Geology and ground-water resources of the coastal area of Georgia [1990]

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF TilE COASTAL AREA OF GEORGIA
By JohnS. Clarke, Charles M. Hacke, and Michael F. Peck
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
BULLETIN 113
ERRATA SHEET
Page 49. figure 22 -38Q004 should be Lower Floridan aquifer 39Q017 should be Lower Floridan aquifer 39Q018 should be Lower Floridan aquifer
Page 80-Well number 4H074 should be 34H074
Page 83-Well number 34H391, aquifer should be Lower Floridan (LF).

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE COASTAL AREA OF GEORGIA
by John S. Clarke, Charles M. Hacke, and Michael F. Peck
Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division
Georgia Geologic Survey

Cover Photograph: Sunset at St Marys, Georgia. [Photograph courtesy of Dean B. Radtke, U.S. Geological Survey]

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE COASTAL AREA OF GEORGIA
by
JohnS. Clarke, Charles M. Hacke, and Michael F. Peck

Prepared in cooperation '>l.ith the

Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
Water Resources Division

and

_j

Department of Natural Resources

J. Leonard Ledbetter, Commissioner

Environmental Protection Dhision Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director

Georgia Geologic Survey \Villiam H. McLemore, State Geologist

Atlanta, Georgia 1990
Reprinted 1999
BULLETIN 113

:.:. L~ ~-

- '/

""I

.:./

CONTENTS

Page

Abstract................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction...........................................................................................;............................................................................................. 2
Purpose and scope............................................................................................................................................................... 2 Previous studies.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Well-numbering system....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Method of study................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Test-well coring and drilling progtam................................................................................................................ S Borehole geophysical interpretation and correlation....................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Geology................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Geologic units....................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Paleocene unit....................................................................................................................................................... 9 Lower Eocene unit................................................................................................................................................ 9 Middle Eocene unit.............................................................................................................................................. 9 Upper Eocene unit..............................................................................................................................................10 Oligocene unit..................................................................................................................................................... 10 Miocene units...................................................................................................................................................... 11
Unit C.................................................................................................................................................... 11 Unit B.................................................................................................................................................... 12 UnitA.................................................................................................................................................... 12 Depositional environments ................................................................................................................. 13 Post-Miocene unit ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Pliocene Series...................................................................................................................................... 14 Pleistocene Series................................................................................................................................. 14 Holocene Series.................................................................................................................................... 14 Geophysical markers.......................................................................................................................................... 14 Configuration of geophysical-marker horizons ............................................................................................... 15 Geologic structure ............................................................................................................................................... 15 Interpretation of structural features .................................................................................................. 18 Ground-water resources............................................................................................................................................................,...... 18 Hydrologic setting.....................................................................................................................;........................................ 18 Surficial aquifer.................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Hydraulic properties........................................................................................................................................... 19 Ground-water pumpage..................................................................................................................................... 21 Water levels......................................................................................................................................................... 22 Aquifers in Miocene sediments........................................................................................................................................ 26 Upper Brunswick aquifer................................................................................................................................... 26 Lower Brunswick aquifer................................................................................................................................... 26 Hydraulic properties........................................................................................................................................... 27 Ground-water pumpage...................................................................................................................... 28 Water levels.......................................................................................................................................... 28 Floridan aquifer system..................................................................................................................................................... 29 Upper Floridan aquifer...................................................................................................................................... 29 Permeable zones .................................................................................................................................. 30 Hydraulic properties ............................................................................................................................ 30 Ground-water pumpage ...................................................................................................................... 31 Water levels.......................................................................................................................................... 31

iii

CONTENTS--Continued

Page

Ground-water resources--Continued

Floridan aquifer system--Continued

.

. . ..

Lower ~~!~~ati~~t~~~::::~~::.::::::::.~:::::::::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~:

HydraUlic properties ....................,,,....................,...................................,......,.................................... 34

Ground-water purripage .........,..........................., ........................................................................... 35

Confmirig units...~.~~~~-~-~~~~~::::::::::.:::::::::~:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~;

Heai:l' differences.......:..................................................................,.,......................................._............................" 38

Geothermal gradient............................................................._......................................................................,.........'":-". 41

Interaquifer leakage........................................,,.......................,,,.....,.....................................................................;;.;........ 42 Water Quality......~.......~....................................~.................................................................................................................. 43

Surficial aquifer..................................................,,..., ........,..,,..,......,.................-.................................................. 43

Aquifers in Miocene sediments......................,.,,.................,_,.............................................................................. 45

"'''Floridan aquifer system.......:.......::......:..::::.......,,,..._,.,.................,.................................................................... 46 Chloride concen~rai~on.........,;.......................,.,...,.,............................................................................. 46

Summary and conclusions.........................................................,..............,,,..,...,.,.,..................................;....................................... 53

Selected references.........:......................................................................,................., ........................................................................ 58

Appendices............................................................................................,......, ...................................,................................................ 62 Appendix A.--Lithologic descriptions from sele~ted wells ........,.................................................................................. 63

AppendiX B.--Record ofselected construction information and available geophysical logs

for wells in the study area...............:......................................................................................................:...................... 69 Appendix C.-:Ground-water-level, chloride, and specifi~ C()nductance d~ta from selected

wells in the coastal area...........::...: ..............'.............................._.,......,_,_....,....;:.;...._.;........................................................ 92

Plate Plates

1. 2.
3.
4. 5. 6-12.

ILLUSTRATIONS
[~~ates are 'in _pocket]

Mapshowing the locations of test wells and other se:ler;t~d weUs in.coastal Georgia

Lithologie and geophysical properties of sediments, well-co_nstruction characteristics,

and head relations at nested-well sites in the coastal area.

.

Generalized correlation of geologic imd hydrologic units of Tertiary and Quaternary

age in Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South C:arolina.
Geologic sections A-A', B-B', C-C', D-D', and E-E', coastal Georgia.

Geologic sections F-F' and G-G', coastal Georgia.

Maps showing:

6. Altitude of geophysical horizon D in the coastal area, Georgia.

7. Altitude of geophysical horiZon C in the coastal area, Georgia.

8. Altitude of geophysical horizon Bin the coastal area, Georgia.

9. Altitude of geophysical horizon A in the coastal area, Georgia.

10. Thickness of Miocene unit C in the coastal area, Georgia.

11. Thickness of Miocene unit B in the coastal area, Georgia.

12. Thickness of Miocene unit A and post-Miocene unit in the coastal area,

Georgia.





iv

ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued

Page

Figure Figures
Figure Figures
Figure

1. Map showing the location of study area and nested-well sites..................................................................4 2. Structural features in the coastal area of Georgia and adjacent
parts of Florida and South Carolina ....................................................................................................... 17 3. Acoustic televiewer log at well 33H188, Colonels Island, Glynn County ............................................. 20 4. Map showing estimated water-table surface of the surficial aquifer in the coastal area..................... 23 5.-11. Hydrographs showing:
5. Daily mean water levels in the surficial aquifer at well35P094, and total monthly rainfall at National Weather Service Station Savannah WSO AP, Chatham County, 1978-87.............................................................................................................. 24
6. Daily mean water levels in the surficial and Upper Floridan aquifers, Bulloch South site, Bulloch County, 1983-87 ............................................................................... 24
7. Daily mean water levels in the surficial aquifer and the upper water-bearing zone and brackish-water zone of the Floridan aquifer system, Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company site, Glynn County, 1983-87.............................................................. 24
8. Daily mean water levels in the upper water-bearing zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer and the surficial and upper Brunswick aquifers, Coffm Park site, and total monthly rainfall at the National Weather Service station at Brunswick, 1983-87.......................................................................................................................... 25
9. Daily mean water levels in the surficial, upper Brunswick, and Upper Floridan aquifers at the Gardi site, Wayne County, 1983-87...................................................... 26
10. Daily mean water levels in the upper Brunswick and Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, Hopeulikit site, Bulloch County, 1983-87 ...................................................... 28
11. Periodic water levels in the upper and lower Brunswick aquifers at well 32H001, and in the Upper Floridan aquifer at well33H052, Glynn County, 1939-86 ........................... 29
12. Map showing potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the coastal area, May 1985........................................................................................................................................... 32
13-16. Hydrographs showing: 13. Monthly mean water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer at well38Q002 and in the Lower Floridan aquifer at well380004, Fort Pulaski, Chatham County, 1971-87................................................................................................................................. 33 14. Monthly mean water levels in the brackish-water zone and Fernandina permeable zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer, and in the upper and lower water-bearing zones of the Upper Floridan aquifer, Glynn County, 1978-87........................... 33 15. Daily mean water levels in the lower Eocene and Paleocene units in well370186 and in the Upper Floridan aquifer in well 370185, Hutchinson Island, Chatham County, 1985-87 .............................................................. 33 16. Daily mean water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer at well 380002, Fort Pulaski, Chatham County, 1986-87......................................................................... 33
17. Map showing estimated difference in head between the surficial aquifer and the Upper Floridan aquifer.............................................................................................................. 40
18. Boxplots of selected chemical constituents................................................................................................ 44 19. Graph showing chloride concentration in the surficial aquifer at wells
34H416 and 34H430, Glynn County, ....................................................................................................... 45 20. Map showing chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the
coastal area, October-November 1984 ................................................................................................... 47

v

Figures 21-22.

Figure

23.

Figures 24-25.

ILLUSTRATIONS-.;Continued

Page

Graphs showing:

.

21. Chloride. concentration in the Upper Floridan aquifer at'weli33G001,

Glynn County, 1978-87......................,.........;...........................................'.....,.,..,................................ 48

22. Chloride concentration in the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers and

the Paleocene unit in the Savannah area, 1971-87........................................................................ 49

Map showing chloride concentrations in the upper water-bearing zone of the

. :> ,

Upper Floridan aquifer in the Brunswick area, October7November 1984 ....................................... 51

Graphs showing:

.

24.' Chloride concentration in the brackish-water zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer,

and in the upper and lower water-bearing zones of the UppefFloridan

aquifer in the Bay Street area of Brunswick, 1971-87 ..............,................................................... 52

25. Chloride concentration in the upper and lower water-bearing zones of

the Upper Floridan aquifer in the north Brunswick area, 1971-87....:....................................... 52

'.:):,,\

Table 1.
z.
3. 4.

TABLES
Page
Well information at nested-well sites in the coastal area...................................................................................... 6 Hydraulic conductivity of core samples, Savannah and Brunswick areas ...............:......................................... 36 Ground-water temperatures and gradients, Savannah area ..................,............................................................. 42 .Chemical analyses of ground water from selected wells in the coastal area ...........,............................. in pocket ..

vi

CONVERSION FACTORS
For use of readers who prefer to use metric (International System) units, conversion factors for terms used in this report are listed below:

Multiply inch-pound units

To obtain metric units

inch (in.) foot (ft) mile (mi)

25.4 0.3048 1.609

millimeter (mm) meter (m) kilometer (km)

square mile (mi2) gallon (gal)

2.590
Volume 3.785 0.003785

square kilometer (km2)
liter (L) cubic meter (m3)

gallon per minute (gal/min)
million gallons per day (Mgal/d)
inch per year (in/yr)
gallon per day (gal/d)
cubic foot per day (fr'/d)
gallon per acre per day (gal/acre/d)

0.06309 0.04381 43.81 25.4 3.785 0.02832 0.0009352

liter per second (L/s)
cubic meterfer second (m /s)
liter per second (L/s)
millimeter per year (mm/yr)
liter per day (L/d)
cubic meter per day (m3/d)
liter per square meter per day (L/m2/d)

vii

Multiply
part per million (ppm)
square foot per day
crtZ/d)
foot per day (ft/d)
gallon per minute per foot [(gal/min)/ft]
niicromho per centimeter
at 2sO Celsius
(pmhos/cm at 25C)
degree Fahrenheit (F)

CONVER.SION FACTORS..~Coritinued To obtain

Concentration

1 1,000

milligram per liter (mg/L)
) I
microgram per liter (pg/L)

Transmissivity 0.09290

square meter per day (m2/d)

Hydraulic conductivity 03048

meter per day (m/d)

Specific capacity 0.2070

liter per second per meter [(L/s)/m]

Specific conductance 1

microsiemens per centimeter at 25 Celsius (pS/cm at 25C)

Temperatures

degree Celsius (0 C) .

Sea ]eve]
In this report "sea level" refers to the National GeodetiC Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)--a geodetic datuni derived from a general adjustment of t~e first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.

viii

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE COASTAL AREA OF GEORGIA
By
JohnS. Clarke, Charles M. Hacke, and Michael F. Peck

ABSTRACT
Ground water is the principal source of water in the 13-county coastal area of Georgia. During 1986, more than 273 million gallons per day was withdrawn from aquifers of early Eocene to post-Miocene age, primarily from the Upper Floridan aquifer of late Eocene and Oligocene age. Ground-water withdrawals since the late 1800's have resulted in long-term waterlevel declines in the Savannah and Brunswick areas, saltwater encroachment in the Hilton Head area of South Carolina, and upward movement of highly mineralized water in the Brunswick area.
Geologic units in the coastal area consist of limestone, dolomite, and unconsolidated sand and clay that range in age from Late Cretaceous to Holocene. Rocks of early Eocene to Oligocene age predominantly are carbonate, whereas younger rocks are mostly clastic.
Four geophysical marker horizons of late Eocene through Miocene age were mapped and eight local subsurface structural features were identified that may affect the quality of ground water in the Brunswick area. These structural features may be associated with high-angle faults that bound horsts and grabens.
Ground-water pumping in the coastal area is derived from five aquifers that range in depth from 5 to 1,000 feet below land surface. From shallowest to deepest, they are: the surficial, upper Brunswick, lower Brunswick, Upper Floridan, and Lower Floridan aquifers. The upper and lower Brunswick aquifers

were delineated and named during the study. With the exception of the surficial aquifer, where water generally occurs under water-table conditions, each of the aquifers contains water under confined (artesian) conditions. Locally, the surficial aquifer includes layers of clay that form confining or semiconfining zones within the aquifer. Cones of depression resulting from pumping for industrial use have developed in the potentiometric surface of the lower semiconfmed zone of the surficial aquifer at Brunswick, and in the Upper Floridan aquifer at major pumping centers in the Savannah, Jesup-Riceboro, Brunswick, and Kings BaySt Marys areas.
The water-bearing properties of the aquifers are variable owing to vertical and lateral variations in lithology. The most productive aquifer is the Upper Floridan, from which well yields of 5,000 to 10,000 gallons per minute are common, and the transmissivity is as high as 500,000 feet squared per day. Wells tapping the surficial and the upper and lower Brunswick aquifers yield from about 2 to 180 gallons per minute. The transmissivity of the surficial aquifer ranges from about 14 to 6,700 feet squared per day, and the lower Brunswick aquifer ranges from about 1,370 to 4,700 feet squared per day. Estimated values of transmissivity for the upper Brunswick aquifer range from 680 to 5,700 feet squared per day. Although there is little available information, the permeability of the Lower Floridan aquifer probably decreases to the west and north of Brunswick towards the Savannah area.

1

Concentrations of dissolved constituents in water from the surficial, upper Brunswick, lower Brunswick, and Upper Floridan aquifers are within State drinkingwater standards over most of the coastal area. Water from the Lower Floridan.aquifer is saline_ and does ,not meet drinking-water standard.s over much of the study area. Chloride concentrations in.: the Upper Flql'idan aquifer are less than 40 mg/L over most of.the coastal area. In the Brunswick area, saline water from deeper zones has intruded the Upper Floridan aquifer over an area of a few square miles, and has been detected in several wells tapping the overlying aquifers. High-angle vertical fractures associated with . geologic structural features are believed to provide a pathway for the migration of saltwater from deeper zones into shallower, freshwater zones. In the Savannah area, chloride concentrations generally increase with depth, and saltwater has the potential to enter the Upper Floridan aquifer by encroachment from the sea or possibly by upward leakage from deeper zones. Nevertheless, in the Savannah area, there has been no substantial increase iii chloride concentrations durmg the past 20 years in the wells sampled.
Potential downward leakage from the surficial aquifer to the Upper Floridan is greatest in Bulloch County, where the confming units between the surficial and upper Brunswick aquifers are thinnest, an.d :Wher6 the .downward hydraulic gradient between. .the smficiai and the Upper Floridan aquifers is greatest. A
significant potential for leakage also exists in' .other
upland areas along the western part of the study area, and near the pumping centers at Savannah and Brunswick, where there is a large downward hydraulic gradient.
Previous studies indicated that anomalously high ground-water temperatures occurred in the Brunswick area, which was attributed to upward leakage of water from deeper zones. During this study, geothermal gradients measured at six wells in Chatham County and one well in Bryan County indicate that in wells less than 700 feet deep, the gradient was lower than normal, suggesting downward flow from overlying aquifers. In wells greater than 700 feet deep, the geothermal gradient was greater than normal, possibly indicating some upward flow. Although there appears to be an upward component of flow, the quantities probably are small resulting from the low permeability of the intervening confining units.

INTRODUCTION
The ground-water resources of coastal Georgia are extremely important to the economy of the State of G~orgia, as well as the adjoining States of South Carolina and Florida. Nearly all municipal and industrial water users in coastal Georgia obtain their water supplies from wells that tap the Upper Floridan aquifer (formerly called the principal artesian aquifer), which is one of the most productive aquifers in the United States.
. .). During 1986, llior.e th~ 273 Mgal/d of ground 'water was withdra~- (primarily from the Upper Floridan aquifer) in the 13-county coastal area of
Georgia (fig. 1). This pumping has lowered ground" water levels, and has produced large cones of depression in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Savannah, Brunswick, Jesup, and St Marys, Ga.Fernandina Beach, Fla., areas. Water-level declines in these areas have caused concern <)ver protection 'of the ground-water resource. Potential problems associated with the water-level declines include encroachinent -of ocean water in the Savannah area, and upwatd movement of highly mineralized. carinate water inc,the Bru~swick ar.ea.. Chloride concentrations in. the Upper Floridan aquifer at two locations in the Brunswick area, e;xceed 2,000 mg/L, which is above the State 'and federal drinking water standard of 250 mg/L (Georgia: Department of Natural Resources, 1977; U;S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986).
The 13-county study area covers about 10,000 mi2 Within the Coastal Plain physiographic province (fig;l)~ The study area is bounded to the northeast by the Savannah River, to the south by the St Marys River,' and to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean. Although not part of the study area, data and information from adjacent areas in Florida and South Carolina also were used in this investigation.
Purpose and Scope
Ground-water is heavily pumped in parts ;of Georgia's coastal area. A thorough understanding of the hydrogeology of the area is necessary to properly manage the resource. In response to this need, the. U.S. Geological Survey, in .cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey, started a detailed hydrologic and water-quality evaluation of.the

2

ground-water-flow system in coastal Georgia in 1982. In addition, the surficial aquifer and the aquifers in Miocene sediments were evaluated as potential alternative sources of water. Information from the investigation will be used by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources to better defme the freshwater-flow system; to assess the occurrence, movement, and quality of water underlying and locally infiltrating the freshwater-flow system; and to evaluate the effects of geologic structure on the entire flow system in coastal Georgia. With this understanding, the Environmental Protection Division can manage the resource so that contamination of the freshwater part of the aquifers can be minimized, negated, or perhaps even reversed. Portions of this study were funded as part of the Georgia Accelerated Ground-Water Program.
This report is the second in a series that describes fmdings of the coastal area study. The first report presented data and information available as of July 1983 (Krause and others, 1984), and primarily focused on the Upper Floridan aquifer. For a complete discussion of aquifer terminology for the Floridan aquifer system in the study area, the reader is referred to Miller (1986) and to Krause and Randolph (1989).
This report describes the geohydrologic framework and water quality of the surficial aquifer and aquifers in the Miocene sediments, and updates earlier data and information for the Upper Floridan aquifer. In addition, the report describes the affects of geologic structure on the ground-water-flow system in the Brunswick area and the potential for leakage between aquifers throughout the coastal area. The fmal phase of the study will use all existing data and information to develop a computer-based mathematical model that will simulate the ground-water-flow system in the study area. The model will be used to assess the potential for additional ground-water development in the study area.
Previous Studies
An extensive list of investigations on the geology and hydrology of the study area was compiled by Krause and others (1984). Krause and Randolph (1989) updated the list and included additional references to investigations that were not within the scope of the earlier report; mainly references to geologic structure and to the geohydrology of aquifer systems other than the Upper Floridan aquifer.

Recent reports about the geology of the coastal area include those by Woolsey (1977) and Huddlestun (1988). These reports delineate and describe the Neogene stratigraphy of the Georgia coast and the inner continental shelf. Recent reports about the hydrogeology of the area include work by Miller (1986), which describes the hydrogeologic framework and updates the stratigraphy of the Floridan aquifer system and overlying sediments. Miller's (1986) investigation included the entire Floridan aquifer system in all of Florida, the Coastal Plain of Georgia, and adjacent parts of Alabama and South Carolina. Thus, it was of regional extent and of general detail and scope. Krause and Randolph (1989) described the hydrogeologic framework, hydraulic characteristics, water quality, and ground-water development of the Floridan aquifer system in southeast Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina. Krause and Randolph (1989), being more local in extent and scope, provided greater detail about the hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in coastal Georgia. Soil and Material Engineers, Inc. (1986a), reported on the ground-water resources in Miocene deposits at Colonels Island and on the ground-water resources in Pliocene to Holocene deposits at Skidaway Island (1986b). Davis and others (1963, 1976) reported on land subsidence in the Savannah area between the 1930's and the 1970's.
Well-Numbering System
Wells discussed in this report are numbered according to a system based on the U.S. Geological Survey index to topographic maps of Georgia (pl. 1). Each 7 1/2-minute topographic quadrangle in the State has been given a number and a letter designation beginning at the southwest comer of the State. Numbers increase eastward and letters increase alphabetically northward. Quadrangles in the northern part of the State are designated by double letters. The letters "I," "0," "II," and "00" are omitted. Wells inventoried in each quadrangle are numbered consecutively beginning with 1. Thus, the fourth well inventoried in the 34H quadrangle in Glynn County is designated 34H004.
Method of Study
Borehole geophysical logs, lithologic logs, or both, are available for more than 500 wells in the study area. Cores and drill cuttings from five wells were examined

3

331

EXPLANATION
NESTED-WELL SITE
GAIIDI

' .

-' . ~..; \ .

31 'c
I CHARLTON
'L_____l

0

10 20 30 40 50 MILES

0 10 20 30 40 50 KILOMETERS

I' \

,_(

.'

t ;

\

'

Figure 1.-~l:ocation of study area and nested-well sites.

4

microscopically to determine both their mineralogical and paleontological content. These sample descriptions were matched with patterns on geophysical logs obtained from each of the five wells. The log patterns were then used to correlate geologic strata throughout the study area. Lithologic logs from two cored holes are presented in appendix A at the back of this report. All the above data, supplemented by data from Herrick (1961) and Miller (1986), provided a basis for the delineation of geologic units, aquifers and confining units, and for the construction of geologic sections and maps that show the altitude of the tops of four geophysical marker horizons. In addition, three maps that show the approximate thickness of four of the geologic units were constructed by using data from geophysical and lithologic logs, and by comparing maps that show the altitude of the top of each unit with the altitude of the top of the underlying unit. Selected core samples were analyzed to determine their chemical and radioactive composition.
The water-bearing properties of the Upper Floridan aquifer at Brunswick were determined from time-drawdown and time-recovery data collected during an aquifer test. Additional information of the waterbearing properties of the aquifers was obtained from published and unpublished data. An estimate of the transmissivity of the surficial aquifer was made by using a flow-net analysis.
Maps showing the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer and the water-table surface of the surficial aquifer were constructed based on waterlevel measurements made in more than 400 wells. Continuous water-level recorders were installed on 21 wells to assess water-level fluctuations and trends in the aquifers. A list of selected well construction information and geophysical logs used in this study is given in appendix B at the back of this report, and the locations of these wells are shown on plate 1.
Water samples were collected from 15 wells and analyzed for selected constituents. These data, together with published and unpublished data from 163 additional wells, were used to determine the median, the 25th and the 75th percentiles, and the maximum and minimum concentrations of selected constituents. In November 1984, water samples from 171 wells were collected for analysis of chloride and for specificconductance determinations. From these data, a map showing the chloride concentration of water from the

Upper Floridan aquifer was prepared. Graphs showing the chloride concentrations in selected wells were plotted to assess water-quality trends.
An assessment of the potential for interaquifer leakage was based on the thicknesses and hydraulic properties of the confining units, head differences between adjacent aquifers, water-level fluctuations and trends, and differences from the normal geothermal gradient. Areas of probable leakage were identified by observing water-quality changes in wells.
Test Well Coring and Drilling Program
As part of this study, 23 test/monitoring wells were constructed or modified during 19 82 to 1986 to gain additional geologic, hydrologic, geophysical, and water-quality data in parts of the study area (fig. 1, table 1). In addition, two monitoring wells (33E039 and 33E040) were drilled for the U.S. Navy at the Naval Submarine Base at Kings Bay, Camden County, as part of a ground-water withdrawal permit-application process. Twenty-three of the 25 wells comprise nine nested-well sites: two sites near Brunswick in Glynn County and one site each at Gardi in Wayne County; Hutchinson Island, Skidaway Island, and Fort Pulaski in Chatham County; Hopeulikit in northern Bulloch County; and Denmark in southern Bulloch County. Drill cuttings, cores, paleontologic samples, and geophysical logs were collected at selected test wells, and were used to correlate geologic units, aquifers, and confining units. Two abandoned oil-test wells in Glynn County (33H192 and 33G001), were modified to isolate specific water-bearing zones within the Floridan aquifer system to provide ground-water-level and groundwater-quality information.
Each of the 25 test/monitoring wells was constructed or modified to provide openings to either the Upper or the Lower Floridan aquifer, one of two aquifers in Miocene deposits, or the surficial aquifer. After completion of each well, water samples were collected for chemical analysis and water-level recorders were installed. These 25 wells are now part of the Georgia ground-water-level and ground-waterquality monitoring networks. The lithologic and the geophysical properties of sediments, well-construction characteristics, and vertical head relations at the nested-well sites are shown in plate 2.

5

Table 1.--Well information at nested-well.sites in .the coastal area..

''. '.':' ~

.

[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, tipper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan.

Water level: +:above land surface; -, below land surface. Available geophysical logs: E, electric; L
N., C, caliper; ~eutr9~ PQ~osity; J, natural gamma; U, gamma-gamma; S, acoustic velocity;
M, focu.sed i~sistiVitY; T, Temperature; X, core; Z, other; G, geologist or sample;

, F,Huid resistivity;--, data not available]

m,

Well no.

Open interval
(ft)

.Aquifer,'

Water level (ft)

Date measured

Hopeulikit site. Bulloch County--altitude of land surface is 205 ft

31U009 31U008

160-210 315-860

VB UF,LF

-73.4'
-78.3

05-16-85 05-16-85

Builoch south site. Bulloch County--altitude of land surface is 120 ft

32R003 134-155

s

-U.4

05-16-85

32R002 420-804

UF

-88.3

05~16-85

Kings Bay site. Camden County--altitude of land surface is 24 ft ,

33E040 560-750

UF

+8.3

06-12-87

33E039 950-1,150

UF

+ 13.2

06~12-87

Hutchinson Island site. Chatham County--altitude of land surface is 6 ft

370185 274-360

UF

370186 1,380-1,520

11

-1253 -77.8

05-15-86 05-15-86

Skidaway Island site. Chatham County--altitude of land surface is 10 ft

37P116 37P115 37P114 37P117 37P113

71-85 211-250 262-400 112-270 700-1,100

s
UF UP UB,LB,UF LF

-9.0 -50.8 -52.3 -52.2 -51.5

04-30-87 04-30-87 04-30-87 04-30-87 04-30-87

Available geophysical logs and drilling information

C,E,J,U.,N,G

" ..

(McFadden and others,

1986)

C,E,J;U~N,G
E,J

C,E,J,U,N,S,M, X (0-330 ft), G (4201,520 ft)

C,E,J,U,N,F

r"~7

6

Table 1.--Well information at nested-well sites in the coastal area-"Continued
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan. Water level: +, above land surface; -, below land surface. Available geophysical logs: E, electric; C, caliper; N, neutron porosity; J, natural gamma; U, gamma-gamma; S, acoustic velocity; M, focused resistivity; T, Temperature; X, core; Z, other; G, geologist or sample; F, fluid resistivity; --, data not available]

Well no.

Open interval
(ft)

Aquifer

Water level (ft)

Date measured

Available geophysical logs and drilling information

Fort Pulaski site. Chatham County--altitude of land surface is 8 ft

380002 110-348 380004 606-657 380196 870-900 380201 1,358-1,546

LB,UF
LF
LF
11

-34.7 -34.3 -39.6 -49.9

05-14-86 05-14-86 05-14-86 05-14-86

Brunswick Pulp and Paper Co. site. Glvnn County--altitude of land surface is 7 ft

33II208 135-155

s

33II207 620-720

UF

33II206 1,000-1,100

LF

-5.0

05-17-85

+6.0

05-17-85

-1.8

05-17-85

Coffin Park site. Glvnn County--altitude of land surface is 7 ft

34II438 192-202

s

-5.8

34II437 313-328

UB

-1.0

34II445 580-824

UF

+2.0

34II436 1,000-1,103

LF

+6.9

Gardi site. Wayne County--altitude of land surface is 74ft

04-02-87 04-02-87 04-02-87 04-02-87

32L017 200-215

s

32L016 320-340

UB

32L015 545-750

UF

-40.0 -51.3 -55.3

05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85

C,E,F,G,J,N,T,
u,z
C (0-584 ft),E,G
c (590-990 ft},
J,N,U
C,E (580-827 ft) E (10-530 ft),J,U,N
C,SP,G

llwell taps low-permeability units underlying the Lower Floridan aquifer.

7

Borehole Geophysical Interpretation and Correlation
Natural gamma-radiation logs provided the main basis for correlation of strata in the study area, and in adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina. Most wells in the area were cased through much of the strata of interest, thus limiting the types of geophysical data that could be collected. However, because natural
gamma rays can penetrate well casing, natural gamma
logs were ideal for: the correlation of lithologic units from land surface to total well depth.
Selected cores were examined to (1) evaluate the interpretations of natural gamma logs for correlation of units throughout the area, (2) validate the reliability of interpretations of the geophysical logs, and (3) confliili suspected fades changes within the various units. Cores were examined from the following wells:

370186 31K002 33H188 34E001 39P002

Georgia Geologic Survey Hutchinson Island test well 2, Georgia Geologic Survey test well2, U.S. Geological Survey test well 26, Georgia Geologic Survey Cumberland Island test well 1, South Georgia Mineral Program Program corehole CH-10/10A

Chatham COunty;
Wayne County;
Glynn County;
Camden Coun~''
and Chatham County.

Lithologic .logs of core from wells 370186 and 34E001 are listed in appendix A.

Acknowledgments
The authors extend their appreciation to the many well owners, drillers, and managers Of municipal and industrial waterworks who readily furnished information about wells. In particular, the writers wish to thank Johnathan Smith of Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company, and the late Woodrow Sapp of Sapp Well Drillers, Brunswick, Ga., for providing helpful information on wells in the area. Appreciation also is extended to those landowners who permitted the installation and monitoring of test wells on their property.

