Southeast Georgia 24-county area water supply services, alternative sources to groudwater supply

Southeast Georgia 24-County Area Water Supply Services,
Alternative Sources to Groundwater Supply Report (CD-2)
September 2001
This CD-ROM contains the digital copy of the Southeast Georgia 24-County Area Water Supply Services Alternative Sources to Groundwater Supply Report. Click on any of the links below to view that section of the report. All files require the Adobe Acrobat ReaderTM, Version 4.0 or higher. To install Adobe Acrobat ReaderTM go to http://www.adobe.com.
Summary
The purpose of this report is to explore alternate opportunities of water supply in the 24-county area. Currently, the counties are primarily using ground water supplies from the Upper Floridan Aquifer. These withdrawals, having increased over time, are understood to contribute to the saltwater intrusion at Hilton Head, South Carolina, and Brunswick, Georgia.
Four areas of alternate sources are considered in

this study: surface water withdrawals from streams, reclaimed water reuse, surface water impoundments, and water conservation. Opportunities for each were sought throughout the 24county area, however, some strategies are less appropriate to portions of the study area due to physical, geological, or other constraints. During each water supply analysis, potential sites were identified and reviewed for their characteristics, cost, and proximity to large users. The most optimal sites were then evaluated in greater detail and visited for field verification of collected data. The report was developed as part of the Sound Science Initiative by Camp Dresser and McKee Inc. for the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division and the Georgia Geologic Survey Branch.
Report Sections
Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables, List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Section 1 Executive Summary Section 2 Introduction
Section 3 Description of Study Area Section 4 Data Collection
Section 5 Hydrologic Evaluation Section 6 Surface Water from Principal Rivers
Section 7 Water Reuse Section 8 Surface Water Impoundments
Section 9 Water Conservation Section 10 References
Appendices
Appendix A Hydrologic Data Appendix B Definition of Terms Appendix C River Stage and Flow Appendix D Water Treatment Plant Field Maps
Appendix E Site Photos

Appendix F Reservoir Tables Appendix G Reservoir Conceptual Dam Layouts Appendix H Dam Cross Sections and Calculations
Appendix I Reservoir Field Maps Appendix J Inventory of Water Conservation Actions Appendix K County Population and Water Demand Data with Sample Conservation Savings
Calculations
Back to Top

