Geology of oligocene, miocene, and younger deposits in the coastal area of Georgia

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GEOLOGY OF OLIGOCENE, MIOCENE, I

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AND YOUNGER DEPOSITS IN THE

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COASTAL AREA OF GEORGIA

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By

Robert E. Weems and Lucy E. Edwards

U.S. Geological Survey

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Department of Natural Resources Environmental Prot~ction Division
Georgia Geologic Survey
BULLETIN 131
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Cover photograph: Wind-sculpted Live Oak tree on a sand dune, Cumberland Island National Seashore,
Camden County, Georgia. Photograph by Alan M. Cressler.

GEOLOGY OF OLIGOCENE, MIOCENE, AND YOUNGER DEPOSITS IN THE COASTAL AREA OF GEORGIA
by Robert E. Weems and Lucy E. Edwards U.S. Geological Survey
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Lonice Barrett, Commissioner
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Harold F. Reheis, Director
GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY William H. McLemore, State Geologist
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Atlanta, Georgia 2001
BULLETIN 131

CONTENTS
Page
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... ........ 1 Geologic setting ............................................................................................................................................. 3
a1ostrabgraphic framework and IDlCrofiossil sa mpling teehnique..................................................................... 3
AcknowledgDlellts............................................................................................................................................. 5 Geologic units ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
Lower Oligocene stratigraphic units ................................................................................................................ 5
Suwannee Limestone........................................................................................................................... 5
Lazaretto Creek Formation.................................................................................................................. 5 Upper Oligocene and Miocene stratigraphic units .......................................................................................... I0
Tiger Leap Formation ........................................................................................................................ 11
Parachucla Formation ........................................................................................................................ 11 M&lks Head Formation ...................................................................................................................... 12 Coosawbatdlie Formation .................................................................................................................. 12
Tybee Phosphorite Member .................................................................................................. 12 Meigs Member ............. ~ ..... ~.................................................................................................. 12 Benyville Clay Member (lower part) .............. ;.................................................................... 12 Benyville Clay Member (upper part).................................................................................... 13 Ebenezer Formation........................................................................................................................... 13 Pliocene stratigraphic units .............................................................................................................................. 14 Wabasso beds .................................................................................................................................... 14 Raysor Formation?............................................................................................................................. 14 Cypresshead Formation:~ 14 Pearson terrace unit (infonnal) .......................:................. ... ............................................. ................... 14 Pleistocene stratigraphic units......................................................................................................................... 15 Penholoway Fonnaticn ....................................................................................................................... 15 Satilla Formation............................................................................................................................... 15 IJepositiooal envirODIIleDts and lithofacies ................................................................................................................... 15 Influence oflithofacies on water availability ............................................................................................................... 16 SUIIIIIUU)' ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Selected references ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Appendices..................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Appendix A. - I..Jthologic description ofthe Effmgbam County Corehole....................................................... 37
Appendix B. -Lithologic description of the Evans County Corehole #1......................................................... 45
Appendix C.- Lithologic description of the Fort Pulaski Corehole : 59
Appendix D.- Lithologic description of the Mcintosh County Corehole ....................................................... 63 Appendix E. -Lithologic description ofthe Richmond Hill Corehole ............................................................ 75
Appendix F.- Lithologic description of the St. Marys Corehole .................................................................... 85 Appendix G. -Lithologic desaiption ofthe Toombs County Corehole #1...................................................... 91
Appendix H. -Lithologic description of the Tybee Island Corehole ............................................................... 107
Appendix I. - Supplemmtary data oo the Cumberland Island Corehole......................................................... 113 Appendix J.- Grain size analyses.................................................................................................................. 115
Effingham County Corehole..................................................:........................................................... 115 Fort Pulaski Corehole.... ................. ..................................... .. ............................ .. .................. ... ......... 116 Mcintosh County Corebole................................................................................................................ 117 Richmond Hill Corehole.................................................................................................................... 119
111

CONTENTS- Continued

Page

Appen~ces - Gontiriued

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Appendix J. - Continued

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St Marys Corehole.............................................................................................,................................ 120

TOOIIlbs County Corehole................................................................................................,...................... 121

Tybee Island Corehole;................,......................................................................................................,.. 122

. Appendix K -Dinoflagellate datuins in the Miocene......................................................................................... 123

Figure 1.
Fi~e 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9.
Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14. F~gure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20.

ILLUSTRATIONS
Extent of study area, location ofwells and coreholes used to defme the geology of the Miocene, and lines of geologic sections, coastal Georgia......................:.......................................... 2 Oligocene through Pleistocene geology of coastal Georgia, showing ages, series, dinoflagellate zonation, formations, and hydrogeologic units........................................................... 4 No~-south geologic.section showing Pleistocene through 9lig~e allostratigraphic units, coastal Georg~a...;..................................................................................................................... 5 East-west geologic section showing Pleistocene through Oligocene allostratigraphic units, coastal Georgia............................................................................................::.::........................ 8 Holostratotype of the Lazaretto Creek Formation, a gamma log from a nearby well at Fort Pulaski, and-stratigraphic changes proposed here...............................:................................. 9 Altitude of the base of the Tiger Leap Formation............................................:.................................. 19 Altitude of the base of the Parachucla Formation................................................................................ 20 Altitude of the base of the Marks Head Formation...............;...........:................................................. 21 Altitude of the base of the Coosawhatchie Formation, excluding the Tybee Phosphorite Member...............................................................................................::.......................... 22 Altitude of the base of the Ebenezer Formation.................................................................................. 23 Geophysical log for the Brunswick Pulp and Paper well................................................................,... 24 Lithologic and geophysical log for the Cumberland Island corehole............;..........~.......................... 25 Lithologic and geophysical logs for the Effmgham corehole.........................................................;.... 26 Lithologic and geophysical logs for the Evans County corehole #1................................................... 27 Lithologic and geophysical log for the Fort Pulaski corehole............................................................. 28 Lithologic and geophysical logs for the Mcintosh County corehole.........................;......................... 29 Lithologic and geophysical logs for the Richmond Hill corehole.............:......................................... 30
Lithologic and geophysical logs for the St. Marys c<>rehole.......................:....................................... 31
Lithologic and geophysical log for the Toombs County corehole #! ........................................:........ 32 Lithologic and geophysical log for the Tybee Island corehole....:..............................................:........ 33

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IV

GEOLOGY OF OLIGOCENE, MIOCENE, AND YOUNGER DEPOSITS
IN THE COASTAL AREA OF GEORGIA
by
Robert E. Weems and Lucy E. Edwards

ABSTRACT
Analysis of cores and geophysical logs for ten coreholes and wells in the coastal area of Georgia has allowed a detailed synthesis and correlation of the Oligocene and Miocene strata across this area. A total of eighteen unconformity-bounded Oligocene and Miocene stratigraphic units can be recognized in the area. Erosion during the times represented by the intervening unconformities has produced cut and fill patterns that greatly complicate the stratigraphic and hydrologic patterns across the region. The Tiger Leap Member ofthe Parachucla Formation of Huddlestun and the Ebenezer Member of the Coosawhatchie Formation of Huddlestun are raised to formational rank. With these changes, the eighteen unconformity-bounded stratigraphic units can be clu8tered into seven lithologically distinctive formations. At the same time, however, these stratigraphic units. also compose three hydrologic aquifers and their confining units. By integrating and clarifying the relations between stratigraphic units and hydrologic units, a more useful framework for both stratigraphers and hydrologists can be achieved than by basing the stratigraphic system on only one of these two concepts.
INTRODUCTION
Three aquifecs have been reCognized in Miocene and younger deposits in the 24-county coastal area of Georgia (McDowell and Steele, 1998; Clarke and others,

1990). These three aquifecs, in descending order, are the surficial aquifer (in sediments of late Miocene age), and the upper- and Iowec Brunswiclc aquifers (in sediments of latest Oligocene to middle Miocene age). Clarke and others (1990) conducted a preliminary evaluation of the, hydrogeologic characteristics of these aquifers in coastal Georgia, but until now there has been no detailed lithologic description and stratigraphic synthesis ofthe geologic units that compose these aquifers and their confining units. Previously these aquifers and confming units were defined primarily by gamma log profiles of holes penetrating these units (Wait and Gregg, 1973). Four gamma markers labeled A, B, C, and D were used to recognize (in descending order) the top of the upper Brunswick aquifer (A), the top ofthe lower Brunswick aquifer (B), the approximate base of Miocene strata (C), and the top of the Ocala Limestone (D). While useful for recognizing important horizons in the subsurface, this approach offered only limited information concerning the age of the stratigraphic horizons of interest.
To better understand the distribution of penneable horizons within the Miocene strata of coastal Georgia and their stratigraphic framework, we present lithologic descriptions of eight new coreholes, correlate their stratigraphy with the siandard Miocene dinoflagellate zonation ofde Verteuil and Norris (1996), provide supplemental observations and dinoflagellate zonation horizons for the previously described Cumberland Island corehole (Clarke and others, 1990), and correlate all of these cores with the previously

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Explanation

Line of
SM-EF
Section

BR

Corehole or well



and identification

0

20 MILES

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20 KILOMETERS

Figure I. Extent of study area, location of wells and coreholes used to define the geology of the Miocene, and lines of geologic sections, coastal Georgia. BR = Brunwick Pulp and Paper well, CI =Cumberland Island Corehole, EF = Effingham County Corehole, EV = Evans County Corehole #I, FP =Fort Pulaski Corehole, MI =Mcintosh County Corehole, RH =Richmond Hill Corehole, SM =St. Marys Corehole, TO= Toombs County Corehole #I, TI =Tybee Island Corehole.
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established standard section for the Upper and Lower Brunswick aquifers in the Brunswick Test Well No. 1 (Clark and others, 1990). We also modify the stratigraphy established by Huddlestun (1988) for the Miocene of Georgia, so that his lithostratigraphic units better correlate with hydrologic units and so that major unconformities are better emphasized. These descriptions, correlations, and stratigraphic modifications provide, for the frrst time,. a detailed integrated stratigraphic framework for the shallow subsurface stratigraphy and hydrology of the coastal area of Georgia.
Geolo~c Settini
The 24-county coastal area of Georgia lies in the easternmost part of the Georgia Coastal Plain physiographic province (fig. 1). Elevations range from sea level at the coast to about 175 feet in the weStern . areas. Surface units across this area are Holocene, Pleistocene, and late Pliocene "terrace deposits," formed when sea level was higher than present. These deposits formed along what was then the Atlantic coast of Georgia. Pleistocene deposits (beneath terraces that are less than 100 feet in elevation) generally still preserve the landfonns that were created when they accumulated, such as emergent barriec islands, partially inftlled coastal lagoons, abandoned and . filled meandering river channels, and planar bodies of well-sorted shallow shelf sand. Late Pliocene deposits (beneath terraces that lie above 100 feet elevation) generally are more deeply eroded so that their constructional geomorphology is difficult to discern.
Unconformably beneath these terrace deposits are Pliocene~ Miocene, and Oligocene shallow marine shelf deposits. These deposits also formed at times when sea level was much higher than present. Between each episode of marine deposition, the sea withdrew from the study area and coastal rivers and streams eroded the deposited materials. These episodes of erosion varied from brief with slight erosion to prolonged with profound er<>sion. As a result, most of these deposits ~tend to be highly variable in thickness and, in some areas, to be entirely removed over large areas where they once must have been present. Early Pleistocene and Pliocene deposits have been most extensively erOded and removed, while Miocene and Oligocene deposits are relatively thicker and less

discontinuous in their distribution. Even so, cut and fill patterns are a significant part of the stratigraphic story at all horizons. Below the Miocene and Oligocene units are Eocene strata. Their geology is only briefly considered in this report;
Regionally, Miocene deposits thicken and dip toward the south and southeast into the Southeast Georgia Embayment. In the vicinity of Savannah, a tectonically uplifted area known as the Beaufort arch causes Miocene units to thin or be entirely absent across that region. While these two tectonic elements profoundly affect the distribution of Miocene and Oligocene deposits, they do not seem to affect the distribution and thickness of Pliocene and Pleistocene . deposits in any obvious way. This suggests that there has been only minor tectonic warping and tilting in the coastal area since the end of the Miocene.
Biostratii[aphic Framework and Microfossil Samplini Technique
The biostratigraphic framework for this report is based primarily upon dinoflagellates that are moderately common to common throughout the deposits studied here. The dinoflagellate zonation of de Verteuil and Norris (1996), which includes ten dinoflagellate zones within the Miocene of the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain, can be applied, with only slight modi.fication, to the Miocene sediments of the Georgia Coastal Plain. The relation of this zonation to the Miocene stratigraphy of the coastal region of Georgia is shown in fig. 2.
Sections of core, t)ipically 0.2 feet long, were removed in Georgia and brought back to the palyoologicallaboratory at the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, .VA for processing. All samples were treated with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid. For some samples, organic material was separated by using nitric acid. For most samples, a series of soap washes or a swirling technique was used to concentrate palynomorphs. Material was stained with Bismark brown, sieved to collect the 10-200 micrometer (J.Lm) fraction, and mounted for light microscope observation using glycerin jelly. Where material was sufficient, samples were sieved through a 20 I'm mesh and the
> 20 I'm material was mounted and studied.

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Upper Floridan

confining unit

Figure 2. Oligocene through Pleistocene geology of coastal Georgia, showing ages, series, dinoflagellate zonati'on, formations, and hydrogeologic units. Dinoflagellate zonation and time scale adapted from deVerteuil and Norris (1996).

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South
St. Marys

Bend in section
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Brunswick
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Richmond Hill

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Effingham 100 County
50
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- 100
- 150
-200

Dinoflagellate sample, stratigraphically diagnostic
o Dinoflagellate sample, not stratigraphically diagnostic but indicates marine depositional environment

-250 -300 -350 -400 -450 -500 -550

Figure 3. North-south geologic section showing Pleistocene through Oligocene allostratigraphic units, coastal Georgia. Line of section shown on figure l. Suwannee Limestone, Parachucla Formation, Coosawhatchie Formation, and Pliocene-Pleistocene units shown in gray for contrast. Gamma logs are shown to right of each bole.

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Acknowled~ments
We would like to thank the Georgia Geologic Survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division for their help and cooperation in making this study possible. Special thanks go to Fred Falls and Chris Leeth for their thorough and helpful reviews of our manuscript, to John Clarke, Allan Giles, Michael Peck, and Will Steele for their help in making cores and logs available and facilitating their description, and to Laurel Bybell for providing nannofossil stratigraphic information.

GEOLOGIC UNITS

In the coastal area of Georgia, 19

unconformably bound Oligocene and Miocene

stratigraphic units can be recognized. Oligocene units

I include the Suwannee Limestone, the Lazaretto Creek

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Formation, and the three oldest (unnamed) members of

the Tiger Leap Formation. Miocene units include a

fourth unnamed member of the Tiger Leap Formation,

the Parachucla Formation, three unnamed members of

the Marks Head Formation, four named members of the

Coosawhatchie Formation (the Tybee Phosphorite, the

Meigs, the Berryville Clay (lower part), and the

Berryville Clay (upper part)), and five unnamed

members of the Ebenezer Formation.

Lower Oligocene Stratigraphic Units
In the coastal Georgia region, upper Oligocene, Miocene, and younger deposits overlie either the yellowish-gray to dusky-yellowish-brown Suwannee Limestone or Lazaretto Creek Formation of early Oligocene age (figs. 2-4). The Suwannee Limestone and the Lazaretto Creek Formation form the upper confining unit at the top of the Floridan aquifer.
Suwannee Limestone - The Suwannee Limestone directly underlies upper Oligocene strata at all core sites in the coastal Georgia region except for the vicinity of Savannah. This formation contains a distinctive dinocyst assemblage characterized by Membranophoridium aspinalum, Cordosphaeridium cantharellus, Charlesdowniea coleothrypta, Hystri-

chosphaeropsis obscura, Samlandia chlamydophora sensu Stover and Hardenbol (1994), intermediates between Cordosphaeridium foniculatum and Operculodinium divergens, Phthanoperidinium spp., Heteraulacacysta pustulosa, and Dejlandrea spp.
Lazaretto Creek Formation - In the vicinity of Savannah, Huddleston (1993) recognized an early Oligocene unit different from the Suwannee Limestone that he named the Lazaretto Creek Formation. The upper part ofthe unit that Huddleston defmed, however, contains a distinctive assemblage of dinoflagellates that is notably younger than the age for this unit reported by Huddleston (1993). In the Tybee Island core (Appendix H), taken in the type area of the Lazaretto Creek Formation, the upper part of the putative Lazaretto Creek contains the dinoflagellates Apteodinium spiridoides, BaJiacasphaera sphaerica, Membranophoridium aspinalum, Dejlandrea phosphoratica var. spinulosa, and Wetzeliella symmetrica. It lacks Charlesdowniea coleothrypta and SiJmkmdia chlamydophora sensu Stover and Hardenbol (1994). This assemblage indicates a late Oligocene age for the upper part of this unit. In contrast, the lower part of the Lazaretto Creek yielded an early Oligocene foraminiferal assemblage; the upper part yielded no age-diagnostic Foraminifera at all (Huddleston, 1993). A gamma log from one of the nearby wells at Fort Pulaski indicates that there is a phosphate-rich lag bed within this unit, and the nearby type section of the Lazaretto Creek Formation includes two fming-upward sequences (fig. 5). Collectively, these observations indicate that the Lazaretto Creek, as defmed, includes two lithologically similar but unconformity-separated units of early Oligocene and late Oligocene age, respectively.
We here restrict the name Lazaretto Creek to the lower (early Oligocene) portion of the holostratotype core section that lies between 139 and 196 feet depth. The core section between 127 and 139 feet is referred to the Tiger Leap Formation (discussed below). Like Huddleston (1993), we consider the Lazaretto Creek to be a lithologically distinct unit, but we conclude that it is slightly younger than the Suwannee Limestone farther south. We refer the upper (late Oligocene) part ofthe type section of the Lazaretto Creek Formation (as originally defmed) to the Tiger Leap Formation of Huddleston (1988), with which it is age equivalent and lithologically very similar.

7

West
Toombs County

Bend in section
t
Evans
County

Bend in
section
t

East
Feet 200

Richmond Hill

Fort

Pulaski

50

sea level

-50

00

- 100

-ISO

s

10

-200

miles

X 600 vertical exaggeration

Dinoflagellate sample,

-250

stratigraphically diagnostic

o Dinoflagellate sample, not

stratigraphically diagnostic

-300

but indicates marine

depositional environment

Altitude taken from

nearby geophysical

-350

log

Figure 4. East-west geologic section showing Pleistocene through Oligocene allostratigraphic units, coastal Georgia. Line of section shown on figure 1. Suwannee Limestone, Parachucla Formation, Coosawhatchie Formation, and Pliocene-Pleistocene units shown in gray for contrast. Gamma logs are shown to right of each hole.

HOLOSTRATOTYPE OF THE LAZARETTO CREEK FORMATION
CHATHAM II (GGS-1393)

FORT PULASKI GAMMA LOG

THIS REPORT
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Figure 5. Holostratotype of the Lazaretto Creek Formation (adapted from Huddlestun, 1988), a gamma log from a nearby well at Fort Pulaski, and stratigraphic changes proposed here. Left arrow marks the top of the fossiliferous Lazaretto Creek (also the top of a fining-upward sedimentary cycle). Right arrow marks a gamma log peak (phosphate-rich lag deposit?) at the same horizon.
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Upper Oli~ocene and Miocene Strati&Uaphjc Units
In contrast to the very calcareous lower Oligocene strata, the upper Oligocene and Miocene deposits in Georgia range from vel)' quartzose calcarenites through calcareous sand and clay to quartz sand and mudstone. Collectively, all of these strata plus the basal-most Pliocene strata were gathered together in the "Hawthorne Group" by Huddlestun (1988) (fig. 2). The spelling of this group name has varied betWeen "Hawthorn" (for example, Cooke and Mossom, 1929; Scott, 1988) and "Hawthorne" (for example, Dall, 1892; Huddlestun, 1988). Current U.S. Geological Survey policy is to defer the choice of proper spelling to the geological survey of the state in which the stratotype is located. For this reason, we use the spelling "Hawthorn" in this report.

Formation below it and the Marks Head Formation above it.. Furthermore, the Tiger Leap Member of Huddlestun represents the same interval as the Penney Farms unit of Scott (1988), .who designated his unit as a formation in rank. In addition to the problem of disparate levels ofranking, there is another reason not to group these two lithologies into a single formation. The "Parachucla Formation," as originally defmed, constitutes the confining unit separating the lower from the upper Brunswick aquifers, while the Tiger Leap is the lower Brunswick aquifer. For these reasons, the "Tiger Leap Member" here is raised in rank to the "Tiger Leap Formation," and the "Porters Landing Member" is abandoned because it is. a junior name for the "Parachucla Formation" of Sloan (1908). The "Parachucla Formation" is retained but restricted in concept to the "Parachucla Formation" sensu Sloan ( 1908) (fig. 2) arid not sensu Huddlestun ( 1988).

The stratigraphy of the Hawthorn group in Georgia has been most extensively described by Huddlestun (1988), and his stratigraphic nomenclature and concepts are followed here with two exceptions:
1) Huddlestun (1988) expanded the concept of the noncalcareous Parachucla Formation of Sloan (1908) to include carbonate-rich beds (then unnamed) that lie stratigraphically below the type section of the Parachucla. Huddlestun named this calcareous section the "Tiger Leap Member" of his expanded Parachucla Formation. At the same time, Huddlestun also designated the type section of his expanded Parachucla Formation, which did not expose the Tiger Leap beds, as the "Porters Landing Member" of his "Parachucla Formation." By doing this, Huddlestun greatly altered the original lithic concept ofthe "Parachucla Formation" from a discrete .unit consisting of shales and mudstones to a , vel)' heterogenous unit consisting of shale, mudstone, quarztose calcarenite, and calcareous quartz sand. While he reduced this problem by naming two lithologically distinctive members, his younger member remains identical in concept and stratotype to the "Parachucla Formation" as originally erected by Sloan. lberefore "Portecs Landing Member" sensu Huddlestun (1988) is a junior synonym ofthe Parachucla Formation sensu Sloan (1908). Huddlestun's "Tiger Leap Member" has no intimate lithologic or temporal link to the Parachucla Formation sensu Sloan' (1908), which is lithologically quite different from both the Tiger Leap

2) The dinoflagellate study presented here demonstrates that much ofthe upper Hawthorn Group in Georgia is late Miocene in age.. Except for the lower Pliocene Wabasso beds, Huddlestun (1988) placed all of the upper Hawthorn Group strata in the Coosawhatchie Formation in the belief that this sequence was entirely middle Miocene. Instead, the strata that overlie the Meigs and Befi)'Ville Clay Members of the Coosawhatchie are all late Miocene in age (Fig. 2). These upper Miocene strata cannot be lumped uncritically with the middle Miocene Coosawhatchie Formation, because they are lithologically distinct and because there is a significant hiatus between this sequence ofupper Miocene strata and underlying middle Miocene strata that is marked by an unconformity with a well defmed detrital lag bed. The youngest middle Miocene strata also lie unconformably above older strata, but they have a very similar lithology and color to the Meigs and Befi)'Vill(! Clay Members of the Coosawhatchie.. Therefore, those strata are retained in the Coosawhatchie Formation as the upper part of the Befi)'Ville Clay Member. However, we exclude all higher, upper Miocene strata from the Coosawhatchie Formation because they consist of sand that contrasts with the typical Coosawhatchie clay to sandy clay lithologies. This sandy upper Miocene sequence includes at least five unconformity-bounded members of similar lithology. The oldest of these units corresponds tO the "Ebenezer Member" ofHuddlestun (1988), who placed this member in the Coosawhatchie Formation.

10

The Ebenezer here is removed from the predominantly clay-silt Coosawhatchie Formation and raiSed to formational rank. As used here, it encompasses all known strata in Georgia that fall within dinoflagellate zones DN 8 through DN 10. The ~nstituent members of this formation presently are unnamed. In the past, some of this sequence was included in the Charlton Formation by Veatch and Stephenson (19ll). Huddleston (1988) reduced this unit to a member within his Coosawhatchie Formation, on the mistaken belief that it was middle Miocene in age and merely a facies variant of the Coosawhatchie. This clearly is not the case, so we tentatively move this member to the Ebenezer Formation. until such time as its age and stratigraphic relations become better known.
With these modifications, the dawthom Group in coastal Georgia now consists of the following units from oldest to youngest (fig. 2):
Tiger Leap Formation - Huddleston (1988) originally named this unit as the Tiger Leap Member of the Parachucla Formation. It consists of quartzose calcarenite to calcareous quartz sand that ranges in color from olive-gray to brownish-gray, light-gray, or darkgray. The Tiger Leap overlies the lower Oligocene Suwannee Limestone over most ofthe study area, except in the far northeastern part where it overlies the lower Oligocene Lazaretto Creek Formation. The type section of the Tiger Leap Formation is at Tiger Leap Bluff on the Savannah River in Screven County, Georgia. In most of the coastal Georgia area, the Tiger Leap Formation is overlain by the Parachucla Formation. Exceptions occur in the Evans County core (Appendix B) and the St. Marys core (Appendix F), where the Marks Head Formation occupies channels cut through the Parachucla and lies directly on the Tiger Leap Formation. In the Toombs County core (Appendix G) and Evans County core {Appendix B), four members of the Tiger Leap can be recognized that are separated by distinct diSconformities. In the other cores, no more than two members were observed. These members are unnamed, with the probable exception of the uppermost member. That unit probably is equivalent to the lower Miocene.Edisto Limestone of Sloan (1908), which was named in southern South Carolina. In Florida, the Penney Farms Formation of Scott (1988) is the lateral equivalent of the entirety of the Tiger Leap Formation.

The Tiger Leap Formation lies astride the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. The sample at a depth of 308ft in the Richmond Hill core (Appendix E), from Tiger Leap member 113, contains a well preserved late Oligocene assemblage including Tuberculodinium vancampoae, Baliacasphaera sphaerica, Chiropteridium spp. and Riculacysta perforata. As this sample contains Distatodinium bi.ffii (rare in the Georgia samples), it is below the base of DN 1. In contrast, the sample at a depth of 490 feet in the Cumberland Island core (Appendix I), from Tiger Leap member 114, lies above the highest occurrence of the genus Chiropteridium. Specimens of the genus Homotryblwm {highest occurrence at or near the top of DN 1) are still present. The assemblage from this unit consists mostly of Spiniferiles spp., Homotryb/Wm plectilum, Hystrichokolpoma rigaudiae, and Pentadinium sp. (with high septa). These two samples indicate that upper member ofthe Tiger Leap Forn1ation is early Miocene in age and the lower three members are latest Oligocene. Other samples contain similar, but less diverse and therefore less diagnostic, assemblages. As long as they contain Chiropteridium spp. and Thberculodinium vancampoae, they at least can be designated as latest Oligocene and (or) early Miocene.
Parachucla Formation - The Parachucla Formation was named by Sloan (1908) for weakly lithified shales and mudstones, olive-gray to dark-greenish-gray in color, that crop out on the Savannah River. Huddleston ( 1988) placed the stratotype for the formation at the bluff at Porters Landing in Effmgham County. When present, the Parachucla disconformably overlies the Tiger Leap Formation and underlies the Marks Head Formation. Updip, the Parachucla thins markedly. Along the coast, it maintains a fairly constant thickness as far south as Cumberland Island. Between there and the St. Marys core, however, the Parachucla thins due to truncation and is only ten feet thick in the St. Marys core. It is unknown at present whether this occurs only locally due to a paleochannel or whether the Parachucla generally is either thin or missing south of this point. Similarly, the Parachucla is thin or missing in the vicinity of Savannah on the crest of the Beaufort arch. Either the unit was never thick or else it was truncated by erosion prior to deposition of the overlying Marks Head Formation. The Parachucla is early Miocene (late Aquitanian) in age and contains dinoflagellates

11
!
. i

characteristic of dinoflagellate zone DN 2. The assemblages in this unit typically include Sumatradiniwn soucouyantiae and either Cordosphaeridium canlharellus (highest occurrences within DN 2) or Exochosphaeridiwn insigne (highest occurrence defines the top of DN 2, but lowest occurrence is within DN 2). A distinctive species, Pentadiniwn sp. I of Edwards (1986, 1991), is found in some samples, and Cribroperidiniwn spp. are common.
Marks Head Formation -The Marks Head Marl was named by Sloan ( 1908) for dominantly medium to very coarse phosphatic and calcareous sands, olive-gray to yellowish-gray in color, that crop out on the Savannah River. Huddlestun (1988) changed the name to Marks Head Formation and placed its stratotype at Marks Head Run in Effmgham County, Georgia. The Marks Head Formation in most of . coastal Georgia lies discoofonnably above the Parachucla Formation except in the vicinity of the Evans County and St. Marys coreholes, where it occupies paleochannels cutting through the Parachucla and lies on the underlying Tiger Leap Formation, and around Savannah, where the Parachucla thins across the Beaufort arch and is locally absent. The Marks Head is thickest in the southern Georgia coastal region and thinnest in the vicinity of Savannah. Two distinct unconformities marked by detrital lag beds are present within the unit. TheSe split the formation into three lithologically similar members that are unnamed at present. All three members consist
mostly ofmoderately well sorted, medium to very cOarse
quartz sand with minor amounts ofcalcite, dolomite, and phosphate. Aaoss the Beaufort Arch, the thin reinnants of these members are compoSed mostly of calcite, dolomite, and phosphate sand with little or no quartz. This suggests that the Beaufort arch, at that time, was an isolated high on the sea bottom, which did not receive much terrigenous sediment. The assemblages in this wiit typically include Sumatrodiniwn soucouyantiae and either Cordosphaeridiwn . cantharellus (highest occurrences within DN 2) or Exochosphaeridiwn insigne (highest occurrence defines the top of DN 2, but lowest occurrence is within DN 2). Cribroperidiniwn spp. are common. The lower two members ofthe Marks Head Fonnation definitely can be assigned to dinoflagellate zone DN 2. The highest member probably can be assigned to dinoflagellate zone DN3.

Coosawhatchie Formation - The Coosawhatchie clay was nained by Heron and others (1965). Huddlestun (1988) raised its rank to formation and placed its type section at Dawsons Landing in Jasper County, South Carolina. In its type area, the Coosawhatchie contains abundant microf8Wla and microflora that show its age is middle Miocene (Ernissee and others, 1977; Abbott, 1978). Most ofthe Coosawhatchie is silty clay, clay, and diatomite, though its basal stratum is a distinctive and widespread phosphatic sand. The Coosawhatchie Formation can be divided into the following four units:
Tybee PhoSphorite Member - The Tybee Phosphorite was named by Huddlestun (1988}, who designated its type section as the 75 to 94 foot depth interval in the Chatham 10 core (GGS-1394) taken on Tybee Island in Chatham County, Georgia near Savannah. This unit consists of quartz-phosphate sand, olive tO yellowishgreen in color, that fines upward. The top of the unit is separated from the overlying Berryville Clay Member or Meigs Member by an unconformity. The Tybee Phosphorite Member has a middle Miocene dinocyst assemblage that typically includes Apteodinium tectaJum, Habibacysta tecta/a, lnvertocysta lacrymosa, Labyrinthodinium truncatum, and Systematophora placacantha. This assemblage places the Tybee Phosphorite within de Verteuil and Norris' (1996) Zone DN 5. Some samples contain a less diagnostic assemblage that is compatible with DN 5, but could be from either Zone DN 4 or DN 5.
Mei~ Member- The Meigs Member was named by Huddlestun (1988) for outcrops in the Singletary pit of the Waverly Mineral Products Company, four miles southeast of the village of Meigs in Thomas County, Georgia. The Meigs unconformably overlies the Tybee Phosphorite and is the. updip lateral equivalent of the
Berryville Clay (lower part). It is predominantly a
clayey silt to very fme sandy silt that is olive-gray to pale-olive in color. The Meigs Member has a middle Miocene dinocyst assemblage that includes Labyrinthodinium truncatum subsp. modicum and Systematophora placacantha. This assemblage could be either Zone DN 4 or DN 5.
Benyyille ClAY Member (lower part) - The Berryville Clay Member was named by Huddlestun (1988) for an outcrop in a low bluffin the vicinity of Berry Landing in Effmgham County, Georgia. The Berryville Clay

12

Member unconformably overlies the Tybee Phosphorite . Member and is the down-dip lateral equivalent of the Meigs Member. It is predominantly a silty to very fine sandy clay that is olive-gray to olive-black in color. The lower part of the Berryville Clay Member has a middle Miocene dioocyst assemblage that includes Apteodiniwn tectatum, Labyrinlhodiniwn truncatum, and Systematophora placacantha, placing it within de Verteuil and Norris' (1996) Zone ON 5. One sample contains a less diagoostic assemblage that could be either Zone ON 4 or ON 5.
Benyyille Clqy Member (upper part) - Above the lower
Berryville Clay member is a series of interbedded fme to very fme sands and silty to sandy clays that are bluishgray to yellowish-green in color. In the past these beds have been included in the Berryville Clay Member of the Coosawhatchie Formation (for example in the Cmnberland Island Corehole, Huddlestun, 1988, p. 72). However, this unit is separated from the lower part of the Benyville Clay by a distinct unconformity marked by a detrital lag bed. For now, this unit is simply designated the upper part of the Berryville Clay Member. Where well dated, this unit is placed in ON 7, based on the occurrence of Erymnodinium delectabile (lowest occurrence within ON 7). The stratigraphy occasionally is complicated by the presence of Systematophora p/acacantha, (highest occurrence defines the top of ON 5), but specimens of this species usually are fragmental and therefore presumed to be reworked.
Ebenezer Formation- Huddlestun (1988) named the Ebenezer as a member ofthe Coosawhatchie Formation. 1he type section for the Ebenezer Formation consists of clayey very fme to fme sand exposed at Ebenezer Landing on the Savannah River in Effmgham County, Georgia. Huddlestun included the Ebenezer _in the Coosawhatchie Formation in the mistaken belief that the Ebenezer was middle Miocene in age. Our work indicates the Ebenezer is upper Miocene. Additionally, the generally sand-rich sediments of the Ebenezer contrast markedly with the much more clayey sediments of the Meigs and Berryville Clay members of the Coosawhatchie. For these reasons, we here remove the Ebenezer from the Coosawhatchie Formation and raise it to formational rank.

