POWER GENERATION AND RELATED WATER USE IN GEORGIA 
By 
Julia L. Fanning, Glenn A. Doonan, Victoria P. Trent, and Roger D. McFarlane 
 
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY 
 
INFORMATION CIRCULAR 87 
 
 Cover: Eagle and Phenix #1 and #2, hydroelectric power plant in Columbus, Georgia in September 1989 
Photo courtesy: Darrell Dorminey, U.S. Geological Survey 
 
 POWER GENERATION AND RELATED WATER USE IN GEORGIA 
By Julia L. Fanning, Glenn A. Doonan, Victoria P. Trent, and Roger D. McFarlane 
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Joe D. Tanner, Commissioner 
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director GEORGIA GEOWGIC SURVEY 
William H. McLemore, State Geologist 
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
Atlanta, Georgia 1991 
INFORMATION CIRCULAR 87 
 
  CONTENTS 
Page 
Abstract..................................................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ ................ ........ ... .. .......... ... ................. 1 
Purpose and scope ............................................................................................................................................................3 Data collection ..................................................................................................................................................................3 AcknowledgiDents .............................................................................................................................................................5 Terminology in water-power development .......................................................................................................................5 Common types of power-generating plants ......................................................................................................................6 Thermoelectric plants.......................................................................................................................................................6 Hydroelectric plants .........................................................................................................................................................6 Data requirements for potential power development......................................................................................................? General setting......................................................................................................................................................................8 Historical water-power developments in Georgia............................................................................................................9 Present-day water-power developments in Georgia ........................................................................................................9 Effects of drought on power production .........................................................................................................................11 Water used for power production ....................................................................................................................................11 Summary ............................................................................................................................. ... ... ............ .............. ............. ... .15 Selected references.............................................................................................................................................................15 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
Figure 1. 
2. 
3. 4. 5. 6. 
7. Figures 8.-11. 
 
Map showing the power-generating facilities in Georgia by major river basin..............................2 Map showing the average annual precipitation and runoff for 1951-80 and physiographic 
provinces in Georgia........................................................................................................................4 Schematic diagram of steam-electric generating facility with once-through cooling.....................6 Schematic diagram of a hydroelectric dam .........................................................................................6 Schematic diagram of a pumped-storage facility................................................................................? Annual precipitation and departure from average annual precipitation at selected 
stations, 1980-87 .............................................................................................................................12 Annual flow and departure from average annual flow at selected stations, 1980-87...................13 Graphs showing: 8. Total power production in Georgia 1980-87................................................................................14 9. The comparison of 1986 monthly flows for the Etowah River at Canton and monthly 
power generation at Allatoona Reservoir with long-term means ..........................................14 10. Surface-water withdrawal for thermoelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85...........14 11. Surface-water withdrawal for hydroelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85 .............15 
 
Table 1. 
2. 3. 4. 
5. 
6. 
 
TABLES 
Power-generating plants in Georgia by physiographic province, 1980-87..........................................8 Power-generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87 .............................................................18 Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87 ..........................................................................................22 Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87.............................................................................................27 Total power production in Georgia, 1980-87 .......................................................................................10 Total surface water used for power production in Georgia, 1980-87 ...............................................10 
 
iii 
 
 CONVERSION FACTORS 
 
The following factors may be used to convert inch-pound units to metric units (International System): 
 
Multiply 
 
By 
 
To obtain 
 
inch (in.) 
foot (ft) mile (mi) 
 
l&!1:t!l 
25.4 0.0254 0.3048 1.609 
 
millimeter (mm) meter (m) meter (m) kilometer (km) 
 
square mile (mi2) 
gallon (gal) million gallons (Mgal) billion gallons (Bgal) 
 
259.0 2.590 
Volume 
3.785 3.785 0.003785 3,785 0.003785 3.785 
 
hectare (ha) square kilometer (km2) 
liter (L) cubic decimeter (dm3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic hectometer (hm3) cubic hectometer (hm3) 
 
cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 
million gallons per day (Mgalfd) 
billion gallons per day (Bgal/d) 
 
28.32 28.32 
0.02832 43.81 
0.04381 43.81 
 
liter per second (L/s) cubic decimeter per second 
(dm3/s) cubic meter per second (m3/s) cubic decimeter per second 
(dm3 / s ) cubic meter per second (m3/s) cubic meter per second (m3fs) 
 
iv 
 
 POWER GENERATION AND RELATED WATER USE IN GEORGIA 
By 
Julia L. Fanningll, Glenn A. Doonanll, Victoria P. Trentlf and Roger D. McFarlanell 
 
ABSTRACT 
In 1987, total freshwater use in Georgia averaged about 5.8 billion gallons per day. Surfacewater withdrawals totaled about 4.6 billion gallons per day, of which about seventy-five percent was used for cooling purposes at thermoelectric power generating plants. Although the amount of water used for thermoelectric power production in Georgia is large, only about 0.12 billion gallons per day is consumed with the remainder being returned to the source water bodies. Additionally, about 45 billion gallons per day of surface-water was used instream for hydroelectric power generation. 
The water used and power produced at 18 thermoelectric and 39 hydroelectric plants, located in or adjacent to Georgia, are presented for the period of 1980 through 1987 to show the relation that exists between water use and power generation. Droughts, such as those that occurred in 1981 and 1986, significantly affect power production, especially hydroelectric power. For example, in 1980, an average of about 55 billion gallons per day of water was used to produce 5,520 gigawatt-hours of power at 39 hydroelectric plants. Then in 1981, a drought year, only about 32 billion gallons per day was used to produce 2,960 gigawatthours of power at these same plants. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
Georgia's population and electrical power demands are growing rapidly. The 1980 population of approximately 5.4 million people is expected to grow to about 7.0 million by the year 2000 (University of Georgia, 1986). With this growth will come an increasing demand for electrical power. Georgia Power Company, the State's largest private utility, supplied four times as much power to its customers in 1987 as it did in 1963 (George Guill, Georgia Power Company., oral comm., 1988). 
The primary sources of electrical power for Georgia are steam-electric and hydroelectric generating plants. The terms "steam-electric" and "thermoelectric" are used synonymously throughout this report because the vast majority of Georgia's thermoelectric plants are steam driven. The thermoelectric plants are designed to operate continuously, supplying normal electrical demands, whereas the hydroelectric plants furnish the additional power required during peak-demand periods. The locations of 57 of Georgia's largest thermoelectric and hydroelectric plants are shown in figure 1. 
 
1/u.s. Geological Survey 
YGeorgia Geologic Survey 
 
1 
 
 E.XPLANA'flON 
 
-  - RIVIi:!RBASINDOUNOARY 
 
llUlC'I'RJC OENillV.TINO !!..ANTI; AND IDENTIFICATION NUMIJE'R 
 
021973269 
- l~ 
 
0~1711500 
~ 
 
Hydroeltcuic. 
 
Eluwol, Rj\'er 
... .,, C;~~:n.ton CONTINUOUS.RBCORDOAGINO STATION 02392000 AND fO ElNTIFICA'nON NUMBER 
 
Efbeuon2...N PRECIPITATION STATION AND IDENTIFICATION NUMB6R 
 
IG 
 
~ 
 
J0 
 
.CO 50 MIUSS 
 
o J 
 
1 
1 
 
1 
11 
 
'r 
 
' 1 
 
' 
 
10 lO lO 
 
lOI<lWMRTl!l!$ 
 
- 
 
Figure I.--Power-generating facilities in Georgia by major river basin, 1980-87. 
 
2 
 
 Both thermoelectric and hydroelectric plants require large volumes of water to generate electricity. Most of the water withdrawn for power production in Georgia is from surface-water sources with very little ground water used for this purpose. In 1987, an average of about 3.4 billion gallons per day were withdrawn from Georgia waters to operate 18 utility company thermoelectric power plants. An additional estimated 45 billion gallons per day were used in-stream for power generation at 39 of the State's hydroelectric power plants. 
Georgia receives an abundant supply of rainfall, averaging about 50 inches per year (fig. 2). Consequently, many of the State's rivers have flows sufficient for power production. However, critically low streamflow conditions, such as those experienced in 1981 and 1986, can force utility companies to alter their normal operating practices. Hydroelectric power plant operations are especially affected by drought. For instance, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineer's Hartwell plant, a large hydroelectric facility, produced only half as much power in 1981 as in 1980. For these same two years, the power generated at Georgia Power Company's Plant Bowen, the largest thermoelectric plant in the State in 1981, remained about the same. 
Purpose and Scope 
This study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey, as part of a water-use program. The purpose of this report is to present and summarize data on electric power production in Georgia, and the amount of water used to generate this power. The report is based on power-production and water-use data for 39 hydroelectric and 18 thermoelectric power plants operated from 1980 through 1987. These 57 plants are located either in or adjacent to Georgia (fig. 1) and all use water from streams or aquifers in Georgia. 
The 39 hydroelectric plants range in size from large, Federally-owned plants to small, privatelyowned plants. All but six of the Georgia hydroelectric plants listed in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission report, "Hydroelectric Power Resources of the United States - Developed and Undeveloped- January 1, 1988," were included 
 
in this study. The six plants that were excluded from this study are all very small operations, each having generating capacities of less than 2,000 kilowatts. 
The 18 thermoelectric plants included in this study represent all the utility company plants of this type that were operating in or adjacent to Georgia during 1980 through 1987. Of these, 15 plants use conventional fossil fuel (coal, oil, gas) as an energy source and three use nuclear fuel (uranium). All 18 thermoelectric plants use steam to drive their turbines. Georgia's privately-owned non-utility thermoelectric plants were not included in the study because power-production data for these plants are not readily available. 
Data Collection 
Data on the amount of water used for the production of electrical power were compiled for 57 power plants. These data were gathered from a variety of sources. The Environmental Protection Division (EPD) of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources was a major source of information. Water users who withdraw more than 100,000 gallons per day are required to obtain a permit to operate, and to report monthly water-use figures every quarter to the Water Resources Management Branch of EPD. As part of the Georgia Water-Use Program conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with EPD, power plant owners/operators are contacted on an annual basis to obtain general information on facility practices and operations. Hydroelectric plant owners also provide power-generation figures for each month and a conversion coefficient (gallons of water per megawatt hour of electricity) for the plant. Water use for hydroelectric plants was estimated using a conversion routine in the Georgia Water-Use Data System (GWUDS) and cross-checked with information reported to EPD. 
Thermoelectric (including nuclear) power generation figures were provided by the Department of Energy EIA-759 monthly power plant reports (U.S. Department of Energy, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984a, 1985, 1986, 1987). This information was cross-checked with data obtained from the Westinghouse Hanford Company report, "Estimated Water Use of Power Plants- Georgia", 1984 (U.S. Department of Energy, 1984b). 
 