Contents
Section 1 Executive Summary
Section 2 Introduction 2.1 Purpose...................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Geological Background ........................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Report Organization ................................................................................................ 2-3 2.3.1 Surface Water Supply............................................................................... 2-3 2.3.2 Reclaimed Water Reuse ........................................................................... 2-4 2.3.3 Surface Water Impoundment.................................................................. 2-4 2.3.4 Review of Water Supply Plans and Water Conservation ................... 2-4
Section 3 Description of Study Area 3.1 Geographical, Demographic and Jurisdictional Description............................. 3-1 3.2 Description of Surface Physiography and Geography ....................................... 3-4 3.3 Existing Water Use Information and Projections ................................................ 3-6 3.4 Existing Surface Water Withdrawal Permits ....................................................... 3-8 3.5 Existing Wastewater Discharge Permits............................................................... 3-8
Section 4 Data Collection 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Data Collection ......................................................................................................... 4-1
Section 5 Hydrologic Evaluation 5.1 General Surface Water Hydrology ........................................................................ 5-1 5.2 Major Rivers and Principal Tributaries................................................................. 5-6 5.2.1 Watershed Characteristics ....................................................................... 5-6 5.3 Minimum Instream Flow Requirements .............................................................. 5-8 5.3.1 Other Minimum Instream Flow Requirements.................................... 5-9 5.4 Potential Supply Evaluation................................................................................. 5-15 5.4.1 Seasonal Demand.................................................................................... 5-15 5.4.2 Yield Curve Development..................................................................... 5-18 5.4.3 Example Yield Calculations .................................................................. 5-19 5.4.4 Additional Storage Requirements ........................................................ 5-22 5.4.5 Other Considerations ............................................................................. 5-22
Section 6 Surface Water from Principal Rivers 6.1 Development of Potential Yield............................................................................. 6-1 6-2 Water Quality Considerations ............................................................................... 6-4 6.3 Potential Treatment Plant Sites .............................................................................. 6-9 6.4 Cost Comparison.................................................................................................... 6-13 6.4.1 Methodology ........................................................................................... 6-13
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Table of Contents (Continued)
6.4.2 Surface Water Treatment Plants ........................................................... 6-13 6.4.3 Raw Water Facilities............................................................................... 6-14 6.4.4 Water Treatment Plant........................................................................... 6-14 6.4.5 Finished Water Lines.............................................................................. 6-16 6.4.6 Non-Construction Costs ........................................................................ 6-16 6.4.7 Overall Cost Curve ................................................................................. 6-16 6.4.8 Operations and Maintenance Cost of Surface Water
Treatment Plants ..................................................................................... 6-17 6.4.9 Capital Cost for Groundwater Treatment Plants ............................... 6-17 6.4.10 Operations and Maintenance Cost of Groundwater Water
Treatment Plants ..................................................................................... 6-20 6.4.11 Cost Considerations ............................................................................... 6-23 6.4.12 Conjunctive Use ...................................................................................... 6-23 6.5 Potential Impacts from Surface Water Withdrawal .......................................... 6-26 6.5.1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts.................................................... 6-26 6.5.2 Impacts to Water Quantity .................................................................... 6-29 6.5.3 Impacts to Freshwater Saltwater Interface....................................... 6-34 6.5.4 Impacts to Stream Water Quality ......................................................... 6-34 6.5.5 Impacts to River Stage............................................................................ 6-39 6.5.6 Impacts to Habitats and Ecosystems.................................................... 6-40 6.5.7 Impacts to Species................................................................................... 6-41 6.5.8 Economic Impacts................................................................................... 6-42 6.5.9 Impacts to Urban, Industrial and Agricultural Growth.................... 6-48 6.5.10 Public Risk Perception ........................................................................... 6-48 6.5.11 Citizen Stakeholder Groups .................................................................. 6-50 6.5.12 Potential Unanticipated Impacts .......................................................... 