In. the southern Georgia coastal region, the Ebenezer is predominantly a very fme to fme sand that is pale-olive, yellowish-gray, or grayish-yellow-green in color. Four distinct unconformities allow separation of the Ebenezer into five mappable members. All consist of fine to very fine sand that grades laterally northward into sandy and clayey silt The lower four members can be placed in ON 8 in the Mcintosh core (Appendix D), because the lowest member contains A. andalousiensis (which defines the base of dinoflagellate zone ON 8) and the fourth member contains Palaeocystodinium golzowense (which approximates the top of dinoflagellate zone ON 8). In this and other cores, A. andalousiensis is found only sporadically. Huddlestun equated the Ebenezer with the entire ON 8 interval in the Cmnberland Island core, and we follow his precedent in this regard. However, our mapping indicates that only two of the five members of the Ebenezer Formation occur as far north as the Savannah River (Fig. 3). Therefore, only part of the Ebenezer probably occurs at the type section of this unit.
The fifth member of the Ebenezer Formation includes the unit in the Savannah region that Huddlestun (1988) correlated with the Wabasso beds of Florida. These beds were sampled for calcareous
aoo nannofossils and dinocysts in the Fort Pulaski
Tybee Island cores. In addition, .bulk. Sediment Was scanned for visible microfossils, shells, and vertebrate remains. Huddlestun referred Ebenezer member #5 to the Wabasso beds on the basis of lithologic similarity, but the age of the type section of the Wabasso beds in Florida is earliest Pliocene (Huddlestun, 1988). Our results indicate that the youngest Ebenezer beds in ~e vicinity of Savannah instead formed during dinocyst Zone ON 9 of de Verteuil and Norris (1996), which still is late Miocene. The sample from SHE 7 at a depth of 69.3-69.8 feet contains Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura (highest occurrence defines the top of ON 9), lnvertocysta lacrymosa, Operculodiniwn? eirikianum, Selenopemphix armageddonensis. and Selenopemphix brevispinosum subsp. brevispinosum. The sample from SHE 8 at 66.0-66.3 ft depth is less diagnostic; it contains H. obscura, I. /acrymosa, S. brevispinosum subsp. brevispinosum. Calcareous nannofossils from the youngest Ebenezer beds at depths of 78.4, 69.5, and 69 ft in SHE-7 restrict its age to the late Miocene and (or) early Pliocene time interval. Helicosphaera sellii (which first appears in the late Miocene) and

13

- r-

Sphenolilhus abies (which last appears in the early Pliocene) are present in all three samples. The youngest Ebenezer member also contains abundant mollusk shells, including the pectenid Amusium mononi (which occurs in the late Miocene and Pliocene). Vertebrate remains locally are abundant. A sample from corehole SHE-8, taken at 82 ft depth yielded two kinds of shark teeth (Negaprion eurybathrodon and Rhizoprionodon sp.), worn tooth fragments from a myliobatid ray, a small jaw of the ocean sunfish Ran:mnkl (cf. Riwl.mia laevis), a ladyfish tooth (A/hula sp.), a caniniform fish tooth (possibly family Sparidae), and a dermal plate from a boxfish (family Ostraciidae), as well as dozens of small vertebrae, ribs, skull .elements, and fin spines of diverse bony fishes. These particular species of fish fossils indicate an open marine depositional environment.
Outside of the Savannah region; beds no older than dinoflagellate zone DN 9 occur in the Toombs County, Evans County, and Mcintosh County cores, and are inferred in the St. Marys, Cumberland, and BrunsWick wells. 1bese beds are assumed to be correlative with the youngest Ebenezer beds in the Savannah region. Based on gamma-ray log correlations, the youngest member of the Ebenezer Formation forms the upper part of Clarke and others (1990) Miocene Unit A.
Pliocene Stratigraphic Units
The following Pliocene stratigraphic units were penetrated in coreholes studied in this report. According to Huddlestun (1988), more Pliocene units occur elsewhere in the region.
Wabasso beds - Beds correlative with the type Wabasso beds were not encountered in the study. However, because Huddlestun ( 1988) referred beds in the vicinity of Savannah to this unit, the Wabasso beds are briefly discussed here. The Wabasso beds constitute an informal unit named by Huddlestun (1988) and included by him at the top of the Hawthorn Group. 1be name is taken from the community ofWabasso in Indian River County, Florida and is defined as beds in the core Phred #1 (W-13958) in the depth interval 128.5 to 211 feet depth. Based on its contained

foraminiferal assemblage, the type section of the Wabasso beds is early Pliocene. Beds in the vicinity of Savannah. referred to the Wabasso beds by Huddlestun ( 1988), instead contain late Miocene dinoflagellates. For this reason, the beds in the vicinity ofSavannah cannot be correlative with the Wabasso beds. They here are included as the youngest member of the upper Miocene Ebenezer Formation and are discussed in that section (above).
Raysor Formation? - In the Effmgham County core (Appendix A), bluish-gray silt and silty sand occur between elevations of 13 and 26 feet. Dinoflagellates indicate this interval is older than Pleistocene, and lithologically it matches n0 other unit penetrated in our coreholes. However, the lithology is similar to that of the Raysor Formation of Sloan (1908), and is tentatively placed in that formation pending better understanding of its age and stratigraphic relations.
Cypresshead Formation - This formation was named by Huddlestun (1988) for prominently thin- to thickbedded and massive, planar- to cross-bedded, variably burrowed and bioturbated, fme to fme pebbly, coarse sand in the terrace region of eastern Georgia that is moderate-reddish-brown to orange in color. Its type locality is a sand pit in the southern valley wall of Goose Creek, 0.25 mile southeast of the confluence of Cypresshead Branch and Goose Creek in Wayne County, Georgia. Based on limited paleontologic data, the age of this unit is late Pliocene. The Cypresshead, questionably, was found in the Mcintosh County and Cumberland Island # 1 cores, and appears to be present in the Brunswick test well and the upper (uncored) portion of the St. Marys core. Elsewhere, the unit has been removed by erosion.
Pearson terrace unit (informal) - The Pearson terrace was recognized and named by Huddlestun ( 1988), but no name was assigned to the sediments that immediately underlie it. The sediments beneath this terrace consist mostly ofpoorly sorted silt to clayey sand that ranges in color from pale-olive through yellowish-gray and paleorange to grayish-red. These sediments here are called the Pearson terrace unit. This unit was penetrated only in the westernmost Toombs and Evans County cores at elevations above 115 and 109 feet respectively.

14

Elsewhere, it has been removed by erosion. Based on its position above the youngest (latest Miocene) member of the Ebenezer Formation, the age of this material is assumed to be Pliocene.
Pleistocene Strati~U(lphic Units
The following Pleistocene stratigraphic units were penetrated in caeboles studied in this report. According to Huddlestun (1988), there are other Pleistocene units that also occur in this area.
Penboloway Formation- The Penholoway terrace was named by Cooke (1925), who subsequently also referred to the sediments associated with this terrace as the Penholoway Formation (Cooke, 1936). The type area of this formation is in Wayne and Brantley Counties, Georgia (Huddlestun, 1988). In this study, the Penholoway was found only in the Effmgham County corebole. There it consists predominantly of well sorted to poorly sorted sand and silty clay that ranges in color from light-olive-gray to yellowish-gray, medium-bluishgray, and dark-greenish-gray. The age of this unit is early Pleistocene (Weems and Lemon, 1993).
Satilla Formation -The Satilla Formation was named by Veatch and Stephenson ( 1911 ), abandoned by Cooke (1943), and reintroduced by Huddlestun (1988) for sediments in coastal Georgia. The formation includes a heterogenous mix of sand, clay, and silt ranging in color from pale-yellowish-brown to yellowish-gray and darkgreenish-gray. These sediments were deposited in coastal lagoons, as barrier islands, and in shallow marine environments. The Satilla underlies the Pamlico, Princess Anne, Silver Bluff, and Holocene (modem) terraces, ranging in age from about 130,000 years to present (Huddlestun, 1988~ Weems and Lemon, 1993). The Satilla immediately underlies the land surface at all the corehole sites close to the modem coastline. This includes the coreholes south of Effmgham in the northsouth transect (Fig. 3) and the Tybee Island and Fort Pulaski coreholes in the east-west transect (Fig. 4).

DEPOSITiONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND LITHOFACIES
The stratigraphic units described here are unconformity-bounded, and to some degree vary in their lithologic description from corehole to corehole. For example, the Ebenezer Formation ranges from a very fme to fme sand in the southern coastal area to a silty and clayey very fine to fme sand in the more northerly cores. Even so, the units mapped here retain distinctive lithic identities and can be described and contrasted fruitfully. The coarsest, sand-rich units are the Tiger Leap Formation, the Marks Head Formation, and the Tybee Phosphorite Member of the Coosawhatchie Formation. The Ebenezer Formation is finer grained, but still quite sandy. The Parachucla Formation and the Coosawhatchie Formation (excluding the Tybee Phosphorite) are very clayey and silty. The subsurface . regional distribution of these lithologic units can be envisioned most readily by consulting figs. 3 and 4.
All of these units appear to have formed in marine shelf depositional environments. Although they show gradual changes in lithology, both vertically and laterally, individual beds generally have uniform grainsize distributions over distances on the scale of miles. Fluvial deposits would be much more variable in their grain-size distribution, as well as in the rapidity of their facies changes. Coarser-grained units formed under relatively strong current conditions, which winnowed away silt and clay. Finer-grained units accumulated on quiet sea floors.
In contrast to the underlying lower Oligocene and Eocene formations, which mostly are composed of carbonates, the Tiger Leap and younger formations are composed mostly of quartz sand and clay. This change reflects a major shift in the regional depositional environment, marked by a major influx of terrigenous material into the Georgia coastal plain in latest Oligocene and Miocene time. Initially, this influx of detrital material into the Coastal Plain region probably was initiated by a general shallowing of the sea in latest Oligocene and early Miocene time. By the late Miocene, however, a significant uplift in the Appalachian source area also caused much more sediment than before to be transported onto the Georgia continental shelf.

15

INFLUENCE OF LITHOFACIES ON WATER AVAILABILITY
The Mcintosh County and Cumberland Island #1 coreholes lie north and south. respectively, of the Bnmswick Pulp and Paper Company well that is the type locality of the Upper and Lower Brunswick aquifers. Comparison of the stratigraphic columns among these three wells (Fig. 3) allows confident identification of higher stratigraphic units present in the Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company well log (shown on Plate 2 of Clarke and others, 1990). This comparison indicates that the lower Brunswick aquifer includes all of the Tiger Leap Formation. The confming unit between the lower and upper Brunswick aquifers is the Parachucla Formation. The upper Brunswick aquifer consists of the Marks Head Formation and the Tybee Phosphorite Member of the Coosawhatchie Formation. The confining writ between the upper Brunswick aquifer and the surficial aquifer consists of the rest of the . Coosawhatchie Formation (except for the Tybee Phosphorite Member). The surficial aquifer is within the Ebenezer Formation, and the various Pliocene and Pleistocene terrace units form the water-table zone.
Although the Ebenezer Formation is dominantly sand. two of its members (member #2 and member #5) apparently contain enough clay to allow them to act as confining writs. This has been documented at the Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay in Camden County (about midway between the St. Marys and Cumberland Island .coreholes), where the clayey intervals in these two members of the Ebenezer split the surficial aquifer into two sand-rich water-bearing zones (Leeth. 1999, fig. 4). Although we did not see samples from this well for detailed correlation, a comparison of the gamma log from this well and from the St. Marys corehole demonstrates that, above the Upper Brunswick confming unit formed by the Berryville Clay Member of the Coosawhatchie Formation, Leeth's "lower water..:bearing zone" is member #1 of the Ebenezer Formation, his "lower confining unit" is member #2, his "upper waterbearing zone" is member #4, and his "upper confining unit" mostly is member #5. Though not present at this locality, the very sandy member #3 would act as part of his "upper water-bearing zone." This recent information is included in fig. 2.

Structure contour maps on the base of"several stratigraphic horizons (figs. 6-1 0), show. a consistent synformal pattern in the coastal area of Georgia that i~ oriented NNW-SSE and plunges toward the SSE. This trough may represent the axis of the Southeast Georgia embayment. At successively higher stratigraphic horizons, the curvature of this trough becomes more gentle, indicating that it has been strongly affected by syndepositional subsidence. Because water-bearing writs generally thicken toward the axis of the trough, we would anticipate that water yields will be relatively more abundant near the axis of this feature.
At the Evans County corehole, the Parachucla confming unit is breached by a cut channel so that the Marks Head lies immediately above the Tiger Leap. In this area, and possibly in the vicinity of the St. Marys core, where the Parachucla is very thin, the lower and upper Brunswick aquifers seemingly are interconnected. Similarly, the upper confming unit (Coosawhatchie Formation above the Tybee Phosphorite) is breached in the St. Marys corehole due to channeling at the base of the Ebenezer Formation. Other such breaches in the Parachucla and Coosawhatchie confming units probably exist, and these may significantly affect modeling of water movement within and between the lower and upper Brunswick aquifers.
SUMMARY
. A detailed analysis of cores and geophysical well logs taken from ten sites in coastal Georgia allows us to correlate Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, imd Pleistocene stratigraphic units across much of this area. Units that are recognized here are (from oldest to youngest) the Suwannee Limestone (lower Oligocene), the Lazaretto Creek Formation (lower Oligocene), the Tiger Leap Formation (upper Oligocene to lowest Miocene), the Parachucla Formation (lower Miocene), the Marks Head Formation (lower Miocene), the Coosawhatchie Formation (middle Miocene), the Ebenezer Formation (upper Miocene), the Raysor Formation? (upper Pliocene), the Cypresshead Formation (upper PliOcene), the Pearson terrace unit (informal, upper Pliocene), the Penholoway Formation (lower Pleistocene), and the Satilla Formation (upper Pleistocene). The lower Oligocene Suwannee Limestone

16

fonns the upper confming unit of the Floridan aquifer._ The Tiger Leap Formation composes the lower Brunswick aquifer. This aquifer is. overlain, and confmed by, the Parachucla Formation. The Marks Head Formation and _the Tybee Phosphorite, which overlie the Parachucla, constitute the upper Brunswick aquifer. Locally, the Marks Head is channeled through or nearly through the Parachucla Formation, indicating that the lower and upper Brunswick aquifers are interconnected in at least a few areas. The upper Brunswick aquifer is

overlain -by the Coosawhatchie Formation (above the Tybee Phosphorite), which fonns the confming unit above the. upper Brunswick aquifer. Above the Coosawbatchie, the Ebenezer Formation constitutes the surficial aquifer unit. This can be divided into a lower water-bearing unit (member # 1), a lower confming unit (memhel- #2), an upper water-bearing unit (members #3 and #4) and an upper confming unit (member #5). The
Pliocene and Pleistocene beds above the Ebenezer
constitutes the water-table zone.

17

SELECTED REFERENCES
Abbott, W.H., 1978, Correlation and zonation of Miocene strata along the Atlantic margin of North America using diatoms and silicoflagellates: Marine Micropaleontology, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 15-34.
Clarke, J.S., Hacke, C.M., and Peck, M.F., 1990, Geology and ground-water resources of the coastal area of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 113, 106 p.
Cooke, C.W., 1925, The Coastal Plain, iD Laforge, L., and others, Physical geography of Georgia: Georgia Geological
Survey Bulletin 42, p. 19-54. COOke, C.W., 1936, Geology ofthe Coastal Plain of South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 867, 196 p. Cooke, C.W., 1943, Geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 941; 121 p.
D8U, W.il., 1892, Fbida, iD D8U, W~H., and Harris, G.D., Correlation papers Neocene: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin
84, p. 85-158. de Verteuil, L., and Norris, G., 1996, Miocene dinoflagellate stratigraphy and systematics of Maryland and Virginia:
Micropaleontology,_vol. 42 (Supplement), 172 p.
Edwards, L.E., 1986, Late Cenozoic dinoflagellate cysts from South Carolina, U.S.A., iD Wrenn, J.H., Duffield, S.L., and
Stein, J.A., eds., Papers from the First Symposium on Neogene dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Contribution Series Number 17, p. 47-58.
Edwards, L.E., 1991, Neogene and Pleistocene dinocysts of the Charleston, South Carolina, region, in Studies related to
the Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of 1886 - Neogene and Quaternary lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1367-E, p. E1-E9, pl. 1-3. Fmissee, J.J., Abbott, W.H., and Huddlestun, P.F., 1977, Microfossil correlation of the Coosawhatchie clay (Hawthorne Formation, Miocene) of South Carolina, and its equivalent in Georgia: Marine Micropaleontology, vol. 2, p. 105-119. Heron, S.D., Jr., Robinson, G.D., and Johnson, H.S., Jr., 1965, Clays and opal-bearing claystones of the South Carolina Coastal Plain: South Carolina State Development Board, Division of Geology, Bulletin 31, p. 24. Huddlestun, P.F., 1988, A revision of the lithostratigraphic units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: The Miocene through Holocene: Georgia Geological Survey, Bulletin-104, 162 p. Huddlestun, P.F., 1993, A revision of the lithostratigraphic units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: The Oligocene: Georgia Geological Survey, Bulletin 105, 152 p. Leeth, D.C., 1999, Hydrogeology ofthe surficial aquifer in the vicinity of a former landfill, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4246, 28 p. McDowell, R.J. and Steele, W.M., 1998, Hydrostratigraphic framework of the Miocene Brunswick aquifer system: Georgia Geologic Information Circular I03. Scott, T.M., 1988, The lithostratigraphy of the Hawthorn Group (Miocene) of Florida: Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 59, 148 p. Sloan, E., 1908, CatalOgue of the mineral localities of South Carolina: South Carolina Geological Survey Bulletin 2, 505 p. Stover, L.E., and Hardenbol, J., 1994, Dinoflagellates and depositional sequences in the lower Oligocene (Rupelian) Boom Clay Formation, Belgium: Bulletin de Ia Societe beige de Geologie, v. 102, p. 5-77. Veatch, 0., and Stephenson, L.W., 1911, Preliminary report on the geology ofthe Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 26, 466 p. Weedman, S.D., Scott, T.M., Edwards, L.E., Brewster-Wingard, G.L., and Libarkin, J.C., 1995, Preliminary Analysis oflntegrated Stratigraphic Data from the Phred #1 Corehole, Indian River County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 95-824, 65 pp. Wait, R.L., and Gregg, D.O., 1973, Hydrology and chloride contamination of the principal artesian aquifer in Glynn County, Georgia: Georgia Department ofNatural Resources, Hydrologic Report 1, p. 1-93. Weems, R.E., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., 1993, Geology of the Cainhoy, Charleston, Fort Moultrie, and North Charleston quadrangles, Charleston and Berkeley Counties, South Carolina, with text (scale: 1:24,000): U.S. Geological Survey MisCellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-1935.
18

GEORGIA

82
BURKE
32

Explanation

I i"'T Updip limit of unit (tics point down dip)

-

-500 Structure contour

BR

Corehole or well

@

and identification

...............i""

31

0

20MILES

I I

0

20 KILOMETERS

Figure 6. Altitude of the base of the Tiger Leap Formation (approximate top of Upper Floridan aquifer)

19

GEORGIA

Explanation

~

Updip limit of unit (tics point down dip)

- - - -300 Structure contour

BR
@
...

Corehole or well and identification

~ ~
"\
t::.'
"\ ................. :J I'

0

20 MILES

I

I

0

20 KILOMETERS

Figure 7. Altitude of the base of the Parachucla Formation (approximate top of the lower Brunswick aquifer)

20

<iEORGI:\

r~
BURKE
-... ..,.
. ... 32''

Explanation
- - - -300 Structure contour
BR. Core hole or well @ and identification

f ~q;
;::;:
..... "'\........... 31''

0

20 MILES

I

-I I

0

20 KILOMETERS

Figure 8. Altitude of the base of the Marks Head Formation (approximate base of the upper Brunswick aquifer)

21

/------ --F

GEOI{(iiA

,.,..
('\..:..
.. ]3"

Explanation -300 Structure contour

BR

Core hole or well

@ and identification

,.,

~
q;,

~ ~

/:::'

. . . .

'\ --------- 3I,.

'~ 1:b

.

0

20 MILES

r I

0

20 KILOMETERS

Figure 9. Altitude of the base of the Coosawhatchie Formation, excluding the Tybee Phosphorite Member (approximate top of upper Brunswick aquifer)

22

....... 32''

Explanation

~

Updip limit of unit_ (tic marks point down dip)

- - - -300 Structure contour

BR

Core hole or well

@

and identification

0

20MILES

I I

0

20 KILOMETERS

Figure 10. Altitude of the base ofthe Ebenezer Formation (approximate base ofthe surficial aquifer)

23

Brunswick Pulp and Paper

Well Name:

Brunswick Pulp & Paper

County:

Glynn

State:

Georgia

Total Depth (fl): 552 (partial)

Elevation:

7ft AMSL

z

0
~

aw :

~ a:
f2

Ill ~
w
~

z
0
~E
(ij~
w...J

0
Satilla

Cypresshead

Member

#5

... r---

Q)

Member

N
Q)
c:

#4
-

Q)
.w0

Member #2

-

Member

#1

Berryville
I"' Clay (upper) Berryvme Clay (lower)
(.) ~~gr~;

-50 -100 -150 -200 -250

~

GAMMA RAY

I

(COUNTS/SEC)

b:

w

0

0 J

Pleist. and( or) Holocene
Pliocene

Q)
100 ++.....-+-t---+-t----1 ~ 2 gcQ:).
~
150~-+-t---+-t----1

r---

200~-r_,--+--+---1

Q)

Q) c:

=a~

250

+-~+----~-+----+---+---1
.l

:E2~o

Member -300
.#2

300~-+-t---+-t----1

-350 -400

350~,-r_,--+--+---1
1
t 400~~~_,--+--+---1

coa. Member

Q)

#4

..._J
- Q)

-450

Cl
i=

Member
~-sao

Memberlt2

Suwannee

450~~-r_,--+--+---1

500

}I~
+-

+

-

+

-

-

t

-

-

-

+

-

-

t

-

-

-

-

1-~-~b:tJ~-

~15]::1!

550

9iiriY
piigocene

Adapted from Clarke and others (1990, pl. 4)

Figure 11. Geophysical log for the Brunswick Pulp and Paper well. 24

Cumberland Island Corehole

Well Name:

Cumberland #1

County:

Camden

State:

Georgia

Total Depth (ft): 548 (partial)

Elevation:

17ft AMSL

z

a:

0

~

w
Ill
:w::ii: :::ii:

~f=' I

>1.1..-
w~

h:

w..J

w 0

GAMMA RAY (COUNTS/SEC)

Satilla

0

-50

Member
#5 -100

......

~

-150

Q)
c:

w ~

-200

Member #1

-250

Berryville Clay
Member
(lower)

-300

-350

-400

-450

Q)
c:
Q) (..)
0
~
Q)
? ~
Q)
:Qg ON Q) c: '5Q)
4-5 E~
Q)
c:
Q) (..)
0
DN2 ~ ;>::-
ctl
Q)

-500

LITHOLOGY

~Sand
IZJ No Recovery
~ Calcareous Sand
IBJ Clayey SiH and VF Sand

~ MuddySand
~~~~~ Fine-grained Limestone ~~~~~ Silty and Sandy Clay
111!11 Macrofossil Limestone

~~~~~ Dolomite fbtfi~,] Phosphatic Sand ~~~~ Unconformity Lag

Figure 12. Lithologic and geophysical log for the Cumberland Island corehole. Adapted from Clarke and others (1990, Appendix A).

25

Effingham Core hole

Well Name: County: State: Total Depth (ft): Geologist: Elevation:

Effingham Corehole Hwy 21 Effingham Georgia 282 R.E. Weems, L.E. Edwards 64ft AMSL

z

0
~

aw :

a~ :
0u.

Ill ~
w
~

z
0

~

~f
(ij~

I
li:

.w.J

w
0

GAMMA RAY (COUNTS/SEC)

RESISTANCE (OHM)

Penholo way

+50

0

Pleisto
cane

-50

(/)"C
~ ctl ctl Q)
::;EI

Member #2

Para chucla
Suwannee Limestone

-100 -150 -200

ON middle
6-8 Miocene

C')

Cl)

I
C\1
z
0

_>Q -c):
... 0 t1l 0 Q)~

~ No Recovery
~Sand
llfl Dolomite

Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Geologic Survey

LITHOLOGY

.. mt=t~
~ .

Muddy Sand Phosphatic Sand

1111 .. Silt

Silty and Sandy Clay
~~~ Calcareous Sand
Clay

I R Clayey Silt and VF Sand

~. Sand and Gravel

DB Unconformity Lag

ifiiJ Finegrained Limestone

Figure 13. Lithologic and geophysical logs for the Effingham corehole.
26

Evans County Corehole #1

Well Name: Beasly Farm Corehole

County:

Evans

State:

Georgia

Total Depth (ft): 452

Geologist:

R.E. Weems, L.E. Edwards

Elevation:

135 ft AMSL

z
0
~ a~ : 0u..

aw :
Ill
w ~
~

z
0
~f
[ij~
w...J

~

GAMMA RAY (COUNTS/SEC)

0 8g8

"'

"'

RE SISTANCE (OHM)

8

8
"'

8
"'

~

+100 +50

w
5
wW ...J(/)
~~(!l...J
Qz Cil
15

wCil
sz
-w~'~wo
colzLOaua::

a0w:w lfLfi~
~

Pleistocane

C'

0

-50

:c(J)

u
i

-100

.:
~

Meigs

(/)

0 0

-150

()

~cn-lo
< (J)
:EI

-200 -250

(J)
:~glu5
E- ~0
(J)
>.c -.... u(J) l 0
(J)-
:E

C8:J
..~
If~~
Fill
&Ill

Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Geologic Survey

No Recovery Muddy Sand

LITHOLOGY
~. Sand
n~:r~::h::m Silty Sand

..~. Gravel Clayey Silt and VF Sand

Sand and Gravel Dolomite Macrofossil Umestone

11m
~ .
iii

Interbedded Sand and Clay
Calcareous Sand
Clay

~ IR..
~ .

Silty and Sandy Clay Chert Phosphatic Sand

Unconformity Lag

f i B Sandy Marl

Figure 14. Lithologic and geophysical logs for the Evans County corehole #I.

27

Fort Pulaski Corehole

Well Name:

Fort Pulaski (SHE 8)

County:

Chatham

State:

Georgia

Total Depth (ft): 116.5

Geologist:

R.E. Weems, L.E. Edwards

Elevation:

7ft AMSL

z

0
!i

a:
w

:a::!:: 0u.

Ill
:w::!: :::!:

cu
e-c.nu:

z
0

[

~f
Gj~
-w l

:I:
1aw . -
0

0

GAMMA RAY* (COUNTS/SEC)

-50

0wa:w a: (!I
W<C LL. ~

g.Q c(]:)
(])

(c~]:)

... o

.!!! :I:

a~-..:o:

(])~

-:a(ij"C

-100

Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

*Log taken in a nearby hole; does

match cored hole

LITHOLOGY

~Dll Sand and Gravel

. . Silty and Sandy Clay

Sand

Calcareous Sand

Phosphatic Sand
~~~~ Macrofossil Umestone