GEOLOGY
Coastal Plain stra:ta in 'i:he study area consist of unconsolidated to semiconsolidated layers of sand and clay, and semiconsolidated . to very dense, layers of limestone and dolomite. These sediments range in age from Late Cretaceous to Holocene. Coastal Plain strata crop out in discontinous bands that generally are parallel to the F~ Line shown on figure 1. In the study area, the strata generally strike southwest-northeast, and dip and gradually thicken to the southeast, wl:t~re they reach a maximum thickness of more than 5,500 ft in Camden County .(Wait and Davis, 1986). Thes6 sedimentary rocks unconformably overlie igneous intrusive rocks and low-grade metamorphic rocks of Paleozoic age, and sedimentary strata .and volcapics . of Triassic to Early Jfirassic age (Chowns and Williams, 1983).
Geologic Units
To avoid confusion and cumbersome terminol~gy in this report, formations of Paleocene to Holocene age that are present in the study area, and that have similar lithologies and equivalent stratigraphic- positio11s,: 1(?r both, are grouped into ~informal time-rock units that may 'iriclude all or parts of several. formations (pL ,~); . This .report focuses mainly on units of late Eocene
m .through Miocene age. Descriptions of other units ~e.r:e
derived 'from published reports. Geologic units tlie study area include, in ascending order: the PaleQ(:e11e. unit, .the lower Eocene unit, the middle Eocene unit, the tipper Eocene unit, the Oligocene unit, the Mio~ene units C, B, and A, and the post-Miocene unit,, j~~: vertical relations .of these units in the study area' a~e shown on a series of hydrogeologic sections on plates 4 and5.
Stratigraphic nmrienclature and age assignm~~ts
used in this study conform to those used by Miller (1986) in order that this report be consistent with previous reports prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey. Det(liled stratigraphic studies conducted b'ytffe Georgia Geologic Survey have resulted in revised correlations and age assignments of some Coastal Plain stratigraphic units (Huddlestun, 1981, 1988; Huddleston and Hetrick, 1985). A simplified version of the Georgia Geologic Survey stratigraphy for the study area is included on plate 3. Because this study will serve as a basis for a digital ground-water flow model that is

8

based on Miller's geologic framework, it was deemed more appropriate to follow Miller's nomenclature rather than Huddlestun's.

Paleocene Unit

Data for sediments of Paleocene age in the study area are sparse. Therefore, the authors have relied heavily on the work of Herrick (1961), Herrick and Vorhis (1963), B.W. McNeely (Shell Oil Company, New Orleans, written commun., 1976), and Miller (1986) for information concerning descriptions and stratigraphic markers for this unit. Interpretations of the position of this unit in the stratigraphic column at the Hutchinson Island and Fort Pulaski nested-well sites shown in plate 2 were based largely upon their work.

Sediments of Paleocene age consist of two facies

in the study area, a northern clastic facies, and a

southern carbonate-evaporite facies. The northern

clastic facies was called the Clayton Formation by

Herrick and Vorhis (1963, p. 36), Miller (1986, p. B19),

and McNeely (written commun., 1976). The southern

carbonate-evaporite facies was assigned to the Cedar

Keys Limestone by Herrick and Vorhis (1963, p. 36),

and was renamed the Cedar Keys Formation by Miller

(1986, p. B18-B19). The top of the Clayton Formation

generally is marked by a hard, sandy, glauconitic,

fossiliferous limestone. The remaining part of the

Clayton Formation consists of glauconitic sand,

-----;'

argillaceous sand, and small amounts of medium- to

I

dark-gray clay. According to Miller (1986, p. B19), this

part of the Clayton Formation grades upward into the

Black Mingo Formation of South Carolina, which

consists of dark, carbonaceous clay and thin beds of

sand. The Cedar Keys Formation consists of thick beds

of anhydrite and dolomite. The Paleocene unit

unconformably overlies marl and carbonate sediments

of Late Cretaceous age.

According to Herrick and Vorhis (1963, fig. 13), the Paleocene unit attains a maximum thickness of at least 425 ft in the study area. At the Hutchinson Island and Fort Pulaski sites near Savannah (pl. 2), the upper and the lower boundaries of the Formation are based on paleontological descriptions of McNeely (written commun., 1976), for well 360318 located about 4.6 mi west of Hutchinson Island.

The depositional environments of the Paleocene unit we~e marine to marginal marine (Miller, 1986, p. B21-22). Paleocene time marked the beginning of a regional transgression of the sea that lasted through the late Eocene. Clastic sediments of the Clayton Formation were deposited in a shallow marine environment, whereas the Cedar Keys Formation represents a shallow water, carbonate platform environment. The evaporite and dolomite of the Cedar Keys Formation represent an even shallower environment, such as those found in tidal flats (Miller, 1986, p. B18).
Lower Eocene Unit
Sediments of early Eocene age consist of glauconitic limestone and dolomite that Miller (1986, p. B22-B23) included in the Oldsmar Formation. In the northern part of the study area, the upper part of the lower Eocene unit includes a layer of sand. Carbonate sediments of the Oldsmar Formation unconformably overlie clastic sediments of the Paleocene Clayton Formation in the northern part of the area. In the southern part of the area, the lower Eocene unit overlies anhydrites and dolomites of the Paleocene-age Cedar Keys Formation (Miller, 1986, p. B22-B23).
Miller (1986, pl. 5) reported that sediments of early Eocene age attain a maximum thickness of about 800 ft in southeastern Camden County. The lower Eocene unit was found at three nested-well sites drilled in the Savannah area during this study, and ranged in thickness from 120 ft at the Hutchinson Island site to 180ft at the Fort Pulaski site (pl. 2). In this area, the lower Eocene unit consists of glauconitic limestone and dolomite of the Oldsmar Formation.
The lower Eocene limestone in the southern part of the study area was deposited in warm, shallow, open marine waters of a carbonate bank environment (Miller, 1986, p. B24). The increase in clastic sediments within the unit suggests a more nearshore environment to the north.
Middle Eocene Unit
The middle Eocene unit consists mainly of glauconitic dolomite and limestone of the Avon Park Formation (Miller, 1986, p. B25), which unconformably overlies the lower Eocene Oldsmar Formation. The base of the middle Eocene unit is difficult to distinguish

9

from the underlying lower. Eocene unit because the two units are lithologically similar. The primary method for distinguishing the middle Eocene unit is fossil evidence. Microfossils are abundant in the middle Eocene unit, and are listed by f!errick (1961), Herrick and Vorhis (1963, table 6), an.d Miller (1986, table 1). Themost useful and the most easily recognized microfossil' Jor age determination is the foraminifera, Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman. This guide fossil is the Polylepidina of Herrick (1961) and is synonymous with L. gardnerae Cole of Miller (1986, p, B9). The upper boundary of the middle Eocene unit is more easily distinguished from overlying sediments where it is dolomitized.
The middle Eocene unit attains a maximum thickness of slightlymore than 1,000 ft in western Glynn and Mcintosh Counties, and in. southeastern Wayne County (Miller, 1986, pl. 7). The middle Eocene unit was found at the Coffin Park, Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company, Kings Bay, Skidaway Island, Fort Pulaski, and Bulloch South nested-well sites (pl. 2), and the entire thickness was penetrated at the Hutchinson Island and Fort Pulaski sites in the Savannah area (pl. 2). Here, the middle Eocene unit attained a thickness of 700 and 540 ft, respectively;
The depositional environment of the Avon Park Formation was a shallow, carbonate pla.tform 2overed by warm, open marine water (Miller 1986, p. B28).
According to Mille:r. (1986, p. B28), some of the
dolomite is indicative of a .sabkha or tidal~flat
environm~nt.
. Upper Eocene Unit
The upper Eocene unit in most of the study area consists of the Ocala Limestone. The Ocala is a massive;. fossiliferous limestone that contains bryzoan remains, foraminiferal tests, and mollusk sheik Sinall amounts of glauconite are present in the lower part of the limestone. In northern Screven and Bulloch Counties, the unit is characterized by an increase in clastic sediments. North of the study area, the upper Eocene unit consists of the largely clastic Barnwell Formation. The upper Eocene unit unconformably overlies dolomite and limestone of the middle Eocene Avon Park Formation (Miller, 1986, p. B25).
The fossils in the Ocala Limestone have been identified and listed in reports by Herrick (196i), Herrick and Vorhis (1963), :and Miller (1986, table 1).

The most distinctive and useful of these microfossils for age de'terrilination and stratigraphic placeme~t is. the foraminifera, Asterocyclina nassauensis Cole. The ihost useful of the larger fossils is the mollusk, Amusium ocalanwn Dall.

Glauconite in the lower part of the Ocala

Limestone also is a useful stratigraphic marker _l;>eca11se

it produces a relatively high peak of radiation pn

natural gamma logs owing to .the presenc:e of

potassium-40 in the glauconite. This glauconiticz611e' is

recognized on point-resistance logs as a zone of
relatively low. electrical resistance. The glauconitic :Pair

of of the Ocala is persistent throughout the study arf?a,
and may be equivalent to the lower division '.the

Ocala of Herrick and Vorhts (1963, p.19). _,, ....

f.

1

1 .

is The upper Eocene unit is more than 200 ft,thick
throughout the study area, and in some places it mor:e, than 400 ft thick. The exact thickness of the upp~r
Eocene unit is not known at most places because the majority of wells do not penetrate the base of the uni~.

The depositional environment of the upp~r'

Eocene unit in ,the study area was a warm, shail<;>V:.

water, carbon.ate bank similar to that of the underlying .

a carbonate sediments. To the north and th'e .west; this
unit grades into 'more . clastic, near-shore fac.i~

consi&ting of sand and c~ay. '

"j

Oligocene Unit

Sediments of the Oligocene unit consist of buffcolored, porous limestone that contains foraminiferal tests (mainly miliolids), micrite, and nonparticulate, . ubiquitous phosphate (see lithologic description~,: appendix A). The guide fossil for the Oligocene in ~he, study area is the foraminifera, Pararotalia mexicqn9:E mecatepeceilsis Nuttcil!, formerly Rota!ia ,mexicana, , (Sever, 1966). The unit unconformably overlies the. upper Eocene Ocala Limestone (pl. 3).

The Oligocene unit is distinguished from . the'.
underlying bryzoan-rich, upper Eocene Ocala Limestone by an abundance. of miliolid foraminifera, and from the overlying Miocene carbonate sedim~;nts by the absence of particulate phosphate. The difference in phosphate content between the Oligocene limestone and the overlying Miocene carbonate sediments appears as a sharp decrease in gamma activity on the
natural gamma log. However, Wait and Gregg (1973,

10

p. 5) reported the presence of particulate phosphate in Oligocene limestone in the Brunswick area. In the Savannah area, an infilling of particulate phosphate was observed in a feature that probably was either a burrow or a root hole that penetrated the top 15 ft of the Oligocene limestone in a core from well 370186 (pl. 2, appendix A). The infilled material, however, was considered Miocene in age because it was lithologically the same as the overlying phosphatic dolomite of Miocene age. Because the observations made by Wait and Gregg (1973) probably were based on well cuttings, it is possible that the reported presence of particulate phosphate was due to a similar infilling.
The lithology, thickness, and stratigraphic position of the Oligocene unit correlates well with the stratigraphic framework established in previous studies; however, Miller (1986, pl. 10) did not recognize the presence of Oligocene limestone on Cumberland Island. During this investigation, however, it was determined that Oligocene limestone was present in well 34E001 on Cumberland Island based on the response of the natural gamma log of the well and the presence of miliolid foraminifera in the core interval 532 to 534 ft (appendix A).
The Oligocene unit reaches a maximum thickness of about 120 ft at well 341047 at Darien, Mcintosh County (section F-F', pl. 5). The unit is absent in western and southern Camden County, and locally in southern Wayne County (pl. 7). In places where the Oligocene unit is absent, the altitude of the top of the upper Eocene unit (pl. 6) is the same as the altitude of the base of the Miocene unit (pl. 7). The Oligocene unit generally increases in thickness from west to east (pl. 4) and from south to north (pl. 5).
The limestone of the Oligocene unit was deposited in a carbonate bank environment. In updip areas, the unit is characterized by an increase in clastic sediments, which is indicative of a marginal marine environment.
Miocene Units
Sediments of Miocene age consist of three similar depositional sequences that are each bounded above and below by an unconformity. Each sequence comprises a geologic unit that consists of a basal carbonate layer, a middle clay layer, and an upper sand layer. Because the lithology of each of the units is similar, they can only be differentiated from one

another by stratigraphic position, by limited paleontologic evidence, and by geophysical characteristics. The units were named after three geophysical markers (see the section, Geophysical Markers) and are, in ascending order, Miocene units C, B, and A (pl. 3). The base of each unit is defined by the geophysical marker of the same designation, thus, the base of unit C is recognized by the C marker, and so forth.
The lithology, thickness, and stratigraphic position of the three units best fit the stratigraphic framework of McCollum and Herrick (1964); units C, B, and A correlate with the lower, middle, and upper Miocene divisions, respectively. Reports by Woolsey (1977) and Huddlestun (1988) give ages for the three units as early Miocene, late early Miocene, and middle Miocene, respectively. Miller (1986, B35-B38) regarded the Miocene in Georgia as mostly middle Miocene in age, but recognized that strata of late Miocene and early Miocene age possibly were present. Because the exact ages of the units are unresolved, all Miocene strata are considered as middle Miocene in this report (pl. 3). At the nested-well sites, the total thickness of Miocene sediments ranged from about 65 ft at the Fort Pulaski site near Savannah, to more than 335 ft at the Brunswick sites (pl. 2).
The Miocene sediments unconformably overlielimestone of Oligocene age in most of the study area. However, in some areas where Oligocene limestone is absent, Miocene sediments unconformably overlie the Ocala Limestone of late Eocene age (pl. 2). (See map showing altitude of the base of the Miocene, pl. 7.)
In most of the study area the basal carbonate layer of unit C consists of sandy, phosphatic dolomite or limestone that contains the molds of mollusks. The basal carbonate layer grades upward into the middle clay layer, which consists of alternating laminae of silty clay and clayey silt. These laminae contain fish remains; circular molds of diatoms similar to Coscinodiscus sp.; silt consisting of dolomite rhombs and angular quartz; very fine, well rounded, shiny brown to black, phosphatic sapd; and very fine mica. The middle clay layer grades upward into the upper sand layer, which consists of poorly sorted, very fine to granule-size quartz sand and some phosphate grains and dolomite rhombs. Interpretations of geophysical

11

logs at the nested-well sites in the Savannah area (pl. 2), . indicate that the middle day layer and upper sahd;layer
are absent, probably owing to erosion. Only the lower
part of the basal carbonate layer is present, and it consists of sandy, phosphatic;;)imestone that contains mollusk shells, foraminiferal tests, and shark's teeth.
Unit C ranges in thickness from about 10 ft at the Hutchinson Island site and 3 ft at the Fort Pulaski site near Savannah, where only the lower part of the basal carbonate layer is present (p~. 2), to more than;1_60.ft in northeastern and southeastern Glynn County and in southeastern Mcintosh County (pl. 10). The.: entire sequence of unit C is preserved in the Brunswick area at the Coffm Park and the Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company nested-well sites, where the unit ranges in thickness from 120 to 130 ft (pl. 2). Northeast from Brunswick and parallel to the coast, the three lithologic layers thin, and in the Savannah area, all but the lower part of the basal carbonate layer are absent..
The lithology, thickness, and stratigraphic position of unit C ...c.orre~a~ with the lower Miocene of McCollum and Herrick (1964). The basal carbonate layer of unit C also ~orrelates with the the Tampa Limestone of Counts and Donsky (1963, tabl.e. 1; p; 28.. 29.), with the Parachucla Formation of Wqol.s.ey (1977) . and Huddlestun (1988) in the Savannah area, and with the Edisto Formation of Ward (DuBar and others, 1980) in South Carolina. Unit C correlates . with .the lower section of the lower and the middle Miocene of Wait (1965) and Wait and Gregg (1973, fig, 2; p. 3-4).
Unit B, like unit C, consists of a basal carbonate layer, a middle clay layer, and an upper sand layer. The lithology of each of these layers i.s .similar to those in unit C. The basal carbonate layer .consists of dolomite and limestone that contain very fme to coarse clear quartz sand, shiny brown to black phosphatic sand, and molds of mollusk shells. In the Savannah area, .the basal carbonate layer consists of limestone that contains both quartz and phosphatic sand, mollusk shells, foraminiferal tests, and shark's teeth (see core description, well 370186, appendix A). The basal carbonate layer grades upward into a middle clay layer that consists of. alternating laminae of phosphatic silty clay and clayey silt. These laminae contain silt-~ize quart? grains, dolomite rhombs, phosphate grains, mica, (lnd fish teeth and scales. Circular. molds of .

diatoms, similar to those found in the middle day layer

of. of unit C, also are present. The middle clay layerjs
overlain by an upper sand layer that consists riio~tly

poorly sorted, very fme to coarse quartz sand.. No,

fossils were found in this layer, and the uppermost part . contains little phosphate, carbonate, or clay. 'Hg.\v~yer,
very thih dolomite layers are present in the tippeiiiicist

part of the sand layer.

..t;

at tJnit B ranges in thickness from about 30 ft the
Fort Pulaski site in Chatham County (pl. 2) to Jl~~4t

220 ft in .northeastern Brantley and south-ceritrru

Wayne Counties (pl. 11). The greatest thickness of'the :-

unit is found in a structural low located northwest of Brunswick (pis. 8 and 11). The total thickness <?(~~ B .

increases to the south, west, and northwest of Fort

Pulaski (pis. 4, 5, and 11).

. . ";L:

The lithology, thickness, and stratigraphic positfb~. of unit B correlate with the Hawthorn Formation of
Counts and Donsky (1963, table 1; p. 29-30) and' Wi~4.
the middle Miocene of McCollum and Herrick (19()4):
Unit B also correlates with the upper part of theJower
and the middle Miocene of Wait (1965) and W(lit'and
Gregg (1973, fig. 2); with part of the Hawthorn
Formation of Miller (1986, table 2), and with thtr Ma,rks
Head Fotmation of Woolsey (1977) and Huddle~~un
(1988). In the Savannah area, it is difficult .to
distinguish the basal carbonate layer of unit B fro~ that. of unit C because they are lithologically sinl,ilar, ancl ..
because the upper sand and the middle clay laye~~ of ' ' unit C are absent in this area (pl. 2). The two Miocene
units can only be distinguished by the use 0f.
paleontological evidence or borehole geophysicallog8.

Unit A, the uppermost of the three Miocene units, .. also consists of a basal carbonate layer, a middle day: layer, and an tipper sand layer. The lithology of.the,
lower carbonate layer is similar to that of units B.and C,---
and consists of sandy, phosphatic limestone or dolomite that contains the molds of mollusks. The sand grains consist of very fine to coarse, clear quartz and brown to black phosphate.. However, at Savannah, the matrix material around most of the phosphate grains consi&ts , of clay instead of dolomite, which is the matrix material..
. in the carbonate layers of units B .and C (see .~&~
lithologic description for well. 370186, appendix A). The day matrix indicates a nearer-to-shore transitional . . facies between the basal carbonate and the overly}itg

12

middle clay layer. The middle clay layer consists of alternating clay and silt laminae that contain fish remains and the molds of diatoms similar to those found in the middle clay layers of units B and C. In the northwestern part of the study area, geophysical logs indicate an increase in sand content in the middle clay layer, thus representing a transition to the near-shore facies of the overlying upper sand layer. This transition is shown at the Hopeulikit site in plate 2. The upper sand layer consists of very fme to coarse, poorly sorted quartz sand similar to the upper sand layers of units B and C.
Unit A ranges in thickness from about 20ft at the Fort Pulaski site near Savannah to about 90 ft at theCoffm Park and Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company sites in Brunswick (pl. 2). Although the top of the unit was not mapped, it is assumed that unit A, like units Band C, thickens to the south, west, and northwest of Fort Pulaski. It also is assumed that unit A is thickest in the vicinity of the structural low north of the city of Brunswick, where the underlying units reach their maximum thickness (pls. 10 and 11).
The lithology, thickness, and stratigraphic position of unit A correlates with the upper Miocene sediments of McCollum and Herrick (1964), and the uppermost part of the lower and middle Miocene and the lowermost part of the upper Miocene of Wait (1965) and Wait and Gregg (1973, fig. 2). The unit is included in the Hawthorn Formation of Counts and Donsky (1%3, table 1; p. 29-30) and Miller (1986, pl. 2), and correlates with the Coosawhatchie Formation of Woolsey (1977) and Huddlestun (1988).
Depositional Environments
The Miocene sediments of the study area represent three similar depositional sequences of upward-coarsening sediments indicative of three cyclesof transgression and regression. The sequences correspond to Miocene units C, B, and A. Each sequence, or cycle of deposition, began with carbonate deposition in open marine water of shallow to moderate depth. Micritic to fossiliferous limestone was deposited, and subsequently was dolomitized. The dolomitization process created a coarser-grained carbonate rock that in many places consists of euhedral crystals of calcium magnesium carbonate. Some clastic material was supplied to the basin, as indicated by the

presence of quartz sand commonly found in the dolomite. Sea water and bottom muds were enriched by phosphate, probably brought into the depositional basin by cold, upwelling currents. Phosphate was concentrated into small pellets by the digestive action of bottom-dwelling marine animals.
As the sea regressed, fme clastic sediments, such as silt and clay were deposited. Lamination of these deposits indicates that the sea floor was periodically swept by mild currents that removed day-size particles, which allowed silt and fme sand to be deposited. As the currents abated, clay laminae were deposited in areas of calmer water, and phosphate continued to accumulate. Diatom molds commonly found in the clayey sediments indicate that the marine waters were relatively cool.
Fine to medium sand was deposited at the end of each cycle (or at the top of each sequence) as the sea regressed further. The presence of phosphate, megafossils, and microfossils in the sand layers indicate that they were deposited under open marine conditions. Following regression of the sea and sand deposition, the next depositional cycle began with transgression of the sea and deposition of the next layer of carbonate rocks.
Post-Miocene Unit
In this report, sediments of Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene age were not differentiated because of a lack of geophysical, lithologic, and paleontologic data needed to defme their boundaries. Therefore, for convenience, these sediments have been grouped into a single unit called the post-Miocene unit. A brief summary of these units follows.
The post-Miocene unit consists of phosphatic, micaceous, and clayey sand of Pliocene age; arkosic sand and gravel containing discontinuous clay beds of Pleistocene age; and mud, sand, and gravel of Holocene age. According to Miller (1986, p. B38), post-Miocene sediments generally can be divided into a basal sequence of marginal to shallow marine beds overlain by a series of sandy, marine terrace deposits that are in tum capped by a thin layer of fluvial sand or residuum, or both. The post-Miocene unit ranges in thickness from about 30 ft at the Bulloch South site to about 180 to 200 ft at the Coffin Park, Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company, Kings Bay, and Gardi sites (pl. 2).

13

Pliocene Series

Pliocene sediments. in the southern half of the study area mainly .consist of phosphatic, micac.~ous, clayey sand (Herrick, 1961), In the Brunswick .&r~a, 'Pliocene sediments consist of coquina and coarse ~and
about 40 ft thick, whi.ch. iS equivalent to the Charlton
Formation of Veatch and Stephenson (1911), Herrick (1965, fig. 2), and Wait and Gregg (1973, p. 3). Miller (1986, plate 2; p. B39) extended the shelly sand unit of the Raysor Formation or'South Carolina into Georgia, and equated it stratigraphically with the Charlt~n 'Formation in southeastern Georgi~. Huddlestup. (1988) placed the Charlton Formation in the Miocene, and reduced it in rank.to a member of the Coosawhatchie Formation of the Hawthorn Group.

Samples collected for age determination at

Hutchinson Island indicate that Pliocene sediments t;nay

be absent in the Savannah area. At well 370186 at

Hutchinson Island (pl. 2, appendix A), wood fragments

collected about 15 ft above the top of Miocene unit A

(25ft deep) were dated by using carbon-14. The wood

fragments were dated at about 5,000 years B.P., or

Holocene in age (R.W. Markewich,. U.S. GegJ.qgigl}

Survey, written commun., 1986).

'

Pleistocene Series
The Pleistoc~e sediments consist of arkosic sand and gravel containing some discontinuous clay beds. Herrick (1965, p. 6; fig. 2) described the Pleistocene sediments as consisting of a basal sand, tongues .of lignitic and fossiliferous clay, and an overlying micaceous sand that ranged in thickness from 10. to 60 ft. Herrick (1965) found no definitive foraminifera for age determinations, but indicated that others hap, found mammal remains and mollusk shells of Pleistoc~ne age;, Miller (1986, pl. 2; p. B39) described the Pleistocene~ sediments as consisting of brown sands containing carbonaceous and shell material underlying terraces. Sands in the Savannah area are. equivalent to the Waccamaw Formation of South Carolina; however, locally, Pleistocene sediments may be absent in the , Savannah area as indicated by the age determinations of wood fragments found in well 370186 at Hutchinson Island, described earlier.

. Holocene Series

Holocene sediments consist of mud,' si!J:\.1:1~ ahd

gravel associated with streams, estuaries, arl.d"lagdonal
deposits, Residuum, beach, and dunal dep6sits &e

included in the Holocene.

....,:x

Geophysical Markers
Four geophysical markers used to delineat'e'ilirits of Miocene, Oligocene, and late Eocene age, have been termed the A, B, C, and D markers. These markers originally were identified in the Glynn CountY ,at~~ })Y Wait (1962), in the Chatham County area by McColl'um and Counts (1964); and in the area between, by W,~t (1970), primarily on the basis of natural gammA. H)g~. .During the current study, it was confirmed that .thes'e .markers extend from Glyun County throughout inosi'of the coastal area. The markers also are identifiabl~ on 'other borehole geophysical logs including the po~t resistance electric log and the neutron porosity: log. Examples of the geophysical markersare sliok'~t the nested-well sites in plate 2.
Three of. the markers (A, B, and e) at~ layets of high natural gamina radiation. The primary caus(qf the higher radiation is the presence of 'uranium::238 incorporated in the crystal lattice of the phosphate
fofutd in these layers. Natural gamma radiation is
emitted through the decay of uranium-238, thoriUip232, and potassium-40. As uranium-238 decays into its daughter products, it emits energy in the form of alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. The natural gamma log measures the gamma energy emitted during the decay process. Analyses of cores from wells 370186 and 31K002 show the presence of uranium-238 and its daughter products in phosphatic sediments near the various markers~
The .A and B markers are associated with two highly phosphatic carbonate beds within the Mibt~ne section, and ate identified as peaks of natural gamma
radiation. The two markers also are distinctive oil
point-resistivity logs as two highly resistant layers in the Miocene section. They are overlain by a much less resistive clay-silt layer, and they overlie a less resi~tiv6 sand layer. These two markers lie a few feet above the
unconformities separating Miocene units A and B, and
Band C.

14

The C marker represents the base of the Miocene sediments in the study area, and occurs at the contact between the shallowest limestone and the overlying phosphatic dolomite. The phosphatic dolomite is distinctive in core, cuttings, and geophysical logs, and was considered by Veatch and Stevenson (1911) and Wait (1965) to mark the base of the Miocene. No particulate phosphate is found below the C marker, except in burrows or root holes filled with Miocene sediments. Where the limestone underlying the C marker is Oligocene in age, it is slightly radioactive and slightly phosphatic as indicated by moderate natural gamma radiation on geophysical logs, and by a weak and ubiquitous reaction with ammonium molybdenate reagent used to test for the presence of phosphate. Where the underlying limestone is late Eocene in age, it is free from phosphate, and the level of natural gamma radiation is negligible. The C marker is indicated by a sharp increase in radiation on the natural gamma log. The C marker was picked on the log at the bottom of the sharp peak instead of the tip of the peak, in contrast to markers A and B, which were picked at the tips of the peaks. The C marker, like both the A and B markers, corresponds to a highly resistant 'Carbonate on the point-resistance log.
The D marker is the uppermost point of reduced natural gamma radiation below the C marker. This marker defines the top of the Ocala Limestone of late Eocene age, which is a relatively pure, phosphate-free limestone. The D marker defines the contact of the Ocala Limestone with the overlying, slightly phosphatic and slightly radioactive Oligocene limestone in most of the study area. The C and D markers coincide in a small area in the southern part of the study area and in adjacent northeast Florida where Oligocene limestone is absent. In this area, the basal Miocene carbonate layer is in contact with the underlying upper Eocene Ocala Limestone. The D marker is the first sharp rise in electrical resistance below the C marker on the point-resistance log, and indicates a layer of dense, lowpermeability limestone.
Configuration of Geophysical-Marker Horizons
In the coastal area, units of late Eocene through Miocene age generally dip from north to south and strike from west to east. Maps showing the altitudes of the geophysical markers D, C, B, and A described

earlier, were constructed by using data from more than 500 wells, and are shown in plates 6, 7, 8 and 9. Each of the marker horizons generally dip southward from the northern part of the study area to just north of the city of Brunswick. South of Brunswick, the horizons dip northward, thus, forming a structural low having its axis lying north of Brunswick. In Camden County, the horizons dip eastward.
Geologic Structure
In the coastal area, the major structural features are the Southeast Georgia Embayment and the Gulf Trough (fig. 2). Of lesser significance in the coastal area, but affecting the Southeast Georgia Embayment, is Florida's Peninsular Arch (fig. 2). These features affected the distribution, geometry, and lithologic characteristics of sediments in the coastal area.
The Southeast Georgia embayment is an east- to northeast-plunging synclinal feature that extends from northeastern Florida into southeastern Georgia and offshore. According to Miller (1986), the feature subsided at a moderate rate and was fllled with Lower Cretaceous clastic sediments, followed by deposition primarily of Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary carbonate sediments, followed by deposition of lower Tertiary and Quaternary clastic rocks. Gravity and magnetic anomalies related to the basement rocks have been mapped in the area, and may indicate faulting of the basement rocks (Long, 1974; Zietz, 1982). Displacement of basement rocks, which affected the overlying Coastal Plain sediments, was reported at Augusta, Ga., about 40 mi northwest of the study area (Prowell and O'Connor, 1978, p. 23). Faulting of Miocene and Eocene sediments near Jacksonville, Fla., about 20 mi south of the study area, was reported by Leve (1966, 1983). Prowell (1983) presents an index of faults of Cretaceous and Cenozoic age in the eastern United States.
A projection of the northeast-trending Gulf Trough (Herrick and Vorhis, 1963) may cross the northwestern part of the study area into Bulloch County (fig. 2; Miller, 1986). The Gulf Trough has an adverse affect on the ground-water-flow system in southwestern Georgia as evidenced by low well yields, low transmissivity, high dissolved-solids concentrations, and steepened potentiometric gradients in the Upper Floridan aquifer (Zimmerman, 1977). Similar effects

15

occur in the vicinity of the Gulf Trough in eastern Georgia (Krause and Randolph, 1989). Various opinions as to the nature and origin of the Gulf Trough have been expressed by previous investigators;.. and Patterson and Herri~~. (1971) presented the following summary of these differing views: (1) the feature represents a bur:ie4 submarip.e valley, (2) it is a graben, (3) it is a syncline, or (4) it is a bl,(ried solution valley of strait filled with fine-grained sediments. Miller (1986) considers the Gulf Trough to be a series of both isolated and connected grabens. The Georgia Geologic Survey currently is conducting a study to assess the nature and the origin of the Gulf Ttqpgh and its .-effect on the ground-water-flow system (Kellall\ and Gorday; 1989).
In addition to the major structural features described above, seven local structural features were identified during this study. These structm:al features, only two of which had been described prior to this study, were detected as highs and lows on the four structure contour maps of the D, C, B, and A geophysical-marker horizons (pis. 6-9), and the seven geologic sections that traverse the study area (pis. 4, 5). The structural features discussed here and shown jn figure 2 are based solely on geologic evidence.. ;l'hese features were not delineated on the maps ofHer:riek and Vorhis (1963) and those of Miller (1986) because of the sparse data previously available. The structural features have been numbered one through eight from south to north, and will be discussed in that order (fig. 2).
Structural feature 1 is a dome at Woodbine in Camden County. The dome is evident as a high on the four structure contour maps (pis. 6-9), and the greatest known altitude is found at well32F008 (section F-F', pl. 5). The slope of sediments away from the dome ranges from about 18 ft/mi on the D marker horizon (pl. 6) to about 10 ft/mi on the A-marker horizon (pt 9), indicating increased relief and slope with depth, The dome also is evident as an area of slightly _reduced thickness of Miocene unit B (pl. 11).
Structural feature 2 is an east-west; elongated depression in the southern part of Glynn County. The depression is evident as a low on the four structure contour maps (pis. 6-9) and at or near wells 33H188 on section E-E' (pl. 4), 33H186 on section F-F', and . 34G016 on section G-G' (pl. 5). The northern flank of the depression is steeper on the map showing the Dmarker horizon (pl. 6) than on the A-marker horizon

map (pl. 9). Although the D-marker horizon was

mapped by using fewer control points than were used

forthe A-marker horizon, particularly ~n the squihern

side of the depression, the gross shape of the depression i~ discernible on both maps. The feature

also is evident as an area of increased thickness 'of

Miocene units C and B (pis. 10 and 11).

