POWER GENERATION AND RELATED WATER USE IN GEORGIA
By
Julia L. Fanning, Glenn A. Doonan, Victoria P. Trent, and Roger D. McFarlane
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
INFORMATION CIRCULAR 87
Cover: Eagle and Phenix #1 and #2, hydroelectric power plant in Columbus, Georgia in September 1989
Photo courtesy: Darrell Dorminey, U.S. Geological Survey
POWER GENERATION AND RELATED WATER USE IN GEORGIA
By Julia L. Fanning, Glenn A. Doonan, Victoria P. Trent, and Roger D. McFarlane
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Joe D. Tanner, Commissioner
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director GEORGIA GEOWGIC SURVEY
William H. McLemore, State Geologist
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Atlanta, Georgia 1991
INFORMATION CIRCULAR 87
CONTENTS
Page
Abstract..................................................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ ................ ........ ... .. .......... ... ................. 1
Purpose and scope ............................................................................................................................................................3 Data collection ..................................................................................................................................................................3 AcknowledgiDents .............................................................................................................................................................5 Terminology in water-power development .......................................................................................................................5 Common types of power-generating plants ......................................................................................................................6 Thermoelectric plants.......................................................................................................................................................6 Hydroelectric plants .........................................................................................................................................................6 Data requirements for potential power development......................................................................................................? General setting......................................................................................................................................................................8 Historical water-power developments in Georgia............................................................................................................9 Present-day water-power developments in Georgia ........................................................................................................9 Effects of drought on power production .........................................................................................................................11 Water used for power production ....................................................................................................................................11 Summary ............................................................................................................................. ... ... ............ .............. ............. ... .15 Selected references.............................................................................................................................................................15
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7. Figures 8.-11.
Map showing the power-generating facilities in Georgia by major river basin..............................2 Map showing the average annual precipitation and runoff for 1951-80 and physiographic
provinces in Georgia........................................................................................................................4 Schematic diagram of steam-electric generating facility with once-through cooling.....................6 Schematic diagram of a hydroelectric dam .........................................................................................6 Schematic diagram of a pumped-storage facility................................................................................? Annual precipitation and departure from average annual precipitation at selected
stations, 1980-87 .............................................................................................................................12 Annual flow and departure from average annual flow at selected stations, 1980-87...................13 Graphs showing: 8. Total power production in Georgia 1980-87................................................................................14 9. The comparison of 1986 monthly flows for the Etowah River at Canton and monthly
power generation at Allatoona Reservoir with long-term means ..........................................14 10. Surface-water withdrawal for thermoelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85...........14 11. Surface-water withdrawal for hydroelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85 .............15
Table 1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
6.
TABLES
Power-generating plants in Georgia by physiographic province, 1980-87..........................................8 Power-generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87 .............................................................18 Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87 ..........................................................................................22 Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87.............................................................................................27 Total power production in Georgia, 1980-87 .......................................................................................10 Total surface water used for power production in Georgia, 1980-87 ...............................................10
iii
CONVERSION FACTORS
The following factors may be used to convert inch-pound units to metric units (International System):
Multiply
By
To obtain
inch (in.)
foot (ft) mile (mi)
l&!1:t!l
25.4 0.0254 0.3048 1.609
millimeter (mm) meter (m) meter (m) kilometer (km)
square mile (mi2)
gallon (gal) million gallons (Mgal) billion gallons (Bgal)
259.0 2.590
Volume
3.785 3.785 0.003785 3,785 0.003785 3.785
hectare (ha) square kilometer (km2)
liter (L) cubic decimeter (dm3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic hectometer (hm3) cubic hectometer (hm3)
cubic foot per second (ft3/s)
million gallons per day (Mgalfd)
billion gallons per day (Bgal/d)
28.32 28.32
0.02832 43.81
0.04381 43.81
liter per second (L/s) cubic decimeter per second
(dm3/s) cubic meter per second (m3/s) cubic decimeter per second
(dm3 / s ) cubic meter per second (m3/s) cubic meter per second (m3fs)
iv
POWER GENERATION AND RELATED WATER USE IN GEORGIA
By
Julia L. Fanningll, Glenn A. Doonanll, Victoria P. Trentlf and Roger D. McFarlanell
ABSTRACT
In 1987, total freshwater use in Georgia averaged about 5.8 billion gallons per day. Surfacewater withdrawals totaled about 4.6 billion gallons per day, of which about seventy-five percent was used for cooling purposes at thermoelectric power generating plants. Although the amount of water used for thermoelectric power production in Georgia is large, only about 0.12 billion gallons per day is consumed with the remainder being returned to the source water bodies. Additionally, about 45 billion gallons per day of surface-water was used instream for hydroelectric power generation.
The water used and power produced at 18 thermoelectric and 39 hydroelectric plants, located in or adjacent to Georgia, are presented for the period of 1980 through 1987 to show the relation that exists between water use and power generation. Droughts, such as those that occurred in 1981 and 1986, significantly affect power production, especially hydroelectric power. For example, in 1980, an average of about 55 billion gallons per day of water was used to produce 5,520 gigawatt-hours of power at 39 hydroelectric plants. Then in 1981, a drought year, only about 32 billion gallons per day was used to produce 2,960 gigawatthours of power at these same plants.
INTRODUCTION
Georgia's population and electrical power demands are growing rapidly. The 1980 population of approximately 5.4 million people is expected to grow to about 7.0 million by the year 2000 (University of Georgia, 1986). With this growth will come an increasing demand for electrical power. Georgia Power Company, the State's largest private utility, supplied four times as much power to its customers in 1987 as it did in 1963 (George Guill, Georgia Power Company., oral comm., 1988).
The primary sources of electrical power for Georgia are steam-electric and hydroelectric generating plants. The terms "steam-electric" and "thermoelectric" are used synonymously throughout this report because the vast majority of Georgia's thermoelectric plants are steam driven. The thermoelectric plants are designed to operate continuously, supplying normal electrical demands, whereas the hydroelectric plants furnish the additional power required during peak-demand periods. The locations of 57 of Georgia's largest thermoelectric and hydroelectric plants are shown in figure 1.
1/u.s. Geological Survey
YGeorgia Geologic Survey
1
E.XPLANA'flON
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llUlC'I'RJC OENillV.TINO !!..ANTI; AND IDENTIFICATION NUMIJE'R
021973269
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0~1711500
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Hydroeltcuic.
Eluwol, Rj\'er
... .,, C;~~:n.ton CONTINUOUS.RBCORDOAGINO STATION 02392000 AND fO ElNTIFICA'nON NUMBER
Efbeuon2...N PRECIPITATION STATION AND IDENTIFICATION NUMB6R
IG
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J0
.CO 50 MIUSS
o J
1
1
1
11
'r
' 1
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10 lO lO
lOI<lWMRTl!l!$
-
Figure I.--Power-generating facilities in Georgia by major river basin, 1980-87.
2
Both thermoelectric and hydroelectric plants require large volumes of water to generate electricity. Most of the water withdrawn for power production in Georgia is from surface-water sources with very little ground water used for this purpose. In 1987, an average of about 3.4 billion gallons per day were withdrawn from Georgia waters to operate 18 utility company thermoelectric power plants. An additional estimated 45 billion gallons per day were used in-stream for power generation at 39 of the State's hydroelectric power plants.
Georgia receives an abundant supply of rainfall, averaging about 50 inches per year (fig. 2). Consequently, many of the State's rivers have flows sufficient for power production. However, critically low streamflow conditions, such as those experienced in 1981 and 1986, can force utility companies to alter their normal operating practices. Hydroelectric power plant operations are especially affected by drought. For instance, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineer's Hartwell plant, a large hydroelectric facility, produced only half as much power in 1981 as in 1980. For these same two years, the power generated at Georgia Power Company's Plant Bowen, the largest thermoelectric plant in the State in 1981, remained about the same.
Purpose and Scope
This study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey, as part of a water-use program. The purpose of this report is to present and summarize data on electric power production in Georgia, and the amount of water used to generate this power. The report is based on power-production and water-use data for 39 hydroelectric and 18 thermoelectric power plants operated from 1980 through 1987. These 57 plants are located either in or adjacent to Georgia (fig. 1) and all use water from streams or aquifers in Georgia.
The 39 hydroelectric plants range in size from large, Federally-owned plants to small, privatelyowned plants. All but six of the Georgia hydroelectric plants listed in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission report, "Hydroelectric Power Resources of the United States - Developed and Undeveloped- January 1, 1988," were included
in this study. The six plants that were excluded from this study are all very small operations, each having generating capacities of less than 2,000 kilowatts.