Dolomite

~j[jl~f~~ Silty Sand
IZJ No Recovery
~~~ SandyMarl

Figure 15. Lithologic and goophysicallog for the Fort Pulaski corehole. 28

Mcintosh County Co'rehole

Well Name: County: State: Total Depth (ft): Geologist: Elevation:

Mcintosh County Corehole Mcintosh Georgia 452 A. E. Weems, L.E. Edwards 20ft AMSL

z

a:
w
:[aI:l

0

~f
[ij~

I
~

w:a:

.w...1

w 0

GAMMA RAY (COUNTS/SEC)

~ g
0~ ~~

RESISTANCE ~H~
~ ~ ~

~en
~w~~
~ ~en

~ ~--------------~ c

a0w:w a: (!I uW. <
~

.!!!
e~n

0

-50

DN9

ru

-100

Q)

c:

Q)

.w0

-150

Member #1
Benyville Clay
Member (upper)

-200 -250

Q)
c:
gQ)
~
~
ON 7 Q) ~
~~-<D
DN4-5

ON

Para

-300

2-3

chucla

,__

Me~ber

m .~Q) 0. 1--;;..;_"~--1 Member

1- _J

#3

-350

-400

450 Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Geologic Survey

~ No Recovery
Unconformity Lag
...... SiltyandSandyClay Clayey Silt and VF Sand
~ Calcareous Sand

.. LITHOLOGY
~ Muddy Sand
Clay
1111 Laminated Sand and Clay
~!t;?,1 Phosphatic Sand
1111 Fine-grained Limestone

t::;i:t:~f21 Silty Sand
~ Sand
Dolomite
I l l Sandy Limestone
.I l.l Macrofossil Limestone

Figure 16. Lithologic and geophysical logs for the Mcintosh County corehole.
29

Richmond Hill Corehole

Well Name:

Richmond Hill Corehole

County:

Bryan

State:

Georgia

Total Depth (ft): 337

Geologist:

R.E. Weems, L.E. Edwards

Elevation:

10ft AMSL

wa:
Ol
:w:2 ::2

z
0

~

~f I

Gj~ li::

-w-'

w
0

>-

GAMMA RAY (COUNTS/SEC)

<!l 0 0--'

i!:

:J

RESISTANCE (OHM)

fil
a:w awu..:.C.:l
~

b

Member

.... #4

-50

Q)

N

Q) Member

c

#2

Q)

w.c Member -100

#1

Berryville
Clay
Member (upper)
'~
Marks jMe;,.,;r*3
Head !Member 112

-150 -200

Parachucla
.... 0.. Q) ctl Member
.!2> (1) #3 1- ....J IMember 12
I~;:,:a;::

-250 -300

Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Geologic Survey

DN?-8

.._ C])
0 c:
C]) C])
-" CCo)
~:E
.-<!Da!.!ls!-!

middle Miocene
IDN 2-3
DN1 or lale
Ofigocene
ron!;ene

No Recovery
C8J Sand and Gravel
.am. bolomile
mt~;frm Silty Sand
I l l Macrofossil Limeslone

LITHOLOGY
..Il..l i:!;~}~:t Sand Silty and Sandy Clay
Laminaled Sand and Clay
Micrite

....~ MuddySand Clayey Silt and VF Sand Clay

if111 Calcareous Sand

---

~ Fine-grained Limestone

Figure 17. Lithologic and geophysical logs for the Richmond Hill corehole. 30

St. Marys Gorehole

Well Name:

St. Marys Corehole

County:

Camden

State:

Georgia

Total Depth (ft): 492

Geologist:

R.E. Weems, L.E. Edwards

Elevation:

12ft AMSL

z
0
~ a~ :
0u.

aw :
!D
w ~
~

z
0
~f
[jj~
.w..J

~
I
li:
w
0

0

GAMMA RAY (COUNTS/SEC)

0
"'

8

0
~

0 0
"'

~

>-
(!)
0
...J
0
I 1- 0 :::i

RES ISTANCE
(0 HM)

8

8
"'

0

0

0

0

"' <t

w
~
_,<tl w~
s~ ~ QLzL<<ll
i5

w~_<,zoll
~~
soizL5LwOa(a:):

waa0WLL::Cw<J
~

0

-50

Member #5
r-Member #4

-100

....

-150

Q) N

Member

Q)
c:

#2

Q)
.w0

r--

-200

0
r l
50
100 ~~=
~ """
F 150

ts F

200

~

~

1\/ 1/\

Member -250
#1
,c;:~j: IP~to"~rn. -300

~We-no en Q)
~I

Member #2

IMerrber #1

Perachucla 1 Merrber #4

Tiger Leap

Member #3

-350 -400 -450

I~ 250 ~~
300 ~

11~t-
350 i!:'

400

~ :!!I ~

~ ~ ~

450
~ r-

r--

1+- r---

Cl)
c:

Cl) Cl)

1+-

DN8

.! .~ ~

1+- ~ ~
1+- r---:--

Cl)

>-c:

~

g -c:Cll
DN2 Ill Cl)~

~

~ ---:--r---

~

~ late !Oligocene

Prepared in cooperation with the .Georgia Geologic Survey .

~ No Recovery
..Ff~~:i~~:.:1:1 Silty Sand
~if} Muddy Sand
Fine-grained Limestone

LITHOLOGY
. ~Sdan
llllsih
l}r4i;;] Phosphatic sand. B l l Clayey Silt and VF Sand

.I l.l Silty and Sandy Clay . Dolomite
114$1 Calcareous Sand

Figure 18. Lithologic and geophysical logs for the St. Marys corehole. 31

Toombs Corehole #1

Well Name:

Sanders Farm #1

County:

Toombs

State:

Georgia

Total Depth (ft): 472

Geologist:

A. E. Weems, L.E. Edwards

Elevation:

172ft AMSL

LITHOLOGY

I l l . ~ No Recovery
.. Clayey Silt and VF Sand

Silty and Sandy Clay
~ Sand and Gravel

Dolomite

Cley

~ Sand
Wii:~;ij Silty Sand
Muddy Sand

a1:::l::1l .. iiR Chert
HI IBII'IlI ~. Gravel
,.. .. Ill Unconlormitylag

Interbedded Sand and Cley
li~i1 Calcareous Sand
. Fine-grained limestone.

Silt Micrite Sandy limestone

1111 Macrofossil limestone

32

Figure 19. Lithologic and geophysical log for the Toombs County corehole # 1.

Tybee Island corehole

Well Name:

Tybee Island (SHE 7nA)

County:

Chatham

State:

Georgia

Total Depth (ft): 133.3

Geologist:

A. E. Weems, L.E. Edwards

Elevation:

12ft AMSL

z

0
~

aw :

:a2:
0u.

Ill
:w2 :2

fill

z
0

~

~f
~~ .w..J

I
1aw . -
0

0

GAMMA RAY API UNITS



0
~

8
"'

~ :;:::::
eanj
50
-50

-100

Prepared in cooperation with

the U.S. A

of E

rs

LITHOLOGY

C8J No Recovery

~ Muddy Sand

~il;i1

Calcareous Sand

1111 Laminated Sand and Clay

I l l Macrofossil Limestone

. ~ Sand IIIJ Clayey Silt
andVF Sand
I l l Calcareous Clay I B Sandy Marl

r:~;~~~;~fiJa Silty Sand
~. Phosphatic Sand
Dolomne
R11m11 Sand and Gravel

Figure 20. Lithologic and geophysical log for the Tybee Island corehole. 33

34

APPENDICES
35

36

Appendix A- Ljtholo&ic description of the Effioa=ham County Corehole

Location: Springfield South 7.5'-quadrangle (NE 1/9) Latitude: 32 19' 42" N
Longitude: 81 15' 15" w
Swface altitude: 64 feet above sea level Total Dq>th: 282.0 feet (-218.0 feet elev.)
Lithologic description

I
'-

Depth below Land swface,

Altitude Interval,

in feet

in feet

Penholoway Formation

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, fine to medii.Ull, well sorted. angular, micaceous, silty and clayey, light-olive-gray (5Y512); contains about 20% silt and clay and 1% fine, rot.md to angular, black botJyoidal opaque sand

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, fine to medii.Ull, well sorted, angular, silty and clayey, yellowish-gray (5Y712); contains about 200/o silt and clay and 1% fine, round to angular, black botryoidal opaque sand

Clay, silty, sparsely micaceous, sticky, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); contains scattered grains ofvery fine to fine quartz

Sand, quartz, fine to coarse but mostly medii.Ull, angular, clayey, yellowish-gray (5Y712); contains about 2% very fine to medium phosphate and another dark opaque mineral

Clay, sticky, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l), \Vith sand partings; partings consist of

mostly medii.Ull, very fine to coarse angular quartz and about 2% angular to

rot.md dark opaque-mineral granules



(No recovery)

Clay, silty, massive, sticky, medium-bluish-gray (5B5/l); contains about

1% very fme quartz and dark opaque minerals



(No recovery)

Clay, silty, massive, sticky, medium-bluish-gray (585/1); contains about 1% very fine quartz and dark opaque minerals

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, mostly medium, fine to coarse, angular to subangular, clayey and silty, micaceous, dark-greenish-gray (5GY411); contains about 1-2% dark opaque sand including tourmaline? (green and conchoidal fractUre); mica includes brown mica; sand grains coated with clay.

37

O.Oto 10.0

64.0 to 54.0

10.0 to 12.4 12.4 to 15.0

54.0 to 51.6 51.6 to 49.0

15.0to 19.0 19.0 to 19.7

49.0 to 45.0 45.0 to 44.3

19.7to21.0

44.3 to 43.0

21.0 to 23.0 23.0 to 30.0 .
30.0to 30.8 30.8 to 32.8
32.8 to 36.0 36.0 to 37.0

43.0to 41.0 41.0 to 34.0
34.0 to 33.2 33.2 to 31.2
31.2 to 28.0 28.0 to 27.0

37.0 to 38.0

27.0 to 26.0

Raysor Formation(!)
Clay. silty. massive. stick}'. medium-bluish-gray (SBS/1); contains about 4% very tine quartz and a dark opaque mineral
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz. very tine to very coarse. very poorly sorted. angular. coarsens downward to very coarse and granular. angular to subround. clayey and silty. dark-greenish-gray (SOY4/1 ); quartz grains coated by clay
(No recovery. gamma log indicates unconformity)
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Ebenezer Formation member#4
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz. mostly tine to medium. tine to very coarse. angular to subangular. clayey. burrow mottled. dark-greenish-gray (SGY4/l) grading through olive-gray (SY312) to olive-gray (SY411; contains about 2% medium to coarse mica. 1-2% tine to medium green and dark opaque minerals. and scattered 0.05-0.20-inch diameter chtmks ofcarbonized wood
Sand. quartz. mostly upper tine to lower medium. well sorted. angular to subangular. clayey. calcareous. olive-gray (SY4/l); contains about 1% mica flakes up to coarse. less than 1% opaque minerals. and less than 1% green mineral (epidote?); carbonate fraction in interstitial spacesconstitutes about 1/3 of volume
Sand. quartz. mostly upper tine to lower medium. well sorted. angular to subangular. clayey. olive-gray (SY3/2) grading down.to olive-8ray (SY4/2); contains about 1% mica flakes up to coarse. less than 1% ..
opaque minerals. and less than 1% green mineral (epidote?)
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz. tine to coarse. mostly medium. well sorted. angular. clayey and silty. dark-yellowish-brown (1 OYR412) grading through olive-gray (SY412) back to dark-yellowish-brown (IOYR4/2); contains less than 1% mica flakes. 1-2% opaque minerals. and less than 1% green mineral (epidote?)
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz. tine to coarse. mostly medium. well sorted. angular. clayey and silty. dark-yellowish-brown (IOYR412) grading through olive-gray (SY4/2) back to dark-yellowish-brown (1 OYR412); contains less than 1% mica flakes. 1-2% opaque minerals. and less than 1% green mineral (epidote?)
38

38.0 to43.0 43.0 to47.0

26.0 to 21.0 2l.Oto 17.0

47.0 to49.0 49.0 to 51.0

17.0 to' 15.0 15.0 to 13.0

' 51.0 to 52.0

13.0 to 12.0

12.0 to -9.0

. 73.0 to 74.5 '

-9.0 to -10:5

74.5 to 81.8 81.8 to 82.0

-10.5 to -17.8 -17.8 to -18.0

82.0 to 89.7 89.7 to 90.0

-18.0 to -25.7 -25.7 to -26.0

:90.0 to 90.4

-26.0 to -26.4

Ebenezer Formation, member#l

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, very fine to medium, mostly fine, well sofUxL angular, clayey and silty, olive-gray (5Y312) grading down to olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains less than 1% opaque minerals, 1% mica flakes, and 1% green minend (epidote?); silt fraction contains dolomite

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, very fine to medium, mostly fine, well sorted,

subangular to angular, clayey and silty, olive-gray (SY4/1 ); contains ,

about I% fine opaque minerals; thin laminae of sandy clay scattered

~mWNal



(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, mostly fine but ranges from silt to medium, well sorted, subangular to angular, clayey and silty, olive-gray (5Y411); contains about I% fine opaque minerals; 0.05-:-0.10 mch thick laminae of sandy clay interbedded with sand layers about 0.5 inch thick; sparse burrow mottles present

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, mostly fine, very fine to medium, well sorted, subangular to angular, clayey and silty, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains about I% fipe opaq~ minerals; 0.05-0.10 inch thick laminae of sandy clay interbedded with sand layers about 0.5 inch thick; sparse burrow mottles present

Sand, quartz, very fine to medium, mostly fine, angular to subangular,shelly, clayey and silty,light-olive-gray (5Y512); contains about I% platy opaque minerals and I% round amber and black phosphate; clayballs to 0.1 inch diameter concentrated at base

--------------- unconformity ----------------

Ebenezer Formation, member#l
Sandstone, quartz, fine, well sorted, calcite-cemented, shelly, pyritic, light-.. greenish-gray (5GY8/l) grading down to light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); , contams about 5% moldic porosity; shells chalky
Sand, quartz-phosphate, very fine to medium, clayey and silty, and sil( very fine sandy, clayey, sparsely shelly, olive-gray (5Y312);quartz constitu~ about two-thirds of sand fraction, angular to subangular, phosphate constitutes about one-third ofsand fraction, subangular to round; sparse coarse grains of rutilated quartz present; 0.05 inch clay laminae scattaed ~interval
39

90.4 to 92.0

-26.4 to -28.0

92.0 to 96.8 96.8 to 97.0

-28.0 to -32.8 -32.8 to -33.0

97.0 to 106.7 106.7 to 107.0

-33.0 to -42.7 -42.7 to -43.0

107.0 to 116.5 . 116.5 to 117.0

-43..0

to
,.

-52.5

-52.5 to -5.3.0

117.0 to 119.7

-53.0 to -55.7

119.7to 120.0

-55.7 to -56.0

120.0 to 121.2

-56.0 to ~57.2

..121.2 to 123.7 .

-57.2 to -59.7

(No reoovery, probable unconformity in this interval)

--------------- unconformity ----------------

Coosawhatchie Formation, -Berryville Clay Member (upper part)

Siltstone, calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2)~ contains less than 1% fine, round phosphate and very fine angular quartz~ less than 1% moldic pocosity

Clay, slightly calcareous, blocky, sparsely shelly, olive-gray (5Y3/2)~ contains 10-20% very fine to medium angular quartz, about 1% mica and platy opaque minelals, and less than 1% phosphate

Siltstone, calcareous, olive-gray (5Y3/2)~ contains 2-5% very fine to medi\DD angular quartz; contains 2-5% moldic porosity

Clay, calcareous, blocky, olive-gray (5Y3/2)~ contains 2-5% very fine

to medium angular quartz, about 1% mica and platy opaque ininerals,

and less than 1% phosphate~ shell impressions present



(No reoovery)

Clay, calcareous, blocky, olive-gray (5Y3/2)~ contains 2-5% very fine to medium angular quartz, about 1% mica and platy opaque minerals, and less than 1% phosphate~ shell impressions present

(No recovery)

Clay, calcareous, blocky; olive-gray (5Y3/2)~ contains 2-5% very fine to medium angular quartz, about 1% mica and platy opaque minerals, and less than 1% phosphate~ shell impressions present

(No recovery)

Clay, calcareous, blocky, olive-gray (5Y3/2)~ contains about 2% very fine to fine angular quartz, about 1% fme or smaller mica, and less than 1% platy opaque minerals~ shell impressions present

(No recovery)

Siltstone, calcareous, clayey, well laminated, olive-gray (5Y3/2)~ contains molds ofdiatoms; no visible porosity

Clay, slightly calcareous, massive, olive-gray (5Y3/2); contains about . 1% very fine to fine angular quartz and traces ofmica and phosphate

(No recovery)

traces Clay, slightly calcareous, massive, olive-gray (5Y3/2); contains about.

1% very fine to fine ang\llar quartz and

of mica and phosphate

40

123.7 to 125.0

-59.7 to -61.0

125.0 to 125.3

-61.0 to -61.3

125.3 to 129.0 129.0 to 130.4

-61.3 to -65.0 -65.0 to -66.4

130.4 to 133.8 133.8 to 136.0

-66.4 to -69.8 -69.8 to -72.0

136.0 to 137.6 137.6 to 140.0

-72.0 to -73.6 -73.6 to -76.0

140.oto.l'43.S 143.5 to 145.0

-76.0 to -79.5 -79.5 to -81.0

145.0 to 147.8 147.8 to l48.0 148.0 to 149.8 149.8 to 152.8 152.8 to 153.0 153.0 to 157.9

-81.0 to -83.8 -83.8 to -84.0 -84.0 to -85.8 -85.8 to -88.8 -88.8 to -89.0 -89.0 to -93.9

(No recovery)
Clay, slightly calcareous, massive, olive-gray (5Y312); contains about 10-15% very fine to fine angular quartz and traces of mica and phoSphate
(No recovery)
Clay, slightly calcareous, massive, olive-gray (5Y312); contains about 1% very fine to fine angular quartz and traces of mica and phosphate
Clay and sandy clay, interlaminated, olive-gray (5Y312); contains scattered bone fragments
Sand, quartz, medium to coarse, subangular to subround, olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains fine subround to round quartz and phosphate pebbles to 0.5 inch diamet.e:r
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Marks Head Formation, member##l
Clay, massive and featureless, dark-greenish-gray (5G4/l)
Sandstone, q~ mostly medium, very fine to coarse, subangular tO subround, clayey and silty, calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y512); contains about 2% fine to medium, subround to round phosphate;. some rutilated quartz grains present; calcareous fraction both dolomite and calcite, coats about 30% of sand grains
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, as above
(No recovery)
Sand, medium to coarse, angular to Sub-round, clayey and silty,.light~olive- '. gray (5Y5/2); contams about 1% medium, round to subround phosphate;
grains coated with clay or small dolomite crystals; 0.5 inch diameter blocky clayballs present arl 7l.5
(No recovery)
---------~----- unconformity -------~--------
Marks Head Formation, member#2
Sandstone, quartz, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted, subangular to subround, calcite-cemented, light-olive-gray (5Y512); contains about
- 2% medium, round phosphate; quartz grains abundantly coated with calcite and some with manganese (?)

157.9 to 158.0 158.0 to 161.8 161.8 to 162.0 162.0 to 162.6. 162.6 to 163.5

-93.9 to -94.0

-94.0 to -97.8 -97.8 to -98.0

-98.0 to -98.6

'-

-98.6 to -99.5

163.5 to 163.8

-99.5 to -99.8

163.8 to 164.5

-99.8 to-100.5

164.5 to 165.1 -100.5 to -100.1

165.1 to 168.0 -100.1 to -104.0

0

- ~-

-:-'

~..

A



- 168.0 to 169.8 ' . .- -104.0 to- 105.8

. 169.8 to 171.0

-105.8 to -107.0

17l.Oto 173.8 173.8 to 174.0

-107.0 to -109.8 -109.8 to -110.0

174.0 to 174.5 -110.0 to -110.5

41

Sand. quartz. medium to very coarse, angular to round. clayey, calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2) grading down to olive-gray (5Y4/1)~ contains about 2% medium to coarse, round phosphate; quartz and phosphate grains abundantly coated with small calcite aystals and some coated with manganese (?)
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz. fine to coarse, subangular to subround, clayey and silty, very slightly calcareous, dark-greenish-gray (5GY411); contains about 1% medium, subround to round phosphate and sparse coarse rutilated quartz grains; many grains coated with manganese (?) thin clay laminae define faint bedding; sparse bWTOw mottling presen~ grades to:
Sand. quartz. fine to coarse, angular to round, olive-gray (5Y411 ); contains 2-5% medium to very coarse, round to well round phosphate; loose, porous, and permeable
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz. fine to coarse, angular to round. olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains 2-5% medium to very coarse, ~und to well round phosphate; loose, porous, and permeable
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz, fine to coarse, angular to subround. olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains about 5% coarse, subround to round, black and amber phosphate; loose, porous, and permeable
(No recovery)
. Sand, quartz. medium to coarse, angular to subround. olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains about 5% coarse, subround to round. black and amber phosphate; loose, porous, and permeable
Sand, quartz. medium to coarse, angular to subround, clayey, interbedded with clay; very fine to fine quartz sandy, olive-gray (5Y312) grading down to light-olive-gray (5Y512)
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz, medium to coarse, -angular to subround. clayey, interbedded with clay, very fine to fine quartz sandy and silty, olivegray (5Y4/1 ); clay contains diatom molds; silt fraction mostly dolomite
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, medium to very coarse, subround to round, clayey, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains 2-5% medium to coarse, round phosphate; grains coated mostly with dolomite and a few with manganese(?)
(No recovery)
--------------- unconformity ----------------
42

174.5to 177.1 -110.5to-113.1 177.1 to 184.0 -113.1 to -120.0
184.0 to 188.0 -120.0 to -124.0
188.0 to 201.3 -124.0 to -137.3 201.3 to 202.0 -137.3 to -138.0
202.0 to 205.5 -138.0 to -141.5 205.5 to 206.5 -141.5 to -142.5
206.5 to 211.6 -142.5 to -147.6 211.6 to 212.0 -147.6 to -148.0
212.0 to 214.0 -148.0 to -150.0
214.0to216:5 -150.0to-152.5 216.5 to 217~0 -152.5 to ~153.0
217.0to220.7 -153.0to-156.7 220.7 to 222.0 -156.7 to -158.0
'- ..
222.0 to 226.2 -158.0 to -162.2 226.2 to 227,0 -162.2-to -163.0

Parachucla Formation
Clay, waxy, olive-gray (5Y3/2) grading down to greenish-black (5GY2/1 ); contains less than 1% very fine to fine, angular to subangular quartz; scattered sandy laminae in basal foot
(No recovery)
Clay, waxy, and sand, very fine to coarse, angular to round, clayey, thinly interbedded, burrow mottled, olive-gray (5Y3/2) grading down to olivegray (5Y4/1 ); sand layen cootain about 2% fine, angular to round phosphate
(No recovery)
Clay, waxy, and sand, very fine to medium, angular to round, clayey, thinly interbedded, burrow mottled, olive-gray (5Y4/1); sand layers contain about 2% fine, angular to round phosphate
(No recovery)
Clay, waxy, and sand, fine, angular to subangular, clayey, slightly calcareous, thinly interbedded, olive-gray (5Y312); sand layers contain about 2% very fine to fine, subangular to subround phosphate and about 1% other opaque mineral grains
(No recovery)
I
I Clay, dolomitic, poorly bedded, burrow mottled, olive-gray (5Y3/2) grading
rapidly to light-olive-gray (5Y4!2); contains 3-5% very fine to fme, round to well rounded phosphate and less than 1% fine to medium, subangular quartz; 1.6 inch diameter chert clast at base, fine phosphate pebbles, and scattered medium to coarse, subround quartz grains
(No recovery)
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Suwannee limestone
Calcarenite, very fine to medium, sub-round, coated and partially cemented by calcite coatings, yellowish-gray (5Y7/2 to 5Y8/l); contains about 5% moldic porosity
Calcarenite, very fine to medium, subround, coated and partially cemented by calcite coatings, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l) and yellowishgray (5Y8/l) interlayered; cootains about 5% moldic porosity
Calc8renite, very fine to medium, sub-round, coated and partially cemented by calcite coatings, light-olive-gray (5Y6/1); contains about 5% moldic porosity
(No recovery)
43

227.0 to 231.6 -163.0 to -167.6 231.6to232.0 -167.6to-168.0 232.0 to 235.8 -t68.o to -17t.8 235.8 to 237.0 -171.8 to -173.0 237.0 to 240.5 -173.0 to -176.5 240.5 to 244.0 -176.5 to -180.0
244.0 to 246.8 -180.0 to -182.8 246.8 to 252.0 -182.8 to -188.0
252.0 to 256.7 -188.0 to -192.7 256.7 to 257.0 -192.7 to -193.0
257.0 to 265.0 -193.0 to -201.0 265.0 to 265.5 -201.0 to -201.5 265.5 to 266.9 -201.5 to -202.9 266.9 to 267.0 -202.9 to -203.0

Calcarenite, very fine to mediliiil. subrmmd, coated and partially cemented by calcite coatings, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); contains about 5-l 00/o fine, subangular quartz and about I% fine, subround phosphate; porosity about 40-50%
Calcarenite, mediliiil. all grains coated with calcite, yellowish-gray (5Y811); contains less than 1% quartz and phosphate
(No recovery)
B u e . o f corehole

26.7.0 to 27.6. .8 . -203.0 to -212.8

276.8 to 281.5 -212.8 to -217.5

281.5tq482.0 -217.5to-2l8.0

. 282.0 feet

-218.~ feet eiev.

-- .. ....

44

Appendix B: Ljtbolozjc description of the Evans County Corebole #1 (Beasly Farm Corebole)

Location: Claxton 7.5-minute quadrangle Latitude: 32 12' 52"
Lon&itwie: 81 52' 37"
Swtace altitude: about 135 feet above sealevel Total Dq>th: 452 feet (-317 feetelev.)
Lithologic description

Depth below Land swface,
in feet

Altitude Interval, in feet

Peanoa terrace unit
(No recovery)
S110d, quartz, mostly medium to coarse with subordinate fine fraction, poorly sorted, angular to subangular, slightly silty and clayey, paleyellowish-brown (10YR6/2) and m<?<~erate-reddish-brown (10R4/6) with streaks ofmoderate-yellowish-brown (10YR5/4); contains less than 1% very fine to fme opaque minerals; quartz oxide coated; massive and mbedded
Gravel, pebble, subiUlgular to subround fine to medium quartz pebbles up to 0.75-inch in diameter in matrix of silty and clayey quartz sand, fine to coarse, pale-olive (10Y61l); white matrix looks kaolinitic
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
Ebenezer Formation,
member~
Sand, quartz, medium. well sorted, subround, silty and clayey, light-brown (5YRS/6) to pale-olive (I OY6/2); contains less than 1% very fine opaque minerals; quartz iron-stained; very kaolinitic (about 500/o), kaolin pseudomaphs offeldspar sand discernable; massive and unbedded
Sand, quartz, mostly coarse but fine to very coarse, scattered subangular quartz granules present, poorly sorted, angular to subangular and rarely subround, silty, yellowish-gray (5Y712); contains 1-2% mica and scattered kaolin pseudootorphs of medium feldspar, massive and unbedded
-------------- base offining upward cycle ------------------
Sand, quartz, mostly fine but ranges from very fine to medium. poorly sorted, angular very fine fraction grading up to subround medium fraction, silty and clayey, contains scattered rounded quartz granules, pale-olive (I 0Y6/2) . to olive-yellowish-gray (5Y712); less than 1% opaque minerals and a trace of mica; fines downward to mostly very fine to fine, range very fine to medium; massive and unbedded
45

0.0 to 20.0 +135.0 to +115.0 20.0to 25.0 +115.0 to +110.0 25.0 to 25.6 +110.0 to +109.4
25.6 to28.0 +109.4 to +107.0 28.0 to 29.5 +107.0 to +105.5
29.5 to 39.4 +105.5 to +95.6

-------------- base offining upward cycle ------------------
Siltstone, very fine quartz sandy, clayey, yellowish-gray (SY7/2); silt fraction composed ofa mix ofkaolin grains and quartz; contains a trace ofopaque . minecals and mica; laminated on a 0.5 to 1.0-inch scale
Sand, quartz, fine, well sorted, subangular to subround, silty and clayey, yellowish-gray (SY7/2); contains a trace ofopaque minerals and mica silt; silt fraction probably mostly kaolinite grains; quartz coated with clay; massive and unbedded
Sand, quartz, mostly medium but very fine to granular, very poorly sorted, subangwar to subround, slightly silty, yellowish-gray (SY7/2); contains less than 1% very fine to fine opaque minerals and mica; contains scattered granules to very small pebbles; massive and unbedded
-------------- base offining upward cycle ------------------
Sand, quartz, very fine to medium, very poorly sorted, subangular, very silty, pale-olive (1 OY6/2) to yeilowish-gray (SY7/2); contains less than 1% opaque minerals and mica; silt fraction probably mostly grains of kaolinite; top 3 inches indura~; massive and unbedded
Sand, quartz, mostly fine but with subordinate medium to coarse fraction, fine fraction angular to subangular, medium to coarse fraction subround, scattered quartz granules, slightly silty and clayey, yellowish-gray (SY811); contains less than 1% opaque minerals; silt fraction probably mostly grains
of kaolinite; grades doWn to sand, quartz, very fine to very coarse,
subround, with grllil.ules. and fine pebbles
-------------- base offining upward cycle ------------------
Sand, quartz, fine to medium with a subordinate fraction of very fme, poorly sorted, subangular to subround, yellowish-gray (SY7/2) grading down by 59 feet to yellowish-gray (SY811 ); contains less than 1% opaque minerals; unbedded and massive; grades to:
Sand, quartz, fine to medium., well sorted, angular to subimgular, very silty, moderate-yellowish-brown (lOYRS/4) and pinkish-gray (SYR8/l); contains less than 1% opaque riiinerals; silt fraction probably mostly kaolinite; quartz iron-stained; goethite filling in fracture planes; unbedded and massive; grades to:
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, poorly sorted, angular to subangular, slightly silty, grayish-orange (10YR7/4) grading down by 80.5 feet to very pale-orange (1 OYR8/2); less than 1% opaque minerals and mica; quartz coated with elay; unbedded and massive
----------------------- unconformity --------------------------~-.

. . :.,.
39.4 to45.0 +95.6 to +90.0 45.0to49.8 +90.0 to +85.2 49.8 to 50.2 +85.2 to +84.8
50.2 to 52.4 +84.8 to +82.6
52.4 to 53.5 +82.6 to +81.5
53.5 to64.0 +81.5 to +71.0 64.0to72.0 +71.0 to +63.0 72.0 to 83.2 +63.0 to +51.8

46

Ebenezer Formation, .member#4
Sand and clay interbedded; sand fraction quartz. very fine to fine, well sorted, very angular to angular, silty and slightly clayey, yellowish-gray (SY712); contains less than 1% very fine to silt opaque minerals; layers massive to planar cross-bedded; clay fraction silty, moderate-yellowish-gi-een (SGY7/4); breaks with a conchoidal fracture; poorly laminated on a 0.05 inch scale; clay and sand beds 1 to 4 inches thick, clay beds become more abundant downward
Clay, slightly silty, pale-olive (10Y6/2); breaks with conchoidal fracture; contains around 250 micron diameter dish-shaped impressions, probably ofdiatoms, concentrated on bedding planes; laminated on a 0.05 inch scale
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, poorly sorted, mostly subangular to subround but. ranges from angular to well rounded, silty and slightly clayey, pale-olive (10Y6/2); contains less than 1% very fine to silt opaque minerals; black and carbooized wood chips locally abundant; unbedded and massive
Sandstone, quartz sand, mostly medium, well sorted, in amorphous silica matrix, light-olive-gray (SYS/1.) streaked very-pale-orange (10YR812); matrix about 50% ofrock volume; contains about 1% fine to silt opaque minerals and kaolin pseudomorphs offeldspar; contains blebs that look like silicified rounded mudballs; broken surfaces cut across some sand grains; no porosity; pyrolusite forms dendrites and fills rock fractures; massive and unbedded; grades
in basal foot to:
Sand, quartz-calcite, mostly medium, well sorted, silty and clayey, friable, grayish-orange (10YR7/4); contains less than 1% fine to silt opaque minerals; contains 0.8 inch long chalky pectenid shell; massive and unbedded
----------------------- unconformity ----------------------------
Ebenezer Formation, member#l
Silt, clayey and very fine sandy, dusky-yellow (SY6/4); mottled with burrows
filled with matrix from unit above; massive and unbedded
Chert, dusky-yellow (SY6/4), massive and unbedded; contains molds of snails and clams, about 5% void porosity
Sand, quartz, fine, well sorted, angular to subangular, silty, pale-olive (10Y6/2), massive and unbedded; contains about 1% very fine to silt opaque minerals; grades to:
Sand, quartz. fine, well sorted, angular, slightly silty, yellowish-gray (SY712); coritains less than I% opaque minerals
Sand and clay interbedded; sand quartz, mostly fme with a subordinate fraction of very fine, well sorted, angular, quartz clay-coated, silty, dusky-yellow (SY6/4); clay silty and about 1% very fine sandy, massive, yellowish-gray
47:

83.2 to 90.4

+ 51.8 to+44.6

90.4 to 104.7

+44.6 to +30.3

104.7 to 109.0

+30.3 to +26.0

109.0 to 113;4

+26.0 to +21.6

113.4 to 114.8 +21.6 to +20.2

114.8 to 115.5

+20.2 to +19.5

115.5 to 116.0

+19.5to+19.0

116.0 to 122.0

+19.0 to +13.0

122.0 to 123.7

+13.0to+11.3

(5Y712); scattered angular to subangular 0.5 to 1.5-inch wide blocks ofclay scattered about in sand fraction as well as scattered fragments ofthin-shelled mollusks; clay layers predominate only in the interval 130.0 to 131.2 feet
Sand, calcite-quartz, very fine to medium, poorly sorted, subangular to subround, dusky-yellow (5Y6/4), unbedded and massive; contains abundant blade-shaped shell fragments up to 0.25-inch long; contains less than I% opaque minerals