3 
 
 APPALACHIAN PlATEAUS 
 
VALLEY AND RIDGE 
 
PRECIPITATION 
 
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS 
 
EXPLANATION 
 
- 60- LINE OF EQUAL AVERAGE PRECIPITATIONInterval variable, in inches 
 
- 15 - 
 
LINE OF EQUAL AVERAGE ANNUAL RUNOFFInterval variable, in inches 
 
g 
 
50 MilES 
 
I , , ' I 01 I ' 
 
SO KILOM trERS 
 
RUNOFF 
 
Figure 2.--Average annual precipitation and runoff for 1951-80 and physiographic provinces in Georgia. 
 
4 
 
 Basic information about power plant location, fuel source, generating capacity, year service began, drainage area and average flow of the water source were obtained from records of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), power plant operators, and the following reports: "National Hydroelectric Power Resources Study'' (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981), "Hydroelectric Power Resources of the United States" (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 1988), and "Inventory of Power Plants in the United States" (U.S. Department of Energy, 1987). Hydrologic unit codes of the stream basins were determined from USGS hydrologic unit maps. Also, each facility was assigned a unique identification number that corresponds to the USGS downstream order number of the supplying stream at the point of the facility intake. This identification number was used throughout the tables in this report. 
Acknowledgments 
The authors acknowledge the assistance provided by George Guill, Georgia Power Company; and James Fox and Roberto Del Valle, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Atlanta, whose cooperation helped make this report possible. The authors also are indebted to the power plant owners and operators who provided data and other information about the plants. Special thanks are also extended to Robert F. Carter, U.S. Geological Survey [retired], for his enthusiastic support of this study and his many valuable contributions and suggestions during the preparation of this report. 
TERMINOLOGY IN WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT 
It will be helpful for the reader to understand the intended meaning of a number of commonlyused power-development terms in this report. They are as follows: 
Boiler - a vessel into which water is fed through a piping system. Heat is used to convert the water to pressurized steam. 
Condenser - a container where the steam used to drive the turbine is converted back into water. Cool water circulates inside a separate system of pipes inside the condenser unit and causes the spent steam 
5 
 
to be cooled and to condense on the outside of the cooling pipes. 
Dam - a structure across a watercourse to control the flow, provide storage, and increase the elevation of the water to produce a higher head. The water contained by the dam is, in effect, stored energy. Gates in the dam regulate the flow of water. 
Generator - a device that produces electricity. It consist of two parts: A stationary coil of copper wire and a magnet that rotates inside the coil of wire. The magnet is attached to and is driven by a turbine rotor. As the magnetic field issuing from the magnet moves across the coil of wire, an electric current is created. 
Head - the difference between the reservoir level at the dam to the water level at the river below. The difference in height between the headwater and the river below provides a direct measure of the potential energy available for conversion to electricity. 
Hotwell/condensate pump - the hotwell is a basin at the bottom of the condenser that provides an area for the condensate to collect. The condensate pump forces the water back to the boiler. 
Hydroelectric power - electrical power that is generated from water power. 
Penstock - a large pipe that directs water from the reservoir to the turbine(s) in the hydroelectric power station. 
Reservoir - a place where water is collected and stored for use. The main function of a reservoir is to stabilize the flow of water usually by regulating the amount of supply as it is needed. 
Thermoelectric power - electrical power that is generated by using fossil fuel, nuclear energy, or geothermal sources. In Georgia, most of this type power is generated at steam-driven power plants using oil, gas, or coal combustion or the fission of uranium to generate steam. 
 
 Turbine - a machine having a rotor with many small blades or vanes that can be driven by the pressure of water or steam directed at or passing through the blades. Turbines are used to convert potential energy in the form of pressure or head to mechanical energy to drive generators. 
COMMON 1YPES OF POWER-GENERATING PLANTS 
Thermoelectric Plants 
Thermoelectric power plants use steam, or in some instances another gas, to drive a turbine, which drives a generator to produce electricity. Figure 3 shows the basic design of a steam-driven thermoelectric plant. Water is heated in a boiler with a fuel source such as gas, coal, oil, or nuclear fission to produce high pressure/high temperature steam. The steam is then directed onto the turbine blades. The steam drives the turbine which then drives the generator. Electricity is produced in the generator as a magnet rotates inside a large coil of copper wire setting up an electric current. 
STEAM TIJRBINE GENERATOR 
 
Once the steam passes through the turbine, it enters the condenser where it is cooled and converted to water. The condensate then is collected in the hotwell and pumped back into the boiler to begin the process again. The same water is recycled constantly with only small amounts lost through leakage. The cooling system of the condenser, however, may require large volumes of water. The once-through cooling sys~em is the most commonly used system in Georgia. Oncethrough cooling draws the cooling water from its source and discharges the heated water directly to the same or adjacent water course so that cooling water passes through the plant only once. 
Hydroelectric Plants 
Hydroelectric power is generated by releasing water from a reservoir or dam through a turbine, which drives the generator. When the magnet in the generator moves across the coil of wire inside the generator, an electrical current is produced. Thus, the kinetic energy (energy in motion) of the falling water is converted to the mechanical energy of the rotating turbine, which in turn, is converted to the electrical energy produced by the generator (fig. 4). Once the water passes through the turbine, it usually is released downstream. 
 
Figure 3.--Schematic diagram of steamelectric generating facility with once-through cooling. [Modified from Epsey, Huston, & Associates, 1985.] 
 
Figure 4.--Schematic diagram of a hydroelectric dam. [Modified from Epsey, Huston, & Associates, 1985.) 
 
6 
 
 Hydroelectric plants are usually classilieJ as storage plants or run-of-river plants. At storage plants, a reservoir is created which has sufficient capacity to allow the operator to store water during wet periods for use during dryer periods. A run-ofriver plant has only a small reservoir which can store very little water. Thus, the run-of-river plant can only use available streamflow. 
In recent years, the addition of pumpedstorage capability to hydroelectric plants has become common. At these plants, water discharged from the turbines is collected in a downstream reservoir and later pumped back to the upstream reservoir during periods of off-peak power demand. This water is used again for power generation during the next peak-power demand period (fig. 5). 
About two thirds of the power generating plants in Georgia are hydroelectric plants. The natural continuous flow of water in streams makes hydroelectric power generation a relatively inexpensive and clean method of prod.ucing electricity. 
 
At night when customer demand for energy is low, water is pumped to a storage pool above the dam. 
 
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR POTENTIAL POWER DEVELOPMENT 
The potential for development of hydroelectric and thermoelectric power is contingent upon the availability of a dependable supply of water. The power-facility planner needs to have a clear understanding of the location and the availability of water to make educated decisions concerning plant design and the amounts and the uses of the water that is withdrawn. 
Streamflow data are very useful for evaluating the proper site selection and design of thermoelectric and hydroelectric power plants. Records of streamflow and stream-stage over a long, continuous period of time provide lhc most useful information for these studies. However, records of minimum and/or maximum flows can be very helpful in lieu of continuous data. The USGS maintains records of streamflow for hundreds of stream sites in Georgia. In 1987, there were 115 continuous streamflow-record-gaging stations and 105 peak-flow-only stations in Georgia. 
 
When demand is high and a heavy load is placed on the system, water is allowed to flow back through the turbine-generators. 
Figure 5.--Schematic diagram of a pumpedstorage facility. [From DOl, Bureau of Reclamation, 1983.] 
Flow-duration analysis of continuous streamflow records is helpful in determining a prospective power plant's generating capacity. This type of analysis provides information on the percentage of time selected design flows are expected to be equalled or exceeded. 
 
7 
 
 Draft-storage analysis also is readily performed using continuous-record flow data. The objective of this analysis is to determine the amount of reservoir storage needed to provide the water to produce the desired amount of electricity. Using historic streamflow data, proposed waterwithdrawal rates can be tested to evaluate the amount of stored water needed during times when streamflow is inadequate for water-use requirements. Records for years of critically low streamflows often are used for draft-storage analysis because they represent worst-case watersupply conditions. 
Flood-flow data also is necessary when a reservoir is planned. This information is useful for the estimation of design floods. The design flood is then used to help determine such things as the physical dimensions of the dam and spillway structures. 
GENERAL SETTING 
Hydroelectric and thermoelectric power production requires large amounts of water. Fortunately, water is one of Georgia's most abundant resources. There are 10 principal river basins in the State; the Savannah, Altamaha, Satilla, St Marys, Suwanee, Ochlockonee, Apalachicola, Mobile, Tennessee, and Ogeechee (fig. 1). Statewide, the average annual precipitation is 50 inches and the average annual runoff is 15 inches (Carter and Fanning, 1982). However, as figure 2 shows, average annual rainfall and runoff vary greatly across the State, with both generally decreasing from north to south. 
Georgia encompasses parts of five physiographic provinces (fig. 2); the Appalachian Plateau, the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain (Fenneman, 1938). Physical and hydrologic characteristics vary widely among these provinces, however, each has sufficient water resources for power production. 
Northwest Georgia lies within the Appalachian Plateau and the Valley and Ridge provinces. In this area, average annual rainfall ranges from about 48 to 56 inches and runoff from about 16 to 24 inches. Numerous springs discharge into streams causing base-flow runoff to vary among the streams in this area. The larger streams in this region, such as the Etowah and Oostanaula, are characterized by low stream-gradients and wide flood plains. 
 