6-51 6.6 Site Visit Results..................................................................................................... 6-52 6.6.1 Overview of Sites.................................................................................... 6-52 6.6.2 Savannah I&D Plant ............................................................................... 6-54 6.6.3 Savannah River in Effingham County near Clyo (Site #2) ............... 6-54 6.6.4 Ogeechee River near Statesboro (Site #6)............................................ 6-55 6.6.5 Canoochee River near Hinesville (Site #9).......................................... 6-55 6.6.6 Altamaha River near Everett (Site #11) ............................................... 6-55 6.6.7 Satilla River near Woodbine (Site #15) ................................................ 6-56 6.6.8 St Marys River near Kingsland (Site #16) ........................................... 6-56 6.7 Transmission Cost for Three Sites ....................................................................... 6-57 6.8 Summary and Conclusions................................................................................... 6-58 6.9 Recommended Future Research and Study....................................................... 6-59
Section 7 Water Reuse 7.1 Regulatory Issues and Water Quality ................................................................... 7-1 7.1.1 Current State of Georgia Reuse Rules.................................................... 7-2 7.1.2 Other Regulations..................................................................................... 7-4
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Table of Contents (Continued)
7.1.3 Water Quality Requirements .................................................................. 7-5 7.2 Water Reuse Case Studies..................................................................................... 7-13
7.2.1 Case Studies of Reuse Systems ............................................................. 7-13 7.2.2 Salinity Barrier and Indirect Potable Reuse Systems......................... 7-22 7.3 Reuse Water Supply .............................................................................................. 7-27 7.3.1 Data Analysis .......................................................................................... 7-27 7.3.2 Existing Effluent Quality ....................................................................... 7-29 7.4 Nonpotable Demands ........................................................................................... 7-29 7.4.1 Golf Course Reuse Irrigation ................................................................ 7-29 7.4.2 Agricultural Reuse.................................................................................. 7-37 7.5 Conceptual Evaluation of Water Reclamation Systems ................................... 7-42 7.5.1 Water Balance Considerations .............................................................. 7-42 7.5.2 Operational Storage................................................................................ 7-45 7.5.3 Preliminary Design Criteria .................................................................. 7-49 7.5.4 Evaluation of Golf Course Sites ............................................................ 7-52 7.5.5 Final Selected Sites.................................................................................. 7-54 7.6 Golf Course Site Visits........................................................................................... 7-54 7.6.1 Golf Course Site Investigation .............................................................. 7-57 7.6.2 Existing Wastewater Treatment Facility.............................................. 7-66 7.7 Conceptual Analysis of Savannah President Street Reuse System.............. 7-74 7.7.1 Summary of Potential Reuse Scenarios ............................................... 7-74 7.7.2 Water Balance Considerations .............................................................. 7-77 7.7.3 Major Potential Reclaimed Water Demands....................................... 7-85 7.7.4 Reuse System Facilities .......................................................................... 7-90 7.7.5 Cost of Urban Reuse Systems ............................................................... 7-96 7.7.6 Potential Sources of Funding ................................................................ 7-99 7.8 Site Investigation Conclusions ........................................................................... 7-100 7.8.1 Conclusions St. Simons Golf Courses ............................................. 7-100 7.8.2 Conclusions Savannah Reuse........................................................... 7-102
Section 8 Surface Water Impoundments 8.1 Reservoir Identification........................................................................................... 8-1 8.1.1 Generating Dams, Reservoirs, and Drainage Basins ........................... 8-1 8.2 Preliminary Design, Cost, and Evaluation ........................................................... 8-5 8.2.1 Spillway Design ........................................................................................ 8-6 8.2.2 Embankment Design ................................................................................ 8-7 8.2.3 Initial Cost Estimate ................................................................................. 8-8 8.2.4 Supportable Yield ................................................................................... 8-10 8.2.5 Future Estimates of Reservoir Costs .................................................... 8-15 8.2.6 Preliminary Evaluation .......................................................................... 8-15 8.3 Secondary Evaluation............................................................................................ 8-15 8.3.1 Evaluation Criteria ................................................................................. 8-16 8.3.2 Results ...................................................................................................... 8-16
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Table of Contents (Continued)