Limestone, bioclastic, dusky-yellow (5Y6/4) grading by 134 feet to yellowish-gray (5Y712), unbedded and massive; contains less than 1% very fine to silt quartz and opaque minerals; contains abundant molds and casts of mollusks; porosity varies from 5-300/o, higher porosity areas appear to be interconnected; spany calcite growth in molds; grades to:
Limestone, bioclastic, yellowish-gray (5Y712), unbedded and massive; contains less than I% very fine to silt quartz and an opaque mineral; contains abundant mollusk shells and large barnacle plates;
Limestone, fine micrite, yellowish-gray (5Y712); firmly cemented; unfossiliferous; no porosity
Limestone, bioclastic, yellowish-gray (5Y712), unbedded and massive; quartz and phosphate sand increasingly abundant downward, phosphate round; abundant mollusk shells
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, well sorted, mlbangular to subround, slightly silty, calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Yil2); contains about I% very fine to silt phosphate with rough and angular surfaces
-----------------..: unconformity ----------------------------
Ebenezer Formation, member#l
(No recovery)
Sandstone, very fine to medium but mostly fine quartz in noncalcareous matrix, light-olive-gray (5Y512), massive and unbedded; contains about I% very fine to silt opaque minerals; rock fractures around sand grains; rock has a rectangular pattern of_stains reminiscent in appearance to pedogenic shrink-swell fractures;
Sand, quartz, mostly fine but very fine to medium, poorly sorted, angular to subround, slightly silty, light-olive-gray (5Y512); contains about 1% very fine to silt phosphate, angular to subangular, and a trace of mica; sparingly mottled by burrows filled with brownish-black (5YR2/I) clayey sand
Clay, carbonaceous, dense, laminated, brownish-black (5YR2/l)

123.7to 132.2

+ 11.3 to +2.8

132.2 to 132.4

+2.8 to.+2.6

132.4 to 139.0

+2.6 to -3.0

139.0 to 148.5

-3.0 to -13.5

148.5 to 148.8

-13.5 to -13.8

148.8 to 153.5

-13.8 to -18.5

153.5 to 158.0

-18.5 to -23.0

158.0 to 159.0

-23.0 to -24.0

159.0 to 159.2

-24.0 to -24.2

159.2 to 166.6 166.6 to 166.7

-24.2 to -31.6 -31.6 to -31.7

48

Sand, quartz. mostly fine but very fine to medium. poorly sorted, angular iO
subround, slightly silty, light-olive-gray (5Y5fl); contains about 1% very fine to silt phosphate, angular to subangular, and a trace of mica; unbedded and massive
Sand, quartz. mostly fine but very fine to medium. poorly sorted, angular to subangular, light-olive-gray (5Y5fl); contains about _2% very fine to silt opaque minerals (probably graphite) and scattered fine to medium round phosphate sand; quartz may be coated; burrow mottled, grades to:
Sand, quartz. mostly fine, well sorted, subangular to subround, slightly silty, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains about 3% silt to coarse phosphate, medium to coarse fraction well rounded, and a trace of mica; burrow mottled
Sand, interbedded with thin clay beds; sand quartz, mostly fine, well sorted,. subangularto subround, slightly silty, olive-gray (5Y411); interbedded with clay, silty, very fine to fine sandy, fractures conchoidally, dark-gray (N3); clay layers less than 1 inch thick
Sand, quartz, mostly fine, well sorted, subangular to subround, slightly silty aad clayey, olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains 3-5% fine phosphate and a scattering of larger round and polished grains up to coarse; shelly and calcareous; unbedded and massive
(No recovery, but gamma log has a big spike that tops at 183.0 feet and bottmlS at 186.0 feet)
-------------------- unconformity -------------------------
Coosawhakhie Formation, Berryville Clay Member (upper part)
Norecovery) ..
Sand, quartz. fine to medium. well sorted, subround, very calcareous, slightly clayey and silty, medium-gray (N5); contains about 3% opaque minerals, mostly very fine to medium subround to well rounded phosphate; contains about 1% mollusk shells; unbedded and massive; phosphate granules abundant at 197.0 to 198.0
___:_________________ unconformity -------------------------
Coosawhatchie Formation, Meigs Member
Sand, quartz. mostly fme, subangular, silty and clayey, medium-gray (N5); contains less than 1% very fine to medium subround phosphate; burrow mottled
Sand, quartz. mostly fine, subangular, silty and clayey, greenish-gray (506/1 ); contains less than 1% very fine to medium subround phosphate; burrow mottled
49

166.7 to 169.0

-31.7 to -34.0

169.0to 178.0

-34.0 to -43.0

178.0 to 181.7

181.7 to 183.5

-46.7 to -48.5

183.5 to 184.0 184.0 to 186.0

-48.5 to -49.0 -49.0 to -51.0

186.0 to 189.0

-51.0 to ~54.0

189.0to 198.0

-54.0 to -63.0

198.0 to 216.0

-63.0 to -81.0

216.0 to 225.2 . -81.0 to -90.2

Sand, quartz. fine, very well sorted, angular, silty and clayey, calcareous, dark-greenish-gray (504/1 ); contains about 1% very fine to fine round phosphate and about 5% shell fragments; denser than sand above; burrow mottled
Sand and clay interbedded; sand quartz. mostly fine but very fine to medium, poorly sorted, subround, slightly silty and clayey, greenish-gray (5GY6/l ); contains 1-2% opaque minerals including graphite and very fine to mediuni subangular to round phosphate; quartz coated; layers of 0.5 to 1.0 inchthick silty, medium-dark-gray (N5) clay scattered throughout interval
Sand and clay interbedded; sand quartz. mostly fine grading to very fine to fine, well sorted, angular to subangular, moderately silty, slightly clayey, slightly calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y512) grading by 235.0 feet to olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains about 1% medium to silt phosphate, coarser grains round and finer grains subangular; grades to:
Sand and clay interbedded; sand quartz, medium to coarse grading down to fine to medium, poorly sorted, subangular, slightly to moderately silty, slightly clayey, moderately calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y5/l) grading down by 264.0 feet to olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains 3-5% coarse to silt opaque minerals, some ofwhich are graphite and others fine round phosphate; below 262.0 feet contains 1-2% shell fragments up to 0.25 inch in width; layers of0.25 to 6 inch-thick calcareous silty and sandy clay scattered throughout interval, phosphate very fine to fine and subround
Sand, quartz. mostly medium but with a subordinate fine fraction, well sorted, mostly subangular but angular to subround, slightly silty, moderately calcareous, medium-dark-gray (N4); contains 5-l0% medium, round and polished phosphate; a 0.25 inch wide clayball containing phosphate grains present in this interval; 0.5 inch wide polished phosphate discoid-shaped pebble present at 271.0 feet; unbedded and massive
Sandstone, as above but calcite-cemented, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l)
(Not recovered except for about 2 feet of phosphatic sand from unknown borizoo within this interval)
Sand, quartz. fine to medium, well sorted, angular to subangular, pebbly, slightly silty, slightly calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y5/l ); contains 5-l 00/o medium to silt, mostly round but to subangular phosphate; pebbles are quartz. very coarse to fine, up to 1.0 inch in diameter and clayballs up to 1.6 inches in diameter; unbedded and massive
(No recovery)
Sandstone, quartz sand mostly i:nedium to coarse, poorly sorted,
subround, pebbly, calcite-cemented, light-olive-gray (5Y6/1); very fine to fine pebbles composed of quartz. phosphate, and clayballs, subround to round, up to 0.5 inch in diameter; massive
and unbedded; grades to:
50

225.2 to 227.7

-90.2 to -92.7

227.7 to 231.0

-92.7 to -96.0

231.0 to 251.0

-96.0 to -116.0

251.0 to 266.0

-116.0to-13l.O

266.0 to 273.0 273.0 to 275.0

-131.0 to -137.0 -137.0 to -139.0

275.0 to 290.0

-139.0 to -155.0

290.0 to 294.2 294.2 to 297.0.

-155.0 tO -159.2 -159.2 to -162.0

297.0 to 298.5

:.162.0 to -163.5

Sand. quartz, mostly mediwn but ranges into coarse, poorly sOrted, subangular to subround. slightly silty and clayey, very calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y7n.)~ contains 5-100/o mediwn to silt round phosphate and scattered shell fragments~ some quartz coated by silica oc calcite~ tmbedded and massive, grades to:
Sandstone, quartz sand, mediwn to coarse, pebbly, poorly sOrted, subangular to subround. slightly silty and clayey, yellowish-gray (5Y7n.)~ contains 5-l 00/o mediwn to silt rotmd phosphate and scatten:d shell fragments; calcite-cemented
Sand. quartz-phosphate, quartz fraction fine to medium, subround.
phosphate fraction very fine to medium, subround to round. in
micrite matrix, slightly silty, mediwn-gray (N5)~ interval includes scattered lenses of nearly pme micrite 0.5 to 1.5 inches thick, cootaining 1-2% phosphate
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz-phosphate, as above
(No recovery)
Sandstone, quartz sand fine to medium, well sorted, mostly subangular, slightly silty, yellowish-gray (5Y7n.)~ contains 5-l00/o fine to silt phosphate, larger grains round and polished. smallest grains irregular and rough~ calcite cement represents about 300/o of rock volwne~ about 100/o void porosity present~ unbedded and massive
-----------------slight unconformity ? ----------------------
Coosawhakhie Formation, Tybee Phosphorite Member
(No recovery, gamma log suggests phosphatic interval)
Sandstone, quartz sand. medium, pebbly, yellowish-gray (5Y7n.)~ pebbles to 1.0 inch in diameter, about 800/o quartz and 200/o phosphate~ rock cemented by micrite, about 15% ofrock volume~ tmbedded and massive
(No recovery, but gamma and resistivity logs indicate a phosphate-rich indurated zone ends at 325.0 feet~ probably base offocmational tmit)
,---------------- unconformity ------------------------
51

298.5 to 306.5 -163.5 to- 171.5 306.5 to 307.5 -171.5 to -172.5

307.5 to 308.3 -172.5 to -173.3

308.3 to 309.0

-173.3 to -174.0

"t
309.0to312.8 ' :174.0t0-177.8 .

312.8to317.0

.. -177.8 to -182.0

317.0 to 318.7. -182.0 to -183.7

318.7 to 322.0 -183.7 to -187.0 322.0 to 322.6 -187.0 tO -187.6 322.6 to 325.0 -187.6 to -190.0

Marla Head Formation, member ill
(No recovery. but gamma and resistivity logs indicate this interval is probably similar to the lithology below)
Sand. fine, well sorted. subangular, olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains 2-5% vety fine to fine round to angular phosphate; unbedded. massive, andfiiable
Clay and fine sand. interlaminated on a 0.05 inch scale; clay fractures conchoidally, slightly calcareous; sand quartz. very fine to fine, containing scattered grains of phosphate; brownish-black (5YR2/l)
Sand. fine, well sorted. subangular, olive-gray (5Y4/1); contains 2-5%
very fine to fine round to angular phosphate; unbedded. massive. and fiiable.
Clay and fine sand. interlaminated on 0.05 inch scale; clay has conchoidal fracture. slightly calcareous; sand quartz. very fine to fine with scattered grains of phosphate; brownish-black (5YR2/l)
Sand. fine, well sorted. subangular. slightly calcareous, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains 2-5% very fine to fine round to angular phosphate; unbedded. loose. and permeable
Sand. quartz. medium. well sorted. subround to well rounded. minor
fraction ofvery fine to fine subangular quartz. silty and clayey, very calcareous. olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains about 5% fine to medium. round to angular phosphate; scattered shell fragments present; denser than sand above; unbedded and massive
Clay, slightly silty. slightly calcareous, olive-black (5Y211); paper laminated on a 0.05-0.10 inch scale
Sand. quartz. fine to medium. well sorted. subangular to round. silty.
calcareous, medium-dark-gray (N4).to dark-gray (N3); contains about 2% very fine to medium. angular to round and polished phosphate; grains coated by spany to micritic calcite; loose, friable, and unbedded
Coquina, pebbly. shell hash in quartz-calcite-phosphate sand matrix, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); quartz sand fraction mostly medium but ranges
up to very coarse, poorly sorted. subround. comprises about 40% of
matrix; calcite medium to very coarse. poorly sorted. subround to round. comprises about 400/o of matrix; phosphate sand fraction medium to granular, poorly sorted, very polished and round; contains wood chips and large clasts; clasts are very coarse pebbles to cobbles ranging up to at least 0.5 foot in diameter,locally sheared and crushed. and formed of indurated pebbly quartz sandstone, quartz matrix medium and subround. pebbles and granules ofphosphate. quartz. and micrite balls range to 0.5
inch in diameter; shell fragments mostly clams. oysters. and occasional
sand dollars; chaotic and jumbled
---------------------~ unconformity --------------------------
52

~ .. 325.0 to 332.0 -190.0 to -197.0

332.0 to 332.2 -197.0 to -197.2

332.2 to 332.3

~197.2 to -197.3

332.3 to 332.4 -197.3 to -197.4

332.4to332.6 -197.4to-197.6

332.6 to 338.8 -197.6 to -203.8

338.8 to 343.5 -203.8 to -208.5 343.5 to 343.8 -208.5 to -208.8
343.8 to 350.5 -208.8 to -215.5

350.5 to 354.0 -215.5 to -219.0

Marks Head Formation, member#l
Sand, quartz, mostly medium but fine to coarse, poorly sorted, subangular, slightly clayey and silty, carbonaceous, calcareous, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains 2-5% very fine to very coarse and subangular to well rounded phosphate; grains coated by micrite crystals; very shelly (some preserving iridescence); unbedded and massive
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, medium, well sorted, subround to round, very calcareous micrite matrix, olive-gray (5Y411); contains about 5-l 00/o shell fragments and 1-2% phosphate sand; grains all coated with micrite
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, mostly medium with minor fine, well sorted, stibangular to subround, slightly silty and clayey, calcareous, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains about 5% granule to silt, round to angular phosphate and about 5% granule to sand shell fragments
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, well sorted, subangular to subround, slightly silty, slightly calcareous, graphitic, light-olive-gray (5Y611) grading to medium-light-gray (N6); contains about 2-5% medium to silt, round to angular phosphate and about 2% shell fragments; unbedded and massive
(No recovery)
Sand, as above
Sand, quartz, mostly medium with minor fine, well sorted, subround, slightly silty and clayey, moderately calcareous, olive-gray (5Y411 ); contains about 1-2% fme to medium, angular to round phosphate and about 5% shell fragments; grains coated with micrite; burrow mottled; grades to:
Sand, quartz-calcite, fine to medium, well sorted, subangular, slightly silty and clayey, medium-dark-gray (N4) except lightolive-gray (5Y6/1) from 382.5 to 383~0; contains 1~2% medium to silt, round to angular phosphate; calcite sand formed from shell fragments; basal 0.8 feet contains large shells, some articulated
Clay, contains sandy partings with shell fragments and Foriuninifera, very calcareous, olive-black (5Y2/l ); poorly laminated
53

354.0 to 356.0 356.0 to 362.0

-219.0 to -221.0 -221.0 to -227.0

362.0 to 362.2 362.2 to 363.5

-227.0 to -227.2 -227.2 to -228.5

363.5 to 365.5 365.5 to 368.0

-228.5 to -230.5 -230.5 to -233.0

368.0 to 371.0 371.0 to 372.0 372.0 to 373.0

-233.0 to -236.0 -236.0 to -237.0 -237.0 to -238.0

373.0 to 375.0 -238.0 to -240.0

375.0 to 383.3 -240.0 to -248.3 383.3 to 383.6 -248.5 to -248.6

-- r---------------~-~~---------------------

Sand, quartz-calcite, fine to mediwn, well sorted, subangular, slightly silty and clayey, dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/l); contains 1-2% medium to sil~ roWld to angular phosphate; calcite sand formed from shell fragments; basal 0.8 feet contains large shells, some articulated
Sandstone, quartz sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, pebbly, calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); contains about 2% phosphate sand; very fine to fine pebbles range up to 0.3 inches in diameter and consist of quartz, gray feldspar, and phosphate; grains coated with calcite; soft shells present
Sand, quartz, medium to coarse, well sorted, subangular to subround, pebbly, silty, shelly, calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y8/l); contains about 2% phosphate sand, 20% shell fragments, and I0% micrite matrix; pebbles quartz, very fine, round, up to 0.4 inch in diameter; silt graphitic; some grains coated with calcite
-------------------~ Wlconformity ----------------------------
Tiger Leap Formation, member##4
Sandstone, quartz sand mostly fine but very fine to mediwn, poorly sorted, subangular to roWld in coarsest fraction. shelly, olive-gray
(5Y4/1 ); contains about I-2% very fine to fine phosphate; burrows
present, fillei:d with matrix from above
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, fine to mediwn, well sorted, subangular to subroWld, silty and clayey, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l) grading thfougb olive-gray (5Y4/1) to medium-gray (N5); contains 1-2% opaque minerals and 5-l00/o shell fragments; grains coated wi~ calcite
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz-calcite, mediwn, well sorted, subangular, slightly silty and micaceous, very calcareous, olive-gray (5Y411 ); contains about 3% medium to granular round phosphate and about I% other very fine to silt opaque minerals; unbedded and massive
Sandstone, composed of40% sand and 60% micrite matrix; quartz sand, fme, subangular to well roWlded,light-olive-gray (5Y6/I); contains about I% phosphate sand and scattered mudballs up to 0.05 inch in diameter; unbedded and massive
Sand, quartz, very fme to very coarse and granular, very poorly sorted, angular to subround, slightly silty and micaceous, olive-gray (5Y411 ); contains about 5% very fine to granule, subangular to round phosphate and shell fragments; unbedded and massive
54

383.6 to 384.0 -248.6 to -249.0 384.0 to 384.3 -249.0 to -249.3 384.3 to 386.0 -249.3 to -251.0

386.0 to 386.4 386.4 to 387.0

-251.0 to -251.4 -251.4 to -252.0

387.0 to 388.7 -252.0 to -253.7 388.7 to 392.0 -253.7 to -257.0

392.0 to 394.5 -257.0 to -259.5

394.5 to 397.2 -259.5 to -262.2

397.2 to 399.0 -262.2 to -264.0

(No recovery)
Sand, quartz. mostly fine but very fine to medium. well sorted. subangular, very calcareous, silty, olive-gray (SY4/I); contains about 5% fine subround phosphate sand and abundant shell fragments; grains coated with calcite
----------------- unconformity -----------------------------
Tiger Leap Formation, member#J
Sandstone, quartz sand cemented by calcite, slightly silty and clayey, light-olive-gray (SY6/1 ); quartz fine, subangular to subround, very calcareous; contains about 2-3% round and polished phosphate grains, fish teeth, and other opaque minerals, as well as abundant shell fragments; areas around calcite-filled shell molds generally better cemented than other areas; unit burrowed down to 402.0 feet, burrows lined with phosphate and filled with very fine phosphate pebbles up to 0.8 inch in diameter and matrix from above; little apparent porosity down to 403.7 feet and about IS% moldic porosity frool there to base ofbed
Sand, quartz, mostly very fine to fine but up to medium. poorly
sorted. angular to subangular, very clayey and silty, calcareous,
pale-yellowish-brown (1 OYR6/2); contains less than 1% phosphate sand and scattered shell fragments; very porous and massive
Sand, quartz. fine to medium. well sorted. angular to subangular, slightly silty, very clayey, very calcareous, light-olive-gray (SY611 ); contains about 1% fine to medium subangular to round phosphate grains, about 5% shell fragments, and less than I% green crystals ofunknown composition; grains coated with micrite
(No recovery)
Sandstone, calcite-cemented; quartz sand, medium, well sorted, subangular, light-olive-gray (SY6/1 ), shelly; contains 1-2% phosphate sand
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz. mostly medium. well sorted, subangular, very slightly silty and clayey, very calcareous, light-olive-gray (SYS/2); contains about 3% very fine to medium ar.gular to round phosphate and abraded shell fragments; massive and soft. )X>SSibly a karst fill oc drilling artifact
55

399.0 to 400.0 -264.0 to -265.0 400.0 to 400.8 -265.0 to -265.8

400.8 to 405.0 -265.8 to -270.0 405.0 to 407.7 -270.0 to -272.7

407.7 to 409.4 409.4 to 411.0

-272.7 to -274.4 -274.4 to -276.0

411.0 to 411.2 411.2 to 415.5

-276.0 to -276.2 -276.2 to -280.5

415.5 to 417.0 -280.5 to -282.0

Sandstone, calcite-cemented; sand, quartz, mostly fine, well sorted, angular to subangular, silty and clayey, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l ), calcareous; contains about 2% very fine to medium, angular to round phosphate and abundant shell fragments; about 5% moldic porosity
Sand, quartz-calcite, fine, well sorted, subangular to subround, slightly silty and clayey, yellowish-gray (5Y712) grading down to olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains less than 1% phosphate sand, lignitic graphite, and abundant shell fragments; some clam shells iridescent, some oysters present; calcite sand fraction composed ofspany calcite
Sandstone, shelly, calcite-cemented; about 34% quartz sand, medium, well sorted, subround to well rounded, about 1% phosphate sand, and about 30% shell material; about 30% of rock is void space filled by sparry calcite subsequently coated with micrite; about 5% moldic porosity remaining; light-olive-gray (5Y6/1 ); unbedded and massive
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, well sorted, angular to subangular, slightly silty and clayey, very calcareous, olive-gray (5Y4/l) grading down to medium-gray (N5) and then back to olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains about 2% very fine to medium round phosphate, about 1% graphite, and about 1% shell fragments; occasional stringers of lignite and clay present; faintly bedded
Sandstone, calcite-cemented, light-olive-gray (5Y6/1); quartz sand fine to medium, well sorted, subround to round; contains about 2% very fine to medium round phosphate and about 1% graphite
Sand, quartz, fme to medium, well sorted, angular, silty and clayey, very calcareous, variably light-olive-gray (5Y6/l), olive-gray (5Y4/1), and medium-gray (N5); contains about 3% very fine to medium subangular to round and polished phosphate and about 10% shell fragments; wtbedded and massive
Clay, micro-mottled, very finely micaceous, brownish-black (5YR2/l); laminated on a 0.05 inch scale
Sand, quartz, fine, well sorted, angular, silty and clayey, carbonaceous, medium-gray (N5); contains about 2% very fine to medium, subround to round phosphate, wtbedded and massive
Clay, micro-mottled, very fmely micaceous, brownish-black (5YR2/1); thinly laminated
Sand, quartz, fine, well sorted, angular, silty and clayey, carbonaceous, medium-gray (N5) to brownish-gray (5YR4/1 ); contains about 2% very fine to medium, subround to round phosphate, unbedded and massive
Clay, micro-mottled, very fmely micaceous, brownish-black (5YR2/l); thinly laminated
56

417.0to417.9 -282.0 to -282.9
417.9 to 419.0 -282.9 to -284.0
419.0to420.2 -284.0 to -285.2
420.2 to 424.7 -285.2 to -289.7 424.7 to 425.3 -289.7 to -290.3
425.3 to 432.1 -290.3 to -297.1 432.1 to 432.2 -297.1 to -297.2 432.2 to 432.6 -297.2 to ~297.6 432.6 to 432.7 -297.6 to -297.7 432.7 to 435.0 -297.7.to -300.0 435.0 to 435.2 -300.0 to -300.2

Sand. qUartz, fine, well sorted, angular, silty and clayey, carbonaceouS, - medium-gray (N5) to brownish-gray (5YR4/l ); contains about 2% very fine to medium, subround to round phosphate, unbedded and massive
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz, fine, well sorted, angular, silty and clayey, carbonaceous, medium-gray (N5) to brownish-gray (5YR4/l ); contains about 2% very fine to medium, subround to well rounded phosphate, unbedded and massive
Clay, micro-mottled. very finely micaceous, brownish-black (5YR211);
thinlyl~
Sand. qUartz, fine, well sorted, angular, silty and clayey, carbonaceous, medium-gray (N5) to brownish-gray (5YR4/l); contains about 2% very
fine to medium, subround to round phosphate, unbedded and massive
Clay, micro-mottled. very finely micaceous, brownish-black (5YR2/l ); thinly laminated
Sand. qUartz, fine, well sorted, angular, silty and clayey, carbonaceous, medium-gray (N5) to brownish-gray (5YR4/l ); contains about 2% very fine to medium, subround to round phosphate, unbedded and massive
Sand, qUartz, fine to medium, well sorted, angular to subangular, silty and clayey, medium-dark-gray (N4); contains 1-2% phosphate sand. phosphate granules abundant near base; unbedded
----------------------- unconformity ----------------------
Tiger Leap Formation, member##l
Sandstone, 60% sand and 40% calcite-cementing matrix, medium-gray (N5); quartz fine to medium, well sorted, subround to round; 1-2% round phosphate sand and about 1% graphite; very burrowed. with burrows filled with phosphate granules and sediment from above
(No recovery)
Sand, qUartz, fine to medium, well sorted, mostly angular but some subangular to subround. silty and clayey, very calcareous, variably medium-gray (N5), light-olive-gray (5Y6/l ), and olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains about 3% very fine to medium subangular to well rounded and polished phosphate, about 1% graphitic flakes, and about 1% shell fragments; basal foot has about 5% medium to very coarse round and polished phosphate and about 5% shell fragments
--------------------- unconformity -------------------------

435.2 to 436.0 436.0 to 437.0

-300.2 to -301.0 -301.0 to -302.0

. 437.0 to 437.8. -302.0 to -302.8 437.8 to 438.0 -302.8 to -303.0

438.0 to 439.4 -303.0 to -304.4 439.4 to 439.5 -304.4 to -304.5

439.5 to 439.9 -304.5 to -304.9

439.9 to 440.5 -304.9 to -305.5

440.5 to 440.7 -305.5 to -305.7 440.7 to 442.0 -305.7 to -307.0
442.0 to 447.4 -307.0 to -312.4

57

Tiger Leap Formation, memberNl
Sandstone, about 400/o sand, 300/o shell, and 30% micrite cementingmatrix, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l)~ quartz-calcite sand fine, well sorted, subangular to subround~ contains about 2% fine to medium, angular to round and polished phosphate~ solid to 5% moldic porosity~ shells variably still present or represented by molds~ upper 0.5 foot burrowed and filled with matrix from above~ 448.1 to 449.0 slightly softer than area above and below, Wlbedded and massive
(No recovery)
Bue ofcorebole

447.4 to 451.0 451.0 to 452.0
452.0 feet

-312.4 to -316.0 -316.0 to -317.0 -317.0 feet elev.

58

r

Appendix C - Litboloeic description of the Fort Pulaski Corehole (SHE-8)

Location: Fort Pulaski North 7.5-minute quadrangle Latitude: 32o 02' 01"
LonKitusie: 80 54' 11"
Surface altitude: 7 feet above ~ level Total ])q)th: 116.5 feet (-102.5 feet elev.)
Lithologic description

Depth below Land surface,
in feet

Altitude Interval, in feet

(Top 64.5 feet not cored; description for this interval taken from C. Robbins Drilling Log)
Satilla Formation Sand, quartz, fine to medium, slightly silty and clayey, brown, contains scattered fine pebbles (No recovery)
Gravel, fine to coarse, silty and sandy, slightly clayey, gray, calcareous
(No recovery) Gravel, mostly fine but poorly Sorted, silty and sandy, gray, calcareous Sand, quartz, fine, contains scattered clasts offine to coarse gravel
and shell fragments, grayish-brown, calcareous
(Wash) Gravel, fine to coarse, silty, slightly clayey and sandy, dark-bluish-gray, calcareouS
(Wash)
Clay, sparsely fine to medium Sandy, gray; "fat clay" .
(Wash) Clay, slightly fine to medium sandy, gray, calcareous; "fat clay", contains small shell fragments
(Wash)
Sand, quartz, fine, silty and slightly clayey, gray, contains small shell fragments, slightly calcareous
(Wash) Sand, quartz, fine, silty and slightly gravelly, gray, contains small shell fragments, calcareous
59

0.0 to 4.5 4.5 to 6.0 6.0to 7.5 7.5 to 9.0 9.0 to 12.0

7.0to 2.5 2.5 to 1.0 1.0 to -0.5 -0.5 to -2.0 -2.0 to -5.0

12.0 to 13.5 13.5 to 15.0

-5.0 to -6.5 -6.5 to -8.0

15.0 to 16.5 16.5 to 18.0 18.0 to 19.5 19.5 to 21.0

-8.0 to -9.5 -9.5 to -11.0 -ll.Oto -12.5 -12.5 to -14.0

21.0 to 22.5 22.5 to24.0

-14.0 to -15.5 -15.5 to -17.0

24.0to 25.5 25.5 to 27.0

-17.0 to -18.5 -18.5 to -20.0

27.0 to 28.5 -20.0 to -21.5

(Wash)

Clay, fine to medium sandy, gray, contains small shell fragments, calcareouS

(Wash)

Clay, silty and fine sandy, gray, sparse shell fragments, calcareous

(Wash)

Sand, quartz, fine, clayey and silty, gray, shelly, calcareous

(Wash)

Clay, silty and fine sandy, gray, "fat", sparsely shelly, slightly calcareous

(Wash)

Sand, quartz, fine to medilllil, clayey, gray, sparse shells and a few clay layers, slightly calcareous

(Wash)

Sand, quartz, fine to medilllil, silty, light-brownish-gray

(Wash)

Sand, quartz, mostly medilllil, poorly sorted, light-gray

(Wash)

Sand, quartz, mostly medium to coarse, poorly sorted, light-gray, slightly silty and calcareous

(Wash)

Sand, quartz, mostly coarse, poorly sorted, light-gray, slightly silty

and calcareous



(Wash)

Sand, quartz, mostly coarse, poorly sorted, light-gray, slightly silty and calcareous

(Wash)

(No recovery)

(W~h)

------------------- unconformity ----------------

60

28.5 to 30.0 30.0 to 31.5 31.5 to 33.0 33.0 to 34.5 34.5 to 36.0 36.0 to 37.5 37.5 to 39.0 39.0 to40.5 40.5 to42.0

-21.5 to -23.0 -23.0 to -24.5 -24.5 to -26.0 -26.0 to -27.5 -27.5 to -29.0 -29.0 to -30.5 -30.5 to -32.0 -32.0 to -33.5 -33.5 to -35.o

42.0 to 43.5 43.5 to 45.0 45.0 to 46.5 46.5 to 48.0 48.0 to49.5 49.5 to 51.0

-35.0 to -36.5 -36.5 to -38.0 ~38.0 to -39.5 -39.5 to -41.0 -41.0 to -42.5 -42.5 to -44.0

51.0 to 52.5 52.5 to 54.0

-44.0 to -45.5 -45.5 to -47.0

54.0 to 55.5 55.5 to 57.0

-47.0 to -48.5 -48.5 to -50.0

57.0 to 58.5 58.5 to 60.0 60.0 to 61.5 61.5 to 63.0

-50.0..to -51.5 -51.5 to -53.0 -53.0 to -54.5 -54.5 to -56.0

Ebenezer Formation member#5 Sand, quartz, mostly fme but up to medium, subround to subangular,
slightly silty, calcareous, olive-gray (5Y3/2), grains coated~ about 2% mostly fine, angular to well rounded phosphate sand and sparse grains of phosphate ranging up to granules~ less than l% carbonaceous material~ siliceous perforated tubules present
(No recovery)
---- unconformity (depth estimated from gamma log)~---
Coosawhatchie Formation, Berryville Clay Member (upper part)
(No recovery, comparison of gamma log with Tybee Island gamma log indicates Berryville Clay Member (upper part) of the Coosawhatchie Formation is present in this interval)
---- unconformity (depth estimated from gamma log)-----
Coosawhatchie Formation, Tybee Phosphorite Member
(No recovery)
