, liveries, and warehouses, and many homes associated with African-Americans in cities, towns, and rural areas. Yet virtually every community has lost its share of local landmark buildings as well--stylish houses, sometimes whole streets of them, grand old hotels, business blocks, railroad depots, even courthouses.
What Makes All These Properties "Historic?"
To be considered "historic," a property must have three essential attributes: sufficient age, a relatively high degree of integrity, and significance in history.
Age
A historic property must be old enough to be considered "historic." Historic properties are, by definition, old, not new. Generally speaking, this means that a property must be at least 50 years old, although this is just a general rule, not an absolute requirement. Another way of looking at

it is that a property must be old enough to be understood for the role it played in the community, state or nation so that its place in history is clear.
Integrity
In addition to having sufficient age, a property must also have retained what is called its "integrity" to be considered historic. For a building, structure, landscape feature, historic site, or historic district, this means that the property must be relatively unchanged. Its essential character-defining features must still be present. For an archeological site, integrity means that the site must be relatively undisturbed, with its patterns and layers of artifacts and other archeological evidence relatively intact. For a traditional cultural property, integrity means that the site must be recognizable to today's affiliated cultural group, documentable through tradition, and still used or revered in some way.
Significance
Finally, a property must be significant to be considered historic. Significance is generally defined in three ways: through direct association with individuals, events, activities, or developments that were important in the past--that shaped our history, or that reflect important aspects of our history; by embodying the distinctive physical and spatial characteristics of an architectural style or type of building, structure, landscape, or planned environment, or a method of construction, or by embodying high artistic values or fine craftsmanship; or by having the potential to yield information important to our understanding of the past through archeological, architectural, or other physical investigation and analysis.
Who Decides What is Historic?
Each of us may have our own personal opinions about what is historic and what is not. Similarly, different social and cultural groups of people may have different definitions of "historic." Other interest groups in our society may look at historic properties in entirely different ways, or may not value them at all. An important part of historic preservation is the establishment of public processes through which consensus can be reached as to what is historic and what is not. Once this consensus has been reached, it becomes public preservation policy. There are several established ways in Georgia of publicly determining whether properties are historic and worthy of being preserved.
National Register of Historic Places

One of the most important ways in which we determine which of our properties are historic and which are not is the National Register of Historic Places. Ever since its creation by Congress through the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the National Register has been one of the foundations of historic preservation in Georgia and across the country. It provides uniform standards, a public process, and a national perspective for determining the significance and preservation worthiness of properties. Although the criteria for determining National Register eligibility are essentially unchanged since 1966, their interpretation and application to properties are continuously clarified and updated through published guidance and bulletins. Listing in the National Register, or determining National Register eligibility, is one of the clearest statements of public policy about what is historic and worthy of being preserved.
At the present time there are more than 1,600 official Georgia listings in the National Register representing more than 38,000 historic properties in the state. Historic properties in Georgia are being added to the National Register at the rate of approximately 45 listings representing some 1,750 historic properties per year. Georgia ranks about 10th in the nation in the number of National Register-listed properties.
Georgia Register of Historic Places
Established in 1989, the Georgia Register of Historic Places is our state's companion to the National Register of Historic Places. Modeled closely after the National Register, the Georgia Register is Georgia's official statewide list of historic properties worthy of being preserved. Properties listed in the National Register are automatically listed in the Georgia Register.
Local Designations
Another important way of determining the significance and preservation worthiness of properties in Georgia is through local landmark or historic district designation. Under the provisions of the Georgia Historic Preservation Act of 1980, local governments can pass historic preservation ordinances which specify procedures for designating historic properties in their jurisdictions. Local designation provides some level of protection for those properties. Designations may vary from community to community, reflecting local conditions, needs, goals, and prerogatives. At the present time, approximately 80 local governments in Georgia have enacted historic preservation ordinances and appointed preservation commissions.
Planning
Yet another way that local communities can define their historic properties is through local comprehensive plans. As required by the Georgia Planning Act of 1989, local comprehensive plans must include consideration of historic properties. While this consideration can vary

widely from community to community, and while these plans do not have the force of local designations under a preservation ordinance, local comprehensive plans can provide an opportunity for communities to express an opinion about what is locally considered historic and worthy of being preserved. Other land use planning tools, including zoning ordinances, sign and tree ordinances, and others can be used to delineate and designate historic places.
Historical Markers
The state historical marker program, administered by the Department of Natural Resources, uses unique criteria and procedures to identify properties of statewide significance. The oldest of the many ways in which historic properties are identified in Georgia, the marker program dates back to the early 1950s. Through the marker program, former as well as extant historic properties are officially recognized. Currently there are nearly 2,000 state historical markers in Georgia. They are accompanied by uncounted numbers of local and regional historical markers.
Exactly How Are Properties Determined to be Historic?
Although there are several different ways of determining whether properties are historic, all of these processes share certain essential steps. These common steps constitute a fundamental historic preservation routine, or methodology.
The first step consists of gathering information about a specific property --the facts, so to speak--including a physical description and historical documentation.
The second step involves putting the individual property in its place in history, seeing how it "fits" into the larger scheme of things, historically speaking. Useful ways of doing this include comparing and contrasting it to similar properties, to historically related properties, or to other properties in the same vicinity (see Appendix B for more information). Another useful way is to determine how the property relates to the "distinctive aspects" of Georgia's history (see sidebar).
The third step consists of applying criteria for evaluation to the property and what is known about it--a yardstick for measuring its significance--such as the National Register of Historic Places "Criteria for Evaluation" or the designation standards found in a local historic preservation ordinance. Each step of the process involves public input and participation along with appropriate professional involvement. Taken together, these three steps constitute the basic methodology for determining the significance of properties.

Why Preserve Historic Properties?
Above and beyond their historical significance, why are Georgia's historic properties valuable resources? Why should they be preserved? The answers are many, and varied.
Historic properties are tangible evidence of our history. They bring history to life in ways that no written or even audio-visual materials can do. In doing so, they help us better understand who we are today, as individuals and as a people, and how things got to be the way they are.
Historic properties also contribute to a sense of place. They make one place different from another and make each community unique. They reinforce the lessons of history while strengthening our identity. They provide a framework for new development; they add variety to our everyday surroundings.
Historic properties also represent an enormous investment of time, money, energy, and materials--resources which, like all other nonrenewable resources, should be used wisely and conserved. Additionally, historic properties can continue in productive service in everyday life, either for the use for which they were originally intended, or adapted to new or upgraded uses.
Historic properties enrich the quality of our lives by presenting for our benefit a variety of architectural styles, construction materials, and craftsmanship which appears nowhere else in our physical environment.
And historic properties literally embody knowledge--about ourselves and our past, as well as themselves--which can be recovered for the benefit of all through careful archeological or architectural investigation and conservation.
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CHAPTER THREE
Georgia Now and in the Future
As we approach the end of the twentieth century, historic preservation continues to become a more integral part of the social, economic, and political landscape in the nation as well as in Georgia. The preservation of historic properties has become one of many quality of life issues facing our state. Historic resources are affected by many kinds of development, societal and financial trends. In planning for preservation, it is essential to examine the major trends occurring in the state and in communities and how those trends affect Georgia's historic resources. Many Georgians are concerned about the proliferation of unplanned growth that is resulting in urban sprawl and unsightly development. They look to historic preservation as one method to help maintain viable communities and improve the quality of life.
It is important to understand changes that are affecting the state as a whole so that preservation programs in Georgia can be designed to respond in the most effective manner. In this way, historic places will more likely help shape Georgia's future.
Fast-Changing Population
Statewide Trends
Population change is transforming Georgia. The major population trends facing Georgia are the rapid growth taking place in the suburban areas of the state, especially within 100 miles of Atlanta, and the continued decrease within large cities and rural areas. These diverse directions in population affect economic activity, existing and planned infrastructure, governmental policies, and land use decisions, which in turn affect historic resources.
Georgia is currently the tenth most populated--and one of the fastest growing--states in the nation, estimated in 1995 to have a population of almost 7.2 million. The 1980s was the first decade in history that Georgia experienced more population increase from net migration than from natural increase. Throughout the 1990s and into the new century, Georgia will continue to grow.
The age makeup of Georgia is also changing. For the first time, Georgia is in the top ten nationally in states attracting new elderly residents. Between 1985 and 1990, 44,475 people sixty-five and older moved into Georgia and more retirees decided to leave Florida for Georgia than those who went the other way. Notwithstanding the growing elderly population, Georgia's population is young, with a median age of 31.8 years. The high population of young people can be directly attributed to the favorable job market created by Georgia's expanding economy.

Georgia ranks fifth in African-American population nationally, with 1.8 million persons comprising 27% of the state's population.
Between 1980 and 1990, 43 Georgia counties lost population, 77 grew at less than the state average, and 40 grew faster than the state average. By combining these population trends with urban and rural characteristics, the state can be subdivided into four major population areas. Four distinct "Georgias" emerge from this classification: suburban, urban, growing rural and declining rural counties.
Suburban Georgia
Riding the crest of population growth is the metropolitan Atlanta area, especially the suburban and exurban portions within 100 miles of the central city. More than 66% of the total population of Georgia lives in the Atlanta region. Georgia has three of the top ten fastest growing counties in the United States. Two of these, Henry and Paulding counties, lie within the metro Atlanta area. The population of the 14-county metro Atlanta region grew nearly 70% from 1970 to 1990, exceeding the state growth rate by 25%. During the same time period, Cobb and Gwinnett counties each increased by more than 250,000 residents, while Fayette County added 50,000 new residents, growing at an astonishing rate of 550%. Eight of the counties in the region grew at rates in excess of 200%.
Urban Georgia
The population of Georgia's cities as a percentage of the total state population is steadily decreasing. In 1960, 54% of the state's citizens lived in cities. In 1992, only 39% lived within city boundaries. Many Georgia cities are becoming a workplace for the middle class, but a home predominantly to the very wealthy or to minorities and the poor. Growth in the suburbs often comes at the expense of urbanized areas. Every major Georgia central city is experiencing a middle-class population decline.
Rural Areas of Growth
The rural growth areas of Georgia tend to be located in the northern portion of the state or along the coast. These counties either possess scenic beauty, and thus attract tourists and retirees, are located near a military base, or are regional economic centers.
Rural Areas of Decline
Rural areas declining in population face the most uncertain future. These areas, concentrated in the southern half of the state, are characterized by long-term population loss, lack of employment