The 18 thermoelectric plants included in this study represent all the utility company plants of this type that were operating in or adjacent to Georgia during 1980 through 1987. Of these, 15 plants use conventional fossil fuel (coal, oil, gas) as an energy source and three use nuclear fuel (uranium). All 18 thermoelectric plants use steam to drive their turbines. Georgia's privately-owned non-utility thermoelectric plants were not included in the study because power-production data for these plants are not readily available.
Data Collection
Data on the amount of water used for the production of electrical power were compiled for 57 power plants. These data were gathered from a variety of sources. The Environmental Protection Division (EPD) of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources was a major source of information. Water users who withdraw more than 100,000 gallons per day are required to obtain a permit to operate, and to report monthly water-use figures every quarter to the Water Resources Management Branch of EPD. As part of the Georgia Water-Use Program conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with EPD, power plant owners/operators are contacted on an annual basis to obtain general information on facility practices and operations. Hydroelectric plant owners also provide power-generation figures for each month and a conversion coefficient (gallons of water per megawatt hour of electricity) for the plant. Water use for hydroelectric plants was estimated using a conversion routine in the Georgia Water-Use Data System (GWUDS) and cross-checked with information reported to EPD.
Thermoelectric (including nuclear) power generation figures were provided by the Department of Energy EIA-759 monthly power plant reports (U.S. Department of Energy, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984a, 1985, 1986, 1987). This information was cross-checked with data obtained from the Westinghouse Hanford Company report, "Estimated Water Use of Power Plants- Georgia", 1984 (U.S. Department of Energy, 1984b).
3
APPALACHIAN PlATEAUS
VALLEY AND RIDGE
PRECIPITATION
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
EXPLANATION
- 60- LINE OF EQUAL AVERAGE PRECIPITATIONInterval variable, in inches
- 15 -
LINE OF EQUAL AVERAGE ANNUAL RUNOFFInterval variable, in inches
g
50 MilES
I , , ' I 01 I '
SO KILOM trERS
RUNOFF
Figure 2.--Average annual precipitation and runoff for 1951-80 and physiographic provinces in Georgia.
4
Basic information about power plant location, fuel source, generating capacity, year service began, drainage area and average flow of the water source were obtained from records of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), power plant operators, and the following reports: "National Hydroelectric Power Resources Study'' (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981), "Hydroelectric Power Resources of the United States" (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 1988), and "Inventory of Power Plants in the United States" (U.S. Department of Energy, 1987). Hydrologic unit codes of the stream basins were determined from USGS hydrologic unit maps. Also, each facility was assigned a unique identification number that corresponds to the USGS downstream order number of the supplying stream at the point of the facility intake. This identification number was used throughout the tables in this report.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the assistance provided by George Guill, Georgia Power Company; and James Fox and Roberto Del Valle, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Atlanta, whose cooperation helped make this report possible. The authors also are indebted to the power plant owners and operators who provided data and other information about the plants. Special thanks are also extended to Robert F. Carter, U.S. Geological Survey [retired], for his enthusiastic support of this study and his many valuable contributions and suggestions during the preparation of this report.
TERMINOLOGY IN WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT
It will be helpful for the reader to understand the intended meaning of a number of commonlyused power-development terms in this report. They are as follows:
Boiler - a vessel into which water is fed through a piping system. Heat is used to convert the water to pressurized steam.
Condenser - a container where the steam used to drive the turbine is converted back into water. Cool water circulates inside a separate system of pipes inside the condenser unit and causes the spent steam
5
to be cooled and to condense on the outside of the cooling pipes.
Dam - a structure across a watercourse to control the flow, provide storage, and increase the elevation of the water to produce a higher head. The water contained by the dam is, in effect, stored energy. Gates in the dam regulate the flow of water.
Generator - a device that produces electricity. It consist of two parts: A stationary coil of copper wire and a magnet that rotates inside the coil of wire. The magnet is attached to and is driven by a turbine rotor. As the magnetic field issuing from the magnet moves across the coil of wire, an electric current is created.
Head - the difference between the reservoir level at the dam to the water level at the river below. The difference in height between the headwater and the river below provides a direct measure of the potential energy available for conversion to electricity.
Hotwell/condensate pump - the hotwell is a basin at the bottom of the condenser that provides an area for the condensate to collect. The condensate pump forces the water back to the boiler.
Hydroelectric power - electrical power that is generated from water power.
Penstock - a large pipe that directs water from the reservoir to the turbine(s) in the hydroelectric power station.
Reservoir - a place where water is collected and stored for use. The main function of a reservoir is to stabilize the flow of water usually by regulating the amount of supply as it is needed.
Thermoelectric power - electrical power that is generated by using fossil fuel, nuclear energy, or geothermal sources. In Georgia, most of this type power is generated at steam-driven power plants using oil, gas, or coal combustion or the fission of uranium to generate steam.
Turbine - a machine having a rotor with many small blades or vanes that can be driven by the pressure of water or steam directed at or passing through the blades. Turbines are used to convert potential energy in the form of pressure or head to mechanical energy to drive generators.
COMMON 1YPES OF POWER-GENERATING PLANTS
Thermoelectric Plants
Thermoelectric power plants use steam, or in some instances another gas, to drive a turbine, which drives a generator to produce electricity. Figure 3 shows the basic design of a steam-driven thermoelectric plant. Water is heated in a boiler with a fuel source such as gas, coal, oil, or nuclear fission to produce high pressure/high temperature steam. The steam is then directed onto the turbine blades. The steam drives the turbine which then drives the generator. Electricity is produced in the generator as a magnet rotates inside a large coil of copper wire setting up an electric current.
STEAM TIJRBINE GENERATOR
Once the steam passes through the turbine, it enters the condenser where it is cooled and converted to water. The condensate then is collected in the hotwell and pumped back into the boiler to begin the process again. The same water is recycled constantly with only small amounts lost through leakage. The cooling system of the condenser, however, may require large volumes of water. The once-through cooling sys~em is the most commonly used system in Georgia. Oncethrough cooling draws the cooling water from its source and discharges the heated water directly to the same or adjacent water course so that cooling water passes through the plant only once.
Hydroelectric Plants
Hydroelectric power is generated by releasing water from a reservoir or dam through a turbine, which drives the generator. When the magnet in the generator moves across the coil of wire inside the generator, an electrical current is produced. Thus, the kinetic energy (energy in motion) of the falling water is converted to the mechanical energy of the rotating turbine, which in turn, is converted to the electrical energy produced by the generator (fig. 4). Once the water passes through the turbine, it usually is released downstream.
Figure 3.--Schematic diagram of steamelectric generating facility with once-through cooling. [Modified from Epsey, Huston, & Associates, 1985.]
Figure 4.--Schematic diagram of a hydroelectric dam. [Modified from Epsey, Huston, & Associates, 1985.)
6
Hydroelectric plants are usually classilieJ as storage plants or run-of-river plants. At storage plants, a reservoir is created which has sufficient capacity to allow the operator to store water during wet periods for use during dryer periods. A run-ofriver plant has only a small reservoir which can store very little water. Thus, the run-of-river plant can only use available streamflow.
In recent years, the addition of pumpedstorage capability to hydroelectric plants has become common. At these plants, water discharged from the turbines is collected in a downstream reservoir and later pumped back to the upstream reservoir during periods of off-peak power demand. This water is used again for power generation during the next peak-power demand period (fig. 5).
About two thirds of the power generating plants in Georgia are hydroelectric plants. The natural continuous flow of water in streams makes hydroelectric power generation a relatively inexpensive and clean method of prod.ucing electricity.
At night when customer demand for energy is low, water is pumped to a storage pool above the dam.
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR POTENTIAL POWER DEVELOPMENT
The potential for development of hydroelectric and thermoelectric power is contingent upon the availability of a dependable supply of water. The power-facility planner needs to have a clear understanding of the location and the availability of water to make educated decisions concerning plant design and the amounts and the uses of the water that is withdrawn.
Streamflow data are very useful for evaluating the proper site selection and design of thermoelectric and hydroelectric power plants. Records of streamflow and stream-stage over a long, continuous period of time provide lhc most useful information for these studies. However, records of minimum and/or maximum flows can be very helpful in lieu of continuous data. The USGS maintains records of streamflow for hundreds of stream sites in Georgia. In 1987, there were 115 continuous streamflow-record-gaging stations and 105 peak-flow-only stations in Georgia.
When demand is high and a heavy load is placed on the system, water is allowed to flow back through the turbine-generators.