Sand, phosphate-quartz-calcite, fme to medium, olive- black (5Y211), clayey and silty, porous and friable~ phosphate fraction mostly fine but ranges to granules, mostly round~ quartz fraction mostly fme to medium, subangular to subround~ clay and silt fraction mostly calcite~ contains less than 1% very fme to silt carbonaceous material~ clay and silt content decreases downward~ pebbles at base containing phosphate clasts to 0.16 inch and quartz clasts to 0.12 inch, burrows filled with this matrix penetrate unit below
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
Marks Head Formation, member#J
Sandstone, phosphate-quartz, calcite-cemented, olive-gray~ (5Y3/2)~ phosphate fraction fme to medium, quartz fraction mostly medium~ contains less than 1% very fme to silt carbonaceous matter, grades rapidly to:
61

63.0 to 65.9 65.9 to 73.0

-56.0 to -58.9 -58.9 to -66.0

73.0 to 76.0 -66.0 to -69.0

76.0 to 76.8

-69.0 to -69.8

76.8 to 84.3 -69.8 to -77.3

84.3 to 86.5 -77.3 to -79.5

Sand, quartz-phosphate, slightly silty, friable, olive-black (5Y2/l), calcareous; quartz fraction mediwn and mostly subangular; phosphate fraction mostly fine, well rounded, and well sorted, but includes scattered grains up to coarse and a teleost fish vertebra; contains less than I% carbonaceous silt; subround rip-up clasts to 0.4 inch in diameter of lithology below present on basal contact and burrows filled with matrix penetrate unit below
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
Marks Head Formation, member#l
Mudstone, dolomitic, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains about 1% very I fine to fine, well rounded phosphate and about 5-15% very fine to fine, subangular quartz., and less than I% carbonaceous silt. grades to:
Calcisiltite, very fme quartz sandy, grayish-olive (IOY4/2), partially indurated
(No recovery)
Sand, calcite, mostly fine, subangular, grains coated, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains slightly micaceous calcite mud matrix and about 5% very fme to fme, angular to well rounded phosphate; grades rapidly to:
Sand, phosphate-quartz-calcite, mediwn to coarse, olive-gray (5Y3/2); phosphate fraction mediwn to coarse, mostly round; quartz and calcite fractions mediwn to coarse, subangular to subround
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
Tiger uap Formation, member#J
Limestone, moldic, yellowish-gray (5Y8/l), friable; contains less than 1% subround very fme phosphate and about 5% mediwn subangular quartz; molds mostly of bivalves
(No recovery)
Limestone, moldic, yellowish-gray (5Y8/l ), friable; contains less than I% subround very fme phosphate and mediwn subangular quartz; molds mostly of bivalves
(No recovery)
Base of corehole
62

86.5 to 91.2 -79.5 to -84.2
91.2 to 96.0 - 84.2 to -89.0 96.0 to 101.2 -89.0 to -94.2 101.2 to 103.4 -94.2 to -96.4 103.4 to 108.8 -96.4 to -101.8 108.8 to 109.4 -101.8 to -102.4
109.4 to 110.3 -102.4 to -103.3 110.3 to 113.4 -103.3 to -106.4 113.4 to 113.9 -106.4 to -106.9 113.9 to 116.5 -106.9 to -109.5
116.5 feet -109.5 feet elev.

Appendix D - Lithologic description of the Mcintosh County Corehole

Location: Eulonia 7.5-minute quadrangle Latitude: 31 o 36' 58.15" LonEitude: 81 24' 09.89" Surface altitude: about 20 feet above sea level Total D<a>th: 452.0 feet(- 432.0 feet elev.)
Lithologic description

Depth below Land surface,
in feet

Altitude Interval, in feet

Satilla Formation
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, mostly floe, well sorted, subangular, silty and clayey, light-gray (N7); contains about I% opaque minerals
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, mostly fine, angular to round, silty medium-light-gray (N6); contains 1-2% dark opaque minerals, including some round and polished phosphate sand; 0.16 inch-thick clay lamina present at 34 feet depth
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz, bimodally very fme to fme and coarse to granular, subangular, silty, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains 1-2% polished and subangular phosphate sand
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, mostly fme, very fme to medium. silty, subangular to subround, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); contains about I% opaque minerals and sparse rutilated quartz grains
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, very fine to very coarse, poorly sorted, angular to round, pebbly, light-olive- gray (5Y5/2); contains less than I% phosphate sand; contains 1-2 % other opaque minerals; some blue quartz present; contains polished quartz discoids up to 0.8 inch in diameter
--------------- unconformity ----------------

0.0 to 20.0
20.0 to 23.5 23.5 to 33.0

20.0 to 0.0
0.0 to -3.5 -3.5 to -13.0

33.0 to 35.5 35.5 to 39.0

-13.0 to -15.5 -15.5 to -19.0

39.0 to 41.0
'
41.0 to 47.0

-19.0to -21.0 -21.0 to -27.0

47.0 to 49.0 49.0 to 51.9

-27.0 to -29.0 -29.0 to -31.0

51.0 to 51.5

-31.0 to -31.5

63

Cypresshead Formation?
Sand, quartz, mostly very fine to fine but up to medium, subangular to subround, silty, slightly micaceous, olive-gray (5Y5/l); contains about 2% dark opaque minerals, of which about one-fourth are phosphate; basal few inches grades to very coarse and round
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Ebenezer Formation, member#5
Sand, quartz, fine, well sorted but sparse grains up to medium, fme fraction angular to subangular, medium fraction subangular to subround, silty and clayey, sparsely micaceous olive-gray (5Y4/l ); contains l-2 % opaque minerals (mostly not phosphate); phosphate fraction..round and polished
Sand, quartz, mostly fme, poorly sorted, subangular, pebbly, clayey and silty, olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains about l-2% opaque minerals (not phosphate); micaceous; some quartz pebbles polished
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Ebenezer Formation, member#4
Sand, quartz, mostly fme but some to medium, subangular to subround, silty, faintly laminated, dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1 ); contains about 5% fme, round phosphate; sparsely micaceous, grades to:
Sand, quartz, mostly fme but some to medium, subangular to subround, silty, faintly laminated, olive-gray, (5Y4/2); contains about 5% fme, round phosphate; sparsely micaceous, grades to:
Sand, quartz, mostly fine but some medium, subangular to subround, silty, faintly laminated, light-olive-gray, (5Y512); contains about 5% fme, round phosphate; sparsely micaceous, grades to:
Sand, quartz, mostly fme but some medium, subangular to round, clayey and silty, faintly laminated, olive-gray (5Y4/2 to 5Y4/1 ); contains about 2% fine, round and polished phosphate; sparsely micaceous; one fish tooth observed, grades to:
Sand, quartz, fme, well sorted, subangular to subround, clayey and silty, faintly laminated, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2 to 5Y5/l); contains about 2% fme, subround to round, polished phosphate; sparsely micaceous; one fish tooth observed
64

51.5 to 52.0

-31.5 to -32.0

52.0 to 66.0

-32.0 to -46.0

66.0 to 67.4

-46.0 to -47.4

67.4 to 74.0

-47.4 to -54.0

74.0 to 81.0

-54.0 to . -61.0

81.0 to 89.0

-61.0 to -69.0

89.0 to 103.0

-69.0 to -83.0

103.0 to 106.0

-83.0 to -86.0

Sand, quartz. very fine to fine, well sorted, subangular, clayey and silty, bwrow mottled, olive-gray (5Y312) mottled light-olive~gray (5Y512); contains about 1% fine round phosphate; sparsely micaceous
/
Sand, quartz. fine, well sorted, subangular, clayey and silty, massive, olive-gray (5Y312); contains about 1% fine round phosphate; sparsely micaceous
Sand, quartz. fine, well sorted, subangular, clayey and silty, olive-gray (5Y3/2) mottled light-olive-gray (5Y512) bwrow mottled; contains about I% fine roWld phosphate; sparsely micaceous; layer ofpolished discoidal quartz pebbles, up to 0.5 inch in diameter, at 117.5 feet depth
Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, mostly fine, pebbly, olive-gray (5Y411 ); quartz fine fraction angular to subangular, medium to very coarse fraction round; contains less than I% fine phosphate, round and polished; sparse fish teeth present; pebbles round to subdiscoidal, polished, up to 0.6 inch in diameter
-------------- unconformity ----------------
Ebenezer Formation member#J
Sand, quartz, fine, well sorted, sub-angular to subround, clayey and silty, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains about 1% fine phosphate, some round and polished, some amber but mostly black; sparsely micaceous
Sand, quartz, bimodally fine and coarse, silty,light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); fme quartz fraction subangular, coarse fraction subround to round; contains less than 1% very fine to fine phosphate, polished and round; burrows penetrate bed below
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Ebenezer Formation, member#l
Sand, quartz, very fine to fme, well sorted, subangular, silty grading downward to clayey and silty, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains about I% fine phosphate, round and polished
Clay, thinly laminated, sparsely micaceous, dark-greenish-gray (504/l); contains less than I% very fine subrot.ind quartz .
Sand, quartz, very fine to fine, well sorted, subangular to subround, clayey and silty, micaceous, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains about 1% fme, round and polished phosphate and 1-2% dark mica
65

106.0 to 112.0 -86.0 to -92.0 112.0 to 116.0 -92.0 to -96.0 116.0 to 118.0 -96.0 to -98.0 118.0 to 118.5 -98.0 to -98.5
118.5 to 125.3 -98.5 to -105.3 125.3 to 125.7 -105.3 to -105.7
125.7 to 140.0 -105.7 to -120.0 140.0 to 142.0 -120.0 to -122.0 142.0 to 147.0 -122.0 to -127.0

Sand, quartz, fine, well sorted, subangular to subround, clayey and silty, olive-gray (5Y4/2); contains chalky thin aragonitic shells and about I% fine, round and polished phosphate

Sand, quartz, mostly very fine to fine but some up to medium, well sorted, subangular to subround, clayey and silty, bwrow mottled, olive-gray (5Y411) with light-olive-gray (5Y6/l) bwrows; contains 1-2% fine, round and polished phosphate; sparsely micaceous; one bony fish tooth observed

Clay and very fine sand, planar interbedded on a 0.05 to 0.4 inch scale, olive-black (5Y211 ); clay waxy, dense, tough, micaceous; muscovite flakes fonn bedding planes

Sand, quartz, medium, well sorted, clean, mostly subround, massive to faintly bedded, light-olive-gray (SYS/2); contains less than I% opaque minerals (not phosphate) and about 1% smoky quartz grains; one green amphibole grain observed

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, medium, well sorted, mostly subround, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains less than 1% opaque minerals (possibly amphiboles); a few clay stJingers present; quartz pebbles present at base up to 0.35 inch in diameter

--------------- unconformity ----------------

Ebenezer FormatiOn,
member#l
/

Sand, quartz, mostly very fine to fine, well sorted, angular to

subangular, clayey and silty, bwrow mottled, dark-greenish-

gray (5G411); contains less than 1% very fine to fine, round

and polished phosphate and less than 1% other opaque minerals;

sparsely micaceous



(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, mostly very fine to fine, well sorted, angular to subangular, clayey and silty, bwrow mottled, dark-greenishgray (5G411 ); contains less than 1% very fine to fine, round and polished phosphate and less than I% other opaque minerals; sparsely micaceous

(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, very fine, very well sorted, angular to subangular, clayey and silty, burrow mottled, dark-greenish-gray (5G411); contains 1-2% dark opaque minerals (not phosphate); sparsely micaceous; occasional fish spine fragments present

(No recovery)

66

147.0 to 148.0 -127.0 to -128.0

148.0 to 174.0 -128.0 to -154.0 174.0 to 174.8 -154.0 to -154.8

174.8 to 179.7 179.7 to 182.0

-154.8 to- 159.7 -159.7 to- 162.0

182.0 to 186.4 -162.0 to -166.4

186.4 to 190.0 190.0 to 192.0

-166.4 to -170.0 -170.0 to -172.0

192.0 to 201.7 201.7 to 202.0

-172.0 to -181:7 -181.7 to -182.0

202.0 to 210.0 210.0 to 211.0

-182.0 to -190.0 -190.0 to -191.0

Sand. quartz, very fine, very well sorted. angular to subround. clayey and silty, burrow mottled. dark-greenish-gray (504/1); contains about 1% dark opaque minerals (not phosphate); sparsely micaceous
(No recovery. contact picked from gamma log)

Coosawhatchie Formation, Berryville Clay Member (upper part)

(No recovery)

Clay, dense, waxy. sparsely micaceous. massive to poorly laminated. dark-greenish-gray (504/1 ); contains about 2% very fine. angular to subangular quartz

(No recovery)

Clay. dense. waxy. sparsely micaceous, massive to poorly laminated. dark-greenish-gray (504/1 ); contains about 2% very fine. angular to subangular quartz

Sand. quartz, very fine, angular to subangular. clayey and silty, massive to faintly burrowed. dark-greenish-gray (504/1 ); cOntains about 1% dark opaque minerals (not phosphate). calcite sand. and mica flakes

(No recovery)

Silt. very fine quartz sandy. angular to subangular. clayey. massive to faintly bWTowed. dark-greenish-gray (504/1 ); contains about 1% dark opaque minerals (not phosphate). calcite sand. and mica flakes

Clay, dense, waxy. poorly laminated to massive. calcareous. darkgreenish-gray (504/1 ); contains about 1% very fine angular quartz

Clay, slightly calcareous (Foraminifera?). sparsely micaceous. poorly laminated. olive-gray (5Y312); contains about 1% very fine. angular to subangular quartz

Clay. dense, waxy. poorly laririnated to massive, calcareous, dark-

greenish-gray (5GY312); contains about 1% very fine angular quartz,

grades rapidly to:



Clay. silty. slightly calcareous. sparsely micaceous, massive and softer than above, dark-greenish-gray (50Y4/1 ); contains less than 1% very fine, angular to subangular quartz

Silt. very fine to fine quartz sandy. angular to subrmmd. clayey. slightly calcareous. sparsely micaceous, massive. dark-greenish-gray (50Y45/1 ); contains less than 1% very fine. round and polished phosphate and sparse rutilated quartz grains

67

211.0 to 215.0 215.0 to 218.0

-19l.Oto-195.0 -195.0 to -198.0

218.0 to 219.0' -198.0 to -199.0

219.0 to 223.0 223.0 to 224.0

-199.0 to -203.0 -203.0 to ~204.0

224.0 to 228.0 -204.0 to -208.0

228.0 to 229.0 229.0 to 232.0

-208.0 to -209.0 -209.0 to -212.0

232.0 to 233.5 -212.0 to -213.5 233.5 to 243.0 -213.5 to -223.0

243.0 to 243.5 -223.0 to -223.5

243.5 to 246.0 -223.5 to -226.0

246.0 to 252.5 -226.0 to -232.5

252.5 to 253.5 -232.5 to -233.5

Clay, silty, slightly calcareous, sparsely micaceous, poorly laminated, olive-gray (5Y4/1) grading down to darlc-greenish-gray (5GY4/1 ); contains 2-5% very fine, angular to subangular quartz; at 255.5 is a drop-stone clast ofsilica-cemented, fine, subround to round quartz . sandstone, grades to:
Clay and very fine quartz sand, interlaminated on a 0.05 inch scale, olive-gray(5Y312); clay laminae, dense, waxy, massive, slightly. calcareous; sand laminae very well sorted, subangular, contain 2-5% very fine to silt phosphate, sparsely micaceous; sparse fish spines present in sand laminae
(No recovery, gamma log indicates a phosphatic lag deposit in this interval)
--------------- unconfonnity ----------------
Coosawhatchie Formation, Berryville Clay Member (lower part)
Clay, silty, sparsely micaceous, laminated, olive-gray (5Y312); contains about 1% black opaque mineral (carbon?) and mica silt
(No recovery)
Clay, silty and sandy, sparsely micaceous, laminated, olive-gray (SY312); contains about 300/o very fine to fine quartz and silt, angular to subangular; contains 2-S% very fine to silt phosphate and about 1% finely disseminated opaque minerals (carbon?)
(No recovery)
Clay, silty and sandy, sparsely micaceous, laminated, olive-gray (SY312) grading down to olive-black (SY2/l); contains about 1-2% very fine to fine, angular quartz and very fine to silt dark opaque minerals
Sandstone, quartz-phosphate, very fine to medium, poorly sorted, dolomite-cemented, light-olive-gray (5YS/2); quartz fraction about 30% ofbulk, subround; phosphate fraction about 20% of bulk, round; dolomite cement about SO% of bulk; well cemented and tight
-----------~~-- unconformity ----------------
Coosawhatchie Formation, Tybee Phosphorite Member
Silt, clayey, dolomitic, weakly cemented, light-olive-gray (5YS/2); contains about 5% very fiDe well rounded phosphate and about 2% fine to medium subround quartz, grades to:
68

253.5 to 257.0 -233.5 to -237.0

257.0 to 261.3 261.3 to 262.5

-237.0 to -241.3 -241.3 to -242.5

262.5 to 269.6 269.6 to 272.0

-242.5 to -249.6 -249.6 to -252.0

272.0 to 276.9 276.9 to 282.0

-252.0 to -256.9 -256.9 to -262.0

282.0 to 284.5 -262.0 to -264.5

284.5 to 285.3 -264.5 to -265.3

285.3 to 287.0 -265.3 to -267.0

Sand. quartz-phosphate, in dolomite matrix, soft, olive-gray (SY4/1 ); quartz fraction about 25% of bulk, fine to medium and angular; phosphate fraction about 25% ofbulk, mostly fine and subround; dolomite matrix about SO% of bulk, grades to:
Sand. quartz-phosphate, mostly fine, poorly sorted, granular, clayey and silty,-olive-black (SY2/l ); quartz fraction about 700/o ofbulk, angular to round; phosphate fraction about 20% of bulk, subround to round
(No recovery, but gamma log peak indicates there should be a phosphate-rich lag bed in this interval)
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Marks Head Formation, member#l
Sand, quartz, mostly medium but ranges up to very coarse, poorly sorted, angular to subangular, clayey and silty, olive-gray (SY3/2) grading through greenish-gray (5GY6/l) to olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains about 2-5% mostly fine, poorly sorted, subround tO rounded phosphate
Clay, olive-gray (SY4/l)
Sand, quartz, very fine to fine, interbedded with clay laminae 0.25 to 0.50 inch thick, olive-gray (SY411)
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, angular to subangular, clayey, massive, olive-gray (SY4/1) grading down to dark-greenish-gray (SGY411 ); contains 2-5% fine, round phosphate
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, angular to subangular, clayey, laminated, olive-gray (SY4/1) grading down to dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1 ); contains 2-5% fine, round phosphate
(No recovery)
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Parachucla Formation
Clay, silty and sandy, slightly calcareous, sparsely micaceous, laminated, olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains abundant very fine to fine, angular quartz and minor very fine to fine, subangular to subround phosphate
(No recovery)
69

287.0 to 288.0 -267.0 to -268.0
288.0 to 290.0 -268.0 to -270.0 290.0 to 292.0 -270.0 to -272.0

292.0 to 300.0 300.0 to 300.11

-272.0 to -280.0 -280.0 to -280.1

300.1 to 300.6
300.6 tO 307.0

-280.1 to -280.6 -280.6 to -287.0

307.0 to 311.0 -287.0 to -291.0

311.0 to 311.6 311.6 to 312.0

-291.0 to -291.6 -291.6 to -292.0

312.0 to 316.5 316.5 to 317.0

-292.0 to -296.5 -296.5 to -297.0

Clay, silty and sandy, slightly calcareous, sparsely micaceous,

laminated, olive-gray (SY4/1 )~contains abWldant very fine to

fine, angular quartz and minor very fine to fme, subangular to

subrowtd phosphate



(No recovery)

Clay, faintly calcareous, breaks with conchoidal fracture, massive, olive-gray (5Y312); contains 1-2% very fine, subangular quartz

(No recovery)

Clay, faintly calcareous, breaks with conchoidal fracture, massive, olive-gray (5Y3/2); contains 1-2% very fine, subangular quartz

(No recovery)

Clay, faintly calcareous, breaks with conchoidal fracture, massive, olive-gray (5Y3/2)~ contains 1-2% very fine, subangular quartz

(No recovery)

Clay, faintly calcareous, breaks with conchoidal fractUre, massive, olive-gray (SY3/2); contains 1-2% very fine, subangular quartz

Clay, calc~us. olive-gray (5Y3/2) with thin, light-olive-gray (SYS/2) interlaminae of sand, calcite-quartz; calcite and quartz about I% each. very fine to fine, angular; also contains about 1% very fine to silt opaque minerals

(No recovery)

Clay, calcareous, olive-gray (5Y3/2) with thin, light-olive-gray (SYS/2) interlaminae of sand, calcite-quartz; calcite and quartz about 1% each. very fine to fine, angular, also contains about I% silt to very fine opaque minerals, grades to:

Silt, very fine quartz-phosphate sandy, micaceous, calcareous, grading down to sand, quartz-phosphate, fine to coarse, in dolomitic matrix. light-olive-gray (SYS/2); contains subangular lithic fragments of unit below at base, basal contact has phosphate coating

--------------- Wlconformity ----------------

Tiger Leap Formation, member #4?
Sandstone, calcite-quartz, very moldic but with some remaining shell material, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l) grading through yellowishgray (5Y712) to very-light-gray (N8); calcite fraction about 50% of bulk, fine, angular, probably recrystallized from aragonitic shells;
70

317.0 to 319.2 319.2to327.0

-297.0 to -299.2 -299.2 to -307.0

327.0 to 330.8 330.8 to 332.0

-307.0 to -310.8 -310.8 to -312.0

332.0 to 334.2 334.2 to 337.0

-312.0 to -314.2 -314.2 to -317.0

337.0 to 340.~ 340.8 to 342.0

-317.0 to -320.8 -320.8 to -322.0

342.0 to 342.5 -322.0 to -322.5

342.5 to 344.5 344.5 to 347.0

-322.5 to -324.5 -324.5 to -327.0

347.0 to 349.0 -327.0 to -329.0

349.0 to 350.6 -329.0 to -330.6

quartz fraction fine to coarse, mostly medium, angular to rowtd, about 400/o of bulk; contains about 1-2% fine to coarse, rowtd phosphate; rock contains about 5-10% moldic porosity, not interconnected
(No recovery)
Sandstone, quartz, mostly medium, subangular, calcite-cemented, sparsely micaceous, yellowish-gray (5Y8/1 ); contains less than 5% fine to coarse, rowtd phosphate; matrix about 60% of bulk; contains molds of aragonitic shells and original calcitic oyster shells
(No recovery)
Sandstone, quartz, mostly medium, subangular, calcite-cemented, sparsely micaceous, yellowish-gray (5Y811 ); contains less than 5% fine to coarse, rowtd phosphate; matrix about 60% of bulk; contains molds of aragonitic shells and original calcitic oyster shells
(No recovery)
Sandstone, quartz, mostly medium, subangular, calcite-cemented, sparsely micaceous, yellowish-gray (5Y8/1 ); contains less than 5% fine to coarse, round phosphate; matrix about 60% of bulk; contains molds of aragonitic shells and original calcitic oyster shells
--------------- wtconformity ? ----------------
Tiger Leap Formation, member #3!
Sand, quartz, mostly medium, angular,light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains 1-2% fine to medium, angular to rowtd phosphate; most grains coated with calcite, but grains not intercemented; contains rare, coarse grain-size clayballs
Sand, quartz, mostly medium to coarse but ranges from very fine to very coarse, angular,light-olive-gray (5Y611 to 5Y5/2) grading down to yellowish-gray (5Y7/2); contains about 2% fine to very coarse, rowtd phosphate; sparsely micaceous; most grains coated with calcite, but grains not intercemented; contains shell fragments to 0.3 inch in length
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, calcite-cemented, medium to coarse, angular to subangular, yellowish-gray (5Y8/1 ); contains 2-5% fine, angular to subrowtd phosphate; calcite matrix forms about 500/o of bulk; about 2% moldic porosity, not interconnected
71

350.6 to 354.7 354.7 to 357.0

-330.6 to -334.7 -334.7 to -337.0

357.0 to 359.3 -337.0 to -339.3 359.3 to 362.0 -339.3 to -342.0

362.0 to 363.5 363.5 to 364.0

-342.0 to -343.5 -343.5 to -344.0

364.0 to 365.4 365.4 to 372.0

-344.0 to -345.4 -345.4 to -352.0

372.0 to 382.0 -352.0 to -362.0

382.0 to 387.7 387.7 to 389.0

-362.0 to -367.7 -367.0 to -369.0

389.0 to 389.1 -369.0 to -369.1

,-----------------------------------------------------~~-----------------------------------

(No recovery)
Sand. quartz. medium to very co8rse, mostly coarse, angular,
yellowish-gray (5Y712); contains less than 1% medium, subangular to round phosphate; void spaces filled with micritic to fine calcite rhombs that forms about 55% of bulk
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz. medium to very coarse, mostly coarse, angular, lightolive-gray (5Y6/l ); contains less than I% mediwn, subangular to round phosphate; void spaces filled with micritic to fine calcite rhombs that form about 55% of bulk
(No recovery)
--------------- unconformity ? ----------------
Tiger Leap Formation, member #2?
Micritic limestone, calcite-quartz. yellowish- gray (5Y712 to 5Y8/l); calcite sand fraction about 20% of bulk, medium to coarse, subangular to round; quartz sand fraction about 25% of bulk, mostly medium but up to coarse, subangular to subround; contains less than I% medium to coarse, subangular to round phosphate; cemented by micrite, about 60% of bulk; grades rapidly to:
Sand. quartz. mostly coarse but medium to very coarse, angular . to subangular; quartz grains coated with fine calcite rhombs;
contains 1-2% medium to very coarse, angular to round phosphate; sparsely micaceous; calcitic matrix forms about 50% of bulk; phosphate granules present at basal contact, burrows extend into unit below
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Suwannee limestone
Limestone, fine, well cemented. very-light-gray (N8} grading down to yellowish-gray (5Y712); contains micro-shell molds and shell fragments up to 0.02 inch in diameter; contains 1-2% fme to coarse, angular to subangular quartz; contains less than I% very-fine to medium, subround phosphate; a burrow or crevasse filled with quartzphosphate sand and phosphate granules present at 410.4 to 410.8 feet
(No recovery)

389.1 to 392.0 -369.1 to -312.0

392.0 to 394.0 394.0 to 397.0

-372.0 to -374.0 -374.0 to -377.0

397.0 to 397.8 397.8 to 402.0

-377.0 to -377.8 ~377.8 to -382.0

402.0 to 406.0 -382.0 to -386.0 406.0 to 409.5 -386.0 to -389.5
409.5 to 415.4 -389.5 to -395.4 415.4 to 417.0 -395.4 to -397.0

72

Limestone, fine, well cemented. yellowish-gray (5Y7n.); contains microshell molds and shell fragments up to 0.02 inch in diameter, contains 1-2% fine to coarse, angular to subangular quartz; contains less than 1% very-fine to medium, subround phosphate
(No recovery)
Limestone, fine to mostly medium, grains angular to well rounded, soft, wavy laminated. yellowish-gray (5Y811); contains about 10% fine to medium, angular to subangular quartz; contains less than 1% fine, round phosphate and other sparse opaque minerals (towmaline?); micrite matrix about 10% ofbulk
(No recovery)
Limestone, mostly fine to medium, angular to well rounded, soft, wavy laminated. yellowish-gray (5Y8/1 grading down to 5Y7n.); contains about I0-1 5% fine to medium, angular to subangular quartz; contains less than I% fine, round phosphate and other opaque minerals (towmaline?); micrite matrix about 100/o ofbulk
. (No recovery)
Limestone, fine to mostly medium, grains angular to well rounded, soft, wavy laminated. yellowish-gray (5Y7n. grading down to 5Y811); contains about I 0% fine to medium, angular to subangular quartz; contains less than 1% fine, round phosphate and other opaque minerals (towmaline?); micrite matrix about 100/o of bulk
(No recovery)
Limestone, fine to mostly mediUm, grains angular to well rounded, soft, wavy laminated. yellowish-gray (5Y811); contains about 100/o fine to medium, angular to subangular quartz; contains less than 1% fine, round phosphate and other opaque minerals (towmaline?); micrite matrix about 100/o of bulk
Limestone, medium to very coarse, Foraminifera-bryozoan-shell hash, well indurated. yellowish-gray (5Y811 ); contains 1-2% medium, angular quartz; most calcite grains coated with micrite
(No recovery)
Limestone, very fine to very coarse, Foraminifera-bryozoan-shell hash, well indurated. yellowish-gray (5Y811 grading down to 5Y7n.); contains 1-2% medium, angular quartz; most calcite grains coated with micrite
(No recovery)
Base of c:orehole

417.0 to 420.1 420.1 to 422.0

-397.5 to -400.1 -400.1 to -402.0

422.0 to 425.0 425.0 to 427.0

-402.0 to -405.0 -405.0 to -407.0

427.0 to 430.4 430.4 to 431.0

-407.0 to -410.4 -410.4 to -411.0

431.0 to 436.2 436.2 to 439.0

-411.0 to -416.2 -416.2 to -419.0.

439.0 to 441.0 -419.0 to -421.0

441.0 to 441.6 441.6 to 447.0

-421.0 to -421.6 -421.6 to -427.0

447.0 to 450.1 -427.0 to -430.1

450.1 to 452.0 -430.1 to -432.0

452.0 feet

-432.0 feet elev.

73

74

AppepdjJ E: Ljtholo&ic: description of the Richmond BiD Corehole

Location: Richmond Hill 7.5-minute quadrangle Latitude: 31 o 57' 28" Lon~tu4e: 81 18' 59" Surface altitude: 10 feet above sea level
Total Dej>th: 337.0 feet (-327.0 feet elev.)
Lithologic description

Depth below Land surface,
in feet

Altitude Interval, in feet

SatiUa Formation

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, poorly compacted, slightly silty, pale-yellowish-brown (IOYR6/2) to yellowish~gray (5Y8/l) grading by 17.5 feet to dark-
gr.eenish-gray (50411 ); quartz moderately well sorted, mostly fine to
some medium, angular to subangular. less than 1% dark minerals
including black and amber phosphate and some charcoal; occasional clay interbeds present, 0.5 to 2 inches. thick

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, clayey, micaceous, pebbly, dark-greenish-gray (504/1); quartz poorly sorted, very fine to very coarse, angular to subangular. quartz pebbles subround and up to 0.25 inch in diameter; less than 1% dark minerals including round to subround polished fine to medium phosphate

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, as above

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, as above

Sand, quartz, clean, dark-greenish-gray (504/1); quartz well sorted, subangular to subround; contains abQI,lt 1% dark minerals, mostly subangular, very fine to fine amber and black phosphate

(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, clayey, micaceous, pebbly, dark-greenish-gray (50411);

quartz poorly sorted, very fine to very coarse, angular to subangular.

quartz pebbles round and polished and up to 0.6 inch in diameter,

one pebble is a single large gray feldspar crystal; less than 1% dark

minerals ranging from silt to 0.25 inch granules, mostly amber. and

black phosphate



(No recovery)

75

0.0 to 16.5 10.0 to -6.5

16.5 to 23.0 23.0 to 25.0

-6.5 to -13.0 -13.0 to -15.0

25.0to 26.5 -15.0 to -16.5 26.5 to29.0 -16.5 to -19.0 29.0to 30.5 -19.0to .-20.5 30.5 to 32.0 -20.,5 tO. -22.0 32.0to 33.0 . -22.0 to -23.0

33.0 to 35.0 35.0 to 37.0

-23.0 to -25.0 -25.0 to -27.0

37.0 to 38.8 38.8 to 42.0

-27.0 to -28.8 -28.8 to -32.0

------------------------- unconformity ----~-------------------

Ebenezer Formation, member##4
Sand, quartz. clayey, micaceous, dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/l); quartz moderately well sorted, very fine to fine, subround to subangular; less than I% dark minerals, mostly phosphate, round to subround, mostly very fine; mica concentrated idong bedding planes
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz. as above except color grades to greenish-gray (5GY6/l) from 48-52 feet and then goes back to dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1)