.,:. ',t:/
;, '

~ ;

Structural feature 3 is an east-west trendl.ng~atch

in east-central Glynn County. This feature is evideiti dti
the four structure .contour maps (pis. 6-9) as _ ~B.

elongated high that has greater relief on the northern

flank. The greatest known altitude of the arch i.sfou'D:d

at well34H374 on section C-C' (pl. 4), aiid the'gieatesf

relief is sho\vn on the D-marker horizon map (pC()):
data The western edge of the feature was defined by

from well.33H141 on section F-F' (pl. 5).

'

The two most prominent structural features o:n the

four structure contour maps (pis. 6-9) are features 4

and 5, which ate depressions. Feature 4 (fig. 2) extends

southeast from McKinnon to Thalmann, and is evideitt
between wells 31K002 and 31J003 on section ElE' (pf

4}. Feature 5 (fig. 2) extends southwest from Ridgevilfe. to just west of Pyles Marsh, and is evident;;~t {Ve'll'

34K080 on section F-F' and well34K092 on sect~on G-

G' (pl.'s); The two features also are evident as tireas of
increased thickness of Miocene ~nits C and i{ (pl~; lO
arid 11); Slope and relief are greatest on the :b~Ill.arkei'

horizon map (pl. :6), and least on the A-marker;lidrizbn

map (pl. 9).



Structural feature 6 is a dome northeast of.

As Grangerville in Wayne County, and is evident as a h,igh .
on the four structure contour maps (pl. 6-9). with

the other features, the deeper the mapped horizoh, the

steeper the slope and the greater the increase in ~eiief:'

The feature also is evident as an area of thinning<-()(

Miocene unit C (pl. 10)~

<

Structural feature 7 is a depression in we~t~i-'n <
Chatham County that trends to the southwesdrom :the < Savannah River. The feature originally was named the Ridgeland Basin by Heron and Johnson (1966), and subsequently was called the Ridgeland trough by Colquhoun and others (1969). This feature is evident at well 360318 on section A-A' (pl. 4). Although the feature-is not prominent on the A-marker horizon map, . (pl. 9), as with the previous features, steeper slopes and' greater relief are shown on the D-, C-, and B-marker horizon maps (pis, 6, 7, and 8);

16

82'

81'

33'
EXPLANATION

+

/

+

STRUCI1JRAL FEATIJRE-Number refers to tex1

(

o Hiltonia

f7 +
6

TROUGH OR DEPRESSION DOME OR ARCH

I

r-----~~T'--------------------------~roo

32'

100

100

200

lOO

300 MILES

300 KILOMETERS

31

+

0

10

lih'didi' ,,1 I

0 10 20

CHARLTON

Okefenokee

20

I' !'

Swamp

L - ---- - f

FOLKSTON O : r'

t

' -StA (V,JK;in~ gs.lo an,d ~:ay

30 1\IILES

I

- ' / , ,

I I

30 KILOMETERS .

------<

CUMBERLAND ISLAND

\_ __ j

Base from U.S. Geological Survey, State base map 1:1,000,000, 1970
Figure 2.--Structural features in the coastal area of Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina.

17

Structural feature 8 is a structural high, originally named the Beaufort High by Heron and Johnson (1966) and subsequently called the Beaufort Arch by Colquhoun and others (1968). The feature is centered at Hilton Head Island, S.C., and trends to the south parallel to the coast (Woolsey, 1977). , The feature appears as a rise between wells 360318 and 390003 on section A-A' (pl. 4) and between wells 37P010 and 380203 on section G-G' (pl. 5). Only the weste~n,si~e of this feature can be seen on the four structure con't~Ur maps (pis. 6-9). The Beaufor~ Arch interrupts the regional southward dip of the Co.astal Plain sediments, and forms the eastern limb of the southwesterlyplunging Ridgeland trough (feature 7; fig. 2). The Beaufort Arch also is evident as the area of minimum thickness of Miocene units cand B (pls.10 and 11).' .

(Prowell and O'Connor, 1978) in the Augusta, Ga., area, faults in the Jacksonville, Fla., area (Leve, 1966, 1983), and the regional tectonism that caused those faults lends additional support to the possibility of faulting in the coastal area.
The altitude differences of the various geophysical marker horizons, as well as the differeJ!.c:es in thicknesses between horizons, suggest these structurs developed as early as Paleocene and as late as M~oce* time. For example, in the vicinity of the Beaufort Arch (feature 8, fig. 2), Paleocene through Miocen~ sediments are thinner and are structurally higher at the , Fort Pulaski site than at the Hutchinson Island site (pl. 2).

Interpretation of Strl!ctural Features

GROUND-WATERRESOURCES

The eight structural features may be horst and graben features associated with high-angi~' faults, or may be the result of solution, erosion, nondeposition, or deposition patterns. Although the presences of faults was not observed in any wells in the study area, it is one possible explanation for the structural features previously described. Solution, erosion, nondeposition,
of and deposition patterns are not considered likely
explanations for the eight structural features because' the persistence of the structural features through geologic time, the steep relief of the structure~. (llld the large areas covered by the features. If solution or erosion had removed material at times other than periods indicated by unconformities, later deposition of clastic material would likely have filled in solution openings in the underlying carbonate rocks, and would have resulted in a flatter surface than illustrated by the three Miocene units C, B, and A (pis. 7, 8, and 9).
Evidence to support faulting as a mechanism for the development of the structural features includes (1) anisotropy of the Upper Floridan aquifer (see section ' on Upper Floridan aquifer); (2) high-angle fractures in Cretaceous carbonate rocks, as shown on the acoustic televiewer log for well 33H188 (fig. 3); (3) anomalous temperature gradients (see section on Geothermal Gradient); and (4) elevated concentrations of chloride in ground water (see section on "Water Quality").
These factors, together with the persistence-withdepth of the structures, support faulting as a cause of the structures. The discovery of the Belair Fault zone

The principal source of water for all uses in thd

coastal area is the Floridan aquifer system, whicli consists of two principal units; the Upper and th~ Lower Floridan aquifers (Miller, 1986; .Krause an~.

Randolph, 1989) (see pl. 3). The Upper Flo:ridari

aquifer is one of the most productive aqqifers in the United States. Howeve:r, the Lower Floriqan;~although

it contains permeable zones; is limited by its excessive

' <l

'

' ' "! ,, .' ~ ~

~

'

depth and locally poor water quality, and in places,;

generally low productivity. Secondary sources of water

in the coastal area include the surficial aquifer, and the:

upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers (defined.ig this.

report). During 1986, these aquifers collectively yielded:

an estimated 273 Mgaljd in the coastal area, about 80

percent of which was for industrial use (G.L. Doonan,!

U.S. Geological Survey, oral commun., 1986).

Hydrologic Setting
Average ann)lal precipitation in the coastal area ranged from less than 46 in. in eastern Chatham County and Bulloch County to 54 in. in Glynn, Camden, and Charlton Counties for the period 1941-70 (Carter and Stiles, 1982). Maximum rainfall generally occurs during . July-September. Average annual runofffor the period , 1941-70 ranged from 10 in. in Chatham and southern Effingham Counties to more than 14 in. in northern . Screven County (Carter and Stiles, 1982). Evapotranspiration rates ranged from 31 to 40 in/yr over the study area (Krause and Randolph, 1988). The highest annual evapotranspiration rates occur in the

18-

Okefenokee Swamp area in Charlton County. Evapotranspiration rates are greatest during the summer growing season.
Recharge to the confined ground-water-flow system is from precipitation in and near parts of the outcrop areas of the confined aquifers. The recharge area for the Floridan aquifer system is northwest and west of the study area. Recharge areas for the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers are near the outcrop area of Miocene sediments shown on plates 7 and 8. Recharge to the unconfmed surficial aquifer occurs throughout its area of occurrence.
Natural discharge from the ground-water-flow system occurs as flow to streams and springs in the upgradient areas of confmed aquifers, and as vertical leakage into adjacent units where head gradients are favorable. Ground water also is discharged offshore and to wells in the coastal area.
Water levels in each aquifer fluctuate as a result of recharge to and discharge from the aquifer. Recharge varies in response to precipitation, evapotranspiration, and surface-water inf:t.ltration into the aquifers. Discharge varies in response to changes in natural flow from the aquifers to streams and springs, evapotranspiration, leakage into adjacent aquifers, and withdrawal from wells.
Surficial Aquifer
The surficial aquifer consists of interlayered sand, clay, and thin limestone beds of the post-Miocene unit and the upper sand unit of Miocene unit A. Water in the aquifer generally is under water-table conditions throughout the study area, and is confmed below by dense, phosphatic limestone or dolomite, and phosphatic silty clay of Miocene unit A. Locally, the aquifer includes layers of clay that range in thickness from 5 to 40 ft (pl. 2). Where these clay layers are thick and areally extensive, they act as confming units, and water in the aquifer locally is under confmed or artesian conditions. In Camden and Charlton Counties, the upper sand unit of Miocene unit A is overlain and confmed by carbonate and clay sequence of low permeability. Locally in the Brunswick area, aquifer tests indicate that the deeper parts of the aquifer are under confined to semiconfmed conditions owing to the presence of clay confining units. At Skidaway Island in Chatham County, the aquifer is divided into two water-

bearing units, an upper unconfmed sand zone and a lower semiconfmed sand zone that are separated by a clay semiconfming layer (Soil and Materials Engineers, Inc., 1986b). At Skidaway Island, the upper sand zone extends from land surface to depths of about 10 to 40 ft, whereas the lower sand zone is at depths ranging from 35 to 90 ft below land surface. Generally, the aquifer includes zones of confmement where it is thickest.
The thickness of the surficial aquifer is somewhat less than the total thickness of Miocene unit A and the post-Miocene unit. For example, at the nested-well sites, the thickness of the surficial aquifer ranges from about 65 ft at the Skidaway Island site to about 230 ft at the Gardi site; whereas the total thickness of Miocene unit A and the post-Miocene unit is about 120 ft at the Skidaway Island site and 300 ft at the Gardi site (pl. 2).
Mapping the saturated thickness of the surficial aquifer throughout the coastal area was not possible owing to a lack of data. However, a map showing the approximate thickness of Miocene unit A and the postMiocene unit, which comprise the surficial aquifer, was constructed from thickness data at 589 wells (pl. 12). The map does not take into account changes in altitude and topography between well sites, which, because the surficial aquifer extends to land surface, has a pronounced affect on the thickness. The combined thicknesses of the two units range from less than 80 ft in eastern Chatham County to more than 380 ft in western Wayne and northeastern Glynn Counties. The thickness of the sediments exceeds 300 ft in southeastern Camden County, and in a belt extending through Glynn, Camden, Brantley, Wayne, and Mcintosh Counties.
Hydraulic Properties
Wells tapping the surficial aquifer reportedly yield from about 2 to 180 gal/min. The highest yield was reported at well 34H416 in the Bay Street area of Brunswick. This 12-in.-diameter well is cased to a depth of 117 ft in the lower part of the post-Miocene unit, and completed as an open-hole well to a total depth of 240 ft in the upper part of Miocene unit A. In the Brunswick area, Wait (1965, p. E22) reported yields of about 5 to 20 gal/min from 2-in.-diameter wells that tapped sands of Pleistocene age (post-Miocene unit), which are part of the surficial aquifer. These wells ranged from 12 to 50 ft deep. Also in Brunswick, a network of 65 wells tapping sediments of the same age

19

2,460

750

2,520

768

2,465

751

. - .. ~. :1"., .
. ... ~- ~.

-i

752

2 ,52 5

Iu.LJ
<t:

2,470

L.L.

0::

;:)

(/)

z 0
<t:
....l

~ 2,475 0
....l
cI.LoJ

!I.LJ I.LJ
-L.L.
z 2,480 ::t !c.-.
I.LJ 0

2,485

753

2,530

Fractures

Fractures

769

770

uI.LJ
<t: 771 L.L.
0::
;:) (/)

0 z

772

<t:
....l

~
0
....l
cI.LoJ
773 (/)
0:: I.LJ !I.LJ ~
- 774 z

::t
!c.-.
I.LJ 0

775

776

2,490

759 2,550

777

N E SWN

NE SW N Modified from Maslia and Prowell (1989)

Figure 3.--Acoustic televiewer log at well33H188, Colonels Island, Glynn County.

20

was used to dewater a construction site (Wait, 1965, p. E23). These wells ranged from 15 to 20 ft deep and yielded an average of 3 to 8 gal/min. When the 30-day dewatering operation began, the 65 wells withdrew an estimated 500 gal/min. After several days of pumping, the yield decreased to about 200 to 250 gal/min, which suggests that a negative boundary condition was reached during this period; discharge exceeded available recharge.
The water-bearing properties of the surficial aquifer are variable because of vertical and lateral variations in lithology. Estimated transmissivities range from about 14 to 6,700 ft2/d. Brown (1984) reported tr~missivity values for the surficial aquifer of 700
fr j d from an aquifer test conducted near Kingsland,
Camden County, Ga., and estimated transmissivity values of 100 to 1,000 ft2/din adjacent Nassau County, Fla.
Three aquifer tests were conducted in the Brunswick area using wells 331031 and 34H387, and a network of pumped wells used for a dewatering operation (Gregg and Zimmerman, 1974). Well33J031 and the network of wells tapped sediments of Pleistocene age, and well 34H387 tapped sediments, probably of Pliocene age. The wells were pumped at rates that ranged from 37 to 140 gal/min, and the specific capacity ranged from 5 to 12 (gal/min)/ft. Transmissivity values estimated from the three aquifer
tests ranged from 960 to 1,300 f~/ d in the Pleistocene
sediments to 6,700 ft2/ d in the Pliocene sediments. The two tests in the Pleistocene sediments indicated that the storage coefficient was highly variable and ranged from 0.09 to 0.0001, indicative of unconfined to confmed conditions, respectively (Gregg and Zimmerman, 1974). The latter value is characteristic of an artesian system, and most likely is lower than the typical storage coefficient of the surfical aquifer over most of the coastal area.
To obtain an estimate of the areal transmissivity of the lower semiconfmed zone of the surficial aquifer in the Brunswick area, an analysis was made by using the "closed-contour" method described by Lohman (1972, p. 46-47). This method assumes steady-state conditions and no vertical leakage into or from the aquifer. The analysis was based on the potentiometric surface of the lower semiconfined zone of the surficial aquifer for May 1985 (figure not shown). During this period, an estimated 0.16 Mgaljd was withdrawn from the aquifer

at well 34H416. The withdrawal produced a cone of depression that covered an area of about 10 mi2. The estimated transmissivity was about 530 ft2/d. The comparatively low transmissivity of the aquifer accounted for the large drawdown and the cone of depression produced by the comparatively small withdrawal.
At Skidaway Island, Chatham County, Soil and Materials Engineers, Inc., (1986b) conducted an evaluation of the surficial aquifer and estimated its hydraulic properties. Most of the wells tapping the surficial aquifer on the island are 1.25 in. in diameter, are from 16 to 75 ft deep, and yield as much as 40 gal/min, but on the average are pumped at a rate of 10 to 20 gal/min. Estimates of hydraulic properties were obtained from grain-size analyses, lithologic logs, and one aquifer test. In the upper, unconfined waterbearing zone of the aquifer, the hydraulic conductivity ranged from 2 to 65 ft/d and the transmissivity ranged from 14 to 1,100 ft2/d. In the lower, semiconfined water-bearing zone, the hydraulic conductivity ranged from 40 to 40Q ft/d, and the transmissivity ranged from
150 to 6,ooo fr1d.
Ground-Water Pumpage
The surficial aquifer is used primarily for domestic lawn irrigation throughout most of the coastal area, except in some rural sections where it is the principal source of drinking water (Watson, 1982). On Skidaway Island east of Savannah, about 20,000 to 230;000 gal/d are withdrawn from the upper sand water-bearing zone, and about 100,000 to 625,000 gal/d are withdrawn from the lower sand water-bearing zone for irrigation and for ground-water heat pumps (Soil and Materials Engineers, Inc., 1986b). At the Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base in southeastern Camden County, about 129,000 gal/d is used for showers and latrines (R.S. Lynch, Russel and Axon Engineers, written commun., 1979).
The major user of the surficial aquifer in Glynn County is a small industry in the Bay Street area of Brunswick that withdrew about 0.16 Mgal/d in 1986. High chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer in that area renders the water unfit for most uses, and thus, the surficial aquifer is used as an alternate source of water. An industrial user in Wayne County withdrew about 0.86 Mgal/d in 1986.

21

Water Levels
.A map showing the estimated configuration of the water-table of the surficial aquifer in the coastal area was constructed by using water-level data from three observation wells and 12 auger holes (fig. 4). Waterlevel altitudes (river stages) at 18 locations along major rivers and streams were considered coincident with the altitude of the water-table and were used as data points. In the rest of the area, the water-table was estimated by using data from Krause (1982), in which land and water-level altitudes estimated from topographic contour maps were used to estimate.the altitude of the water table. Krause (1982, p. 10) estimated that the water table was from 15 to 20 ft below land surface in upland areas, above an altitude of 200 ft. The water table was estimated to be less than 5 ft below land surface in areas along the coast, and it was estimated to be at sea level in marsh and estuarine areas (Krause, 1982).
The configuration of the water-table generally is a subdued replica of the land surface, and .primarily is controlled by streams and by the configuration of the land surface. Water-table gradients generally are steep in the western part of .t.he coastal area where topographic relief is greater, and more gradual in the eastern part of the area, where there - is litile topographic relief. The steeper gradient in the western part of the coastal area largely is owing to the effeCts of the Orangeburg Escarpment-Trail Ridge, a pronounced geomorphic feature that represents a Pleistocene shoreline. The feature extends from Charlton County northeastward into BullO'ch County, and has a steep slope between the crest of the escarpment and the next lower terrace and valley floors. The difference in relief is reflected on the water-table map as a steepening of the gradient, especially between the 60~ and 160-ft contours.
The c~nfiguration of the water table near ' the . present shoreline and estuaries is influenced by tidal changes. Most of the tidal effects occur east and southeast of the 20-ft water-level contour (fig. 4). A line showing the approximate landward extent of tidal influence was plotted based on data from major rivers (fig. 4). The tidal limit for the Altamaha and Satilla Rivers was based on water-quality data (salinity) from Brooks and McConnell (1983). The tidal limit for the St Marys, Ogeechee, and Savannah Rivers was based on observations by T.W. Hale and W.R. Stokes, III (U.S.

Geological Survey, oral commun., 1987), and on waterquality data from Dr. Herb Windam (SkidaW,ay .
Institute, oral commun., 1987). Tidal effecti': bri
ground-water levels will be most pronounced nearthe'
9f coastal estuaries and rivers. Water levels in wells~niar.
tidal waters respond to changes in tide by movemertt tidal water into and out of an unconfmed aquifer, and'' by compression and expansion of a confmed aqilife~~ and its confming layers owing to the weight ot'tlie ' incoming or outgoing tidal waters (Gregg, 1966).
The depth to the water table 1s gre~test in the
vicinity of topographic highs, and least in the lowland
areas adjacent to rivers, streams, estuaries, and m'arshes. For example, in upland areas in Way:t).e County, the water table was as much as 40 ft below)<ip.d surface (well32L017), whereas in the lowland area near the Little Ogeechee River in Chatham County, the water table at well 35P094 was from 5.5 to 11.5 ft below land surface during 1978-87.
The surficial aquifer is recharged nearly, everywhere by rainfall. Much of the precipitation tha,(' infutrates the ground and recharges the surficial aquifei ' is discharged to nearby streams. Areas of natural discharge are represented on the water-table map' ihy contours that form a "V-shape" upstream, which_. indicates that the gradient is toward the stream. The'i' response of the water level in the surficial aquifer to rainfall is illustrated by the hydrographs for well 3SP094 in Chatham County (fig. 5) and well 32R003 in Bulloch
County (fig. 6). At well 35P094, recharge by rainfall is
reflected by a sharp rise in the water level followed by a gradual decline that represents evapotranspiration and- ' natural drainage of recharge water into the aquifer. The water-level response at well 32R003 is less pronounced because the well taps a deeper part of the _ surficial aquifer (134 to 155 ft) where semiconfmed -. conditions occur a.S a result of a clay confining uilit. The annual water-level fluctuation during 1986 was 7.6 ft at well 35P094 and 5.1 ft at well32R003.
Withdrawals of about 0.16 Mgal/d for industrial use at the south end of the Brunswick peninsula have caused a cone of depression to develop in the potentiometric surface of the lower, semiconfined zone of the surficial aquifer. The lowest water level near the center of the cone of depression was about 18 ft below sea level under pumping conditions. Because few water levels were measured, the cone of depression is poorly defined, and accordingly, is not mapped. Similar cories

22

82'

81'

33'
EXPlANATION

+

+

-80- WATER-TABLE CONTOUR-Shows estimated altitude of water table, January-March 1987. Contour interval 20 feet. Datum is sea level
~ DATA POINT--Well equipped with continuous water-level recorder
AS DATA POINT--Auger hole and identification number
.& DATA POINT--Point at which altitude of stream and water table is coincident

32'

+

31'

+

0

10

ll'ili'ii'L'J''' I I

0 10 20

20

30 MILES

I

I

3~ KILOMETERS

Busc from U.S. (icological Survey, State bas~.: map 1:1,000,000, 1970
Figure 4.--Estimated water-table surface of the surficial aquifer in the coastal area.
23

0 ~
0
,..j
=Ill
~-oUJ
~Il"l'~}
~~ .Ill
Ulz ,..jl:l ~>,.<.j 10
Ill: Ill
<1-
~ 15
14

Ill
I:l:l
(.)
~ io

~

i 8

Q

u~1<-

6 4

Ill Ill:

2

A.

Blank w~ere dta milling

Figure 5.--Daily mean water levels in the surficial aquifer at well35P094, and total monthly rainfall at National Weather Service Station, Savannah WSO AP Chatham County, 1978-87.

5r-------r------.r-----_,~-----.~-----,

l<ul.l

-

"'Ill:

!:)

(I)

:Qz < 15
-l

32R003 Surficial aquifer (134155 ft)

~

0
-l

ll.l IICI

Blank where datil nlisslng

~

20~----~~----~------~-------L------~

~ 85r-~---.r------.-------.------~------.

!"';

...;

>ll.l
ll.l -l

ffi 90

=:

32R002

~

Upper Floridan aquifer (420804 ft)

of d~prel!sion are believed to exist around other areas of pumping, such as that for industrial use in Wayne County.
Water-level fluctuations in the surficial aquifer in the BrunsWick area are shown by the hydrographs fokwell 33H208 at the BrutisWick Pulp and Paper Company site (fig. 7) and well 34H438 at .the GoffiJ!.
Park site (fig. 8). Both wells are influenced by nearby
pumping from the surficial aquifer and by rainfall. In
addition, although not discernible on the 1ong.:term
hydrographs, the water level also responds to .tidal fluctuations,. Several sharp water-leve.l rises on the hydrographs correspond to reductions in industrial pumping from the Upper Floridan aquifer, which may indicate some connection between the aquifers.

Ill (.)
< 5
"'Ill:
:;) Ill
..z1:1 10
<
':! 15
g.~ '20
=Ill ,/ 15
ir:
, _0
.;!;. 10 Ill
>
= 0
< 5
1Ill Ill
~"' 0
,.j
I>ll . . 5
Ill
,..j
=Ill 10
~
~ 15

33H208 Surficial aquifer (135155 ft)

Blank where data missing

J

Upper water..bearJng zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer (620720 ft)

Blank where data missing

1983

1984

1985

1986

CALENDAR YEAR

1987

Figure 7.--Daily mean water levels in the surficial aquifer and the upper water-bearing zone and brackish-water zone of the Floridan aquifer system, Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company site, Glynn County, 1983-1987.

95L-----~~----~-------J----~~------~

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

CALENDAR YEAR

Figure 6.--Daily mean water levels in the surficial and Upper Floridan aquifers, Bulloch South site, Bulloch County, 198387.

24

Or---------,----------.--------~--------~----------, Blank where data missing
-5

--.-
:: -15 0
-l l.l.l CQ
cz:: -20 0

:l.:l>.l -25
0
CQ
<C

34H374 Upper water-bearing zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer
(527-696 ft)

~ -30~--------~--------~~--------~--------~--------__j

l.l.l

l.l.l

+5r----------.-----------r----------~---------.----------~

(.I.

34H437

z

Upper Brunswick aquifer (313-328 ft)

-l 0
l.l.l
::>
l.l.l -l

cz:: -5

~

34H438

<C ::

-10~S-u-rf-ic-i-al-a~q-u-if-er--(1-9-2--2~0-2 -ft-) ------LB-l-an-k -w-he-r-e -da~ta-m-i-ss-in-g-~

12r---------.----------,----------~-----=~~----------,

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

3 2 1

1983

1984

1985

1986

CALENDAR YEAR

1987

Figure 8.--Daily mean water levels in the upper water-bearing zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer and the surficial and upper Brunswick aquifers, Coffin Park site, and total monthly rainfall at the National Weather Service station at Brunswick, 1983-87.

25

The surficial aquifer is used for industrial supply in
the Jesup area, and water-level fluctuations reflect changes in nearby pumping (fig. 9). Although there is ground-water withdrawal from the surficial aquifer at Jesup, its effect on the water level in well 32L017 cannot be evaluated because of insufficient data.
35~----~------~~---,----~~-----. Bl8nk whe~~, data int..lng
32L016 Upper Brunawlck aquifer (320340 ft)
CALENDAR YEAR
Figure 9.--Daily mean water levels in the surficial, upper Brunswick, and Upper Floridan aquifers at the Gardi site, Wayne County, 1983-87.
Aquifers in Miocene Sediments
There are two principal aquifers of Miocene age in the coastal area: the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers (defined in this report), which were previously referred to by well drillers as the "first flow" and "second flow," respectively (Wait, 1965). Previous regional studies of the Floridan aquifer system by Miller (1986) and Krause and Randolph (1988) combined all Miocene sediments into the "upper confining unit" of the Upper Floridan aquifer. The present study evaluated water-bearing zones within the Miocene sediments as potential secondary aquifers in the coastal area.
Upper Brunswick Aquifer
The upper Brunswick aquifer is herein named for rocks identified in well 33H206 at the Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company site in Brunswick, Glynn County (pl. 2). At this well, the aquifer consists of poorly sorted, fine to coarse, slightly phosphatic and dolomitic quartz sand of Miocene unit B.

Approximate depths below land surface to the top

of the aquifer may be estimated by subtracting the

altitude of the A-marker horizon (pl. 9) from the

altitude of the land surface showil_ on U.S. Geological

. Survey 7 1/2-minute topographic maps. The top of the

aquifer is a few feet below the A-hci'rizon marker, which

is within the confming unit overlying the aquifer.

Depths below land surface to ~he top of the aquifer at

the nested-well sites range from .about 88 ft at Fort

Pulaski, Chatham County, to 340 ft at Kings Bay,

Camden County (pl. 2). Generally, the aquifer is

shallowest near the Beaufort Arch (feature 8, fig. 2)

and deepest along the depression in.northeastern Glynn

County near Sterling (feature 5, fig. 2). ~,,, '"

. ,.,1, _'I.'he thickness of the upper :B'tunswick aquifer is somewhat less than: tile total. thickness of Miocene unit

B shown on plate 11, because the mapped unit includes

the thickness of the confining .basal carbonate and the

middle clay layers, which ate not part of the upper

Brunswick aquifer. For example, the aquifer ranges in

thickness from about 20 ft at the Chatham County

nested-well sites to about 150 ft ._at the Gardi site,

Wayne County (pl. 2). These thiclqiesses are less than

the total thickness of unit B at each site (30 to 83 ft, and

160ft, respectively). , _



Lowe~ Br~~swickAqtiifer

The lower Brunswfck aq"dif~r is herein named for
rocks identified at well 33H206 at the Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company site in Brunswick, Glynn County (pl. 2). At this well, the aquifer consists of poorly sorted, fine to coarse, phosphatic, slightly dolomitic sand of Miocene unit C. The lower Brunswick aquifer is absent in the Savannah area and in Bulloch County because the permeable upper sand_ layer of Miocene
unit c has been eroded away or was never deposited.