opportunities and continued high levels of outmigration of working age people, leaving behind a large number of young and older residents.
Effects of Population Trends
The effects of changing population on the historic resources of Georgia vary depending upon the area of the state. Areas of suburban growth create different concerns and opportunities for historic property than do areas of rural or urban decline.
The rapid growth being experienced on the suburban fringe of metropolitan areas creates widespread change in the landscape and pressure on existing infrastructure and historic resources. Similar pressures exist in the rural growth areas of the north Georgia mountains and along the Atlantic coast. In areas of strip developments, residential subdivisions and suburban sprawl, infrastructure must expand to satisfy a growing population's need for clean water, sewers, roads, and utilities. These changes often come at the expense of open space, historic landscapes, historic buildings and archeological sites.
Anticipating and reacting to rapid growth requires time, effort and planning. Only one-third of Georgia's 159 counties have enacted any kind of zoning ordinance, although this is slowly changing. The potential for uncontrolled sprawl is greatest when the local community has not planned for growth, and has no land use controls in place. In this case,developers often make more of the decisions about the future of a community than the residents or elected officials. Georgia has mandated that local governments must produce a comprehensive plan, including an existing and future land use map, under the Georgia Planning Act of 1989. A required component of these plans is a section on historic resources and how the community intends to incorporate these resources into future development.
Comprehensive planning is a good first step for communities to think about what type of future they want. Often, however, the plans are not implemented and are not incorporated into local land use regulations. It is important for local governments to realize that planning is not in conflict with growth, but is a way to preserve those aspects of a community that are important to its quality of life, while guiding the growth that will occur. Comprehensive land use planning and regulation can be an effective tool to achieve growth management and historic preservation goals.
One method by which planning can promote growth while maintaining a community's character and quality of life is through a concept called "sustainability." This approach to community planning emphasizes long-term planning, rather than meeting only immediate needs, and the exploration of creative approaches to accomplish change. Sustainable development techniques include the acknowledgement that factors such as land use, environmental concerns, housing

and transportation systems are overlapping issues that require an integrated strategy, not isolated solutions. The goal of sustainable development is to create communities of enduring value and long-term viability. A component of sustainable development is "neo-traditional design," that is, using traditional (historic) development patterns in the creation of new urban and suburban communities.
The growing interest in sustainable communities among both environmentalists and preservationists will provide opportunities for conservation and preservation organizations to work together more in the future. The rapid sprawl that characterizes Georgia's fast-paced growth adversely affects both natural and historic resources and may become the top issue for preservationists and conservationists as we approach the year 2000.
The urban areas of Georgia face some of the same development pressures, especially on their edges, but they have a much higher concentration of historic resources within their central business districts and intown neighborhoods. Decaying and outdated infrastructure, underutilized buildings, vacant lots and a perception of crime and neglect are often seen as roadblocks to preservation. Here, the threats to historic resources often come from deferred maintenance, abandonment, disinvestment, or new development at any cost. The prosperity of the suburbs at the expense of the central city is a shortsighted approach to regional social and economic success. A strong central city and intown neighborhoods can serve as a solid foundation for sustained, long-term vitality. Historic preservation can be an effective tool to facilitate the revitalization of our urban areas.
Housing rehabilitation programs can provide affordable homes to inner-city residents. Preservation can also lure middle income residents back into the city. The residential rebirth of cities is the single most important factor in their revitalization. Facade rehabilitation programs can act as an incentive for owners of commercial property to improve their buildings, and can work in conjunction with the federal Investment Tax Credit to provide a stimulus for the revitalization of commercial areas.
Rural areas experiencing population decline are perhaps at greatest risk. With little economic activity, the historic resources in these smaller communities face neglect, high vacancy rates and abandonment. If any interest is shown in these buildings, it is often for their salvage potential, or for relocation. In addition, archeological sites in rural areas are threatened by looters, taking advantage of the growing market for artifacts.
With a declining population and few employment opportunities for residents in these rural areas,

job creation is a major priority. Many rural communities in Georgia have used historic preservation as a basis for community and economic revitalization. Using the Main Street approach of using the existing downtown infrastructure and historic building stock, these communities have brought businesses, promotions, residents and a sense of community pride back to declining business districts.
Historic buildings are sometimes erroneously associated with a community's decline while new buildings seem to symbolize economic revitalization. The underpinning for any efforts to use historic preservation is education. Residents need to be made aware that historic resources are what helps to make their community a special place. They need to know what makes these buildings, sites and places historically significant, worthy of preservation, and important for the community's future.
The large percentage of black Georgians will have an increasing impact on preservation. Interest in the historic African-American resources of Georgia is increasing at the same time those resources are rapidly disappearing. More information about the importance of black history and the places associated with it needs to be made available to a widespread audience. Awareness of the importance of historic preservation and support for it statewide by the African-American community will be a significant factor in the ultimate success of preservation in Georgia.
Housing Trends
According to 1990 census data, Georgia contains 2.6 million total housing units. Of this total, 10.3% or 271,000 units are vacant. It is estimated that almost 382,000 units or 14.3% of the total were constructed before 1950.
The number of persons per household has declined in Georgia by almost 52%, from 4.4 persons in 1930, to 2.6 in 1990. Although household size has decreased, the number of households has increased dramatically. The population grew by 18.6% in the 1980s, but the number of households grew by 26.4%. Of all households, 54% contain either one or two persons, and only 10% contain five or more persons.
Homelessness, housing for people with special needs, and affordability of housing are problems the state and communities will continue to confront. Historic resources can play a larger role in providing solutions. Historic hotels and warehouses are being converted to Single Room Occupancy housing or halfway houses for the homeless, people with AIDS, and the elderly. Intown historic neighborhoods offer the best chance for creating affordable neighborhoods through rehabilitation.
The retention or increase of middle and upper income residents in the central or intown neighborhoods in order to create viable communities is a growing issue in Georgia's cities. Recycling of intown historic neighborhoods contributes to downtown revitalization -- by

creating 24-hour downtowns -- and to sustainable development for more viable downtowns and intown neighborhoods.
Effects of Housing Trends
The creation of additional housing units increases pressure on the state's historic resources through the demolition of historic buildings and the destruction of archeological sites. Yet historic buildings offer exceptional opportunities for creative solutions to many of Georgia's housing needs.
Economic Trends
Economic activity in Georgia has rebounded since the recession of the early 1990s. More new jobs have been created in Georgia over the past four years than in all but two other states. In 1994, one out of every nine jobs created in the nation was created in Georgia and the 1990 per capita income of the state was 91% of the national average, up 6% from 1980. In 1994 alone, 132 new manufacturing plants were announced in Georgia, representing a 176% increase in the value of such investments over 1993. Even without Olympic related construction, which has accounted for much of the activity, Georgia has enjoyed significant economic growth over the last ten years.
From 1984 to 1990, Georgia's total personal income increased by 60.9%, while the national average grew by only 50.4%. Two factors are primarily responsible for this increase. First, the growth is related to large numbers of well educated, new residents with high incomes. Second, Georgia enjoys a diversified economy comprised of manufacturing, agribusiness, the defense industry, services and tourism. This diversity has enabled the state to weather economic recessions better than other areas of the country. In the future, Georgia will continue changing from a manufacturing and natural resource based economy to an information and service-retail driven one that will require a better educated and highly skilled work force.
Agriculture
Agriculture remains the number one economic activity in Georgia. The forestry and timber industry is the leading agricultural activity, but there has been a significant and long-term decline both in the total number of farms and in the proportion of the state's land in farms over the last 40 years. The total number of farms has decreased steadily from about 200,000 in 1950 to just over 40,000 in 1992. Likewise, the proportion of the state in farmland has gone from almost 70% in 1950 to 27% in 1992. Through mechanization and higher yields per acre, fewer farmers can produce more. Land has become valuable in growth areas for residential and commercial development, tempting farmers to sell their land.
Effects of Economic Trends

The effects of economic trends on historic resources closely parallel those of population. With strong economies in north Georgia, portions of the mountains and along the coast, development threatens the preservation of historic places. Development changes the landscape in profound and permanent ways. Construction of new roads, utilities, infrastructure and buildings results in loss of open space, historic structures, and archeological sites which are gone forever. Creative planning efforts need to be undertaken to allow for sustainable growth, while at the same time integrating existing historic and cultural resources.
The vibrant economy of north Georgia and the coast also presents an opportunity for the preservation of historic areas. New businesses can be located in historic commercial districts, unused mill complexes or historic school buildings no longer needed for education. Declining inner-city neighborhoods can be revitalized with new residents living in historic homes or compatible infill construction. Developers need to be made aware of the advantages of using historic buildings for their projects. Information about the cost/benefit ratio of rehabilitating historic buildings, the available tax benefits, and positive economic effects of preservation on a community need to be communicated to decision makers and developers.
The rehabilitation of historic structures is competitive with the cost of comparable new construction, especially when the available incentives are used for preservation, and when the full costs of demolition, land development and infrastructure are included in the cost of new construction. A new building will often be a structure of much lower quality and have a shorter life expectancy than a rehabilitated historic building. High quality new construction, comparable to the historic building, will generally cost more. Too often, the cost of rehabilitation is compared to new construction costs merely on a per-square-foot basis. Such an approach is misleading because it fails to factor in the savings offered by rehabilitation since demolition, infrastructure and land preparation costs are often not required for preservation.
Within the urban core of Georgia's major cities, and in declining rural areas, historic resources are not threatened with development, but with disinvestment. Underused commercial storefronts, unused upper floors of downtown buildings, and declining residential neighborhoods are threats to the future of historic resources of these communities. The utilization of existing infrastructure and buildings in these areas can be a less costly use of available economic development capital than the more expensive process of land acquisition, demolition, new construction and the extension of costly infrastructure and services. Use of existing structures by the private sector and government can help bring economic vitality back to depressed inner cities and rural communities.
Governmental Change