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz. as above
Sand, quartz. clayey, micaceous, olive-gray (5Y4/1); quartz mostly fine to medium, subangular (fine) to subround (medium); 2-3% dark'minerals, mostly phosphate, very fine to fine, sonie round and polished
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz. as above
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz. as above

------------------------- unconformity ------------------------

Ebenezer Formation, member#l

clay, micaceous, silty, qUartz sandy, slightly calcareous, olive-gray (5Y4/l); quartz fraction very fine to fine, subangular

(No recovery)

Clay, as above

(No recovery)

Clay, as above

Sand, quartz. well sorted, laminated (0.05 to 0.4 inch layers), clayey; olive-

gray (5Y411 ); quartz very fine, subround to round; 1-2% round, very tine' '

to fine phosphate



76

42.0to45.9 45.9 to47.0

-32.0 to -35.9 -35.9 to ~37.0

47.0 to 55.7 -37.0.to -45.7 55.7 to 57.0 -45.7 to -47.0 57.0 to 59.5. -47.0 to -49.5

59.5 to 60.0 60.0 to 62.0 62.0 to 64.7 64.7 to 67.0 67.0 to 67.5

-49.5 to -50.0 -50.0 to -52.0 -52.0 to -54'.7 -54.7 to -57.0 -57.0 to -57.5

67.5 to 68.5 -57.5 to -58.5 68.5 to 71 :0 -58.5 to -61.0 71.0 to 73.0 -61.0 to -63.0 73.0 to 75.0 -63.0 to -65.0 75.0 to 75.3 . -65.0 to -65.3
75.3 to77.0 -65.3 to -67.0

(No recovery)
Sand. quartz, internally as above, gypswn precipitated on outer core surface Sand, quartz, well sorted, burrow mottled, clayey, olive-gray (5Y4/l}; quartz very fine, subround to round; 1-2% very fine to fine, round phosphate; wood fragment present at 86.7 feet (No recovery)
Sand, quartz, as above
(No recovery, gamma log indicates slight phosphate enrichment here)
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
Ebenezer Formation memberNI (No recovery)
Sand. quartz, very fine, angular to subangular, clayey, faintly calcareous, sparsely micaceous, laminated, dark-greenish-gray (504/1 ); about I% . phosphate, very fine to fine, well rounded; layers 0.1 inch or less, separated by thin clay laminae (No recovery)
Sand. quartz, as above Silt, very quartz sandy, clayey, greenish-black (5GY2/1); clay dense, lumpy, waxy, slightly micaceous and calcareous; silt imd sand quartzphosphate; sand very fine to fine, subround; about 5% charcoal silt a1so present
Silt, very quartz sandy, clayey, slightly micaceous, greenish-black (5GY2/1) grading to olive-black (5Y2/l); silt and sand mostly . quartz, sand very fine to fine, subangular to subround, with minor (1-2%) phosphate; sharp basal contact
Sand, quartz, clean, slightly silty and micaceous, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); quartz very fine, very well sorted, mostly subround; 1-2% dark minerals, round to angular, mostly phosphate but also includes charcoal; sharp basal contact
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
77

77.0to80.0 -67.0 to -70.0 80.0to84.0 -70.0 to -74.0 84.0 to 91.3 -74.0 to -81.3 91.3 to 102.0 -81.3 to -92.0 102.0 to 105.0 -92.0 to -95.0 105.0 to 106.0 -95.0 to -96.0
106.0 to 107.0 -96.0 to--91.0".
107.0 to 114.0 -97.0 to -104.0 114.0to 118.0 -104.0to -108.0 118.0to 131.6 -108.0to -121-.6
131.6 to 132.3 -121.6 to -122.3
132.3 to 138.5 -122.3 to -128.5
138.5 to 139.5 -128.5 to -129.5

Coosawhatchie Formation, Berryville Clay Member (upper part)
Clay, silty and sandy, slightly micaceous, greenish-black (5GY2/l); silt and sand quartz-phosphate, sand very fine to fine, subround
(No recovery)
Clay, as above but olive-black (5Y2/l), bwrows from bed above extend down to 149 feet, grades to
Clay, as above but olive-gray (5Y4/l), grades to
Silt, quartz sandy, clayey, dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1); sand and silt mostly quartz, sand very fine, subround to subangular; 1-2% very fine charcoal or biotite, grades to
Sand, quartz, clayey and silty, slightly micaceous, olive-gray (5Y4/1) grading down to dark-greenish-gray (5G3/l ); quartz very fine, angular to subangular; less than I% very fine charcoal and phosphate, grades rapidly to
Clay, slightly silty and sandy, sparsely micaceous, poorly laminated, dark-greenish-gray (5G3/l ), grades rapidly to:
Clay, slightly silty and sandy, sparsely micaceous, well laminated, greenish-black (5G2/l), grades rapidly to:
Clay, slightly silty and sandy, sparsely micaceous, poorly laminated, olive-black (5Y2/l) grading rapidly to olive-gray (5Y411)
Clay, slightly silty and sandy, indurated, olive-gray (5Y4/1)
Silt, sandy and slightly clayey, micaceous, laminated, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); quartz very fine, subangular; 1-2% silt to very fine charcoal
(No recovery)
Silt, as above
Sand, quartz, clayey and silty, brownish-black (5YR211); sand very poorly sorted, very fine to coarse, coarse fraction subround; contains a few clay balls, sparse mica, and pods of silty, very fine, subangular to subround quartz that includes 1-2% charcoal and a trace ofbiotite and muscovite; sharp basal contact
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------

139.5 to 141.0 -129.5 to -131.0 14l.Oto 142.0 -13l.Oto -132.0 142.0 to 151.0 -132.0 to -141.0 151.0 to 154.0 -141.0 to -144.0
154.0 to 156.0 -144.0 to -146.0
156.0to 162.0 -146.0to -152.0 . 162.0 to 167.0 -152.0 to -157.0 . 167.0 to 168.0 -157.0 to -158.0 168.0to 173.4 -158.0to -163.4 173.4 to 173.6 -163.4 to -163.6 173.6to 174.5. -l63.6to -164.5 '174.5_to 177.0 -164.5 to -167.0. 177.0to 181.5 -167.0to -171.5
18l.5 to 183.5 -171.5 to -173.5 .

78

Coosawhatchie Formation, Tybee.Phosphorite Member
Sandstone, dolomite-quartz, greenish-gray (5GY6/l); quartz coarse, subangular to subrmmd; contains about 100/o mediwn phosphate, subround to round; cemented by dolomite into an impervious hard bed
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, silty and slightly clayey, olive-gray (5Y4/l); quartz very fine to fine, subangular to angular; contains 2-5% very fine to fine round phosphate; slightly micaceous, grades to
Sand, quartz, silty and clayey, olive-black (5Y2/l); quartz fine to medium, fine fraction angular to subangular, mediwn fraction subround, scattered coarse grains present; contains 2-5% fine, round phosphate
Sand, quartz, and clay interlaminated, olive-black (5Y2/l ); qUartz very fine to fine, subround to subangular; contains 2-5% very fine, subangUlar to subround phosphate and a trace of mica
Sand, quartz, silty and clayey, olive-black (5Y2/l); quartz very fine to fine, angular to subangular; contains 2-5% fine, subround phosphate and mica
Clay, finely micaceous, massive to poorly bedded, olive-black (5Y2/l)
(No recovery)
------------------------- unconformity -----------------------
Marks Head Formation, member#J
Dolomicrite, sandy,light-olive-gray (5Y6/1 ); quartz fine to medium, subround; contains 2-5% fine to medium, subround phosphate; indurated hard bed containing burrows filled with dark-greenishgray (5GY4/l) sandy and clayey silt
Clay, silty, massive, sticky, dark-greenish-gray (5GY411)
(No recovery)
Silt, clayey, very fine sandy, massive, dark-greenish-gray (5GY411)
Dolomicrite, sandy, yellowish-gray (5Y811)
Clay, silty and micaceous, partially indurated, dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1)
Dolomicrite, sandy, semi-indurated, greenish-gray (5GY6/l); quartz sand very fine, subangular to subround; contains about 1% charcoal and
1% phosphate silt
79

183.5 to 183.7 -173.5 to -173.7 183.7 to 187.0 -173.7 to -177.0 187.0to 193.0 -177.0to -183.0 193.0 to 194.2 -183:0 to -184.2 194.2 to 194.5 -184.2 tO -184.5 194.5 to 195.5 -184.5 to -185.5 195.5 to 196.9 -185.5 to -186.9 196.9 to 197.0 -186;9 to -187.0
197.0 to 198.1 -187.0to -188.1 198.1 to 198.6 -188.1 to -188.6 198.6 to 201.5 -188;6 to -191.5 201.5 to 201.7 -191.5 to -191.7 201.7 to 201.9 -191.7 to -191.9 201.9 to 204.5 -191.9to -194.5 204:5 to 205.0 -194.5 to -195.0

Sand, quartz, clayey and silty, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); quartz very fine to
medium. subangular to subround; contains about I% very fine
phosphate and a trace ofcharcOal; slightly dolomitic
(No recovery, gamma log suggests stratigraphic break at 212 feet)

------------~------------ unconformity ------------------------

Marlu Head Formation membertl

Sand, clayey and silty, upper foot indurated, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l ); quartz medium. subangular to subround; contains 2-5% medium to coarse, subround to round and polished phosphate

Sand, slightly silty, slightly dolomitic, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); quartz mostly .

fine to medium. subround to subangular; contains 1-2% fme, round

phosphate and scattered bone fragments



(No recovery)

Sand, quartz, clean, loose, olive-gray (5Y4/1) grading through mediumdark-gray (N4) to medium-gray (N5); quartz fine to coarse, subround to subangular, contains 1-2% fine to coarse, subround to round and polished phosphate

---------.-------------- unconformity ------------------------

Parachucla Formation
Sand, quartz, silty, and claystone interbedded, light-olive-gray; quartz mostly fine, subangular to round and polished; clay dolomite-cemented; layers 0.2 inch thick or less; contains about 2% rough to round and polished, very fine to fine phosphate; some quartz grains rutilated
(No recovery)
Clay, silty and sandy, indurated, friable, olive-gray (5Y4/1); silt and sand mostly quartz, very fine to fine; contains scattered round phosphate grains and charcoal silt
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, silty, medium-gray (N5); quartz mostly fine but poorly sorted (silt to medium), subangular to subround; contains about 5% very-fine to medium. subround to round and polished, amber to black phosphate; some quartz grains rutilated
(No recovery)

. ~0

205.0to207.0 -195.0to -197.0 207.0to212.0 -197.0to -202.0.
212.0 to 214.0 -202.0 to -204.0 214.0to214.5 -204.0to -204.5 214.5 to 222.0 -204.5 to -212.0 . 222.0 to 228.0 -212.0 to -218.0
228.0 to 230.0 . -218.0 to -220.0 230.0 to 232.0 -220.0 to -222.0 232.0 to233.0 -222.0 to -223.0 233.0 to 237:0 -223.0 to -227.0 237.0 to 239.5 . -227.0 to -229.5 239.5 to 242.5 -229.5 to -232.5

...
Sand. quartz. and clay, interlaminated on a 0.05 inch scale, calcareous, micaceous, olive-gray (SY4/1) grading down to dark-greenish-gray (SOY4/1 ); quartz very fine to fine, subround to subangular, sandy layers contain 1-2% silt to fine phosphate; sparsely micaceous
Micrite, thinly laminated, olive-gray (SY4/1 ); contains about 1% fine, subround quartz and less than 1% mica
(No recovery)
Clay, slightly calcareous and sandy, dark-greenish-gray (SGY4/l); contains less than 1% very fine to fine sand and charcoal
Micrite, indurated, light-greenish-gray (SGY811 ); contains less than 1% round to subround very fine quartz and charcoal
Clay, silty and slightly sandy, olive-gray (SY4/l); contains about 2% very fine to fine quartz and less than 1% charcoal and phosphate silt
(No recovery)
Clay, as above
(No recovery)
Clay, silty and sandy, olive-gray (SY4/l); sand fraction about 400/o, consisting of about equal amounts of quartz and phosphate; quartz very fine to mediwn, angular to subangular, poorly sorted; phosphate very fine to fine, subround to round; phosphate granules to 0.15 inch in diameter abundant on basal contact and in burrows into unit below
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
Tiger Leap Formation member#4
Sandstone, quartz. dolomite-:eemented,light-olive-gray (SY6/l); quartz fine and angular to subround; contains less than 1% round and polished fine phosphate; dolomite cement micritic; burrowed and burrows filled with matrix from above
Sand, quartz. silty, light-olive-gray (SYS/1 ); quartz fine to medium and subround; contains about 5% very fine to fine, round and polished phosphate; micritic dolomite forms non-binding matrix (about 1/3 total volume)
Sand. quartz. clayey and silty, olive-gray (SY4/1 ); quartz mostly very fine to medium and angular to subangular, contains 2-5% mostly round and polished, very fine to fine phosphate; silt-clay matrix dolomitic
-----------------unconformity------------------
81

242.5 to 248.5 -232.5 to -238.5 248.5 to 249.0 . -238.5 to -239.0 249.0 to 251.0 -239.0 to -241.0 251.0 to 255.0 -241.0 to -245.0 255.0 to 255.5 -245.0 to -245.5 255.5 to 256.0 -245.5 to -246.0 256.0 to 261.0 -246.0 to -251.0 261.0 to 262.5 -251.0 to -252.5 262.5 to 267.0 -252.5 to -257.0
267.0 to 268.0 -257.0 to -258.0
268.0 to 268.7 -258.0 to -258.7'
268.7 to 269.3 -258.7 to -259.3 269.3 to 269.7 -259.3 to -259.7

Tiger Leap Formation member##3

Sandstone, quartz, dolomite-cemented, light-olive-gray (SY6/l); quartz very fine to fine and angular, contains 2-5% mostly roWld and polished phosphate; slightly micaceous; rock strongly cemented but with 5-1 00/o porosity

Sand, quartz, silty, dolomitic, light-olive-gray (SYS/2); quartz mostly

fine to mediwn but ranges up to coarse, poorly sorted, angular,

contains 1-2% phosphate, some roWld and polished

'

r



(No recovery)

Sand, 8s above

(Norecov~)

Sand, as above e~c::ept color changes to olive-gray (SY4/1)

(No recovery)

Sand,.quartz, silty and clayey, olive~gray (SY411); quartz mostly
medium but ranges up to very ooarse, poorly sorted; contains 2-5%
mediwn to very coarse roWld phosphate; abWldant very fine dolomite matrix present; porosity about 100/o

------------------------- Unconformity ------------------------

Tiger I.eap Formation member#l
Sand, calcite-quartz, yellowish-gray (SY7/2); quartz fine to coarse and subroWld; calcite fine to medium, angular to subangular, contains about 5% roWld and polished phosphate granules; pelecypod shell impressions abWldant, porosity about 25%; grades to
Sand, calcite-quartz, yellowish-gray (SY8/1); quartz fine to ooarse,
subangular, calcite fiDe to medium, angular to subangular; contains about 2% roWld and polished phosphate granules; pelecypod and gastroPod impressions and inolds ablindant; quartz and phosphate pebbles to 0.2 inch in diameter abWldant along basal contact
---------------------- Wlconformity ------------------------

Suwannee Umestone
-
Limestone, moldic, yellowish-gray (SY7/2); calcite fine, angular to subangular, peleCypod impressions abWldant; burrowed frOm above and burrows filled with matrix and fossils from unit above, including ani impressions; porosity about 5% but not interconnected

82

269.7 to 272.0 -259.7 to -262.0 272.0 to 274.0 -262.0 to -264.0 274.0 to 282.0 -264.0 to -272.0 282.0 to 284.0 -272.0 to -274.0 284.0 to 287.0 -274.0 fu ~277.0 . 287.0 to 289.0 -277.0 to -279.0 289.0 to 292.0 -279.0 to -282.0 292.0 to 307.5 -282.0 to -297.5
307.5 to 315.0 -297.5 to -305.0
315.0 to 318.7 -305.0 to -308.7
318.7to321.0 -308.7to -311.0

Sand, quartz, clayey, calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y811); quartz very fine to coarse and subround; contains abundant micritic calcite matrix, about 2% round and polished. amber and black phosphate grains, and about I% black and white mica
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, as above; contains a thin, noncalcareous clay lamina at 325.6 feet depth
(No recovery)
Limestone, moldic, quartz sandy, yellowish-gray (5Y8/l ); contains about I0-15% quartz sand, very fine to medium, angular to round, and about 1-2% phosphate sand, very fine to medium, mostly round and polished; molds and casts of pelecypods abundant; noncalcareous clay lamina present at 334 feet depth
(No recovery)
Bue of eorebole

321.0 to 323.5 -311.0 to -313.5 323.5 to 324.0 -313.5 to -314.0
324.0 to 328.0 -314.0 to -318.0 328.0 to 329.0 -318.0 to -319.0

329.0 to 335.5 -319.0 to -325.5

335.5 to 337.0 -325.5 to -327.0

337.0 feet

-317.0 feet elev.

83

.. -,... 84

AppepdiJ, F: Ljtbolo&ic description of the St. Mans Corehole

Location: St. Marys 7.5-minute quadrangle Latitude: 300 44' 06" Lonaitude: 8133' 07" Surface altitude: about 12 feet above sea level Total De,pth: 492 feet (-480 feet elev.)
Lithologic description

Depth below Land surface,
in feet

Altitude Interval, in feet

(No recovery, but gamma and resistivity logs suggest major lithic breaks at 74 feet, 127 feet, 154 feet, and 220 feet)
Ebenezer Fonnation, memberil
Sand, quartz, fine to coarse, well sorted to poorly sorted, mostly subangular but some subround, cnunbly and unlithified, light-olive-gray (5Y6/1); includes about 3% dark opaque minerals (mostly not phosphate), coarse phosphate round and polished and a trace ofrounded fragmental mollusk-shell sand; sharp basal cootact but no basal coarsening
Mudstone, quartz and calcite silt mixed with clay, with laminae offine quartz sand at about 0.5-inch intervals, planar bedded, dark-greenish-gray (5GY411 ); cootains about 3% phosphate silt
Sand, quartz, very fine to medium. subround to subangular, silty, sparsely micaceous, dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1 ); contains about 10-15% phosphate sand, more rounded than equivalent quartz fractions, silt fraction calcareous; massive, unbedded, gradational lower contact from 274.0-274.2
Mudstone, quartz and calcite silt interbedded with clay on less than 0.5-inch scale, dark-greenish-gray; clay has conchoidal fracture; fine sand-size vacuities, possibly Foraminifera or diatom molds; clay is "swelling clay"
Sand, quartz, fine to coarse, angular to subangular, very poorly sorted, silty, olive-black (5Y2/1 ); contains about 1% non-phosphatic opaque minenls; silt fraction slightly calcareous; grades rapidly into bed below
Sand, quartz, very fine to medium. subround to mostly subangular, silty; slightly micaceous, greenish-black (5GY2/1 ); contains 1-2% very fine to fme phosphate; silt fraction moderately calcareous; mostly massive to poorly laminated and planar bedded, a few intervals have faint wavy laminae 0.25-inch or less in thiclcness; grades rapidly to:
Silt, gypsiferous, sparsely micaceous and phosphatic, wavy laminated, darkgreenish-gray (5GY4/1); cootains molds ofForaminifera, noocalcareous

0.0 to 240.0 +12.0 to -228.0
240.0 to 256.0 -228.0 to -244.0 256.0 to 261.0 -244.0 to -249.0 261.0 to 274.2 -249.0 to -262.2 274.2 to 278.5 -262.2 to -266.5 278.5 to 280.8 -266.5 to -268.8 280.8 to 306.0 -268.8 to -294.0 306.0 to 316.0 -294.0 to -304.0

85

Silt, calcareous, sandy (fine to coarse subround quartz), olive-black (5Y2/l ); contains about 3-5% phosphate silt to sand; wavy laminations on 0.05 inch scale; sharp basal contact
------------------------- unconfonnity -----------------------------
Coosawbatcbie Formation, Tybee Phosphorite Member
Sandstone, grain supported. composed of quartz-phosphate sand, fine to coarse, subangular to subround, calcite cemented, olive-gray (5Y4/l); consists of about 35% quartz sand, 15% phosphate sand, and 50% calcite matrix; snails, clams, and molds thereof are abundant; one large irregular nodule of chert observed; about 100/o moldic porosity, very unevenly distributed; resistivity log indicates this layer is 2.5-feet thick, but only one foot recovered
(No recovery, but gamma log suggests an unconfonnity in this interval)
------------------------- unconfonnity -----------------------'-----.. ,.-.
Marks Head Formation, member#l
Sand, quartz, very fine to coarse, subround to subangular, poorly sorted, slightly micaceous, slightly silty, dark-greenish-gray (SGY411 ); contains 1-2% round phosphate sand; silt moderately calcareous; clay lamina present at 327.3 feet; massive and unbedded to 332.5 feet and burrow mottled below that, grades rapidly to:
Sand, quartz, very fine to coarse, poorly sorted, angular to subangular slightly silty, olive-black (5Y211) grading by 350.0 feet to greenish-black (5GY2/l); contains l-3% subangular to round phosphate sand; silt fraction slightly calcareous; burrow mottled; grades rapidly to:
Sand, quartz, very fine to'coarse, poorly sorted, subangular to subround, moderately silty~ olive-gray (5Y411); contains 2-3% very fine to granular, round phosphate and silt; silt moderately calcareous; massive and unbedded
Sand, quartz, mostly very fme to coarse, scattered polished granules present,. subround to subangular, poorly sorted. slightly silty, olive-black (5Y211); contains 2% very fine to granular phosphate, coarse to granular fraction. round and polished; contains about l 0% chalky clam shells; massive and unbedded
Sand, quartz, very fine and coarse, angular to subround, bimodally sorted, slightly silty, olive-gray (SY411 ); contains about 2% phosphate sand and silt; silt fraction moderately calcareous; massive and unbedded
86

316.0 to 318.5 -304.0 to -306.5
318.5 to 319.5 -306.5 to -307.5 319.5 to 324.0 -307.5 to -312.0
324.0 to 340.5 ~312:0 to -328.5
340.5 to 356.0 -328.5 to -344.0
356.0 to 361.5. -344.0 to -349:5 361.5 to 362.0 -349.5 to -350.0 362.0 to 364.0 -350.0 to -352.0

Sand. quartz, very fine to coarse, angular to subround. poorly sorted, slightly silty, olive-gray (SY2/l); contains about 2% phosphate sand and silt and about 2-5% shell material; silt fraction moderately calcareous; burrow mottled
Sand, quartz, mostly fine but very fine to coarse, subround to angular, moderately well sorted, silty, slightly calcareous, olive-black (SY211) to greenish-black (SGY2/1 ); contains about 2% phosphate and a trace of mica silt; quartz grains silt-coated; white silt clasts 0.05-0.20 inch in diameter present from 384.0 to 386.5; massive and unbedded at top but bllliow mottled below 370.0 feet
Sand, quartz, mostly very fine to medium but with su~ate coarse to very coarse fraction, poorly sorted, subangular to angular, very silty and clayey, dark-greenish-gray (SGY4/1); mixed burrow mottled and l&minated bedding interval
Silt, mostly very fine to medium quartz sandy but with some coarse to very coarse; quartz fraction poorly sorted, subangular to angular, very clayey, sparsely micaceous, dark-greenish-gray (SOY4/1 ); contains about 2% very fine to medium round to subangular phosphate; laminated on a 0.05-0.15 inch scale, with more silt-rich laminae alternating . rhythmically with clay-rich laminae
Clay, micaceous, silty, about I00/o very fine to medium grains consisting of quartz, phosphate, and Foraminifera tests, slightly calcareous, greenishblack (502/1); phosphate fraction round. clay cuts in ribbons and has a smooth and shiny swface; well laminated on a 0.05 inch scale
Sand. quartz, mostly very fine to medium but with subordinate coarse to very coarse fraction, poorly sorted, angular to subangular, very silty and clayey, sparsely micaceous, dark-greenish-gray (SOY4/1 ); contains about 2% very fine to very coarse round to subangular phosphate; laminated on a 0.05-0.15 inch scale, with more silty laminae alternating rhythmically with more clayey laminae
Clay, micaceous, silty, about 200/o very fine to fine sand consisting of quartz, phosphate, and Foraminifera tests, slightly calcareous, greenish-
black (502/1 ); phosphate fraction round. clay cuts in ribbons and has a smooth shiny swface; well laminated on a 0.05 inch scale
Sand. quartz-phosphate, mostly coarse to very coarse, granules present, angular to subround but mostly subangular, slightly silty, moderately calcareous~ olive-black (SY2/I ); contains about 300/o mostly fine to medium round to subround phosphate and sparse mollusk shells; sharp basal contact
-------------------- unconformity --------------------------------

364.0 to 368.0 -352.0 to -356.0 368.0 to 392.7 -356.0 to -380.7 392.7 to 394.6 -380.7 to -382.6 394.6 to 400.5 -382.6 to -388.5 400.5 to 406.5 -388.5 to -394.5 406.5 to 408.5 -394.5 to -396.5 408.5 to 411.5 -396.5 to -399.5 411.5 to 413.7 -399.5 to -401.7

87

) '
Marka Head Formation, member#l
Clay, silty, calcareous, light-olive-gray; clay breaks with conchoidal fractme; prominently burrowed from above down to 414.3 feet, burrows filled with matrix from above
Sand, quartz-phosphate, mediwn to coarse, granular, subangular to subround, slightly silty, moderately calcareous, olive-black; contains about 20% fine to very coarse round to subround phosphate and less than 1% shell fragments; Foraminifera visible
Sand, quartz, very fine to medium, subangular to subround, silty, very calcareous, greenish-gray (5GY6/l);.contains about 3% very fine to mediwn subangular to round phosphate; silt matrix mostly composed ofcalcite; poor recovery in this interval
Sandstone, quartz, very fine to medium, carbonate cemented, olivegray (5Y5/l); contains about 3% phosphate sand; massive and unbedded
Sand, quartz, very fine to medium, angular to subround, very silty, slightly calcareous, dark-greenish-gray (5GY4/1) grading by 429.8 feet to light-olive-gray (5Y5/l); contains about 3% very fine to mediwn subround to round phosphate and silt; less than 1% shell fragments; massive and unbedded
Limestone, very fme to medium, light-olive-gray (5Y5/l); contains about 1-3% very fine to very coarse round and polished phosphate and 5-30% fine to medium, subangular tO subround quartz; about 5% moldic porosity, mostly consisting ofclam shell molds; massive and firmly cemented
-------------------- unconformity --------------------------------
Parachucla Formation
Sand, quartz, very fine to mostly fine and medium, subangular to subround, silty, very calcareous, light-olive-gray; contains about 1% very fine to mediwn subround to round phosphate and about 5% shell fragments; fish tooth (cf. Scomberomorus) observed; massive and unbedded
Sand, quartz, very fine to medium, subangular to angular, slightly silty, very calcareous, dark-greenish-gray (504/1); quartz grains coated with micrite; contains 2-3% very fine to fme subround phosphate, about 200/o shell fragments, and 1% Foraminifera; burrow mottled
Sand, quartz, mostly very fine with subordinate coarse to granular fraction, very poorly sorted, very fine to mediwn fraction angular to subangular and coarse to granular fraction subround, silty and
88

r
413.7 to 414.7 -401.7 to -402.7 414.7 to 418.2 -402.7 to -406.2 418.2 to 418.8 -406.2 to -406.8 418.8 to 420.0 -406.8 to -408.0 420.0 to 431.2 -408.0 to -419.2 431.2to431.7 -419.2to-419.7
431.7to437.0 -419.7to-425.0 437.0 to 441.8 -425.0 to -429.8

clayey, moderately calcareous, greenish-black (SOY2/l)~ contains sparse fine subangular to subround phosphate~ bedding laminated with laminae about O.S-inch thick
------------------------ unconformity ----------------------------
Tiger Leap Formation, memberi4
Clay, ~ilty, calcareous, greenish-:black (SOY2/l) with streaks ofyellowish'iPlY (SY8/l )~ burrowed and burrows filled with matrix from above
Sand, quartz, coarse, well sorted, subangular to subround, dark-greenishgray (SOY4/1 )~contains about 1% very fine to fine phosphate and about S% sparry calcite in matrix~ resistivity log suggests base of this tmit is probably at 448.0 feet
(No recovery, resistivity log suggests lost clay/silt bed from 448.0 to 4SO.O)
Sand, quartz, coarse, well sorted, subangular to subround, slightly silty, very calcareous, dark-greenish-gray (SOY4/l)~ contains about 1% very fine to fine phosphate and about S% Foraminifera and Foraminifera fragments~ quartz grains coated with very fine to silt grains ofspany calcite
Sand, quartz, coarse to granular with a subordinate very fine to fine fraction, bimodally sorted, very angular to angular, slightly calcareous, soft, light-olive-gray (SYS/1 )~contains 1-2% very fine to fine subround and polished phosphate and 1% shell fragments~ massive and wtbedded
---------------------- unconformity -----------------------------
Tiger Leap Formation, member#J
Sandstone, quartz, very calcareous, to calcarenite, quartzose, very fine to coarse, poorly sorted, subangular to subround, light-olive-gray (SY6/I )~ contains 1-S% very fine to medium round and polished to angular phosphate and a trace of shell fragments~ matrix comprises about 40-SO% ofrock and consists mostly of very fine to fine calcite~ smoky quartz more abundant than above~ about I% moldic porosity
Sand, quartz, very fine to medium, moderately well sorted, angular to subround, very silty and clayey, very calcareous, soft, dark-greenishgray (SOY411 )~contains 1-2% very fine to fine subrowtd phosphate and about 3% calcite~ burrow mottled; grades rapidly to:
Silt, clayey, very calcareous, olive-gray (SY4/1 )~contains about 3% very fine to fine phosphate, burrow mottled
89

441.8 to 442.4 -429.8 to -430.4
442.4 to 443.0 -430.4 to -431.0 443.0 to 44S.O -431.0 to -433.0 44S.O to 4SO.O -433.0 to -438.0 4SO.O to 4S3.0 -438.0 to -441.0
4S3.0 to 4S3.6 -441.0 to -441.6
4S3.6 to 462.0 -441.6 to -4SO.O 462.0 to 476.0 -4SO.O to -464.0 476.0 to 481.0 -464.0 to -469.0

Mudstone, denser than above, moderately calcareous, dark-greenish-

gray (5GY4/1 ); less than 1% phosphate; laminated on a 0.25-inch

scale; grades to:



Silt, slightly clayey, very fme to fine quartz-calcite-phosphate sandy, moderately calcareous, dark-greenish-gray (5Y4/l) grading down to olive-gray (5Y3/2); less than 1% phosphate; contains shell fragments; burrow mOUled

(No recovery)

Base of oorebole

481.0 to 483.0 -469.0 to -471.0
483.0 to 487.0 -471.0 to -475.0 487.0 to 492.0 -475.0 to -480.0
492.0 feet -480.0 feet elev.

90

Appendix G- Litboloadc description of the Toombs County Corebole #1

Location: Baxley Northeast 7.5'-quadrangle, NEI/9 Latitude: 31 o 59' 52" 1ongijude:82l6'27" Surface altitude: 172 feet above sea level Total Dqlth: 472.0 feet (-300.0 feet elev.)
Lithologic description

Depth below Land swface,
in feet

Altitude Interval, in feet

Peanon terrace unit
(No recovery)
Clay, massive, silty, yellowish-gray (5Y7n.); contains scattered grains of very fine to fine quartz and about I% dark opaque mineral silt; grades to:
Sand, quartz, mostly fine to medium but includes a few lenses ofmedium to coarse, angular to subangular, yellqwish-gray (5Y8/I ); contains less than I% dark opaque minerals, slightly calcareous; grades to:
Silt, clayey and sandy, light-greenish-gray (5GY8/l) grading through duskyyellow (5Y6/4) and yellowish-gray (5Y7n.) back to light-greenish-gray (5GY811 ); contains scattered grains of very fine to fine, subangular quartz and less than I% dark, opaque mineral silt; calcareous
Sand, quartz, very fine to granular but mostly medium, subangular, calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y7n.); contains less than 1% dark opaque minerals
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, very fine to granular but mostly medium, subangular, calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y7n.) grading rapidly to very-pale-orange (1 OYRS/2); contains less than 1% dark opaque minerals
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, very fine to granular but mostly medium, subangular, calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y7/2) grading rapidly at 49.0 to grayish-red (1 OR4n.); contains less than 1% dark opaque minerals
Silt, fine to medium subangular quartz sandy, calcareous, dusky-yellow (5Y6/4); sparsely micaceous
Sand, very fine to coarse, poorly sorted, angular to subangular, clayey and silty, light-olive-brown (5Y5/6) grading gradually to sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, angular to subround, pebbly, silty and. clayey, pale-olive (10Y6/2); contains less than 1% fine to medium dark opaque minerals and 1-2% feldspar; pebbles round and up to 0.25 inch in diameter, sharp basal contact

