Power generation and related water use in Georgia

POWER GENERATION AND RELATED WATER USE IN GEORGIA
By
Julia L. Fanning, Glenn A. Doonan, Victoria P. Trent, and Roger D. McFarlane

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

INFORMATION CIRCULAR 87

Cover: Eagle and Phenix #1 and #2, hydroelectric power plant in Columbus, Georgia in September 1989
Photo courtesy: Darrell Dorminey, U.S. Geological Survey

POWER GENERATION AND RELATED WATER USE IN GEORGIA
By Julia L. Fanning, Glenn A. Doonan, Victoria P. Trent, and Roger D. McFarlane
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Joe D. Tanner, Commissioner
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director GEORGIA GEOWGIC SURVEY
William H. McLemore, State Geologist
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Atlanta, Georgia 1991
INFORMATION CIRCULAR 87

CONTENTS
Page
Abstract..................................................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ ................ ........ ... .. .......... ... ................. 1
Purpose and scope ............................................................................................................................................................3 Data collection ..................................................................................................................................................................3 AcknowledgiDents .............................................................................................................................................................5 Terminology in water-power development .......................................................................................................................5 Common types of power-generating plants ......................................................................................................................6 Thermoelectric plants.......................................................................................................................................................6 Hydroelectric plants .........................................................................................................................................................6 Data requirements for potential power development......................................................................................................? General setting......................................................................................................................................................................8 Historical water-power developments in Georgia............................................................................................................9 Present-day water-power developments in Georgia ........................................................................................................9 Effects of drought on power production .........................................................................................................................11 Water used for power production ....................................................................................................................................11 Summary ............................................................................................................................. ... ... ............ .............. ............. ... .15 Selected references.............................................................................................................................................................15

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7. Figures 8.-11.

Map showing the power-generating facilities in Georgia by major river basin..............................2 Map showing the average annual precipitation and runoff for 1951-80 and physiographic
provinces in Georgia........................................................................................................................4 Schematic diagram of steam-electric generating facility with once-through cooling.....................6 Schematic diagram of a hydroelectric dam .........................................................................................6 Schematic diagram of a pumped-storage facility................................................................................? Annual precipitation and departure from average annual precipitation at selected
stations, 1980-87 .............................................................................................................................12 Annual flow and departure from average annual flow at selected stations, 1980-87...................13 Graphs showing: 8. Total power production in Georgia 1980-87................................................................................14 9. The comparison of 1986 monthly flows for the Etowah River at Canton and monthly
power generation at Allatoona Reservoir with long-term means ..........................................14 10. Surface-water withdrawal for thermoelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85...........14 11. Surface-water withdrawal for hydroelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85 .............15

Table 1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
6.

TABLES
Power-generating plants in Georgia by physiographic province, 1980-87..........................................8 Power-generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87 .............................................................18 Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87 ..........................................................................................22 Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87.............................................................................................27 Total power production in Georgia, 1980-87 .......................................................................................10 Total surface water used for power production in Georgia, 1980-87 ...............................................10

iii

CONVERSION FACTORS

The following factors may be used to convert inch-pound units to metric units (International System):

Multiply

By

To obtain

inch (in.)
foot (ft) mile (mi)

l&!1:t!l
25.4 0.0254 0.3048 1.609

millimeter (mm) meter (m) meter (m) kilometer (km)

square mile (mi2)
gallon (gal) million gallons (Mgal) billion gallons (Bgal)

259.0 2.590
Volume
3.785 3.785 0.003785 3,785 0.003785 3.785

hectare (ha) square kilometer (km2)
liter (L) cubic decimeter (dm3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic hectometer (hm3) cubic hectometer (hm3)

cubic foot per second (ft3/s)
million gallons per day (Mgalfd)
billion gallons per day (Bgal/d)

28.32 28.32
0.02832 43.81
0.04381 43.81

liter per second (L/s) cubic decimeter per second
(dm3/s) cubic meter per second (m3/s) cubic decimeter per second
(dm3 / s ) cubic meter per second (m3/s) cubic meter per second (m3fs)

iv

POWER GENERATION AND RELATED WATER USE IN GEORGIA
By
Julia L. Fanningll, Glenn A. Doonanll, Victoria P. Trentlf and Roger D. McFarlanell

ABSTRACT
In 1987, total freshwater use in Georgia averaged about 5.8 billion gallons per day. Surfacewater withdrawals totaled about 4.6 billion gallons per day, of which about seventy-five percent was used for cooling purposes at thermoelectric power generating plants. Although the amount of water used for thermoelectric power production in Georgia is large, only about 0.12 billion gallons per day is consumed with the remainder being returned to the source water bodies. Additionally, about 45 billion gallons per day of surface-water was used instream for hydroelectric power generation.
The water used and power produced at 18 thermoelectric and 39 hydroelectric plants, located in or adjacent to Georgia, are presented for the period of 1980 through 1987 to show the relation that exists between water use and power generation. Droughts, such as those that occurred in 1981 and 1986, significantly affect power production, especially hydroelectric power. For example, in 1980, an average of about 55 billion gallons per day of water was used to produce 5,520 gigawatt-hours of power at 39 hydroelectric plants. Then in 1981, a drought year, only about 32 billion gallons per day was used to produce 2,960 gigawatthours of power at these same plants.

INTRODUCTION
Georgia's population and electrical power demands are growing rapidly. The 1980 population of approximately 5.4 million people is expected to grow to about 7.0 million by the year 2000 (University of Georgia, 1986). With this growth will come an increasing demand for electrical power. Georgia Power Company, the State's largest private utility, supplied four times as much power to its customers in 1987 as it did in 1963 (George Guill, Georgia Power Company., oral comm., 1988).
The primary sources of electrical power for Georgia are steam-electric and hydroelectric generating plants. The terms "steam-electric" and "thermoelectric" are used synonymously throughout this report because the vast majority of Georgia's thermoelectric plants are steam driven. The thermoelectric plants are designed to operate continuously, supplying normal electrical demands, whereas the hydroelectric plants furnish the additional power required during peak-demand periods. The locations of 57 of Georgia's largest thermoelectric and hydroelectric plants are shown in figure 1.

1/u.s. Geological Survey
YGeorgia Geologic Survey

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Figure I.--Power-generating facilities in Georgia by major river basin, 1980-87.

2

Both thermoelectric and hydroelectric plants require large volumes of water to generate electricity. Most of the water withdrawn for power production in Georgia is from surface-water sources with very little ground water used for this purpose. In 1987, an average of about 3.4 billion gallons per day were withdrawn from Georgia waters to operate 18 utility company thermoelectric power plants. An additional estimated 45 billion gallons per day were used in-stream for power generation at 39 of the State's hydroelectric power plants.
Georgia receives an abundant supply of rainfall, averaging about 50 inches per year (fig. 2). Consequently, many of the State's rivers have flows sufficient for power production. However, critically low streamflow conditions, such as those experienced in 1981 and 1986, can force utility companies to alter their normal operating practices. Hydroelectric power plant operations are especially affected by drought. For instance, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineer's Hartwell plant, a large hydroelectric facility, produced only half as much power in 1981 as in 1980. For these same two years, the power generated at Georgia Power Company's Plant Bowen, the largest thermoelectric plant in the State in 1981, remained about the same.
Purpose and Scope
This study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey, as part of a water-use program. The purpose of this report is to present and summarize data on electric power production in Georgia, and the amount of water used to generate this power. The report is based on power-production and water-use data for 39 hydroelectric and 18 thermoelectric power plants operated from 1980 through 1987. These 57 plants are located either in or adjacent to Georgia (fig. 1) and all use water from streams or aquifers in Georgia.
The 39 hydroelectric plants range in size from large, Federally-owned plants to small, privatelyowned plants. All but six of the Georgia hydroelectric plants listed in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission report, "Hydroelectric Power Resources of the United States - Developed and Undeveloped- January 1, 1988," were included

in this study. The six plants that were excluded from this study are all very small operations, each having generating capacities of less than 2,000 kilowatts.
The 18 thermoelectric plants included in this study represent all the utility company plants of this type that were operating in or adjacent to Georgia during 1980 through 1987. Of these, 15 plants use conventional fossil fuel (coal, oil, gas) as an energy source and three use nuclear fuel (uranium). All 18 thermoelectric plants use steam to drive their turbines. Georgia's privately-owned non-utility thermoelectric plants were not included in the study because power-production data for these plants are not readily available.
Data Collection
Data on the amount of water used for the production of electrical power were compiled for 57 power plants. These data were gathered from a variety of sources. The Environmental Protection Division (EPD) of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources was a major source of information. Water users who withdraw more than 100,000 gallons per day are required to obtain a permit to operate, and to report monthly water-use figures every quarter to the Water Resources Management Branch of EPD. As part of the Georgia Water-Use Program conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with EPD, power plant owners/operators are contacted on an annual basis to obtain general information on facility practices and operations. Hydroelectric plant owners also provide power-generation figures for each month and a conversion coefficient (gallons of water per megawatt hour of electricity) for the plant. Water use for hydroelectric plants was estimated using a conversion routine in the Georgia Water-Use Data System (GWUDS) and cross-checked with information reported to EPD.
Thermoelectric (including nuclear) power generation figures were provided by the Department of Energy EIA-759 monthly power plant reports (U.S. Department of Energy, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984a, 1985, 1986, 1987). This information was cross-checked with data obtained from the Westinghouse Hanford Company report, "Estimated Water Use of Power Plants- Georgia", 1984 (U.S. Department of Energy, 1984b).