Since the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the federal government has provided support for preservation through educational programs, technical assistance, tax incentives and funding. This support has been critical to preservation efforts throughout Georgia. Since 1980, however, the financial support received in Georgia from federal sources has been tenuous. Given the current political climate at the federal level, the trend of uncertain and probably declining federal appropriations is expected to continue. State government has helped to respond to the fast growing interest in preservation and the need for technical and financial assistance in an environment of diminishing federal support. However, state government is also undergoing cuts, privatization and reorganization. How such change will affect preservation programs and funding is unclear.
The major trend in government at all levels is a public perception that there is too much government, that government is too intrusive. All government activities are coming under increased scrutiny. The government's role in historic preservation will be questioned.
Federal Government Influence
Although its financial support is decreasing, the federal government maintains support for historic preservation in several ways. Through the investment tax credit and the low-income tax credit programs, the Internal Revenue Service allows investors to receive a tax credit on the rehabilitation of historic commercial property and the creation of low-income housing. The National Park Service provides appropriations for state preservation programs, administers the National Register of Historic Places, and distributes technical information about preservation issues. Congress has recently created a National Center for Preservation Technology and Training to assist in that effort.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development, through its Community Development Block Grant, HOME and HOPE programs, provides millions of dollars in funding to Georgia that can be used for the rehabilitation of substandard historic housing units. The Federal Highway Administration, through the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), has allowed federal transportation dollars to be used by the Georgia Department of Transportation for transportation enhancements that can include the acquisition and rehabilitation of historic properties and the enhancement of historic sites and districts.
The Department of Defense has instituted the Legacy Program, designed to preserve historic resources located on military bases. The U.S.D.A. Forest Service has actively surveyed, managed and interpreted the extensive array of historic and archeological resources on its lands in Georgia for twenty years. The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation continues to work with all

federal agencies to insure that they meet their responsibilities under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act to take historic resources into account in their programs and activities.
Effects of Federal Involvement
These programs represent a broadening, if not deepening commitment on behalf of the federal government, to create effective and meaningful stewardship of federally-owned historic property, as well as conscientious use of federal funds that affect historic resources.
State Government Influence
State government support for historic preservation has increased as federal support has declined. In July 1994, Governor Zell Miller elevated the Historic Preservation Section to Division status within the Department of Natural Resources. Along with this rise in position in state government, the Governor recommended and the General Assembly enacted the Heritage 2000 grant program. $270,000 was made available in the form of grants in state fiscal year (SFY) 1996. These grants are designed to provide funds to Georgia communities to rehabilitate their historic properties.
State funding continues to support the Regional Historic Preservation Planning Program within 13 of the state's 17 Regional Development Centers, with an allocation of $243,000 for SFY 1996. An annual $25,000 allocation is provided to the Division for inventory of historic resources. In addition, State monies are used to support the Georgia Main Street Program, housed in the Department of Industry, Trade and Tourism. State funds also allow the Historic Preservation Division to contract with the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation to carry out the Main Street Design Assistance Program throughout Georgia. The University of Georgia also receives an allocation through HPD to provide preservation assistance to local governments through the Office of Preservation Services. In 1993, the Historic Preservation Division completed a inventory of all State-owned historic resources as a precursor to future development of a comprehensive State-owned historic building stewardship program.
The Department of Community Affairs (DCA) has also assisted communities with numerous preservation projects through its Local Development Fund, the administration of the Community Development Block Grant program to non-entitlement communities, and special appropriations.
In 1989, the General Assembly passed legislation to create an ad valorem tax freeze for owners rehabilitating historic residential and commercial property. Also in 1989, the State passed the Georgia Planning Act, mandating that all Georgia communities prepare a comprehensive plan, including a section acknowledging and planning for the future of historic resources.
Additional legislation passed by the General Assembly includes the Georgia Environmental

Policy Act of 1991 (GEPA), requiring that historic resources be taken into account for State funded projects. In 1995, Georgia passed legislation to allow for Judicial In Rem Tax Foreclosure, facilitating the process by which local governments and nonprofit entities can take tax delinquent property and make it available for affordable housing and neighborhood redevelopment.
The Georgia Civil War Commission and the Georgia State Capitol Commission were created by the General Assembly in 1993, to oversee and promote the preservation of these important and unique historic resources. In 1995, the Legislature created by resolution the Georgia Future Communities Commission to examine and make recommendations concerning the governmental, social, and economic issues confronting local governments.
Effects of State Involvement
State initiatives are creating a heightened awareness of the importance of historic resources and the active preservation of them. New State preservation commissions will generate increased attention to certain historic resources, as well as a need for close coordination among preservation partners. Downsizing of government, however, will cause all State agencies, including the Historic Preservation Division, to re-evaluate priorities and provide services in new ways.
Transportation Trends
Georgia is a state that is highly dependent upon its system of interstate highways, expressways, arterials and collector roads. The Georgia Department of Transportation has aggressively invested in construction of new roads and bridges, maintenance, rehabilitation and restoration programs. The road network includes 110,000 miles of public roads, with 18,000 miles classified as a part of the State Highway System. With the construction of new highways and the expansion of existing ones, the growth of the state transportation system will have a significant effect on the historic resources of Georgia.
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
The passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) by Congress in 1991 signaled the end of the Interstate era and the beginning of a new approach to transportation programs. ISTEA set out a new national transportation policy, shifting program emphasis from a single focus of building highways and bridges, to the creation and management of an integrated, multimodal transportation network.

Implementation of this new policy and the eligibility for federal funding is based on compliance with new planning requirements that include public involvement and an emphasis on local needs to formulate a Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP, a three-year action plan) and the Statewide Transportation Plan (a twenty-year policy document identifying projects for the STIP). In response to these requirements the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) created the Transportation 2000 Commission, a broad coalition of interested parties, which developed a new statewide transportation plan. In surveys conducted as part of the Commission's planning process, 97% of those polled agreed that public involvement in transportation program decisions should be a continuous process and 83% felt that we must resolve or prevent the harmful effects of transportation on the natural and built environment.
The new federal transportation act is having several effects on the preservation of Georgia's historic resources. The flexible funding provisions of ISTEA allow states to spend money not only on highways, but on mass transit and commuter rail systems. The Act also requires Georgia to spend at least 10% of its allocated surface transportation funds on enhancement activities which can include acquisition and rehabilitation of historic property, preservation and alternative use of abandoned railway corridors, and acquisition of easements on scenic areas or historic sites. State transportation plans must include other public policy concerns, and allow for flexible design standards for projects that affect areas of historic or scenic value.
Roads and Bridges
The expansion and maintenance of Georgia's system of highways and bridges continues to be the single most important element of Georgia's intermodal transportation system. The Georgia DOT's Developmental Highway System results in the widening of two-lane rural routes to four lanes and the continuation of these routes into and through many small communities. The proposed Outer Perimeter around Atlanta would affect fully one-fourth of the state through impacts to traffic, land use, air and water quality, and community economies. These "improvements" may encourage sprawl and occur at the expense of archeological resources, rural historic resources, historic bridges, downtown buildings or the loss of the small town, pedestrian character of communities in their path. On the other hand, improved roads sometimes allow the communities affected to recruit new industrial and commercial development and assist tourists and other motorists to more easily visit their shops and historic places.

Approximately 1300 bridges still in operation on the public road system in Georgia were built prior to 1940. Many of the bridges considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places have been determined "functionally obsolete," not meeting current design and safety standards. These bridges require widening or reconstruction which can result in loss of historic character.
It is important that as part of the ISTEA planning process and Section 106 review, communities make their concerns and objectives known, insuring that the designs for new or widened roads and replacement bridges take into account issues of historic resources and quality of life.
Intermodal Transportation
Public transportation is currently available to nearly 4 million Georgians (67% of the population), but the majority of use is concentrated in the urban and suburban areas. Survey results from the Transportation 2000 process show that 75% of those questioned would like to see improvements in the state's public transit systems. The further development of a statewide intermodal public transportation system including commuter rail, buses, and rail passenger service can minimize environmental concerns, reduce sprawl, and serve as an economic development tool. This approach could reduce the adverse impact of roads on historic resources as well as improve access to historic communities.
Railroads
According to the Georgia Transportation 2000 Commission, people throughout the state expressed overwhelming support for all types of rail improvements. Results of the GDOT survey indicate that 81% questioned would like to see improvements to passenger and commuter rail facilities and over 80% would be willing to pay increased fees, tolls or fares to support the cost of such improvements. Rail corridor preservation is another element of the rail improvement program. Preservation of abandoned rail corridors is critical to protect the rights of way, bridges and depots for future transportation use, and in the short term they can be utilized for walking paths, bike trails or greenways. Most of Georgia's rail corridors are historic as significant engineered structures. Many rail corridors include other historic buildings and structures, such as depots and water towers. The value of rail corridor protection is especially important in urban areas where the pressure to develop these areas is most acute. As rail lines continue to be abandoned by the railroads, and commuter rail perhaps becomes a reality in Georgia, more attention needs to be paid by the railroads to the preservation of these significant historic resources.
Airports and Port Facilities
As Georgia grows, the need for new or expanded ports and airports will also grow. The

construction of new airports and port facilities and expansion of existing ones can have an adverse effect on historic resources. Construction can affect historic buildings and archeological sites in the impacted area. Dredging for port access along the coast can destroy underwater archeological resources or alter currents, leading to coastal erosion. The creation of new airport facilities can create increased noise and air pollution and an increase in local traffic. When planning these types of facilities, it is important to look at the possible effects on historic resources early in the planning process in order to minimize or mitigate them.
Transportation 2000 Goals
The goals that emerged from the Transportation 2000 process provide a clear indication of the attitudes of Georgians toward transportation and historic preservation. These goals include: preserving the unique character of Georgia's developing small cities and rural areas; supporting a demonstration program that integrates transportation planning into the community planning process; providing transportation design that is integrated with architectural and planning design; providing for the rehabilitation and adaptive use of existing historic buildings and structures; and encouraging community planning that recognizes the uniqueness and diversity of Georgia's cities and neighborhoods.
Effects of Transportation Trends
Evolving public attitudes, new federal legislation, the development of comprehensive plans in accordance with the Georgia Planning Act, increasing interest in preservation of historic places and community character, and increasing public participation in transportation policy will eventually bring about change in the planning and design of Georgia's transportation system.
Tourism Trends
Tourism in Georgia is very big business. After agriculture, tourism ranks as the second largest industry in the state. The Georgia Department of Industry, Trade and Tourism estimates that in 1994, 39.47 million visitors came to Georgia, spending $12.3 billion, a 25% increase in tourist expenditures since 1989. The resultant impact of this wave of tourism is 387,659 jobs statewide,
$1.13 billion in State government revenue and $658 million in revenue to local governments. Much of this tourist activity takes place in Georgia's historic downtowns, at historic sites, or in historic rural areas, bringing both the opportunity to educate visitors about our historic resources, and to raise concern over the continued welfare of these resources.