Approximate depths below !arid surface to the top of the aquifer may be estimated' by subtracting the altitude of the B-marker horizon (pl. 8) from the altitude of the land surface shown on U.S. Geological Survey 7 1/2-minute topographic maps. The top of the aquifer is a few feet below the B-marker horizon, which is within the overlying confining unit. Depths to the top of the aquifer at the nested-well sites range from about 400 ft at the nested-well sites in Glynn County to about 460 ft at Gardi, Wayne County (pl. 2). Generaiiy, the

26

aquifer is at its greatest depth below land surface in the depression near Sterling in northeastern Glynn County (feature 5, fig. 2).
The thickness of the lower Brunswick aquifer is somewhat less than the total thickness of Miocene unit C mapped on plate 10, because the mapped unit includes the thickness of the confming basal carbonate and the middle clay layers, which are not part of the upper Brunswick aquifer. For example, the aquifer ranges in thickness from about 36 ft at the Gardi nested-well site in Wayne County to about 70 ft at the Coffm Park site in Glynn County (pl. 2). The total thickness of Miocene unit C at the two sites is 62 and 130 ft, respectively.
Hydraulic Properties
Because few individual wells tap the upper or the lower Brunswick aquifers, little information is available on their water-bearing properties. Most available data are from aquifer tests at Colonels Island, Glynn County.
Reported well yields for the two aquifers range from 3 to 180 gal/min. Near the turn of the century, the lower Brunswick aquifer at Brunswick, yielded 100 to 250 gal/min from flowing wells (McCallie, 1898). At Brunswick, well 34H446 (appendix A) taps both the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers, and currently produces about 180 gal/min.
Soil and Material Engineers, Inc., (1986b) conducted two aquifer tests in wells tapping the lower Brunswick aquifer (their "basal Miocene aquifer") at Colonels Island in Glynn County, during June and July 1986. During each test, drawdown was measured in the pumped well and was analyzed by using the modified nonequilibrium formula of Cooper and Jacob as discussed in Ferris and others (1962). The first test was conducted in well 33H223, which had a 4-in.-diameter PVC screen in the interval 498 to 548 ft. Prior to the test, the well had a water level of 5.2 ft above land surface and the well flowed. The average discharge for the 8-hr test was 49 gal/min and the maximum drawdown was 19.96 ft, which resulted in a specific capacity of 2.5 (gal/min)/ft. After the pump was shut off, the well returned to flowing conditions within 41 sec, and completely recovered within 70 sec. Test results indicated that the transmissivity at this well was about 2,000 ft2/d. The open interval in well 33H223 was 50 ft, indicating that the average hydraulic

conductivity of the aquifer in the screened interval was about 40 ft/d. The screen was placed in the most productive part of the aquifer and received water along both horizontal and curved flowlines, thus the computed hydraulic conductivity represented a maximum value. A minimum hydraulic conductivity value of 20 ft/d w!s computed by dividing the transmissivity (2,000 ft /d) by the total thickness of the aquifer (100ft).
The second test was conducted in well 33G028 that had a 6-in.-diameter stainless-steel screen in the interval from 390 to 473 ft. Prior to pumping, the well flowed at about 40 gal/min. The average discharge for the 24-hr test was 122 gal/min and the maximum drawdown was 15.1 ft, which resulted in a specific capacity of 8.1 (gal/min)/ft. After the pump was shut off, the well returned to flowing-conditions within 7 sec. Test results indicated that the transmissivity of the lower Brunswick aquifer at well 33G028 was about 4,700 ft2/d. The open interval in the well was 83 ft, indicating that the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer in the screened interval was about 57ft/d. Because the lower Brunswick aquifer is about 90 ft thick at Colonels Island, this test was representative of most of the saturated thickness of the aquifer. The hydraulic conductivity of the lower Brunswick aquifer at Colonels Island, Glynn County ranged from about 20 to 57 ft/d, and averaged 38 ft/d. An estimate of the maximum transmissivity for the lower Brunswick aquifer was computed by using an average hydraulic conductivity of 38 ft/d and multiplying it by the aquifer thickness at each of the nested-well sites (pl. 2). Values ranged
from about 1,368 f~/d at the Gardi site in Wayne
CRunty), where the aquifer is thinnest, to about 2,740 fr / d at the Coffm Park site in Glynn County, where the aquifer is thickest.
Although there are no available data on hydraulic properties of the upper Brunswick aquifer in Georgia, an estimate of its transmissivity was obtained by using the aquifer thickness multiplied by the hydraulic conductivity determined from tests run in the lithologically similar lower Brunswick aquifer. Multiplying the average hydraulic conductivity of 38 ft/d by the aquifer thickness at each of the nested-well sites (pl. 2) result~d in transmissivity values that ranged from about 680 ft / d at the Skidaway Island site, where the aquifer is thinnest (about 18ft) to about 5,700 ft2/d at the Gardi site, where the aquifer is thickest (about 150ft).

27

Qrqund-Water Pumpage

Most wells that withdraw water from .tb.fl upper

and the lower Brunswick aqUifers are multi-aquifer

wells that also tap the deeper Upper Florida]:l. aquifer.

During this study, 175 multi-aquifer wells tappmgthe upper and/or the lower B~up.smck aquifers an9 tappiJJ.g

the Upper Floridan aquifer were ~v~ntori~d (appendix B). Multi-aquifer wells are abundant in th~ stmiy area

because of the common, past practice among well

drillers to drill._ th.J;ough .the. fj~st carbonate.layer, set

casing, and then .continue to drill into tM Upper

Floridan aquifer, leaving the well as ope1,1 .hole below the casing. Few ~ells. currently are constructed in this

manner because it has been recognized that clastic

sediments of Miocene and younger age may .cave into

the borehole.



In the Bay Street area of Brunswick, high chloride concentrations in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer necessitated the use of water from shallower aquifers as alternate water supplies. In this area, a small industry that uses water from a well that taps both the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers (well 34H446, appendix B) withdrew an estimated 0.2 Mgal/d in 1986.

The lower Brunswick aquifer on Colonels Island in Glynn County currently is being considered as an alternative water supply to the Upper Floridan aquifer by the Georgia Ports Authority. This was necessitated over concern that additional withdrawals from the Upper Floridan aquifer near Brunswick could accelerate saltwater intrusion into the aquifer from deeper zones. Currently (1988), there is one watersupply well on the island that taps the lower Brunswick aquifer, which is capable of producing about 0.17 Mgal/d. A report by Soil and Materials Engineers, Inc., (1986a) concluded that on the island, the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers (their "Mioc.ene aquifer system") potentially could supply from 4.5 .to 6-... Mgaljd.

Water Levels

Water-level fluctuations and trends in the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers are similar. In some places, such as the Coffin Park site, Glynn County, pumping from the Upper Floridan aquifer causes watef"'... levels in the upper and the lower.Brunswick aq)lifers to respond (fig. 8). The upper Brunswick aquifer at the'

Gardi site. neat Jesup (pl. 2); lies at a depth of al>'cmt

300ft (well 32L016), and is separated from the silitltial

aquifer by a dense carbonate and clay con.finiiiig''ihiit

that is about 28 ft thick. Since 1983, the water-level

trend in the upper Brunswick aquifer has beeri 'slightly

.Clownward at the Gardi site, and similar tq tha:ffil:'the
underlyip.g Upper Floridan aquifer (fig. 9). ~::~I'

; "

In areas where the upper and the lower Bruns~:&

aquifers are not as deeply buried and are distant frelin.
,pumping centers of the Upper Floridan aquifer';'~~ter levels primarily respond to seasonal climatic cha~ges,, although regional pumping 'probably has,, ' sq~y
at influence. The upper .Brunswick aquifer. in, '~'iigcich
County is about 95 ft below land surface . the

Hopeulikit site (pl. 2), and is near the area where the

Miocene units crop out at 'land surface. The

hydrograph for well :31U009 (fig. 10) indicates that seasonal water-level fluctuations in the ~ppel," BrunsWick aquifer are similar to those in the Uppe~

Floridan. The seasonal water-level decline in thesprpjg
and summer is augmented by pumping from the Upper

Floridan for irrigation in the area. In addition, the

similarity in water-level trends between the upper

Brunswick and the Upper Floridan aquifers, shovip:' ii

is figure 10, probably results from hydraulic cminebti~n
between the two- aquifers. This hydraulic c_onnecti'OJJ,

the result of a greater percentage of sand .m:~,t~(;;

such' confining unit underlyip.g the upper Brunswick aquif~r:

in Bulloch County than in coastward areas,

~s

Wayne County. ;,',

65r-----.-----r-----~----~----~~~

31U009 Upper Brunswick aquifer (160210 ft)

Upper and. Lower Floridan aq'ulfers (315860 ft)

85~----~--~~----~----~--~~--~

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

CALENDAR YEAR

Figul'e 10.--Daily mean water levels in the upper Brunswick and Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, Hopeulikit site, Bulloch County, 1983-87.

Water levels in the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers in the Brunswick area, show almost noseasonal fluctuations, and primarily are influenced by changes in nearby pumping from the Upper Floridan aquifer. In this area, the aquifers are not widely used, are distant from the outcrop areas, are deeply buried (about 280 and 400 ft below land surface, respectively), and are separated from the surficial aquifer by a clayey confining unit that is 52 ft thick (pl. 2). Long-term water-level trends in the Brunswick area are illustrated by the hydrograph for well 32H001, which taps both the, upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers (fig. 11). In 1939, the hydraulic head was about 49 ft above land surface and the well flowed at a rate of about 30 gal/min. By 1986, the head had declined more than 44 ft, and was less than 5 ft above land surface. This decline corresponded to increased pumping and waterlevel declines in the Upper Floridan aquifer, primarily in the Brunswick area. During 1959-81, the water level in the Upper Floridan aquifer declined about 20 ft in well 33H052, and the water level in the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers declined about 17 ft in well 32H001; both declines resulted primarily from increased pumping from the Upper Floridan. In both wells, the water-level rise in 1982, which continued into 1984, largely was the result of about a 10 Mgaljd decrease in industrial pumping from the Upper Floridan. The similarity in water-level fluctuations in the aquifers indicate that there is hydraulic connection between the upper and the lower Brunswick and the Upper Floridan aquifers in the Brunswick area.
Floridan Aquifer System
The Floridan aquifer system, formerly known as the principal artesian aquifer in Georgia, consists of interbedded clastics and marl in the updip area and massive limestone and dolomite more than 2,000 ft thick in the downdip area (Krause and Randolph, 1989). The Floridan aquifer system, primarily of Eocene age, is hydraulically connected in varying degrees, but has been divided into the Upper and Lower FlQridan aquifers in most of the study area.
Upper Floridan Aquifer
In the coastal area, the Upper Floridan aquifer primarily consists of limestone of the Oligocene unit and limestone and dolomite of the upper Eocene unit. Generally, the uppermost part of the aquifer is most permeable, and it consists of vuggy, highly fossiliferous

limestone of Oligocene (where present) and late Eocene age (Ocala Limestone).
a:
0

32H001 Upper and lower Brunwick aqulfcn (298500 ft)

,,

0

".Jo,.-J \Jl ~ 33H052
Upper Floridan aquifer (!160112!1 ft)

lAi~MI lll./:

-S ':::.,-::.,~u..J...'-'-'-'::0'-'-'-'-'-I...J....I_-'-'::'0_.L..L..L..L..J._.L..LJ-':<>:'-'-'-'-'-l....U.-L...L.JOLl...L.l...LJ..J"'

~ ~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

CALENDAR YEAR

Figure 11.--Periodic water levels in the upper and lower Brunswick aquifers at well 32H001, and in the Upper Floridan aquifer at well 33H052, Glynn County, 1939-86.

The top of the Upper Floridan aquifer is defined as the top of the Oligocene unit, and w~ere Oligocene sediments are absent, by the top of the upper Eocene unit. Thus, the top of the aquifer throughout the study area coincides with the C-marker horizon (pl. 7). In parts of Camden and Wayne Counties, the Oligocene unit is absent, and the top of the aquifer consists of limestone of late Eocene age. Depths to the top of the aquifer below land surface may be estimated by subtracting the altitude of the base of the Miocene (pl. 7) from the altitude of the land surface shown on U.S. Geological Survey 7 1/2-minute topographic maps. Depths to the top of the aquifer at the nested-well sites range from about 110 ft at the Fort Pulaski site in Chatham County to about 530 ft at the Kings Bay site in Camden County (pl. 2). Generally, the aquifer is shallowest near the Beaufort Arch (feature 8, fig. 2) in the northeastern part of the study area, and deepest along the depression in northeastern Glynn County near Sterling (feature 5, fig. 2).

According to Miller (1986, pl. 28), the Upper Floridan aquifer ranges in thickness from less than 200 ft in Effingham County to more than 700 ft in southeastern Camden County, near the Kings Bay nested-well site. At the other nested-well sites, the aquifer ranges in thickness from about 250 to 260 ft at

29

the Skidaway and Fort Pulaski sites, respectively, in Chatham County (pl. 2) to about 460 ft at the Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company site in Glynn County (pl. 2).
Permeable Zones
The Uppe:r Floridan aquifer in the study area consists of several permeable water-bearing zones that are separated by layers of dense limestone or dolomite that act as semiconfming units (pl. 2). These lowpermeability units have persisted because they do not allow vigorous circulation of ground water. Circulation is more rapid through vuggy, fossiliferous zones of high primary porosity thus forming the water-bearing zones as secondary permeability has developed. The limestone of the low-permeability zones probably is dolomitized in part and is highly micritic in part (Miller, 1986).
McCollum and Colln.ts (1964) conducted flowmeter tests in wells hi the Savannah area to determine water-yielding zones in the Floridan aquifer system. Five freshwater-bearing zones were delineated (McCollum and Counts, 1964). Krause and Randolph (1989) assiged the upper two zones to the Upper Floridan. aquifer and the lower three zones to the Lower Floridan aquifer. The flowmeter tests indicated that about 70 percent of the flow was from the upper two zones. At Skidaway Island, zone 1 is near the top of the upper Eocene unit, and is about 44 ft thick (pl. 2). Zone 2 is near the bottom of the upper Eocene unit, and is about 35 ft thick at Skidaway Island. . McCollum and Counts (1964) reported that zones 1 .and 2 merge into one unit in southwestern South Carolina.
The Upper Floridan is comprised of tw9 freshwater permeable zones in the Brunswick area; the 1 "upper and the lower water-bearing zones" as described by Wait and Gregg (1973). These zones are shown for the Coffm Park and the Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company nested-well sites (pl. 2). The thickness of the upper water-bearing zone ranges from about 85 to 180, ft, and the thickness of the lower water-bearing zone ranges from about 15 to 110. ft. The two zones are separated by. a low-permeability, semiconfining unit that ranges in thickness from about 150 to 200 ft, and which pa~tially restricts flow between the . zones. Outside the Brunswi~k area, the areal extent of the semiconfining un~t is n,ot well known because of lack of

data. However, the unit has been identified as far south as Kings Bay in Camden County (pl. 2), but has not b~en recognized as far west as Jesup in Wayne County;

Hydraulic Properties

The Upper Floridan aquifer is most productiVe

where it is thickest, and where secondary permeabilitY

is most developed. Based on field values from aqli,ifet

tests and results of model simulation (Krause<and

Randolph, 1989), transmissivity of the aquifer ranges'
ftom less than 10,000 ft2/ d in the area of th~ Gulf Trough in Bulloch County to more than 500,000 ft2jd:

in the Charlton County area. Reported well yieJds -of
5,000 to 10,000 gal/min are common in Can:ili~n;

Wayne, and Glynn Cotinties.

1 ,.

r-

. "

During this study, an aquifer test was condu~ted at .

a well drilled for the city of Brunswick near the CCiffm

Park nested-well site (pl. 2). The test involved ol1e'

pumping well (34H445) that withdrew 1,530 gciljmin;

and two observation wells (34H085 and 34H344), "all

three of which tapped the upper water-bearing zon,b':'
Well 34H085 is 410ft from the pumped well, and ~~q
34H344 is 3,570 ft from the pumped well. Watet~levei

response data for both the 24-hour pumping period;and
the 19-hour. recovery period were analyzed by usipg the

Theis formula for. noii.leaky confmed aquifers With' fully

penetrating wells (Lohman, 1972, p. 15). Data fqi Well: . 34H344 were not analyzed because they could riof6~

matched to an appropriate type curve owing to minimal

response to the pumped well and to interferences

caused by tidal influence, pumping from other wells, or

leakage from adjacent zones or through fractures. The
transmissivity at weli 34H085, comp,uted from time~
drawdown data, was about 33,000 ft2j d, whereas the transmissivity c~IIiputed from time~recovery data . Was

about 40,000 ft /d (R.B. Randolph, U.S: Geological

Survey, written commun., 1987). The storage

coefficient computed from the time-drawdown data Was

4.7 x 10-4, and from the time-recovery data was 5.7 x

10-4.

., .

Previous studies have shown that the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Brunswick area is moderately anisotropic (Maslia, 1987), whereas in the Jesup area (Randolph and others, 1985) and elsewhere in the coastal area, it is less anisotropic. Where the hydraulic properties of an aquifer vary with direction, the aquifer
at that point is considered anisotropic. Anisotropy of

30

the carbonate rocks in the Brunswick area probably is influenced by solution openings in the rock. These openings are believed to have been formed by the dissolution of carbonate material as ground water flows preferentially along joints and nearly vertical fractures in the rock. The northeastward elongation of the cone of depression at Brunswick (fig. 12) probably demonstrates the effect of the anisotropy. Although no faults have been positively identified, Maslia and Prowell (1988) have mapped locations of inferred faults. The principal direction of flow also corresponds to the orientation of a major structural depression (feature 5, fig. 2) located north of Brunswick.
Ground-Water Pumpage
During 1986, about 600 Mgalfd was withdrawn from the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Coastal Plain of Georgia, of which, about 273 Mgal/d or 46 percent, was withdrawn in the coastal area. Major pumping centers in the coastal area include the Savannah, Jesup, Riceboro, Brunswick, and Kings Bay-St Marys areas. With the exception of the Savannah area, pumping in these areas mainly is for industrial supply. In the Savannah area, pumping is about evenly divided between industrial and public supply. Withdrawals from the aquifer during 1986 were about 73 Mgal/d in the Savannah area, 83 Mgalfd in the Brunswick area, 81 Mgal/d in the Jesup and Riceboro areas, and 36 Mgal/d in the Kings Bay-St Marys area (Clarke and others, 1987).
Water Levels
The May 1985 potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer is characterized by a generally coastward gradient interrupted by a series of cones of depression that have resulted from large withdrawals from the Upper Floridan aquifer (fig. 12). The cones of depression are at the major pumping centers of Savannah, Jesup, Brunswick, and St Marys, Ga.Fernandina Beach, Fla. Despite similar rates of withdrawal, the size of the cone of depression at Savannah is substantially larger than in other coastal areas because the transmissivity of the aquifer at Savannah is lower (Krause and Hayes, 1981). For example, the transmissivity in the Brunswick area ranges from 40,000 to 200,000 ft2/ d, whereas the reported average transmissivity at Savannah is about 28,000 to 33,000 rt2/d (Krause and Randolph, 1989).

Ground-water withdrawals at the pumping centers and elsewhere in the coastal area have resulted in water-level declines since development of the aquifer began in the late 1800's. Prior to development, the head in the Upper Floridan aquifer was from about 20 to 150ft above sea level in the study area (Johnston and others, 1980). By 1985, the water level in the center of pumping at Savannah had declined to more than 20 ft below sea level (fig. 12). Similarly, in the center of pumping at Brunswick, the water level had declined to more than 10 ft below sea level by 1985. Long-term water-level trends in the Upper Floridan aquifer are shown for the Savannah area in figure 13 and for the Brunswick area in figures 11 and 14.
Because the Upper Floridan aquifer is deeply buried in the coastal area and is far from its outcrop area, its water level is not directly influenced by contemporaneous precipitation. The water level is, however, affected by increased withdrawals that occur during hot, dry periods. Water levels in the Savannah, Jesup, Brunswick, and St Marys areas also show direct responses to pumping from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Temporary reductions in industrial pumping in these areas are reflected by peaks on the hydrographs shown in figures 7, 8, and 14 for the Brunswick area, figure 9 for the Jesup area, and figures 15 and 16 for the Savannah area. At Brunswick, a reduction in industrial pumpage of about 10 Mgal/d in 1982 resulted in a water-level recovery of about 10 ft at well 33Hl33, which taps the upper water-bearing zone, and about 8 ft in well 33H127, which taps the lower water-bearing zone (fig. 13). Water levels in the two zones continued to rise until early 1984 when they began to decline again. For a complete discussion of water-level fluctuations in the Upper Floridan aquifer, the reader is referred to Clarke (1987) and Clarke and others (1987).
The Upper Floridan in the northwestern part of the study area is close to its recharge area, is distant from pumping centers, and is less deeply buried. Water levels in this area respond less to coastal pumping and more to local precipitation changes and to local pumping as illustrated by the water-level trend in well 32R002 (fig. 6).

31

82"

I
~

r .--

i.Po

t~ 8 R ,A N T L E Y

I

\ ~"

r---~\J ~-

- s o - - - J I t -.......

..

c A

'

CHARLTON

L __ /

'v,,
"~
!";\>'
EXPLANATION -50-POTENTIOMETRIC CONTOUR--Shows altitude
at which water level would have stood In tlghtiy cased wells. Contour Interval 10 feet. D!!tum Ia sea level

I
----!
~ \

10 0

!

20

III I .1' f I II I
llllfi II ' .

I.' ' -

I 'I

I

30

40 MILES I

0 I 0 20 30 40 KILOMETERS

Modified from Clarke (1987)

Figure 12.--Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the coastal area, May 1985.

32

38Q004 Lower Floridan aquifer / (606-657 ft)
38Q002 Upper Floridan aquifer (11 0-348 ft)

..40

.".'

"'

"'

.0
:

.:"'

....
:

CALENDAR YEAR

Figure 13.--Monthly mean water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer at well 380002 and in the Lower Floridan aquifer at well 380004, Fort Pulaski, Chatham County, 1971-87.

20r---,----r---,----r---,----r--~--------,---

Lower Floridan aquifer

33Hl88

15

Fernandina permeable zone (2.1382.720 ft)

w
(,)
=.<... 10
::;,
IJJ

Qz:

< 5

..l

I

- ,.., I\.:

,. .....,

it 0

0 1'1'111'.r~r~'J I

I

_j

=.w.l

=0 5

~ +5

w

:>

= 0
< 0

33H127

.1ww..-.

:!!: 5

..; w w:> 10
..l
= w
1<- 15 it

"I I I I I I I \I
UpperFioridan aquifer
Upper water-bearing zone (520790 ft)

75

77

...u<w 79
=::;,
Ill

Qz: <

81

..l 100

it

0

=.w.l 105
1-

..."'IIJ 110

~
..;
IIJ 115
_,:>
IIJ

= 120
IIJ
<1-
~ 125

37Ql86 Lower Eocene and Paleocene units
(1.386-1.520 ft)
8'-nk where data rni..lnt
37QI85 Upper Floridan aquifer
1274-360 ft)

130
135 1985

Blank where data mlaaing

1986 CALENDAR YEAR

1987

Figure 15.--Daily mean water levels in the Paleocene unit in well370186 and in the Upper Floridan aquifer in well370185, Hutchinson Island, Chatham County, 1985-87.

38Q002 Upper Floridan aquifer (110348 ft)

CALENDAR YEAR

1987

Figure 16.--Daily mean water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer at well 380002 and in the Paleocene unit and late Cretaceous-age rocks at well 380201, Fort Pulaski, Chatham County, 1986-87.

25~--~--~--~----~--~---L--~--~----~--~
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 CALENDAR YEAR
Figure 14.--Monthly mean water levels in the brackishwater zone and Fernandina permeable zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer, and in the upper and lower water-bearing zones of the Upper Floridan aquifer, Glynn County, 1978-87.
33

Lower Floridan Aquifer
The Lower Floridan aqUifer' consists of dolomitic limestone, primarily of the middle and lower Eocene units. The Lower Floridan includes coarsely pelletal, vuggy, commonly . dolomitized limestone of the Paleocene unit and deeper units of Late Cretaceous age locally in the Brunswick area (Miller, 1986, p. B70). Because few wells penetrate the Lower Flo:ddan, information is sparse.
Depth to the top of the aquifer below land surface ranges from 570 to 765 ft in the Savannah area to about 1,000 ft in the Brunswick area (pl. 2). For further definition of the top of the aqUifer, see Miller (1986) and Krause and Randolph (1989).
The aquifer ranges in thickness from less than 106. ft in the northern part of the study area to nearly 2,500 ft locally in the Brunswick area (Miller, 1986, pl. 32). At the nested-well sites, information on the thickness of the aquifer is limited to the Savannah area and the Hopetilikit_ site in Bulloch County (pl. 2). In the Savannah area, the aquifer ranges in thickness from 120 ft at Skidaway Island to 195 ft at Hutchinson Island. The aquifer is about 180 ft thick at the Hopelllikit site.
.. .' .. _,
Permeable Zones
The Lower Floridan contains low-permeability zones that act as semiconfming units similar to those in the Upper Floridan aquifer. Locally, these seiniconfining units divide . the Lower Floridan into individual permeable zones. The permeability of the Lower Floridan generally decreases to the west and to the north of Brunswick, ~n:d is extremely low in the Savannah area.
The Lower Floridan is comprised of at least three separate water-bearing units in the Brunswick, area
m (Krause and Randolph, 1989). They are, descending
order, the "brackish-water zone" and "deep freshwater zone" of Gregg and Zimmerman. (i974), and the "Fernandina permeable zone" of Krause and Randolph (1989). The brackish-water zone and the deep freshwater zone consist of limestone and dolomite of the middle Eocene unit, and are described by Gregg and Zimmerman (1974, pl. 1). The Fernandina permeable zone consists of pelletal, recrystallized limestone and fmely crystallized dolomite of the lower Eocene and Paleocene units. The zone extends from

northeastern Florida into Mcintosh County, Ga. The zone includes rocks of Late Cretaceous age in the Brunswick area. The zone ranges in thickness from about 100 ft in the Jacksonville, Fla., a,rea to more than 500 ft at Brunswick, Ga. (Krause and Randolph, 1989).

In the Savannah area, zones 3, 4, and 5, of

McCollum and Counts (1964) that have relatively

higher permeability and that are within the middle

Eocene unit were assigned to the Lower Floridan

aquifer by Krause and Randolph (1989). These zones

were first identilled through flowmeter tests con:dpcted

by McCollum and Counts (1964). The tests indicated

that zone 3 yielded from 2 to 8 percent, and zones 4 and

5 yielded from 3 to 20 percent of the total yield to

an mul~i-aqUifer wells that tapped five zones.

'j,

Hydraulic Properties

Because few wells tap the Lower Floridan aquifer, little information is available on its water-bea~ing properties. _Krause and Randolph (1989) estimated from geophysical logs and thickness data: that , the transmissivity of the.Lower Floridan ranges frpm 2,000 t<;> 216,000 ft2/d .over most of the coastal area. ObserVations recorded during pumping. oftest wells for water-quality sarilpling and flowmt;tet tests conducted by :tv,fcCullum aritl Counts (1964) indicate that ,the transmissivity is significantly lower in the Savati,nah atea.

Vertical variations in the water-bearing properties .. of the Lower Floridan aquifer were dempnstrated by-~

pumping several test wells in Chatham County. Well

37Pl13 at Skidaway Island (pl. 2) tapped the upper part

of the Lower Floridan, and yielded an estimated 25 :

gal/min and had a drawdown of 25.7 ft, which resulted

in a specillc capacity of 0.97 (gal/min)/ft. . Well38Qi96 .

tapped the lower part of the aquifer at Fort Pulaski (pl.

2) and yielded about 5 to 10 galjmin and had a ,

drawdown of ab'out 52.4 ft, which resulted in a specific
capacity of about 0.10 to 0.19 (gal/min)/ft.
Transmissivity values of .less than 100 f~/ d wbre

estimated by applying these specific capacity vah.J,~s to

the modified nonequilibrium formula of Cooper and

Jacob (1946) as described in Ferris and others (1962)

and by using a storage coefficient ranging between ;l_x

10-S and 1 x 10-..4... .

---. . .. - . ' ., .

34

Ground-Water Pumpage
The Lower Floridan is not widely used for water supply in coastal Georgia because it is deeply buried, it contains saline water in much of its area of occurrence, and because the overlying Upper Floridan is an excellent source of good quality water. The aquifer supplied an estimated 0.01 Mgal/d to the town of Hiltonia in Screven County in 1980, through multiaquifer wells that tapped both the Upper and the Lower Floridan (R.B. Randolph, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1987). In Allendale, Beaufort and Jasper Counties, S.C., the aquifer supplied 4.01, 3.41, and 0.016 Mgal/d, respectively, in 1980. The Lower Floridan is extensively developed in northeast Florida (Krause and Randolph, 1989).
Water Levels
The water level in the Lower Floridan aquifer primarily is influenced by pumping from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Withdrawal of water from the Upper Floridan induces upward flow from the Lower Floridan.
Although well yields are low, the Lower Floridan is tapped along with the Upper Floridan in several municipal and industrial wells in the Savannah area (appendix B). Water-level fluctuations and trends in the Lower Floridan are nearly identical to those in the Upper Floridan, which indicates hydl:aulic connection between the aquifers, as can be seen on the hydrograph in figure 13.
Although th'e Lower Floridan is not used in the Brunswick area, water-level fluctuations in the aquifer are closely related to those in the overlying Upper Floridan aquifer. Water from the Lower Floridan moves upward into the heavily pumped Upper Floridan by leaking through conduits, solution-enlarged fractures, or possibly faults in the otherwise lowpermeability semiconfining unit. The water level in the brackish-water zone and the Fernandina permeable zone of the Lower Floridan showed the same trend during 1978-87 as the upper and the lower waterbearing zones of the Upper Floridan (fig. 14). Well 34H391 taps the brackish-water zone and shows almost immediate response (indicated by spikes and peaks on the hydrograph) to reductions in industrial pumping from the Upper Floridan. The similarity in water-level trends shown in figure 14 for well34H391; well33H188,

which taps the Fernandina permeable zone; and wells 33H133 and 33H127, which tap the Upper Floridan, suggests hydraulic connection between the aquifers.
Water levels in sediments underlying the Floridan aquifer system in the Savannah area may be affected by local pumping from the Floridan or by pumping from aquifers of equivalent age outside the Savannah area, or both. Well 370186 at Hutchinson Island taps dense argillaceous limestone of the lower Eocene unit and the Paleocene unit in the interval1,380 to 1,520 ft below the Lower Floridan aquifer (pl. 2). The water level in well 370186 seems to show a delayed response to waterlevel changes in the Upper Floridan aquifer, which is heavily pumped in the Savannah area (fig. 15).
Confining Units
The confining unit between the surficial and the upper Brunswick aquifers consists of silty clay and dense, phosphatic limestone or dolomite of Miocene unit A (pl. 3). The unit ranges in thickness from about 15ft at the Hopeulikit site in northern Bulloch County to about 70 to 90 ft at the nested-well sites at Brunswick in Glynn County (pl. 2). In the Brunswick area, Wait and Gregg (1973) determined from laboratory analysis that the vertical hydraulic conductivity of undi~urbed cores of the confining unit ranged from 5.3 x 10- to 1.3 x 10-4 ft/d at well34H132 (table 2).
The upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers are separated by a confining unit that consists of silty clay and dense, phosphatic limestone or dolomite of Miocene unit B (pl. 3). The confming unit ranges in thickness from about 10 ft at the Gardi site in Wayne County to about 50 ft at the nested-well sites in the Brunswick area (pl. 2).
The confining unit between the lower Brunswick and the Upper Floridan aquifers consists of silty clay and dense phosphatic limestone or dolomite of Miocene unit C (pl. 3). The confining unit ranges in thickness from about 20ft at the Gardi site to about 40 ft at the nested-well sites in the Brunswick area (pl. 2). The vertical hydraulic conductivity of undisturbed cores of the confming unit at Brunswick, as determined from laboratory analysis, ranges from 1.07 x 10-2 to 1.74 ft/d (Wait and Gregg, 1973, table 9) (table 2).