3

APPALACHIAN PlATEAUS

VALLEY AND RIDGE

PRECIPITATION

PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS

EXPLANATION

- 60- LINE OF EQUAL AVERAGE PRECIPITATIONInterval variable, in inches

- 15 -

LINE OF EQUAL AVERAGE ANNUAL RUNOFFInterval variable, in inches

g

50 MilES

I , , ' I 01 I '

SO KILOM trERS

RUNOFF

Figure 2.--Average annual precipitation and runoff for 1951-80 and physiographic provinces in Georgia.

4

Basic information about power plant location, fuel source, generating capacity, year service began, drainage area and average flow of the water source were obtained from records of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), power plant operators, and the following reports: "National Hydroelectric Power Resources Study'' (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981), "Hydroelectric Power Resources of the United States" (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 1988), and "Inventory of Power Plants in the United States" (U.S. Department of Energy, 1987). Hydrologic unit codes of the stream basins were determined from USGS hydrologic unit maps. Also, each facility was assigned a unique identification number that corresponds to the USGS downstream order number of the supplying stream at the point of the facility intake. This identification number was used throughout the tables in this report.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the assistance provided by George Guill, Georgia Power Company; and James Fox and Roberto Del Valle, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Atlanta, whose cooperation helped make this report possible. The authors also are indebted to the power plant owners and operators who provided data and other information about the plants. Special thanks are also extended to Robert F. Carter, U.S. Geological Survey [retired], for his enthusiastic support of this study and his many valuable contributions and suggestions during the preparation of this report.
TERMINOLOGY IN WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT
It will be helpful for the reader to understand the intended meaning of a number of commonlyused power-development terms in this report. They are as follows:
Boiler - a vessel into which water is fed through a piping system. Heat is used to convert the water to pressurized steam.
Condenser - a container where the steam used to drive the turbine is converted back into water. Cool water circulates inside a separate system of pipes inside the condenser unit and causes the spent steam
5

to be cooled and to condense on the outside of the cooling pipes.
Dam - a structure across a watercourse to control the flow, provide storage, and increase the elevation of the water to produce a higher head. The water contained by the dam is, in effect, stored energy. Gates in the dam regulate the flow of water.
Generator - a device that produces electricity. It consist of two parts: A stationary coil of copper wire and a magnet that rotates inside the coil of wire. The magnet is attached to and is driven by a turbine rotor. As the magnetic field issuing from the magnet moves across the coil of wire, an electric current is created.
Head - the difference between the reservoir level at the dam to the water level at the river below. The difference in height between the headwater and the river below provides a direct measure of the potential energy available for conversion to electricity.
Hotwell/condensate pump - the hotwell is a basin at the bottom of the condenser that provides an area for the condensate to collect. The condensate pump forces the water back to the boiler.
Hydroelectric power - electrical power that is generated from water power.
Penstock - a large pipe that directs water from the reservoir to the turbine(s) in the hydroelectric power station.
Reservoir - a place where water is collected and stored for use. The main function of a reservoir is to stabilize the flow of water usually by regulating the amount of supply as it is needed.
Thermoelectric power - electrical power that is generated by using fossil fuel, nuclear energy, or geothermal sources. In Georgia, most of this type power is generated at steam-driven power plants using oil, gas, or coal combustion or the fission of uranium to generate steam.

Turbine - a machine having a rotor with many small blades or vanes that can be driven by the pressure of water or steam directed at or passing through the blades. Turbines are used to convert potential energy in the form of pressure or head to mechanical energy to drive generators.
COMMON 1YPES OF POWER-GENERATING PLANTS
Thermoelectric Plants
Thermoelectric power plants use steam, or in some instances another gas, to drive a turbine, which drives a generator to produce electricity. Figure 3 shows the basic design of a steam-driven thermoelectric plant. Water is heated in a boiler with a fuel source such as gas, coal, oil, or nuclear fission to produce high pressure/high temperature steam. The steam is then directed onto the turbine blades. The steam drives the turbine which then drives the generator. Electricity is produced in the generator as a magnet rotates inside a large coil of copper wire setting up an electric current.
STEAM TIJRBINE GENERATOR

Once the steam passes through the turbine, it enters the condenser where it is cooled and converted to water. The condensate then is collected in the hotwell and pumped back into the boiler to begin the process again. The same water is recycled constantly with only small amounts lost through leakage. The cooling system of the condenser, however, may require large volumes of water. The once-through cooling sys~em is the most commonly used system in Georgia. Oncethrough cooling draws the cooling water from its source and discharges the heated water directly to the same or adjacent water course so that cooling water passes through the plant only once.
Hydroelectric Plants
Hydroelectric power is generated by releasing water from a reservoir or dam through a turbine, which drives the generator. When the magnet in the generator moves across the coil of wire inside the generator, an electrical current is produced. Thus, the kinetic energy (energy in motion) of the falling water is converted to the mechanical energy of the rotating turbine, which in turn, is converted to the electrical energy produced by the generator (fig. 4). Once the water passes through the turbine, it usually is released downstream.

Figure 3.--Schematic diagram of steamelectric generating facility with once-through cooling. [Modified from Epsey, Huston, & Associates, 1985.]

Figure 4.--Schematic diagram of a hydroelectric dam. [Modified from Epsey, Huston, & Associates, 1985.)

6

Hydroelectric plants are usually classilieJ as storage plants or run-of-river plants. At storage plants, a reservoir is created which has sufficient capacity to allow the operator to store water during wet periods for use during dryer periods. A run-ofriver plant has only a small reservoir which can store very little water. Thus, the run-of-river plant can only use available streamflow.
In recent years, the addition of pumpedstorage capability to hydroelectric plants has become common. At these plants, water discharged from the turbines is collected in a downstream reservoir and later pumped back to the upstream reservoir during periods of off-peak power demand. This water is used again for power generation during the next peak-power demand period (fig. 5).
About two thirds of the power generating plants in Georgia are hydroelectric plants. The natural continuous flow of water in streams makes hydroelectric power generation a relatively inexpensive and clean method of prod.ucing electricity.

At night when customer demand for energy is low, water is pumped to a storage pool above the dam.

DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR POTENTIAL POWER DEVELOPMENT
The potential for development of hydroelectric and thermoelectric power is contingent upon the availability of a dependable supply of water. The power-facility planner needs to have a clear understanding of the location and the availability of water to make educated decisions concerning plant design and the amounts and the uses of the water that is withdrawn.
Streamflow data are very useful for evaluating the proper site selection and design of thermoelectric and hydroelectric power plants. Records of streamflow and stream-stage over a long, continuous period of time provide lhc most useful information for these studies. However, records of minimum and/or maximum flows can be very helpful in lieu of continuous data. The USGS maintains records of streamflow for hundreds of stream sites in Georgia. In 1987, there were 115 continuous streamflow-record-gaging stations and 105 peak-flow-only stations in Georgia.

When demand is high and a heavy load is placed on the system, water is allowed to flow back through the turbine-generators.
Figure 5.--Schematic diagram of a pumpedstorage facility. [From DOl, Bureau of Reclamation, 1983.]
Flow-duration analysis of continuous streamflow records is helpful in determining a prospective power plant's generating capacity. This type of analysis provides information on the percentage of time selected design flows are expected to be equalled or exceeded.