8.4 Preferred Site Evaluation ...................................................................................... 8-18 8.4.1 High Hazard Dams................................................................................. 8-18 8.4.2 Evaluation Criteria ................................................................................. 8-20 8.4.3 Findings.................................................................................................... 8-21 8.4.4 Pumped Storage...................................................................................... 8-24 8.4.5 Non-Depletable Flow ............................................................................. 8-30
8.5 Site Visits ................................................................................................................. 8-35 8.5.1 Overview of Sites.................................................................................... 8-36 8.5.2 Jenkins County near Millen (Site #63) ................................................. 8-38 8.5.3 Burke County near Waynesboro (Site #69)......................................... 8-38 8.5.4 Candler County near Metter (Site #86)................................................ 8-38 8.5.5 Appling County near Baxley (Site #146) ............................................. 8-38 8.5.6 Tattnall County near Cobbtown (Site #172) ....................................... 8-39 8.5.7 Evans County near Claxton (Site #185) ............................................... 8-39 8.5.8 Tattnall County near Reidsville (Site #202) ........................................ 8-39
8.6 Conclusions............................................................................................................. 8-39 8.6.1 Additional Considerations .................................................................... 8-39 8.6.2 Funding Considerations ........................................................................ 8-40

Section 9 Review of County Water Supply Plans

9.1 Water Conservation Regulations........................................................................... 9-1 9.1.1 Federal Requirements .............................................................................. 9-1 9.1.2 State Requirements................................................................................... 9-2
9.2 Overview of Water Conservation Measures........................................................ 9-3