The Blue Ridge province m northeastern Georgia is the most mountainous of the five provinces. Most streams have steep gradients. The mean annual rainfall and runoff in this area are the highest in the State, ranging from about 54 to 76 inches and 24 to 48 inches, respectively. 
The Piedmont province, in the north-central part of the State, has an average annual rainfall of about 44 to 64 inches and average annual runoff of about 10 to 32 inches. The streams generally have moderate slopes with occasional rapids and even a few waterfalls. 
The Coastal Plain province is in the southern half of the State. Streams in this province generally have very mild slopes with wide, wooded flood plains. Average annual rainfall in this area ranges from about 44 to 56 inches and average annual runoff ranges from less than 10 to 24 inches. 
Power plants are located in each of the five physiographic provinces except the Appalachian Plateau. The number of hydroelectric and thermoelectric plants located in each province are in table 1. 
 
Table 1.-Power generating plants in Georgia by physiographic province, 1980-87 
 
Physiographic province 
 
Hydroelectric plants 
 
Thermoelectric plants 
 
Total power plants 
 
Appalachian 
 
0 
 
Plateau 
 
Valley & Ridge 
 
3 
 
Blue Ridge 
 
7 
 
Piedmont 
 
25 
 
Coastal Plain 
 
4 
 
0 
 
0 
 
2 
 
5 
 
0 
 
7 
 
7 
 
32 
 
9 
 
13 
 
Total 
 
39 
 
18 
 
57 
 
8 
 
 IDSTORICAL WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN GEORGIA 
As Georgia was settled, the use of falling water to produce power for flour and grist mills, saw mills, cotton gins, furniture factories, tanneries, and a variety of other small industries was common. Power was harnessed directly by using water to turn paddle wheels which drove the desired machinery. Because of its relatively steep stream gradients and numerous shoals, north Georgia was particularly suited to this falling-water power production. The city of Augusta made exceptional use of this type water power. In 1845, work began on the Augusta Power Canal to bring water from the Savannah River into the city for powering manufacturing machinery. This project was so successful that Augusta was called the "Lowell of the South" after the prominent manufacturing community of Lowell, Massachusetts. 
Unfortunately, many Georgia cities were not as suitably located as Augusta, and their growth was hampered by limited available water power until the use of electrical power to operate machinery became feasible. With the development of electricity came the development and use of water power. Falling water could be used to operate turbine-driven generators and the electrical power could then be delivered to the cities and towns by transmission lines. In 1889, a study of the water-powers of Georgia was initiated by the thennamed Geological Survey of Georgia (Hall, 1896). Hall reported "Very few of the large water-powers of Georgia are utilized. This is a fact, not from lack of energy and enterprise in the people of the State; but because their energy has, heretofore, been directed mainly to agriculture and commerce, and not to manufacturing. But a rapid change is taking place in this respect; and it is all the better for our future, that this, the dawn of the age of electricity, has found us with undeveloped powers...". Hall (1896) documented a number of "great powers, in the State, that are running to waste" and presented a survey of power utilization at that time. 
By 1921, when the third report on the water powers of Georgia was written (Hall and Hall, 1921), a substantial amount of hydropower development had occurred in Georgia. According to Hall and Hall (1921), about 24 hydroelectric power plants were then being operated with a 
 
combined total capacity of about 182,000 kilowatts. The largest of these plants was the "Diversion Dam" at Tallulah Falls with a total capacity of about 72,000 kilowatts. The use of falling-water power to produce electricity was well underway with many projects under construction and even more being planned. 
While hydroelectric power production was developing, steam-electric (thermoelectric) power also was coming into increasing use. Although less obvious than with hydroelectric power, water also is very important in steam-electrical power generation for both the steam to drive the turbines and for cooling purposes. In 1955, there were 24 steam-electric plants (11 utilities and 13 industries) listed as Georgia water users in the Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 65 (Thomson and others, 1956). 
PRESENT-DAY WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN GEORGIA 
In 1987, there wer.e 45 hydroelectric plants operating in or adjacent to Georgia, according to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission report "Hydroelectric Power Resources of the United States - Developed and Undeveloped - January 1, 1988." There were also 18 utility-company thermoelectric plants producing power in 1987. Table 2 summarizes pertinent information about all of these plants except six small hydroelectric plants for which data were not readily available. The combined total capacity of the 57 plants listed in table 2 was approximately 21,000,000 kilowatts with thermoelectric and hydroelectric plants accounting for capacities of about 19,000,000 kilowatts and 3,000,000 kilowatts, respectively. 
Most of the power produced in Georgia comes from thermoelectric plants. These plants are capable of producing large amounts of power and running continuously. They require large volumes of water for cooling purposes. Table 3 lists the amounts of water used and the power produced from 1980 through 1987 by 18 thermoelectric plants in or adjacent to Georgia. Water withdrawn for these plants surpassed all other water uses in the State in 1987, totaling 57 percent of all ground-water and surface-water offstream withdrawals (Trent and others, 1990). However, it should be noted that only about 4 percent of the water withdrawn was consumed and not returned to the source. 
 
9 
 
 A listing of the water used and power produced at the 39 hydroelectric plants for the 1980-87 period is presented in Table 4. The plants range in generating capacity from 500,000 kilowatts at the Federally-owned Carters Plant on the Coosawattee River to 240 kilowatts at Georgia Power Company's Estatoah Plant on Mud Creek. In 1987, the 39 hydroelectric plants produced about 4,700 gigawatt-hours (4,700,000 megawatt-hours) of electricity using an estimated average of 45 billion gallons of water per day. Of the 39 plants listed, 25 are storage-reservoir plants and the other 14 are 
 
run-of-river plants. Three of the hydroelectric plants (Russell, Wallace, and Carters) have pumped-storage capability. 
A listing of power produced by the 57 plants from 1980 through 1987 (table 5), indicates that the thermoelectric plants provided about 95 percent of the total power generated. Conversely, table 6, a listing of water used by these plants for that same period, indicates that hydroelectric plants by far use the largest amount of water. 
 
Table 5.--Total power production in Georgia, 1980-87 [Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Type of plant 
 
Power production in gigawatt-hours 
 
1980 
 
1981 
 
1982 
 
1983 
 
1984 
 
1985 
 
1986 
 
1987 
 
Thermoelectric Hydroelectric 
Total 
 
63,700 5,520 
69,200 
 
65,500 2,960 
68,500 
 
67,400 4,430 
71,800 
 
74,400 5,480 
79,900 
 
82,200 5,460 
87,700 
 
90,100 3,690 
93,800 
 
85,200 3,610 
88,800 
 
94,700 4700 
99,400 
 
Table 6.--Total surface water used for powerproduction in Georgia, 1980-87 [Figures may not add exactly because of independent rounding] 
 
Type of plant 
 
Total surface water used in million gallons per day 
 
1980 
 
1981 
 
1982 
 
1983 
 
1984 
 
1985 
 
1986 
 
1987 
 
Thermoelectric Hydroelectric 
Total 
 
3,140 55,300 
58,400 
 
3,000 32,100 
35,100 
 
2,480 47,600 
50,100 
 
2,620 56,700 
59,300 
 
3,250 56,200 
59,400 
 
3,430 41,900 
45,300 
 
3,440 34,100 
37,500 
 
3,410 45,200 
48,600 
 
10 
 
 EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON POWER PRODUCTION 
Because power production is very waterdependent, natural variations in weather patterns can affect the amount of power produced. Deficient precipitation results in reduced streamflows and less water available for hydroelectric power production. Abnormally low precipitation also may be accompanied by increased demands for electricity to power pumps, air conditioners, and other equipment. 
The 1980-87 period shows the close relation between rainfall and power production in Georgia. These eight years have been characterized by several periods of deficient precipitation and streamflow. Precipitation and streamflow observed at several locations in the State during the 1980-87 period, and their relation to long-term averages are shown in figures 6 and 7. In 1981, many streams experienced their lowest rates of flow since the notable drought of 1954 (Carter, 1983). Also, pool levels at Hartwell Lake and Lake Sidney Lanier were at their lowest levels since they were first filled (Carter, 1983). During the 1986 water year (October 1985 through September 1986), annual runoff was the lowest on record for such long-term stations as Oconee River at Dublin (89 years), Chattahoochee River at Columbus (57 years), Etowah River at Canton (59 years), and Coosa River near Rome (55 years) (Stokes and others, 1987). Although there is a general upward trend in annual power production from 1980 through 1987, 1981 production was less than the production in 1980 and 1982 (fig. 8, table 5). Similarly, 1986 power production was less than that in 1985 and 1987 (fig. 8, table 5). 
Hydropower production is affected more by drought than is thermoelectric-power production. Small run-of-river plants have little storage or reserve capacity and are sometimes forced to cease operation during drought. Even large storagereservoir hydropower plants are affected, as can be seen from a review of hydropower plant production listed in table 4. 
 
During 1986, monthly power production at the Allatoona hydroelectric plant was much lower than the long-term average (fig. 9). Monthly mean flows for January through September at the Etowah River at Canton gaging station which accounts for almost half the drainage basin of Allatoona Reservoir, were also very low compared to longterm averages. Although streamflow for the inflow station was near normal for October through December 1986, the power produced was still well below average. This was because the reservoir pool was still low from prior streamflow deficits. 
WATER USED FOR POWER PRODUCTION 
The amount of water used to generate both thermoelectric and hydroelectric power in Georgia has increased with the growth in population and the increased demand for electric power (fig. 10 and 11). Power production at the thermoelectric and hydroelectric power generating plants withdrawing water from streams and aquifers in Georgia has increased from about 69,000 gigawatt-hours in 1980 to about 99,000 gigawatt-hours in 1987 (fig. 8, table 5). 
In 1987, the water used by 18 thermoelectric power plants totaled about 3,410 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) (table 6) and accounted for about 75 percent of the total off-stream use of surface water in the State. The largest use of water by a single thermoelectric power generation facility (986 Mgal/d) was at the Harlee Branch Plant in Putnam County in the Altamaha River basin (table 3). 
The in-stream use of water by 39 hydroelectric power generating facilities was about 45,000 Mgaljd in 1987 (table 6). This was the largest use of water in the State. The largest use of water by a single hydroelectric facility was at the Walter F. George facility, which used about 4,800 Mgal/d (table 4). Four other hydroelectric facilities used in excess of3,000 Mgal/d (table 4). 
 