7

Draft-storage analysis also is readily performed using continuous-record flow data. The objective of this analysis is to determine the amount of reservoir storage needed to provide the water to produce the desired amount of electricity. Using historic streamflow data, proposed waterwithdrawal rates can be tested to evaluate the amount of stored water needed during times when streamflow is inadequate for water-use requirements. Records for years of critically low streamflows often are used for draft-storage analysis because they represent worst-case watersupply conditions.
Flood-flow data also is necessary when a reservoir is planned. This information is useful for the estimation of design floods. The design flood is then used to help determine such things as the physical dimensions of the dam and spillway structures.
GENERAL SETTING
Hydroelectric and thermoelectric power production requires large amounts of water. Fortunately, water is one of Georgia's most abundant resources. There are 10 principal river basins in the State; the Savannah, Altamaha, Satilla, St Marys, Suwanee, Ochlockonee, Apalachicola, Mobile, Tennessee, and Ogeechee (fig. 1). Statewide, the average annual precipitation is 50 inches and the average annual runoff is 15 inches (Carter and Fanning, 1982). However, as figure 2 shows, average annual rainfall and runoff vary greatly across the State, with both generally decreasing from north to south.
Georgia encompasses parts of five physiographic provinces (fig. 2); the Appalachian Plateau, the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain (Fenneman, 1938). Physical and hydrologic characteristics vary widely among these provinces, however, each has sufficient water resources for power production.
Northwest Georgia lies within the Appalachian Plateau and the Valley and Ridge provinces. In this area, average annual rainfall ranges from about 48 to 56 inches and runoff from about 16 to 24 inches. Numerous springs discharge into streams causing base-flow runoff to vary among the streams in this area. The larger streams in this region, such as the Etowah and Oostanaula, are characterized by low stream-gradients and wide flood plains.

The Blue Ridge province m northeastern Georgia is the most mountainous of the five provinces. Most streams have steep gradients. The mean annual rainfall and runoff in this area are the highest in the State, ranging from about 54 to 76 inches and 24 to 48 inches, respectively.
The Piedmont province, in the north-central part of the State, has an average annual rainfall of about 44 to 64 inches and average annual runoff of about 10 to 32 inches. The streams generally have moderate slopes with occasional rapids and even a few waterfalls.
The Coastal Plain province is in the southern half of the State. Streams in this province generally have very mild slopes with wide, wooded flood plains. Average annual rainfall in this area ranges from about 44 to 56 inches and average annual runoff ranges from less than 10 to 24 inches.
Power plants are located in each of the five physiographic provinces except the Appalachian Plateau. The number of hydroelectric and thermoelectric plants located in each province are in table 1.

Table 1.-Power generating plants in Georgia by physiographic province, 1980-87

Physiographic province

Hydroelectric plants

Thermoelectric plants

Total power plants

Appalachian

0

Plateau

Valley & Ridge

3

Blue Ridge

7

Piedmont

25

Coastal Plain

4

0

0

2

5

0

7

7

32

9

13

Total

39

18

57

8

IDSTORICAL WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN GEORGIA
As Georgia was settled, the use of falling water to produce power for flour and grist mills, saw mills, cotton gins, furniture factories, tanneries, and a variety of other small industries was common. Power was harnessed directly by using water to turn paddle wheels which drove the desired machinery. Because of its relatively steep stream gradients and numerous shoals, north Georgia was particularly suited to this falling-water power production. The city of Augusta made exceptional use of this type water power. In 1845, work began on the Augusta Power Canal to bring water from the Savannah River into the city for powering manufacturing machinery. This project was so successful that Augusta was called the "Lowell of the South" after the prominent manufacturing community of Lowell, Massachusetts.
Unfortunately, many Georgia cities were not as suitably located as Augusta, and their growth was hampered by limited available water power until the use of electrical power to operate machinery became feasible. With the development of electricity came the development and use of water power. Falling water could be used to operate turbine-driven generators and the electrical power could then be delivered to the cities and towns by transmission lines. In 1889, a study of the water-powers of Georgia was initiated by the thennamed Geological Survey of Georgia (Hall, 1896). Hall reported "Very few of the large water-powers of Georgia are utilized. This is a fact, not from lack of energy and enterprise in the people of the State; but because their energy has, heretofore, been directed mainly to agriculture and commerce, and not to manufacturing. But a rapid change is taking place in this respect; and it is all the better for our future, that this, the dawn of the age of electricity, has found us with undeveloped powers...". Hall (1896) documented a number of "great powers, in the State, that are running to waste" and presented a survey of power utilization at that time.
By 1921, when the third report on the water powers of Georgia was written (Hall and Hall, 1921), a substantial amount of hydropower development had occurred in Georgia. According to Hall and Hall (1921), about 24 hydroelectric power plants were then being operated with a

combined total capacity of about 182,000 kilowatts. The largest of these plants was the "Diversion Dam" at Tallulah Falls with a total capacity of about 72,000 kilowatts. The use of falling-water power to produce electricity was well underway with many projects under construction and even more being planned.
While hydroelectric power production was developing, steam-electric (thermoelectric) power also was coming into increasing use. Although less obvious than with hydroelectric power, water also is very important in steam-electrical power generation for both the steam to drive the turbines and for cooling purposes. In 1955, there were 24 steam-electric plants (11 utilities and 13 industries) listed as Georgia water users in the Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 65 (Thomson and others, 1956).
PRESENT-DAY WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN GEORGIA
In 1987, there wer.e 45 hydroelectric plants operating in or adjacent to Georgia, according to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission report "Hydroelectric Power Resources of the United States - Developed and Undeveloped - January 1, 1988." There were also 18 utility-company thermoelectric plants producing power in 1987. Table 2 summarizes pertinent information about all of these plants except six small hydroelectric plants for which data were not readily available. The combined total capacity of the 57 plants listed in table 2 was approximately 21,000,000 kilowatts with thermoelectric and hydroelectric plants accounting for capacities of about 19,000,000 kilowatts and 3,000,000 kilowatts, respectively.
Most of the power produced in Georgia comes from thermoelectric plants. These plants are capable of producing large amounts of power and running continuously. They require large volumes of water for cooling purposes. Table 3 lists the amounts of water used and the power produced from 1980 through 1987 by 18 thermoelectric plants in or adjacent to Georgia. Water withdrawn for these plants surpassed all other water uses in the State in 1987, totaling 57 percent of all ground-water and surface-water offstream withdrawals (Trent and others, 1990). However, it should be noted that only about 4 percent of the water withdrawn was consumed and not returned to the source.

9

A listing of the water used and power produced at the 39 hydroelectric plants for the 1980-87 period is presented in Table 4. The plants range in generating capacity from 500,000 kilowatts at the Federally-owned Carters Plant on the Coosawattee River to 240 kilowatts at Georgia Power Company's Estatoah Plant on Mud Creek. In 1987, the 39 hydroelectric plants produced about 4,700 gigawatt-hours (4,700,000 megawatt-hours) of electricity using an estimated average of 45 billion gallons of water per day. Of the 39 plants listed, 25 are storage-reservoir plants and the other 14 are

run-of-river plants. Three of the hydroelectric plants (Russell, Wallace, and Carters) have pumped-storage capability.
A listing of power produced by the 57 plants from 1980 through 1987 (table 5), indicates that the thermoelectric plants provided about 95 percent of the total power generated. Conversely, table 6, a listing of water used by these plants for that same period, indicates that hydroelectric plants by far use the largest amount of water.

Table 5.--Total power production in Georgia, 1980-87 [Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Type of plant

Power production in gigawatt-hours

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

Thermoelectric Hydroelectric
Total

63,700 5,520
69,200

65,500 2,960
68,500

67,400 4,430
71,800

74,400 5,480
79,900

82,200 5,460
87,700

90,100 3,690
93,800

85,200 3,610
88,800

94,700 4700
99,400

Table 6.--Total surface water used for powerproduction in Georgia, 1980-87 [Figures may not add exactly because of independent rounding]

Type of plant

Total surface water used in million gallons per day

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

Thermoelectric Hydroelectric
Total

3,140 55,300
58,400

3,000 32,100
35,100

2,480 47,600
50,100

2,620 56,700
59,300

3,250 56,200
59,400

3,430 41,900
45,300

3,440 34,100
37,500

3,410 45,200
48,600

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EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON POWER PRODUCTION
Because power production is very waterdependent, natural variations in weather patterns can affect the amount of power produced. Deficient precipitation results in reduced streamflows and less water available for hydroelectric power production. Abnormally low precipitation also may be accompanied by increased demands for electricity to power pumps, air conditioners, and other equipment.
The 1980-87 period shows the close relation between rainfall and power production in Georgia. These eight years have been characterized by several periods of deficient precipitation and streamflow. Precipitation and streamflow observed at several locations in the State during the 1980-87 period, and their relation to long-term averages are shown in figures 6 and 7. In 1981, many streams experienced their lowest rates of flow since the notable drought of 1954 (Carter, 1983). Also, pool levels at Hartwell Lake and Lake Sidney Lanier were at their lowest levels since they were first filled (Carter, 1983). During the 1986 water year (October 1985 through September 1986), annual runoff was the lowest on record for such long-term stations as Oconee River at Dublin (89 years), Chattahoochee River at Columbus (57 years), Etowah River at Canton (59 years), and Coosa River near Rome (55 years) (Stokes and others, 1987). Although there is a general upward trend in annual power production from 1980 through 1987, 1981 production was less than the production in 1980 and 1982 (fig. 8, table 5). Similarly, 1986 power production was less than that in 1985 and 1987 (fig. 8, table 5).
Hydropower production is affected more by drought than is thermoelectric-power production. Small run-of-river plants have little storage or reserve capacity and are sometimes forced to cease operation during drought. Even large storagereservoir hydropower plants are affected, as can be seen from a review of hydropower plant production listed in table 4.