Figure 5.--Schematic diagram of a pumpedstorage facility. [From DOl, Bureau of Reclamation, 1983.]
Flow-duration analysis of continuous streamflow records is helpful in determining a prospective power plant's generating capacity. This type of analysis provides information on the percentage of time selected design flows are expected to be equalled or exceeded.
7
Draft-storage analysis also is readily performed using continuous-record flow data. The objective of this analysis is to determine the amount of reservoir storage needed to provide the water to produce the desired amount of electricity. Using historic streamflow data, proposed waterwithdrawal rates can be tested to evaluate the amount of stored water needed during times when streamflow is inadequate for water-use requirements. Records for years of critically low streamflows often are used for draft-storage analysis because they represent worst-case watersupply conditions.
Flood-flow data also is necessary when a reservoir is planned. This information is useful for the estimation of design floods. The design flood is then used to help determine such things as the physical dimensions of the dam and spillway structures.
GENERAL SETTING
Hydroelectric and thermoelectric power production requires large amounts of water. Fortunately, water is one of Georgia's most abundant resources. There are 10 principal river basins in the State; the Savannah, Altamaha, Satilla, St Marys, Suwanee, Ochlockonee, Apalachicola, Mobile, Tennessee, and Ogeechee (fig. 1). Statewide, the average annual precipitation is 50 inches and the average annual runoff is 15 inches (Carter and Fanning, 1982). However, as figure 2 shows, average annual rainfall and runoff vary greatly across the State, with both generally decreasing from north to south.
Georgia encompasses parts of five physiographic provinces (fig. 2); the Appalachian Plateau, the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain (Fenneman, 1938). Physical and hydrologic characteristics vary widely among these provinces, however, each has sufficient water resources for power production.
Northwest Georgia lies within the Appalachian Plateau and the Valley and Ridge provinces. In this area, average annual rainfall ranges from about 48 to 56 inches and runoff from about 16 to 24 inches. Numerous springs discharge into streams causing base-flow runoff to vary among the streams in this area. The larger streams in this region, such as the Etowah and Oostanaula, are characterized by low stream-gradients and wide flood plains.
The Blue Ridge province m northeastern Georgia is the most mountainous of the five provinces. Most streams have steep gradients. The mean annual rainfall and runoff in this area are the highest in the State, ranging from about 54 to 76 inches and 24 to 48 inches, respectively.
The Piedmont province, in the north-central part of the State, has an average annual rainfall of about 44 to 64 inches and average annual runoff of about 10 to 32 inches. The streams generally have moderate slopes with occasional rapids and even a few waterfalls.
The Coastal Plain province is in the southern half of the State. Streams in this province generally have very mild slopes with wide, wooded flood plains. Average annual rainfall in this area ranges from about 44 to 56 inches and average annual runoff ranges from less than 10 to 24 inches.
Power plants are located in each of the five physiographic provinces except the Appalachian Plateau. The number of hydroelectric and thermoelectric plants located in each province are in table 1.
Table 1.-Power generating plants in Georgia by physiographic province, 1980-87
Physiographic province
Hydroelectric plants
Thermoelectric plants
Total power plants
Appalachian
0
Plateau
Valley & Ridge
3
Blue Ridge
7
Piedmont
25
Coastal Plain
4
0
0
2
5
0
7
7
32
9
13
Total
39
18
57
8
IDSTORICAL WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN GEORGIA
As Georgia was settled, the use of falling water to produce power for flour and grist mills, saw mills, cotton gins, furniture factories, tanneries, and a variety of other small industries was common. Power was harnessed directly by using water to turn paddle wheels which drove the desired machinery. Because of its relatively steep stream gradients and numerous shoals, north Georgia was particularly suited to this falling-water power production. The city of Augusta made exceptional use of this type water power. In 1845, work began on the Augusta Power Canal to bring water from the Savannah River into the city for powering manufacturing machinery. This project was so successful that Augusta was called the "Lowell of the South" after the prominent manufacturing community of Lowell, Massachusetts.
Unfortunately, many Georgia cities were not as suitably located as Augusta, and their growth was hampered by limited available water power until the use of electrical power to operate machinery became feasible. With the development of electricity came the development and use of water power. Falling water could be used to operate turbine-driven generators and the electrical power could then be delivered to the cities and towns by transmission lines. In 1889, a study of the water-powers of Georgia was initiated by the thennamed Geological Survey of Georgia (Hall, 1896). Hall reported "Very few of the large water-powers of Georgia are utilized. This is a fact, not from lack of energy and enterprise in the people of the State; but because their energy has, heretofore, been directed mainly to agriculture and commerce, and not to manufacturing. But a rapid change is taking place in this respect; and it is all the better for our future, that this, the dawn of the age of electricity, has found us with undeveloped powers...". Hall (1896) documented a number of "great powers, in the State, that are running to waste" and presented a survey of power utilization at that time.
By 1921, when the third report on the water powers of Georgia was written (Hall and Hall, 1921), a substantial amount of hydropower development had occurred in Georgia. According to Hall and Hall (1921), about 24 hydroelectric power plants were then being operated with a
combined total capacity of about 182,000 kilowatts. The largest of these plants was the "Diversion Dam" at Tallulah Falls with a total capacity of about 72,000 kilowatts. The use of falling-water power to produce electricity was well underway with many projects under construction and even more being planned.
While hydroelectric power production was developing, steam-electric (thermoelectric) power also was coming into increasing use. Although less obvious than with hydroelectric power, water also is very important in steam-electrical power generation for both the steam to drive the turbines and for cooling purposes. In 1955, there were 24 steam-electric plants (11 utilities and 13 industries) listed as Georgia water users in the Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 65 (Thomson and others, 1956).
PRESENT-DAY WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN GEORGIA
In 1987, there wer.e 45 hydroelectric plants operating in or adjacent to Georgia, according to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission report "Hydroelectric Power Resources of the United States - Developed and Undeveloped - January 1, 1988." There were also 18 utility-company thermoelectric plants producing power in 1987. Table 2 summarizes pertinent information about all of these plants except six small hydroelectric plants for which data were not readily available. The combined total capacity of the 57 plants listed in table 2 was approximately 21,000,000 kilowatts with thermoelectric and hydroelectric plants accounting for capacities of about 19,000,000 kilowatts and 3,000,000 kilowatts, respectively.
Most of the power produced in Georgia comes from thermoelectric plants. These plants are capable of producing large amounts of power and running continuously. They require large volumes of water for cooling purposes. Table 3 lists the amounts of water used and the power produced from 1980 through 1987 by 18 thermoelectric plants in or adjacent to Georgia. Water withdrawn for these plants surpassed all other water uses in the State in 1987, totaling 57 percent of all ground-water and surface-water offstream withdrawals (Trent and others, 1990). However, it should be noted that only about 4 percent of the water withdrawn was consumed and not returned to the source.
9
A listing of the water used and power produced at the 39 hydroelectric plants for the 1980-87 period is presented in Table 4. The plants range in generating capacity from 500,000 kilowatts at the Federally-owned Carters Plant on the Coosawattee River to 240 kilowatts at Georgia Power Company's Estatoah Plant on Mud Creek. In 1987, the 39 hydroelectric plants produced about 4,700 gigawatt-hours (4,700,000 megawatt-hours) of electricity using an estimated average of 45 billion gallons of water per day. Of the 39 plants listed, 25 are storage-reservoir plants and the other 14 are
run-of-river plants. Three of the hydroelectric plants (Russell, Wallace, and Carters) have pumped-storage capability.
A listing of power produced by the 57 plants from 1980 through 1987 (table 5), indicates that the thermoelectric plants provided about 95 percent of the total power generated. Conversely, table 6, a listing of water used by these plants for that same period, indicates that hydroelectric plants by far use the largest amount of water.
Table 5.--Total power production in Georgia, 1980-87 [Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Type of plant
Power production in gigawatt-hours
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
Thermoelectric Hydroelectric
Total
63,700 5,520
69,200
65,500 2,960
68,500
67,400 4,430
71,800
74,400 5,480
79,900
82,200 5,460
87,700
90,100 3,690
93,800
85,200 3,610
88,800
94,700 4700
99,400
Table 6.--Total surface water used for powerproduction in Georgia, 1980-87 [Figures may not add exactly because of independent rounding]
Type of plant
Total surface water used in million gallons per day
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
Thermoelectric Hydroelectric
Total
3,140 55,300
58,400
3,000 32,100
35,100
2,480 47,600
50,100
2,620 56,700
59,300
3,250 56,200
59,400
3,430 41,900
45,300
3,440 34,100
37,500
3,410 45,200
48,600
10
EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON POWER PRODUCTION
Because power production is very waterdependent, natural variations in weather patterns can affect the amount of power produced. Deficient precipitation results in reduced streamflows and less water available for hydroelectric power production. Abnormally low precipitation also may be accompanied by increased demands for electricity to power pumps, air conditioners, and other equipment.