11 
 
 80.---------------------- - - , 80 - 
 
Rome 30 
 
Athens 
 
60 1r-zca, -~ 1,;... >J W?1 V/b:l P'i -~ p;;..,.)ll -~v o ; ;:;A ~ I r;-y.:..;; :a 
 
60 ~ 
 
7 
 
40 
 
40 
 
80 Elberton 
 
rF 60 0 
 
-3 
 
0 
 
5 
 
I I W~I 
 
40 
 
20 
 
20 
 
20 
 
0" 
 
II 
 
II 
 
II 
 
t I 
 
11 
 
II 
 
I 1 
 
fj 
 
1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987 
 
0 
1980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987 
 
0 
1.980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987 
 
~ 80 .---------------------------~ 
 
80 . 
 
. 
 
80 . 
 
~ = 
 
15 
 
..Z...... 
 
60 I F////1 - I o r;;;; r:=:; ... ;:...- W , N4J 
 
 = P777...& \1177 ..r:A o..-?JA & .r771 
 
Monticello 60 L 
 
18 
 
Waynesboro 2 NE 
 
60 ~ 
 
26 
 
z 
 
0 40 
 
40 
 
40 
 
t ~ 
u.... 20 
 
20 
 
20 
 
I-' 
1:\.) 
 
g:r.il 0 1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987 
 
0 
1.980 1981 1!HI2 1983 1984 1!HI5 1986 1987 
 
0 
1.980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1!HI5 1986 1987 
 
80 ~------, Albany 3 SE 38 
60 
 
80 Tifton Experiment Station 29 
60 
 
80 . Savannah WSO AP 
 
60 ~ 
 
" 10 
 
14 
 
40 
 
40 
 
40 
 
20 
 
20 
 
20 
 
0" I I 
 
!I 
 
PI 
 
II 
 
II 
 
II 
 
II 
 
II 
 
1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1Jill5 1986 1987 
 
0 
1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1!HI5 1986 1987 
 
0 
1.980 1981 19&l 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
u Annual precipitation, in inches, 1980-87. 
rm Departure from average annual precipitation, in inches, 1980-87 
 
EXPLANATION - - Average annual precipitation for reference period, 1951-80. 
11 Departure from average annual precipitation, in percent 
 
Figure 6.--Annual precipitation and departure from average annual precipitation at selected stations, 1980-87. 
 
 Briar Creek at Millhaveo 02198000 
1,000 .----------------------~ Period of analysis: 1937-87 
 
9 
 
11 
 
Alapaba River at StateovUie 02317500 
 
2,500 r---------------------------------~ Period of analysis: 1932-87 
 
2,000 
 
76 84 
 
!z:! 
0u 500 
J:l;1 f'-l 
 
1,500 
 
IVI//<1 V/4 1.,000  
 
t _,-,u ZA' !;>;:/_,)') 
 
JJ:::''~ .:::j ; ........ A I 
 
I f,-,."'//4J 
 
~ 
~ 
 
ti 
 
~ 
 
.u.. 
 
0 !! 
 
I I 
 
II 
 
I I 
 
I I 
 
I I 
 
I I 
 
I I 
 
II 
 
e 
 
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
z... 
 
ii 
0 
 
FliDt River Dear CuUodeo 02347500 
 
ti 
 
Etowah River at Caotoo 02392000 2,000 r - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - ----, 
 
..... 
w 
 
~ 
 
Period of analysis: 1912-21,1929-30,1937-87 
 
3,000 ~ 
 
18 
 
Period of analysis: 1897-1905,1937-87 
 
23 
 
27 
 
~ 
 
1,500 
 
~ 
 
~ 2,000 
 
1,000 
 
~ 
 
1,000 
 
500 
 
O" 
 
II 
 
II 
 
II 
 
II 
 
II 
 
II 
 
II 
 
II 
 
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
0 II 
 
II 
 
I I 
 
II 
 
I I 
 
I I 
 
I I 
 
II 
 
II 
 
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
u Annual flow, in cubic feet per second, 1980-87. 
 
EXPLANATION --Average annual flow for period of analysis 
 
~ Departure from average annual flow, in cubic feet per second, 1980-87 
 
9 Departure from average annual flow, in peiCent 
 
Figure 7.-Annual flow and departure from average annual flow at selected stations, 1980-87. 
 
 100,000 90,000 80.000 
 
60,000 L __ _,___ 
1980 1981 
 
_ . __ 
1982 
 
__.__ 
1983 
 
_ _ ._ _ ..___ _,___ 
1984 1985 1986 
 
_J 
1987 
 
Figure 8.--Total power production in Georgia, 1980-87. 
 
5,000 
>~ - 
~ 4,000 
~ 
~ 3,000 
~ 
a; 2,000 
t 
I 1,000 
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 
Figure 10.--Surface-water withdrawal for thermoelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85. 
 
2,~----------------------------------, 
 
2,000 1- 
 
I I Mean monthly flow for Etowah River at 
--~ 1 . .- Canton, 1951-80 
L')()()()6j Monthly mean flow for Etowah River at 
~ Canton, 1986 
 
- 30,000 
 
- 25,000 
 
Mean monthly hydroelectric power generation at Allatoona Reservoir, 
1980-87 
 
- 20,000 
 
v <onthly hydroelectric 
 
/ Mpower generation at 
 
- 
 
~ Allatoona Reservoir, 1986 " [ ~ 
 
\ .--,....-...r".._ 
 
- i'i 
 
>< X 10,000 
 
I "~ - ~-'~VII 
 
5,000 
r--'-. rn ~. 
o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. ocr. NOV. DEC . 
Figure 9.--Comparison of 1986 monthly flows for the Etowah River at Canton and monthly power generation at Allatoona Reservoir with long-term means. 
 
14 
 
 Figure 11.--Surface-water withdrawal for hydroelectric power generation in Georgia, 1950-85. 
 
SUMMARY 
 
Water has been used to produce power in Georgia since the early grist and saw mills and other small industries made direct use of falling water. Production of electricity using water power in Georgia began in the late 1800's and expanded rapidly in the early 1900's. In 1987, there were about 18 utility company thermoelectric plants and 45 hydroelectric plants operating in or adjacent to Georgia. During that year, the thermoelectric plants and 39 of the hydroelectric power plants in Georgia produced about 95,000 and 4,700 gigawatthours of power, respectively. There were 3.4 billion gallons per day (Bgal/d) of water withdrawn for cooling purposes for the 18 thermoelectric power plants and about 45 Bgaljd used in-stream to produce power at the 39 hydroelectric plants. 
 
Extreme hydrologic conditions, such as recent 
 
droughts, affect power production, as seen during 
 
the period from 1980-87, a period of significant 
 
climatic variability. 
 
Thermoelectric- and 
 
hydroelectric-power generation statistics for 
 
individual plants and statewide totals during the 
 
1980-87 period show that hydropower production is 
 
affected by the reduced availability of water during 
 
periods of drought. 
 
SELECTED REFERENCES 
Callahan, J.T., Newcomb, L.E., and Geurin, J.W., 1965, Water in Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1762,88 p. 
Carter, R.F., 1983, Effects of the drought of 198081 on streamflow and on ground-water levels in Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 83-4158, 46 p. 
Carter, R.F. and Fanning, J.L., 1982, Monthly lowflow characteristics of Georgia streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-560, 81p. 
Carter, R.F. and Hopkins, E.H., 1986, Georgia water facts--surface water resources in the United States, in National Water Summary, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2300, p. 195-200. 
Carter, R.F. and Putnam, S.A., 1978, Low-flow frequency of Georgia streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-127, 104 p. 
Clarke, J.S., and Pierce, R.R., 1984, Georgia water facts--ground water resources in the United States, in National Water Summary, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2275, p. 179-184. 
Espey, Huston, and Associates, Inc., 1985, Water and energy: an unprecedented challenge in resource management: Edison Electric Institute, Austin, Tx., 32 p. 
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 1989, Hydroelectric power resources of the United States - developed and undeveloped -January 1, 1988: U.S. Superintendent of Documents, FERC-0070, 264 p. 
Fenneman, N.M., 1938, Physiography of Eastern United States: New York, McGraw-Hill, 714 p. 
Gonzales, Serge, 1981, Inventory of data on lowhead hydropower sites in Georgia: Atlanta, Ga., Georgia Office of Energy Resources, 220 p. 
 
15 
 
 REFERENCES--Continued 
Hall, B.M., 1896, The water-powers of Georgia: Geological Survey of Georgia Bulletin No. 3A, 150p. 
Hall, B.M. and M.R. Hall, 1921, Third report on the water powers of Georgia: Geological Survey of Georgia Bulletin No. 38, 316 p. 
Hudak, GJ., 1984, State of Connecticut 1981, water use through power production: Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Natural Resources Center, Water Planning Report No. 10, 90 p. 
Kundell, J.E., Roper, Daniel, Kelm, Marilyn, 1987, Interbasin and intrabasin transfers in Georgia: Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga., 95 p. 
Sto~es, W.R., Hale, T.W., and Buell, G.R., 1987, Water resources data, Georgia, water year 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report GA-86-1, 446 p. 
Thomson, M.T., Herrick, S.M., Brown, Eugene, Wait, R.L., and Callahan, J.T., 1956, The availability and use of water in Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 65, 329 p. 
Til, R.V. and Scott, Grace, 1986, Water use for thermoelectric power generation in Michigan: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Detroit, Mich., in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, 42 p. 
Trent, V.P., Fanning, J.L. and Doonan, GA., 1990, Water use in Georgia by county for 1987: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 85, 112 p. 
Turlington, M.C., Fanning, J.L. and Doonan, GA., 1987, Water use in Georgia by county for 1985: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 81, 110 p. 
University of Georgia, 1986, Land and water in Georgia: 2000: Subcommittee report on land and water resources, Athens, Ga, 49 p. 
 