During 1986, monthly power production at the Allatoona hydroelectric plant was much lower than the long-term average (fig. 9). Monthly mean flows for January through September at the Etowah River at Canton gaging station which accounts for almost half the drainage basin of Allatoona Reservoir, were also very low compared to longterm averages. Although streamflow for the inflow station was near normal for October through December 1986, the power produced was still well below average. This was because the reservoir pool was still low from prior streamflow deficits.
WATER USED FOR POWER PRODUCTION
The amount of water used to generate both thermoelectric and hydroelectric power in Georgia has increased with the growth in population and the increased demand for electric power (fig. 10 and 11). Power production at the thermoelectric and hydroelectric power generating plants withdrawing water from streams and aquifers in Georgia has increased from about 69,000 gigawatt-hours in 1980 to about 99,000 gigawatt-hours in 1987 (fig. 8, table 5).
In 1987, the water used by 18 thermoelectric power plants totaled about 3,410 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) (table 6) and accounted for about 75 percent of the total off-stream use of surface water in the State. The largest use of water by a single thermoelectric power generation facility (986 Mgal/d) was at the Harlee Branch Plant in Putnam County in the Altamaha River basin (table 3).
The in-stream use of water by 39 hydroelectric power generating facilities was about 45,000 Mgaljd in 1987 (table 6). This was the largest use of water in the State. The largest use of water by a single hydroelectric facility was at the Walter F. George facility, which used about 4,800 Mgal/d (table 4). Four other hydroelectric facilities used in excess of3,000 Mgal/d (table 4).

11

80.---------------------- - - , 80 -

Rome 30

Athens

60 1r-zca, -~ 1,;... >J W?1 V/b:l P'i -~ p;;..,.)ll -~v o ; ;:;A ~ I r;-y.:..;; :a

60 ~

7

40

40

80 Elberton

rF 60 0

-3

0

5

I I W~I

40

20

20

20

0"

II

II

II

t I

11

II

I 1

fj

1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987

0
1980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987

0
1.980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987

~ 80 .---------------------------~

80 .

.

80 .

~ =

15

..Z......

60 I F////1 - I o r;;;; r:=:; ... ;:...- W , N4J

= P777...& \1177 ..r:A o..-?JA & .r771

Monticello 60 L

18

Waynesboro 2 NE

60 ~

26

z

0 40

40

40

t ~
u.... 20

20

20

I-'
1:\.)

g:r.il 0 1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987

0
1.980 1981 1!HI2 1983 1984 1!HI5 1986 1987

0
1.980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1!HI5 1986 1987

80 ~------, Albany 3 SE 38
60

80 Tifton Experiment Station 29
60

80 . Savannah WSO AP

60 ~

" 10

14

40

40

40

20

20

20

0" I I

!I

PI

II

II

II

II

II

1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987

0
1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1!HI5 1986 1987

0
1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

u Annual precipitation, in inches, 1980-87.
rm Departure from average annual precipitation, in inches, 1980-87

EXPLANATION - - Average annual precipitation for reference period, 1951-80.
11 Departure from average annual precipitation, in percent

Figure 6.--Annual precipitation and departure from average annual precipitation at selected stations, 1980-87.

Briar Creek at Millhaveo 02198000
1,000 .----------------------~ Period of analysis: 1937-87

9

11

Alapaba River at StateovUie 02317500

2,500 r---------------------------------~ Period of analysis: 1932-87

2,000

76 84

!z:!
0u 500
J:l;1 f'-l

1,500

IVI//<1 V/4 1.,000

t _,-,u ZA' !;>;:/_,)')

JJ:::''~ .:::j ; ........ A I

I f,-,."'//4J

~
~

ti

~

.u..

0 !!

I I

II

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

II

e

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

z...

ii
0

FliDt River Dear CuUodeo 02347500

ti

Etowah River at Caotoo 02392000 2,000 r - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - ----,

.....
w

~

Period of analysis: 1912-21,1929-30,1937-87

3,000 ~

18

Period of analysis: 1897-1905,1937-87

23

27

~

1,500

~

~ 2,000

1,000

~

1,000

500

O"

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

0 II

II

I I

II

I I

I I

I I

II

II

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

u Annual flow, in cubic feet per second, 1980-87.

EXPLANATION --Average annual flow for period of analysis

~ Departure from average annual flow, in cubic feet per second, 1980-87

9 Departure from average annual flow, in peiCent

Figure 7.-Annual flow and departure from average annual flow at selected stations, 1980-87.

100,000 90,000 80.000

60,000 L __ _,___
1980 1981

_ . __
1982

__.__
1983

_ _ ._ _ ..___ _,___
1984 1985 1986

_J
1987

Figure 8.--Total power production in Georgia, 1980-87.

5,000
>~ -
~ 4,000
~
~ 3,000
~
a; 2,000
t
I 1,000
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Figure 10.--Surface-water withdrawal for thermoelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85.

2,~----------------------------------,

2,000 1-

I I Mean monthly flow for Etowah River at
--~ 1 . .- Canton, 1951-80
L')()()()6j Monthly mean flow for Etowah River at
~ Canton, 1986

- 30,000

- 25,000

Mean monthly hydroelectric power generation at Allatoona Reservoir,
1980-87

- 20,000

v <onthly hydroelectric

/ Mpower generation at

-

~ Allatoona Reservoir, 1986 " [ ~

\ .--,....-...r".._

- i'i

>< X 10,000

I "~ - ~-'~VII

5,000
r--'-. rn ~.
o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. ocr. NOV. DEC .
Figure 9.--Comparison of 1986 monthly flows for the Etowah River at Canton and monthly power generation at Allatoona Reservoir with long-term means.

14

Figure 11.--Surface-water withdrawal for hydroelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85.

SUMMARY

Water has been used to produce power in Georgia since the early grist and saw mills and other small industries made direct use of falling water. Production of electricity using water power in Georgia began in the late 1800's and expanded rapidly in the early 1900's. In 1987, there were about 18 utility company thermoelectric plants and 45 hydroelectric plants operating in or adjacent to Georgia. During that year, the thermoelectric plants and 39 of the hydroelectric power plants in Georgia produced about 95,000 and 4,700 gigawatthours of power, respectively. There were 3.4 billion gallons per day (Bgal/d) of water withdrawn for cooling purposes for the 18 thermoelectric power plants and about 45 Bgaljd used in-stream to produce power at the 39 hydroelectric plants.

Extreme hydrologic conditions, such as recent

droughts, affect power production, as seen during

the period from 1980-87, a period of significant

climatic variability.

Thermoelectric- and

hydroelectric-power generation statistics for

individual plants and statewide totals during the

1980-87 period show that hydropower production is

affected by the reduced availability of water during

periods of drought.