9.2.1 Unaccounted for Water............................................................................ 9-3

9.2.2 Conservation Pricing................................................................................ 9-5

9.2.3 9.2.4 9.2.5

Agronomic Irrigation ............................................................................... 9-9 Technology .............................................................................................. 9-11 Public Education, Information, and Participation ............................. 9-13

9.2.6 Reclaimed Water Reuse ......................................................................... 9-15

9.2.7 Conservation Program Assessment ..................................................... 9-15

9.2.8 Water Conservation Literature ............................................................. 9-16 9.3 Summary of the 24-County Water Use ............................................................... 9-16
9.3.1 Summary of the 24-County Estimated Past Population and Water Demand ........................................................................................ 9-16

9.3.2 Summary of the 24-County Projected Population and

Water Demand ........................................................................................ 9-27

9.4 24-County Water Conservation ........................................................................... 9-38 9.4.1 Appling County ...................................................................................... 9-42 9.4.2 Bacon County .......................................................................................... 9-42 9.4.3 Brantley County ...................................................................................... 9-43

9.4.4 Bryan County .......................................................................................... 9-44

9.4.5 Bulloch County ....................................................................................... 9-44

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Table of Contents (Continued)
9.4.6 Burke County .......................................................................................... 9-45 9.4.7 Camden County...................................................................................... 9-46 9.4.8 Candler County....................................................................................... 9-46 9.4.9 Charlton County ..................................................................................... 9-47 9.4.10 Chatham County..................................................................................... 9-47 9.4.11 Effingham County .................................................................................. 9-48 9.4.12 Emanuel County ..................................................................................... 9-49 9.4.13 Evans County .......................................................................................... 9-49 9.4.14 Glynn County.......................................................................................... 9-50 9.4.15 Jenkins County........................................................................................ 9-51 9.4.16 Liberty County ........................................................................................ 9-51 9.4.17 Long County............................................................................................ 9-52 9.4.18 McIntosh County .................................................................................... 9-52 9.4.19 Pierce County .......................................................................................... 9-53 9.4.20 Screven County ....................................................................................... 9-54 9.4.21 Tattnall County ....................................................................................... 9-54 9.4.22 Toombs County....................................................................................... 9-55 9.4.23 Ware County ........................................................................................... 9-56 9.4.24 Wayne County ........................................................................................ 9-56 9.5 Conservation Opportunities and Water Savings............................................... 9-57 9.6 Conclusions............................................................................................................. 9-59
Section 10 References
Appendices Appendix A Hydrologic Data Appendix B Definition of Terms Appendix C River Stage and Flow Appendix D Water Treatment Plant Field Maps Appendix E Site Photos Appendix F Reservoir Tables Appendix G Reservoir Conceptual Dam Layouts Appendix H Dam Cross Sections and Calculations Appendix I Reservoir Field Maps Appendix K County Population and Water Demand Data with Sample Conservation Savings Calculations
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Figures
2-1 24 Coastal Counties and Major Basins.................................................................. 2-2 3-1 Location of 24 Coastal Counties............................................................................. 3-3 3-2 Rank Evaluation of Near Surface Hydraulic Properties..................................... 3-7 4-1 Sample DOQ and Reservoir ................................................................................... 4-2 4-2 USGS Digital Elevation Model............................................................................... 4-3 4-3 Sample NWI Wetlands............................................................................................ 4-8 5-1 USGS Stream Gages in the 24-county Area.......................................................... 5-3 5-2 Comparison of Annual Mean and Lowest Annual Mean Flow ........................ 5-5 5-3 Relative Low Flow Comparisons........................................................................... 5-7 5-4 Minimum Flows and Levels for the Wekiva River System ............................. 5-10 5-5 Minimum Flow Determination Process Requirements, North Carolina ....... 5-14 5-6 Summary Flow Chart ............................................................................................ 5-16 5-7 Demand Curve ....................................................................................................... 5-17 5-8 Reservoir Storage ................................................................................................... 5-20 5-9 Volume Curve ........................................................................................................ 5-21 6-1 Conventional Surface Water Treatment Plant Conceptual Design................... 6-7 6-2 Location of Potential Surface Water Intake Sites............................................... 6-10 6-3 Surface Water Treatment Plants Capital Cost................................................. 6-18 6-4 Surface Water Treatment Plants Operations Cost.......................................... 6-19 6-5 Groundwater Treatment Plants Capital Cost ................................................. 6-21 6-6 Groundwater Treatment Plants Operations Cost........................................... 6-22 6-7 Surface and Groundwater Cost Comparison (Per Gallon) .............................. 6-24 6-8 Surface and Groundwater Cost Comparison (Total Cost) ............................... 6-24 6-9 Example of a Water Demand Pattern for a Large Water System.................... 6-25 6-10 Cost of Conjunctive Water Use NDF=Monthly 7Q10.................................... 6-27 6-11 Cost of Conjunctive Water Use relative to Desired NDF ................................. 