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1987, Census of population, Georgia (interim report): Washington, D.C., unpub. report, July, 1986. 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981, National Hydroelectric Power Resources Study: Water Resources Support Center, Davis, Ca., IWR82-h-12, NHS v. XII. 
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1981, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1980: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., v. 84, no. 13, 19 p. 
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1982, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1981: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration, Asheville, N.C., v. 85, no.13, 19 p. 
1983, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1982: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 86, no. 13, 19 p. 
1984, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1983: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 87, no. 13, 19 p. 
1985, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1984: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 88, no. 13, 19 p. 
1986, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1985: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 89, no. 13, 19 p. 
1987, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1986: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 90, no. 13, 19 p. 
1988, Climatological data annual summary, Georgia, 1987: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., ISSN 0145-0492, v. 91, no. 13, 19 p. 
 
16 
 
 REFERENCES--Continued 
U.S. Department of Energy, 1980, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p. 
1981, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p. 
1982, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p. 
1983, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p. 
---- 1984a, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p. 
---- 1984b, Estimated water use of power plantsGeorgia: Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory (HEDL), Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland, Wa., Contract no. DEAC06-76FF02170, B&R no. 40-04-00-0,36 p. 
----- 1985, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p. 
 
1986, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p. 
 
1987, Monthly power plant report, Georgia: Energy Information Administration 759, Washington, D.C., 22 p. 
 
---- 1987, Inventory of power plants in the United 
 
States 1987: 
 
Energy Information 
 
Administration, Washington, D.C., 
 
DOE/EIA-0095 (87), 293 p. 
 
U.S. Department of the Interior, 1983, Hydropower, water at work: Bureau of Reclamation, PB127A, 32 p. 
 
Weatherford, Gary, Nardi, Karen, Osterhoudt, Frank, and Roach, Fred, eds., 1982, Acquiring water for energy: Institutional aspects: Center for Natural Resources Studies, John Muir Institute, Inc., under contract to Los Alamos National Laboratory and the U.S. Department of Energy, ISBN-0-918334-42-X, Water Resources Publications, 259 p. 1 
 
17 
 
 Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87 
 
Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner 
 
Type/ 
Fuel source 
 
County 
 
Hydrologic Water source/ 
 
unit 
 
Reservoir 
 
Year 
 
Capacity 
 
in service (kilowatts) 
 
BURTON 02178500- Georgia Power Company 
NACOOCHEE 02179150 - Georgia Power Company 
TERRORA 02179500- Georgia Power Company 
TALLUlAH 02181570 - Georgia Power Company 
TUGALO 02181600 - Georgia Power Company 
YONAH 02181650 - Georgia Power Company 
HARTWELL 02187250 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
RUSSELL 02189004 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
 
SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Rabun 
 
03060102 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Rabun 
 
03060102 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Rabun 
 
03060102 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Rabun 
 
03060102 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Habersham 03060102 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Stephens 03060102 
 
Hydro 
 
Hart 
 
storage 
 
03060103 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Elbert 
 
03060103 
 
THURMOND 
 
Hydro 
 
02194500- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers storage 
 
Columbia 03060103 
 
STEVENS CREEK 02196360 -South Carolina Electric 
and Gas Company 
SIBLEY 02196627- Graniteville Company 
KING MILLS 02196628- Division of Spartan Mills 
ENTERPRISE 02196630 - Graniteville Company 
VOGTLE 021973269 - Georgia Power Company 
MCINTOSH 02198745 - Savannah Electric and 
Power Company 
PORT WENTWORTH 02198930 - Savannah Electric and 
Power Company 
RIVERSIDE 02198m- Savannah Electric and 
Power Company 
 
Hydro 
 
Columbia 
 
run-of-river 
 
03060106 
 
Hydro 
 
Richmond 
 
run-of-river 
 
Hydro 
 
Richmond 
 
run-of river 
 
Hydro 
 
ruchmond 
 
run-of-river 
 
Thermo nuclear 
 
Burke 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Effingham 
 
03060106 03060106 03060106 03060106 03060109 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Chatham 
 
03060109 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Chatham 
 
03060109 
 
Tallulah ruver/ 
 
1927 
 
Lake Burton 
 
Tallulah ruver/ 
 
1926 
 
Seed Lake 
 
Tallulah River/ 
 
1925 
 
Mathis Reservoir 
 
Tallulah River/ 
 
1913 
 
Tallulah Falls Lake 
 
Tugaloo ruver/ 
 
1923 
 
TugaloLake 
 
Tugaloo River/ 
 
1925 
 
Yonah Lake 
 
Savannah River/ 
 
1962 
 
Hartwell Lake 
 
Savannah River/ 
 
1984 
 
Richard B. Russell 
 
Reservoir 
 
Savannah ruver/ 
 
1953 
 
Thurmond Lake 
 
(formerly Clarks 
 
Hill Lake) 
 
Savannah ruver/ 
 
1914 
 
power pool 
 
Savannah ruver by 
 
1920 
 
Augusta Canal/none 
 
Savannah River by 
 
1943 
 
Augusta Canal/none 
 
Savannah ruver by 
 
1920 
 
Augusta Canal/none 
 
Savannah ruver/ 
 
1987 
 
none 
 
Savannah River/ 
 
1979 
 
none 
 
Savannah River/ 
 
1958 
 
none 
 
Savannah River/ 
 
1949 
 
none 
 
6,120 4,800 16,000 72,000 45,000 22,500 344,000 300,000 280,000 
18,900 
2,100 2,250 1,200 2,320,000 178,000 334,000 
80,000 
 
18 
 
 Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 198().87-Continued 
 
Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner 
 
Type/ 
Fuel source 
 
County 
 
Hydrologic Water source/ 
 
unit 
 
ReseiVOir 
 
Year 
 
Capacity 
 
in service (kilowatts) 
 
Mli.Sl'EAD 02207301 - McRay Energy Inc. 
PORTERDALE 02207540- Porterdale Associates 
LLOYD SHOALS 02210000 - Georgia Power Company 
SCHERER 02212510 - Georgia Power Company 
ARKWRIGHT 02212890 - Georgia Power Company 
BARNEITSHOALS 02218130 - Georgia Power Company 
WALlACE 02220450 - Georgia Power Company 
HARLEE BRANCH 02222247 - Georgia Power Company 
SINClAIR 02222500 - Georgia Power Company 
EDWIN I. HATCH 02225001 - Georgia Power Company 
 
ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN 
 
Hydro 
 
Rockdale 
 
run-of-river 
 
03070103 
 
Hydro 
 
Newton 
 
run-of-river 
 
03070103 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Butts 
 
03070103 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Monroe 
 
03070103 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Bibb 
 
Hydro 
 
Oconee 
 
run-of-river 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Putnam 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Putnam 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Baldwin 
 
Thermo nuclear 
 
Appling 
 
03070103 03070101 03070101 03070101 03070101 03070106 
 
Yellow River/ power pool 
Yellow ruverI 
power pool 
Ocmulgee River/ Lloyd Shoals 
ReseiVOir 
Ocmulgee ruver and Rum Creek Lake Juliette 
Ocmulgee River/ none 
Oconee ruver/ power pool 
Oconee ruver/ Lake Oconee 
Oconee River/ Sinclair ReseiVOir 
Oconee River/ Sinclair Reservoir 
Altamaha River/ none 
 
1924 1927 1911 
1982 
1941 1910 1980 1965 1953 1975 
 
SATILU AND ST MARYS RIVER BASINS 
 
MCMANUS 
 
Thermo 
 
Glynn 
 
03070203 Turtle Creek/ 
 
1952 
 
022261765 - Georgia Power Company 
 
fossil fuel 
 
none 
 
BUFORD 02334400- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
MORGAN FALLS 02335810 - Georgia Power Company 
ATKINSON 02336479 - Georgia Power Company 
MCDONOUGH 02336480 - Georgia Power Company 
YATES 02338030 - Georgia Power Company 
WANSLEY 02338330 - Georgia Power Company 
 
APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Forsyth 
 
03130001 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Fulton 
 
03130001 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Cobb 
 
03130002 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Cobb 
 
03130002 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Coweta 
 
03130002 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Heard 
 
03130002 
 
WESI'POINT 02339400- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Troup 
 
03130002 
 
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1957 Lake Sidney Lanier 
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1904 Blue Sluice Lake 
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1930 none 
Chattahoochee River/ 1963 none 
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1950 none 
Chattahoochee ruver& 1976 Yellow Dirt Creek/ none 
Chattahoochee ruver/ 1975 West Point Lake 
 
800 1,600 14,400 3,270,000 160,000 2,800 321,000 1,540,000 45,000 1,163,000 
115,000 
86,000 16,800 240,000 490,000 1,250,000 1,730,000 73,400 
 
19 
 
 Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87-Continued 
 
Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner 
 
Type/ Fuei!Wurce 
 
County 
 
Hydrologic Water ~Wurce/ 
 
unit 
 
Reservoir 
 
Year 
 
Capacity 
 
in service (kilowatts) 
 
LANGDALE 02339780 - Georgia Power Company 
RIVERVIEW 02339820 - Georgia Power Company 
BARTLEITS FERRY 02341000- Georgia Power Company 
GOAT ROCK 02341300 - Georgia Power Company 
OLIVER 02341400- Georgia Power Company 
NORTH HIGHLANDS 02341420 - Georgia Power Company 
EAGLE & PHENIX #1 & #2 02341480- Fieldcrest Cannon Inc. 
WALTER F. GEORGE 02343240 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
JOSEPH M. FARLEY 02343830 - Alabama Power Company 
CRISP 02350390 - Crisp County Power Comm. 
WARWICK 02350400 - Crisp County Power Comm. 
FLINT RIVER 02350550 - Georgia Power Company 
MITCHELL 02352790 - Georgia Power Company 
nMWOODRUFF 02357500 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
 
APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN--Continued 
 
Hydro 
 
Harris 
 
run-of-river 
 
03130002 
 
Chattahoochee River/ 1924 power pool 
 
Hydro 
 
Harris 
 
run-of-river 
 
03130002 
 
Chattahoochee River/ 1918 power pool 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Harris 
 
03130002 
 
Chattahoochee River/ 1926 Lake Harding 
 
Hydro 
 
Harris 
 
run-of-river 
 
03130002 
 
Chattahoochee River/ 1912 power pool 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Muscogee 03130003 
 