With the Olympic Games in Atlanta in the summer of 1996, the city and state will be propelled onto the international stage, with residual effects that could last for years to come. The last Olympic city, Barcelona, experienced a 43% increase in tourism the year after the games. The exposure of the Olympics will help to illustrate the diversity of Georgia. The promotion of and visitation to historic districts and sites will play a major role in visitors' experience of the state.
Tourism studies show that the profile of the typical tourist is changing. People today take several short vacations and weekend trips rather than one long vacation each year. They tend to visit places closer to home. Growing segments of the tourism market are retired people and professionals with considerable disposable incomes. The African-American tourism market is also growing rapidly in Georgia.
Travelers are becoming more interested in looking for experiences off the interstate highways, traveling on two and four lane secondary roads. Taking advantage of this interest, communities have worked together to promote a critical mass of attractions such as the Antebellum Trail through central Georgia. By marketing historic districts, house museums, and landscapes, along with other attractions, communities can enhance their appeal to tourists. For this to happen, however, the historic resources must exist, be in good physical shape, be accessible to the public, and be interpreted accurately.
For an effective statewide heritage tourism strategy, Georgia must develop better regional and state heritage tourism marketing strategies, and also improve its "resource base" (i.e. buildings, sites, etc.). There must be something there and worthwhile for tourism professionals to market.
Historic properties already play a large role in the tourism economies of Savannah, Atlanta, coastal Georgia, Macon, Augusta, Columbus and the Georgia mountains. In addition, many smaller communities in Georgia are capitalizing on their historic appeal and Main Street affiliation, providing a quality experience for the traveler.
There has recently been an increase in visitation of sites important to African-American history.
Communities such as Savannah, Augusta, Macon and Atlanta have created walking and driving tours of historic African-American sites, helping to interpret this important aspect of Georgia's history. American Indian sites, such as New Echota and Etowah Mounds, continue to attract tourists. The Department of Natural Resources has taken the lead in managing and interpreting these sites as part of the state parks and historic sites system.
Other popular tourist destinations in Georgia are the state's Civil War battlefields and sites. The National Park Service manages several of these sites such as Andersonville National Historic Site, Chickamauga National Military Park and Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park. State and local governments in Georgia are active in preserving, protecting and marketing some

lesser known Civil War sites. Bringing the tourism potential of these sites to fruition can have a significant effect on local economies. The challenge is to be able to capitalize on these resources, while at the same time preserving and protecting the sites, vistas and open space that accurately convey the historic experience.
Effects of Tourism Trends
The preservation and promotion of historic sites, "heritage tourism," is a major component of tourism activity in Georgia. Up to 38% of visitors surveyed at Georgia Welcome Centers planned to visit historic or cultural sites during their stay. This percentage would grow significantly if Georgia were marketed more aggressively as a place to experience history. Currently, only a few areas are marketed that way, and heritage tourism is a much larger part of those areas' tourism industry. The popularity of heritage tourism can have a positive effect on the preservation of historic districts and sites by bringing economic benefits to their communities. In addition, the attention can raise awareness among local citizens to the importance of the long-term preservation of their historic resources.
On the other hand, heavy visitation to a historic site can result in deterioration if not carefully managed. Wear and tear, parking, insensitive adjacent development and inappropriate maintenance and repair can have detrimental effects on the integrity of historic property. As heritage tourism grows, it will become increasingly important for managers of historic sites and areas to be educated in the appropriate preservation techniques and methods necessary to maintain, interpret and protect these fragile resources.
Historic Preservation Trends
Historic preservation as a profession has broadened its scope in recent years and become more accepted as a discipline. This has led to the acceptance of professional and technical standards as well as the use of more sophisticated tools to accomplish preservation goals.
Education
Four universities and colleges in Georgia currently offer advanced degree programs in the preservation field. Historic preservation degrees are offered by Armstrong State College, Georgia State University, The Savannah College of Art and Design, and the University of Georgia. Formal training in the documentation, evaluation and protection of historic places can only increase the effectiveness of preservation programs and projects. Graduates of these educational programs have helped to raise the level of professional expertise in preservation and have brought an awareness of the preservation ethic to other fields such as architecture, landscape

architecture, planning, archeology, anthropology, law, and real estate development. More information about preservation needs to be provided to students pursuing degrees in these and other fields.
Even with the commitment by the higher education institutions in the state to the preservation field, much more education and training needs to be done. Public officials, especially local and State representatives need to be better informed about the benefits of historic preservation to their communities and the state. Workshops explaining historic preservation and its potential benefits need to be made available to developers, planners, government leaders, architects, and other professionals affecting historic resources. Owners of historic buildings and archeological sites need to be educated as to the importance of these places and the appropriate techniques to insure their preservation.
Most importantly, historic preservation needs to be taught on a widespread basis to school children throughout the state. Heritage education should include an awareness of historic buildings, districts and archeological sites as a tangible link to the history of the community, state and nation. The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation has sought to assist K through 12 teachers in making better use of their community's historic and cultural resources as a regular part of the school curriculum.
Those individuals involved directly in preservation projects such as contractors, craftspeople, architects and designers need to know not only the skills of their profession, but the overall goals of a restoration or rehabilitation project and to understand more about the philosophy that underlies decisions.
Information about current preservation techniques, materials and methods need to be available to those individuals making decisions about and directly affecting historic property.
Technology
Recent technological advances have also made archeological investigation less expensive and more accurate. Remote sensing devices have dropped in price and become more powerful, allowing investigators to locate and map sites without ground disturbance. Unfortunately, the widespread availability of this type of sophisticated equipment allows looters to locate and damage these sites as well. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is also being used much more frequently to assist with rehabilitation decisions for historic buildings and districts.
The use of sophisticated mapping techniques such as Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning Systems is assisting preservationists with architectural and archeological surveys.

This helps local planning agencies take historic sites into consideration when making land use decisions. GIS is perhaps the single most important technological improvement revolutionizing how survey data is stored, manipulated, and made available to others. GIS can speed up decision making, especially in planning and in Section 106 review, more than any other program improvement. Historic resource data is, unfortunately, not yet available in GIS format in Georgia except in a few regional or local planning agencies.
Current technology can also be used as an effective means of public education. Videotapes and interactive video conferencing can be low-cost alternatives to visiting individuals and communities in a state as large and diverse as Georgia. Use of the Internet, the Worldwide Web, image processing, and other relatively new technologies is just beginning to be used in the preservation field, but will certainly increase and revolutionize how preservation communication, training and assistance is done.
Computer technology is being increasingly used as an information management tool for historic resource survey data, as well as tracking programs and review projects within state and federal offices.
Partnerships
For preservation to be most effective, there must be a link between the private, public and nonprofit sectors working toward common preservation goals. Groups such as local historical societies, museums and preservation commissions need to work closely with the Historic Preservation Division, the university preservation programs, and statewide organizations like the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation, and on the national level with the National Park Service and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. In addition, these organizations need to find common ground with organizations that advocate similar goals such as the Trust for Public Land, the Georgia Conservancy, the Georgia Municipal Association, the Society for Georgia Archeology, and others.
Preservationists need to continue to bring their message to nontraditional forums that affect historic resources. Bankers, state and local officials and planners, educators, realtors and developers should continue to be informed about the uses and benefits of historic preservation.
Conclusions
Georgia is evolving into a very different place than it was fifty, or even twenty, years ago. Preservation will be more difficult in the future in the face of such change. Yet Georgians will

become more ardent supporters of preservation as a means of retaining the best of our past as we shape a new future.
With the rapid increase in population in some areas of the state, preservationists need to emphasize the education of new residents as well as decision makers to the economic benefits of preservation and to its use as an effective tool for growth management.
In areas of little growth, information needs to be distributed that explains how historic resources can help stimulate economic development through the use of existing infrastructure, downtown revitalization and the potential for tourism.
Preservation will be enhanced by the use of new technologies. Computer technology can accelerate the documentation, identification and location of historic resources, as well as information management. Public awareness of historic preservation and heritage education can be enhanced by using new methods of interactive communication.
With improved and greater amounts of information about the significance and location of historic resources, communities can be better informed and take historic places into account when planning for future growth and land use. New and better development models need to be created for communities, which emphasize sustainability and reuse of existing historic resources and infrastructure. Preservation is an important tool that can help citizens and agencies identify and preserve those aspects of their communities important to their quality of life.
Preservationists, whether working on the local, regional, state or national level cannot succeed without assistance from diverse groups and individuals with similar, interconnected goals. Establishing partnerships and relationships with like-minded organizations will strengthen the effectiveness of historic preservation, increase its constituency, and continue to solidify its widespread use and acceptance.
Table of Contents

CHAPTER FOUR
Historic Preservation and How It Works
Historic preservation is the process of identifying places, sites and resources that have survived from our past; evaluating the meaning and value they have for us now; and keeping, using and caring for those significant places, sites and resources so they will survive into the future. The preamble of the National Historic Preservation Act, passed by Congress in 1966, best expresses the value of historic preservation: "The spirit and direction of the nation are founded upon and reflected in its historic heritage; the historical and cultural foundations of the nation should be preserved as a living part of our community life and development in order to give a sense of orientation to the American people."
The preservation process is accomplished in a variety of ways. It may involve survey, evaluation and designation, legal protection, planning, archeological research and investigation, rehabilitation, interpretation, acquisition and/or adaptive reuse.
There is a growing desire to preserve Georgia's heritage and historic places as the state continues to change. The preservation constituency includes historic property owners and activists, planners and developers, elected officials and professionals, African-Americans and American Indians, archeologists and architects, Civil War enthusiasts and Civil Rights activists, non-profit organizations and government agencies, academic institutions, environmentalists and downtown business owners, farmers and suburban dwellers, open space advocates and economic development specialists, children in classrooms and graduate students, the poor in need of housing and museum curators interpreting our history. They support historic preservation for different reasons; they see its value from different perspectives. Yet they are all preservationists.
Preservation is no longer just one thing, it is an ever-widening sphere of influence. It includes tourism, economic development, open space protection, heritage education, rehabilitation of historic buildings, community conservation, affordable housing, neotraditional planning, sustainable development, downtown revitalization, cultural celebration, archeology, design and craftsmanship. The challenge for the Historic Preservation Division is to meet the needs and provide services to a diverse constituency at a time when the demand for preservation is growing, historic places are disappearing, and the resources to meet demands are shrinking. The answer to this challenge lies in strategic planning and forming new partnerships. In the new century, preservation will be done by non-preservationists who incorporate the protection and use of historic resources into their own goals and activities.
Georgia boasts a strong and well-organized historic preservation network. Preservation of historic places began at the local level and continues to occur primarily at the local level through the commitment and actions of local people and organizations. Support, training, technical assistance, funding and direction are provided at the state level, with reliance on the federal infrastructure of laws, guidelines, criteria and funding. The decision to preserve historic