SELECTED REFERENCES
Callahan, J.T., Newcomb, L.E., and Geurin, J.W., 1965, Water in Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1762,88 p.
Carter, R.F., 1983, Effects of the drought of 198081 on streamflow and on ground-water levels in Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 83-4158, 46 p.
Carter, R.F. and Fanning, J.L., 1982, Monthly lowflow characteristics of Georgia streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-560, 81p.
Carter, R.F. and Hopkins, E.H., 1986, Georgia water facts--surface water resources in the United States, in National Water Summary, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2300, p. 195-200.
Carter, R.F. and Putnam, S.A., 1978, Low-flow frequency of Georgia streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-127, 104 p.
Clarke, J.S., and Pierce, R.R., 1984, Georgia water facts--ground water resources in the United States, in National Water Summary, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2275, p. 179-184.
Espey, Huston, and Associates, Inc., 1985, Water and energy: an unprecedented challenge in resource management: Edison Electric Institute, Austin, Tx., 32 p.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 1989, Hydroelectric power resources of the United States - developed and undeveloped -January 1, 1988: U.S. Superintendent of Documents, FERC-0070, 264 p.
Fenneman, N.M., 1938, Physiography of Eastern United States: New York, McGraw-Hill, 714 p.
Gonzales, Serge, 1981, Inventory of data on lowhead hydropower sites in Georgia: Atlanta, Ga., Georgia Office of Energy Resources, 220 p.

15

REFERENCES--Continued
Hall, B.M., 1896, The water-powers of Georgia: Geological Survey of Georgia Bulletin No. 3A, 150p.
Hall, B.M. and M.R. Hall, 1921, Third report on the water powers of Georgia: Geological Survey of Georgia Bulletin No. 38, 316 p.
Hudak, GJ., 1984, State of Connecticut 1981, water use through power production: Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Natural Resources Center, Water Planning Report No. 10, 90 p.
Kundell, J.E., Roper, Daniel, Kelm, Marilyn, 1987, Interbasin and intrabasin transfers in Georgia: Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga., 95 p.
Sto~es, W.R., Hale, T.W., and Buell, G.R., 1987, Water resources data, Georgia, water year 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report GA-86-1, 446 p.
Thomson, M.T., Herrick, S.M., Brown, Eugene, Wait, R.L., and Callahan, J.T., 1956, The availability and use of water in Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 65, 329 p.
Til, R.V. and Scott, Grace, 1986, Water use for thermoelectric power generation in Michigan: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Detroit, Mich., in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, 42 p.
Trent, V.P., Fanning, J.L. and Doonan, GA., 1990, Water use in Georgia by county for 1987: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 85, 112 p.
Turlington, M.C., Fanning, J.L. and Doonan, GA., 1987, Water use in Georgia by county for 1985: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 81, 110 p.
University of Georgia, 1986, Land and water in Georgia: 2000: Subcommittee report on land and water resources, Athens, Ga, 49 p.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1987, Census of population, Georgia (interim report): Washington, D.C., unpub. report, July, 1986.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981, National Hydroelectric Power Resources Study: Water Resources Support Center, Davis, Ca., IWR82-h-12, NHS v. XII.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1981, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1980: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., v. 84, no. 13, 19 p.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1982, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1981: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration, Asheville, N.C., v. 85, no.13, 19 p.
1983, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1982: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 86, no. 13, 19 p.
1984, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1983: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 87, no. 13, 19 p.
1985, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1984: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 88, no. 13, 19 p.
1986, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1985: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 89, no. 13, 19 p.
1987, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1986: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 90, no. 13, 19 p.
1988, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1987: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 91, no. 13, 19 p.

16

REFERENCES--Continued
U.S. Department of Energy, 1980, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
1981, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
1982, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
1983, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
---- 1984a, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.
---- 1984b, Estimated water use of power plantsGeorgia: Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory (HEDL), Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland, Wa., Contract no. DEAC06-76FF02170, B&R no. 40-04-00-0,36 p.
----- 1985, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.

1986, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.

1987, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p.

---- 1987, Inventory of power plants in the United

States 1987:

Energy Information

Administration, Washington, D.C.,

DOE/EIA-0095 (87), 293 p.

U.S. Department of the Interior, 1983, Hydropower, water at work: Bureau of Reclamation, PB127A, 32 p.

Weatherford, Gary, Nardi, Karen, Osterhoudt, Frank, and Roach, Fred, eds., 1982, Acquiring water for energy: Institutional aspects: Center for Natural Resources Studies, John Muir Institute, Inc., under contract to Los Alamos National Laboratory and the U.S. Department of Energy, ISBN-0-918334-42-X, Water Resources Publications, 259 p. 1

17

Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87

Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner

Type/
Fuel source

County

Hydrologic Water source/

unit

Reservoir

Year

Capacity

in service (kilowatts)

BURTON 02178500- Georgia Power Company
NACOOCHEE 02179150 - Georgia Power Company
TERRORA 02179500- Georgia Power Company
TALLUlAH 02181570 - Georgia Power Company
TUGALO 02181600 - Georgia Power Company
YONAH 02181650 - Georgia Power Company
HARTWELL 02187250 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
RUSSELL 02189004 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN

Hydro storage

Rabun

03060102

Hydro storage

Rabun

03060102

Hydro storage

Rabun

03060102

Hydro storage

Rabun

03060102

Hydro storage

Habersham 03060102

Hydro storage

Stephens 03060102

Hydro

Hart

storage

03060103

Hydro storage

Elbert

03060103

THURMOND

Hydro

02194500- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers storage

Columbia 03060103

STEVENS CREEK 02196360 -South Carolina Electric
and Gas Company
SIBLEY 02196627- Graniteville Company
KING MILLS 02196628- Division of Spartan Mills
ENTERPRISE 02196630 - Graniteville Company
VOGTLE 021973269 - Georgia Power Company
MCINTOSH 02198745 - Savannah Electric and
Power Company
PORT WENTWORTH 02198930 - Savannah Electric and
Power Company
RIVERSIDE 02198m- Savannah Electric and
Power Company

Hydro

Columbia

run-of-river

03060106

Hydro

Richmond

run-of-river

Hydro

Richmond

run-of river

Hydro

ruchmond

run-of-river

Thermo nuclear

Burke

Thermo fossil fuel

Effingham

03060106 03060106 03060106 03060106 03060109

Thermo fossil fuel

Chatham

03060109

Thermo fossil fuel

Chatham

03060109

Tallulah ruver/

1927

Lake Burton

Tallulah ruver/

1926

Seed Lake

Tallulah River/

1925

Mathis Reservoir

Tallulah River/

1913

Tallulah Falls Lake

Tugaloo ruver/

1923

TugaloLake

Tugaloo River/

1925

Yonah Lake

Savannah River/

1962

Hartwell Lake

Savannah River/

1984

Richard B. Russell

Reservoir

Savannah ruver/

1953

Thurmond Lake

(formerly Clarks

Hill Lake)

Savannah ruver/

1914

power pool

Savannah ruver by

1920

Augusta Canal/none

Savannah River by

1943

Augusta Canal/none

Savannah ruver by

1920

Augusta Canal/none

Savannah ruver/

1987

none

Savannah River/

1979

none

Savannah River/

1958

none

Savannah River/

1949

none

6,120 4,800 16,000 72,000 45,000 22,500 344,000 300,000 280,000
18,900
2,100 2,250 1,200 2,320,000 178,000 334,000
80,000

18

Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 198().87-Continued

Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner

Type/
Fuel source

County

Hydrologic Water source/

unit

ReseiVOir

Year

Capacity

in service (kilowatts)

Mli.Sl'EAD 02207301 - McRay Energy Inc.
PORTERDALE 02207540- Porterdale Associates
LLOYD SHOALS 02210000 - Georgia Power Company
SCHERER 02212510 - Georgia Power Company
ARKWRIGHT 02212890 - Georgia Power Company
BARNEITSHOALS 02218130 - Georgia Power Company
WALlACE 02220450 - Georgia Power Company
HARLEE BRANCH 02222247 - Georgia Power Company
SINClAIR 02222500 - Georgia Power Company
EDWIN I. HATCH 02225001 - Georgia Power Company

ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN

Hydro

Rockdale

run-of-river

03070103

Hydro

Newton

run-of-river

03070103

Hydro storage

Butts

03070103

Thermo fossil fuel

Monroe

03070103

Thermo fossil fuel

Bibb

Hydro

Oconee

run-of-river

Hydro storage

Putnam

Thermo fossil fuel

Putnam

Hydro storage

Baldwin

Thermo nuclear

Appling

03070103 03070101 03070101 03070101 03070101 03070106

Yellow River/ power pool
Yellow ruverI
power pool
Ocmulgee River/ Lloyd Shoals
ReseiVOir
Ocmulgee ruver and Rum Creek Lake Juliette
Ocmulgee River/ none
Oconee ruver/ power pool
Oconee ruver/ Lake Oconee
Oconee River/ Sinclair ReseiVOir
Oconee River/ Sinclair Reservoir
Altamaha River/ none