Chattahoochee River/ 1959 Lake Oliver 
 
Hydro 
 
Muscogee 03130003 
 
run-of-river 
 
Chattahoochee River/ 1963 power pool 
 
Hydro 
 
Muscogee 
 
run-of-river 
 
03130003 
 
Chattahoochee River/ 1915 power pool 
 
Hydro 
 
aay 
 
storage 
 
03130003 
 
Chattahoochee River/ 1963 Walter F. George Lake 
 
Thermo nuclear 
 
Houston 03130004 (Alabama) 
 
Chattahoochee River/ 1m none 
 
Thermo 
 
Worth 
 
03130006 Flint River/ 
 
1958 
 
fossil fuel 
 
Lake Blackshear 
 
Hydro 
 
Worth 
 
03130006 Flint River/ 
 
1930 
 
storage 
 
Lake Blackshear 
 
Hydro 
 
Dougherty 03130008 Flint River/ 
 
1921 
 
storage 
 
Lake Worth 
 
Thermo 
 
Dougherty 03130008 Flint River/ 
 
1948 
 
fossil fuel 
 
none 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Gadsden (Florida) 
 
03130004 
 
Appalachicola River/ 1957 Lake Seminole 
 
CARTERS 02381400 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
ALIATOONA 02393500- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
CARTERSVILLE 02394140 - ECC America International 
BOWEN 02394775 - Georgia Power Company 
HAMMOND 02397800 - Georgia Power Company 
 
MOBILE RIVER BASIN 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Murray 
 
03150102 
 
Hydro storage 
 
Bartow 
 
03150104 
 
Hydro 
 
Bartow 
 
run-of-river 
 
03150104 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Bartow 
 
03150104 
 
Thermo fossil fuel 
 
Floyd 
 
03150105 
 
Coosawattee River/ 1976 Carters Lake 
 
Etowah River/ 
 
1950 
 
Allatoona Reservoir 
 
Etowah River/ 
 
1927 
 
power pool 
 
Etowah River/ 
 
1971 
 
none 
 
Coosa River/ 
 
1954 
 
none 
 
1,040 480 
173,000 26,000 60,000 29,600 31,800 130,000 1,720,000 12,500 16,400 5,400 170,000 49,800 
500,000 74,000 
625 3,160,000 
800,000 
 
20 
 
 Table 2.-Power generating plants in Georgia by river basin, 1980-87-Continued 
 
Plant name Downstream order no. - Owner 
 
Type/ 
Fuel source 
 
County 
 
Hydrologic Water source/ 
 
unit 
 
ReseiVOir 
 
Year 
 
Capacity 
 
in service (kilowatts) 
 
TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN 
 
ESfATOAH 
 
Hydro 
 
Rabun 
 
03060102 Mud Creek/ 
 
1928 
 
034999268 - Georgia Power Company 
 
run-of-river 
 
power pool 
 
NOTI'ELY 
 
Hydro 
 
Union 
 
06020002 Nottely River/ 
 
1956 
 
03553000- Tennessee Valley Authority 
 
storage 
 
Nottely Lake 
 
BLUE RIDGE 
 
Hydro 
 
Fannin 
 
06020003 Toccoa River/ 
 
1931 
 
03558.500- Tennessee Valley Authority 
 
storage 
 
Blue Ridge Lake 
 
240 15,000 20,000 
 
21 
 
 Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980.87 
(Mgalfd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Plant name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Average flow (Mgal/d) 
 
Year 
 
Withdrawal (Mgal/d) 
 
Consumptive Power 
 
Percent 
 
use generated 
 
GW 
 
SW 
 
TOTAL consumed (Mgalfd) (GWh) 
 
VOGTLE- Burke 021973269 Note: Average flow is estimated. 
MCINTOSH - Effingham Q2198745 
PT. WENTWORTH - Chatham 02198930 
RIVERSIDE- Chatham 02198977 
 
6,580 N/A N/A N/A 
 
SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN 
 
100 
 
1980 
 
0.21 
 
0 
 
0.21 
 
1981 
 
.29 
 
0 
 
.29 
 
1982 
 
.28 
 
0 
 
.28 
 
1983 
 
.40 
 
0 
 
.40 
 
1984 
 
.36 
 
.34 
 
.70 
 
1985 
 
.86 
 
7.1 
 
8.0 
 
1986 
 
1.9 
 
.44 
 
2.3 
 
1987 
 
2.5 
 
50.0 
 
52.2 
 
0 
 
1980 
 
0.11 
 
107 
 
107 
 
1981 
 
.12 
 
107 
 
107 
 
1982 
 
.15 
 
107 
 
107 
 
1983 
 
.31 
 
107 
 
107 
 
1984 
 
.33 
 
107 
 
107 
 
1985 
 
.27 
 
107 
 
107 
 
1986 
 
.20 107 
 
107 
 
1987 
 
.20 107 
 
107 
 
0 
 
1980 
 
1.3 
 
267 
 
268 
 
1981 
 
1.2 
 
254 
 
255 
 
1982 
 
1.1 
 
254 
 
255 
 
1983 
 
0.80 254 
 
255 
 
1984 
 
1.0 
 
254 
 
255 
 
1985 
 
1.4 
 
254 
 
255 
 
1986 
 
.97 
 
254 
 
255 
 
1987 
 
.90 254 
 
255 
 
0 
 
1980 
 
1.9 
 
96.0 
 
98.0 
 
1981 
 
1.7 
 
96.0 
 
98.0 
 
1982 
 
1.9 
 
96.0 
 
98.0 
 
1983 
 
1.0 
 
96.0 
 
97.0 
 
1984 
 
1.4 
 
96.0 
 
97.4 
 
1985 
 
1.9 
 
96.0 
 
98.0 
 
1986 
 
2.2 
 
96.0 
 
98.2 
 
1987 
 
1.4 
 
96.0 
 
97.4 
 
0 0 0 0 
.34 7.1 .44 50.0 
 
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4,430 
 
0 
 
182 
 
0 
 
212 
 
0 
 
584 
 
0 
 
916 
 
0 
 
1,020 
 
0 
 
920 
 
0 
 
1,080 
 
0 
 
1,110 
 
0 
 
1,580 
 
0 
 
1,540 
 
0 
 
1,320 
 
0 
 
1,130 
 
0 
 
1,120 
 
0 
 
1,220 
 
0 
 
1,160 
 
0 
 
974 
 
0 
 
14.0 
 
0 
 
37.0 
 
0 
 
0.89 
 
0 
 
5.4 
 
0 
 
.37 
 
0 
 
1.5 
 
0 
 
2.8 
 
0 
 
.28 
 
22 
 
 Table 3.-Themwelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued 
[Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding) 
 
Plant name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Average flow (Mgal/d) 
 
Year 
 
Withdrawal (Mgalfd) 
 
Consumptive Power 
 
Percent 
 
use generated 
 
GW 
 
SW 
 
TOTAL consumed (Mgal/d) (GWh) 
 
ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN 
 
SCHERER- Monroe 
 
1,640 
 
100 
 
02212510 
 
1980 
 
0.07 
 
0 
 
O.D7 
 
0 
 
N/A 
 
1981 
 
.09 
 
58.2 
 
58.3 
 
58.2 
 
N/A 
 
1982 
 
.07 
 
7.0 
 
7.0 
 
6.9 1,440 
 
1983 
 
.07 
 
.51 
 
.58 
 
1984 
 
.08 
 
.18 
 
.26 
 
.51 3,040 
 
.:-- 
 
.18 5,200 
 
1985 
 
.05 
 
9.2 
 
9.3 
 
9.2 6,230 
 
1986 
 
.06 
 
4.6 
 
4.7 
 
4.6 4,650 
 
1987 
 
.04 
 
.74 
 
.78 
 
.74 5,530 
 
ARKWRIGHT- Bibb 02212890 
 
1,710 
 
0 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
238 
 
238 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
181 
 
181 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
103 
 
103 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
96.4 
 
96.4 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
197 
 
197 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
189 
 
189 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
190 
 
190 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
135 
 
135 
 
0 
 
607 
 
0 
 
742 
 
0 
 
397 
 
0 
 
403 
 
0 
 
710 
 
0 
 
880 
 
0 
 
882 
 
0 
 
643 
 
HARLEE BRANCH - Putnam 02222247 
 
2,100 
 
0.01 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
140 
 
140 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
673 
 
673 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
455 
 
455 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
726 
 
726 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
943 
 
943 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
1,060 
 
1,060 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
957 
 
957 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
986 
 
986 
 
0.15 5,560 .09 7,130 .06 6,140 .09 7,130 .12 9,390 .14 10,500 .12 9,820 .13 9,850 
 
EDWIN I. HATCH- Appling 02225001 
 
7,420 
 
50 
 
1980 
 
0.21 
 
65.0 
 
65.2 
 
1981 
 
.28 
 
49.0 
 
49.0 
 
1982 
 
.25 
 
52.0 
 
52.2 
 
1983 
 
.22 
 
56.0 
 
56.0 
 
1984 
 
.21 
 
49.0 
 
49.0 
 
1985 
 
.22 
 
55.2 
 
55.4 
 
1986 
 
.19 
 
55.0 
 
55.0 
 
1987 
 
.23 
 
58.3 
 
59.0 
 
32.5 8,440 24.3 7,230 26.0 6,600 28.0 7,770 24.4 5,470 28.0 10,100 27.3 7,240 29.2 10,800 
 
23 
 
 Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980..87-Continued 
[Mgaljd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Plant name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Average flow (Mgaljd) 
 
Year 
 
Withdrawal (Mgaljd) 
 
Consumptive Power 
 
Percent 
 
use generated 
 
GW 
 
SW 
 
TOTAL consumed (Mgaljd) (GWh) 
 
MCMANUS - Glynn 022261765 
ATKINSON- Cobb 02336479 
MCDONOUGH - Cobb 02336480 
YATES- Coweta 02338030 
 