The 1980-87 period shows the close relation between rainfall and power production in Georgia. These eight years have been characterized by several periods of deficient precipitation and streamflow. Precipitation and streamflow observed at several locations in the State during the 1980-87 period, and their relation to long-term averages are shown in figures 6 and 7. In 1981, many streams experienced their lowest rates of flow since the notable drought of 1954 (Carter, 1983). Also, pool levels at Hartwell Lake and Lake Sidney Lanier were at their lowest levels since they were first filled (Carter, 1983). During the 1986 water year (October 1985 through September 1986), annual runoff was the lowest on record for such long-term stations as Oconee River at Dublin (89 years), Chattahoochee River at Columbus (57 years), Etowah River at Canton (59 years), and Coosa River near Rome (55 years) (Stokes and others, 1987). Although there is a general upward trend in annual power production from 1980 through 1987, 1981 production was less than the production in 1980 and 1982 (fig. 8, table 5). Similarly, 1986 power production was less than that in 1985 and 1987 (fig. 8, table 5).
Hydropower production is affected more by drought than is thermoelectric-power production. Small run-of-river plants have little storage or reserve capacity and are sometimes forced to cease operation during drought. Even large storagereservoir hydropower plants are affected, as can be seen from a review of hydropower plant production listed in table 4.
During 1986, monthly power production at the Allatoona hydroelectric plant was much lower than the long-term average (fig. 9). Monthly mean flows for January through September at the Etowah River at Canton gaging station which accounts for almost half the drainage basin of Allatoona Reservoir, were also very low compared to longterm averages. Although streamflow for the inflow station was near normal for October through December 1986, the power produced was still well below average. This was because the reservoir pool was still low from prior streamflow deficits.
WATER USED FOR POWER PRODUCTION
The amount of water used to generate both thermoelectric and hydroelectric power in Georgia has increased with the growth in population and the increased demand for electric power (fig. 10 and 11). Power production at the thermoelectric and hydroelectric power generating plants withdrawing water from streams and aquifers in Georgia has increased from about 69,000 gigawatt-hours in 1980 to about 99,000 gigawatt-hours in 1987 (fig. 8, table 5).
In 1987, the water used by 18 thermoelectric power plants totaled about 3,410 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) (table 6) and accounted for about 75 percent of the total off-stream use of surface water in the State. The largest use of water by a single thermoelectric power generation facility (986 Mgal/d) was at the Harlee Branch Plant in Putnam County in the Altamaha River basin (table 3).
The in-stream use of water by 39 hydroelectric power generating facilities was about 45,000 Mgaljd in 1987 (table 6). This was the largest use of water in the State. The largest use of water by a single hydroelectric facility was at the Walter F. George facility, which used about 4,800 Mgal/d (table 4). Four other hydroelectric facilities used in excess of3,000 Mgal/d (table 4).
11
80.---------------------- - - , 80 -
Rome 30
Athens
60 1r-zca, -~ 1,;... >J W?1 V/b:l P'i -~ p;;..,.)ll -~v o ; ;:;A ~ I r;-y.:..;; :a
60 ~
7
40
40
80 Elberton
rF 60 0
-3
0
5
I I W~I
40
20
20
20
0"
II
II
II
t I
11
II
I 1
fj
1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987
0
1980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987
0
1.980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987
~ 80 .---------------------------~
80 .
.
80 .
~ =
15
..Z......
60 I F////1 - I o r;;;; r:=:; ... ;:...- W , N4J
= P777...& \1177 ..r:A o..-?JA & .r771
Monticello 60 L
18
Waynesboro 2 NE
60 ~
26
z
0 40
40
40
t ~
u.... 20
20
20
I-'
1:\.)
g:r.il 0 1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987
0
1.980 1981 1!HI2 1983 1984 1!HI5 1986 1987
0
1.980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1!HI5 1986 1987
80 ~------, Albany 3 SE 38
60
80 Tifton Experiment Station 29
60
80 . Savannah WSO AP
60 ~
" 10
14
40
40
40
20
20
20
0" I I
!I
PI
II
II
II
II
II
1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987
0
1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1!HI5 1986 1987
0
1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
u Annual precipitation, in inches, 1980-87.
rm Departure from average annual precipitation, in inches, 1980-87
EXPLANATION - - Average annual precipitation for reference period, 1951-80.
11 Departure from average annual precipitation, in percent
Figure 6.--Annual precipitation and departure from average annual precipitation at selected stations, 1980-87.
Briar Creek at Millhaveo 02198000
1,000 .----------------------~ Period of analysis: 1937-87
9
11
Alapaba River at StateovUie 02317500
2,500 r---------------------------------~ Period of analysis: 1932-87
2,000
76 84
!z:!
0u 500
J:l;1 f'-l
1,500
IVI//<1 V/4 1.,000
t _,-,u ZA' !;>;:/_,)')
JJ:::''~ .:::j ; ........ A I
I f,-,."'//4J
~
~
ti
~
.u..
0 !!
I I
II
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
II
e
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
z...
ii
0
FliDt River Dear CuUodeo 02347500
ti
Etowah River at Caotoo 02392000 2,000 r - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - ----,
.....
w
~
Period of analysis: 1912-21,1929-30,1937-87
3,000 ~
18
Period of analysis: 1897-1905,1937-87
23
27
~
1,500
~
~ 2,000
1,000
~
1,000
500
O"
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
0 II
II
I I
II
I I
I I
I I
II
II
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
u Annual flow, in cubic feet per second, 1980-87.
EXPLANATION --Average annual flow for period of analysis
~ Departure from average annual flow, in cubic feet per second, 1980-87
9 Departure from average annual flow, in peiCent
Figure 7.-Annual flow and departure from average annual flow at selected stations, 1980-87.
100,000 90,000 80.000
60,000 L __ _,___
1980 1981
_ . __
1982
__.__
1983
_ _ ._ _ ..___ _,___
1984 1985 1986
_J
1987
Figure 8.--Total power production in Georgia, 1980-87.
5,000
>~ -
~ 4,000
~
~ 3,000
~
a; 2,000
t
I 1,000
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Figure 10.--Surface-water withdrawal for thermoelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85.
2,~----------------------------------,
2,000 1-
I I Mean monthly flow for Etowah River at
--~ 1 . .- Canton, 1951-80
L')()()()6j Monthly mean flow for Etowah River at
~ Canton, 1986
- 30,000
- 25,000
Mean monthly hydroelectric power generation at Allatoona Reservoir,
1980-87
- 20,000
v <onthly hydroelectric
/ Mpower generation at
-
~ Allatoona Reservoir, 1986 " [ ~
\ .--,....-...r".._
- i'i
>< X 10,000
I "~ - ~-'~VII
5,000
r--'-. rn ~.
o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. ocr. NOV. DEC .
Figure 9.--Comparison of 1986 monthly flows for the Etowah River at Canton and monthly power generation at Allatoona Reservoir with long-term means.
14
Figure 11.--Surface-water withdrawal for hydroelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85.
SUMMARY
Water has been used to produce power in Georgia since the early grist and saw mills and other small industries made direct use of falling water. Production of electricity using water power in Georgia began in the late 1800's and expanded rapidly in the early 1900's. In 1987, there were about 18 utility company thermoelectric plants and 45 hydroelectric plants operating in or adjacent to Georgia. During that year, the thermoelectric plants and 39 of the hydroelectric power plants in Georgia produced about 95,000 and 4,700 gigawatthours of power, respectively. There were 3.4 billion gallons per day (Bgal/d) of water withdrawn for cooling purposes for the 18 thermoelectric power plants and about 45 Bgaljd used in-stream to produce power at the 39 hydroelectric plants.
Extreme hydrologic conditions, such as recent
droughts, affect power production, as seen during
the period from 1980-87, a period of significant
climatic variability.
Thermoelectric- and
hydroelectric-power generation statistics for
individual plants and statewide totals during the
1980-87 period show that hydropower production is
affected by the reduced availability of water during
periods of drought.
SELECTED REFERENCES
Callahan, J.T., Newcomb, L.E., and Geurin, J.W., 1965, Water in Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1762,88 p.
Carter, R.F., 1983, Effects of the drought of 198081 on streamflow and on ground-water levels in Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 83-4158, 46 p.