35

Table 2.--Hydraulic conductivity of core samples. Savannah and Brunswick areas

[Geologic unit: PM, Post-Miocene Unit; A, Miocene unit A.; B, Miocene unit B; C, Miocene unitC;

0, Oligocene unit; UE, upper Eocene unit; ME, middle Eocene unit; LE, lower Eoc.ene unit

Analyses in Chatham County from Furlow (1969); analyses at wells 34H132 and 33H114 froni\Vait (1965); an~yses at well 34H337 from Wait and

Gregg (1973); --,no horizontal]

'~ i

:--.'

'

.

Site

Interval

no.

(ft)

Lithology.

Geologlc unit

:,
Hydraulic conductivity (ft/d)

Vertical

HoriZontal .
. ".~ ~'"--" .. .

Chatham County

38Q203 380202 38P015
38P016 39P003 39P002

106

Sandy clay with pebbles

114

Sandy clay

122

do.

142

... Chalky liniestone

103
i14~'
120-1.36

. .

:."J~:.t
~-J ~; .

~andy clay. .;'Clay .
Calccireous

,. sand

141

Clay

146

do.

151

do.

''

164

do.

168

Sandy clay

196.

Chalky limestone

211-214

do.

226-241

do.

122

Sandy clay

132

Sand

141

do.

,,,, ~) '

159

Sandy day

96

Sandy clay

102

do.

111

do.

119

do.

123

Clay

B B B 0 B
"''"~
B B " B ' B B B 0 0 ,Q
B B B
c
B B B .B B

1.2x 104 6.7x 105
1.2x 10-4
1;070 1.3 x Hr5
4.0 xlo-4 13 X 102 :>: 1.3 X 10-3 .,
l.lx.lo-4 5.3:'x1o-5
4.0 X 1o-4. 5.3 X 1o-5
8.0 8.0 X 10-4 4.0 X 10c3
2.7x 1o-4.: ,,
5.3 X 1o-4 1.1 X 1o-3 5.3 X 1o-5 1.3 X 1o-2
2.7 x10-4
1.3 x1o-4 4.0 x 1Q-4
2.7x 1o-4

8.0x 1o-5
9.4x 1b-5
1.3 X 1Q-4, 1,7.38
9.4x 1o-5
'
)'_,
4.0 X 1Q-4

36 .

Table 2.--Hydraulic conductivity of core samples. Savannah and Brunswick areas--Continued
[Geologic unit: PM, Post-Miocene unit; A, Miocene unit A; B, Miocene unit B; C, Miocene unit C; 0, Oligocene unit; UE, upper Eocene unit; ME, middle Eocene unit; LE, lower Eocene unit. Analyses in Chatham County from Furlow (1969); analyses at wells 34H132 and 33H114 from Wait (1965); analyses at well34H337 from Wait and Gregg (1973); --, no horizontal]

Site

Interval

no.

(ft)

Lithology

Geologic unit

Hydraulic conductivity (ft/d)

Vertical

Horizontal

Glynn County

34H132 166-185

229-232

475-478

496-497

519-539

560-580

642-662

682-702

744-765

867-888

___J

970-990

1,046-1,051

1,053-1,065

1,072-1,084

1,134-1,154

33H114 615-635

708-712

800-812

900-912

33H337 118-128

178-188

547-567

567-587

587-607

678-698

779-799

935-954

1,088-1,105

1,490-1,503

Fine sandy, silty clay do. Fine argillaceous sand do. Fossiliferous limestone do. do. do. do. Dolomitic limestone do. do. do. do. do. Fossiliferous limestone do. do. Dolomitic limestone Clay do. Fine grained sandstone Sandy limestone Fossiliferous limestone do. Limestone do. do. do.

A

5.3 X 105

A

1.3 X 10-4

c

1.07

c

1.74

0

0.94

UE

1.2

UE

6.68

UE

18.72

UE

.4

UE

2.7x 102

UE

4.0 X 102

ME

1.3 X 105

ME

4.0 X 105

ME

5.3 X 105

ME

2.7x 104

UE

.67

UE

21.39

UE

1.3 X 103

UE

1.3 X 1Q-4

A

.27

A

1.07

c

1.07 X 102

0

.4

UE

160.4

UE

120

UE

6.68

LE

8.0 X 106

LE

4.0 X 106

LE

5.3

37

m The Upper Floridan aquifer the Savannah area
and in Bulloch County is confmed above by silty clay and dense phosphatic limestone or dolomite of Miocene unit B and Miocene unit C. ' The lower Brunswick aquifer is absent in these areas, and the confming unit above the Upper Floridan ranges in thickness from about 14ft at the Fort Pulaski site to 120 ft at the Bulloch. south site (pl. 2). Analyses of undisturbed cores in the Savannah area (Furlow, 1969) indicated the vertical hydraulic conductivity of this confining unit ranged from 5.3 x 10-5 to 1.3 x 10-2 ft/d, and the horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranged from 8.0 x 10-5 to 4.0 x 104 ft/d (table 2). The ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic conductiv:lty at three of the sites r<Ulged from 0.14 to 1.5, with the exception of one site, where vertical values were substantially less than horizontal values. The. differences in ratio between the sites demonstrates the highly variable, anisotropic, hydraulic properties of the corifming units.
The Upper and the Lower Floridan aquifers. are separated by a semiconfming unit that consists of dense, dolomitic limestone of the middle Eocene unit (pl. 3). The unit ranges in thickness from about 40 ft in northern Bulloch County and in the Brunswick area, to about 160 to 280 ft in the Savannah area (pl. 2)., The semiconfming unit has variable hydraulic properties .in the Brunswick area. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of undisturbed cores of the confming unit at BrunsWick was determined from laboratory analysis and ranged from 4.0 x 10-6 to 5.3 x 10-5 ft/d (Wait and Gregg, 1973, table 9; Wait, 1%5, tabie 8) (table 2). Although the unit has a very low primary hydraulic conductivity, joints and fractures in the rock have produced zones of substantially higher secondary hydraulic conductivity. The presence of these operiings is indicated at Brunswick by (1) acoustic teleViewer logs that show fractures and solution openings in the rock (fig. 3), (2) rapid response of water levels in; wells that tap the Lower Floridan (brackish'-water and Fernandina permeable zones) to pumping from the Upper Floridan, and (3) high chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan that resUlted from the upward movement of saline water from the Fernandina permeable zone.
The Lower Floridan aquifer is confmed below by argillaceous to arenaceous rocks of the Paleocene unit (pl. 3). In the Brunswick area, micritic limestone and argillaceous limestone of Late Cretaceous age mark the base of the aquifer (Miller, 1986, p. B46). The

F~~~cllna permeable zone of the Lower Floridan is confmed above by microcrystalline, locally. gypsiferous dolomite an.d fmely pelletal micritic limestone of early and middle Eocene age. The. confming unit overlying the Fernandina permeable zone in the Brunswick area is fractured, which provides conduits for saline water to move upward from the Fernandina zone into shallower, heavily pumped zones (Krause and Randolph, 1989). Th~se fractures are apparent on the acoustic televiewer log for well33H188 in Glynn County (fig. 3).

The water-bearing properties of the ~onfming unit

underlying the Lower Floridan aquifedn the Savannah

area were. determined during water-quality sampling in

wells 370186 at Hutchinson Island and 380201 at Fort

Pulaski (pl. 2). Well370186 taps glauconitic limestol!e

and calcareous sand in the lower part of the lower

Eocene unit and the Paleocene unit. During sampfu:ig,

the well yielded about 5 to 10 gal/min and had a

drawdown of 45 ft, giving it a specific capacity of about

0.1 to 0.2 (galfmin)/ft. Well380201 taps argillaceous

and glauconitic limestone of the Paleocene unit, and

possibly sediments of Late Cretaceous age that are

stratigraphically equivalent to the Fernandina

permeabl~ zone of Krause and. Randolph (1988).

Puri:iping'the well produced a yield of 11bout 1.0 to 1.5

gal/min with a drawdown of 42.~ ft, }qr a specific

capacity of about 0.04 (galfmin)/ft. /fl:J.e estimated

transmissivity of the , conf1Illng uni,t; :)?.(!.Sed on the

specific capacity data at the two wells, wa,s, about 10 to

60 ft2/d.

, .

Head Differences

The series of nested-well sites (pl. 2, table 1) was established to determine the vertical head reJatjops between aquifers iri areas where the Upper Floridan aquifer is stressed by pumping. At these sites, the effects of withdrawals were assessed in each of the water-bearing zones, and a head difference deten:p.ined, which can be computed by comparing water levels listed in table 1. With the exception of the Glynn County sites, the heads in the surficial, upper Brunswick, and lower Brunswick aquifers are higher than in the Upper Floridan aquifer, which indicates a potential for downward leakage over most of the coastal area.

38

In the coastal area, where the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers are confmed, the heads in those aquifers generally are higher than that in the overlying surficial aquifer, such as in the Camden-Glynn County area. For example, at the Coffm Park site (pl. 2), the head in the upper Brunswick aquifer (table 1) is about 5 ft higher than that in the surficial aquifer, and the vertical hydraulic gradient is therefore upward.
In areas upgradient to the west and northwest, the heads in the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers are less than that in the surficial aquifer, and the vertical hydraulic gradient is downward; thus, the two Brunswick aquifers receive recharge from the surficial aquifer in these areas. The downward gradient is evident at the Gardi site in Wayne County (pl. 2), where the head in the upper Brunswick aquifer is about 11ft lower than that in the surficial aquifer (table 1).
The head in the Upper Floridan aquifer is lower than the head in the surficial aquifer in areas upgradient to the west and northwest where the altitude of the water table in the surficial aquifer is comparitively high, and locally in areas beneath pumping centers where the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer has been lowered by pumping. A map of the head difference between the surficial aquifer and the Upper Floridan aquifer, shown in figure 17, was constructed by subtracting the altitude of the potentiometic surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer (fig. 12) from the estimated altitude of the water table in the surficial aquifer (fig. 4). The vertical hydraulic gradient is downward in areas where the Upper Floridan aquifer has a lower head, and where there is a potential for downward leakage from the surficial aquifer into the underlying Brunswick aquifers, and thence into the Upper Floridan aquifer. The hydraulic gradient is downward in areas west of the Orangeburg Escarpment-Trail Ridge geomorphic feature (fig. 4) in central Brantley and eastern Charlton Counties; northwest of Glynn and Mcintosh Counties; west of central Bryan and Liborty Counties; and in all of Chatham County. Although contours are not shown for the Savannah area in figure 4 because of sparse data for the surficial aquifer, water levels at the Skidaway Island nested-well site indicate that the hydraulic gradient at Savannah also is downward (pl. 2, table 1).
Estimates of the vertical hydraulic gradient in the Savannah, Brunswick, and St Marys, Ga.-Fernandina Beach, Fla., areas (fig. 17), were made by assuming an

average water-table altitude of 0 ft, and by comparing that altitude to the altitude of the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer (fig. 12). The hydraulic gradient at these pumping centers probably is downward from the surficial aquifer to the Upper Floridan aquifer within the cone of depression in the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan (fig. 12). Conversely, away from the pumping centers in most of Mcintosh, Glynn, and Camden Counties, and in eastern Brantley County, the hydraulic head in the Upper Floridan is higher than the hydraulic head in the surficial aquifer. In these areas, the vertical hydraulic gradient is upward, and there is a potential for water to flow from the Upper Floridan into the overlying upper and lower Brunswick aquifers and into the surficial aquifer. This condition occurs in unstressed areas along the coast, such as some of the barrier islands (eastern St. Simons Island, northern Cumberland Island, and Jekyll Island), where the head in the Upper Floridan is comparatively high, and the water table in the surficial aquifer is low. The upward hydraulic gradient in unstressed areas is illustrated by comparing water levels in wells tapping the surficial aquifer with water levels in wells tapping the Upper Floridan aquifer (appendix C). For example, outside the area of the cone of depression in the Upper Floridan aquifer in Glynn County, the water level in the surficial aquifer (well 34H428) is lower than the water level in the Upper Floridan aquifer (well 34H371), and the hydraulic gradient is upward.
The heads in the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers generally are between those in the surficial and the Upper Floridan aquifers. Thus, in most of Mcintosh, Glynn, and Camden Counties, and in eastern Brantley County, the vertical hydraulic gradient is upward and the head in the Upper Floridan is higher than those in both the upper and lower Brunswick aquifers. In the remainder of the area, the head in the Upper Floridan is lower than those in the two Brunswick aquifers. The head in the Upper Floridan aquifer is 5 ft lower than the head in the upper Brunswick aquifer at the Hopeulikit site in northern Bulloch County, and 4 ft lower at the Gardi site in Wayne County (pl. 2). Both sites are located in upland areas in the western part of the study area, where the water table in the surficial aquifer and the potentiometric surface of the upper Brunswick aquifer are higher than the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan. Here, the vertical hydraulic gradient is downward, and water from the surficial aquifer has the

39

33 EXPLANATION

81

+

z/ ...
/~.

+

~ PUMPING CENTER-Area where data for ~ surficial aquifer not available' for determination
of head difference. Values estin'iaied assuming an average water table altitu<!e of zero feet , ,
Savannah area--Head difference probably ranges from -60 to -120 feet

, ~, o:J~ ( , Hiltonia ?,

,,

.7

,-.SYLVANIA

0

Brunswick area--Head difference probably ranges from + 10 to -10 feet

St Marys, Ga.-Fernandina Beach, Fhi. area--
Head difference probably ranges from +30
to -10 feet

-'- -60'- ilNE OF EQUAL HEAD DIFFERENCE-Positive

where head is higher in the Uj:iper Floridan aquifer

than in the surficial aquifer. Negative (-) where

head is higher in the surficial aquifer than in

the Upper Floridan aquifer. Interval 20 feet,:

Gardi(IS) NESTED-WELL SITE-Number is head difference,

iri feet. Positive where head is hijlher in the Upper Floridan aquifer than in the surficial aquifer.

'' ''

Negative (')where head is higher in the surficial

aquifer than in the Upper Floridan aquifer ,

32

. " 1:

31

+

(j

10

ol'dl'di'on\'''1

I 20

20

30 MILES

I I 1

1

----z 30 KILOMETERS

'
\__ __j

Base frorri u.s: Geologic~! 'survey,
State base mup 1:1,000,000, 1970

Figure 17.--Estimated difference in head between the Upper Floridan aquifer and the surficial aquifer.

40

potential to move downward into the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers, and thence into the Upper Floridan aquifer. Conversely, at the Coffm Park site in Brunswick, the hydraulic head of the Upper Floridan is about 3 ft higher than the hydraulic head of the upper Brunswick aquifer (pl. 2). Here, water from the Upper Floridan has the potential to move into the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers, and thence into the surficial aquifer. Although no data are available, it is assumed that there is a slight head difference between the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers,. and that the direction of the hydraulic gradient between the two aquifers is the same as that between the surficial aquifer and the Upper Floridan aquifer.

The head in the Lower Floridan aquifer throughout much of the study area is higher than that in the Upper Floridan aquifer, and the vertical hydraulic gradient is upward. Where the aquifers are recharged, northwest of the study area, the gradient is downward (Krause and Randolph, 1988). The hydraulic gradient between the Upper and the Lower Floridan in the Savannah area is slightly upward at Skidaway Island (0.8 ft) and at Fort Pulaski (0.4 ft) (pl. 2, table 1). The hydraulic gradient between the two water-bearing zones of the Upper Floridan aquifer, and the brackish-water zone and the Fernandina permeable zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer in the Brunswick area generally is upward, as can be seen on the hydrographs shown in figure 14.

I
_j

The head difference between the Floridan aquifer

system and underlying semiconfming units is more than

10ft and the gradient is downward at the Fort Pulaski

site as indicated by the hydrographs shown on figure 16.

This downward gradient probably is the result of the

greater density of water in the deeper units owing to

higher total dissolved solids concentrations, although

regional pumping from the deeper aquifers outside the

Savannah area may also have an effect. The head in the

Paleocene unit underlying the Floridan aquifer system

at Hutchinson Island is 40 to 50 ft higher than those of

the Floridan.

Geothermal Gradient

Anomalous temperature distributions may be caused by the spatial redistribution of heat by moving ground water (Freeze and Cherry, 1979, p. 508). The vertical distribution of water temperatures in a well can provide indirect information about the vertical

movement of water. The geothermal gradient is a measure of the change in temperature with increase in depth, and generally is expressed in degrees Celsius per 100 ft. The normal geothermal gradient is representative of natural conditions prior to development, where the temperature change with depth is affected solely by the increase in temperature of native rock, and where there is no suspected vertical movement of ground water. A geothermal gradient lower than normal at a given depth generally indicates downward flow of cooler water from shallower aquifers, whereas a geothermal gradient greater than normal indicates upward flow of warmer water from deeper aquifers. For further discussion of the relations between the geothermal gradient and leakage between aquifers, the reader is referred to Grahm and Parks (1986, p. 27).
Wait and Gregg (1973, p. 25) reported anomalously high ground-water temperatures in the Brunswick area in places contaminated by high concentrations of chloride. Their estimates were based on the normal geothermal gradient of about 0.8C per 100 ft, as determined at two oil-test wells located in areas of minimal pumping. Computed values indicated that the upper water-bearing zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer, between the depths of 500 to 650 ft, had a water temperature equivalent to a depth of about 1,600 ft. Wait and Gregg (1973) postulated that because some cooling occurs as deeper and shallower waters mix, the source of high-chloride water probably was deeper than 1,600 ft, which was later confirmed by test drilling at Colonels Island (well 33H188, appendix B) (Gill and Mitchell, 1979).
Geothermal gradients in the Savannah area were determined at six wells in Chatham County and at one well in Bryan County (table 3). The seven wells were located within the area of the cone of depression in the Upper Floridan aquifer. The gradient at each well was determined by comparing the temperature of the water at depth to the average-annual air temperature at Savannah (19.7C), which approximates the temperature of ground water in the upper part of the well. The gradient measured at well 360318 was 0.85C per 100 ft, and the gradient at well 36R041 was 0.83C per 100 ft. Both measured gradients were close to the normal geothermal gradient (0.8C per 100 ft) determined by Wait and Gregg (1973) in the Brunswick area. The gradient was lower than normal in wells less than 700 ft deep, indicating downward flow from

41

overlying aquifers. Thi~ is supported by headdifference data, which indicates a downward hydraulic gradient from the s11rficial aquifer to the Upper Floridan aquifer in the area (pl. 2, fig. 17). The geothermal gradient in wells 37Pl13, 370186, and 380201 was higher than normal, indicating upward flow. Although the temperature Iileasured in well 37Pl13 was at a depth of 1,100 ft, the temperature was indicative of water from a depth of about 1,512 ft. Similarly, the temperature measured at well 370186 at a depth of 1,520 ft was indicative of a depth of 2,238 ft. The temperature measured at well 380201 at a depth of 1,542 ft was in~cative of ground water from a depth of 1,850 ft. In the Savannah area, upward flow from deeper zones is supported by head-difference. data from nested-well sites, whic;h indicate an upward hydraulic gradient into the Upper Floridan aquifer. Although there is an upward component of flow, the quantities are assumed to be sm:all owing to the low permeability .of the intervening confining units.

Table 3.-Ground-water temperatures and

.

gradients, Savannah area

(Average annual air temperature 19:r'q .

Well County no.

Open-hole Jntetv.il (ft)

Temperature Temper- gradient
Depth atifre (C per
(ft) (0 C) 100ft)

Bryan

35P010

96-417. 417 22.15

0.59

Chatham 36Q318 !/2,921-3,407 3,393 48.60

.85

36R041

0-1,000 1,000 28.03

.83

37Pll3

700-1,100 1,100 31.80

1.10

37Q083

220-645 613 22.60

.47

370186 1,380-1,520 1,520 37.60

1.18

380201 \ 1,358-1,546 1,542 34.50'

.96

!/Open interVal after initial construction; well later inbdified

to an open interval of 354-840 ft.

.

.

Interaquifer Leakage

Interaquifer leakage is important in the coastal area because of its impact on water quality. Saltwater intrusion and upward leakage of connate water into pumped freshwater zones of the Upper Floridan. aquifer are issues of concern to resource managers in the coastal area.

The confniing uilits overlying and underlying 'the

. Upper Floridan aquifer are not impermeable, and some

interchange of water occurs naturally betWeen the

Upper Floridan and shallower or deeper aquifers. The rate and volume of leakage depends on the thi~k'ri~ss and hydraulic conductivity of the confining unit;~iitfthe
... ., f ' " .
difference in hydraulic head between the aql.lifets.' The

potential for leakage between aquifers is highesfwhere

the intervening confining unit is thinnest, where the

hydraulic conductivity is highest, and where the veitiCal

hydraulic head difference is greatest.



The potential for downward leakage froill 't:lle

surficial aquifer is greatest in Bulloch County, where

the confming units separating the surficial and. upper

Brunswick aquifers are thinnest, and wh"efe. the downward hydraulic gradient between the sur(l~Hii a.nd

the Upper Floridan aquifers is greatest. Hydrmi1ic

corinection among the aquifers in this area is evidenc~~ by similar water-level fluctuations and trerids in" th~

aquifers. A high potential for leakage also eXi~~s in

other upland areas along the western part of the study

area, and near the pumping centers at Savannah .and

Brunswick where there is a large, downward hydni~lic

gradient. Furlow (1969) estimated the effe~ts of

proposed phosphate-ore mining in the Savannah-area

on the rate of saltwater leakage into the... lJPI?~r

Floridan aquifer. Based on the hydraulic. condudiyity

of the Miocene confining uriits and the downward
hydraulic gradient, Furlow (1969) concluded that NTdo

ft of overburden were removed by mining phosphate in

the Savannah area, about 160 (gal/acre)/d of saltwater

would leak into the Oligocene limestone, which is P'\~t

of the Upper Floridan aquifer.

.. ,

A submarine escarpment in Miocene sediments,
a west of the barrier islands may provide direct
connection between seawater and the upper Bruns\Vick.
aquifer. Harding and Woolsey (1975) fomid in'
escarpment in Pliocene and Miocene sediments that generally parallels the coast west of .the barrier islarids south of the Savannah area. The escarpment, named the Sea Island Escarpment by Huddlestun (1988, ]J. 18), has breached Miocene sediments that are equivalent in age to sediments that overlie and form the upper Brunswick aquifer. Permeable sand and gravel of
along Pliocene age (unnamed Raysor-equivalent shelly sand
of Huddlestun, 1988, p. 117) have accumulated the face of the escarpment. Because the hydraulic hbid in the upper and lower Brunswick aquifers is a( or

42

above sea level in most of the study area, water from the aquifers probably is in equilibrium with, or is discharging to the sea in the vicinity of the escarpment. However, if the hydraulic gradient were reversed as a result of increased withdrawals and associated waterlevel declines in the aquifers, saltwater encroachment could occur.

The rate of leakage between the surficial and the upper Brunswick aquifers was estimated at two nestedwell sites by using the following modification of Darcy's Law (Ferris and others, 1962, p. 111):

Q = K' IA (1)

where

Q

is the rate of leakage in cubic

feet per day,

K'

is the vertical hydraulic conductivity

of the confining unit in

feet per day,

I

is the hydraulic gradient in feet per foot,

and

A

is the cross-sectional area in

square feet.

A cross-sectional area (A) of 1 ft2 and an average vertical hydraulic conductivity (K') of 9 x 10-5 ft/d were used for the confining unit between the surficial and the upper Brunswick aquifers to calculate the rate of leakage. The confining unit at the Gardi site was about 28 ft thick, and the head difference between the aquifers was 11.3 ft, which produced a leakage rate of 3.6 x 10-5 ft3/d (2.8 x 10-4 galjd). At the Coffin Park site, the confining unit was 70 ft thick, and the head difference between the aquifers was 4.8 ft, which produced a leakage rate of 6.2 x 10-6 rt3/d (4.6 x 10-5 gal/d). These rates indicated that about 12 (gal/acre)/d would leak through the confining unit at the Gardi site, and about 2 (galjacre)/d would leak through the unit at the Coffin Park site.
Water Quality
The quality of water in the surficial, the upper and lower Brunswick, and the Upper Floridan aquifers generally is good. The Lower Floridan aquifer and deeper water-bearing zones generally yield water of poor quality.

A graphic summary of selected chemical constituents in the ground water is shown in figure 18. The summary is based on fluoride, calcium, chloride, sulfate, sodium, dissolved solids, hardness (as calcium carbonate), potassium, iron, and magnesium analyses of water samples collected from 1940 to 1986. The chemical analyses listed in table 4 represent only a fraction of the total number of water samples collected from wells that tap the Upper Floridan aquifer; the total number of analyses were too numerous to list. Information concerning these wells are stored in the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System (NWIS). Where more than one analysis was available for a site, the median value was utilized for the statistical analysis.
Surficial Aquifer
Water-quality data for the surficial aquifer are limited. Analyses of water samples from 30 wells in Chatham, Glynn, Camden, Wayne, and Bulloch counties indicate that the water is low in dissolved solids, ranges in hardness from soft to hard, and is suitable for most uses (table 4). The boxplots in figure 18 show that water from the surficial aquifer has low median concentrations of fluoride (0.03 mg/L), calcium (35 mg/L), magnesium (4.0 mg/L), chloride (28 mg/L), sulfate (12 mg/L), sodium (10.6 mg/L), dissolved solids (128 mg/L), and potassium (1.4 mg/L).
The median concentration of dissolved iron in the surficial aquifer was 500 ug/L, which exceeded the recommended drinking-water standard of 300 ug/L (Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 1977; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986). A maximum dissolved iron concentration of 5,100 ug/L was detected in well 37P136 at Skidaway Island, Chatham County, and concentrations that ranged from 1,270 to 4,980 ug/L were measured in five wells at the Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay, in Camden County. Staining of pavement by iron in ground water has been reported in the Skidaway Island area, where well water is used for lawn irrigation (Soil and Materials Engineers, Inc., 1986b).
The median chloride concentration (28 mg/L) in water from the surficial aquifer was below the State recommended drinking-water standard of 250 mg/L (Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 1977). With the exception of water from one well in the

43

NUMBER OF ANALYSES 28
lOr-----~------~~--------,

NUMBER Of' ANALYSES

4

6

:i8

2.0001""'"--,------,--,---,,

NUMBER OF ANALY5ES .
28

AQUIFER NUMBER

2 AQUIFER NUMBER

NUMBER OF ANALYSES

20

31

AQUIFER NUMBER NUMBER OF ANALYSES
26

AQUIFER NUMBER NUMBER OF ANALYSES
29 20,000 ....-..,..----,---.......,_...,..,..........- . , 10,000
1,000

AQUIFEI! NUMB~R.

NUMBER OF .ANALYSES .

26 6! ,;i '__,

i

. 3 AQUIFER NUMBER

2 AQUIFER NUMBER_

EXPLANATION

PERCENTILE-Percent~tge or alialyses equal io or leu than Indicated values

~

Maximum
75th 50th 25th

Minimum

GEORGIA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION (1977) AND U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (1976) DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
Maximum permlulble concentration Recommended maximum level

AQUIFER NUMBER 1 Surficial 2 Upper and Lower Brunswick 3 "-Upper Aoridan

AQUIFER NUMBER
Figure 18.--Boxplots of selected chemical constituents.
44

Brunswick area that had a chloride concentration of 270 mg/L, the chloride concentration in wells sampled in the Brunswick area during October 1987 ranged from 9.3 to 52 mg/L (appendix C). The chloride concentration at Kings Bay in Camden County ranged from 10.3 to 42.8 mg/L, and at Skidaway Island in Chatham County, it ranged from 25 to 180 mg/L (table 4). Counts and Donsky (1963) reported that the chloride concentration of water from wells tapping sand of Pleisotocene age (surficial aquifer) in the Savannah area ranged from 5 to 352 mg/L.
The surficial aquifer is susceptible to saltwater encroachment in areas near the coast, or near tidal rivers and estuaries where the water table in the aquifer is at or below sea level. For example, at Skidaway Island, the specific conductance (which, at this site, provides an indication of dissolved solids and chloride ion concentration) of water from the surficial aquifer is highest along the outer margins of the island that border the salt marshes and estuaries (Soil and Materials Engineers, Inc., 1986b).
Chloride concentrations in the surficial aquifer exceeded 50 mg/L at St. Simons Island and in the southern part of Brunswick. During October 1987, the concentration in the southern part of Brunswick at well 34H416 was 270 mg/L, which exceeded State drinkingwater standards (appendix C). At well 35H053 on St. Simons Island, the chloride concentration during October 1987 was 52 mg/L. Both wells are located in areas where pumping has produced cones of depression in the potentiometric surface of the lower semiconfmed zone of the surficial aquifer. During 1984-87, the chloride concentration in well 34H416 in the southern part of Brunswick increased from less than 10 mg/L to more than 270 mg/L (fig. 19). This increase may indicate either upward leakage of water from the Upper Floridan and the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers into the surficial aquifer, or saltwater encroachment from an estuary, located about 1,200 ft west of the well. The probable cause of the high chloride concentrations at this well is upward leakage from the underlying aquifers either naturally through the semiconfming units or through a failed well casing. This assumption is supported by evidence of an upward hydraulic gradient in the area, and by the high chloride concentration in the underlying aquifers (greater than 2,000 mg/L in the Upper Floridan aquifer).

(/) 300
:E
= <
:~_::,; 250

i

!: 200

:2i~=
==..~:::; 150
1~-lol

z(.) 100 0
(.)

IOl

Q

50

=0_,

____,__,___/4_H __4_3_0___

:t
(.)

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

CALENDAR YEAR

Figure 19.--Graph showing chloride concentration in the surficial aquifer at wells 34H416 and 34H430, Glynn County, 1982-87.

Chloride concentrations in the surficial aquifer in the northern part of Brunswick, at well 34H430, showed little change from 1982 to 1987 (fig. 19). Although chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer near well 34H430 are greater than 1,500 mg/L, chloride has not contaminated the surficial aquifer in this area because the hydraulic gradient is downward, and upward leakage has not occurred.
Aquifers in Miocene Sediments
Few wells tap only the upper or the lower Brunswick aquifers, and so water-quality data are sparse. Analyses of water samples from 10 wells that tap either or both aquifers, in Bulloch, Charlton, Glynn, and Mcintosh counties indicate that the water is hard to very hard (median concentration, 210 mg/L) and has relatively high concentrations of dissolved solids (median concentration, 326 mg/L), but is suitable for most uses (table 4, fig. 18). Analyses of water from four wells in the Brunswick area indicate that the water is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. The upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers have low median concentrations of fluoride (0.6 mg/L), calcium (39 mg/L), magnesium (26 mg/L), chloride (25 mg/L), sulfate (88 mg/L), sodium (22 mg/L), potassium (2.3 mg/L), and iron (50 ug/L) (fig. 18).