SATILIA AND ST MARYS RIVER BASINS 
 
N/A 
 
0.01 
 
1980 
 
0.04 
 
155 
 
155 
 
1981 
 
.04 
 
29.1 
 
30.0 
 
1982 
 
.03 
 
23.0 
 
23.0 
 
1983 
 
.02 
 
48.0 
 
48.0 
 
1984 
 
.01 
 
54.1 
 
54.1 
 
1985 
 
.01 
 
46.0 
 
46.0 
 
1986 
 
.02 
 
46.1 
 
46.1 
 
1987 
 
.02 
 
33.3 
 
33.3 
 
APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN 
 
1,600 
 
0 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
72.0 
 
72.0 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
22.0 
 
22.0 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
1.0 
 
1.0 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
36.0 
 
36.0 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
45.0 
 
45.0 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
16.2 
 
16.2 
 
1,600 
 
0 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
394 
 
394 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
356 
 
356 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
349 
 
349 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
349 
 
349 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
347 
 
347 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
345 
 
345 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
359 
 
359 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
362 
 
362 
 
2,570 
 
1.6 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
666 
 
666 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
419 
 
419 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
317 
 
317 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
264 
 
264 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
392 
 
392 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
430 
 
430 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
536 
 
536 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
555 
 
555 
 
1.5 
 
72.0 
 
0.29 
 
60.5 
 
.23 
 
12.0 
 
.48 
 
8.4 
 
.54 
 
6.1 
 
.46 
 
15.0 
 
.46 
 
77.0 
 
.33 
 
33.5 
 
0 
 
132 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
32.0 
 
0 
 
1.3 
 
0 
 
17.0 
 
0 
 
21.0 
 
0 
 
4.7 
 
0 
 
1,970 
 
0 
 
3,220 
 
0 
 
2,740 
 
0 
 
3,200 
 
0 
 
3,620 
 
0 
 
3,270 
 
0 
 
3,180 
 
0 
 
3,480 
 
11.0 6,400 6.8 6,720 5.1 5,680 4.3 5,370 6.3 6,380 7.0 6,430 8.7 6,360 9.0 6,940 
 
24 
 
 Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 198()..87-Continued 
[Mgaljd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Plant name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Average flow (Mgaljd) 
 
Year 
 
Withdrawal (Mgal/d) 
 
Consumptive Power 
 
Percent 
 
use generated 
 
GW 
 
SW 
 
TOTAL consumed (Mgaljd) (GWh) 
 
WANSLEY - Heard 02338330 
JOSEPH FARLEY - Houston (Alabama) 02343830 
CRISP- Worth 02350390 
MITCHELL- Dougherty 02352790 
 
APALACHICOLA RIVER BASIN-Continued 
 
2,640 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
75 
 
25.0 
 
25.0 
 
26.0 
 
26.0 
 
14.0 
 
14.0 
 
3.8 
 
3.8 
 
14.3 
 
14.3 
 
23.0 
 
23.0 
 
21.2 
 
21.2 
 
11.1 
 
11.1 
 
6,710 
 
0 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
72.0 
 
72.0 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
107 
 
107 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
94.4 
 
94.4 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
100 
 
100 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
101 
 
101 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
101 
 
101 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
100 
 
100 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
97.2 
 
97.2 
 
2,870 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
0 
 
2.2 
 
2.2 
 
2.8 
 
2.8 
 
0.63 
 
0.63 
 
.81 
 
.81 
 
2.2 
 
2.2 
 
2.2 
 
2.2 
 
1.5 
 
1.5 
 
1.1 
 
1.1 
 
4,060 
 
0.03 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
232 
 
232 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
135 
 
135 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
148 
 
148 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
145 
 
145 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
184 
 
184 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
178 
 
178 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
151 
 
151 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
146 
 
146 
 
18.5 11,700 19.4 11,300 10.4 10,500 2.8 11,100 11.0 12,100 17.0 11,400 16.0 11,100 8.3 11,200 
 
0 
 
4,890 
 
0 
 
5,890 
 
0 
 
11,100 
 
0 
 
11,900 
 
0 
 
12,700 
 
0 
 
12,000 
 
0 
 
12,400 
 
0 
 
12,000 
 
0 
 
15.0 
 
0 
 
17.0 
 
0 
 
3.2 
 
0 
 
5.0 
 
0 
 
8.2 
 
0 
 
4.8 
 
0 
 
4.0 
 
0 
 
1.4 
 
0.06 1,120 
 
.04 
 
998 
 
.04 
 
970 
 
.04 
 
954 
 
.05 1,220 
 
.05 1,260 
 
.04 1,070 
 
.04 1,200 
 
25 
 
 Table 3.-Thermoelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued 
[Mgalfd, million gallons per day; GW, ground water; SW, surface water; GWh, gigawatt-hour; N/A, data not available. Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Plant name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Average flow (Mgal/d) 
 
Year 
 
Withdrawal (Mgal/d) 
 
Consumptive Power 
 
Percent 
 
use 
 
generated 
 
GW 
 
SW 
 
TOTAL consumed (Mgal/d) (GWh) 
 
BOWEN Bartow 02394n5 
HAMMOND  Floyd 02397800 
 
1,550 4,360 
 
MOBILE RIVER BASIN 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
48 
 
60.0 
 
60.0 
 
59.0 
 
59.0 
 
49.0 
 
49.0 
 
41.0 
 
41.0 
 
53.0 
 
53.0 
 
585 
 
585 
 
57.0 
 
57.0 
 
55.0 
 
55.0 
 
0 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
548 
 
548 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
448 
 
448 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
415 
 
415 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
314 
 
314 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
454 
 
454 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
435 
 
435 
 
1986 
 
0 
 
457 
 
457 
 
1987 
 
0 
 
449 
 
449 
 
29.0 17,700 28.0 17,100 23.4 17,100 20.0 18,500 25.2 19,000 28.0 20,900 27.0 21,200 26.2 21,500 
 
0 
 
3,350 
 
0 
 
3,300 
 
0 
 
2,800 
 
0 
 
2,980 
 
0 
 
4,240 
 
0 
 
4,960 
 
0 
 
4,990 
 
0 
 
4,960 
 
26 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 198~87 
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GaJ/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
BURTON- Rabun 
 
115 
 
02178500 
 
NACOOCHEE-Rabun 
 
136 
 
02179150 
 
TERRORA-Rabun 
 
151 
 
02179500 
 
TALLUlAH-Rabun 
 
186 
 
02181570 
 
Year 
 
Average head (feet) 
 
Surface-water use 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coefficient (Gai/GWh) 
 
SAYANNAH RIVER BASIN 
 
112 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
219 230 102 201 252 233 123 104 157 
 
62 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
187 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
598 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
245 
260 
132 223 275 258 144 117 176 
265 283 135 255 317 298 169 136 209 
310 357 157 312 390 358 208 165 237 
 
3.40 X 1o'J 24.5 11.0 21.5 27.0 25.0 13.1 11.1 17.0 
5.80 X 1o'J 16.5 8.4 14.1 17.4 16.3 9.1 7.4 11.1 
2.00 X 1o'J 52.0 25.0 47.0 58.0 54.4 31.0 25.0 38.2 
0.69 X 109 188 83.0 164 205 188 109 87.0 125 
 
27 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued 
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gai/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , ligures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
TUGALO-Habersham 
 
464 
 
02181600 
 
YONAH-Stephens 
 
470 
 
02181650 
 
HARTWELL-Hart 02187250 
 
2,090 
 
RUSSELL-Elbert 02189004 
Note: has pumpedstorage capability 
 
2,900 
 
Year 
 
Average head (feet) 
 
Surface-water use 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coefficient (Gal/GWh) 
 
SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN-Continued 
 
142 
 
1980 
 
837 
 
1981 
 
368 
 
1982 
 
794 
 
1983 
 
959 
 
1984 
 
878 
 
1985 
 
553 
 
1986 
 
429 
 
1987 
 
657 
 
69 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
926 426 878 1,060 937 613 429 669 
 
172 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
"3,240 "1,620 "1,520 2,880 3,030 2,040 1,550 1,980 
 
161 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
0 0 0 0 "1 .0 2,440 2,000 2,600 
 
742 103 2,710 3,290 
 
119 52.2 113 136 125 109 61.0 93.0 
60.4 28.0 57.3 69.0 61.0 40.0 28.0 44.0 
604 302 284 538 539 218 296 369 
0 0 0 0 
.15 211 295 380 
 
257 X 1o'J 5.60 X 1o'J 1.96 X 109 2.50x 109 
 
28 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued 
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GalfGWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
1HURMONDColumbia 02194500 
 
6,140 
 
srEVENS CREEKColumbia 02196360 
 
7,170 
 
SIBLEY-Richmond 02196627 
 
7,500 
 
KING MILLSRichmond 02196628 
 
7,500 
 
Year 
 
Average head (feet) 
 
Surface-water use 
(Mgalfd) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgalfd) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coefficient (GalfGWh) 
 
SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN-Continued 
 
109 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
"1,710 "819 
"1,020 "1,550 "1,640 
"890 "825 "1,150 
 
28 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
3,710 3,010 3,340 4,170 4,200 3,160 2,930 3,670 
 
8,860 6,390 
 
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
33 32 
29 
 
6,580 439 429 434 435 410 441 502 506 
6,580 0 0 0 0 542 512 542 542 
 
893 427 533 808 857 464 430 601 
86.0 70.0 77.2 96.3 97.0 73.0 68.0 85.0 
 
o.1 x 1rP 
15.80x109 
 
13.00 X 109 12.3 12.0 12.2 12.2 11.5 12.4 14.0 14.2 
15.40 X 1o9 0 0 0 0 13.0 12.2 13.0 13.0 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued 
[mi2, square miles; Mgaf/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because or independent rounding) 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
EJIITERPRISERichmond 02196630 
 
7,500 
 
MILSfEAD-Rockdale 
 
210 
 
02207301 
 
PORTERDALE- 
 
413 
 
Newton 
 
02207540 
 
Year 
 
Average head (reet) 
 
Surface-water use 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coerficient (Gaf/GWh) 
 
SAVANNAH RIVER BASIN-Continued 
 
30 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
103 73.2 136 21.0 
0 0 3.3 19.0 
 
ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN 
 
44 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
1985 
 
0 
 
1986 
 
175 
 
1987 
 
30.0 
 
47 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
0 0 0 "24.0 153 112 66.3 78.4 
 