1924 1927 1911
1982
1941 1910 1980 1965 1953 1975

SATILU AND ST MARYS RIVER BASINS

MCMANUS

Thermo

Glynn

03070203 Turtle Creek/

1952

022261765 - Georgia Power Company

fossil fuel

none

BUFORD 02334400- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
MORGAN FALLS 02335810 - Georgia Power Company
ATKINSON 02336479 - Georgia Power Company
MCDONOUGH 02336480 - Georgia Power Company
YATES 02338030 - Georgia Power Company
WANSLEY 02338330 - Georgia Power Company

APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN

Hydro storage

Forsyth

03130001

Hydro storage

Fulton

03130001

Thermo fossil fuel

Cobb

03130002

Thermo fossil fuel

Cobb

03130002

Thermo fossil fuel

Coweta

03130002

Thermo fossil fuel

Heard

03130002

WESI'POINT 02339400- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Hydro storage

Troup

03130002

Chattahoochee ruver/ 1957 Lake Sidney Lanier
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1904 Blue Sluice Lake
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1930 none
Chattahoochee River/ 1963 none
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1950 none
Chattahoochee ruver& 1976 Yellow Dirt Creek/ none
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1975 West Point Lake

800 1,600 14,400 3,270,000 160,000 2,800 321,000 1,540,000 45,000 1,163,000
115,000
86,000 16,800 240,000 490,000 1,250,000 1,730,000 73,400

19

Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87-Continued

Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner

Type/ Fuei!Wurce

County

Hydrologic Water ~Wurce/

unit

Reservoir

Year

Capacity

in service (kilowatts)

LANGDALE 02339780 - Georgia Power Company
RIVERVIEW 02339820 - Georgia Power Company
BARTLEITS FERRY 02341000- Georgia Power Company
GOAT ROCK 02341300 - Georgia Power Company
OLIVER 02341400- Georgia Power Company
NORTH HIGHLANDS 02341420 - Georgia Power Company
EAGLE & PHENIX #1 & #2 02341480- Fieldcrest Cannon Inc.
WALTER F. GEORGE 02343240 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
JOSEPH M. FARLEY 02343830 - Alabama Power Company
CRISP 02350390 - Crisp County Power Comm.
WARWICK 02350400 - Crisp County Power Comm.
FLINT RIVER 02350550 - Georgia Power Company
MITCHELL 02352790 - Georgia Power Company
nMWOODRUFF 02357500 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN--Continued

Hydro

Harris

run-of-river

03130002

Chattahoochee River/ 1924 power pool

Hydro

Harris

run-of-river

03130002

Chattahoochee River/ 1918 power pool

Hydro storage

Harris

03130002

Chattahoochee River/ 1926 Lake Harding

Hydro

Harris

run-of-river

03130002

Chattahoochee River/ 1912 power pool

Hydro storage

Muscogee 03130003

Chattahoochee River/ 1959 Lake Oliver

Hydro

Muscogee 03130003

run-of-river

Chattahoochee River/ 1963 power pool

Hydro

Muscogee

run-of-river

03130003

Chattahoochee River/ 1915 power pool

Hydro

aay

storage

03130003

Chattahoochee River/ 1963 Walter F. George Lake

Thermo nuclear

Houston 03130004 (Alabama)

Chattahoochee River/ 1m none

Thermo

Worth

03130006 Flint River/

1958

fossil fuel

Lake Blackshear

Hydro

Worth

03130006 Flint River/

1930

storage

Lake Blackshear

Hydro

Dougherty 03130008 Flint River/

1921

storage

Lake Worth

Thermo

Dougherty 03130008 Flint River/

1948

fossil fuel

none

Hydro storage

Gadsden (Florida)

03130004

Appalachicola River/ 1957 Lake Seminole

CARTERS 02381400 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
ALIATOONA 02393500- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CARTERSVILLE 02394140 - ECC America International
BOWEN 02394775 - Georgia Power Company
HAMMOND 02397800 - Georgia Power Company

MOBILE RIVER BASIN

Hydro storage

Murray

03150102

Hydro storage

Bartow

03150104

Hydro

Bartow

run-of-river

03150104

Thermo fossil fuel

Bartow

03150104

Thermo fossil fuel

Floyd

03150105

Coosawattee River/ 1976 Carters Lake

Etowah River/

1950

Allatoona Reservoir

Etowah River/

1927

power pool

Etowah River/

1971

none

Coosa River/

1954

none

1,040 480
173,000 26,000 60,000 29,600 31,800 130,000 1,720,000 12,500 16,400 5,400 170,000 49,800
500,000 74,000
625 3,160,000
800,000

20

Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87-Continued

Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner

Type/
Fuel source

County

Hydrologic Water source/

unit

ReseiVOir

Year

Capacity

in service (kilowatts)

TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN

ESfATOAH

Hydro

Rabun

03060102 Mud Creek/

1928

034999268 - Georgia Power Company

run-of-river

power pool

NOTI'ELY

Hydro

Union

06020002 Nottely River/

1956

03553000- Tennessee Valley Authority

storage

Nottely Lake

BLUE RIDGE

Hydro

Fannin

06020003 Toccoa River/

1931

03558.500- Tennessee Valley Authority

storage

Blue Ridge Lake

240 15,000 20,000

21

Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980.87
(Mgalfd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Plant name - County Downstream order no.

Average flow (Mgal/d)

Year

Withdrawal (Mgal/d)

Consumptive Power

Percent

use generated

GW

SW

TOTAL consumed (Mgalfd) (GWh)

VOGTLE- Burke 021973269 Note: Average flow is estimated.
MCINTOSH - Effingham Q2198745
PT. WENTWORTH - Chatham 02198930
RIVERSIDE- Chatham 02198977

6,580 N/A N/A N/A

SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN

100

1980

0.21

0

0.21

1981

.29

0

.29

1982

.28

0

.28

1983

.40

0

.40

1984

.36

.34

.70

1985

.86

7.1

8.0

1986

1.9

.44

2.3

1987

2.5

50.0

52.2

0

1980

0.11

107

107

1981

.12

107

107

1982

.15

107

107

1983

.31

107

107

1984

.33

107

107

1985

.27

107

107

1986

.20 107

107

1987

.20 107

107

0

1980

1.3

267

268

1981

1.2

254

255

1982

1.1

254

255

1983

0.80 254

255

1984

1.0

254

255

1985

1.4

254

255

1986

.97

254

255

1987

.90 254

255

0

1980

1.9

96.0

98.0

1981

1.7

96.0

98.0

1982

1.9

96.0

98.0

1983

1.0

96.0

97.0

1984

1.4

96.0

97.4

1985

1.9

96.0

98.0

1986

2.2

96.0

98.2

1987

1.4

96.0

97.4

0 0 0 0
.34 7.1 .44 50.0

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4,430

0

182

0

212

0

584

0

916

0

1,020

0

920

0

1,080

0

1,110

0

1,580

0

1,540

0

1,320

0

1,130

0

1,120

0

1,220

0

1,160

0

974

0

14.0

0

37.0

0

0.89

0

5.4

0

.37

0

1.5

0

2.8

0

.28

22

Table 3.-Themwelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding)

Plant name - County Downstream order no.

Average flow (Mgal/d)

Year

Withdrawal (Mgalfd)

Consumptive Power

Percent

use generated

GW

SW

TOTAL consumed (Mgal/d) (GWh)

ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN

SCHERER- Monroe

1,640

100

02212510

1980

0.07

0

O.D7

0

N/A

1981

.09

58.2

58.3

58.2

N/A

1982

.07

7.0

7.0

6.9 1,440

1983

.07

.51

.58

1984

.08

.18

.26

.51 3,040

.:--

.18 5,200

1985

.05

9.2

9.3

9.2 6,230

1986

.06

4.6

4.7

4.6 4,650

1987

.04

.74

.78

.74 5,530

ARKWRIGHT- Bibb 02212890

1,710

0

1980

0

238

238

1981

0

181

181

1982

0

103

103

1983

0

96.4

96.4

1984

0

197

197

1985

0

189

189

1986

0

190

190

1987

0

135

135

0

607

0

742

0

397

0

403

0

710

0

880

0

882

0

643

HARLEE BRANCH - Putnam 02222247

2,100

0.01

1980

0

140

140

1981

0

673

673

1982

0

455

455

1983

0

726

726

1984

0

943

943

1985

0

1,060

1,060

1986

0

957

957

1987

0

986

986

0.15 5,560 .09 7,130 .06 6,140 .09 7,130 .12 9,390 .14 10,500 .12 9,820 .13 9,850

EDWIN I. HATCH- Appling 02225001

7,420

50

1980

0.21

65.0

65.2

1981

.28

49.0

49.0

1982

.25

52.0

52.2

1983

.22

56.0

56.0

1984

.21

49.0

49.0

1985

.22

55.2

55.4

1986

.19

55.0

55.0

1987

.23

58.3

59.0

32.5 8,440 24.3 7,230 26.0 6,600 28.0 7,770 24.4 5,470 28.0 10,100 27.3 7,240 29.2 10,800

23

Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980..87-Continued
[Mgaljd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Plant name - County Downstream order no.