6-28 6-12 Potential Impacts from Surface Water Withdrawal .......................................... 6-30 6-13 Sample Comparison of Impact Types ................................................................. 6-31 6-14 Schematic for Determining Consumptive Use .................................................. 6-33 6-15 Locations of Thermal Power Plants in the 24-county Area.............................. 6-36 6-16 NPDES and Historic TRI Spill Locations............................................................ 6-38 6-17 Commercial Shrimp Industry 1950-1998 ............................................................ 6-46 6-18 Commercial Blue Crab Industry 1950-1998........................................................ 6-47 6-19 Revised Potential WTP Site Locations ................................................................ 6-53 7-1 Water Pollution Control Plant Locations............................................................ 7-28 7-2 Locations of Municipal NPDES ........................................................................... 7-30 7-3 Location of Municipal NPDES and Golf Courses ............................................. 7-33 7-4 Percent of County as Irrigated Agriculture........................................................ 7-39 7-5 Implications of Reclaimed Water Committed to Beneficial Use ..................... 7-46 7-6 Shortage and Discharge as a Function of Reuse Commitment ....................... 7-47
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List of Figures (Continued)
7-7 Storage Requirement for Reuse Commitment ................................................... 7-48 7-8 Operating Protocol for Reuse Water ................................................................... 7-51 7-9 Anticipated Operating Protocol for 24-county
Reclaimed Water Application .............................................................................. 7-53 7-10 Location of Selected Golf Courses ....................................................................... 7-58 7-11 Typical Discharge Structure ................................................................................. 7-67 7-12 St. Simons Island Glynn County WPCF Existing Plant Flow Schematic .... 7-68 7-13 St. Simons Island Glynn County WPCF Proposed Plant Flow Schematic.. 7-71 7-14 Multiple Reuse Distribution System ................................................................... 7-76 7-15 Average Residential Water Usage by Type of Use ........................................... 7-77 7-16 Average Monthly Irrigation Demand for Savannah Area ............................... 7-79 7-17 Potable Water Conservation with Reclaimed Water in
Altamonte Springs, FL .......................................................................................... 7-80 7-18 Seasonal Profile of Irrigation Demand for Savannah Area.............................. 7-82 7-19 Locations of Golf Courses in Chatham County................................................. 7-87 7-20 Locations of Industrial Floridan Aquifer Users in Chatham County............. 7-89 7-21 Savannah President's Street WQCF .................................................................... 7-92 7-22 President Street WQCF ......................................................................................... 7-93 8-1 Identifying Dam & Reservoir Sites in ArcView................................................... 8-1 8-2 Creating Dam and Reservoir Extents in ArcView............................................... 8-2 8-3 Delineating Drainage Basins in ArcView ............................................................. 8-2 8-4 212 Potential Reservoir Sites................................................................................... 8-4 8-5 Reservoir Cost versus Volume............................................................................. 8-11 8-6 Reservoir Cost versus Storage.............................................................................. 8-12 8-7 Yield versus Cost Analysis ................................................................................... 8-13 8-8 Cost Distribution.................................................................................................... 8-14 8-9 Potential 144 Reservoir Sites................................................................................. 8-17 8-10 Potential 42 Reservoir Sites................................................................................... 8-19 8-11 Municipal Populations in 1990............................................................................. 8-23 8-12 Final 14 Reservoir Sites ......................................................................................... 8-26 8-13 Schematic for Pumped Storage ............................................................................ 8-24 8-14 Available Flow 1954 to 1956 Drought .............................................................. 8-27 8-15 Histogram of Available Flow 1954 to 1956 Drought...................................... 8-29 8-16 Ohoopee River Flow Data..................................................................................... 8-31 8-17 Comparison of Available Flows........................................................................... 8-32 8-18 Cost of Reservoirs Depending on NDF Regime ................................................ 8-33 8-19 Preferred Regions for Dam Construction........................................................... 8-34 9-1 Population Density 1960-2000 - High Growth Counties .................................. 9-18 9-2 Population Density 1960-2000 - Moderate Growth Counties .......................... 9-19 9-3 Population Density 1960-2000 - Low Growth Counties ................................... 9-20 9-4 Population Density 1960-2000 - Counties with Population Decreases........... 9-21 9-5 Population Density 1960-2000 - Chatham County ............................................ 9-22 9-6 Population Density 1960-2000.............................................................................. 9-23
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List of Figures (Continued)
9-7 Percent Growth Based on US Census Data (1960-2000) ................................... 9-24 9-8 1997 USGS Water Use............................................................................................ 9-25 9-9 Georgia and 24-County Population Density - Historical and Projected ........ 9-28 9-10 24 Coastal Counties - Historical and Projected Population ............................. 9-29 9-11 US Census and County Population Projections ................................................ 9-32 9-12 US Census and County Population Change ...................................................... 9-33 9-13 Projected Population Density 2010-2050............................................................. 9-34 9-14 County Water Supply Plan Projected Water Demand ..................................... 9-35
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Tables
3-1 Population Statistics ................................................................................................ 3-2 3-2 24-County Area Regional Development Centers ................................................ 3-4 3-3 Predominant Near-Surface Geologic Units.......................................................... 3-5 3-4 24 County Water Use in Million Gallons per Day, 1997..................................... 3-6 3-5 Surface Withdrawal Permits for Agriculture....................................................... 3-8 3-6 Summary of Water Pollution Control Plants in 24-county Area....................... 3-9 5-1 USGS Gages in the 24-county Area ....................................................................... 5-2 5-2 USGS Gages in the 24-county Area Stream Flow............................................. 5-4 5-3 Watershed Characteristics ...................................................................................... 5-8 6-1 USGS Flow Information of Principal Rivers and Major Tributaries, and