45

Chloride concentrations in the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers in most of the Brunswick area met the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (1977) drinking-water standard of 250 mg/L. Chloride concentrations in the southern part of Brunswick (Bay : Street area), however, exceeded the 250 mg/L limitfor drinking water. Well 34H446 in the Bay Street area, taps both the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers, and in October 1987, water from the well had a chloride concentration of 250 mg/L (appendix C). This relatively high concentration probably can be attributed to upward leakage from the underlying Upper Floridan aquifer, which contains water that has chloride concentrations in excess of 2,000 mg/L in this area.
The quality of water in the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers may be affected by high levels of natural radioa~tivity associated with phosphatic zones in the Miocene units. Analyses of radioelements in ground water from the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers in the study area are not available. However, analyses of water samples from wells that tapped phosphatic water-bearing zones that are lithologically and stratigraphically similar to the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers in Wheeler, Ben Hill, Tift, and Montgomery Counties northwest of the study area, indicated radioelement levels exceeded State drinkingwater standards. Levels of combined radium-226 and radium-228, and gross alpha particle activity in the wells exceeded EPA and State drinking-water standards (Clarke and McConnell, 1987). Analyses of core samples from well ~70186 at Hutchinson Island, Chatham County (pl. 2), and from well31K002, Wayne County indicated that these phosphatic zones contained small amounts of the radioelements potassium-40, lead212, bismuth-214, lead-214, radium-226, uraniu.!ll-.235, and uranium-238. In addition, gamma-spectral logs from four wells in the c()astal area indicated the presence of uranium-238 .daughter products in the Miocene sediments (TA. Taylor, U.S. Geological Survey, oral commun., 1987).
Floridan Aquifer System
Analyses of water samples from 75 wells indicate that over most of the coastal area, the Upper Floridan aquifer yields a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water that is suitable for most uses. In part of the Brunswick area, the quality of water has been degraded by intrusion of saline water from deep zones. The boxplots of selected chemical constituents for the

Upper Floridan aquifer, shown in figure 18, represent

ambient water~quality conditions, that is, the plots were

made using analyses of water samples ollly in areas

where the quality of water has not been degraded by

human activities. Thus, analyses in the area of' Clhloride

contamination in Brunswick have been excluded from

the boxplots. The boxplots indicate that water in the

Upper Floridan aquifer ranges from soft to very hard

(median concentration, US mg/L), and has low mediazf

concentrations of fluoride (0.55 mg/L), calciurii';(:27.5

mg/L), magnesium (14.75 mg/L), chloride (11 mg/E);i'

sulfate (33 mg/L), sodium (17.75 mg/L), dissolved

solids (215 mg/L), potassium (2.78 mg/L), and iron (30

Jig/L).

.

Water-quality information for the Lower Flotichm aquifer is limited. Locally, in parts of the Biiin~~c1~;

area, water in the upper part of the LOwer Floridan is'

brackish (brackish-water zone). Underlying the brackish water is a zone of relatively fresh water ~hll.ed

the deep freshwater zone by Gregg and Zimmerman .

(1974, p. 013). Underlying the deep freshwater z6ne iS

the Fernandina permeable zone. Water from the

Fernandina permeable zone does not meet State

drinking-water standards throughout its arehl and
vertical extent. Analyses of water from well 33Hi88 In

Glynn County and well 37P113 iri Chatham Colln:ty

indicate that the water from the lower Floridan is very

hard, alkaline, and a sodium chloride or caldbm

magnesium chloride type that is high in dissolved sBiids

(table 4). Water from the aquifer co:ritaihs'

concentrations of chloride, sulfate, dissolved solids, a#,d

manganese that exceed Georgia Environmentw

Protection Division recommended limits and standards'

for safe drinking water (1977). Dissolved constituents

generally increase in concentration with depth.

, ~-

Chloride Concentration

.Water samples from 148 wells that tap the Uppet Floridan aquifer were collected in November 1984, and were analyzed for chloride and specific conductance (appendix C). A map showing the distribution of chloride concentrations was prepared from these analyses (fig. 20). Because of vertical differencefin water quality, analyses used to prepare the map were limited to those for the upper water-bearing zone in the Brunswick area, and the uppermost part. of the aquuei. that consists of the Oligocene unit and the upper Eocene unit in the Savannah area.

46

82'

81

33'

EXPlANATION

+

/~

(

/

'
\

<'>Hillonia ?,

+

- - I S - LINE OF EQUAL CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION- Dashed where approximately located. Interval varies

C'~if.r.

I

?' ....
SYLVA'-:!A 0



DATA POINT--Number is chloride concentratiou,

in milligrams per liter

32'

+

c-:- _/ l
, ___ _L_
CHARLTON
Okefenokee

~ /SAPELO ISLAND

< u J
0

+
('LIMDERLA:'\D ISLA:-: I)

0

10

20

30 ~IlLES

J~,r~,l~'ol~,:~,1,uii~l~!-rl---,l~1----~1

0 10 20 30 KILmiETERS

Bu:-.t.: Crnm U.S. (j~.:olngical ~un~.:y, ~Ia!.: ba:-.1.: m~1p 1:1.000.000, l'J71l

~ .. /~J
,( /I
/,J{r

Figure 20.--Chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the coastal area, October-November 1984.

47

Chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan in most of the coastal area are less than 40 mg/L. Chloride concentrations are relatively low because, in most places, the aquifer (1) is deeply buried, (2) is overlain by a confining unit of low permeability,. (3) has sufficient hydraulic head to prevent landward migration of the freshwater-saltwater interfae (saltwater encroachment), and (4) flow was sufficiently active to flush out connate water.
Water from the Lower Floridan aquifer is saline and unsuitable for human consumption in much of the study area. For example, the.chloride concentration of water from the Fernandina petin~able zone in well 33H188 in Glynn County, ranged from 20,000 mg/L iii. the upper part (Gill and Mitchell, 1979) to 30,000 mg/L in the lower part (Krause and Randolph, 1988). The source of the high chloride conc.entrations j!i incomplete flushing of connate water in the rocks rather than saltwater encroachment (Gill and Mit<;bell, 1979; Krause and Randolph, 1989).
Locally, chloride concentrations in the Lower Floridan aquifer are less' that;t, th~ 250 mg/L drinkingwater standard. For example, at well' 34H436 in Brunswick, the chloride concentration in water from the upper part of the Lower Floridan is 31 mg/L (appendix C). The lower concentrations may be the result of greater flushing of the aquifer owing to its .high permeability.
, Improperly constructed or abandoned wells with ruptured well casings can cause higher chloride concentrations; which may account for some of t~e locally higher concentrations in the Upper Floridan,
especially in areas of minimal pumping (ftg. 20). Ail
example of the effect that an improperly constructed well can have on chloride concentrations is illustrated by the chloride graph for well 33G001 in western Glynn County (ftg. 21). Well 33G001 was drilled in March . 1954 to a total depth of 2,050 ft, cased. to 694 ft, and completed as an opfm hole for oil-test purposes. ,When originally constructed, the well tapped both the Upper Floridan and the Lower Floridan aquifers. Because of an upward head gradient in the area, saline water from the Lower Floridan aquifer flowed up the well bore and discharged to the Upper Floridan, which resulted in an anomalously high chloride concentration in the Upper Floridan near the well (ftg. 20). In October 1982, the well was modified to tap only the Upper Floridan by plugging the borehole from 1,457 to 1,482 ft. P.dor to

modification, in April 1982 the well yielded water having a chloride concentration of 2,385 mg/L (fig. 21). , Following modification, in October 1982 the chloride concentration decreased to 220 mg/L, and by October 1986 the concentration decreased to 51 mg/L. The decrease in concentration after well modification was attributed to isolation of the Upper Florid~h aquifer and its flushing by lateral freshwater flow. Gregg ~d Zimmerman (1974) reported that similar problems associated with well construction occurred at the Babcock and Wilcox Inc., and Hercules Inc., well fteids, and at the Massey oil-test well (33G003), southwest of Brunswick.

VJ 104
::E
= <
t:)
:..:.;.
i

336001

!5

.,._i=:
OUJ
-~-
==<-'
!-UJ Zc.
uUzl
u 0

Uc l ii: .0... u:J: 10 1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

CALENDAR YEAR

Figure 21.--Chloride concentration in the Upper Floridan aquifer at well33G001, Glynn County, 1978-87.

Saltwater has the potential to enter the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Savannah area by encroachment from the sea or by upward leakage from deeper zones. McCollum and Counts (1964, p. D16-D20) reported that chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer are high to the east and northeast of the center
m of pumping Savannah. Chloride concentratiorls
greater than 2,500 mg/L were reported by McCollum (1964) at Parris Island, S.C., about 30 mi northeast of Savannah, Ga. McCollum and Counts (1964, p. DlQ) estimated that at a pumping rate of 62 Mgaljd it woul~ take about 400 years for saltwater from the Parris Island, S.C., area to reach the pumping center at Savannah, Ga. Clarke and others (1985) reported that in the Upper Floridan there had been no substantial increase in chloride concentrations in water samples collected in wells in the Savannah area during the past

. ;._,

48

20 years. The chloride graphs in figure 22 indicate that chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer are relatively stable.

-

a.6oo

a.IOO

=11.1
5 4.800

= 2,000
11.1
~

<ll
=:<:E 1,750
\!) 1,000
.::.:.;
i !: 750

=e:...i
.<z..

500 400

1uz1.1

u0 300

11.1
=5l
...0
u:c 200

37Q186 Paleocene unit (1,3801,520 ft)

39Q018 Upper Floridan aquifer (63G-670 ft)

oo.ft)} 37P113
Lower Floridan

aquifer

(7001.1~

38Q004 Upper Floridan aqulfr (606657 ft)

100

37P114

38Q199

Upper Floridan aquifer (262400 ft)

Upper Floridan aquifer (580626 ft)



.:.:..Vf\. . ~

0~~~~~~-L~~--L-~~~~~-L-L~
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87

CAU:NDAR YEAR

Figure 22.--Chloride concentration in the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers and the Paleocene unit in the Savannah area, 1971-87.

Although saltwater encroachment has not inhibited use of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Savannah area, a digital ground-water model developed by Randolph and Krause (1984) indicated that a 25percent increase in pumping in the Savannah area could result in a 30-ft water-level decline at the center of pumping at Savannah. A decline of this magnitude would lower the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer to about 150 ft below sea level, thus increasing the potential for saltwater intrusion. Current pumpage at Savannah is about 70 Mgal/d, and the water level in the Upper Floridan aquifer is about 120 ft below sea level at the center of the cone.

The chloride graphs shown in figure 22 also indicate that chloride concentrations generally increase with depth in the Savannah area. For example, well 380199 taps the Upper Floridan between the depths of 580 to 626 ft, and yields water having a chloride concentration of about 50 mg/L. Well380196 taps the Lower Floridan between the depths of 870 to 925 ft, and yields water having a chloride concentration of about 5,200 mg/L. Well 380201 (graph not shown) taps units of Paleoce_ne and Late Cretaceous age underlying the Lower Floridan aquifer between the depths of 1,358 to 1,546 ft, and yields water having a chloride concentration of about 18,000 mg/L. The increase in chloride concentration with depth probably is attributed to incomplete flushing of the aquifer, possibly because of the lower permeability of the deeper zones and their greater distance from the recharge area.
To determine the water-quality distribution with depth at Skidaway Island (pl. 2), a fluid-resistivity log was run, and grab samples were collected at well 37P113 (table 4). The 1,100-ft-deep well is cased to a depth of 700ft and completed as an open hole in the Lower Floridan aquifer. The fluid-resistivity log indicated that the highest resisitivity (freshest water) occurred just below the casing between the depths of 715 to 720 ft (pl. 2). A sharp decrease in resistivity from 725 to 745 ft, which continues (although less pronounced) to about 800 ft, marked the approximate position of a freshwater-brackish water interface. From 800 to 1,100 ft there was little, if any, change in resistivity, which indicated no change in chloride concentration. A similar decrease in resistivity was observed on the 16-in. formation-resistivity log between 710 and 740 ft.
The top of the Lower Floridan aquifer in well 37P113 is 610 ft below land surface. Water samples collected from the well at discrete depths of 715 ft and 1,070 ft contained chloride concentrations of 180 and 5,000 mg/L, respectively, which indicated that the upper 115 to 135 ft of the Lower Floridan contained relatively fresh water. However, the low permeability of the uppermost part of the Lower Floridan and the potential for upward movement of brackish water from deeper zones makes pumping from this zone undesirable. Water samples collected from the open interval 700 to 1,100 ft had chloride concentrations that increased from 240 mg/L in 1985 to 380 mg/L in 1987 (fig. 22). This is the only well in the Savannah area

49

that has shown an increase in chloride concentration, which may indicate that water from deeper zones is moving upward as a result ofpumping in the area. The relatively low concentration' for the entire open interval, when compared to the .5,000 , mg/L grab sample collected at 1,070 ft, may resultfrom either freshwater dilution, or from the possibilitY that the. grab sa;nple was obtained from a low-permeability zone that contributed little to the total yidp of the well:
: ,~ ,...
The freshwater-brackish water .transition zone in
well 370186 at Hutchinson Jslarid (pl. 2) was e~t~~ted
'to be at about 900 ft below land surface, based on the response of the 16-in. formation-resistivity log. The estimate was based on the assumption that, given similar lithologic properties, the formationresisitivity
log would show a similar decrease in resistivity at tllc:!
saltwater interface, as was observed at the Skidaway Island site (pl. 2). Analyses of water samples collected from the completed well (open interval 1,380 to 1,520 ft) showed chloride concentrations of about 1;890 J11g/J:., during 1986-87 (fig. 22).
The Upper Floridan aquifer in the Brunswick area has been intruded by saline water, which has rendered the aquifer unfit for most uses over an area of a few square miles. A map showing the chloride concentration in the upper water-bearing zone of the Upper .Floridan aquifer in the Brunswick area for October-November 1984 was modified from Clarke and others (1985, p. 141) based on new information obtained from test wells (fig. 23).
Chloride concentrations in the upper water-, bearing zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Brunswick area (fig. 23), have been affected by groundwater pumping that has resulted in water-level declines of as much as 25 to 65ft since the late 1800's. These declines have allowed saline water (20,000 ,to 30;000 mg/L dissolved chloride) from the Lower Floridan aquifer to migrate upward into water-bearing zo11es of the Upper Floridan aquifer at three known locations, and to move downgradient toward centers of pumping : (fig. 23).
Chloride concentrations in the upper waterbearing zone in the Bay Street and north Brunswick areas have increased to more than 2,000 mg/L. According to Gill and Mitchell (1979), the source of saline water--determined during drilling of test well 26 (33H188) on Colonels Island--is a cavernous limeston~

,, at 2,140 to 2,720 ft below land surface, whichis part of
th~ Fernandina permeable zone of the Lower Floridan
aquifer. Upward movement of saline water from this
zone has been facilitated by the natural, upward hydraulic gradient that has increased as a result of pumping from the Upper Floridan aquifer by i:P:"dustrial users in the area.
The presence of fractures and suspected faults in the rock probably provide pathways for the m9vement of water between water-bearing zones in the Flotidim aquifer. Gregg and Zimmerman (1974) reporte(fthat localized contamination of the upper and the lower water-bearing zones in the Bay Street area indl~kted that there was a narrow zone of high vertiC:.al
to permeability that allowed saline water move upwafd
near and probably south of well 34H337. Krause ~d Randolph (1988) described the vertical i~trusion ~s occurring through localized conduits, with Jateral migration of contaminated water occurring alo~g discrete, narrow zones. The areas of chloride contamination correspond to the locations of severiil structural features previously described. The east-we'S,t orientation of the chloride plume corresponds tq tile orientation of a major structt4:~1 arch at Brunswick (feature 3, fig. 2); the area of high concentration at Bay Street corresponds to a small dome; at?-<J,the area outside the chloride plume, in the southei:n_part of the Brunswick penninsula, where chloride -concentJ;'~tions exceed 50 mg/L, corresponds to a major structural depression (feature 2, fig. 2). High-angle, vertical
fractures associated with these features may provide a
pathway for the migration of chloride from deep ionei The "T-shape" orientation of the chloride plumf! and the abrupt change in concentration over a short distance may be evidence of the effects of fractures and possible faults on the aquifer and not simple upconing. Maslia and 'Prowell (1989) discuss the impaets_ of
inferred faults on the ground-water flow systems lif
Brunswick. Krause and Randolph (1989) provid~-a_ detailed discussion of saltwater intrusion in ..:tli~ Floridan aquifer system in the area.
Changes in chloride concentrations in the Upper: Floridan aquifer in the contaminated area of Brunswick_ (fig. 23) are attributed to the changing distribution of_ local pumping that shifts ground-water gradients, whicli;: in turn, alters the direction of chloride migration; Fdi'i example, chloride concentrations in the upper and t~e lower water-bearing zones in the Bay Street afea generally increased during 1971-75 and decreased

50

8132130" 3112130 11

EXPLANATION
_.,,_,_--~-r-'f---1---J - 5 0 - - LINE OF EQUAL CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION Dashed where approximately located Intern! varies, in mllllcrams per liter

10 1



I

~~

BAY STREET AREA\

ANDREWS

\

\~

ISLAND

Base from U.S. Geological Survey Brunswick East, Brunswick West, Dover
Bluff, and Jekyll Island, 1:24,000, 1979 Roads as of 1987

'B::s::ECE3::E3::::ii=:~:==:=:32 KILOMETERS

Modified from Clarke and others (1985)

Figure 23.--Chloride concentrations in the upper water-bearing zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Brunswick area, October-November 1984.

51

during 1976-87 (fig. 24). Chlorid~ concentrations in the

brackish-water zone in the Bay Street area generally

increased dtiring 197-1~82 and decr~ased during 1982-87.

The large fluctuation in chloride concentrations during

the 1970's reflect changes in pumping in the Bay Street

area. Following the 1970's, pumping in the area was

reduced substantially, and the magnitude of the

fluctuations decreased. The chloride concentration in

the upper water-bearing zone in the north Brunswick

area at well 33H133 increased during 1971-87, and at

well 34Hl32 increased during 1971-83 and d~creased

during 1983-87 (fig; 25). Concentrations in the lower

water-bearing zone showed a slight increase during
m 1971-87. These fluctuations are a result of changes

the distribution of ptimping between the two largest

industrial users in the area; pumping from each water~

bearing zone changes periodically.

.' \

34H391 Brackloh water zone (1,0701,158 ft)

a: ~ 2,500 ::l
..a:
11.1

rll
~ 2,ooo'--.J.-.~...L-....L-L--L--L----ll...-.L-.J.-.~...J........L_...L..~--L----l
:3 3,000 r--r--r-...--..,--r--.--.,.---..-.--r--r--r--,-__,..--.---,.--,

::l

i-1

34H393

..

Upper waterbearlng zone (615723 ft)

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 ~8 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 CALENDAR YEAR
Figure 24.--Chloride concentration in the brackishwater zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer, and in the upper and lower water-bearing zones of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Bay Street area ofBrunswick, 1971-87.

33H133 Upper water-bearing
zone (520790 ft)
33H127 Lower wattil-bearlng
zone (823952 ft)
o~"--~...L-...J....-L-'--L--L--L----lL-L-.L-~...L-...J....-L~
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 CALENDAR YEAR
Figure 25.--Chloride concentration in the upper and lower water-bearing zones of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the north Brunswick area, 1971-87.
Under conditions of diffuse upconing of saline water, chloride concentrations would be expected to increase with depth, which is the case in the uncontaminated area of Brunswick. However, data for the confiuninated1 area of Brunswick (figs. 24, 25) indicate that chloride concentrations decrease with depth. Upcomrtgwould imply that the highest chloride conc;~n.trations in the water would be dir~ctly beneath the pumped wells in the area(s) of greatest groundwater' pumping. However, the highest chloride concentrations are more than 10,000 ft south of the areas of greatest withdrawals in Brunswick (fig. 23). Consequently, contamination due to . simple upconing below pumped wells is not the mechanism by which high-chloride water is contaminating the freshwater zones of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Brunswick area (Maslia and Prowell, 1989). ''H'igher concentrations in the upper water-bearing zone in the contaminated area may indicate that fractures, possible faults, or other localized zones of high vertical permeability have facilitated movement of water into the currently pumped upper water-bearing zone.
',i

52

SUM:MARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The surficial aquifer consists of sediments of

Miocene and post-Miocene age that range in thickness

Ground-water is the principal source of water in

from less than 65 to more than 230 ft. Post-Miocene

the 13-county coastal area of Georgia. During 1986,

sediments consist of phosphatic, micaceous, and clayey

more than 273 Mgaljd was withdrawn from aquifers of

sand containing wood fragments of Pliocene age;

early Eocene to post-Miocene age, primarily from the

arkosic sand and gravel containing discontinuous clay

Upper Floridan aquifer of late Eocene and Oligocene

beds of Pleistocene age; and mud, sand, and gravel of

age. Ground-water withdrawals since the late 1800's

Holocene age.

have resulted in water-level declines and localized

occurrences of saltwater encroachment in the Savannah

The water-bearing properties of the surficial

area, and upward movement of highly mineralized

aquifer are variable as a result of vertical and lateral

connate water in the Brunswick area. Geologic units in the 10,000 mi2 coastal area

variations in lithology. Estimated transmissivities ranged from about 14 to 6,700 ft2/d. Wells tapping the aquifer yield from about 2 to 180 gal/min, and

consist mainly of limestone, dolomite, and

primarily are used for domestic lawn irrigation, except

unconsolidated sand and clay that range in age from

in some rural sections where it is the principal source of

lower Cretaceous through Holocene. Rocks of upper

drinking water. In Glynn County, the aquifer is used as

Eocene to Oligocene age are predominantely

an alternate source of water in the Bay Street area of

carbonates, whereas younger rocks are mostly clastic.

Brunswick, where use of the Upper Floridan aquifer is

Units of Miocene, Oligocene, and late Eocene age are

limited by high chloride concentrations.

delineated throughout the coastal area from four

geophysical markers termed the A, B, C, and D

Water in the surficial aquifer generally occurs

markers. Formations of Paleocene to Holocene age

under unconfmed or water-table conditions throughout

that have similar lithologies and equivalent stratigraphic

the study area. The aquifer locally includes layers of

positions, or both, were grouped into informal time-

clay that act as confming units, and the water is under

rock units that may include all or parts of several

confmed to semiconfined conditions. The configuration

formations. Geologic units in the study area include, in

of the water-table generally is a subdued replica of the

ascending order; the Paleocene unit, the early Eocene

land surface, and is controlled mainly by surface

unit, the middle Eocene unit, the late Eocene unit, the

streams. Industrial pumping at the south end of the

Oligocene unit, Miocene units C, B, arid A, and the

Brunswick peninsula has resulted in the development of

post-Miocene unit.

a cone of depression in the potentiometric surface of

-I

the lower semiconfmed zone of the aquifer.

Units of late Eocene through Miocene age in the

coastal area generally dip from north to south and

The surficial aquifer is vulnerable to surface

strike from southwest to northeast. The major

contamination because the upper part of the aquifer is

structural feature in the study area is the Southeast

unconfined and is overlain by a sandy overburden. The

Georgia Embayment, an east- to northeast-plunging

lower part of the aquifer locally is semi-confined by clay

synclinal feature that extends from northeastern Florida

beds that restrict the downward movement of

into southeastern Georgia and offshore. Eight local

contaminants. The aquifer is susceptible to saltwater

structural features were identified in addition to the

encroachment in areas near the coast, tidal rivers, or

Southeast Georgia Embayment. These domal, arch,

estuaries where the water level in the aquifer is at or

trough, and depression features may be associated with

below sea level.

high-angle faults that bound horsts and grabens.

Water from the surficial aquifer is soft to very

The principal source of ground water in the

hard, low in dissolved solids, and suitable for most uses.

coastal area is the Upper Floridan aquifer. Secondary

Upward leakage from underlying aquifers through

aquifers include the surficial, the upper and the lower

semiconfming units or through failed well casings, has

Brunswick, and the Lower Floridan aquifers.

resulted in elevated chloride levels in the Bay Street

area of Brunswick.

53

Two Miocene depositional sequences form the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers. Each
sequence forms a geologic unit that consists of a basal
carbonate layer, a middle clay layer, and an upper sand layer. The units are, in ascending order, Miocene; unit C and unit B. The upper Brwiswick aquifer consists of the upper sand layer of Miocene unit B, and ranges in thickness from about 20 ft in the Savannah area to 150 ft near Gardi in Wayne County. The lower Brunswick aquifer consists of the upper sand layer of Miocene unit C, and ranges in thickness from 36 ftnear Gardi to 70 ft in the Brunswick area. The lower Brunswick aquifer is absent in the Savannah and BUlloch County areas.
Reported well yields for the upper and the lower BJ;unswick aquifers range from 3 to 180 gal/min. The transmissivity of the lower Brunswick aquifer ranges
from about 1,370 to 4,700 ft21d, and the hydraulic
conductivity ranges from about 20 to 57 ftld, With an average of 38 ftld. Estimated values of transmissivity
for the upper Brunswick aquifer range from 680 ft2I d where the aquifer is thinnest, to 5,700 f~I d where the
aquifer is thickest. Most wells that withdraw water from the aquifers are multi-aquifer wells that also tap the deeper Upper Floridan aquifer. In the Bay Street area of Brunswick, high chloride concentrations in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer necessitated the use of the surficial and the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers as alternate water supplies.
The upper Brunswick aquifer is confmed above by dense phosphatic limestone or dolomite; and phosphatic silty clay of Miocene unit A. The confining unit ranges in thickness from 15 ft in northern Bulloch County to 70 to 90 ft in the Brunswick area: The reported vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining unit in the Brunswick area ranges from 53 x 10-5 to 1.3 X 10-4 ftld.
The upper. and the. lower Brunswick aquifers are separated by a confining unit that consists Of silty clay and dense, phosphatic limestone or dolomite of Miocene unit B. The confining unit ranges in thickness from about 10ft in Wayne County to about 50ft in the Brunswick area.
Fluctuations and trends in water levels iii the upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers are similar; ancl they primarily respond to seasonal climatic changes, although regional pumping also has some influence. In some places where the aquifers are deeply

buried and where they are near sites of pumping from the Upper Floridan, such as near Coffm Park, Glynn County, water levels respond to the pumping,

Water from the upper and the lower BrinisWick
aquifers is hard to very hard, calcium ma~f~,~lnp
biCarbonate type that is relatively high in dissolved
solids, but is suitable for most uses. Chloxide
concentrations generally meet State and Federal
drinking-water standards; however, the concentratiqn .in.
one well in the Bay Street area of Brunswick excb:eci~d standards, possibly owing to upward leakage froni the
underlying Upper Floridan aquifer.

The upper and the lower Brunswick aquifers,'Mr

vulnerable to saltwater encroachment near a submarine
escarpment in Miocene sediments that was .fill~~- .~t~

permeable sand and gravel of Pliocene age west of the barrier islands along the coast and south of Savan~.~h;.

The hydraulic head of the aquifers is above sea lev~! over most of the study area, and water from th~

aquifers is discharged into the sea in the vicinity of tq~

escarpment. If the hydraulic gradient were .reversed because of increased withdrawals and associated 'X~i~r

level declines in the aquifers, saltwater encroa~hm~pt

could occur.

..

' I.::.~JL' ' )
The quality of water in the upper and,~he lower, Brunswick aquifers may be affected by high )ey~Js ;o( natural radioactivity in phosphatic sediments.; of th.t?~ Miocene units. Analyses of core samples indicated that the sediments contain low concentrations of potassium40, lead-212, bismuth-214, lead-214, radium-226,, uranium-235, and uranium-238.

Sediments of the Oligocene unit and upper

Eocene unit form the Upper Floridan aquifer. Upper

Eocene sediments in the study area primarily consist ,of

the Ocala Limestone, a massive fossiliferous limestpn,~.
Oligocene sediments consist of buff-colored, r;m:<ms.

limestone that contains nonparticulate, amorphous

phosphate, and unconformably overlies upper EoceP.e,;

limestone. Oligocene sediments are absent in western ..

and. southern Camden County. The Upper Floridan

aquifer ranges in thickness from less than 200 ft in

Effingham County to more than 700 ft in southeastern

Camden County.

"

54

In the coastal area, the Upper Floridan aquifer consists of several water-bearing zones. These waterbearing zones are bounded above and below by low permeability layers of dense limestone or dolomite, which act as semiconfming units.

Transmissivity of the ~pper Floridan aquifer r~nges from less than 10,000 ft /d to more than 500,000 ft jd. An aquifer test conducted at Brunswick
indicated that the transmissivity of the upper water-
bearing zone ranged from about 33,000 to 40,000 ft2j d,
and the storage coefficient ranged from 4.7 x 10-4 to 5.7 X 10-4.

I

_I

The Upper Floridan is confmed above by silty clay

and dense phosphatic limestone or dolomite of

Miocene unit C. The confming unit ranges in thickness

from about 20 ft in Wayne County to 40 ft in the

Brunswick area. The reported vertical hydraulic

conductivity of the confming unit at Brunswick,

determined from laboratory ~nalysis of undisturbed

cores, ranges from 1.1 x 10- to 1.7 ft/d. In the

Savannah area and in Bulloch County, the aquifer is

confined above by silty clay and dense phosphatic .

limestone or dolomite of Miocene unit B and Miocene

unit C. The lower Brunswick aquifer is absent in these

areas, and the confming unit above the Upper Floridan

ranges in thickness from about 14 to 120 ft. In the

Savannah area, the reported vertical hydrauli5

conductivi~ of the confming unit ranged from 5.3 x 10-

to 1.3 x 10- ft/d.

The potention;.etric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer is characterized by a general coastward gradient interrupted by a series of cones of depression caused by pumping. The cones of depression are at the pumping centers of Savannah, Jesup, Brunswick, and St Marys, Ga.-Fernandina Beach, Fla. Ground-water withdrawals have resulted in substantial water-level declines; 120 ft below sea level at Savannah, and 10 ft below sea level at Brunswick.

The Upper Floridan aquifer is deeply buried in the coastal area and is far from its outcrop area, thus ground-water levels are not influenced directly by contemporaneous precipitation. Water levels are affected by increased withdrawals that occur during hot, dry periods. In the northwestern part of the study area, where the aquifer is less deeply buried, close to its recharge area, and distant from pumping centers, water levels respond less to pumping along the coast, and more to local precipitation changes and local pumping.
The Upper Floridan aquifer yields a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water that is suitable for most uses. Chloride concentrations are less than 40 mg/L over most of the coastal area, primarily because the aquifer (1) is deeply buried, (2) is overlain by a relatively impermeable confming unit, (3) has sufficient hydraulic head to prevent saltwater encroachment, and (4) flow has been sufficiently active to flush out connate water. Locally, chloride concentrations are above background levels, and in the Brunswick area, concentrations exceed State drinking-water standards. The higher concentrations are attributed to improperly constructed or abandoned wells and upward movement of highly mineralized water.
Saltwater has the potential to enter the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Savannah area by encroachment from the sea or by upward leakage from deeper zones. Chloride concentrations in the Savannah area have not increased during the past 20 years. Chloride concentrations generally increase with depth in the Savannah area as a result of incomplete flushing of the aquifer, possibly because of the lower permeability of deeper zones and their greater distance from the recharge area.
Chloride has intruded the Upper Floridan aquifer in parts of the Brunswick area, rendering water from the aquifer unfit for most uses. Ground-water pumping resulting in water-level declines, and a natural upward hydraulic gradient has allowed high-chloride water from the Lower Floridan aquifer to migrate upward. Areas of chloride contamination correspond to several structural features. High-angle vertical fractures and possible faults associated with the features may provide pathways for the upward migration of chloride.