Carter, R.F. and Fanning, J.L., 1982, Monthly lowflow characteristics of Georgia streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-560, 81p.
Carter, R.F. and Hopkins, E.H., 1986, Georgia water facts--surface water resources in the United States, in National Water Summary, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2300, p. 195-200.
Carter, R.F. and Putnam, S.A., 1978, Low-flow frequency of Georgia streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-127, 104 p.
Clarke, J.S., and Pierce, R.R., 1984, Georgia water facts--ground water resources in the United States, in National Water Summary, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2275, p. 179-184.
Espey, Huston, and Associates, Inc., 1985, Water and energy: an unprecedented challenge in resource management: Edison Electric Institute, Austin, Tx., 32 p.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 1989, Hydroelectric power resources of the United States - developed and undeveloped -January 1, 1988: U.S. Superintendent of Documents, FERC-0070, 264 p.
Fenneman, N.M., 1938, Physiography of Eastern United States: New York, McGraw-Hill, 714 p.
Gonzales, Serge, 1981, Inventory of data on lowhead hydropower sites in Georgia: Atlanta, Ga., Georgia Office of Energy Resources, 220 p.
15
REFERENCES--Continued
Hall, B.M., 1896, The water-powers of Georgia: Geological Survey of Georgia Bulletin No. 3A, 150p.
Hall, B.M. and M.R. Hall, 1921, Third report on the water powers of Georgia: Geological Survey of Georgia Bulletin No. 38, 316 p.
Hudak, GJ., 1984, State of Connecticut 1981, water use through power production: Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Natural Resources Center, Water Planning Report No. 10, 90 p.
Kundell, J.E., Roper, Daniel, Kelm, Marilyn, 1987, Interbasin and intrabasin transfers in Georgia: Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga., 95 p.
Sto~es, W.R., Hale, T.W., and Buell, G.R., 1987, Water resources data, Georgia, water year 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report GA-86-1, 446 p.
Thomson, M.T., Herrick, S.M., Brown, Eugene, Wait, R.L., and Callahan, J.T., 1956, The availability and use of water in Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 65, 329 p.
Til, R.V. and Scott, Grace, 1986, Water use for thermoelectric power generation in Michigan: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Detroit, Mich., in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, 42 p.
Trent, V.P., Fanning, J.L. and Doonan, GA., 1990, Water use in Georgia by county for 1987: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 85, 112 p.
Turlington, M.C., Fanning, J.L. and Doonan, GA., 1987, Water use in Georgia by county for 1985: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 81, 110 p.
University of Georgia, 1986, Land and water in Georgia: 2000: Subcommittee report on land and water resources, Athens, Ga, 49 p.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1987, Census of population, Georgia (interim report): Washington, D.C., unpub. report, July, 1986.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981, National Hydroelectric Power Resources Study: Water Resources Support Center, Davis, Ca., IWR82-h-12, NHS v. XII.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1981, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1980: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., v. 84, no. 13, 19 p.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1982, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1981: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration, Asheville, N.C., v. 85, no.13, 19 p.
1983, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1982: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 86, no. 13, 19 p.
1984, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1983: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 87, no. 13, 19 p.
1985, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1984: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 88, no. 13, 19 p.
1986, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1985: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 89, no. 13, 19 p.
1987, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1986: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 90, no. 13, 19 p.
1988, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1987: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 91, no. 13, 19 p.
16
REFERENCES--Continued
U.S. Department of Energy, 1980, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
1981, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
1982, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
1983, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
---- 1984a, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
---- 1984b, Estimated water use of power plantsGeorgia: Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory (HEDL), Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland, Wa., Contract no. DEAC06-76FF02170, B&R no. 40-04-00-0,36 p.
----- 1985, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
1986, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
1987, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
---- 1987, Inventory of power plants in the United
States 1987:
Energy Information
Administration, Washington, D.C.,
DOE/EIA-0095 (87), 293 p.
U.S. Department of the Interior, 1983, Hydropower, water at work: Bureau of Reclamation, PB127A, 32 p.
Weatherford, Gary, Nardi, Karen, Osterhoudt, Frank, and Roach, Fred, eds., 1982, Acquiring water for energy: Institutional aspects: Center for Natural Resources Studies, John Muir Institute, Inc., under contract to Los Alamos National Laboratory and the U.S. Department of Energy, ISBN-0-918334-42-X, Water Resources Publications, 259 p. 1
17
Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87
Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner
Type/
Fuel source
County
Hydrologic Water source/
unit
Reservoir
Year
Capacity
in service (kilowatts)
BURTON 02178500- Georgia Power Company
NACOOCHEE 02179150 - Georgia Power Company
TERRORA 02179500- Georgia Power Company
TALLUlAH 02181570 - Georgia Power Company
TUGALO 02181600 - Georgia Power Company
YONAH 02181650 - Georgia Power Company
HARTWELL 02187250 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
RUSSELL 02189004 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN
Hydro storage
Rabun
03060102
Hydro storage
Rabun
03060102
Hydro storage
Rabun
03060102
Hydro storage
Rabun
03060102
Hydro storage
Habersham 03060102
Hydro storage
Stephens 03060102
Hydro
Hart
storage
03060103
Hydro storage
Elbert
03060103
THURMOND
Hydro
02194500- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers storage
Columbia 03060103
STEVENS CREEK 02196360 -South Carolina Electric
and Gas Company
SIBLEY 02196627- Graniteville Company
KING MILLS 02196628- Division of Spartan Mills
ENTERPRISE 02196630 - Graniteville Company
VOGTLE 021973269 - Georgia Power Company
MCINTOSH 02198745 - Savannah Electric and
Power Company
PORT WENTWORTH 02198930 - Savannah Electric and
Power Company
RIVERSIDE 02198m- Savannah Electric and
Power Company
Hydro
Columbia
run-of-river
03060106
Hydro
Richmond
run-of-river
Hydro
Richmond
run-of river
Hydro
ruchmond
run-of-river
Thermo nuclear
Burke
Thermo fossil fuel
Effingham
03060106 03060106 03060106 03060106 03060109
Thermo fossil fuel
Chatham
03060109
Thermo fossil fuel
Chatham
03060109
Tallulah ruver/
1927
Lake Burton
Tallulah ruver/
1926
Seed Lake
Tallulah River/
1925
Mathis Reservoir
Tallulah River/
1913
Tallulah Falls Lake
Tugaloo ruver/
1923
TugaloLake
Tugaloo River/
1925
Yonah Lake
Savannah River/
1962
Hartwell Lake
Savannah River/
1984
Richard B. Russell
Reservoir
Savannah ruver/
1953
Thurmond Lake
(formerly Clarks
Hill Lake)
Savannah ruver/
1914
power pool
Savannah ruver by
1920
Augusta Canal/none
Savannah River by
1943
Augusta Canal/none
Savannah ruver by
1920
Augusta Canal/none
Savannah ruver/
1987
none
Savannah River/
1979
none
Savannah River/
1958
none
Savannah River/
1949
none
6,120 4,800 16,000 72,000 45,000 22,500 344,000 300,000 280,000
18,900
2,100 2,250 1,200 2,320,000 178,000 334,000
80,000
18
Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 198().87-Continued
Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner
Type/
Fuel source
County
Hydrologic Water source/
unit
ReseiVOir
Year
Capacity
in service (kilowatts)
Mli.Sl'EAD 02207301 - McRay Energy Inc.