Withdrawal Impact Estimates................................................................................ 6-2 6-2 USGS Water Quality Monitoring Stations............................................................ 6-4 6-3 Summary of River Water Quality Parameters ..................................................... 6-5 6-4 Potential Water Treatment Plant Sites ................................................................ 6-11 6-5 Consumptive Use Values as Percent of Water Withdrawn for 24-county
Watersheds.............................................................................................................. 6-32 6-6 Thermal Plants Located in the 24-county Area ................................................. 6-35 6-7 Locations of Animal Farms in Water Treatment Plant Drainage Areas ........ 6-37 6-8 River Stage Decreases from Surface Water Withdrawal .................................. 6-39 6-9 Summary Information for National Wildlife Refuges ...................................... 6-41 6-10 National Marine Fisheries Service 1998 Statistics for State of Georgia .......... 6-45 6-11 Summary of ASR Operations ............................................................................... 6-49 6-12 Pipe Costs for Site #2............................................................................................. 6-57 6-13 Pipe Costs for Site #11........................................................................................... 6-58 7-1 Recommended Cooling Water Quality Criteria for Make-up Water to
Recirculating Systems........................................................................................... 7-11 7-2 Reclaimed Water Quality...................................................................................... 7-18 7-3 Eastside Reuse Customer Base............................................................................. 7-18 7-4 Water Factory 21 Injection Water Quality .......................................................... 7-24 7-5 Compounds Detected in Water Factory 21 Injection Water ............................ 7-24 7-6 UOSA-NPDES Permit Limits ............................................................................... 7-26 7-7 Summary of Water Pollution Control Plants in the 24-county Area .............. 7-27 7-8 NPDES Limits for Selected Wastewater Treatment Plants
in the Project Area.................................................................................................. 7-31 7-9 Summary of Permitted Water Use by Golf Course...................................... 7-34,35 7-10 Sources of Golf Course Irrigation ........................................................................ 7-36 7-11 Agricultural Area by County ............................................................................... 7-38 7-12 Estimated Irrigation Water Use in 1998.............................................................. 7-41 7-13 Transmission Pipe Size and Capacity ................................................................. 7-50 7-14 Golf Course Ranking Methodology .................................................................... 7-54 7-15 Golf Course Ranking ............................................................................................. 7-55
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List of Tables (Continued)
7-16 Top Ranked Golf Courses..................................................................................... 7-56 7-17 Permit Conditions for Discharge to Dunbar Creek........................................... 7-69 7-18 Possible Scenarios for Irrigation Water Use....................................................... 7-83 7-19 Golf Courses in Chatham County ....................................................................... 7-86 7-20 Industrial Users of the Floridan Aquifer in Chatham County ........................ 7-88 7-21 Permit Conditions for Discharge to Savannah River........................................ 7-94 7-22 Permit Conditions for Discharge to Reuse Systems.......................................... 7-95 7-23 City of Venice Urban Reuse System Program Costs 2 mgd Capacity ......... 7-97 7-24 Lee County Iona-McGregor District Reuse System Program Costs
4 mgd Capacity....................................................................................................... 7-98 7-25 Capital Costs of Reuse Systems ........................................................................... 7-98 7-26 Cost Evaluation ...................................................................................................... 7-99 8-1 Dam Classifications ................................................................................................. 8-6 8-2 Category I Dams and Adjusted Cost Estimates................................................. 8-20 8-3 Reservoir Ranking Criteria ................................................................................... 8-21 8-4 Weighted Scores and Rankings of 42 Reservoirs............................................... 8-22 8-5 Final 14 Reservoirs................................................................................................. 8-25 8-6 Pump storage Histogram Data ............................................................................ 8-28 8-7 Tax Assessors Data ................................................................................................ 8-37 9-1 Water Conservation Standards for Faucets and Showerheads ......................... 9-2 9-2 Water Conservation Standards for Toilets and Urinals ..................................... 9-2 9-3 State of Georgia Standards for Plumbing Fixtures.............................................. 9-3 9-4 Recommended Meter Testing ................................................................................ 9-4 9-5 Sample Water Rates................................................................................................. 9-7 9-6 EPA Water Conservation Guidelines Potential Water Savings from
Efficient Fixtures .................................................................................................... 9-12 9-7 Free-Access Resources for Water Conservation ................................................ 9-17 9-8 USGS 1997 Water Withdrawal by County in Million Gallons per Day ......... 9-26 9-9 US Census Population Projections ...................................................................... 9-30 9-10 Population Projections from County Water Plans ............................................ 9-31 9-11 24-County Area Water Demand .......................................................................... 9-36 9-12 Projected Change in Water Demand 2000-2050................................................. 9-37 9-13 Comparison of Projected Agricultural Growth ................................................. 9-37 9-14 Water Conservation Implementation Per 1,000 People.................................... 9-39 9-15 Plumbing Retrofit Cost Effectiveness.................................................................. 9-39 9-16 Plumbing Retrofit Cost Savings per 1,000 People ............................................. 9-40 9-17 Meter Replacement Cost per 1,000 People ......................................................... 9-41 9-18 Projected Water Use and Conservation, 2050 .................................................... 9-58
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