resources is usually made at the local level, either by property owners, preservation activists, local organizations, or local government. People at the local level then call on statewide agencies, universities, or organizations for help, or they use funds, incentives, or programs offered at the state level. Projects are carried out according to federal standards, often using federal dollars or incentives, or relying on federal laws and regulations.
Partnerships between different groups --each with unique abilities and resources--have been at the foundation of the preservation movement. Such partnerships will be even more important as we move toward the new century. It will not be possible for one organization, one level of government, or one group of people to fully represent all of the increasingly complex interests in preservation. Each group and organization will find it possible to accomplish their own preservation goals only by working in partnership with others.
Preservation at the Local Level
Historic preservation at the local level takes many forms. It ranges from individual preservation of a local landmark, such as a county courthouse, to the revitalization of a historic neighborhood or downtown. It could take the form of a preservation component in a comprehensive plan or the passage by city council of a historic preservation ordinance and the appointment of a preservation commission. All these activities are initiated within the local community, but can be encouraged and assisted by regional and state organizations.
Local Historic Preservation Planning
With the passage of the Georgia Planning Act of 1989, communities all over the state have had the opportunity to examine where they are, evaluate what they have, and determine where they want to go. The identification and evaluation of historic resources is a required component of this planning process. By integrating historic preservation into the overall comprehensive planning process, local governments are being asked to consider the relationship between preservation and other aspects of community life. Historic preservation should be considered as communities plan for economic development, determine future land use, formulate a housing strategy or plan transportation improvements.
The basis of any preservation planning process should be an inventory and evaluation of existing historic resources (see Appendix A). From information gathered from comprehensive plans submitted for State review from around Georgia, it is evident that some communities do not have adequate inventories on which to base their evaluation. Although a "windshield survey" may be a helpful first step in gaining a broad, general impression of what and where a community's historic resources are, a detailed survey is needed for serious planning and preservation efforts. The Historic Preservation Division provides funding for comprehensive, standardized surveys. Unfortunately, since 1988 only about 24% of the state has been surveyed using this program due to the small amount of funds available. A recent analysis of comprehensive plans concluded that almost 40% do not contain an adequate inventory of existing historic resources. Without a good inventory as a basis for evaluation it is difficult for communities to arrive at meaningful goals and implementation strategies relating to their historic resources. Given the low funding level available to the Division for historic resource

surveys, local governments and preservation organizations need to find additional sources of funds for this activity which is the foundation of all preservation efforts.
Analysis of the historic resources component of comprehensive plans revealed that communities with Main Street programs, Certified Local Governments, and those that relied on a historic preservation planner at the Regional Development Center produced the best historic resource sections of comprehensive plans. This suggests that when trained preservation professionals or volunteers are active at the local level, historic resources receive more serious consideration.
Local Historic Preservation Commissions
The number of historic preservation commissions has increased rapidly over the past twenty years. In 1976 there were 492 historic preservation commissions across the country. By 1993, that number had increased to 1,863. From 1981 to 1992 the number of commissions grew by over 200%. The majority of these commissions represent small and mid-sized communities. Nationwide, 64% of local preservation commissions function in communities of less than 50,000, and of these, one-third have populations under 10,000. The number of commissions in small towns continues to grow.
In Georgia the increase is even more dramatic. Georgia had only seven historic preservation commissions in 1976, but by 1995 the number had grown to 74, following the passage of the Georgia Historic Preservation Act of 1980. From 1981 through 1994, the number of commissions grew almost 500%. Along with this phenomenal growth has come increased need for training, information and funding. Nationwide and in Georgia, 87% of local preservation commissions receive technical assistance and information from the State Historic Preservation Office.
Whatever the motivation, communities are adopting preservation ordinances in Georgia at the rate of about 8 per year. People living in historic areas in Georgia are seeking and implementing this type of local regulation and protection.
A 1992 study by the Athens Observer illustrates one of the reasons why communities and neighborhoods are opting for local designation. The study looked at the average increase in fair market value for 15 streets or neighborhoods in Athens from 1986 through 1992. Four of the 15 were in locally designated historic districts, while the other eleven were not. Research showed that in the eleven non-designated areas, property values increased by about 30%, but in the four designated historic areas the value jumped 130%. A similar study in Macon also found that property values increased significantly more in neighborhoods designated as local historic districts than in comparable non-designated neighborhoods.
In addition to enhancing property values, local historic district designation can help attract private investment to downtown areas, improve the livability of residential neighborhoods, utilize existing infrastructure, and empower local residents to help make decisions about how their community will change and grow.
Certified Local Governments

In 1995, 44 Georgia communities participated in the Certified Local Government (CLG) Program. These communities have chosen to enter into a "preservation partnership" with the Historic Preservation Division and the National Park Service. By passing a historic preservation ordinance and establishing a local commission that complies with the Georgia Historic Preservation Act, these communities have made a commitment to actively protect their historic resources. This partnership establishes a relationship between the local government and the state and federal agencies providing historic preservation services. CLGs benefit by receiving technical assistance and they are eligible for federal grant funds from the Historic Preservation Division.
CLG participation as a percentage of total preservation commissions is significantly higher in Georgia than the national average. In Georgia almost 60% of commissions are CLGs while nationwide only 48% of commissions are.
Other Local Preservation Efforts
Non-profit preservation organizations lead local preservation efforts in all of Georgia's major cities. Their functions and services vary from one town to another, but all are leaders in advocating for preservation. Main Street programs that promote downtown revitalization through economic restructuring, organization, design and preservation, and promotion are bringing historic downtowns back to life in 35 cities. Local heritage museums house archival collections and genealogical resources, and present exhibits on local history and culture. Countless individuals become active in local issues to protect historic resources. Owners of historic property continue to protect and rehabilitate their historic properties, sometimes without even realizing that they are the backbone of the historic preservation movement.
Needs at the Local Level
The most requested assistance from the local level is funding for the preservation of specific structures within communities. Rehabilitation projects can be expensive, and local governments and non-profit organizations often do not have the means to carry out these projects without help. In addition, communities and individuals need technical assistance on current preservation techniques, materials and design.
Local governments need more funding to undertake and update comprehensive historic resource surveys to better understand their historic resources and how to plan for their future. Historic resource inventories can also serve to educate the community and local officials about the location and significance of historic places.
Communities also want assistance with enactment of historic preservation ordinances and creation of historic preservation commissions. Those communities that already have commissions are in need of more training for commission members. In a recent National Alliance of Preservation Commissions survey, 35% of Georgia's commissions stated that they have had no training in the last two years. Few commissions have funds to send their members to training; of the commissions responding, 79% said they have no budget at all. Local and State officials also need education in the economic, aesthetic and legal aspects of historic preservation.

Local governments and commissions need more and flexible tools to implement historic preservation programs. For example, many communities outside of Georgia have enacted "Conservation Districts" that allow communities to shape change in areas that are special assets but that do not yet qualify as historic. Financial incentives tied to local designation or a tax credit for residential rehabilitation would act to stimulate the preservation of resources.
Regional Historic Preservation
Many historic preservation activities span municipal boundaries. Local governments must often work together on a regional level to accomplish their preservation goals. In addition, especially in rural areas of the state, local expertise on historic preservation is not available. Georgia has in place a network of Regional Development Centers (RDCs) which provide planning assistance throughout the state. Since 1978, Regional Preservation Planners have been on staff at most of the RDCs to assist local governments, groups and individuals with historic preservation activities. Currently, fourteen of the seventeen RDCs employ a Regional Preservation Planner.
This program has been extremely effective in bringing the programs of the Historic Preservation Division and other preservation related activities to regional and local constituents. With the passage of the Georgia Planning Act of 1989, the state has mandated that all communities create a comprehensive plan. Since RDCs produce many of these plans, the Regional Preservation Planners have had the opportunity to integrate the preservation of historic resources into the planning process.
The size of Georgia and the large and growing number of requests for assistance make it virtually impossible for the Historic Preservation Division to provide all the assistance, visit all the projects, prepare all the plans, and respond to all the requests for help in Georgia. Support for continuation and expansion to all areas of the state of the Regional Preservation Planning Program is essential for the future of preservation.
Statewide Preservation Network
One of the hallmarks of preservation in Georgia is the strong statewide network and coordination among the various preservation interests throughout the state. Georgia is recognized nationally for the strength, size and accomplishments of its many preservation organizations, including the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation, the Historic Preservation Division, the Georgia Alliance of Preservation Commissions, Georgians for Preservation Action, UGA's Office of Preservation Services, the Georgia Civil War Commission, the African-American Historic Preservation Network, the Society for Georgia Archeology, and the four colleges and universities that offer degrees in historic preservation, among others. With so many preservation leaders in Georgia's preservation movement, the challenge becomes coordinating efforts so that all preservation organizations communicate one preservation message, avoid duplicating services or activities, and work toward shared goals.
Public funding for preservation activities and projects is provided primarily by the Historic Preservation Division. The Division passes a large portion of its state and federal appropriations through to state and local government agencies, non-profit organizations, and others in the form of grants and contracts for projects. The Georgia Civil War Commission assists with funding