Average flow (Mgaljd)

Year

Withdrawal (Mgaljd)

Consumptive Power

Percent

use generated

GW

SW

TOTAL consumed (Mgaljd) (GWh)

MCMANUS - Glynn 022261765
ATKINSON- Cobb 02336479
MCDONOUGH - Cobb 02336480
YATES- Coweta 02338030

SATILIA AND ST MARYS RIVER BASINS

N/A

0.01

1980

0.04

155

155

1981

.04

29.1

30.0

1982

.03

23.0

23.0

1983

.02

48.0

48.0

1984

.01

54.1

54.1

1985

.01

46.0

46.0

1986

.02

46.1

46.1

1987

.02

33.3

33.3

APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN

1,600

0

1980

0

72.0

72.0

1981

0

0

0

1982

0

0

0

1983

0

22.0

22.0

1984

0

1.0

1.0

1985

0

36.0

36.0

1986

0

45.0

45.0

1987

0

16.2

16.2

1,600

0

1980

0

394

394

1981

0

356

356

1982

0

349

349

1983

0

349

349

1984

0

347

347

1985

0

345

345

1986

0

359

359

1987

0

362

362

2,570

1.6

1980

0

666

666

1981

0

419

419

1982

0

317

317

1983

0

264

264

1984

0

392

392

1985

0

430

430

1986

0

536

536

1987

0

555

555

1.5

72.0

0.29

60.5

.23

12.0

.48

8.4

.54

6.1

.46

15.0

.46

77.0

.33

33.5

0

132

0

0

0

0

0

32.0

0

1.3

0

17.0

0

21.0

0

4.7

0

1,970

0

3,220

0

2,740

0

3,200

0

3,620

0

3,270

0

3,180

0

3,480

11.0 6,400 6.8 6,720 5.1 5,680 4.3 5,370 6.3 6,380 7.0 6,430 8.7 6,360 9.0 6,940

24

Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 198()..87-Continued
[Mgaljd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Plant name - County Downstream order no.

Average flow (Mgaljd)

Year

Withdrawal (Mgal/d)

Consumptive Power

Percent

use generated

GW

SW

TOTAL consumed (Mgaljd) (GWh)

WANSLEY - Heard 02338330
JOSEPH FARLEY - Houston (Alabama) 02343830
CRISP- Worth 02350390
MITCHELL- Dougherty 02352790

APALACHICOLA RIVER BASIN-Continued

2,640

1980

0

1981

0

1982

0

1983

0

1984

0

1985

0

1986

0

1987

0

75

25.0

25.0

26.0

26.0

14.0

14.0

3.8

3.8

14.3

14.3

23.0

23.0

21.2

21.2

11.1

11.1

6,710

0

1980

0

72.0

72.0

1981

0

107

107

1982

0

94.4

94.4

1983

0

100

100

1984

0

101

101

1985

0

101

101

1986

0

100

100

1987

0

97.2

97.2

2,870

1980

0

1981

0

1982

0

1983

0

1984

0

1985

0

1986

0

1987

0

0

2.2

2.2

2.8

2.8

0.63

0.63

.81

.81

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

1.5

1.5

1.1

1.1

4,060

0.03

1980

0

232

232

1981

0

135

135

1982

0

148

148

1983

0

145

145

1984

0

184

184

1985

0

178

178

1986

0

151

151

1987

0

146

146

18.5 11,700 19.4 11,300 10.4 10,500 2.8 11,100 11.0 12,100 17.0 11,400 16.0 11,100 8.3 11,200

0

4,890

0

5,890

0

11,100

0

11,900

0

12,700

0

12,000

0

12,400

0

12,000

0

15.0

0

17.0

0

3.2

0

5.0

0

8.2

0

4.8

0

4.0

0

1.4

0.06 1,120

.04

998

.04

970

.04

954

.05 1,220

.05 1,260

.04 1,070

.04 1,200

25

Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[Mgalfd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Plant name - County Downstream order no.

Average flow (Mgal/d)

Year

Withdrawal (Mgal/d)

Consumptive Power

Percent

use

generated

GW

SW

TOTAL consumed (Mgal/d) (GWh)

BOWEN Bartow 02394n5
HAMMOND Floyd 02397800

1,550 4,360

MOBILE RIVER BASIN

1980

0

1981

0

1982

0

1983

0

1984

0

1985

0

1986

0

1987

0

48

60.0

60.0

59.0

59.0

49.0

49.0

41.0

41.0

53.0

53.0

585

585

57.0

57.0

55.0

55.0

0

1980

0

548

548

1981

0

448

448

1982

0

415

415

1983

0

314

314

1984

0

454

454

1985

0

435

435

1986

0

457

457

1987

0

449

449

29.0 17,700 28.0 17,100 23.4 17,100 20.0 18,500 25.2 19,000 28.0 20,900 27.0 21,200 26.2 21,500

0

3,350

0

3,300

0

2,800

0

2,980

0

4,240

0

4,960

0

4,990

0

4,960

26

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 198~87
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GaJ/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

BURTON- Rabun

115

02178500

NACOOCHEE-Rabun

136

02179150

TERRORA-Rabun

151

02179500

TALLUlAH-Rabun

186

02181570

Year

Average head (feet)

Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)

Average flow
(Mgal/d)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coefficient (Gai/GWh)

SAYANNAH RIVER BASIN

112 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

219 230 102 201 252 233 123 104 157

62 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
187 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
598 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

245
260
132 223 275 258 144 117 176
265 283 135 255 317 298 169 136 209
310 357 157 312 390 358 208 165 237

3.40 X 1o'J 24.5 11.0 21.5 27.0 25.0 13.1 11.1 17.0
5.80 X 1o'J 16.5 8.4 14.1 17.4 16.3 9.1 7.4 11.1
2.00 X 1o'J 52.0 25.0 47.0 58.0 54.4 31.0 25.0 38.2
0.69 X 109 188 83.0 164 205 188 109 87.0 125

27

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gai/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , ligures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

TUGALO-Habersham

464

02181600

YONAH-Stephens

470

02181650

HARTWELL-Hart 02187250

2,090

RUSSELL-Elbert 02189004
Note: has pumpedstorage capability

2,900

Year

Average head (feet)

Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)

Average flow
(Mgal/d)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coefficient (Gal/GWh)

SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN-Continued

142

1980

837

1981

368

1982

794

1983

959

1984

878

1985

553

1986

429

1987

657

69 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

926 426 878 1,060 937 613 429 669

172 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

"3,240 "1,620 "1,520 2,880 3,030 2,040 1,550 1,980

161 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

0 0 0 0 "1 .0 2,440 2,000 2,600

742 103 2,710 3,290

119 52.2 113 136 125 109 61.0 93.0
60.4 28.0 57.3 69.0 61.0 40.0 28.0 44.0
604 302 284 538 539 218 296 369
0 0 0 0
.15 211 295 380

257 X 1o'J 5.60 X 1o'J 1.96 X 109 2.50x 109

28

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GalfGWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

1HURMONDColumbia 02194500

6,140

srEVENS CREEKColumbia 02196360

7,170

SIBLEY-Richmond 02196627

7,500

KING MILLSRichmond 02196628

7,500

Year

Average head (feet)

Surface-water use
(Mgalfd)

Average flow
(Mgalfd)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coefficient (GalfGWh)

SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN-Continued

109 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

"1,710 "819
"1,020 "1,550 "1,640
"890 "825 "1,150

28 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

3,710 3,010 3,340 4,170 4,200 3,160 2,930 3,670

8,860 6,390

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

33 32
29

6,580 439 429 434 435 410 441 502 506
6,580 0 0 0 0 542 512 542 542

893 427 533 808 857 464 430 601
86.0 70.0 77.2 96.3 97.0 73.0 68.0 85.0

o.1 x 1rP
15.80x109

13.00 X 109 12.3 12.0 12.2 12.2 11.5 12.4 14.0 14.2
15.40 X 1o9 0 0 0 0 13.0 12.2 13.0 13.0

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgaf/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because or independent rounding)