PORTERDALE 02207540- Porterdale Associates
LLOYD SHOALS 02210000 - Georgia Power Company
SCHERER 02212510 - Georgia Power Company
ARKWRIGHT 02212890 - Georgia Power Company
BARNEITSHOALS 02218130 - Georgia Power Company
WALlACE 02220450 - Georgia Power Company
HARLEE BRANCH 02222247 - Georgia Power Company
SINClAIR 02222500 - Georgia Power Company
EDWIN I. HATCH 02225001 - Georgia Power Company
ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN
Hydro
Rockdale
run-of-river
03070103
Hydro
Newton
run-of-river
03070103
Hydro storage
Butts
03070103
Thermo fossil fuel
Monroe
03070103
Thermo fossil fuel
Bibb
Hydro
Oconee
run-of-river
Hydro storage
Putnam
Thermo fossil fuel
Putnam
Hydro storage
Baldwin
Thermo nuclear
Appling
03070103 03070101 03070101 03070101 03070101 03070106
Yellow River/ power pool
Yellow ruverI
power pool
Ocmulgee River/ Lloyd Shoals
ReseiVOir
Ocmulgee ruver and Rum Creek Lake Juliette
Ocmulgee River/ none
Oconee ruver/ power pool
Oconee ruver/ Lake Oconee
Oconee River/ Sinclair ReseiVOir
Oconee River/ Sinclair Reservoir
Altamaha River/ none
1924 1927 1911
1982
1941 1910 1980 1965 1953 1975
SATILU AND ST MARYS RIVER BASINS
MCMANUS
Thermo
Glynn
03070203 Turtle Creek/
1952
022261765 - Georgia Power Company
fossil fuel
none
BUFORD 02334400- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
MORGAN FALLS 02335810 - Georgia Power Company
ATKINSON 02336479 - Georgia Power Company
MCDONOUGH 02336480 - Georgia Power Company
YATES 02338030 - Georgia Power Company
WANSLEY 02338330 - Georgia Power Company
APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN
Hydro storage
Forsyth
03130001
Hydro storage
Fulton
03130001
Thermo fossil fuel
Cobb
03130002
Thermo fossil fuel
Cobb
03130002
Thermo fossil fuel
Coweta
03130002
Thermo fossil fuel
Heard
03130002
WESI'POINT 02339400- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Hydro storage
Troup
03130002
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1957 Lake Sidney Lanier
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1904 Blue Sluice Lake
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1930 none
Chattahoochee River/ 1963 none
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1950 none
Chattahoochee ruver& 1976 Yellow Dirt Creek/ none
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1975 West Point Lake
800 1,600 14,400 3,270,000 160,000 2,800 321,000 1,540,000 45,000 1,163,000
115,000
86,000 16,800 240,000 490,000 1,250,000 1,730,000 73,400
19
Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87-Continued
Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner
Type/ Fuei!Wurce
County
Hydrologic Water ~Wurce/
unit
Reservoir
Year
Capacity
in service (kilowatts)
LANGDALE 02339780 - Georgia Power Company
RIVERVIEW 02339820 - Georgia Power Company
BARTLEITS FERRY 02341000- Georgia Power Company
GOAT ROCK 02341300 - Georgia Power Company
OLIVER 02341400- Georgia Power Company
NORTH HIGHLANDS 02341420 - Georgia Power Company
EAGLE & PHENIX #1 & #2 02341480- Fieldcrest Cannon Inc.
WALTER F. GEORGE 02343240 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
JOSEPH M. FARLEY 02343830 - Alabama Power Company
CRISP 02350390 - Crisp County Power Comm.
WARWICK 02350400 - Crisp County Power Comm.
FLINT RIVER 02350550 - Georgia Power Company
MITCHELL 02352790 - Georgia Power Company
nMWOODRUFF 02357500 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN--Continued
Hydro
Harris
run-of-river
03130002
Chattahoochee River/ 1924 power pool
Hydro
Harris
run-of-river
03130002
Chattahoochee River/ 1918 power pool
Hydro storage
Harris
03130002
Chattahoochee River/ 1926 Lake Harding
Hydro
Harris
run-of-river
03130002
Chattahoochee River/ 1912 power pool
Hydro storage
Muscogee 03130003
Chattahoochee River/ 1959 Lake Oliver
Hydro
Muscogee 03130003
run-of-river
Chattahoochee River/ 1963 power pool
Hydro
Muscogee
run-of-river
03130003
Chattahoochee River/ 1915 power pool
Hydro
aay
storage
03130003
Chattahoochee River/ 1963 Walter F. George Lake
Thermo nuclear
Houston 03130004 (Alabama)
Chattahoochee River/ 1m none
Thermo
Worth
03130006 Flint River/
1958
fossil fuel
Lake Blackshear
Hydro
Worth
03130006 Flint River/
1930
storage
Lake Blackshear
Hydro
Dougherty 03130008 Flint River/
1921
storage
Lake Worth
Thermo
Dougherty 03130008 Flint River/
1948
fossil fuel
none
Hydro storage
Gadsden (Florida)
03130004
Appalachicola River/ 1957 Lake Seminole
CARTERS 02381400 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
ALIATOONA 02393500- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CARTERSVILLE 02394140 - ECC America International
BOWEN 02394775 - Georgia Power Company
HAMMOND 02397800 - Georgia Power Company
MOBILE RIVER BASIN
Hydro storage
Murray
03150102
Hydro storage
Bartow
03150104
Hydro
Bartow
run-of-river
03150104
Thermo fossil fuel
Bartow
03150104
Thermo fossil fuel
Floyd
03150105
Coosawattee River/ 1976 Carters Lake
Etowah River/
1950
Allatoona Reservoir
Etowah River/
1927
power pool
Etowah River/
1971
none
Coosa River/
1954
none
1,040 480
173,000 26,000 60,000 29,600 31,800 130,000 1,720,000 12,500 16,400 5,400 170,000 49,800
500,000 74,000
625 3,160,000
800,000
20
Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87-Continued
Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner
Type/
Fuel source
County
Hydrologic Water source/
unit
ReseiVOir
Year
Capacity
in service (kilowatts)
TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN
ESfATOAH
Hydro
Rabun
03060102 Mud Creek/
1928
034999268 - Georgia Power Company
run-of-river
power pool
NOTI'ELY
Hydro
Union
06020002 Nottely River/
1956
03553000- Tennessee Valley Authority
storage
Nottely Lake
BLUE RIDGE
Hydro
Fannin
06020003 Toccoa River/
1931
03558.500- Tennessee Valley Authority
storage
Blue Ridge Lake
240 15,000 20,000
21
Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980.87
(Mgalfd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Plant name - County Downstream order no.
Average flow (Mgal/d)
Year
Withdrawal (Mgal/d)
Consumptive Power
Percent
use generated
GW
SW
TOTAL consumed (Mgalfd) (GWh)
VOGTLE- Burke 021973269 Note: Average flow is estimated.
MCINTOSH - Effingham Q2198745
PT. WENTWORTH - Chatham 02198930
RIVERSIDE- Chatham 02198977
6,580 N/A N/A N/A
SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN
100
1980
0.21
0
0.21
1981
.29
0
.29
1982
.28
0
.28
1983
.40
0
.40
1984
.36
.34
.70
1985
.86
7.1
8.0
1986
1.9
.44
2.3
1987
2.5
50.0
52.2
0
1980
0.11
107
107
1981
.12
107
107
1982
.15
107
107
1983
.31
107
107
1984
.33
107
107
1985
.27
107
107
1986
.20 107
107
1987
.20 107
107
0
1980
1.3
267
268
1981
1.2
254
255
1982
1.1
254
255
1983
0.80 254
255
1984
1.0
254
255
1985
1.4
254
255
1986
.97
254
255
1987
.90 254
255
0
1980
1.9
96.0
98.0
1981
1.7
96.0
98.0
1982
1.9
96.0
98.0
1983
1.0
96.0
97.0
1984
1.4
96.0
97.4
1985
1.9
96.0
98.0
1986
2.2
96.0
98.2
1987
1.4
96.0
97.4
0 0 0 0
.34 7.1 .44 50.0
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4,430
0
182
0
212
0
584
0
916
0
1,020
0
920
0
1,080
0
1,110
0
1,580
0
1,540
0
1,320
0
1,130
0
1,120
0
1,220
0
1,160
0
974
0
14.0
0
37.0
0
0.89
0
5.4
0
.37
0
1.5
0
2.8
0
.28
22
Table 3.-Themwelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding)
Plant name - County Downstream order no.
Average flow (Mgal/d)
Year
Withdrawal (Mgalfd)
Consumptive Power
Percent
use generated
GW
SW
TOTAL consumed (Mgal/d) (GWh)
ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN
SCHERER- Monroe
1,640
100
02212510
1980
0.07
0
O.D7
0
N/A
1981
.09
58.2
58.3
58.2
N/A
1982
.07
7.0
7.0
6.9 1,440
1983
.07
.51
.58
1984
.08
.18
.26
.51 3,040
.:--
.18 5,200
1985
.05
9.2
9.3
9.2 6,230
1986
.06
4.6
4.7
4.6 4,650
1987
.04
.74
.78
.74 5,530
ARKWRIGHT- Bibb 02212890
1,710
0
1980
0
238
238
1981
0
181
181
1982
0
103
103
1983
0
96.4
96.4
1984
0
197
197
1985
0
189
189
1986
0
190
190
1987
0
135
135
0
607
0
742
0
397
0
403
0
710
0
880
0
882
0
643
HARLEE BRANCH - Putnam 02222247
2,100
0.01
1980
0
140
140
1981
0
673
673
1982
0
455
455
1983
0
726
726
1984
0
943
943
1985
0
1,060
1,060
1986
0
957
957
1987
0
986
986
0.15 5,560 .09 7,130 .06 6,140 .09 7,130 .12 9,390 .14 10,500 .12 9,820 .13 9,850
EDWIN I. HATCH- Appling 02225001
7,420
50
1980
0.21
65.0
65.2
1981
.28
49.0
49.0
1982
.25
52.0
52.2
1983
.22
56.0
56.0
1984
.21
49.0
49.0
1985
.22
55.2
55.4
1986
.19
55.0
55.0
1987
.23
58.3
59.0
32.5 8,440 24.3 7,230 26.0 6,600 28.0 7,770 24.4 5,470 28.0 10,100 27.3 7,240 29.2 10,800
23
Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980..87-Continued
[Mgaljd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Plant name - County Downstream order no.