for battlefield acquisition and other preservation projects related to Civil War resources.
The majority of preservation services are provided by the Historic Preservation Division, the Georgia Trust, and the Office of Preservation Services at the University of Georgia, with much help and cooperation from many others. The Historic Preservation Division provides a full range of services, including survey, National and Georgia Register of Historic Places nominations, planning assistance, environmental review, funding, information and education services, tax incentives, architectural technical assistance, archeology technical assistance, training, advocacy, assistance with local government preservation activities and ordinances. The Georgia Trust administers house museums and offers services ranging from heritage education, Main Street design assistance, and a statewide revolving fund, to advocacy, scholarships and awards, and information and education. The Office of Preservation Services provides hands-on assistance and training to local governments, information and education services, community planning and design assistance, and advocacy. Many other agencies and organizations provide additional preservation assistance and services.
Advocacy on preservation issues is coordinated by Georgians for Preservation Action and the Georgia Trust. Georgians for Preservation Action (GaPA) is a grassroots alliance coordinated by the Georgia Trust that brings together all of the major preservation groups, all regions of the state, and diverse perspectives to develop a coordinated approach for advocating the protection of historic places and support for preservation programs and funding in Georgia and at the national level. The Georgia Trust effectively represents its 9,300 members through advocacy activities at the local, state and national levels.
Historic preservation policy of the State of Georgia is carried out primarily by the Historic Preservation Division. The Division implements or monitors laws and regulations pertaining to historic resources, proposes or comments on new legislation that would promote preservation goals, prepares the historic preservation plan for Georgia, and provides advice on preservation policy to the Governor, the Commissioner of Natural Resources, and other agencies. The Division carries out its duties and administers its programs uder legislative authority of federal and state law.
Georgia is fortunate to have so many strong and successful statewide preservation leaders. As the preservation constituency continues to broaden; as preservation issues become more complex; as the emphasis for preservation continues to shift to the local level; as funding and programs that support preservation shrink; and as change continues to transform Georgia, statewide organizations and agencies must double their efforts to coordinate and support one another to provide the most effective preservation program possible.
Federal and National Preservation Support
The federal government provides the foundation upon which many local and state historic preservation activities are built. The National Historic Preservation Act, passed in 1966 and amended in 1980 and 1992, defined national policy on historic preservation, established the National Register of Historic Places, created the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and created the system of State Historic Preservation Offices through which preservation funds and

services are provided. Sections 106 and 110 of the Act establish the responsibility of all federal agencies to inventory, designate, and protect historic properties which they own, and to take historic resources into account in federally funded, licensed and permitted activities.
The National Park Service (NPS) administers the Historic Preservation Fund, from which annual appropriations are made to support the mandated activities of State Historic Preservation Offices. The NPS also administers the National Register of Historic Places, and many other programs and activities essential to preservation. The National Register criteria and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards have become the benchmarks by which historic resources and preservation activities are measured. The NPS also develops preservation technical information and distributes it nationwide.
The National Trust for Historic Preservation is the national non-profit historic preservation organization that was chartered by Congress in 1949. The National Trust operates house museums, provides funding for preservation projects, advocates for preservation, provides information, provides membership services, and works in cooperation with state and local organizations to help preserve historic places. Its regional offices are especially helpful in providing technical assistance and funding for preservation projects.
Other national organizations, including the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, Preservation Action, the Society for American Archeology, and many more, work to promote the preservation and protection of historic places.
Conclusion
The historic preservation network is growing. As the network grows, it becomes more complex, with more issues to cover and more points of view to consider. Yet this network of organizations, agencies, and individuals has developed into an effective and committed movement working to shape the future of communities in Georgia and throughout the nation.
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CHAPTER FIVE
Goals and Objectives for Preservation
A plan is useful only if it is put into action. A vision of a better future is only a dream unless it is accompanied by ongoing commitment, strategic focus, and hard work to turn the vision into reality. Therefore the heart of The Preservation Plan for Georgia's Heritage is this set of goals and objectives that are designed to guide the Historic Preservation Division in doing its part to bring the collective vision for preservation into reality. Many other preservation partners must plan their own set of actions in order for the goals for preservation to be fully realized. Some suggestions for these actions are contained in Chapter 6, A Call to Action. The objectives and planned actions in this chapter are those of the Historic Preservation Division.
GOAL 1: Achieve widespread public awareness and involvement in historic preservation in Georgia.
Annual Objectives
1.1 Increase awareness of DNR management, staff and boards of the value and means of preserving historic and archeological resources on state lands and water bottoms, with particular emphasis on the proposed Coastal Zone Management program.
1.2 Simplify survey, National Register, tax incentive, grant, and other forms and facilitate their use wherever possible.
1.3 Annually seek input from groups not traditionally involved in preservation - including American Indian, African-American, and physically challenged populations - in the development of priorities, funding, criteria, and historic resource programs of HPD.
1.4 Annually, through press releases, workshops, state conferences, publications and project assistance, increase the understanding that historic preservation is a factor in sustainable development through reuse of existing infrastructure, redevelopment of downtowns and intown neighborhoods, recycling of buildings, and reduction of landfills by reducing demolition.
1.5 Annually cosponsor with the Georgia Trust the statewide historic preservation conference.
1.6 Annually plan and hold events for Historic Preservation Month and Archeology Awareness Week in May.
1996 Objectives
1.7 By June 30, 1996, expand legislators' understanding of HPD programs and needs through sponsorship of annual targeted tours and meetings with key members of the Legislature during the DNR budget development process.

1.8 By December 31, 1996, establish an advisory committee on archeology to advise HPD on general archeological policy and program directions.
1.9 In April, 1996, participate in a statewide heritage education seminar sponsored by the Georgia Trust.
1.10 By December 31, 1996, design and implement a new communications strategy for HPD that articulates HPD's vision, strengthens external and internal communication, and promotes a better understanding of historic preservation to the media and the general public, including: cultivation of media contacts through regular press releases and story ideas; internal policies on workshops, conferences and publications; new logo and graphics design for all written materials; updating of Fact Sheets, Helplines and other handouts; implementation of a revised schedule and format for a regular newsletter and monthly news sheet and redefinition of HPD job responsibilities in this area; and use of the electronic media to get the preservation message to a broader public.
1.11 In April, 1996, cosponsor with the Garden Clubs of Georgia a House and Garden Pilgrimage.
1.12 By May, 1996, establish regular preservation technology information sessions to promote awareness within the architectural community.
1.13 By June 30, 1996, develop a referral list of preservation consultants, in cooperation with other statewide organizations.
1.14 By December 31, 1996, complete an archeology heritage education project sponsored by the Society for American Archeology.
1.15 By December 31, 1996, revise the National Register application package to make it more user-friendly; clarify minimum documentation requirements; and simplify application and nomination procedures.
1997 Objectives
1.16 By June 30, 1997, develop a professional development program plan for all HPD staff -for consideration by all DNR Divisions -- that includes the following: linkage to the University System, providing low-cost courses and training to state employees; advanced public policy training for top-level managers and program associates; on-site and off-site training; funding to support professional development of every HPD associate on an annual basis; formal orientation of new associates that covers all Divisions and responsibilities of DNR; and crosstraining of associates.
1.17 Host the Southeastern SHPO annual meeting in 1997.
1.18 By March, 1997, prepare and publish proceedings for the conference, "Telling Her Story: Expanding the Past of Georgia's Women Through Historic Places."

1.19 By December 31, 1997, reconsider HPD priorities for National Register nominations, and offer regular workshops to professionals who prepare nominations.
1.20 By June 30, 1997, accelerate the rate and scope of identification and evaluation of historic properties to meet preservation needs.
1.21 By June 30, 1997, define a typology of historic commercial buildings.
1.22 By June 30, 1997, develop a memorandum of understanding with the University of Georgia on the management and expansion of the Georgia Archeological Site File.
1.23 By December 31, 1997, develop with GDOT a historic context on Georgia agriculture with special emphasis on agricultural outbuildings and landscapes.
1998 Objectives
1.24 In 1998, assist the City of Savannah in hosting the National Trust for Historic Preservation annual conference.
1.25 By June 30, 1998, produce a tourist's guide to publicly accessible archeological sites and exhibits in Georgia.
1.26 By December 31, 1998, conduct and distribute a study on economic benefits of historic preservation.
1.27 By June 30, 1998, make the HPD heritage education slide show and African-American heritage video available to school systems throughout the state.
1.28 In 1998, publish a book on historic places in Georgia associated with women, if funding is secured.
1.29 By January 1, 1998, in partnership with the Georgia Alliance of Preservation Commissions, the Georgia Trust, the UGA Office of Preservation Services, GMA and ACCG, seek additional funding and implement a strengthened local government preservation initiative, including increased delegation of regulatory functions, training for preservation commissions, a defined HPD Community Planning Assistance program, and annual preservation awareness training for local elected officials during their organizations' meetings.
1999 Objectives
1.30 In 1999, provide staff support for the Vernacular Architecture Forum annual conference if held in Georgia.
GOAL 2: Gather information about all historic resources in Georgia, and make the information accessible for planning, advocacy and educational purposes.
Annual Objectives

2.1 Annually promote and cosponsor the Georgia Centennial Farm program and incorporate information gathered through the program into the historic resource inventory.
2.2 Develop standard approaches to providing to the public information about historic and archeological resources developed as part of the Section 106 process.
1996 Objectives
2.3 In March, 1996, sponsor a conference, "Telling Her Story: Expanding the Past of Georgia's Women Through Historic Places," to gather information about women's history and preservation.
2.4 By December 31, 1996, complete the final phase of the Georgia's Living Places project, including distribution of technical materials and a heritage education unit.
2.5 By December 31, 1996, develop a historic context on resources from the recent past.
1997 Objectives
2.6 By June 30, 1997, initiate development of a DNR/HPD Geographic Information System (GIS) for historic and archeological resources and preservation projects, to promote access and use of HPD data and program information by local governments, HPD, RDCs, state agencies, and others.
1998 Objectives
2.7 By June 30, 1998, develop on-line capability to allow libraries, universities, consultants, local governments, and non-profits to access information on HPD programs and on historic and cultural resources.
2.8 By June 30, 1998, develop a streamlined procedure for revising and updating National Register historic district nominations listed between 1969 and 1990, to add contributing properties, redefine boundaries, and/or extend periods of significance.
2.9 By December 31, 1998, complete an inventory of Civil War-related historic and archeological resources along the route of the Atlanta Campaign, including GIS capability, in cooperation with the Georgia Civil War Commission and the National Park Service.
1999 Objectives
2.10 By June 30, 1999, work with the Centennial Farm program cosponsors to create and distribute a publication about Georgia's Centennial Farms and agricultural heritage.
2000 Objectives
2.11 By December 31, 2000, develop at least three archeological contexts.