6,580 161 321 
 
10.30x 109 3.7 2.6 4.8 0.74 0 0 
.12 .67 
5.30 X 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.2 2.1 
5.30 x109 0 0 0 1.6 105 7.7 4.6 5.4 
 
30 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued 
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding) 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
LLOYD SHOALSButts 02210000 
 
1,400 
 
BARNEITSHOALS- 
 
835 
 
Oconee 
 
02218130 
 
WALLACE-Putnam 02220450 
 
1,830 
 
Note: Pumped storage facility 
 
SINCLAIR-Baldwin 02222500 
 
2,900 
 
Year 
 
Average head (feet) 
 
Surface-water use 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coefficient (Gal/GWh) 
 
ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN-Continued 
 
100 
 
1980 
 
7(JJ 
 
1981 
 
358 
 
1982 
 
794 
 
1983 
 
447 
 
1984 
 
759 
 
1985 
 
668 
 
1986 
 
397 
 
1987 
 
575 
 
49 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
168 109 62.2 144 161 166 156 192 
 
1,100 774 
 
94 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
96 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
3,700 3,500 3,620 4,390 3,550 4,010 3,220 2,730 
1,420 569 
1,2J 1,480 1,320 
874 668 983 
 
1,560 2,130 
 
31 
 
4.06x 109 68.3 32.2 71.4 40.2 68.2 
ro.o 
36.0 52.0 
8.36x 109 7.4 4.8 2.7 6.3 7.0 7.3 6.8 8.4 
 
348 329 340 413 334 377 303 257 
132 53.0 117 138 123 81 .3 62.0 91.0 
 
3.88 X 109 3.93x 109 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plalllS in Georgia, 198{}.87-Continued 
[mi2, square miles; Mgalfd, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gai/GWh, gaitons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
BUFORD-Forsyth 02334400 
 
1,040 
 
MORGAN FALLSFulton 02335810 
 
1,370 
 
WESI' POINTTroup 02339400 
 
3,380 
 
Year 
 
Average head (feet) 
 
Surface-water use 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coefficient (GalfGWh) 
 
APALACHICOLA RIVER BASIN 
 
149 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
 1,690 859 733 
1,410 1,550 
833 661 840 
 
39 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
1,470 851 879 
1,390 1,520 
894 716 903 
 
1,300 1,750 
 
263 127 110 222 247 128 103 130 
70.4 41.0 42.0 66.3 73.0 43.0 34.0 43.2 
 
2.35 X 1f/J 7.63x 1o9 
 
68 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
*3,910 *1,790 *3,060 *4,060 3,890 2,410 1,520 2,520 
 
3,500 
 
254 116 199 264 262 148 99.0 164 
 
*5.61 X 109 
 
32 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plams in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued 
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
Year 
 
Average head (feet) 
 
Surface-water use 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coefficient (Gal/GWh) 
 
IANGDALE-Harris 02339780 
 
3,630 
 
RIVERVIEW-Harris 02339820 
 
3,660 
 
BARTLEITS FERRYHarris 02341000 
 
4,240 
 
GOAT ROCK-Harris 02341300 
 
4,520 
 
APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN-Continued 
 
13 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
3,670 426 370 382 434 459 404 381 413 
 
9.0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
3,700 279 715 262 256 234 189 185 188 
 
108 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
3,620 2,140 3,130 3,720 3,810 2,100 1,980 3,200 
 
4,030 
 
66 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
2,740 1,810 2,660 2,940 2,850 2,090 1,590 2,360 
 
4,300 
 
33 
 
5.2 
45 
4.6 5.2 
55 
4.9 4.6 5.0 
3.6 9.3 3.3 3.3 3.0 
25 
2.4 2.4 
422 250 365 434 445 245 232 371 
174 111 163 179 174 128 97.0 144 
 
30.30x 1fP 28.20 X 109 
3.13 X 109 5.98 X 109 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 198{}.87-Continued 
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GalfGWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
Year 
 
Average head (feet) 
 
Surface-water use 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgalfd) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coefficient (Gai/GWh) 
 
OLIVER-Muscogee 02341400 
 
4,630 
 
NORTH HIGHLANDSMuscogee 02341420 
 
4,630 
 
EAGLE & PHENIX #1 and #2Muscogee 02340480 
Note: Drainage area and average flow based upon combined capacities of two generators #1 and #2. 
WALTER F.GEORGEClay 02343240 
 
4,640 7,460 
 
APALACHICOLA RIVER BASIN-Continued 
 
66 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
3,990 2,250 3,570 4,360 4,350 2,730 2,040 3,050 
 
4,400 
 
39 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
4,050 2,240 3,610 4,420 4,000 2,690 2,030 3,080 
 
4,160 
 
26 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
4,480 419 356 244 296 308 350 2n 374 
 
85 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
*6,160 *3,160 *5,710 *7,060 6,440 3,830 3,200 4,830 
 
6,450 
 
261 147 234 285 285 178 133 199 
157 87.0 140 171 155 104 79.0 119 
9.0 7.6 5.2 6.3 6.6 75 5.9 8.0 
 
559 X 109 9.44 X 109 17.70 X 109 
 
0 4.45 X 109 506 260 470 579 513 300 262 3% 
 
34 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1.980-87-Continued 
(mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gal/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
Year 
 
Average head (feet) 
 
Surface-water use 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coefficient (Ga1jGWh) 
 
WARWICK-Worth 02350400 
 
3,600 
 
FLINT RIVERDougherty 02350550 
 
4,180 
 
RM WOODRUFFGadsden (Florida) 02357500 
 
17,150 
 
APAlACHICOlA RIVER BASIN-Continued 
 
28 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
1,710 1,190 2,220 2,160 2,230 1,720 1,510 1,910 
 
2,800 
 
27 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
1,270 921 
1,360 1,180 1,360 1,300 1,120 1,240 
 
3,270 
 
27 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
837 702 1,010 858 830 933 734 725 
 
21,800 
 
43.0 30.0 56.0 54.0 56.0 43.0 38.0 48.0 
31.0 23.0 34.0 29.0 34.0 32.0 28.0 305 
216 181 263 222 214 241 190 187 
 
14.60 X to9 14.80 X 1o9 0 1.41 X to9 
 
35 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued 
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; Gai/GWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding] 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
Year 
 
Average head (feet) 
 
Surface-water use 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coefficient (Gai/GWh) 
 
CARTERS-Murray 
 
376 
 
02381400 
 
Note: Has pumpedstorage capability 
 
ALIATOONABartow 02393500 
 
1,110 
 
CARTERSVILLE- 
 
930 
 
Bartow 
 
02394140 
 
MOBILE RIVER BASIN 
 
363 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
*2,510 0 
*1,830 *1,140 1,410 1,160 1,160 1,210 
 
140 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
*1,400 *569 
*1,460 *1,400 1,490 
735 399 745 
 
14 
 
1980 
 
0 
 
1981 
 
0 
 
1982 
 
0 
 
1983 
 
0 
 
1984 
 
0 
 
1985 
 
6.8 
 
1986 
 
6.3 
 
1987 
 
4.6 
 
271 1,070 
897 
 
191 0 
171 106 144 100 464 486 
199 81.0 206 198 216 101 56.4 105 
0 0 0 0 0 1.4 1.3 
.96 
 
*0.91 X 1rP *258 X 109 1.75 X 109 
 
36 
 
 Table 4. -Hydroelectric plants in Georgia, 1980-87-Continued 
[mi2, square miles; Mgal/d, million gallons per day; GWh, gigawatt-hour; GaljGWh, gallons per gigawatt-hour; , figures are estimated. 
Figures may not add exactly to totals because of independent rounding) 
 
Name - County Downstream order no. 
 
Drainage 
area (mi2) 
 
Year 
 
Average head (feet) 
 
Surface-water usc 
(Mgaljd) 
 
Average flow 
(Mgal/d) 
 
Power generated 
(GWh) 
 
Conversion coefficient (GaljGWh) 
 
TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN 
 
ESfATOAH- 
 
not 
 
610 
 
65 
 
0.66x 109 
 
;..- 
 
Rabun 
 
measured 
 
1980 
 
2.9 
 
1.7 
 
034999268 
 
1981 
 
1.7 
 
0.94 
 
1982 
 
46.0 
 
26.0 
 
1983 
 
1.3 
 
.74 
 
1984 
 
1.3 
 
.74 
 
1985 
 
.90 
 
.48 
 
1986 
 
.51 
 
.31 
 
1987 
 
2.1 
 
1.2 
 
NOTTELY-Union 
 
214 
 
03553000 
 
127 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 
 
367 272 147 245 335 298 163 '112 '153 
 
50.0 20.0 34.4 42.3 44.0 23.0 '16.0 '21.3 
 
0 2.63 X 1rfJ 
 
BLUE RIDGEFannin 03558500 
 
232 
 
130 
 
1980 
 
1981 
 
1982 
 
1983 
 
1984 
 
1985 
 
1986 
 
404 408 254 349 440 450 244 1so 
 
49.0 20.0 41.0 51.0 53.0 26.0 '19.0 
 
'3.43 X 1rfJ 
 
37 
 
   For convenience in selecting our reports from your bookshelves, they are color-keyed across the spine by subject as follows: 
 
Red Dk. Purple Maroon Lt. Green Lt. Blue Dk. Green Dk. Blue Olive 
Yellow 
Dk. Orange Brown Black Dk. Brown 
 
Valley and Ridge mapping and stn,J.ctural geology Piedmont and Blue Ridge mapping and structural geology Coastal Plain mapping and stratigraphy Paleontology Coastal Zone studies Geochemical and geophysical studies Hydrology Economic geology Mining directmy Environmental studies Engineering studies Bibliographies and lists of publications Petroleum and natural gas Field trip guidebooks Collections of papers 
 
Colors have been selected at random, and will be augmented as new subjects are published. 
 
Editor: Patricia A Allgood 
 
The Department of Natural Resources is an equal opportunity employer and offers all persons the opportunity to compete and participate 1n each area of DNR employment regardless of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, handicap, or other non-merit factors. 
$1681/500