Average flow (Mgaljd)
Year
Withdrawal (Mgaljd)
Consumptive Power
Percent
use generated
GW
SW
TOTAL consumed (Mgaljd) (GWh)
MCMANUS - Glynn 022261765
ATKINSON- Cobb 02336479
MCDONOUGH - Cobb 02336480
YATES- Coweta 02338030
SATILIA AND ST MARYS RIVER BASINS
N/A
0.01
1980
0.04
155
155
1981
.04
29.1
30.0
1982
.03
23.0
23.0
1983
.02
48.0
48.0
1984
.01
54.1
54.1
1985
.01
46.0
46.0
1986
.02
46.1
46.1
1987
.02
33.3
33.3
APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN
1,600
0
1980
0
72.0
72.0
1981
0
0
0
1982
0
0
0
1983
0
22.0
22.0
1984
0
1.0
1.0
1985
0
36.0
36.0
1986
0
45.0
45.0
1987
0
16.2
16.2
1,600
0
1980
0
394
394
1981
0
356
356
1982
0
349
349
1983
0
349
349
1984
0
347
347
1985
0
345
345
1986
0
359
359
1987
0
362
362
2,570
1.6
1980
0
666
666
1981
0
419
419
1982
0
317
317
1983
0
264
264
1984
0
392
392
1985
0
430
430
1986
0
536
536
1987
0
555
555
1.5
72.0
0.29
60.5
.23
12.0
.48
8.4
.54
6.1
.46
15.0
.46
77.0
.33
33.5
0
132
0
0
0
0
0
32.0
0
1.3
0
17.0
0
21.0
0
4.7
0
1,970
0
3,220
0
2,740
0
3,200
0
3,620
0
3,270
0
3,180
0
3,480
11.0 6,400 6.8 6,720 5.1 5,680 4.3 5,370 6.3 6,380 7.0 6,430 8.7 6,360 9.0 6,940
24
Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 198()..87-Continued
[Mgaljd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Plant name - County Downstream order no.
Average flow (Mgaljd)
Year
Withdrawal (Mgal/d)
Consumptive Power
Percent
use generated
GW
SW
TOTAL consumed (Mgaljd) (GWh)
WANSLEY - Heard 02338330
JOSEPH FARLEY - Houston (Alabama) 02343830
CRISP- Worth 02350390
MITCHELL- Dougherty 02352790
APALACHICOLA RIVER BASIN-Continued
2,640
1980
0
1981
0
1982
0
1983
0
1984
0
1985
0
1986
0
1987
0
75
25.0
25.0
26.0
26.0
14.0
14.0
3.8
3.8
14.3
14.3
23.0
23.0
21.2
21.2
11.1
11.1
6,710
0
1980
0
72.0
72.0
1981
0
107
107
1982
0
94.4
94.4
1983
0
100
100
1984
0
101
101
1985
0
101
101
1986
0
100
100
1987
0
97.2
97.2
2,870
1980
0
1981
0
1982
0
1983
0
1984
0
1985
0
1986
0
1987
0
0
2.2
2.2
2.8
2.8
0.63
0.63
.81
.81
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.1
4,060
0.03
1980
0
232
232
1981
0
135
135
1982
0
148
148
1983
0
145
145
1984
0
184
184
1985
0
178
178
1986
0
151
151
1987
0
146
146
18.5 11,700 19.4 11,300 10.4 10,500 2.8 11,100 11.0 12,100 17.0 11,400 16.0 11,100 8.3 11,200
0
4,890
0
5,890
0
11,100
0
11,900
0
12,700
0
12,000
0
12,400
0
12,000
0
15.0
0
17.0
0
3.2
0
5.0
0
8.2
0
4.8
0
4.0
0
1.4
0.06 1,120
.04
998
.04
970
.04
954
.05 1,220
.05 1,260
.04 1,070
.04 1,200
25
Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[Mgalfd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Plant name - County Downstream order no.
Average flow (Mgal/d)
Year
Withdrawal (Mgal/d)
Consumptive Power
Percent
use
generated
GW
SW
TOTAL consumed (Mgal/d) (GWh)
BOWEN Bartow 02394n5
HAMMOND Floyd 02397800
1,550 4,360
MOBILE RIVER BASIN
1980
0
1981
0
1982
0
1983
0
1984
0
1985
0
1986
0
1987
0
48
60.0
60.0
59.0
59.0
49.0
49.0
41.0
41.0
53.0
53.0
585
585
57.0
57.0
55.0
55.0
0
1980
0
548
548
1981
0
448
448
1982
0
415
415
1983
0
314
314
1984
0
454
454
1985
0
435
435
1986
0
457
457
1987
0
449
449
29.0 17,700 28.0 17,100 23.4 17,100 20.0 18,500 25.2 19,000 28.0 20,900 27.0 21,200 26.2 21,500
0
3,350
0
3,300
0
2,800
0
2,980
0
4,240
0
4,960
0
4,990
0
4,960
26
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 198~87
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GaJ/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
BURTON- Rabun
115
02178500
NACOOCHEE-Rabun
136
02179150
TERRORA-Rabun
151
02179500
TALLUlAH-Rabun
186
02181570
Year
Average head (feet)
Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)
Average flow
(Mgal/d)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coefficient (Gai/GWh)
SAYANNAH RIVER BASIN
112 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
219 230 102 201 252 233 123 104 157
62 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
187 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
598 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
245
260
132 223 275 258 144 117 176
265 283 135 255 317 298 169 136 209
310 357 157 312 390 358 208 165 237
3.40 X 1o'J 24.5 11.0 21.5 27.0 25.0 13.1 11.1 17.0
5.80 X 1o'J 16.5 8.4 14.1 17.4 16.3 9.1 7.4 11.1
2.00 X 1o'J 52.0 25.0 47.0 58.0 54.4 31.0 25.0 38.2
0.69 X 109 188 83.0 164 205 188 109 87.0 125
27
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gai/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , ligures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
TUGALO-Habersham
464
02181600
YONAH-Stephens
470
02181650
HARTWELL-Hart 02187250
2,090
RUSSELL-Elbert 02189004
Note: has pumpedstorage capability
2,900
Year
Average head (feet)
Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)
Average flow
(Mgal/d)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coefficient (Gal/GWh)
SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN-Continued
142
1980
837
1981
368
1982
794
1983
959
1984
878
1985
553
1986
429
1987
657
69 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
926 426 878 1,060 937 613 429 669
172 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
"3,240 "1,620 "1,520 2,880 3,030 2,040 1,550 1,980
161 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
0 0 0 0 "1 .0 2,440 2,000 2,600
742 103 2,710 3,290
119 52.2 113 136 125 109 61.0 93.0
60.4 28.0 57.3 69.0 61.0 40.0 28.0 44.0
604 302 284 538 539 218 296 369
0 0 0 0
.15 211 295 380
257 X 1o'J 5.60 X 1o'J 1.96 X 109 2.50x 109
28
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GalfGWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
1HURMONDColumbia 02194500
6,140
srEVENS CREEKColumbia 02196360
7,170
SIBLEY-Richmond 02196627
7,500
KING MILLSRichmond 02196628
7,500
Year
Average head (feet)
Surface-water use
(Mgalfd)
Average flow
(Mgalfd)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coefficient (GalfGWh)
SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN-Continued
109 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
"1,710 "819
"1,020 "1,550 "1,640
"890 "825 "1,150
28 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
3,710 3,010 3,340 4,170 4,200 3,160 2,930 3,670
8,860 6,390
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
33 32
29
6,580 439 429 434 435 410 441 502 506
6,580 0 0 0 0 542 512 542 542
893 427 533 808 857 464 430 601
86.0 70.0 77.2 96.3 97.0 73.0 68.0 85.0
o.1 x 1rP
15.80x109
13.00 X 109 12.3 12.0 12.2 12.2 11.5 12.4 14.0 14.2
15.40 X 1o9 0 0 0 0 13.0 12.2 13.0 13.0
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgaf/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because or independent rounding)
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
EJIITERPRISERichmond 02196630
7,500
MILSfEAD-Rockdale
210
02207301
PORTERDALE-
413
Newton
02207540
Year
Average head (reet)
Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)
Average flow
(Mgal/d)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coerficient (Gaf/GWh)
SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN-Continued
30 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
103 73.2 136 21.0
0 0 3.3 19.0
ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN
44
1980
0
1981
0
1982
0
1983
0
1984
0
1985
0
1986
175
1987
30.0
47 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
0 0 0 "24.0 153 112 66.3 78.4
6,580 161 321
10.30x 109 3.7 2.6 4.8 0.74 0 0
.12 .67
5.30 X 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.2 2.1
5.30 x109 0 0 0 1.6 105 7.7 4.6 5.4
30
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding)
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
LLOYD SHOALSButts 02210000
1,400
BARNEITSHOALS-
835
Oconee
02218130
WALLACE-Putnam 02220450
1,830
Note: Pumped storage facility
SINCLAIR-Baldwin 02222500