GOAL 3: Secure financial and legal tools sufficient to preserve the significant historic resources in Georgia.
Annual Objectives
3.1 Annually seek to increase to $5 million the Georgia Heritage 2000 grant funding, in order to meet existing needs for historic property rehabilitation, African- American heritage initiatives, local government initiatives, and a heritage museum assistance program.
1996 Objectives
3.2 By June 30, 1996, work with preservation partners to prepare draft legislation and a strategy for passage and implementation to allow for income tax deduction for rehabilitation of owneroccupied historic places.
3.3 By August, 1996, develop a central clearinghouse of information on economic incentives related to preservation.
3.4 By December 31, 1996, hold a training session on the tax credit process for consultants.
1997 Objectives
3.5 By December 31, 1997, hold regional training sessions on the state tax program for local tax assessors.
1998 Objectives
3.6 By June 30, 1998, seek the funding and support necessary to carry out the legally mandated underwater archeology responsibilities in Georgia.
GOAL 4: Strengthen and expand the coordinated network of all historic preservation organizations throughout the state.
Annual Objectives
4.1 Annually develop and distribute a list of research needs for studies, contexts, and reports that will further the preservation of historic places and advance the state historic preservation program in Georgia.
1996 Objectives
4.2 By June 30, 1996, work with preservation partners to prepare draft legislation and the strategy for passage and implementation for the Georgia Historic and Cultural Museum Program.
4.3 Establish better communication and coordination techniques with preservation and related organizations.

4.4 Define the HPD role and level of support for committees and task forces, including the Georgia Civil War Commission, the Georgia African-American Historic Preservation Committee and Network, the Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns, the National Register Review Board, the archeological advisory committee, and others, to achieve mutual goals and objectives.
4.5 By July 1, 1996, strengthen the visibility and role of the Georgia National Register Review Board, as the major advisory board of the Division.
4.6 By December 31, 1996, assist the Georgia African-American Historic Preservation Network in developing programs and actions that implement the "Georgia African-American Heritage Initiative" and Strategic Plan.
4.7 By December 31, 1996, develop agreements with local governments and RDCs, where warranted, to delegate to them Section 106 review in defined situations.
1997 Objectives
4.8 By July 1, 1997, restructure the Regional Historic Preservation Planning program and seek the funding needed to provide statewide coverage and full-time programs.
GOAL 5: Protect and use Georgia's historic places so that they may exist into the future.
Annual Objectives
5.1 Annually cosponsor with the Georgia AIA at least one Downtown Design Team visit to a Georgia community.
1996 Objectives
5.2 By June 30, 1996, work with HUD, the Georgia Housing andFinance Authority and the Department of Community Affairs to create an Interagency Task Force on Affordable Housing and Community Conservation, and continue implementation of the HPD Affordable Housing Initiative through directed technical assistance to CDBG applicants, a series of workshops on rehabilitation and design issues, and early identification and evaluation of historic resources in target areas.
5.3 By June 30, 1996, assist the Georgia Civil War Commission in integrating its land protection goals into the overall land protection goals of DNR.
5.4 By December 31, 1996, develop a system for ongoing training and information for DNR Divisions to assist them in protecting and interpreting historic and archeological resources owned by DNR according to current methods and laws.
5.5 By December 31, 1996, complete the special Flood Recovery Assistance program, including a video and report on the program.

5.6 By December 31, 1996, evaluate with the Georgia Trust the development of a program to draw attention and assistance to threatened and endangered historic properties.
1997 Objectives
5.7 In 1997, hold a workshop on the treatment and maintenance of tabby structures and ruins as part of the Southeastern SHPO meeting.
5.8 By January 1, 1997, convene discussions with the Georgia Department of Transportation on the development of alternative highway and bridge design standards for historic areas, to protect the character of these areas for the future.
5.9 By June 30, 1997, develop a disaster response plan for future emergencies, in coordination with the Georgia Emergency Management Agency and other organizations.
1998 Objectives
5.10 By January 1, 1998, evaluate opportunities and costs for HPD to develop a historic property easement program, and if warranted, plan for future implementation of the program.
5.11 By December 31, 1998, provide to all DNR Divisions an archeological survey system and financial structure for required ongoing archeological survey of state lands.
2000 Objectives
5.12 By June 30, 2000, develop a State-Owned Historic Resource Stewardship program, including state policy, funding, technical assistance, interpretation, and recommendations on State property acquisition.
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CHAPTER SIX
A Call for Action
The preservation of Georgia's historic resources cannot be accomplished by the Historic Preservation Division alone. The Division's mission is to promote the preservation and use of Georgia's historic places for a better Georgia. This plan is designed to guide the Division in carrying out its mission. Other purposes of the statewide preservation plan include providing information about historic resources and preservation to a new audience, and identifying the role others in the preservation network play in bringing the preservation vision into reality. Historic preservation organizations, state and community leaders, property owners, and preservation volunteers and supporters must develop their own plans for the future. However, these plans can be most effective if they are coordinated. The vision and goals in this plan are representative of the views of preservationists across Georgia. The vision and goals can become a point of consensus among organizations with different missions but similar interests.
This chapter does not attempt to tell others what to do; rather, it points out actions that others can take to address the important preservation issues in Georgia's future.
National Action Needed
Goal 1: Achieve widespread public awareness and involvement in historic preservation in Georgia.
Federal agencies and national non-profit preservation organizations must continue to improve information dissemination and outreach activities, including use of mass media and new technology to broaden the awareness and support for preservation.
Goal 2: Gather information about all historic resources in Georgia, and make the information accessible for planning, advocacy and educational purposes.
Continue federal funding for surveys and National Register nominations.
Assist with the development of Geographic Information Systems and other technological advances to share historic resource data.
Continue to develop heritage education curricula using National Register information.
Goal 3: Secure financial and legal tools sufficient to preserve the significant historic resources in Georgia.
Continue appropriations from the Historic Preservation Fund that provide the basic framework for many preservation activities using a highly effective public-private and federal-state-local partnership to deliver preservation services.

Enact legislation that would provide financial incentives for the preservation of historic homes and other resources that now have few incentives.
Goal 4: Strengthen and expand the coordinated network of all historic preservation organizations throughout the state.
Delegate more preservation decisions to the state and local levels but retain federal agencies' ability to protect national preservation interests and to mediate between competing state, local, public and private interests.
Goal 5: Protect and use Georgia's historic places so that they may exist into the future.
Focus more on training, increasing public awareness, and providing the legal framework and financial support for protection, rather than on control of preservation decisions.
Find solutions to technical preservation problems such as lead-based paint or successful sustainable development techniques, and rapidly distribute the information nationwide.
State Level Action Needed
Goal 1: Achieve widespread public awareness and involvement in historic preservation in Georgia.
Work in partnership with the Historic Preservation Division to more effectively communicate the preservation message to a broader audience.
Encourage and actively seek the participation of groups that have not traditionally been members of preservation organizations.
Develop partnerships with other organizations with similar goals, such as environmental groups, planning organizations, tourism organizations, and local government organizations, to encourage them to become active in preservation.
Goal 2: Gather information about all historic resources in Georgia, and make the information accessible for planning, advocacy and educational purposes.
Work cooperatively with the Historic Preservation Division to develop a Geographic Information System for historic resources so that data can be shared among state and other agencies, and historic resources can be included in State agency planning.
Contribute to the database of historic properties by carrying out studies and developing historic contexts identified as priorities by the Historic Preservation Division.
Seek federal and state funding for archeological site evaluation and recording throughout the state.
Goal 3: Secure financial and legal tools sufficient to preserve the significant historic resources

in Georgia.
Support efforts to increase the Georgia Heritage 2000 funding to meet existing needs for rehabilitation, surveys and planning, and special initiatives.
Participate in national efforts to retain federal preservation law, programs and funding.
Provide ideas and assist in the development of new state and federal legislation that would provide new protection or assistance to historic properties.
Goal 4: Strengthen and expand the coordinated network of all historic preservation organizations throughout the state.
Actively participate in the Historic Preservation Division's annual planning and public participation processs.
Establish better communication and coordination techniques with preservation and related organizations.
Assist local governments and organizations to become more effective in preserving historic places, by providing funding, training, technical assistance, legislative support, and encouragement.
Goal 5: Protect and use Georgia's historic places so that they may exist into the future.
Join in the expanding efforts to identify the costs of sprawl, the benefits of sustainable development, and the role historic preservation plays in defining community character.
Expand the use of easements, charitable donations of property, and other property-owner driven techniques of protecting historic places.
Participate in training local governments, preservation commissions, and preservation organizations in the use of preservation ordinances, planning, appropriate rehabilitation, and other methods of protecting historic properties at the local level.
Encourage the use of community development funds for rehabilitation of historic properties for affordable housing, community centers, and other needed projects.
Encourage State agencies to follow a stewardship policy of using historic buildings and incorporating the protection of historic properties into the management plans for State-owned property.
Local Level Action Needed
Goal 1: Achieve widespread public awareness and involvement in historic preservation in Georgia.

Increase efforts to broaden the public's knowledge and appreciation for historic preservation.
Get children involved in learning about and protecting their heritage.
Keep elected and appointed officials informed of preservation projects and activities in your community and make sure they know the benefits preservation brings to your community.
Include new groups in local preservation efforts; broaden the definition of who in the community is a preservationist.
Publicly recognize and thank individuals, organizations and businesses that assist preservation efforts.
Team up with other organizations with shared interests.
Use markers or signs to identify historic properties, and market historic places as a destination for tourists, businesses and residents.
Goal 2: Gather information about all historic resources in Georgia, and make the information accessible for planning, advocacy and educational purposes.
Find out what historic resources exist, and keep the information current.
Share all new historic re-source inventory data with the Historic Preservation Division and the Regional Development Center to insure its use in planning.
Actively advocate for improved regional and local planning and sustainable development.
Review the local comprehensive plan to determine if historic resources have been adequately addressed, and if preservation goals are integrated into land use, housing, transportation, community facilities, and economic development goals. Be involved in updating the plan, and track the progress made in implementing the plan.
Nominate eligible properties to the National Register of Historic Places.
Advocate the inclusion in surveys and in planning processes any special resource types, such as archeological sites, American Indian historic resources, Civil War battlefields, AfricanAmerican resources, or resources from the recent past.
Goal 3: Secure financial and legal tools sufficient to preserve the significant historic resources in Georgia.
Consider accepting delegated authority from the Historic Preservation Division for certain preservation decisions and programs.
Learn more about and promote the use of easements as an effective way to protect historic resources while providing economic benefits to the property owner.