55

The confining units above and beneath the Upper Floridan aquifer are leaky, and water m:ay 'naturally migrate between the Upper Floridan and shallower or deeper aquifers. Leakage rates and volumes are dependant on the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of the confining unit, and the head difference between the aquifers. The potential for leakage is greatest where the intervening confining unit is thinnest, has the greatest hydraulic conductivity, and has the greatest vertical hydraulic gradient. Estimated rates of leakage per square foot of area between the surficial and the
upper Brunswick aquifers ranged from 6.2 x 10-6 ft3I d
(4.6 x 10-5 gal/d) at Brunswick in Glynn County, to 3.6
x lo-5 ft3/d (2.8 x 10-4 gal/d) at Gardi in Wayne
County.
Potential downward leakage from the surficial aquifer to the Upper Floridan is greatest in Bulloch County, where the confining units between the surficial and upper Brunswick aquifers are thinnest, and where the downward hydraulic gradient between the surficial and the Upper Floridan aquifers is greatest. A high potential for leakage also exists in other upland areas along the western part of the study area, and near the pumping centers at Savannah and Brunswick, whe:re there are large, downward hydraulic gradients.
Sediments of the middle and lower Eocene units form the Lower Floridan aquifer. The lower Eocene unit consists of glauconitic limestone and dolomite, and the middle Eocene unit mainly consists of glauconitic dolomite and limestone. The aquifer includes coarsely pelletal, vuggy, commonly dolomitized limestone of the Paleocene unit and units of Late Cretaceous age in the Brunswick area. The Lower Floridan ranges in thickness from less than 100 ft in the northern part of the study area, to nearly 2,500 ft locally m the Brunswick area.
The Lower Floridan contains low-permeability zones that act as semiconfming units, and that locally, divide the aquifer into separate permeable zones. In the Brunswick area, the aquifer consists of the brackishwater zone, the deep freshwater zone, and the Fernandina permeable zone.

The estimated transmissivity of the Lower Floridan aquifer ranges from 2,000 to 216,000 :ft2/ d over most of the. Coastal area. The permeability of the Lower Floridan generally decreases to the west . and north of Brunswick, and is extremely low-iri ~tlie Savannah area where the estimated transmissivity is less
nZ than 100 /d. The LOwer Floridan is not Wideiy used
for water supply in coastal Georgia because it isdeeply buried, and it contains saline water in much of its area of occurrence.

The Lower Floridan aquifer is semiconfmed above

by dense dolomitic limestone of the middle Eocene unit

that ranges in thickness from about 40 ft in northern
Bulloch County and in Brunswick, to about 160'to 280 ft
in the Savannah area. The semiconfming unit has
variable hydraulic properties in the Brunswick .area'.
fTrhome v4e.r0tixca1l0~6dtroau5l.i4cxc1on0~5ucftti/vdi.tyAaltthBoruugnhswthicekurru~t~h~ads

a very low hydraulic conductivity developed from

interstitial openings, joints and fractures in the rock

have produced zones of substantially higher secondary

hydraulic conductivity.

'

-- .\")

The Lower Floridan aquifer is confmed below by
argillaceous to arenaceous rocks of the Paleocene Uiiit;

The Fernandina permeable zone of the Lower Floridan

is confmed above by microcrystalline, . locally

gypsiferous dolomite and fmely pelletal micritic limestone of early and middle Eocene age. 'Tffe

confming unit overlying this zone contains fractures in'

the Brunswick area, along which saline water moves

upward into shallower, heavily pumped zones. .1'he

estimated transmissivity of the confming unit below ilie'

aquifer at Savannah was about 10 to 60 i~/d.

:

The water level in the Lower Floridan aquifer primarily is influenced by pumping from both the : Upper and the Lower Floridan aquifers. Withdrawaror: water from the Upper Floridan induces upward leakage from the Lower Floridan. water levels in zoneS ' underlying the Floridan aquifer system in the Savannah area seem to respond to local pumping from the Floridan or from other aquifers of equivalent age outside the Savannah area, or both.

56

Water from the Lower Floridan aquifer is very hard, alkaline, and high in dissolved solids. Concentrations of chloride, sulfate, dissolved solids, and manganese exceed State drinking-water standards. Dissolved constituents generally increase in concentration with depth. Fluid-resistivity logs at Skidaway Island indicate that the upper part of the aquifer contains relatively fresh water, but low permeability and the potential for upward movement of brackish water makes pumping from this zone undesirable.
The head in the Lower Floridan aquifer is higher than in the Upper Floridan aquifer over most of the coastal area, and the vertical hydraulic gradient is upward. The hydraulic gradient between the Lower Floridan aquifer and underlying units is downward in part of Chatham County, and probably is the result of the greater density of water in the deeper units owing to higher total dissolved concentrations, although regional pumping from the lower units outside the Savannah area also may have an affect.

Previous studies indicated that anomalously high ground-water temperatures occurred in the Brunswick area, which was attributed to upward leakage of water from deeper zones. During this study, geothermal gradients measured at six wells located within the cone of depression at Savannah indicate that in wells less than 700 ft deep, the gradient was lower than normal, which indicated downward flow from overlying aquifers. In wells greater than 700 ft deep, the geothermal gradient was higher than normal, which indicated upward flow. Although there was an upward component of flow, the quantities were small because of the low permeability of the intervening confining units.

I
_j

57

SELECTED REFERENCES

American Geophysical Union, 1964, Bouguer gravity anomaly map of<the United States.

Applin, E.R., and Applin, P.L., 1964, Logs of selected wells in 'the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia

Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mines, Mining; and Geology BUlletin 74, 229 p. .
Brooks, .H., and McCoimell, J.B., 1983; Inland travel of tide-driven saline water in the Altamaha and Satili'a
Rivers, Georgia, and the St. Marys 'River, Georgia-Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water~R.escmtte~

Investigations Report 83-4086, 17p. .

.

Brown, D.P., 1984, Impact .of development on availability and quality of ground water in eastern Nassau County,;; ;

Florida, and southeastern Camden County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resour.t~s .

Investigations Repo:rt 83+~190, 113 p.



Callahan, J.T.; 1964, The yield of sedimentary aquifers of the Coastal Plain, Southeast River Basins: U.S.

Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669-W, 56 p.

Carter, R.F., and Stiles, H.R., 1982, Average annual rainfall and runoff iri Georgia, 1941-70: Georgia Geolbgit:

Survey Hydrologic Atlas 9, 1 sheet.

.

. '

Charm, W.B., Nesteroff, W.D., and Valdes, Sylvia, 1969, Detailed stratigraphic description of the JOIDES cores.

on the continental margin off Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 581-D, p. 95-107; .. :

Chowns, T.M., and Williams, C.T., 1983, Pre-Cretaceous rocks beneath the Georgia Coastal Plain-Regional

implications; in Gohn, G.S., ed., Studies related to the Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of 188"6- ' .

tectonics and seismicity: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, p. L1-IA2.

'

Clarke, J.S., 1987, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Georgia, May 1985, and water-level

trends, 1980-85: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 16, 1 sheet, scale 1:1,000,000.

Clarke, J.S., Joiner, C.N., Longsworth, SA., McFadden, K.W., and Peck, M.F., 1986, Ground-water data for

Georgia, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-304, 159 p.

Clarke, J.S., Longsworth, SA., Joiner, C.N., Peck, M.F., McFadden, K.W., and Milby, B.J., 1987, Ground-water

data for Georgia, 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-376, 177 p.

Clarke, J.S., Longsworth, SA., McFadden, K.W., and Peck, M.F., 1985, Ground-water data for Georgia, 1984:

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-331, 150 p.

Clarke, J.S., and McConnell, J.B., 1987, Georgia ground-water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File

Report 87-0720, 9 p.

Colquhoun, D J ., 1966, Geomorphology of river valleys in the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain: Southeastern

Geology, v. 7, p. 101-109.

Colquhoun, D.J., Heron, S.D., Jr., Johnson, H.S., Jr., Pooser, W.K., and Siple, G.E., 1969, Up-dip Paleocene-

Eocene stratigraphy of South Carolina reviewed: South Carolina State Development Board, Division of

Geology, Geology Notes, v.13, no. 1, p. 1-26.

Cooke, C.W., 1943, Geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 941, 121 p.

Counts, H.B., and Donsky, Ellis, 1963, Salt-water encroachment, geology and ground-water resources of

Savannah area, Georgia and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1611, 100 p.

Cramer, H.R., and Arden, D.D., 1980, Subsurface Cretaceous and Paleogene geology of the Coastal Plain of

Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Open-File Report 80-8, 184 p.

DuBar, J.R., DuBar, S.S., Ward, L.W., and Blackwelder, B.W., 1980, Cenozoic biostratigraphy of the Carolina

outer Coastal Plain; in Neathery, T.L., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology: Atlanta, Georgia,

GeologicaLSociety of America, 1980 Annual Meeting, v. 1, p. 179-237.

Davis, G.H., Counts, H.B., and Holdahl, S.R., 1976, Further examination of subsidence at Savannah, Georgia,

1955-75: International Association of Hydrological Sciences Proceedings of the Anaheim Symposium,

December 1976, Publication No. 121, P. 347-354.

Davis, G.H., Small, J.B., and Counts, H.B., 1963, Land subsidence related to decline of artesian pressure in the

Ocala Limestone at Savannah, Georgia: Geological Society of America, Engineering Geology Case

Histories, no. 4, p. 1-8.

Ferris, D.B., Knowles, R.H., and Stallman, R.W., 1962, Theory of aquifer tests, ground-water hydraulics: U.S.

Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1536-E, 171 p.

58

SELECTED REFERENCES--Continued

Freeze, RA., and Cherry, JA., 1979, Groundwater: New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 604 p.

Furlow, J .W., 1969, Stratigraphy and economic geology of the eastern Chatham County phosphate deposit:

Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology Bulletin 82, 40 p.

Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 1977, Rules for safe drinking water: Atlanta, Georgia,

Environmental Protection Division, Chap. 391-3-5, p. 601-657.

Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976, Geologic map of Georgia: Atlanta, Ga., scale 1:500,000.

Gill, H.E., and Mitchell, G.D., 1979, Results of Colonels Island deep hydrologic test well; in Investigations of

alternative sources of ground water in the coastal area of Georgia: Georgia Department of Natural

Resources, Geologic and Water Resources Division Open-File Report 80-3, p. C1-C13.

Grahm, D.D., and Parks, W.S., 1986, Potential for leakage among principal aquifers in the Memphis area,

Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4295, 46 p.

Gregg, D.O., 1966, An analysis of ground-water fluctuations caused by ocean tides in Glynn County: Ground

1

Water, v. 4, no. 3, 9 p.

Gregg, D.O., and Zimmerman, EA., 1974, Geologic and hydrologic control of chloride contamination in

aquifers at Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2029-D, 44

p.

Harding, J.L. and Woolsey, J.R., 1975, Exploration techniques for aggregate resources in Coastal Georgia:

Georgia Marine Science Center, University System of Georgia, Skidaway Island, Georgia, Technical

Report Series No. 75-1,49 p.

Hayes, L.R., 1979, The ground-water resources of Beaufort, Colleton, Hampton, and Jasper Counties, South

Carolina: South Carolina Water-Resources Commission Report 9, 91 p.

Heath, R.C., 1983, Basic ground-water hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2220, 84 p.

Heron, S.D., and Johnson, H.S., Jr., 1966, Clay mineralogy, stratigraphy, and structural setting of the Hawthorn

Formation Coosawatachie District: Southeastern Geology, v. 7, no. 2, p. 51-63.

Herrick, S.M., 1961, Well logs of the Coastal Plain of Gerogia: Georgia Department of Natural Resources,

Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology Bulletin 70, 462 p.

----- 1965, A subsurface study of Pleistoc~ne deposits in Coastal Georgia: Georgia Department of Natural

Resources, Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology Information Circular 31, 8 p.

Herrick, S.M., and Counts, H.B., 1968, Late Tertiary stratigraphy of eastern Georgia: Georgia Department of

Natural Resources, Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology Guide Book, Third Annual Field Trip,

October 4-5, 1968, 88 p.

Herrick, S.M., and Vorhis, R.C., 1963, Subsurface geology of the Georgia Coastal Plain: Georgia Department

of Natural Resources, Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology Information Circular 25, 80 p.

Huddlestun, P.F., 1981, Correlation chart, Georgia Coastal Plain: Georgia Geologic Survey Open-File Report

82-1.

----- 1988, A revision of the lithostratigraphic units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, the Miocene through

Holocene: Georgia Geologic Survey, Bulletin 104, 162 p.

Huddlestun, P.F., and Hetrick, J.H., 1986, Upper Eocene stratigraphy of central and eastern Georgia: Georgia

Geologic Survey Bulletin 95, 78 p.

Johnston, R.H., Krause, R.E., Meyer, F.W., Ryder, P.D., Tibbals, C.H., and Hunn, J.D., 1980, Estimated

potentiometric surface for the Tertiary limestone aquifer system, southeastern United States, prior to

development: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-406, 1 sheet.

Kellam, M.F., and Gorday, L.L., 1989, Hydrogeology of the Gulf Trough-Apalachicola embayment area,

Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 94 [in press].

Krause, R.E., 1982, Digital model evaluation of the predevelopment flow system of the Tertiary limestone

aquifer, southeast Georgia, northeast Florida and southern South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-173, 27 p.

Krause, R.E., and Hayes, L.R., 1981, Potentiometric surface of the principal artesian aquifer in Georgia, May

1980: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 6, 1 sheet, scale 1:1,000,000.

59

SELECTED REFERENCES-Continued

Krause, R.E., Mathews, S.E., and Gill, H.E., 1984, Evaluation of the ground-water resources of coastal

Georgia--Preliminary report on the data available as of July 1983: Georgia Geologic Survey Information

. Circular 62, 55 p,



.



Krause, R.E. and Randolph, R.B., 1989, Hydrology of the Floridan aquifer system in southeast Georgia and

adjacent parts of Florida and South 9arolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1403~D.. .

Leve, G.W., 1966, Ground water in Duval and Nassau Counties, Florida: Florida Geological Survey Report of

Investigations, no. 43; 91 p.

,, '

------ 1983, Relation of concealed faults to water quality and the formation of solution features in the Fioridan

aquifer, northeastern Florida: Journal of Hydrology, v. 61, p. 251-264. Lohman, S.W., 1972, Ground-water hydraulics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 708, 70 p. Long, L.T., 1974, Bouguer gravj.ty anomalies of Georgia; in Stafford, L.P., ed; Symposium on the petroleum

geology of the Ge()rgia Coastal.Plain: Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Earth and Water

DivisionBulletin 87, p. 141-167.

. ..

Long, L.T., and Champion, J.W., 1977, Bquguer gravity map of Summerville-Charleston, South Carolin'a;": <' ' n, J

epicentral zone and tectonic implications; iii Rankin, D.W.; ed,, Studies related to the Chadeston, South

Carolina earthquake of 1886-A preliminary report: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1028;'p.

151-166.

' .

MacNeil; F.S., 1950, Pleistocene shore lines in Florida and Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper

221-F, 11 p.
Maslia, M.L., 1987, Regional and local tensor components of a fractured carbonate aquifer: in Farmer, I.W.; Daemen, J.J.K., Desai, C.S., Glass, C.E., and Neuman, S.P., eds., Proceedings of the 28th U.S;
Symposium on rock mechanics, University of Arizona, June 29-July 1, 1987, p. 441-452.

Maslia, M.L., and Prowell, D.C., 1989, Relation between concealed faults and ground-water quality in a

carbonate aquifer system, Brunswick, Oeorgia, U.SA;:. Proceedings of the Fourth Canadian/Ariledchn

Conference on Hyd~ology, June 21-21{; 1988 [in press]. o

Mathews, S.E., and Krause, R.E., 1984, Hydrogeologic data from the U.S. Geological Survey test welisnear

Waycross, Ware ~ognty, Georgia: U;S. Geological Survey Water~Resources Investigations Report 83-

4204, 29 p.

....

McCallie, S.W., 1898, A preliminary report on the artesian-well system of Georgia: Geological Survey of :: .

Georgia Bulletin 7, 214 p.

McCollum, M.J., 1964, Salt-water movement in the principal artesian aquifer of the Savannah area, Georgia and

South Carolina: Ground Water, v. 2,no.4, 5p. McCollum, M.J., and Counts, H.B., 1964, Relation of salt~water encroachment to the major aquifer zones,

Savannah area, Georgia and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1613-D; 26 p.

McCollum, M.C., and Herrick, S.M., 1964, Offshore extension of the Upper Eocene to recent stratigraphic

sequence in southeastern Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 5Q1cC, p. C61-C63.

McFadden, S.S., Hetrick, J.H., Kellam, M.F., Rodenbeck, SA., and Huddlestun, P.F., 1986, Geologic data of

the Gulf Trough area, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 56, 345 p.

.

McLemore, W.H., Swann, C.E., Wigley, P.B., Turlington, M.C., Henry, V.J., Martinez, J., Carver, R.E., and

Thurmond, J,T., 1981, Geology as applied to land-use management on Cumberland Island, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Project Report 12, 183 p., 4 pl., prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior

(contract no. CXS000-8-1563), variously paged. Miller, JA., 1986, Hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and in parts of Georgia, ''
South Carolina, and Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1403-B, 91 p. Patterson, S.H., and Herrick, S.M., 1971, Chattahoochee Anticline, Apalachicola Embayment, Gulf Trough, and
related structural features, southwestern Georgia: Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Division

of Mines, Mining, and Geology Information Circular 41, 16 p.

60

SELECTED REFERENCES--Continued
Popenoe, Peter, and Zietz, Isidore, 1977, The nature of the geophysical basement beneath the Coastal Plain of South Carolina and northeastern Georgia; in Rankin, D.W., ed., Studies related to the Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of 1886-a preliminary report: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1028, p. 119-137.
Prowell, D.C., 1983, Index of faults of Cretaceous and Cenozoic age in the eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1269, 2 sheets.
----- 1988, Cretaceous and Cenozoic Tectonism on the Atlantic coastal margin: in Sheridan, R.E., and Grow, JA., eds., The geology of North America, v. I-2, the Atlantic Continental Margin, U.S.: Geological Society of America, p. 557-563.
Prowell, D.C., and O'Connor, B.J., 1978, Belair Fault zone: evidence of Tertiary fault displacement in eastern Georgia: Geology, v. 6, p. 681-684.
Randolph, R.B., and Krause, R.E., 1984, Analysis of the effects of proposed pumping from the principal artesian aquifer, Savannah, Georgia, area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 844064,26 p.
Randolph, R.B., Krause, R.E., and Maslia, M.L., 1985, Comparison of aquifer characteristics derived from local and regional aquifer tests: Ground Water, v. 23, no. 3, p. 309-316.
Sever, C.W., 1966, Miocene structural movements in Thomas County, Georgia, in Geological Survey Research, 1966: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 550-C, p. C12-C16.
Sever, C.W., Cathcart, J.B:, and Patterson, S.H., 1967, Phosphate deposits of south-central Georgia and northcentral peninsular Florida: Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology, Project Report No.7, South Georgia Minerals Program, 62 p..
Siple, G.E., 1967, Geology and ground water of the Savannah River Plant and vicinity, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply paper 1841, 113 p.
Soil and Material Engineers, Inc., 1986a, Ground-water availability of the Miocene aquifer system, Colonels Island, Georgia, Report No. 4486-046: Report for Lockwood Greene Engineers, Inc.; Soil and Material Engineers, Inc., Columbia, South Carolina, [unpublished report on file at U.S. Geological Survey, Doraville, Georgia], 50 p.
----- 1986b, Ground-water availability of the Pliocene-Recent aquifer system, Skidaway Island, Georgia, Soil and Mate9a1 Engineers Job No. 4486-049: Report for The Branigar Organization, Inc.; Soil and Material Engineers, Inc., Columbia, South Carolina, [unpublished report on file at U.S. Geological Survey, Doraville, Georgia], variously paged.
Stewart, J.W., 1960, Relation of salty ground water in the Brunswick area, Glynn County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology Information Circular 20, 42
p.
Stringfield, V.T. 1966, Artesian water in Tertiary limestone in the Southeastern States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 517, 226 p.
Taylor, TA., 1986, Application of gamma-spectral logging to ground-water investigations: in Proceedings of the Conference on Surface and Borehole Geophysical Methods and Instrumentation, National Water Well Association, October 15-17, 1986, p. 527-545
Thomson, M.T., Herrick, S.M., Brown, Eugene., and others, 1956, The availability and use of water in Georgia: Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology Bulletin 65, 329 p.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and National Oceanic Service, 1986, Tide tables 1987, high and low water predictions, east coast of North and South America including Greenland: National Oceanic Service, Rockville, Maryland, 289 p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Maximum contaminant levels subpart B of part 141, National interim primary drinking-water regulations: U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Parts 100 to 149, revised July 1, 1986, p. 524-528.
61

APPENDICES
62

APPENDIX A.--Lithologic descriptions from selected wells [Lithologies listed in parentheses estimated from interpretation of borehole geophysical logs]

Depth (ft)

Description

370186 Hutchinson Island Test Well2, Chatham County

POST-MIOCENE UNIT

0-8Ciayey sand, poorly sorted, calcareous, with interstitial clay. Abundant purplish-black organic material. 0-10Ciayey sand, moderately sorted, very fine to medium quartz grains. 10-16Ciayey silt, very plastic. 16-18Silty clay, light gray. 18-25Wood and peat material, purplish-brown with some clay and quartz sand. 25-41No recovery. 41-44Ciayey silt, blue gray. Grades downward into a fairly clean, well-sorted, fine quartz sand. 44-54No recovery (probably sand).

MIOCENE UNIT A

54-55
55-64 64-70
70-71 71-74

Sand, poorly sorted with minor amounts of dark minerals and clay. Phosphate grains and fish scales present at 55 ft.
No recovery (probably sand). Micaceous clayey silt, mostly quartz, plastic in texture, grading downward into silty clayey sand with brown,
well rounded, very fine phosphate grains. No recovery (probably sand). Clay, fossiliferous, very fine, well-rounded, dark brown phosphate sand with some fish scales.

MIOCENE UNIT B

74-82
82-85 85-90 90-98 98-118
118-119 119-124 124-130
130-131

Clayey silty sand, well-sorted, very fine angular quartz grains. Thin laminations of mica are present along with diatom molds and bone fragments.
Silty clay, diatomaceous, laminated, slightly phosphatic, with minor amounts of mica. Silty sand with clay and mica. Not as well laminated as 82-85 ft and greater percentage of sand with depth. No recovery (probably sand). Interlaminated silty clay and clayey silt with some fish remains and diatoms
increasing in phosphate and clay with depth. Clay brecciated at 114-118 ft. Sand, very fine, angular, with some fractures in bedding. Silty clay, phosphatic, with bone fragments and very fine to fine, rounded phosphate grains. Some diatoms present. Clayey phosphate sand, poorly sorted with very fine, well-rounded, brown phosphate grains. Silt consists of dolomite rhombs with
some quartz grains. Some quartz sand is present. Sandy dolomite, fossiliferous, phosphatic, sugary texture. Sand very fine, well-rounded, predominantly phosphatic, brown to black.
Pectens, other pelecypods and gastropods present, moldic porosity.

63

APPENDIX A.--Lithologic descriptions from selected wells--Continued [Lithologies Iist~~~Jn pa.~entheses estiwated from interpretation of borehole geophysical logs]

Depth (ft)

Description

370186 Hutchinson Island Test Well2, Chatham .County--Continued

,." ,,MI().CENE UNII' B-Continued

131-132 132-133 133-141 141-144
144-161 161-171
171-201
201-211 211-219
219-220 220-224

Dolomitic sand, argillaceous, poorly s~rted, mostly brown to black phosphate grains and quartz grains.

Dolomite, very dense, non-phosphatic, sabkha type, interbedded with dolomitic sand,

No recovery (probably sand).

Dolomitic sand, phosphatic, very fine to coarse, angular to well rounded, mostly clear grains with some black to brown phospliaie grains. Thin beds of dolomite occur as dense non-phosphatic layers lJnQ as. very fine-sand size euhedtal rhombs, similar tol32~133ft:

No recovery (probably sand).

Dolomitic sand, slightly phosphatic, very fine to fine, clear quartz with broWJl well-rounded phosphate grains and silt-size dolori1ite

rhombs, gradational into lithology of 171-201 ft.

Sandy clay, phosphatic, mostly composed of quartz sand and euhedral dolomite rhombs. Clear, angular, very fine quartz sand with

well-rounded, fine to very fine, phosphate grains. The sand also occurs as laminae graditional into lithology of 201-211 ft.

Clay, phosphatic, with some very fine quartz sand and silt. Shark's tooth at 202 ft.

Limestone, fossiliferous (arenaceous, argillaceous, very phosphatic), contains large black phosphate masses With pciorly-sohea sand

inclusions and some microfossils, burrow-like structures with infilling of highly phosphatic material at 213ft (base of unit Bat 213ft).

No recovery (probably limestone).

"'':

Same as 211-219 ft, except lowermost 2ft, which appears to be about 90 percent phosphate.

OLIGOCENE UNIT

224-226 226-238
238-241 241-251
251-260
260-263 263-268 268-270 270-281 281-283
283-285 285-295 295-297

No recovery (probably limestone). Limestone, dense, fossiliferous, ubiquitous phosphate, blue gray, grading downward into a sandy limestone. Upper Miocene sediments
filling burrow-like structures in the Oligocene ma~!!rial. No recovery (probably limestone). Sandy limestone, glauconitic with microfossils, mainly foraminifera withfine to very fine, clear quartz sarid, becoming sartdiet with
depth. Limestone, sandy, with a trace of glauconite and some pyrite. Microfossils, mostly foraminifera, grades downward to higher
sand content and greater porosity. No recovery. Sandy limestone, trace of fine to very fine, clear, angular quartz sand with some layers containing gast~opods and pelecypods. Limestone, fossiliferous, dense, moldic porosityincreasing downward. No recovery (probably limestone). Limestone, fossiliferous, consisting mostly of intraclasts of well-rounded limestone with some dark minerals. Also, foraminifera and
~lecypods are present. No recovery (probably limestone). Limestone, fossiliferous, light-colored, moldic porosity with gastropods and foraminifera (miliolids). Limestone, fossiliferous, sugary texture with very fine, sand-size euhedral calcite. Ostracods, bryozoans and foraminifera are present.

64

APPENDIX A.--Lithologic descriptions from selected wells--Continued [Lithologies listed in parentheses estimated from interpretation of borehole geophysical logs]

Depth
(ft)

Description

370186 Hutchinson Island Test Well2. Chatham County--Continued

OLIGOCENE UNIT--Continued

295-301 310-315 315-316 316-320
320-322

No recovery (probably limestone). Not cored. No recovery (probably limestone). Limestone, fossiliferous, buff-colored, sugary texture. Pelecypods, coral, foraminifera, and ostracods present, with a slight trace of
phosphate and some very large vugs. No recovery (probably limestone).

UPPER EOCENE UNIT

322-329 329-335

Limestone, fossiliferous, hard, dense consisting mostly of bioclasts of bryozoans and echinoid spines with foraminifera. No recovery (probably limestone).

34E001 Cumberland Island Test Well 1. Camden County

POSI'-MIOCENE UNIT

0-96 96-100
100-104 104-107 107-110 110-112
112-130
130-135
135-137 137-159

Core not available for examination. Clayey dolomite with sand consisting of very fine to medium, angular to subangular quartz and very fine to fine, subrounded, black
phosphate grains. Phosphate occurs ubiquitously in dolomite. No recovery (probably sand). Sandy dolomite, euhedral rhombs with poorly-sorted, fine to medium quartz sand. Phosphatic, similar to 96-100 ft. No recovery (probably sand). Clayey sandy dolomite consisting of silt-size, euhedral dolomite rhombs, very fine, sub-angular, clear quartz sand, and phosphate grains.
Fossils present as molds of pectens, phosphate increases in content and grain size from sand to pebbles. No recovery. Geophysical logs indicate 126-128 ft may be dense phosphatic dolomite similar to 112ft. Two ft of this type lithology was
recovered at top of run, and may possibly be residual material from previous zone of no recovery. Dolomitic sand that grades downward into clayey, sandy, pebbly dolomite. Phosphate content and grain size increased downward and is
fossiliferous in places similar to 104-107 ft. No recovery (probably sand). Phosphatic dolomite with variable amounts of quartz and phosphate sand. Lithology similar to 104-107 ft and gradational into a
dolomitic sand at 159 ft, containing very fine sand-size dolomite rhombs.

65

APPENDIX A."Lithologic descriptions from selected wellsContinued
[Lithologies listed, in parentheses estiniated from interpretation of botehhi~ ~eophysicallogs]

Depth (ft)

Description

34E001 Cumberland Island Test Weill. Camden County--Continued

MIOCENE UNIT A

159-180 180-181 181-191 191-197
197-202 202-204 204-207 207-210 210-214 214-218 218-219 219-224
224-232 232-236
236-250 250-253
253-254 254-259 259-260 260-261 261-263 263-289 289-293
293-310
310-320

No recovexy (probably sand). Dolomitic sand similar to 159 ft. No recovexy (probably sand). Dplqmitic sand, fine to medium; suoangular,-dear quartz. Dolomite coilsists of silt to fine sand-size rhombs with clay. Phosphate
grains occur as sand and pebbles, subangular to subrounded. No recovexy (probably sand). Dolomitic sand similar to 191-197 ft. Grades downward into sandy dolomite. Sandy dolomite similar to 137-159 ft. No recovexy (probably sand). Sandy dploinite similar to 137.159 ft. No recovexy (probably sand). Sandy dolomite similar to 137-159 ft. Silty sand, dolomitic, phosphatic quartz arenite, poorly sorted, vexy fine to coarse,
angular to subrounded, clear quartz with grains of phosphate and dolomite rhombs. No recovexy (probably sand). Dolomite sand, vexy fine sand-size euhedral rhombs of dolomite and fine to vexy coarse quartz sand. Some phosphate grains present,
and laminae of dolomite at the base of this interval. No recovexy (probably sand). Sand, dolomitized micrite, quartz arenite, poorly sorted clear quartz with fine sand-size dolomite rhombs and some sand-size grains ,1
of phosphate..Grades downward into a' sandydolomite consisting bf vexy fine sand~size dolomite rhombs with poorly sorted clear
quartz sand. Laminae present in the dolomite. Loose quartz granules containing silt-size dolomite rhombs. No recovexy (probably sand). Dolomitic sand, similar to top of 250-253 ft. Poorly-sorted quartz sand, possibly caVing from upper zones.
Laminated sandy dolomite a!}d dolomitic sand similar l:o 250-2.53 ft, except a mirier amount of clay is present.
No recovery (probably sand). Sandy dolomite, argillaceous, arenaceous, slightly phosphatic fossiliferous micrite. Dolomite occurs as silt-size rhombs with vexy
fine to fine angular, clear quartz. Sand with phosphate also present as lan1inations in the dolomite. Fossils consist of diatoms and possible skeletal fish remains. Laminated, silty, dolomite and phosphatic clay containing molds of diatoms. Laminae are alternating layers of silty clay and clayey silt. Phosphate occurs as vexy fine sarid-size grains. Silt consists of quartz and euhedral dolomite rhombs with some mica. No recovery (probably clay).