24-county area
AADF ACE ASR AWC AWT AWWA BASINS BJWSA BOD BOD5 C CCI CCWA CDM CFR cfs cfsm COD CPI cpu CR D/DBPR DBP DEM DENR DNR DOE DOQ DRG ENR EPA EPD ERU EU F FEMA FDEP FWS GAC

Appling, Bacon, Brantley, Bryan, Bulloch, Burke, Candler, Camden, Chatham, Charlton, Effingham, Emanuel, Evans, Glynn, Jenkins, Liberty, Long, McIntosh, Pierce, Screven, Tattnall, Toombs, Ware, and Wayne counties Average Annual Daily Flow United States Army Corps of Engineers Aquifer Storage and Recovery available water content Advanced Wastewater Treatment American Water Works Association Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources, a Water Quality Model Beaufort-Jasper Water & Sewer Authority biological oxygen demand five-day biological oxygen demand Celsius Construction Cost Index Clayton County Water Authority Camp Dresser & McKee Inc. Code of Federal Regulations cubic feet per second cubic feet per square mile carbon oxygen demand Consumer Price Index cobalt-platinum units County Road Disinfection/Disinfection By Product Rule Disinfection by Products Digital Elevation Model North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Georgia Department of Natural Resources United States Department of Energy Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles Digital Raster Graphics Engineering News Report United States Environmental Protection Agency Georgia Environmental Protection Division Equivalent Residential Unit equivalent unit Fahrenheit Federal Emergency Management Agency Florida Department of Environmental Protection United States Fish and Wildlife Service Granular Activated Carbon

AB
771Abbrev

ACR-1

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms continued

GADOT GWWA GIS GNIS gpcd gpd gpf gpm gpm/sf HDPE hp I&D IBI IFIM kgal LF MCL meq/L MG mg/L mgd mgd/sm mho/cm mL g/l NAWRF NCDC NDF NMFS NOAA NPDES NRCS
NTU NWI NWR O&M O.C.G.A. OCSD OCWD OST PCS PET PMP

Georgia Department of Transportation Georgia Water Wise Council Geographical Information System Geographic Names Information System gallons per capita per day gallons per day gallons per flush gallons per minute gallons per minute per square foot high density polyethylene Horsepower Industrial and Domestic North Carolina Index of Biotic Integrity Instream Flow Incremental Methodology thousand gallons linear foot Maximum Contaminant Level milli-equivalents per liter million gallons milligrams per Liter million gallons per day million gallons per day per square mile micromhos per centimeter Milliliter micrograms per liter North Advance Water Treatment Facility National Climatic Data Center non-depletable flow National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic Atmospheric Association National Pollution Discharge Elimination System National Resource Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service - SCC) Nephlometric Turbidity Units National Wetlands Inventory National Wildlife Refuges Operations and Maintenance Official Code of Georgia Annotated Orange County Sanitation District Orange County Water District Office of Science Technology Permit Compliance System potential evapotranspiration Probable Maximum Precipitation

AB
771Abbrev

ACR-2

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms continued

psi PVC RDC RO SAR SBR SCDNR sm TDS THMs TIGER TOC TRI TSG TSS UAW UGA UOSA USGS UV WMD WPCF WPCP WQCF WRD WRF WTP WWTP

pounds per square inch polyvinyl chloride Regional Development Center reverse osmosis sodium absorption ratio Sequencing Batch Reactor South Carolina Department of Natural Resources square miles total dissolved solids Trihalomethanes United States Census, Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing system total organic compounds Toxic Release Inventory The Savannah Group total suspended solids unaccounted for water University of Georgia Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority United States Geological Survey Ultraviolet Water Management Districts Water Pollution Control Facility Water Pollution Control Plant Water Quality Control Facility Wildlife Resource Division Water Reclamation Facility Water Treatment Plant Wastewater Treatment Plant

AB
771Abbrev

ACR-3