Consider designating conservation districts as a way to preserve community character.
Develop local financial incentives for preservation, such as facade grants, land trusts or revolving funds.
Actively support statewide and national efforts to maintain the national and state preservation programs and funding on which local preservation efforts depend.
Support efforts to adequately fund the Regional Historic Preservation Planning program to provide statewide coverage and full-time services.
Join preservation advocacy organizations.
Goal 4: Strengthen and expand the coordinated network of all historic preservation organizations throughout the state.
Attend the annual statewide historic preservation conference, and bring a new member of the network with you.
Join preservation advocacy organizations.
Actively take part in the Historic Preservation Division's annual public participation opportunities for inclusion in its planning process.
Incorporate preservation into the mission of other organizations with similar interests.
Goal 5: Protect and use Georgia's historic places so that they may exist into the future.
Pass a historic preservation ordinance, establish a preservation commission, and apply to become a Certified Local Government.
Insure that local preservation commissions receive regular training, to more effectively protect local historic resources.
Join the Georgia Alliance and the National Alliance of Preservation Commissions.
Use available funds such as CDBG, ISTEA, Local Development Fund grants, and others to rehabilitate historic properties to meet community needs.
Learn how Section 106 and the Georgia Environmental Policy Act can help protect local interests and historic resources, then get involved in these processes.
Disseminate information on good preservation practices for historic property protection, restoration and rehabilitation.
Conclusion

Decisions to preserve or not preserve historic places are made at all levels of government. Policies made at one level of government affect the actions of another level of government. Private organizations can do certain things that public agencies cannot. Public agencies can provide certain services and assistance and enforce laws and policies that the private sector cannot. Preservationists in all spheres of influence depend on the cooperation of others to accomplish their goals. The same is true in Georgia. By agreeing to work in concert with one another to achieve the vision and goals of the state historic preservation plan, the effect of our efforts will be multiplied. Historic places thereby will have a better chance of surviving into the future.
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CHAPTER SEVEN
The Planning Process
An effective historic preservation plan must do many things. It must represent the considered views of those who will implement it and those who will be affected by its implementation. It must consolidate the myriad issues now confronting historic preservation and anticipate how those issues will play out in the future. The plan must be strategic by focusing on the highest priorities, effectively addressing threats and taking advantage of opportunities. It must be practical, yet present a vision and goals that push us beyond current practices and ways of thinking. Of equal importance to the preparation and publication of a planning document is the planning process from which the document was created, and the ongoing planning process that results in implementation of the plan. Implementation of a statewide plan would be impossible unless its goals were shared by many in the preservation constituency throughout the state.
This Plan was developed as a successor to A Vision for the Future: The Georgia Historic Preservation Plan, published in 1989. Preparation and implementation of a statewide comprehensive plan for historic preservation is required by the National Park Service for a State Historic Preservation Office's continuation in the national historic preservation program. The Historic Preservation Division is also required to produce an "action plan" to implement the DNR Strategic Plan, which was adopted in late 1995. This plan fulfills both requirements.
Public Participation Phase I
The planning process began in earnest in November, 1994 when the Historic Preservation Division distributed a questionnaire to seek the comments, concerns and priorities of the general public and preservation constituencies. Although less than 100 responses were received, the questionnaires that were returned represented a broad spectrum of organizations, areas of the state, professional disciplines, volunteer activities, and perspectives. The Division also made three presentations to the Georgia National Register Review Board at progressive stages in the process, to present findings and get feedback from the Division's advisory board.
In January and February of 1995, a series of six Planning Forums was held in Decatur, Dalton, Savannah, Fitzgerald, Columbus, and Washington. The Forums were widely advertised through the print media and personal invitations, and were attended by 411 people from many communities and organizations. The Forums were structured to provide information to the audience, then to elicit through discussion, written responses, and voting, specific views on historic resources, preservation programs, threats to resources, opportunities for preservation, services from the Historic Preservation Division, and goals for this Plan. The Forums were lively, well-attended, and productive. They brought into focus the widely varying viewpoints on preservation and historic places, and the widely varying needs for preservation services throughout Georgia.
Following the Planning Forums, a Preservation Roundtable session was held at the Statewide

Historic Preservation Conference in February, to present the top preservation goals that emerged from the Forums, and to ask the participants to suggest high priority objectives to help reach each of the goals.
In-depth interviews were then conducted during the spring with a selected group of Georgia's preservation leaders, bringing the first phase of public input to a close.
Data Collection and Analysis
After public comments were analyzed, they were presented to the Historic Preservation Division staff at a planning retreat. The public comments, other findings from data analysis, special reports on preservation topics, and the study of local comprehensive plans formed the basis for staff input into the Division's mission statement and the Plan's goals and objectives. Data on historic resources, historic contexts, and distinctive aspects of Georgia history that were covered in depth in the first statewide historic preservation plan, A Vision for the Future, were reviewed and updated, but remain valid. This data formed the basis for the summary information on historic resources and for the historic resource based goals and objectives in this Plan.
Plan Development
The written plan was developed throughout the summer and fall of 1995, based on the public input, historic resource data, and trends analysis that had been completed earlier. Highlights from this analysis were shared with the Georgia National Register Review Board, Georgians for Preservation Action, and selected preservation leaders for reaction as the Plan developed. The Department of Natural Resources Strategic Plan, which was in development at the same time, helped shape the Georgia Historic Preservation Plan.
Public Participation Phase II
The draft Plan was reviewed by a panel of readers selected to represent a broad cross-section of opinions, regions, professional expertise, and areas of interest in preservation. Comments and feedback from these thirty-seven readers were used in revising the Plan.
Plan Implementation
The Georgia Historic Preservation Plan is designed to be put into practice, not sit on a shelf. Therefore an annual Action Plan will be developed by the Historic Preservation Division. The Action Plan will include specific actions that HPD will undertake in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the Plan. Accountability for the actions is insured by input from the public and the Georgia National Register Review Board and by assignment of each action to an HPD staff member. In addition, the Georgia Historic Preservation Plan and the annual Action Plan will be widely distributed to interest groups and the public to encourage them to work in partnership to achieve the goals and the vision for preservation in Georgia. HPD will seek public input each year as it evaluates the Historic Preservation Plan and prepares the Action Plan.
Revising the Plan

The Georgia Historic Preservation Plan is designed to guide HPD's historic preservation programs, policies, and services through the year 2000. The effectiveness of the Plan will be continuously monitored, and the annual Action Plan will allow for adjustments each year. The overall Plan will be thoroughly re-evaluated in the year 2000 to determine its validity for the future.
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CHAPTER EIGHT
In Conclusion
How shall we look ahead and shape Georgia's future? By first looking back. Grady Clay, radio commentator, veteran observer of cities and author of Real Places, says, "figuring out how your place came to be is the first step to knowing what to do next....Keeping a running, truthful account of how places get shaped, shifted, thwarted, and aborted is one of the most important jobs in your city and mine." This is what historic preservation does. In faithfully preserving historic places we tell the true story of how our communities and state became the places they are today. Georgia's historic places provide our identity as Georgians. As the state continues to change at an ever-increasing pace, we need links with our past to provide a sense of self and of place. Preservation of historic resources provides economic benefits that cannot be duplicated by new development. Preservation encourages more sensible development patterns that make our communities more livable. Our vision for Georgia in the new century must include our historic resources.
The historic places that make Georgia special will not preserve themselves. If they are to survive in the face of rapid change, we must plan ahead and work together to ensure their survival. The task will not be easy, for preservation takes the long view in a society that looks for the quick fix. Preservation is a decision for quality of life, when most decisions are based only on the short-term bottom line. Preservation requires cooperation among many partners when the trend is toward separation and competition. But we must succeed.
What is the alternative? A Georgia where communities have disappeared into nameless, repetitive areas of endless sprawl, devoid of character. A Georgia whose major cities have lost their center to suburbanization. A Georgia whose children lose hope in the future because they have no sense of the accomplishments of their past.
Each community leader, preservation organization, historic property owner, preservation supporter, elected official, and Georgia citizen has a stake in the future of Georgia, and each of us has a vital role to play in preserving our heritage for the future.
The Historic Preservation Division will strive to fulfill its mission to promote the preservation and use of historic places for a better Georgia. The Division will do all it can to turn the new vision into reality. Whether this vision will one day come about will be determined by a thousand individual decisions. The choices we make and our commitment to the vision for preservation will decide Georgia's future. The future is now. Will we accept the challenge?
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APPENDIX
Historic Preservation Element of the Local Comprehensive Plan
The Georgia Planning Act of 1989 created the framework for local comprehensive planning in Georgia. The Act requires inclusion of a historic preservation element along with land use, transportation, housing, economic development, recreation and other elements. For preservation to be effective, it must be fully incorporated into a community's planning and decision making process.
The Department of Natural Resources' Historic Preservation Division provides survey and planning asssistance to communities throughout Georgia. HPD compiles historic property survey data statewide and disseminates it through the Regional Development Centers. Technical assistance and state and federal funding are available to assist Georgia communities in surveying historic properties. Approximately ten new community surveys are completed each year. Limited federal funding is available for planning, National Register evaluation and registration, local government programs, archeological research and information/education activities. HPD staff and RDC Historic Preservation Planners can provide assistance with planning and any other preservation activities.
Model Community Preservation Plan
I. Identification of Local Historic Properties
A. Preliminary area analysis B. Outline of local developmental history C. Statement of unique or distinctive aspects of local prehistory, history and historic properties D. Field survey of historic properties (optional)
II. Evaluation of Current Trends and Influences on Historic Preservation
A. Analysis of population, economic, land use, housing, transportation, and other change in the community B. Analysis of opportunities for preservation C. Analysis of threats to preserving local historic properties
III. Community Consensus on Goals and Priorities for Preservation of Historic Properties (Include: elected officials, community leaders, preservation organizations, special interest groups, historic neighborhoods, business leaders, major institutions, and civic organizations)
IV. Identification of Tools, Strategies, and Actions Needed to Achieve Community Goals
A. Public awareness B. Field survey of historic properties, if needed C. Evaluation and designation D. Legal and regulatory protection E. Financial incentives F. Community development, downtown or neighborhood revitaliza- tion programs
V. Action Plan and Implementation

These five steps outline the process any community should follow in developing a comprehensive historic preservation plan. The process incorporates the three federal standards for preservation planning. The Department of Natural Resources' Historic Preservation Division provides survey and planning assistance to communities throughout Georgia. Technical assistance and limited funding are available for developing local preservation plans, conducting surveys, National Register evaluation and registration, developing protection strategies, and information and education activities.
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