0.0 to 20.0 172.0 to 152.0 20.0 to 27.0 152.0 to 145.0 27.0 to 36.0 145.0 to 136.0

36.0 to 40.1 136.0 to 131.9

40.1 to 41.2 41.2 to 42.0

131.9 to 130.8 130.8 to 130.0

42.0 to 45.6 45.6 to 47.0

130.0 to 126.4 126.4 to 125.0

47.0 to 49.3 125.0 to 122.7 49.3 to 50.4 122.7 to 121.6

50.4 to 57.5 121.6 to 114.5

91

--------------- wtconformity :-----:----------
Ebenezer Formation member #IS
Sand, quartz. very fine to coarse but mostly medium, angular to subrowtd, silty, slightly calcareous, dusky-yellow (5Y6/4) grading downward to yellowish-gray (5Y7n.); contains about 1% dark opaque mineral silt and sparse fine to mediwn phosphate; calcite occurs as grain coatings
Sand, quartz. very fine to fine, angular to subangular, scattered subangular medium grains present, silty, calcareous, laminated, pale-olive (10Y612); contains less than 1% silt to fine dark opaque minerals; calcite occurs as grain coatings
Sand, quartz, very fine to medium, angular to subangular, scattered subangular medium grains present, silty, calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y712); contains less than 1% dark opaque mineral silt; calcite occurs as abwtdant grain coatings; grades to:
Sand, quartz. fine to medium, subangular to subround, calcareous, paleolive (1 OY612); contains less than 1% very fme dark opaque minerals; calcite occurs as abundant grain coatings
Sandstone, fine to medium, subangular to subround, clay-cemented, slightly calcareous, iron-stained, fractures conchoidally, moderateyellowish-brown (10YR5/4) grading downward to light-olive-gray (5Y6/l ); contains less than 1% dark opaque minerals
Sand, quartz. fine to coarse, angular, feldspathic, calcareous, light-olivegray (5Y6/l) grading.dow'nward to grayish-yellow-green (5GY712); contains less than 1% fine dark opaque minerals; calcite occurs as grain coatings
Sand, quartz, fine to coarse, better sorted than above, subangular to subround, grains iron-stained, calcareous, moderate-brown (SYR4/4) grading at 82.9 to yellowish-gray (SY7/2) mottled dark-yellowishbrown (10YR4/2); contains less than 1% fine dark opaque minerals including sOme phoSphate; calcite occurs as grain coatings; grades to:
Sand, quartz, mostly fme but up to medium, subangular to subround, grains iron-stained, calcareous, light-olive-gray (SY611) mottled moderate-. . reddish-broWn (1 OR4/6); contains less than l% fine dark opaque minerals including some phosphate; calcite occurs as grain coatings
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz. mostly fine but up to medium, subangular to subround, grains iron-stained, calcareous, grayish-yellowish-green (SGY7/2) grading down to light-olive-gray (SY6/l ); contains less thari l% fme dark opaque minerals including some phosphate; calcite occurs as grain coatings
92

57.5 to 64.5 114.5 to 107.5

64.5 to 65.5 107.5 to 106.5

65.5 to 73.0 106.5 to 99.0

73.0 to 77.0

99.0 to 95.0

77:0 to 78.0

95.0 to 94.0

78.0 to 82.4 94.0 to 89.6

82.4 to 93.0 89.6 to 79.0
93.0 to 102.2 79.0 to 69.8 102.2 to 102.8 69.8 to 69.2

102.8 to 107.2 69.2 to 64.8

Sand, quartz. very fine to mediwn. subangular to subround, pebbly, clayey, calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); pebbles subround to round, up to 0.3 inch in diameter; contains less than I% silt to very fine dark opaque minerals
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Ebenezer Formation, member#4
Clay interbedded with silt, laminated, calcareous, pale-olive (IOY612) mottled moderate-yellowish-brown (I 0YR5/4) in upper foot; clay brecciated and blocky; contains less than I% dark opaque mineral silt; contains scattered fine to medium clayballs
(No recovery)
Clay, silty, laminated, calcareous, pale-olive (IOY612); fractures conchoidally
Sand, quartz. fine to mediwn. subangular to subround, calcareous, sparsely micaceous, dusky-yellow (5Y712) grading down to yellowishgray (5Y712); contains less than I% silt to medium dark opaq'ue minerals including phosphate; calcite occurs as grain coatings; grades rapidly to:
Sand, quartZ, fine to mostly mediwn. subangular to well rounded, calcareous, grayish-yellowish-green (5GY712); contains about I% very fine to fine phosphate and abundant round clayballs up to 0.8 inch in diameter; calcite occurs as grain coatings; burrows filled with this lithology penetrate into unit below
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Ebenezer Formation, member#2
Clay, sparsely micaceous, monotonous, calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y7/2) grading downward to grayish-yellowish-green (5GY712); contains less than I% silt to very fine dark opaque minerals and scattered very fine to fme quartz grains
Sand, quartz. mostly fine, very well sorted, mostly subround, calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y712); contains 1-2% very fine to fine, subangular to subround dark opaque minerals including . glauconite; quartz grains not calcite coated; becomes more subangular, more clayey, and less calcareous downward
Clay, sparsely micaceous, breaks conchoidally, calcareous, grayish-yellowish-green (5GY712); contains less than 1% silt to very fine dark opaque minerals
93

107.2 to 107.7 64.8 to64.3

107.7 to 114.5 ll4.5 to 121.0

64.3 to 57.5 51.5 to 51.0

121.0 to 126.0 51.0 to 46.0

126.0 to 129.5 46.0 to42.5

129.5 to 130.0 42.5 to42.0

130.0 to 132.8 42.0 to 39.2 132.8 to 142.0 39.2 to 30.0 142.0 to 147.1 30.0 to 24.9

Sand. quartz, fine to medium, subangular to subround. calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y712); contains about 1% very fme to fine, subangular to subround phosphate; some grains calcite coated
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz, fine to medium, subangular to subround. calcareous, yellowish-gray (5Y712); contains about 1% very fine to fine, subangular to subround phosphate; some grains calcite coated
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz, fine to medium, subangular to subround. clayey and silty, calcareous, pale-olive (l OY612) grading through greenishgray (5GY6/I) from 154.0 to 154.5 to light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); contains 1-3% dark opaque minerals including silt to very fme phosphate and charcoal silt
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, fme to medium, subangular to subround, calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l) grading downward to light-olive-gray (5Y512); contains 2-3% fine to medium, round amber phosphate and about 3% charcoal
--------------- unconfonriity ----------------
Ebenezer Formation, member#l
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, fme to mostly medium, subangular to subround, clayey and silty, faintly calcareous, light-brown (5YR5/6) mottled grayish-reddish-purple (5RP5/6); grains iron-coated; contains less than 1% dark opaque minerals, probably charcoal
Sand, quartz, fine, subangular to subround. clayey, faintly calcareous, olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains about 1% charcoal and less than 1% amber phosphate
(No recovery)
Clay, silty, slightly calcareous, olive-gray (5Y4/I); fractures conchoidally; contains less than I% charcoal and fme phosphate and quartz
Chert, olive-black (5Y2/1)
Clay, silty, slightly calcareous, olive-gray (5Y411 ); fractures conchoidally; contains less than 1% charcoal and fme phosphate and quartz
94

147.1 to 149.0 149.0 to 150.0

24.9 to 23.0 23.0 to 22.0

150.0 to 151.1 151.1 to 152.0

22.0 to 20.9 20.9 to 20.0

152.0 to 161.5 161.5 to 162.0

20.0 to 10.5 10.5 to 10.0

162.0 to 167.0 10.0 to 5.0

167.0to 172.6 5.0 to 0.0

172.0 to 172.4 0.0 to -0.4

172.4 to 173.3 173.3 to 175.0

-0.4 to -1.3 -1.3 to -3.0

175.0 to 175.3 -3:0 to -3.3 175.3 to 175.4 -3.3 to -3.4

175.4 to 175.8 -3.4 to -3.8

Chert. olive-black (5Y2/I)
Sand. quartz, very fine to coarse but mostly fme, poorly sorted. subangular to subroWld. clayey and silty, calcareous, lightolive-gray (5Y6/I); contains I-2% fine to medium phosphate and about I% silt to fine charcoal
(No recovery)
Chert, clay, and quartz sand interbedded; chert olive-black (5Y2/I); clay light-olive-gray (5Y6/I), contains molds of diatoms; sand fine, angular to subangular, calcareous, lightolive-gray (5Y6/I ); sand contains about I% fine, black and tan roWld phosphate and charcoal; sand grains coated with calcite rhombs
Sand. quartz, fine to mostly medium, angular to subangular, clayey and silty, calcareous,light-oiive-gray (5Y6/I); contains about 5% fine to medium, roWld to discoidal black and tan phosphate and about I% very fme charcoal; sand grains coated with calcite rhombs
(No recovery)
Sand. quartz, fme to coarse but mostly fme to medium, subangular to subroWld. slightly silty, calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y6/I); contains I-2% medium, roWld tan phosphate, I-2% silt to very fine charcoal, and 3-5% sand-size shell fragments
Chert, olive-black (5Y3/l)
Sand. quartz, fine to coarse but mostly fine to medium, subangular to subroWld, slightly silty, calcareous, olive-gray (5Y5/I); contains 1-2% medium, roWld tan phosphate, 1-2% silt to very fine charcoal, and 3-5% sand-size shell fragments
Chert, olive-black (5Y3/l)
Sand. quartz, fine to medium, subangular to subroWld. silty, slightly calcareous, olive-gray (5Y5/l); contains 3-5% medium, roWld black and tan phosphate and about 1% silt to very fine charcoal; sand grains coated with calcite rhombs
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, subangular to subround. pebbly, partially indurated. light-olive-gray (5Y6/l ); pebbles composed ofclay clasts up to 1.0 inch in diameter and phosphate clasts up to 0.2 inch in diameter; contains about 5% very fine to coarse, subangular to round black and tan phosphate, about I% very fine to fine charcoal chips, and sparse zircon grains; sand grains coated with calcite rhombs; burrows filled with this matrix _penetrate unit below
--------------- Wlconformity -------------~--
95

175.8 to 176.6 -3.8 to -4.6

I76.6 to I77.5 I77.5 to I82.0

-4.6 to -5.5 -5.5 to -IO.O

I82.0 to I83.0 -10.0 to -Il.O
I84.0to 190.2 -I2.0to-I8.2 I90.2 to I92.0 -I8.2 to -20.0
I92.0 to 194.3 -20.0 to -22.3 194.3 to 194.5 -22.3 to -22.5
194.5 to 196.2 -22.5 to -24.2 196.2 to 196.3 -24.2 to -24.3
196.3 to 198.5 -24.3 to -26.5

I98.5 to I99.0 -26.5 to -27.0

Coosawhatchie Formation, Berryville Clay Member (upper part)
Clay, fractures conchoidally, slightly silty, medium-bluish-gray (5B5/l) drying to greenish-gray (5GY6/l) grading downward to grayish-yellowish-green (5GY712); contains less than 1% charcoal silt and scattered very fine quartz grains; grades to:
Sand, quartz, very fine, subangular, silty and slightly clayey, grayish-yellowish-green (5GY7/2); contains scattered fine to medium quartz grains and shell fragments; burrows filled with this material extend into unit below
--------------- wtconfonnity ----------------
Coosawhatchie Formation, Meigs Member
Clay, silty, indurated, breaks into blocky fragments, brecciated texture, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l) grading down to pale-olive (1 OY6/2); contains about 1% silt to very fine charcoal and scattered very fine quartz grains; possibly a paleosol
Sand, quartz, mostly fme, angular to subangular, sparsely micaceous, slightly calcareous, slightly clayey, silty, light-olivegray (5Y5/2); contains about 1% very fme to fine, round charcoal and phosphate; sand grains coated with clay
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, mostly fine, angular to subangular, sparsely micaceous, slightly calcareous, slightly clayey, silty, lightolive-gray (5Y512); contains about 1% very fme to fine, rowtd charcoal and phosphate; sand grains coated with calcite rhombs; voids present to 217.0 depth filled with grayish-olivegreen (503/2) clay
Sand, quartz, interbedded with clay laminae; quartz mostly fme, angular to subangular, sparsely micaceous, slightly calcareous, slightly clayey, silty, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains about 1% very fine to fine, round charcoal and phosphate; sand grains coated with calcite rhombs
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz interbedded with clay laminae; quartz mostly very fme to fme, subangular to subrowtd, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); clay laminae thin, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); sand fraction includes about 10% calcite sand; sand and clay both contain less than 1% silt to very fine charcoal
96

199.0to203.7 -27.0to-31.7 203.7 to 203.9 -31.7 to -31.9
203.9 to 208.0 -31.9 to -36.0 208.0 to 210.2 -36.0 to -38.2 210.2 to 212.0 -38.2 to -40.0
212.0 to 218.2 -40.0 to -46.2 218.2 to 220.2 -46.2 to -48.2 220.2-to 223.0 -48.2 to -51.0 223.0 to 224.2 -51.0 to -52.2

(No recovery)
Chert, olive-gray (5Y4/1)
Siltstone, quartz, laminated, silicified, slightly calcareous, lightolive-gray (5Y512); contains less than I% charcoal silt and abundant impressions ofdiatoms
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, mostly fine to mediwn, well sorted, subangular to subround, silty, calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); contains about I% silt to very fine charcoal and about I% fine, round to platy phosphate
Sand, quartz, interbedded with clay laminae, olive-gray (5Y4/I); quartz fraction mostly fine to mediwn, well sorted, subangular to subround, silty, calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); contains about I% silt to very fine charcoal and about I% fine, round to platy phosphate
Sand, quartz, mostly fine to mediwn, well sorted, subangular to subround, silty, calcareous, light-olive-gray (5Y6/I); contains about 1% silt to very fine charcoal and about 1% fine, round to platy phosphate
Conglomerate, pebble, mudball, light-olive-gray (5Y512); clasts are discoidal to round, colors include very light-gray (N8), olivegray (5Y4/l), and light-olive-gray (5Y6/I ); matrix is quartz, mostly fine to medium; matrix includes less than 1% silt to very fine charcoal; weakly calcite-cemented
Sand, quartz, fine, subangular, calcareous, slightly silty and clayey, light-olive-gray (SY6/I); contains I-2% fine, subround phosphate and less than I% silt to very fme charcoal; sand grains coated with calcite rhombs
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, fine, subangular, calcareous, slightly silty and clayey, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l ); contains 1-2% fine, subround phosphate and less than 1% silt to very fine charcoal; sand grains coated with calcite rhombs
Clay, conchoidal fracture, olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains less than 1% very fine phosphate
Sand, quartz, fme, mostly subangular, calcareous, silty, light-olivegray (5Y6/I ); contains 1-2% very fine to fine, rotmd to well rounded black and tan phosphate and about 1% very fine to fine charcoal; sand grains thinly coated with calcite rhombs; thin stringers of clay interspersed within the sand
"97

224.2 to 227.0 -52.2 to -55.0 227.0 to 227.1 -55.0 to -55.I 227.I to 228.2 -55.I to -56.2 228.2 to 232.0 -56.2 to -60.0 232.0 to 232.4 -60.0 to -60.4
232.4 to 232.6 -60.4 to -60.6 232.6 to 233.5 -60.6 to -61.5
233.5 to 236.0 -61.5 to -64.0 236.0 to 239.2 -64.0 to -67.2 239.2 to 242.0 -67.2 to -70.0 242.0 to 243.0 -70.0 to -71.0 243.0 to 243.3 -71.0 to -71.3
243.3 to 247.6 -71.3 to ~75.6

Conglomerate, pebble, mudball, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); mudballs discoidal to spherical, up to 0.8 inch in diameter, varicolored; quartz sand matrix, fine to mostly medium, mostly subangular, silty, calcareous, and 1-2% very fine to medium, subangular to subround phosphate
-------------- wtconformity ----------------
Coosawhatchie Formation, Tybee Phosphorite Member
Clay, indurated, calcareous, silty and sandy, porous, laminated, dusky-yellowish-green (5GY512); contains scattered fine grains of quartz and phosphate; laminations tilted at about 10; grades down to:
Sand, calcite-quartz, very fine to fine, angular, slightly silty and clayey, dusky-yellowish-green (5GY5/2); calcite fraction about 74% of bulk; quartz fraction about 25% of bulk, grains coated by calcite rhombs; contains about 1% silt to very fme charcoal
(No recovery)
Calcite-quartz sand, very fine to medium, mostly fme, subangular to subrowtd, slightly silty and clayey, dusky-yellowish-green (5GY512); calcite fraction about 75% of bulk, quartz fraction about 25% of bulk; contains less than 1% rowtd fine phosphate, silt to fine charcoal, and scattered small mudballs
Calcite-quartz sand, very fine to medium, mostly fme, subangular to subrowtd, slightly silty and clayey, dusky-yellowish-green
(5GY5/2), interlayered with wispy clay laminae; calcite fraction about 75% ofbulk, quartz fraction about 25% of bulk; contains less than 1% rowtd fine phosphate and silt to fine charcoal
Calcite-quartz sand, very fme to mediwn, mostly fine, subangular to subrowtd, slightly silty and clayey, dusky-yellowish-green (5GY512); calcite fraction about 75% of bulk, quartz fraction about 25% of bulk; contains less than 1% rowtd fine phosphate and silt to fine charcoal, and scattered small mudballs
Mudballs, sand-size, in matrix of calcite-quartz sand, very fme to medium, mostly fine, subangular to subrowtd, slightly silty and clayey, dusky-yellowish-green (5GY5/2); calcite fraction about 75% of bulk, quartz fraction about 25% of bulk; contains less than 1% round fme phosphate and silt to fme charcoal
Calcite-quartz sand, very fme to medium, mostly fme, subangular to subrowtd, slightly silty and clayey, dusky-yellowish-green (5GY6/l); calcite fraction about 75% of bulk, quartz fraction about 25% of bulk; Contains less than 1% rowtd fine phosphate and silt to fme charcoal, and scattered small mudballs
98

247.6 to 248.8 -75.6 to -76.8
248.8 to 250.0 -76.8 to ~78.0 250.0 to 251.4 -78.0 to -79.4 251.4 to 252.0 -79.4 to -80.0 252.0 to 254.0 -80.0 to -82.0 254.0 to 254.3 -82.0 to -82.3 254.3 to 256.2 -82.3 to -84:2 256.2 to 256.3 -84.2 to -84.3 256.3 to 258.5 -84.3 to -86.5

Calcite-quartz sand. very fine to medium, mostly fme, subangular to subrmmd. slightly silty and clayey, partially indurated. greenishgray (50Y6/1 )~ calcite fraction about 75% of bulk, quartz fraction about 25% of bulk~ contains large, round mudballs~ contains less than 1% round fine phosphate and silt to fine charcoal
Clay, silty, calcareous, greenish-gray (5GY6/l)~ breaks with conchoidal fracture~ contains about 1% very fine to fine quartz grains and charcoal
Sand, composed of small round mudballs, greenish-gray (5GY6/l) grading down to pale-olive (10Y6/2)
Conglomerate, pebble, composed of mudballs, in clay matrix, pale-olive (1 OY6/2)~ round micritic mudballs up to 0.4 inch in diameter, silty micrite matrix contains sparse very fine to fine quartz grains and about 1% charcoal
Clay, micrite, massive, dusky-yellow-green (5GY5/2) grading through greenish-gray (5GY6/l) to pale-olive (10Y6/2)
-------------- unconformity ----------------
Marks Head Formation, member##J
Sand, calcite, fine, slightly silty, with interbedded clay laminae, micritic, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l) grading down to light-olivegray (5Y5/2)~ contains about 1% very fine to silt charcoal
(No recoveJY)
Sand. quartz-calcite, fine to mostly medium, mostly subangular but some subround. well sorted, semi-indurated. slightly silty, interbedded with thin micrite clay laminae, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2) grading down to light-olive-gray (5Y6/l)~ contains about 200/o calcite sand and about 1% fine charcoal
Sand. quartz-calcite, fine to mostly medium, mostly subangular but some subround. well sorted, semi-indurated. slightly silty; interbedded with thin micrite clay laminae, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2) grading down to light-olive-gray (5Y6/l)~ contains about 200/o calcite sand and about 1% fine charcoal
(No recoveJY)
Sand. mostly fine to medium, angular to subangular, porous, slightly silty, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2)~ contains about 5% round. fine to medium, tan to black phosphate and 2-3% round sand-size shell fragments
99

258.5 to 259.0 -86.5 to -87.0 259.0 to 260.0 -87.0 to -88.0 260.0 to 262.5 -88.0 to -90.5 262.5 to 263.6 -90.5 to -91.6 263.6 to 270.0 -91.6 to -98.0
270.0 to 276.0 -98.0 to -104.0 276.0 to 279.0 -104.0 to -107.0
279.0 to 281.4 -107.0 to -109.4 281.4 to 282.0 -109.4 to -110.0
282.0 to 283.1 -110.0 to -111.1 283.1 to292.0 -111.1 to-120.0 292.0 to 293.7 -120.0 to -121.7

(No recovery)
Sand, mostly fine to medium. angular to subangular, porous, slightly silty, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains about 5% round, fine to medium. tan. to black phosphate and 2-3% round sand-size sbell fragments
(No recovery)
Sand, calcite, fine, angular to. subangular, interbedded with clay laminae and sparse clay beds, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); most calcite grains are coated with calcite, most clay laminae and beds noocalcareous
Sand, quartz-calcite, fine to medium. silty, subround,lightolive-gray (5Y5/2); quartz fraction mostly fine and with calcite overgrowths, calcite fraction mostly mediwn; contains aboutl-2% fine phosphate
(No recovery)
Clay, laminated, olive-gray (5Y3/2)
Sand, quartz-calcite, fine to medium. silty, subround, light-olivegray (5Y3/2) interbedded with olive-gray (5Y4/l); quartz fraction mostly fine and with calcite overgrowths, calcite fraction mostly medium; contains about 1-2% fine phosphate
Clay, laminated, olive-gray (5Y3/2)
Sand, quartz-calcite, fine to medium. silty, subround, olive-gray (5Y4/l) interbedded with light-olive-gray (5Y3/2); quartz fraction mostly fine and with calcite overgrowths, calcite fraction mostly medium; contains aboutl-2% fine phosphate
Sand, calcite, fine to medium. subangular, friable, olive-gray (5Y3/2); contains 5-10% quartz sand, about 2% round fine to mediwn black phosphate, and 1-2% very fine to silt charcoal; lag bed at base includes round lwnps ofcharcoal up to 0.10 inch in diameter, clay balls up to 0.3 inch, and round phosphate granules up to 0.1 inch; bwrows into bed below filled with this matrix
--------------- unconformity ----------------
Marks Head Format.ion member##2
Sand, calcite, fine to mostly mediUm, micrite coated, light-gray (N7) grading through very-light-gray (N8) to yellowish-gray (5Y8/1); contains about 10% fine to mediwn subround quartz and 2-3% fine to mediwn round to well rounded phosphate
(No recovery)
100

293.7 to 294.0 -121.7 to -122.0 294.0 to 294.8 -122.0 to -122.8 294.8 to 296.0 -122.8 to -124.0 296.0 to 299.2 -124.0 to -127.2 299.2 to 299.8 -127.2 to -127.8 299.8to303.0 -127.8to-131.0 303.0to303.3 -131.0to-131.3 303.3 to 304.8 -131.3 to -132.8 304.8 to 305.0 -132.8 to -133.0 305.0 to 305.8 -133.0 to -133.8
305.8 to 306.2 -133.8 to -134.2
306.2 to 311.7 -134:.2 to -)39.7 311.7to312.0 -139.7to-140.0

Sand, calcite, mostly fine, grains coated, clayey and silty, porous, yellowish-gray (5Y8/l) grading down to light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); contains 2-3% fine, IOWld quartz. about 1% very fine phosphate, and about 1% charcoal silt
Sand, quartz-calcite, mostly fine to medium, subangular to round, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2) grading down to olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains about 500/o quartz sand, 45% calcite sand, 3-5% very fine to very coarse and variably rounded phosphate, 1% very fine to silt charcoal
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz-calcite, mostly fine to medium, subangular to round, olive-gray (5Y4/1) grading down to light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains about 500/o quartz sand, 45% calcite sand, 3-5% very fine to very coarse variably rounded phosphate, and 1% very fine to silt charcoal
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, subangular to angular, grains coated with calcite, silty and slightly clayey, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); contains about 2% very fine to medium, subround to well rounded phosphate, about 2% calcite sand, and less than 1% charcoal silt; scattered grains of phosphate up to 0.1 inch in diameter; indurated beds at 324.0-324.2, 325.0-325.2, and 326.0 to 326.1 feet
(No recovery)
-------------.-- unconformity ----------------
Marks Head Formation, member##l
Sand, calcite, very fine to fine, indurated, light-olive-gray (5Y6/1 ); burrowed to a depth of333.2, burrows filled with sand as above containing phosphate and quartz ~anules
Sand, calcite, mostly very fine to silt but some to medium, clayey, pale-olive (10Y6/2); contains less than 1% very fine, subround to subangular phosphate, less than 1% charcoal silt, and about 2%
very fine to fine, subangular to subrotmd quartz
Sandstooe, calcite, light-gray (N7)
Sand, quartz, fine to mostly medium, subangular to subround, well sorted, clayey and silty, porous, olive-gray (5Y411); contains about 1% very fine to medium. well rounded to round, tan to black phosphate
101

312.0 to 314.0 -140.0 to -142.0
314.0 to 316.6 -142.0 to -144.6 316.6 to 318.0 -144.6 to -146.0
318.0to323.0 -146.0to-151.0 323.0 to 324.0 -151.0 to -152.0
324.0 to 331.0: -152.0 to -159.0 331.0 to 332.0 -159.0 to -160.0
332.0 to 333.3 .-160.0 to -161.3 333.3 to 342.0 -161.3 to -170.0 342.0 to 342.2 -170.0 to -170.2 342.2 to 344.1 -170.2 to -172.1

-,
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz, fine to mostly medi'llDl. subangular to silbroWld, well sorted, clayey and silty, porous, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ); contains about I% very fine to medilDD, well fOWlded to fOWld, tan to black phosphate
Sand, quartz. fine to mostly medi'llDl. subrotmd to subangular, clean, olive-gray (5Y4/l), interbedded with clay,laminated, olive-gray (5Y3/l); sand fraction includes about 5% fine to medi'llDl. well roWlded to roWld phosphate, 1-2% shell fragments, and less than 1% fine to silt charcOal, calcareous matrix; clay contains about I% cbarcoal silt
Sand, quartz. very fine to coarse but mostly medi'llDl. angular to subroWld, some coated with calcite, slightly micaceous, calcareous, silty, olive-gray (5Y411 ); contains 3-5% very fine to very coarse, subround to angular, brown to mostly black phosphate and less than I% fine to silt charcoal
--------------- unconfonnity ----------------
Parac:bucla Formation
Silt, calcareous, laminated, indurated, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains about 5% very fine to medi'llDl. subangular to subroWld quartz. less than I% sand and silt phosphate, and less than I% fine cbarcoal; bwrowed to 358.5 feet; grades to:
Clay, calcareous, slightly silty, waxy, laminated, olive-gray (5Y3/l); contains about I% very fine quartz and less than I% charcoal silt
Sand, quartz. very fine to coarse, very poorly sorted, angular to sparsely subangular and subroWld, olive-gray (5Y4/l); contains about 5% calcite sand, 3% very fine to coarse, angular to subroWld phosphate, and about I% very fine to silt charcoal; basal part contains granules and small pebbles of quartz and phosphate
--------------- Wlconfonnity ----------------
Tiger Leap Formation, member#4
Calcarenite, medium-light-gray (N6), contains burrows filled with lithology froni above
Sand, calcite, very fine to mostly medi'llDl. subangular to angular, calcite coated, silty, porous, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); contains about I00/o very fine to mediwil, subroWld to subangular quartz, about 2% very fine to medi'llDl. roWld to subroWld phosphate, and less than I% charcoal; echinoid spine observed at 367.5 feet
(No recovery)
102

344.1 to 352.0 -172.1 to -180.0 352.0 to 354.4 -180.0 to -182.4 354.4 to 356.5 -182.4 to -184.5 356.5 to 357.5 -184.5 to -185.5
357.5 to 361.6 -185.5 to -189.6 361.6to363.6 -189.6to-191.6 363.6 to 365.7 -191.6 to -193.7
365.7 to 366.3 -193.7 to -194.3 366.3 to 370.0 -194.3 to -198.0 370.0 to 372.0 -198.0 to -200.0

.::.
Sand, calcite, fine to very co&rse, very poorly sorted. angular, silty,
semi-indurated, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2)~ contains about 3% fine to mediwn subround quartz. less than 1% mediwn. round phosphate, and less than 1% charcoal silt; calcite sand largely
cc.:m. pose'd ofsbell debris
Calcarenite, impenneable,light-gray (N7)
Sand, calcite, fine to coarse, mostly mediwn. angular, silty, semiindurated, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2)~ contains about 3% fine to mediwn subround quartz. less than 1% mediwn, round phosphate, and less than 1% charcoal silt~ calcite sand largely composed of sbell debris
Calcarenite, impermeable, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l)~ contains sparse calcitic shells
Calcarenite, about 5% moldic porosity, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l)~ contains sparse calcitic shells
(No reoovecy)
Calcarenite, about 5% moldic porosity,. light-olive-gray (5Y6/l) grading down to yellowish-gray (5Y7/2)~ contains sparse calcitic shells
(No reoovecy)
Calcarenite, about 5% moldic pcrosity, light-gray (N7)
Calcarenite, impenneable, enclosed shells preserved. dark-gray (N3)
Sand, quartz-calcite, fine to mediwn. subroWld to subangular, shelly, olive-gray (5Y4/l)~ contains 1-2% mewwn. subround phosphate . and about 1% rharcoal silt
Calcarenite, 2-5% moldic porosity, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l)~ base of layer includes granules and small pebbles of quartz and phosphate
--------------- WlCOilfonnity ----------------
Tiger Leap Formation, memberi#J
Sand, quartz-calcite, fine tomediwn. subangular, sparely shelly, olive-gray (5Y4/l)~ contains about 2% fine to mediwn. subfOWld to round phosphate and 1- 2% fine charcoal~ bwrows in top of unit filled with matrix fum above
(Noreoovecy)
103

372.0 to 374.7 -200.0 to -202.7. 374.7 to 375.0 -202.7 to -203.0
375.0 to 377.0 -203.0 to -205.0 377.0 to 377.4. -205.0 to -205.4 377.4 to 381.0 -205.4 to -209.0 381.0 to 389.0 -209.0 to -217.0 389.0 to 391.0 -217.0 to -219.0 39LO to 392.0 -219.0 to -220.0 392.0 to 393.0 -220.0.to -221.0 393.0 to 393.4 -221.0 to -221.4 393.4 to 393.8 -221.4 to.-221.8 393.8 to 395.0 -221.8 to -223.0
395.0 to 398.0 ~223.0 to -226.0 398.0 to 400.0 -226.0 to -228.0

Sand, quartz, fine to mostly mediwn, subangular to subround, silty, porous, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l) grading to mediwn-gray (N5) and mediwn-light-gray (N6)~ contains about 2% fine to mediwn, variably rounded phosphate, 1-2% shell fragments, and less than 1% fine to silt charcoal~ silt fraction mostly carbonate~ 0.8 inch pebble with weathering oc reactim rind sitting on basal contact
-------------'-- unconformity ----------------
Tiger leap Formation, member##l
Calcarenite, contains about 5% moldic porosity, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l )~contains about 2% fme quartz and phosphate~ shells and molds both presen~ oootains bum>ws full of sand and pebbles
(No recovery)