2,900
Year
Average head (feet)
Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)
Average flow
(Mgal/d)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coefficient (Gal/GWh)
ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN-Continued
100
1980
7(JJ
1981
358
1982
794
1983
447
1984
759
1985
668
1986
397
1987
575
49 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
168 109 62.2 144 161 166 156 192
1,100 774
94 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
96 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
3,700 3,500 3,620 4,390 3,550 4,010 3,220 2,730
1,420 569
1,2J 1,480 1,320
874 668 983
1,560 2,130
31
4.06x 109 68.3 32.2 71.4 40.2 68.2
ro.o
36.0 52.0
8.36x 109 7.4 4.8 2.7 6.3 7.0 7.3 6.8 8.4
348 329 340 413 334 377 303 257
132 53.0 117 138 123 81 .3 62.0 91.0
3.88 X 109 3.93x 109
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plalllS in Georgia, 198{}.87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgalfd, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gai/GWh, gaitons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
BUFORD-Forsyth 02334400
1,040
MORGAN FALLSFulton 02335810
1,370
WESI' POINTTroup 02339400
3,380
Year
Average head (feet)
Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)
Average flow
(Mgal/d)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coefficient (GalfGWh)
APALACHICOLA RIVER BASIN
149 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1,690 859 733
1,410 1,550
833 661 840
39 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1,470 851 879
1,390 1,520
894 716 903
1,300 1,750
263 127 110 222 247 128 103 130
70.4 41.0 42.0 66.3 73.0 43.0 34.0 43.2
2.35 X 1f/J 7.63x 1o9
68 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
*3,910 *1,790 *3,060 *4,060 3,890 2,410 1,520 2,520
3,500
254 116 199 264 262 148 99.0 164
*5.61 X 109
32
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plams in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
Year
Average head (feet)
Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)
Average flow
(Mgal/d)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coefficient (Gal/GWh)
IANGDALE-Harris 02339780
3,630
RIVERVIEW-Harris 02339820
3,660
BARTLEITS FERRYHarris 02341000
4,240
GOAT ROCK-Harris 02341300
4,520
APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN-Continued
13 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
3,670 426 370 382 434 459 404 381 413
9.0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
3,700 279 715 262 256 234 189 185 188
108 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
3,620 2,140 3,130 3,720 3,810 2,100 1,980 3,200
4,030
66 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
2,740 1,810 2,660 2,940 2,850 2,090 1,590 2,360
4,300
33
5.2
45
4.6 5.2
55
4.9 4.6 5.0
3.6 9.3 3.3 3.3 3.0
25
2.4 2.4
422 250 365 434 445 245 232 371
174 111 163 179 174 128 97.0 144
30.30x 1fP 28.20 X 109
3.13 X 109 5.98 X 109
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 198{}.87-Continued
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GalfGWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
Year
Average head (feet)
Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)
Average flow
(Mgalfd)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coefficient (Gai/GWh)
OLIVER-Muscogee 02341400
4,630
NORTH HIGHLANDSMuscogee 02341420
4,630
EAGLE & PHENIX #1 and #2Muscogee 02340480
Note: Drainage area and average flow based upon combined capacities of two generators #1 and #2.
WALTER F.GEORGEClay 02343240
4,640 7,460
APALACHICOLA RIVER BASIN-Continued
66 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
3,990 2,250 3,570 4,360 4,350 2,730 2,040 3,050
4,400
39 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
4,050 2,240 3,610 4,420 4,000 2,690 2,030 3,080
4,160
26 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
4,480 419 356 244 296 308 350 2n 374
85 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
*6,160 *3,160 *5,710 *7,060 6,440 3,830 3,200 4,830
6,450
261 147 234 285 285 178 133 199
157 87.0 140 171 155 104 79.0 119
9.0 7.6 5.2 6.3 6.6 75 5.9 8.0
559 X 109 9.44 X 109 17.70 X 109
0 4.45 X 109 506 260 470 579 513 300 262 3%
34
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1.980-87-Continued
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
Year
Average head (feet)
Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)
Average flow
(Mgal/d)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coefficient (Ga1jGWh)
WARWICK-Worth 02350400
3,600
FLINT RIVERDougherty 02350550
4,180
RM WOODRUFFGadsden (Florida) 02357500
17,150
APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN-Continued
28 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1,710 1,190 2,220 2,160 2,230 1,720 1,510 1,910
2,800
27 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1,270 921
1,360 1,180 1,360 1,300 1,120 1,240
3,270
27 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
837 702 1,010 858 830 933 734 725
21,800
43.0 30.0 56.0 54.0 56.0 43.0 38.0 48.0
31.0 23.0 34.0 29.0 34.0 32.0 28.0 305
216 181 263 222 214 241 190 187
14.60 X to9 14.80 X 1o9 0 1.41 X to9
35
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gai/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
Year
Average head (feet)
Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)
Average flow
(Mgal/d)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coefficient (Gai/GWh)
CARTERS-Murray
376
02381400
Note: Has pumpedstorage capability
ALIATOONABartow 02393500
1,110
CARTERSVILLE-
930
Bartow
02394140
MOBILE RIVER BASIN
363 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
*2,510 0
*1,830 *1,140 1,410 1,160 1,160 1,210
140 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
*1,400 *569
*1,460 *1,400 1,490
735 399 745
14
1980
0
1981
0
1982
0
1983
0
1984
0
1985
6.8
1986
6.3
1987
4.6
271 1,070
897
191 0
171 106 144 100 464 486
199 81.0 206 198 216 101 56.4 105
0 0 0 0 0 1.4 1.3
.96
*0.91 X 1rP *258 X 109 1.75 X 109
36
Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GaljGWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding)
Name - County Downstream order no.
Drainage
area (mi2)
Year
Average head (feet)
Surface-water usc
(Mgaljd)
Average flow
(Mgal/d)
Power generated
(GWh)
Conversion coefficient (GaljGWh)
TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN
ESfATOAH-
not
610
65
0.66x 109
;..-
Rabun
measured
1980
2.9
1.7
034999268
1981
1.7
0.94
1982
46.0
26.0
1983
1.3
.74
1984
1.3
.74
1985
.90
.48
1986
.51
.31
1987
2.1
1.2
NOTTELY-Union
214
03553000
127 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
367 272 147 245 335 298 163 '112 '153
50.0 20.0 34.4 42.3 44.0 23.0 '16.0 '21.3
0 2.63 X 1rfJ
BLUE RIDGEFannin 03558500
232
130
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
404 408 254 349 440 450 244 1so
49.0 20.0 41.0 51.0 53.0 26.0 '19.0
'3.43 X 1rfJ
37
For convenience in selecting our reports from your bookshelves, they are color-keyed across the spine by subject as follows:
Red Dk. Purple Maroon Lt. Green Lt. Blue Dk. Green Dk. Blue Olive
Yellow
Dk. Orange Brown Black Dk. Brown
Valley and Ridge mapping and stn,J.ctural geology Piedmont and Blue Ridge mapping and structural geology Coastal Plain mapping and stratigraphy Paleontology Coastal Zone studies Geochemical and geophysical studies Hydrology Economic geology Mining directmy Environmental studies Engineering studies Bibliographies and lists of publications Petroleum and natural gas Field trip guidebooks Collections of papers
Colors have been selected at random, and will be augmented as new subjects are published.
Editor: Patricia A Allgood
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