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

EJIITERPRISERichmond 02196630

7,500

MILSfEAD-Rockdale

210

02207301

PORTERDALE-

413

Newton

02207540

Year

Average head (reet)

Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)

Average flow
(Mgal/d)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coerficient (Gaf/GWh)

SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN-Continued

30 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

103 73.2 136 21.0
0 0 3.3 19.0

ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN

44

1980

0

1981

0

1982

0

1983

0

1984

0

1985

0

1986

175

1987

30.0

47 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

0 0 0 "24.0 153 112 66.3 78.4

6,580 161 321

10.30x 109 3.7 2.6 4.8 0.74 0 0
.12 .67
5.30 X 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.2 2.1
5.30 x109 0 0 0 1.6 105 7.7 4.6 5.4

30

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding)

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

LLOYD SHOALSButts 02210000

1,400

BARNEITSHOALS-

835

Oconee

02218130

WALLACE-Putnam 02220450

1,830

Note: Pumped storage facility

SINCLAIR-Baldwin 02222500

2,900

Year

Average head (feet)

Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)

Average flow
(Mgal/d)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coefficient (Gal/GWh)

ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN-Continued

100

1980

7(JJ

1981

358

1982

794

1983

447

1984

759

1985

668

1986

397

1987

575

49 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

168 109 62.2 144 161 166 156 192

1,100 774

94 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
96 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

3,700 3,500 3,620 4,390 3,550 4,010 3,220 2,730
1,420 569
1,2J 1,480 1,320
874 668 983

1,560 2,130

31

4.06x 109 68.3 32.2 71.4 40.2 68.2
ro.o
36.0 52.0
8.36x 109 7.4 4.8 2.7 6.3 7.0 7.3 6.8 8.4

348 329 340 413 334 377 303 257
132 53.0 117 138 123 81 .3 62.0 91.0

3.88 X 109 3.93x 109

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plalllS in Georgia, 198{}.87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgalfd, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gai/GWh, gaitons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

BUFORD-Forsyth 02334400

1,040

MORGAN FALLSFulton 02335810

1,370

WESI' POINTTroup 02339400

3,380

Year

Average head (feet)

Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)

Average flow
(Mgal/d)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coefficient (GalfGWh)

APALACHICOLA RIVER BASIN

149 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

1,690 859 733
1,410 1,550
833 661 840

39 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

1,470 851 879
1,390 1,520
894 716 903

1,300 1,750

263 127 110 222 247 128 103 130
70.4 41.0 42.0 66.3 73.0 43.0 34.0 43.2

2.35 X 1f/J 7.63x 1o9

68 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

*3,910 *1,790 *3,060 *4,060 3,890 2,410 1,520 2,520

3,500

254 116 199 264 262 148 99.0 164

*5.61 X 109

32

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plams in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

Year

Average head (feet)

Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)

Average flow
(Mgal/d)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coefficient (Gal/GWh)

IANGDALE-Harris 02339780

3,630

RIVERVIEW-Harris 02339820

3,660

BARTLEITS FERRYHarris 02341000

4,240

GOAT ROCK-Harris 02341300

4,520

APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN-Continued

13 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

3,670 426 370 382 434 459 404 381 413

9.0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

3,700 279 715 262 256 234 189 185 188

108 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

3,620 2,140 3,130 3,720 3,810 2,100 1,980 3,200

4,030

66 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

2,740 1,810 2,660 2,940 2,850 2,090 1,590 2,360

4,300

33

5.2
45
4.6 5.2
55
4.9 4.6 5.0
3.6 9.3 3.3 3.3 3.0
25
2.4 2.4
422 250 365 434 445 245 232 371
174 111 163 179 174 128 97.0 144

30.30x 1fP 28.20 X 109
3.13 X 109 5.98 X 109

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 198{}.87-Continued
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GalfGWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

Year

Average head (feet)

Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)

Average flow
(Mgalfd)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coefficient (Gai/GWh)

OLIVER-Muscogee 02341400

4,630

NORTH HIGHLANDSMuscogee 02341420

4,630

EAGLE & PHENIX #1 and #2Muscogee 02340480
Note: Drainage area and average flow based upon combined capacities of two generators #1 and #2.
WALTER F.GEORGEClay 02343240

4,640 7,460

APALACHICOLA RIVER BASIN-Continued

66 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

3,990 2,250 3,570 4,360 4,350 2,730 2,040 3,050

4,400

39 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

4,050 2,240 3,610 4,420 4,000 2,690 2,030 3,080

4,160

26 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

4,480 419 356 244 296 308 350 2n 374

85 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

*6,160 *3,160 *5,710 *7,060 6,440 3,830 3,200 4,830

6,450

261 147 234 285 285 178 133 199
157 87.0 140 171 155 104 79.0 119
9.0 7.6 5.2 6.3 6.6 75 5.9 8.0

559 X 109 9.44 X 109 17.70 X 109

0 4.45 X 109 506 260 470 579 513 300 262 3%

34

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1.980-87-Continued
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

Year

Average head (feet)

Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)

Average flow
(Mgal/d)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coefficient (Ga1jGWh)

WARWICK-Worth 02350400

3,600

FLINT RIVERDougherty 02350550

4,180

RM WOODRUFFGadsden (Florida) 02357500

17,150

APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN-Continued

28 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

1,710 1,190 2,220 2,160 2,230 1,720 1,510 1,910

2,800

27 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

1,270 921
1,360 1,180 1,360 1,300 1,120 1,240

3,270

27 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

837 702 1,010 858 830 933 734 725

21,800

43.0 30.0 56.0 54.0 56.0 43.0 38.0 48.0
31.0 23.0 34.0 29.0 34.0 32.0 28.0 305
216 181 263 222 214 241 190 187

14.60 X to9 14.80 X 1o9 0 1.41 X to9

35

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gai/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding]

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

Year

Average head (feet)

Surface-water use
(Mgal/d)

Average flow
(Mgal/d)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coefficient (Gai/GWh)

CARTERS-Murray

376

02381400

Note: Has pumpedstorage capability

ALIATOONABartow 02393500

1,110

CARTERSVILLE-

930

Bartow

02394140

MOBILE RIVER BASIN

363 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

*2,510 0
*1,830 *1,140 1,410 1,160 1,160 1,210

140 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

*1,400 *569
*1,460 *1,400 1,490
735 399 745

14

1980

0

1981

0

1982

0

1983

0

1984

0

1985

6.8

1986

6.3

1987

4.6

271 1,070
897

191 0
171 106 144 100 464 486
199 81.0 206 198 216 101 56.4 105
0 0 0 0 0 1.4 1.3
.96

*0.91 X 1rP *258 X 109 1.75 X 109

36

Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GaljGWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated.
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding)

Name - County Downstream order no.

Drainage
area (mi2)

Year

Average head (feet)

Surface-water usc
(Mgaljd)

Average flow
(Mgal/d)

Power generated
(GWh)

Conversion coefficient (GaljGWh)

TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN

ESfATOAH-

not

610

65

0.66x 109

;..-

Rabun

measured

1980

2.9

1.7

034999268

1981

1.7

0.94

1982

46.0

26.0

1983

1.3

.74

1984

1.3

.74

1985

.90

.48

1986

.51

.31

1987

2.1

1.2

NOTTELY-Union

214

03553000

127 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

367 272 147 245 335 298 163 '112 '153

50.0 20.0 34.4 42.3 44.0 23.0 '16.0 '21.3

0 2.63 X 1rfJ

BLUE RIDGEFannin 03558500

232

130

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

404 408 254 349 440 450 244 1so

49.0 20.0 41.0 51.0 53.0 26.0 '19.0

'3.43 X 1rfJ

37

For convenience in selecting our reports from your bookshelves, they are color-keyed across the spine by subject as follows:

Red Dk. Purple Maroon Lt. Green Lt. Blue Dk. Green Dk. Blue Olive
Yellow
Dk. Orange Brown Black Dk. Brown

Valley and Ridge mapping and stn,J.ctural geology Piedmont and Blue Ridge mapping and structural geology Coastal Plain mapping and stratigraphy Paleontology Coastal Zone studies Geochemical and geophysical studies Hydrology Economic geology Mining directmy Environmental studies Engineering studies Bibliographies and lists of publications Petroleum and natural gas Field trip guidebooks Collections of papers

Colors have been selected at random, and will be augmented as new subjects are published.

Editor: Patricia A Allgood

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