Calcarenite, contains about 5% moldic porosity, mediwn-light-gray (5Y6/l)~ contains about 2% fine quartz and phosphate~. shells and molds both present
Sand, quartz, mediwn, subround, silty, shelly, porous, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l )~contains 1-2% mediwn, round phosphate and less than 1% charooal sil~ about 25% shell fragments~ silt fraction mostly calcite
(No recovery)
Calcarenite, impermeable, shelly, olive-gray (5Y4/1)
Sand, calcite, mediwn, subangular, shelly, porous, brownish-gray (5YR5/l)~ contains about 100/o mediwn quartz and S% mediwn phosphate
Calcarenite, impermeable, sparsely shelly, olive-gray (5Y411)
Sand, quartz-calcite, mediwn, subangular, silty, shelly, porous, brownish-gray (5YR5/l) grading down to olive-gray (5Y4/l)~ contains about 25% shell fragments, I% mediwn phosphate, and less than I% charcoal silt
(No recovery)
Calcarenite, impermeable, dark-grayish-black (N2)
Sand, quartz-calcite, fine to mediwn, subangular, silty, brownishgray (5YR5/1) grading down to olive-gray (5Y411)~ contains about 25% fragmental shell sand, 1-2% fine to medium, subround phosphate, and less than I% charcoal silt~ most grains coated bycalcite oc more rarely iron hydroxide
(No recovery)
104

400.0 to 407.5 -228.0 to -235.5
407.5 to 410.0 -235.5 to -238.0 410.0 to 411.5 -238.0 to -239.5 411.5 to 413.5 -239.5 to -241.5 413.5 to 415.0 -241.5 to -243.0
415.0 tO 417.0 -243.0 to -245.0 .
417.0 to 417.5 -245.0 to -245.5 417.5 to 418.0 -245.5 to -246.0 418.0 to 419.5 -246.0 to -247.5
419.5 to 422.4 -247.5 to -250.4 422.4 to 425.0 -250.4 tci -253.0 425.0 to 425.5 -253.0 to -~53.5
425.5 to 430.0 -253.5 to -258.0 430.0 to 431.0 -258.0 to -259.0

Sand. quartz-calcite, fine to medium, subangular, silty, brownishgray (5YRS/1) grading down to olive-gray (5Y4/1 )~ contains about 25% fragmental shell sand, 1-2% fine to medium, subround phosphate, and less than 1% cbarcoal sil~ most grains coated by calcite oc moce rarely iron hydroxide
(No recoveJY)
-----------~--- uncoofonnity ----------------
Tiger Leap Formation, member ill
Calcarenite, impermeable, shelly, medium-dark-gray (N4)~ upper part ofbed burrowed and burrows filled with lithology above
(No recovery)
Calcarenite, impenneable, sbelly, dusky-yellowish-brown (10YR212)
Sand, quartz, medium, subround to subangular, silty, brownishgray (5YRS/l)~ contains about 5% fragmental shell sand, 2-3% fine to coarse, subround phosphate, and 1% very fine to silt cllarcoal~ remaining silt composed of calcite
(No recovery)
--------------- tmCOofonnity ----------------
Suwannee limestone
Calcarenite, impermeable, shelly, dusky-yellowish-brown (10YR212)~ bmrowed and bwrows filled with matrix from above
(No recovery)
Calcarenite, impenneable, shelly, dusky-yellowish-brown (10YR2/2)
Sand, quartz-calcite, medium, angular to subangular, silty, dusky-yellowishbrown (10YR2/2)~ contains about 20% fragmental shell sand and 5% medium, angular to subangular phosphate~ silt fraction composed of calcite
Calcarenite, impenneable, shelly, dusky-yellowish-brown (1OYR212)
(No recovery)
Calcarenite, impenneable, shelly, dusky-yellowish-brown (1OYR212)
Calcarenite, contains about 5% moldic porosity, shelly, light-olive-gray (5Y5/2) to yellowish-gray (5Y7/2)
(No recovery)
lOS

431.0 to 431.5 -259.0 to -259.5 431.5 to 432.0 -259.5 to -260.0
432.0 to 437.0 -260.0 to -265.0 437.0 to 442.0 -265.0 to -270.0 442.0 to 442.5 -270.0 to -270.5
442.5 to 445.0 -270.5 to -273.0 445.0 to 447.0 -273.0 to -275.0
447.0 to 448.0. -275.0 to -276.0. 448.0 to 449.0 -276.0 to -277.0 449.0 to 449.2 -277.0 to -277.2
449.2 to 449.4 -277.2 to -277.4 449.4 to 451.4 -277.4 to -279.4 451.4 to 452.0 -279.4 to -280.0 452.0 to 453.0 -280.0 to -281.0 453.0 to 458.0 -281.0 to -286.0 458.0 to 464.0 -286.0 to -292.0

Calcarenite, impenneable, shelly, light-olive-gray (5Y512) to yellowishgray (5Y712)
(No recovery)

464.0 to 465.0 -292.0 to -293.0 465.0 to 472.0 -293.0 to -300.0 472.0feet -300.0 feet elev.

106

Appendb. B - Litboloeic description of the Tybee Island Corebole (SHE-7 and 7a)

Location: Tybee Island North 7.5-minute quadrangle Latitude: 32 01 I 28" Longitude: SOO 511 10" Swface altitude: 12 feet above sea level Total J>alth: 133.3 feet (-121.3 feet elev.)
Lithologic description

Depth below Land swface,
in feet

Altitude Interval, in feet

(Top 61.5 feet described but not cored; description for this interval taken from C. Robbins Drilling Log)

Fill material
Satilla Formation
Sand, quartz, poorly sorted, slightly siltY, light-brown
Sand, quartz, poorly sorted, slightly silty, sparse snail shell fragments present, slightly calcareous, gray
Sand, quartz, fine, silty, sparse snail shell fragments present, slightly calcareous, gray
Sand, quartz, poorly sorted, slightly silty, shell fragments present, slightly calcareous, gray
Sand, quartz, fine, silty, sparse shell and wood fragments, slightly calcareous, gray
Sand, quartz, fine, clayey, contains sparse shell fragments, slightly calcareous, gray
Sand, quartz, fine, silty, contains sparse shell fragments, slightly calcareous, gray
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, clayey, contains sparse shell fragments and wood, slightly calcareous, gray
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, silty, contains sparse shell fragments, slightly calcareous, gray
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, clayey, contains sparse shell fragments, slightly calcareous, gray
Clay, silty, fine to medium quartz sandy, contains sparse shell fragments, slightly calcareous, gray

0.0 to 11.0 +12.0 to 1.0

11.0 to 15.5

l.Oto -3.5

15.5 to 19.5

3.5 to -7.5

19.5 to 22.5

-7.5 to -10.5

22.5 to24.0 -10.5 to -12.0

24.0 to27.0 -12.0 to -15.0

27~0 to 31.5 -15.0 to -19.5

31.5 to 33.0 -19.5 to -21.0

33.0 to 34.5 -21.0 to -22.5

34.5 to 37.5 -22.5 to -25.5

- 37.5. to 39.0 -25.5 to -27.0

39.0to 49.5 -27.0 to -37.5

107

Sand, quartz, fine to medium-gray, contains sparse shell fragments, slightly calcareous, gray .
Clay, silty, fine to medium quartz sandy, contains shell fra~ents, slightly calcareous, gray
Sand, quartz, fine to medium, silty, contains abundant shell fragments, slightly calcareous matrix, gray
------------------- unconformity ----------------
Ebenezer Formation, member#S
Sand, quartz, fine: clayey, contains abundant shell fragments, calcareous, gray and olive-gray
(Begin interval of core recovery)
Sand, phosphate-calcite-quartz, mostly fme but very fine to medium, angular to subangular quartz and calcite fractions, subangular to round phosphate fraction, very silty, grains coated with calcite; contains shell fragments, Foraminifera, siliceous perforated tubules, scattered round phosphate pebbles to 0.2 inch in diameter and a trace of very fine to silt carbonaceous material, very calcareous, dark-olive-gray (SY3/1); friable, P<>rous, texture massive and probably bioturbated
(No recovery)
Sand, quartz-calcite-phosphate, fine and well sorted but ranges from very fine to coarse; quartz fraction (about 50-70%) mostly subangular with calcite-coated grains; black and tan phosphate fraction (about 4-12 %) angular to round, as well as worn shark teeth and fish bones; calcite fraction (about 12-30.%) composed mostly offme shell fragments, very calcareous, trace of carbonaceous silt, shelly below 78 foot depth (including Amusium mortoni), dark-olive-gray (SY3/1 ), grades rapidly to:
Sand, quartz, mostly fme but ranges up to coarse, smaller grains subangular, larger grains subround, very silty, olive-black (SY2/l); phosphate fraction (5 %) fine (angular) to medium (round), black to tan; contains sparse (<1 %) shellfragments and a teleost fish vertebra; coarse quartz and phosphate at base and round phosphate pebbles to 0.2 inch in diameter
------------------------- unconformity -----~------------------
108

49.5 to 54.0 -37.5 to -42.0 54.0 to 55.5 -42.0 to -43.5 55.5 to 57.0 -43.5 to -45.0
57.0 to 61.5 -45.0 to -49.5

61.5 to 61.8 61.8 to 68.7

-49.5 to -49.8 -49.8 to -56~7

68.7 to 79.8 -56.7 to -67.8 79.8 to 80.5 -67.8 to -68.5

Coosawhatchie Formation, Berryville Clay (upper part)
Calcisiltite, porous, contains fine to medium round black and tan phosphate and scattered shell fragments, olive-gray (5Y4/l); unit prominently burrowed with burrows filled with matrix from Ulritabove,gradesto:
Sand, quartz-phosphate, very fme to fine, sparse medium, angular, silty, olive-gray (5Y4/1); phosphate fraction (about 200/o) ranges from very fine to granular, mostly round, mostly black to some tan; contains very sparse shell fragments and abundant calcite rhombs in fine fraction; base ofbed contains quartz and phosphate granules to 0.25 inch in diameter, subround to round
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
Coosawhatchie Formation, Tybee Phosphorite Member
Calcisiltite, quartz-phosphate sandy, porous, laminated, olive-gray (SY4/1 ); quartz and phosphate very fiDe to medium; contains minor shell fragments and carbonaceous silt, grades to:
Sand, phosphate-quartz, phosphate fraction fine and round to well rounded, quartz fraction fine to medium and angular to subangular, grains coated with calcite, silty, olive-gray (5Y411) grading downward to olive-black (SY2/l); bulk composition about 80% phosphate sand, I0% quartz sand, and 10% calcite grain-coatings; scattered subround quartz and rock fragments to 0.8 inch in diameter present on basal contact
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
Marks Head Formation, member#J
Dolosiltite, quartz-phosphate sandy,light-olive-gray (5Y5/2), indurated, contains molds of mollusk shells; quartz sand very fme to medium, well rounded to subround; phosphate very fine to medium, well rounded; burrows from above are filled with fine to very coarse granular quartz, round and well polished, granules of phosphate containing quartz grains, and worn shark teeth, grades to:
Sand, quartz-phosphate, mostly medium but up to very coarse, quartz angular to subround, phosphate subangular to round, sparsely granular, slightly silty, grayish-black (N2); contains 1-2% shell fragments and clumps of grains cemented together by calcite; basal two inches contains round granules of quartz and phosphate and rounded rip-up clasts of bed below
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
109

80.5 to 81.1 -68.5 to -69.1 81.1 to 82.8 -69.1 to -70.8 82.8 to 84.6 -70.8 to -72.6 84.6 to 90.6 -72.6 to -78.6
90.6 to 91.6 -78.6 to -79.6 91.6 to 93.0 -79.6 to -81.0

Marks Head Formation, member#l
Sandstone, quartz, fine, well rounded, well sorted, in abundant dolomite matrix, light-olive-gray (5Y6/l); contains 5-10% phosphate sand and sparse mollusk shell molds; grades to:
Sand, quar1z-calcite, very fine to fine, angular to subround, well sorted, with abundant calcite silt and clay matrix, and silt, very fme to fine sandy, interbedded; micaceous, grayisholive (I OY412); moderately indurated but porous, contains sparse shell molds, about 2% fine to medium subangular to very round phosphate, and less than I% very fine to silt carbonaceous matter, grades rapidly to:
Sandstone, dolomite-quar1z, fine to medium, subangular to subround, clayey and silty, light-olive-gray (5Y512); contains 1-2% fine subangular to round phosphate and less than I% very fine to silt carbonaceous matter and mica
Clayey silt and silty sand, interlaminated, olive-gray (5Y312), clay shrinks on drying
Silt, calcite-quar1z, very fme quar1z sandy, clayey, angular to subangular, olive-gray (5Y312); contains about I% very fme to fine subround to round phosphate, about I% very fme to silt carbonaceous matter, and mica that is sparse at top and more abundant downward, grades to:
Silt, quartz-calcite, very fine to fine, quar1z sandy, angular to subround, clayey and silty (mostly calcite), olive-gray (5Y412) to light-olive-gray (5Y5/2); well indurated, porous and lightweight; contains less than I% phosphate sand, mica, and a small teleost fish tooth; grades to:
Sand, phosphate-calcite-quartz, fine to coarse, clayey and silty, partially indurated, olive-gray (5Y312); phosphate fme to coarse and subround to round, quar1z and calcite fme to medium and subangular; contains less than I% very fme to silt carbonaceous matter and sparse mica; grades to:
Sand, phosphate-quartz-calcite, fine to medium, subangular to subround, silty and very clayey, partially indurated, olive-gray (5Y411 ); silt and clay mostly calcite; contains fme subround to well rounded phosphate and bivalve shell fragments; basal six inches contains phosphate pebbles to 0.33 inch in diameter
------------------------- unconformity ------------------------
110

93.0 to 96.1 -81.0 to -84.1
96.1 to 103.0 -84.1 to -91.0 103.0 to 103.5 -91.0 to -91.5 103.5 to 105.2 -91.5 to -93.2 105.2 to 110.5 -93.5 to -98.5 110.5 to 119.0 -98.5 to -107.0 119.0to 125.5 -107.0to-113.5 125.5 tol26.4 -113.5 to -114.4

Tiger Leap Formation, member#3
Limestone, moldic, yellowish-gray (SY8/l ); contains about 2040% mediwn subangular to subround quartz, 1-2% mediwn round phosphate, and less than 1% very fine to silt carbonaceous matter; rock has about 200/o moldic porosity at top which decreases to about 5% moldic porosity by base of core, porosity results from dissolved mollusk shells; top of unit is a phosphate-coated. bored hard-ground
Base of oorehole

126.4 to 133.3 -114A to -121.3

133.3 feet

-121.3 feet elev.

111

~~- - - - - - - - - - -
112

Appendix I - Supplemental Obsenations op the Cumberland Island Corebole
A detailed log of the Cwnberland Island corehole #1 is presented in Clarke and others (1990), p. 65-68. To this description the following observations may be added:
Depth Obsen'ations 0-12 Clean dune sand 12-30 Sand, clayey and silty 30-90 Sand, shelly, coarse at base with fish tooth fragments present 90-96 Clayey dolomite, like from 96-100 130-132 Clayey sand at 132 Unconformable contact, coarse sand lying on fine dolomite that contains bum>ws filled with
coarse sand 135-137 Listed as missing, but is pre~t 159-163 Listed as missing, but is present. at 161 Unconformable contact, abrupt change to unit below 161-163 Calcareous hardground at 206 Unconformable contact at 289 Unconformable contact at 360 Unconformable contact, picked from gamma log at 374 Unconformable contact at 410 Unconformable contact (top of recovered interval burrowed) 435-440 Not present in coreboxes,listed as present in log at 440 Unconformable contact at 486 Unconformable contact, phosphate pebbles present and burrows penetrate underlying unit 489-5 10 Interval listed as "no recovery" but partly present in core boxes at SO 1 Unconformable contact, mediwn to coarse pebbly sand on bored dolomite,
borings filled with sand
113

114

Appendix J - Grain-size distributions of selected samples

Effingham County Corehole

Sample
Number
Raysor Formation? Eff-42.5'

All mineral components yf f m c yc IU

4

0 0

Ebenezer Formation, member#4 Eff-72.5'

15 !2

t

0

Ebenezer Formation, member#l Eff-112.5'

34 3

2

Ebenezer Formation, member#l Eff-122.5'

29 3

5

Coosawbatcbie Formation, Berryville Clay Member (upper part)
Eff-128.0' Eff-129.8' Eff-140.0' Eff-159.0'

8 1 2 .1 t
1 1t 14

t t t t t 0 t 00
t 0

Marks Head Formation, member#l Eff-I85.0' Eff-I95.0' Eff-208.0'

I 34 !1. 8

0

4 21 21 13

0

6 13 12 34 t 0

Paracbucla Formation Eff-233.5' Eff-255.0'

26 9 3 2 t 0

3

t

Suwannee limestone Eff-268.0'

I3 J.Q 6 I t t

Silt& ..Qlu
36
~
60
2Q
2.2
~ 86
15
5
8
QQ
'fl
44

Samples of 70-110 grams were taken from each corehole at the depths indicated for sediment analysis. Samples were wet-sieved through 10, 35, 60, I20, and 240 mesh sieves to collect granule, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, and very fine sand fractions. Each fraction was dried and weighed, and the missing weight was ascribed to the silt-clay fraction. The resulting weight distributions were used to create this table. No acid treatment was attempted for the samples from this corehole.

115

Fort Pulaski Corehole (SHE-8)

Sample Number
Tybee Phosphorite
SHE-8-82'

Carbonate yff m c VC IP"
0 2~

Phosphate yf f m c VC gr
13 M 10 4 2 2

Marks Head Formation
member#l SHE-8-92' SHE-8-96'

Ittt0 0 30000 0

0 t00 0 0 2 t00 0 0

Tiger Leap Formation
member#J SHE-8-109'

(Calcite cemented)*

0 t t0 0 0

Other (mostly quartz) yf f m c VC gr

Silt& Silt, Clay, Clay & Carbonate*

7 ~ ~ 3

t

10

Q Q

t

0

84

ll 1

tt 0

67

..4

0

94

Carbonate-cemented samples could not be disaggregated to separately determine the grain-size distribution of the carbonate sand

fraction or to distinguish the carbonate sand fraction from the clay/silt fraction. "t" means less than 0.5% of total, other values rounded

to nearest whole percent.



Samples of 70-110 grams were taken from each corehole at the depths indicated for sediment analysis. Samples were wet-sieved through 10, 35, 60, 120, and 240 mesh sieves to collect granule, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fme sand, and very fine sand fractions. Each fraction was dried and weighed, and the missing weight was ascribed to the silt-clay fraction. For carbonateindurated samples, this step was skipped All samples were recombined and treated in dilute (20%) hydrochloric acid until all reaction ceased (usually two days or less). When reaction ceased, samples were then sieved, dried, and weighed again. When reaction ceased, the samples again were sieved, dried, and weighed to determine the acid-insoluble fraction of the sample. The resulting weight distributions were used to create this table.

116

Mcintosh County Corehole

Sample
Number

Carbonate I Phosphate yf f m e ye Kl"

Cypresshead Formatlou?

Mel- 52'

0 2

t t 0

Ebenezer Formation member #IS Mel- 57'

0 0 0 000

Ebenezer Formation, member#4 .Mel -78' Mel -108'

t 2

t 00

32t t

0

Ebenezer Formation, member#J Mel -121'

0 3 1 000

Ebenezer Formation, member#l Mel -135' Mel -153' Mel -183'

0 1

t 00

1 0 t 0 0 o

0 2 8 000

Ebenezer Formation,

member#l

Mel-205'

3

0 000

Coosawhatc:bie Formation,

Berryville Clay Member

(upper part)

Mel -233'

4 (j 0 0 0 0

Mel -253'

t 2 0 t 00

Mel-258'

1 t 0 00t

Coosawhatc:hie Formation,

Berryville Clay Member

(lower part)

Mel -282'

t t t

0

Coosawhatc:bie Formation,

Tybee Phosphorite Member

Mel -286'

4 3 3

t t

Marks Head Formation,

member#l

Mcl-296'

4

Parachucla Formation

Mel -333'

Mel-348'

t

0 0 0 0 0 0

Other (mostly quartz) yf f m e yc Kl"
15 ll. 4 13 4

27 ~

5 Bl 1 t t t iS. 19 1 1 t

18 1Jl 2 t t t

.ll 27 13 2

t

39 ~ 1 t

t

1 5 ll 5 t t

~2 t

t 0

26 1 t 0 0 0 3 17 17 t 0 0 3 1 1t t 2

4

tt 0

2 9 8 3

t

2 5 l2 31 6
t t 00 0 t t t00
117

Silt & ~
8
9
9 19
5
22 14 4
45
.Q2 60 21.
~
12
~
22

.-----------------------------------------~--------------~-~~~--------

Mcintosh County Corehole--Continued

Sample
Nwnber

Carbonate I Phosphate yf . f m c vc &I"

Tiger Leap Formation,

memben undifferentiated

Mel -354'

3 2 5 68 0

Mel -383'

3t32 11

Mcl-405'

1 14 6 3 5

Suwannee Limestone Mel- 427' Mel -448'

8~92 1 0
1 lQ 7 8 4 1

Other (mostly quartz) yf f m C VC gT

3 3 ll 8 1 0

2 12 ~ 20 5 0

1 16 7

0

4 9

t 0 0

t 00 0

Silt&*
.lix
30 26 ~
39 48

"t" means less than 0.5% of total, other values rounded to nearest whole percent.
Samples of 70-110 grams were taken from each corehole at the depths indicated for sediment analysis. Samples were wet-sieved through 10, 35, 60, 120, and 240 mesh sieves to collect granule, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fme sand, and very fine sand fractions. Each fraction was dried and weighed, and the missing weight was ascribed to the silt-clay fraction. For carbonate- indurated samples, this step was skipped. All samples were recombined and treated in dilute (20%) hydrochloric acid until all reaction ceased (usually two days or less). When reaction ceased, samples were then sieved, dried, and weighed again. When reaction ceased, the samples again were sieved, dried, and weighed to determine the acid-insoluble fraction of the sample. The resulting weight distributions were used to create these tables.

--
us

Richmond Hill Corehole

Sample
Number
Ebenezer Formation, member#U RiH-48'

All mineral components yf f m c yc Ill'
36 ~ 2 t t

Ebenezer Formation, member##l RiH-72' RiH- 88'

12 2 t t t t

2i 11 t

t 0

Ebenezer Formation, member##! RiH-125' RiH-136'

~ 5
40 4

t t t

1

t

Cooaawbatcbie Formation,

Berryville Clay Member

(upper part)

RiH- 154'

36 1 t t t t

RiH-171'

7 1 1t t 0

RiH-182'

17 10 14 .1.2 2 t

Marks Head Formation,

member#J

RiH- 206'

18 22 16 4

Marlu Head Formation,

member#l

RiH- 226'

7 .32 26 13 1 2

Parac:huela Formation

RiH- 267.5'

3 24 10 5 2

Tiger Leap Formation, member#J
RiH- 301'

5 13 ~ 8

Tiger Leap Formation,

member#l

RiH- 310'

8 13 l l 16

Suwannee Umestone RiH- 324' RiH- 332'

6 ~ 13 11 3
6 18 2! 10 2 t

Silt& ~
. 17
i
24
30 ~
~
2Q 37
35
16
19
27 37 40

Samples of 70-110 grams were taken from each corehole at the depths indicated for sediment analysis. Samples were wet-sieved through 10, 35, 60, 120, and 240 mesh sieves to collect granule, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, and very fine sand fractions. Each fraction was dried and weighed, and the missing weight was ascribed to the silt-clay fraction. The resulting weight distributions were used to create these tables.
119

St. Marys Corehole

Sample Nwnber

Carbonate I Phosphate yf f m c VC gr

Ebenezer Formation

member#l

StM- 241.0'

t t

I t

StM- 266.0' 2 II t t 0 0

StM- 279.0' 1 t 2 2 t t

StM- 287.0' 2 8 t t t 0

StM- 307.0' I I I 0 0 0

Marks Head Formation

member#l

StM- 325.0' I t 4 3 2 3

StM- 339.0' I I I I t t

StM- 354.0' 2 2 I 4 I t

StM- 361.0'

32 34 2

StM- 369.0'

t I I 0 0 0

StM- 385.5' 2 t t 0 t t

StM- 397.0' 7 I

t0 0

StM- 403.0' I 4 t 0 0 0

Marks Head Formation

member#l

StM-415.0'

76 2 t t

StM- 431.5' (carbonate-cemented)*

Paracbucla Formation StM- 434.8' 4 7 7 5 2

Tiger Leap Formation, member#J StM- 454.5' (carbonate-cemented) StM-479.0' 14 9 2 I t t StM- 483.0' 7 6 2 2

Other (mostly quartz) vf f m c VC gi"

3 6 33 ~ 4 t

30 !l t t 0 0

3 24 22 ll 2 t

21 .12 t t t 0

16 I t

0 0

I 8 l l 16 4 I

3 2.1 .ll 6 I 0

2 8 30 27 6 t

I 13 ~ .1 II 2

2 17 21 4 t 0

14 4

.t I 0

7 I

0

I I

0

2 4 25 22 2 t

I 26 2

t

5 14 40 II

0

t I II 10 4 t

13 I I

t 0

II 2

0 0

Silt& Silt, Clay, Clay & Carbonate*
7 14 II 44 80
16 34 17 18 21 ~
M
93
29 89
5
1.4
59 70

*Carbonate-cemented samples could not be disaggregated to separately determine the grain-size distribution of the carbonate sand fraction or to distinguish the carbonate sand fraction from the clay/silt fraction. "t" means less than 0.5% of total, other values rounded to nearest whole percent.

Samples of 70-110 grams were taken from each corehole at the depths indicated for sediment analysis. Samples were wet-sieved

through I0, 35, 60, 120, and 240 mesh sieves to collect granule, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, and very fme

sand fractions. Each fraction was dried and weighed, and the missing weight was ascribed to the silt-clay fraction. For carbonate-

indurated samples, this step was skipped All samples were recombined and treated in dilute (20%) hydrochloric acid until all reaction

ceased (usually two days or less). When reaction ceased, the samples again were sieved, dried, and weighed to determine the acid-

insoluble fraction of the sample.
.

The .resulting weight distributions were used to create this table.

120

Toombs County Corehole

Sample
Nwnber
Ebeaaer Formation, meaiberi#S Too-69.0'
Too- 90.0' Too- 107.5
Ebenezer Formation, memberl#l Too- 140.0'
Too-165.0'

All mineral components vf f m c yc llf

12 l l 16 5
4 18 ~ 23
18 l l 15 2

2 1 t 1 1

13 ~ 5 1 t t
2 Jj ~ 9 t t

Ebenezer Formation, member##l Too-194.0' Too- 198.5'

a 2

25 2

3 ~ 23 9

t t 3 1

Cooaawbatehle Formation,

Meigs Member

Too- 219.0'

10 12 3 t t 0

Cooaawbatehle Formation,

Tybee Phosphorite Member

Too- 257.0'

8 l l 18 t t 0

Marks Head Formation

member##l

Too-280.0'

6

t 00

Marks Head Formation member##l Too-328.0'

a 4

24 6

Marks Head Formation member##l Too- 356.0'

7 28 Jj 12 3 t

Tiger Leap Formation, member##4 Too- 374.0'

7 15 16 15 12

Silt&
.Qn.
42 12 29
26 11
18 15
12
21
14
12
27

Samples of 70-110 grams were taken from each co~hole at the depths indicated for sediment analysis. Samples were wet-sieved through 10, 35, 60, 120, and 240 mesh sieves to collect granule, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, and very fine sand fractioos. Each fraction was dried and weighed, and the missing weight was ascribed to the silt-clay fraction. The resulting weight distributions were used to create this table.

121

n Tybee Island Coreholes (SHE-7 A)

Sample
Number
Ebenezer Formation member#S
SHE-7~9'
SHE-7-78'
Tybee Phosphorite
SHE-7-84'

Carbonate yf f m c yc W"

9 ll 2 t 0 0

0 11 1

t 0

1tt t 00

Phosphate yff m c VC gr
22 t t t t
1~ 1 1 2 2
121 t t 0

Marks Head Formation, member##J
SHE-7A-91' SHE-7-93'

(Dolomite cemented)* (Dolomite cemented)*

12 I 3 ~
.l 0 0 0 0

Marks Head Formation,
member#l SHE-7A-99' SHE-7A-103' SHE-7A-107' SHE-7A-118' SHE-7A-126'

00000 0
(Dolomite cemented)*
2. 0 0 0 0 t
~t 000 0 11I I I I

0 o. 0 0 0 0
11 t 0 0 0 100 00 0
00000 0
2.1 8 2 I 1 5

Tiger Leap Formation
member#J SHE-7A-129'

(Calcite cemented)*

0 011 t 0

Other (mostly quartz)

Silt&

yf f m c VC KJ" .lliy

Silt, Clay, & Carbonate

11 l i 2
9~ 3

t t

18

1 t

8

2 l

t

~

1 3 10 8 4 2

61

6~ 3

0 0

54

18 30 1

0 0

.ll

4 ll 4 t 0 0

57

.11 6 t

t 0

~

2!i 8 t. t t 0

60

Q I 24 I

42

7 li 9

0

58

Carbonate-cemented samples could not be disaggregated to separately determine the grain-size distribution of the carbonate sand fraction or to distinguish the carbonate sand fraction from the clay/silt fraction. "t" means less than 0.5% of total, other values rounded to nearest whole percent.
Samples of 70-ll 0 grams were taken from each corehole at the depths indicated for sediment analysis. Samples were wet-sieved through 10, 35, 60, 120, and 240 mesh sieves to collect granule, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, and very fine sand fractions. Each fraction was dried and weighed, and the missing weight was ascribed to the silt-clay fraction. For carbonateindurated samples, this step was skipped All samples were recombined and treated in dilute (20%) hydrochloric acid until all reaction ceased (usually two days or less). When reaction ceased, the samples again were sieved, dried, and weighed to determine the acidinsoluble fraction of the sample. The resulting weight distributions were used to create these tables.

122

Appendix K ..;.. Dinoflagellate datums in the Miocene

(HO = highest occurrence; LO = lowest occurrence), extracJ. from de Verteuil and Norris (1996).

. .

-

I

-

HO+ Distatodinium biffii- defines the base of DN 1, uppermost Oligocene (Chattian) LO Hystricho.sphaeropsis obscura - at or near the base of DN 1, lower lower Miocene (Aquitanian) [are older reports in the
literature] HO genus Homotryblium- within DN-1, lower lower Mioeene-(Aquitanian)

HO+ Chiropteridium galea - defines the top of DN 1/base of DN 2, lower lower Miocene (Aquitanian) LO Sumatradinium hamulatwn and S. soucouyanlioe - at or near the base of DN 2, lower lower Miocene (Aquitanian) LO Cousteaudinium aubryae - low in DN 2, lower lower Miocene (Aquitanian)

LO Pentadinium sp. I of Edwards (1986, 1991), within DN 2, lower lower Miocene (Aquitanian) LO Operculodinium piaseckii - within DN 2, lower lower Miocene (Aquitanian) HO Cordosphaeridium cantharellus - within DN 2, middle lower Miocene (Burdigalian)

HO Dinopterygium cuidoides sensu Morgenroth 1966 - within DN 2, middle lower Miocene (Burdigalian) HO Cerebrocysta satchelliae- within DN 2, middle lower Miocene (Burdigalian) HO Cribroperidinium tenuitabulatwn - within DN 2, middle lower Miocene (Burdigalian)

HO+ Exochosphaeridium insigne -defines the top of DN 2/base of DN 3, middle lower Miocene (Burdigalian) LO Sumatradinium druggii - low in DN 3, upper lower Miocene (Burdigalian) HO Pentadinium sp. I of Edwards (1986, 1991), within DN 3, upper lower Miocene (Burdigalian)

LO Cerebrocysta poulsenii - high in DN 3, upper lower Miocene (Burdigalian) HO Sumatradinium hamulatwn - high in DN 3, upper lower Miocene (Burdigalian) LO+ Labyrinlhodinium truncatum- defines the top ofDN 3/base ofDN 4, uppermost lower Miocene or lowermost middle
Miocene (Burdigalian/Langhian)

HO Cousteaudinium aubryae and Apteodinium spiridoides - at or near the top of DN 4, lower middle Miocene (Langhian) HO+ Distatodinium paradoxum- defines the top of DN 4/base of DN 5, lower middle Miocene (Langhian) HO+ Apteodinium tectatum- within DN 5, middle middle Miocene (Serravallian)

LO Habibacysta tectata- within DN 5, middle middle Miocene (Serravallian) LO Trinovatedinium papulum- within DN 5, middle middle Miocene (Serravallian) HO+ Systemalophora placacanlha -defines the top of DN 5/base of DN 6, middle middle Miocene (Serravallian)

LO Selerwpemphix dionaeacysta - at or near the base of DN 6, middle middle Miocene (Serravallian) LO + Cannosphaeropsis passio - defines the top of DN 6/base of DN 7, upper middle Miocene (Serravallian) LO Erymnodinium delectabile - within DN 7, upper middle Miocene (Serravallian)

123

.

\

Appendix K - Dinoflagellate datums in the Miocene-Continued

HO Cyclopsiella eUipticalgranosa complex aod Penlodinium laticinctum complex - within DN 7, upper middle Miocene
(Serravallian)
LO 'rrinow.mlediniwn glorianum - at or near the top of DN 7, upper middle Miocene (Serravallian)
HO+ Cannosphaeropsis passio- defines the top of DN 7/base of DN 8, uppermost middle Miocene (Serravallian)

LO Achomosphaera andalousiensis- at or near the base ofDN 8, lowermost upper Miocene (Tortonian) LO Opercu/odiniwn janduchenei - within DN 8, lower upper Miocene (Tortonian) HO Corrlosphaeridium mininuun sensu Benedek aod Saljeant (1981)- within lower ON 8, lower upper Miocene (Tortonian)

HO Cerebrocysta poulsenii - within lower DN 8, lower upper Miocene (Tortonian) HO Sumatradinium druggii aod Palaeocystodinium gokowense - at or near the top of DN 8, middle upper Miocene (Tortonian) HO+ Sumalradinium soucouyantitu -defines the top of DN 8/base of DN. 9, middle upper Miocene (Tortonian)
LO Operculodinium ? eirikianum aod BarssiJinium evangelineae - at or near the base of DN 9, middle upper Miocene
(Tortonian) HO Operculodiniliin piaseckii - within DN 9, middle upper Miocene (Tortonian) HO Heteraul4cocysta campanula, Dapsilidinium pseudocolligenun, aod Labyrinlhodinium trrmcatum - at or near the top of
DN 9, upper upper Miocene (upper Tortonian)
HO+ Hystrichosphaeropsis obscum - detioes tbe top "af DN 9/base DN 10, upper upper Miocene (upper Tortonian) [this species
is known to range higher in Florida (Weedman and others, 1995)] LO Selenopemphix annageddonensis and Filisphaem microomata- at or near the base of DN 10, upper upper Miocene (upper
Tortonian) HO+ Erymnodinium delectabile - defines the top of DN 10, upper upper Miocene (Messinian)

124

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