66

APPENDIX A.-Lithologic descriptions from selected wells--Continued [Uthologies listed in parentheses estimated from interpretation of borehole geophysical logs]

Depth (ft)

Description

34E001 Cumberland Island Test Weill. Camden County-Continued

MIOCENE UNIT A--Continued

320-331 331-333 333-348 348-360 360-374

Same lithology as 293-310 ft. No recovery (probably clay). Same lithology as 293-310 ft. No recovery (probably clay). lithology gradational from the laminated silty clay of 293-310 ft to a fossiliferous, clayey, sandy, phosphatic dolomite. Complete fossil
Venus shell at 360ft, fiSh teeth and bone fragments throughout. Oayeyphosphorite noted at 373ft, phosphate granules at 374ft.

MIOCENE UNIT B

374-375 375-377 377-382 382-386 386-400 400-404
404-410 410-418
418-432 432-434 434-437
437-440

No recovery (probably sand). Sandy dolomite with small percentage of phosphate grains. No recovery (probably sand). Fossiliferous, sandy, phosphatic dolomite. Fossils are chalky fragments and molds of mollusk shells. No recovery (probably sand). Dolomitic sand consisting of some clay and fme to medium subangular, clear quartz, and silt to very fine sand-size dolomite rhombs, slightly phosphatic as grains and as ubiquitous occurence. No recovery (probably sand). Sandy, slightly phosphatic clay with silt laminae. Sand grains are very fine to fine, angular quartz containing very thin beds of
possible gypsum (white spheres). This lithology is in direct contact with underlying laminated dolomitic clay. No recovery (probably clay). Sandy phosphatic clay. Sand is very fine, angular, clear quartz and very fine phosphate grains. Dense, phosphatic dolomite and laminated clay. Dolomite present as silt-size rhombs. Phosphate present as very fine sand-size
grains increasing in content downward. Highly phosphatic, sandy dolomite containing phosphate pebbles and intraclasts of other lithologies. Sand grains consist of
both phosphate and quartz. Dolomite occurs as silt-size rhombs.

67

APPENDIX A.--Lithologic descriptions from selected wells--Continued [Lithologies listed in parenthese_s es~imat(!_d from interpretation of borehole geophyskai logs]

Depth
(ft)

Description

34E001 Cumberland Island Test Weill, Camden Cminty--Continued

; MIOCENE UNIT C

440-446
446-449
449-470 470-475
475-480 480-489
489-510 510-515
515-520 520-524 524-531

Clayey sand that grades downward into a sandy, laminated clay similar to 293 ft. Molds of diatoms present. Gypsum bloom on core, phosphate increases downward.
Phosphatic, sandy dolomite contains very fine to medium, angular quartz sand and rounded phosphate grains; Phosphate and clay content increase with depths, possibly some burrow-like structures present.
No recovery (probably sand). Bioturbated, black, laminated; phosphatic and dolomitic clay that grades downward into a dense fossiliferous, phosphatic dolomite.
Fossils occur as molds of gastropods and pelecypods. Quartz sand is present, very fine to fine. Dolomite occurs as silt-size rhombs. No recovery (probably clay). Phosphatic clay inter!aminated with silty sand similar to 470 ft grading downward into a phosphatic dolomite consisting of varying
amounts of sand, silt, clay, calcium carbonate and phosphate. Phosphate content greater at 486 ft. Dolomite occurs as distinct silt to mostly ery fine, sand-size euhedral rhombs; fossiliferous. No recovery (probably dolomite).
as Fossiliferous, chalky dolomite, burrowed with shark's tooth at 510ft. Not as phosphatic previous lithologies. Dolomite &chrs as :-_ ' <',; .~ individual euhedral rhombs.
No recovery (probably dolo111ite). Phosphatic dolomite similar to 489 ft. No recovery (pr?bably dolomite).

OLIGOCENE UNIT

531-533 533-548

Sandy, fossiliferous, phosphatic limestop.e. Fossils consist of abundant miliolids. This zone appears to have been part of an old erosional surface where the limestone has been weathered to a rubble, and partially phosphatized. Phosphate grains in one type o( material but not in miliolid limestone. Phosphatic dolomite infilling limestone.
N? recovery (probably limestone).

UPPER EOCENE UNIT

548-549 549-556 556-560 560-563 563-600

Limestone. Fossiliferous limestone composed of bryzoan remains and some pecten shells. Nonphosphatic, druzy calcite present. No recovery (probably limestone). Same lithology as 549-556 ft, only softer. No recovery (probably limestone).

68

Appendix D.-Record of selected construction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area.
(Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper F1oridan; LF, Lower F1oridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude

Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft}

Date well constructed

Top of open interval
(ft}

Bottom of open interval (ft}

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Brantley County

28H004 29H002 30H003 30H005 30H010 30H016 301003 31H004 31H005 311001 311002 311003 311004 311005

Sandow, J.T. Lee, H. Okefenokee Rural Electric Ga. DOT, Nahunta Humble/Union Bag 085 Nahunta, GA 2 W.F. Hellemn no. ST-1 Satilla River Est. 2 KOA Campground Poore, Earl E. Humble/Brown 01 Humble/Harrison Humble/Union Bag 087 Humble/Union Bag 071

310822 311317 311217 311228 311352 311205 311726 310859 311219 311517 311931 311853 311534 311742

Brvan County

34P012 USA Ft. Stewart Fire Tower 315842

34P014 USA Ft. Stewart Firing Range 315800

34P019 USA Ft. Stewart Ditch Aban. 315855

34R032 Deloach, Cooper

320805

34R039 Gardener, J.S.

321145

34R040 Davis,JA.

321352

---,

34R049 Ga. DOT, I-16 mile post 144 321008

34R050 Ga. DOT, I-16 mile post 141 321142

35N021 Internal. Paper Co.

315022

35N025 Internal. Paper Co.

315011

35N035 Internal. Paper Co.

315132

35N059 Ga. DNR, Field Hdqs.

314708

35N064 Humble/Darieng 01

314910

35N065 Humble/Blige 01

315133

35P010 I.P.C., Ford Clinic

315634

35P015 Casey, I.C.

315731

35P020 Interedec, Ford, Y.B.

315630

35P025 Interedec, Ford, S.C.

315508

35P040 Fort, Leon Skate Rink

315558

35P057 Internal. Paper Co.

315356

35P078 USA Ft. Stewart Rec. Area 2 315911

35P099 Richmond Hill No. 1

315618

35P100 Ga. DNR, Fish Hatchery

315724

35P106 In teredec, Ford, S.F.

315634

35P107 Interedec, Ford 5/84

315519

350001 USA Ft. Stewart at river

320122

36N002 Wedincamp, F.W. 1

314729

36P006 Ga. DNR, Richmond Hill

315326

36P091 Ga. DNR, Richmond Hill Park 315300

36P093 Rust Homes, Inc.

315314

820917

125

12- -1971

820528

130

07- -1974

815817

62

1953

815733

65

08- -1974

815329

75

03-10-1959

815850

66

1964

815735

42

03-20-1961

815129

55

10-01-1973

815119

53

05-20-1974

814536

49

1972

815205

71

10-16-1959

814511

41

06-23-1959

815053

57

03-19-1959

815053

74

04-03-1958

812255 812438 812736 812923 812603 812649 812638 812841 811613 811627 811655 811514 811525 811644 811828 811816 811732 811609 811932 812143 812215 811908 811858 811747 811636 812016 811209 811157 811042 811219

14 18 20 80 76 65.70 80 81 17 18 21 18 10 19 11 19 6 7 11 20.38 10 19 11 11 10 17 11 15 11 12

1937 07-13-1943
1962 1965 1927 1984 1984 02-22-1940 12-01-1932 04-06-1940
03-16-1958 03-15-1958
1930 1962
05-07-1942 07-13-1943 07-03-1973 11-22-1978
05-24-1984 1926 1941
10-27-1941 11-01-1970
1971

520

550 UF

595

620 UF

578

650 UF

618

700 UF

0

860 TH

A,D,E,G

509

677 LB,UF

E,J,C

0

4,512 TH

G

617

764 UF

E,F,J,T

612

745 UF

D

168

200 s

141

994 S,UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

392

1,043 UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

\ 62

955 S,UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

0

770 TH

A,E,G

160

400 UB,LB,UF

327

446 LB,UF

E,J

96

305 VB

E,J

158

238 VB

E,J

360

480 UF

86

309 S,UB,LB E,J

297

398 UF

C,E,J

359

415 UF

C,E,J,T

160

500 S,UB,LB,UF -

292

465 UB,LB,UF E,J

160

452 S,UB,LB,UF E,J

340

605 UB,LB,UF

0

650 TH

A,E,G

0

724 TH

A,E,G

96

417 S,UB,LB,UF E,J

85

266 S,UB,LB E,J

402

535 UF

C,E,J

359

450 UF

C,E,J

100

459 S,UB,LB,UF C,E,J

290

425 LB,UF

E,J

325

450 UF

360

620 UF

D

401

702 UF

437

456 UF

C,E,J,C,E,J

412

529 UF

C,E,J

82

426 S,UB,LB,UF E,J

154

292 S,UB,LB E,J

150

656 S,UB,LB.UF E,J

340

550 UF

385

610 UF

69

Appendix B.-Record of selected. construc~ion:information .and available geophysicallogs{orwells in the study area...:COntirtued.

[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB; lower Brunswick; UP, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; lli, test hole only,

rio aquifer tapped. Type of geophyslc~llogs available: A,.time; B; collar; C::, caliper; D, driller's; .E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H,

magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, qipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, rnicro.-laterallog; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocitY; T, '



V, teinper~,t'\Ire;; ga111ma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data notavailable]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude

:',;.
Longl!l,lde

Altitude..

of land

surface Date well

(ft)

constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open Interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Bulloch County

30S001 30U002 31S007 31S008 31T007 31T010 31T011 31T023 31U008 31U009 32R002

New Hope Eleme.nta:ry School 322015

Portal, Ga. 2

323217

Nelville, Dr.

321856

Hodges, R

321627

peorgia Southern 1

322530

Stat.esboro, Ga. 2

322700

Statesboro, Ga. 5 n965-T) 322722

Brooks Instrumerit 1

322903

Hopeulikit 1W 1

323123

Hopeulikit 1W 2 .

323123;.:

Bulloch South 1W 1

321240

32R003 32T003 32T013 32T015

Bulloch South'TW 2 Statesboro Air Field Brooklet, Ga. 1 Lee, Frank

32124R 322843
322242 322832

Camden County

30F004 30G003 30G004 31E001 31E005 31E012 31F017 31F022 31G011 31G015 31G018 32E004 32E010 32E030 32E032 32E033 32E037 32F001 32F008 32F041 32F051 32F052 32G004 32G007 32G015 32G016 32G017

Harrell, G.C. Miller, S.T. John Buie 1 Brown, E. Silcox, 0. Union Camp B1 Wilson,R Van,J. Buie Estate, JA Walker, R ~umble/Kelly 1 Gross, E. (1956) Hercules Inc., Seals
Standard Oil Kingsland Gross, E. (1950) Ga. Welcome Center, James Lowe Johnson, L.E. Williams, H. Hamilton, Fred, Sr. Billyviiie
BP & P Seals Swamp No. i
West, Joyce Buie,JA. B:ryson, Edward
Humble/Atkinson 1 Humble/Union Bag 080

305713 310559 310230 304830 304814 305107 305859 305623 310044 310130
310657' 304804 305217 304737 304809 304516 305041 305546 305804 305810 305542 305250 310413 310145 310648
310419 310658

815406 815559 815111 814616 814656 8146:46 814623 814502 815116 815116 814115
814115 814430 813944 814133

.233 297 180 .156 243 227 202 170 205 205 120 .
' 120 155 155 185

- 11-01-1954
04- -1959 12-27-1965 04-01-1938 09- -1912
1966 12-17-1942 08-01-1982 08-01-1982 09-01-1982
09-01-1982 1942 1931
10-01-1978

815308 815316 815248 814812 815109 815130 815010 814835 814819 814705 814809. 814054 814218 814119 814046 813859 813806 814225 814413 814343 814020 814012 814335 814409 814151 814405 814348

65 25 65 22 20 22 15 20 11 20 12 26 17 31 27 18.25 10 16
9 12 23 20 15 16 20.83
18 16

07- -1972 07-18-1972 03-27-1948
1958 1936 09-14-1970
05- -1973 06-15-1939 05-06-1971 09-19-1959
1956 1956 06-01-1959 1950 09- -1974
09- -1969 12- -1965
08- -1964 1962
09- -1966 09-17-1959 04-18-1958

495 395 380 390 384 320 434 282 315 160 420
134 294 302 110
485 495
0 400 409 1,500
422
353 230
340 70 466 420
472 399
18 192
527 432 522 204
0

: i~ l"i i . , : .

560 UP 596: UP 525 UP 435 UP 565 UP 555 'UP 534 UP 465 UP 860 UF,LF 210 UB 804 UP
155 s
345 UP 510 UP 520 S,UB,UF

D,G

'~ :
D C,D,E,G,i,

c,b,f:,G,J, N,U,X '':i('

D

D'l'i

,,;,

l'l,(,..:,.,

700 724
4,s9a6o0
433 4,590
600 650 360 520 800 450 350
75 516 600 645 566 783
26 456 435 792 600 726 8.34 850

UP LB,UF

\:

E,J",

.':..\

TH

G,E

LB,UF UB,LB,UF LF

C,E,J;c,E,i ''
o

UP

UP

LB

E,J

LB,UF

E,J

UB,LB,UF E,G,A

LB

LB

E,J

s

UP

E,J

LB,UF

UP

J

UP

UP

..;_

s

S,UB,LB,UF E,i

LB

J

UP

E,J

Li3,UF

UP

E,J

S,UB,LB,UF E,G,A

TH

E,G,A

70

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper F1oridan; LF, Lower F1oridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TII, test hole only,
no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude

Longitude

Altitude of land surface (ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open Interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Camden Coun!!--Continued

32G036 32G037 32G038 32G039 32G042 32G044 33D004 33D006 33D022 33D048 33D049 33D050 33D058 33D061 33D063 33E002 33E003 33E004 33E007 33E008 33E009 33E018 33E023 33E027 33E037 33E038 33E039 33E040 33E041 33E042 33E043 33E044 33E045 33F001
33F002 33F003 33F004 33F014 33F015 33F016 33F017 33G005 33G006 33G011 33G012 33G013

Powers, Mr.

310542

Middleton, O.P.

310354

Deny, Elmer

310557

Strickland, Clyde

310203

Humble/Union Bag 101

310434

Humble/Union Bag 092

310627

floyd, E.

304348

Gilman Paper Co. 8

304416

Gilman Paper Co. 3

304401

Gilman Paper Co. 9

304408

Gilman Paper Co. 6

304418

Gilman Paper Co. 5

304411

Gilman Paper Co. 7

304408

Gilman Paper Co. 11

304401

Gilman Paper Co. 10

304432

Rayonier, Inc.

304627

USN Kings Bay Refill Station 304751

USN Kings Bay Etowah

304910

David, G.H.

304510

Crooked River State Park

305037

American Legion, St Marys 305045

USN Kings Bay Club

304800

Norieka, Richard

305031

USN Kings Bay TW 1

304756

Dr. Carl Drury, Laurel IS

304913

Brunswick Pulp and Paper 305157

USN Kings Bay obser. no. 1 304750

USN Kings Bay obser.

304748

USN Kings Bay well A

304730

USN Kings Bay well B

304700

USN Kings Bay well C

304838

USN Kings Bay well D

304854

USN Kings Bay well E

304810

Brunswick Pulp and Paper, 305314

Cabin Bluff

Union Carbide 2

305514

Union Carbide 3

305710

Union Carbide1

305611

Brunswick Pulp and Paper 305428

Brunswick Pulp and Paper 305530

Brunswick Pulp and Paper 305718

Union Carbide 4

305538

Episcopal Center Camp

310312

Kirby, TWSR

310106

Hardy Swamp 01

310208

W. Piney Bluff 01

310111

Dover Bluff 01

310122

814325 814242 814251 814432 814135 813944 813239 813236 813237 813234 813325 813319 813233 813236 813230 813712 813201 813238 813438 813323 813346 813105 813427 813111 813531 813156 813353 813353 813425 813223 813158 813315 813351 813103
813056 813155 813028 813104 813536 813244 813054 813225 813145 813546 813323 813049

20 15 15 15 16 13 10
9 10 13 15 15 13 15 15 22 9.70 16 18 16 12 10 16 10 10 12 24 24 30 18 16 23 25 9

1968 06- -1968 07- -1968 05-06-1971 09-12-1959 07-24-1959
1952 11-01-1963 08-03-1950 10-01-1970 02-01-1955 11-04-1953
1960 11-28-1981 06-30-1980
1930 03-02-1958
1958 04-01-1964
1930 04-01-1937
1961 02-08-1979
11-01-1985 11-01-1985 12-14-1976 12-17-1976 12-17-1976 12-15-1976 12-16-1976
1959

10

09-20-1963

20

09-14-1963

12

08-29-1963

6

28

20

12

12-01-1981

7

1960

12

1953

21

10

10

292

424 S,UB,LB

E,J

316

366 UB,LB

E,J

508

635 UF

J,E

362

522 LB,UF

E,J

0

842 TII

0

881 TII

E,G,A

400

600 UB,LB,UF

560

1,199 UF

D,E,J

517

860 UF

J,C,F,T,V

530

1,041 UF

D

520

1,259 UF,LF

D

529

1,215 UF,LF

D,G

530

1,041 UF

550

1,088 UF

560

1,099 UF

80

474 S,UB

E,J

302

470 UB,LB,UF E,J

186

516 S,UB,LB,UF E,J

525

770 UF

263

470 UB,LB,UF E,J

250

565 S,UB,LB,UF

145

486 S,UB,LB,UF E,J

450

650 LB,UF

555

990 UF

J

575 UF

J

66

340 S,UB

E,J

950

1,150 UF

A,D,E,J

560

750 UF

15

18 s

12

15 s

16

19 s

17

19 s

15

18 s

A,D,E,J

483

760 LB,UF

513

806 LB,UF

D,E,J

508

847 UF

D

515

806 UF

D

180

306 S,UB

E,J

169

332 S,UB

E,J

90

306 S,UB

J

534

832 UF

D

572

783 UF

E,J

387

817 UB,LB,UF

243

456 S,UD,LB

E,J

186

449 S,UB,LB

E,J

225

320 S,UB

E,J

71

Appendix B.-Record of select~d ~onstruction information andavailable geophysical logs for wells in: the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper ~runswjcJ.; ,LB, lower Bn,mswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D; Dublin: aqulfer; TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of ge~physif=allogs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, eleCtric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural ga111ma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, miCro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T,
u, temp<;rature; gamma-g11mma; V, fluid veloCityj X, core; Z, other, ~; data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude

Longitude

Allllude of land surface
(fl)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(fi)

Bottom of open Interval (fl)

Aquifer code'

Type of available
logs

Camden County--Continued

34D003 Cumberland lsi. no. 1

304448

812804

20

34E001 Cumberland Is!. GGS Tw 01 304522

812813

17

34E002 Cumberland lsi. Plumb Orch. 305122

812756

17

34E003 umberland Is!. Greyfield 304646

812809

14

34E010 Cumberland lsi. no. 32

304610

812809

10

34F002 Hernley, Mr.

305614

812445

7

34F004 Botsford; Mr.

305630

812443

10'

34F005 Kingsley 1

305709

812441

10

34F007 Richardson, Mr.

305739

812436

10

34F008 Hunter, Mr.

305745

812524

10

34F010 Generals Mound '

305659

812516

5

34F011 ,Platt, Mr.

305813

812505

10

34F012 Pomeroy, Mr. ! 34F013 Cumberland Isl.ll.O 16

305824

812435

10

305438

812441

10

34G040 Sam Lewis Maripe Fax;n .

310036

812755

8

Charlton County

540

.1904

'1931

'538

;550

. 1966'

554

. i966'

571

1966

547

1967

519

1966

554

1960

562

1967

537

1967

498

1960

584

368 640 UF 600 UF 730 UF 750 UF 684 UF 743 UF 638 UF 580 UF 683 UF 784 UF 702 UF 698 LB,UF 368 777 UF

J;G,X,D
J E,i E,J E,J
E,~
E,J E,J E,J
. E,J
J
~.~

27E002 USGSOK08

304943

822138

116

1964

465

591 UF

E,J

27E003 Ga. DNR, S. Foster Park

304929

822146

117

10- -1966 '

470

660 UF

27E004 USGS OK09

304943

822138

116

05-01-1978

498

700 UF

28D001 USF&W, Chesser Island

304256

820921

128

1916

471

595 UF

D,E

29F001 Drury, J.

305849

820713

145

08-19-1975

69o

740 UF

30E002 Yarn, L.

304937

815426

12

260

300 u:B

30E004 O.C.Mizell1

304723

815916

20

08-01-1963

825 ~

G

30E007 Huri1phreys op~. 1

305228

815935

91.70 04-20'-1965

560

918 UF

Chatham County

35P085 35P091 35P094 350043 35R017 35R018 35R025 36N006 36P021 36P036 36P087 36P090 36P094 360001 360002 360005 360007

Ga. DOT, U.S. 17-Chevis

315948

International Paper Co.

315736

USGS-UGA obs. well

315950

Regency Mobile Home Park 3201.58

Johnson,K.

320825

Bloomingdale Nursery

320823

Bloomingdale, Ga. 1

320738

Ga. DNR, Ossabaw Buckhead 314741

Drifton Stuart no. 2 (195)

315826

Savannah, Ga. 36

315922

Pine Grove Subdivision

315930

Savannah, Ga. 23

315809

Savannah, Ga. 26

315630

Union camp 03

320610

Union camp 04

320558

GAFCorp.1

320657

Garden City, Ga. 1

320712

811536 811519 811612 811518 811935 811933 811755 810750 811255 810845 811322 810917 810859 810732 810746 810757 810900

f,
15.55 10 18.67 11.32 42 38 20 10 16 18 18.14 20 18 11 11 11 7.64

1932 El6-23-1943 09-01-1954 09-20-1970
1957 1948 02-09-1966
02-14-1957 11-18-1960 07-01-1963 08-03-1970
1979 10-01-1936 10-28-1936 09-01-1938 05-01-1954 '

'~

120

420 UF

153 14

s 420 S,UB,UF 15

i,;

316

600 UF

D

303

425 LB

E

140

345 S,UB,UF

319

565 UF

D 1G ,,,.

197

239 S,UB

C,E;.J,C,E,J.

200

325 UB

E,D

252

414 UF

E,J

260

460 UF

323

639 UF

308

580 UF

..;.

219

947 UF,LF

D,J

237

1,012 UF,LF

D,E,J

234

608 UF

:D

225

740 UF

D

72

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude

Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open Interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Chatham Count:~:--Continued

360008 Layne Atlantic

320530

810850

9.91

1953

250

406 UF

E,J

360013 Savannah, Ga. 18

320709

811143

34.27 09-01-1942

269

681 UF

D

360014 Savannah, Ga. 19

320729

811139

45.06

1945

250

680 UF

36Q017 Howard Johnsons Motel

320314

810850

12

08-05-1953

294

448 UF

E,J,T

36Q019 Ga. DOT, U.S.17, Ga. 307 320137

811323

10.02 11-13-1940

400

540 UF

36Q020 Morrison, HJ.

320018

811248

13.38

948

330

365 UF

E,J

360032 Hercules, Inc. 03

320516

810853

10

03-01-1956

275

1,006 UF,LF

D

360038 Meddin Package Co. 2

320457

810744

15

12-09-1960

246

533 UF

E

360040 Ga. Port Authority

320709

810834

19.80 08-01-1942

251

640 UF

E,J

360060 Hall, Mary

320528

811029

25

1957

272

384 UF

E,D

360283 Pooler, Ga. 1

320656

811459

22.79 01-20-1947

280

610 UF

D

360287 US Anny, Hunter 03

320003

810912

40

1951

324

370 UF

D

360288 US Anny, Hunter 05

320001

811104

11

12-01-1956

85

380 S,UB

D,E

360300 Carlton Co.

320536

811219

18

510 UF

360318 PoolerTW1

320701

811319

20 1/06-01-1975

354

840 UF

B,C,E,G,J,N

360328 Garden City no. 5, 1986

320515

811022

24

04-01-1986

320

497 UF

J,E,D

36R001 Savannah Elec. Power Co. 1 320853

810849

15.83 08-01-1956

280

966 UF,LF

D,E

36R004 Union Carbide Co.

321034

810928

12.74

1898

60

305 S,UB,UF E,J

36R006 Port Wentworth Corp. 1

320759

811103

40

10-01-1956

271

1,088 UF,LF

C,E,G,J

36R008 Port Wentworth, Ga. 2

320920

810952

16.10

1923

200

502 UB,UF

36R041 VPI, DOE 044, Sav. Airport 320809

811221

19

08-10-1980

0

1,000 TH

C,J,N,E,S,O

37N004 Ga. DNR, Ossabaw

314609

810507

6

1929

149

429 S,UB,UF C,E,J

-

Willow P,9nd

37N005 Ga. DNR, Ossabaw Rockets 314624

810605

6

1929

209

J

37N006 Ga. DNR, Ossabaw

314803

810646

10

107

275 S,UB

C,E,J

Middle Pia.

37N009 Ga. DNR, Ossabaw USCG 314544

810525

11

199

509 UB,UF

C,E,J

37P002 Funk,AJ.2

315947

810251

11

07-01-1962

208

344 UF

E,J

37P003 Featherston, W.H.

315851

810618

23

1961

190

323 UB,UF

E,J

37P005 Forest City Gun Club

315840

810542

20

12-30-1957

232

353 UF

E,J

37P006 Savannah, Ga. 13

315948

810705

18

04-01-1954

270

1,000 UF,LF

G

37P009 Johnson, D., lsi. Hope

315857

810302

9.80

1927

160

521 UB,UF

37P010 Harmon, Jack

315557

810512

8.08

1952

200

406 UB,UF

E,J

37P012 Gordon, Roy

315621

810721

15

1963

68

238 S,UB

E,J

37P013 Bethesda Orphanage

315733

810533

11

07-21-1947

241

606 UF

D

37P064 Linskey, M.P.

315716

810648

15

1957

230

345 UF

E

37P083 Ocean Science Center

315916

810113

9

10-01-1970

234

485 UF

37P086 Burnside View Subdivision 315547

810458

10

05-25-1971

273

600 UF

37P087 Landings no. 1

315700

810144

12

12-06-1972

286

600 UF

D

37P113 Skidaway Institute TW 1

315906

810112

10

08-24-1983

700

1,100 LF

C,E,F,G,J,N,

T,U,V

37P114 Skidaway Institute TW 2

315906

810112

10

08-11-1983

262

400 UF

!I Well originally open hole from 2,921 to 3,407 ft.

73

Appendix B.-Recor~. ofselected construction ,information an~ available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-CO'ntinued.

[Aquifer.. S, surficial; UB, upper)3runswick; LB, lower B_run5Mck; UF, l!pper l'J.op,d~n; Lf, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin ;;iquifer; TII, test hole only,

no aquifer tapped. type of geophysical logs available.:' A, tj~e; B, col!ar; C, caliper, D, driller's; E; electric; F; fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H,

magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, l!lterallog;' N, neutr~n.porosity;_ 0, micro-lateral log;- P, photo video; S, acoustic velOcitY, T,
y, z, tempera_tU're; l!, gamma-gamnia; fl4id -\:e!%!ity; X:u:or~; other. -, d_ata not available]

'

, ,"

'. 'I" I'

~

'

'



'

Well

no.

Well name

Latttiide

;l~:o\i l!..
Longitude

Allitud~
9,f.l!i,nd
sprt,ap~
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(fl)

Bottom of open Interval (fl)

Aquifer code

Type of

available

logs

\if;

Chatham County--Continued

37P115 37P116 37P117 37P118 37P119 37P120 37P121

Skidaway Institute TW 3 Skidaway Institute TW 4 Roebling Quarters GGS Bull., 82 CH-1 Hetherington, Thomas Owen, Tom Weber, Whitne~ ,

315906 315906 315914 315920 315708 315641 315627

37P122 Etz, Bill

315541

37P123 Farrell, Hugh

315543

37P124 37P125 37P126

Storms, Jack Reinhardt, Rick Cole, James

315617 315636 315702

37P127 Womack, Jack 37P128 Olney, Jim ..

315412 315417

37P129 37P130 37P131 37P132 37P133 37P134 37P135

Demacher, Don Bloom, Roland PauiHylbert Degenhart, Bill Cubbedge, Tom Earhart, Brandt Loften, Dennis

315544 31540.3 315407 315426'
315537 315445 315511

37P136 37P137 37P138 37P139 37Q001 37Q003 37Q006 370010 370012 370015 370016 370017 37QQ19 370022 370024 37Q030 370031 37Q032

BroWne, Staniey

315503

The Landings, Main Square 315539

The Settlement Villa

315647

South Harbor Townhomes An 315442 Union Camp Pap~r Corp. OS 320612
Union Camp Paper-,Corp. 9.2 320611

Colonial Oil Ind.,.Inc.

320604

US Postal Service 02

320440

Lucas Theater

320442

Savannah Gas Co. 1

320440

SCL Railroad Docks

320433

Standard Oil Co.

320443

Ame:tjcan Cyanami~ Co.,2

32045~

Savannah, Ga. 02 (bbs.)

320400

Savannah, Ga. 02

320421

Savannah, Ga. 07

320249

Savannah, Ga. 09

320219

Savannah, Ga. 01

320132

810112 810112 810134 810250 810102 810125 810157
810158
810223
810230 810217 810154
810250 810~~
810246 810254
810249
810315 810321 810227 810335
810255 810243 810139 810417 810718 810710 810702 810535 810521 810457 810427 810237 810143 810549 810651 810507 810614 810449

10 10 10
l2 10.50
9 18.50

08-16-1983 08-17-1983
1935
07-25-1985 06-24-1985 06-01-1984

10.50 04-QSc1983

16

08- -1985

10.60 11.50 10

05-19~1986
05-1&c1986 04-15-1986 .

12

03-20-1985:

12

12-07-1983

8.50 12 12 12 10.50 7.50
5.50

05-28'1986 07-27-1983 12-03-1984 04-10-1984 11-07-1985
12-03-1985

14.50 04-30-1986

11.50 . 01-15-1985

12

12-01-1985

9.50 04-22-1985

10

12-14-1938

11.

08-03-1950

12.10

1906

42

07-01-1958

42.63

1938

18.98 04-01-1940

4.70

1940

5.60 08- -1940

9.88 02- -1954

40.60 09-16-1960

14.90

1916

15.90

1921

19.51 05-01-1941

25.20 05-01-1954

211 71.
112
41 12 20
51
55 50
70
'57 67
55 55
'32
C49 i:S 28 44
s5
is
50,
38 6o
45
33
54
65
56
27
4i
227 224
t5d
274
252 241 260 230
210 270
180
250 267 300

250 85
270 278 46
16 23 53 58
55
75 62
72
65 62 37
54
20 31 49 65
' 20 54
48
65 52
38
57 75 66 34 51 1,010 1,000 378
695
504
695
500 652 644 798
540
525 710 1,000

UF
s
UB,UF
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
'S
s s
s s s s s s s s s
UF,LF UF,LF UB,UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UB,UF UF UF UF,LF

. C,p,J'.
J,Q .. ,
-- ~~
-
,l

C,D,E,T" D,E , E,G,D

E,J

D,G E

' ~ :l

E,J

D

D D

74'

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open interval
(ft)

Bottom of open interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Chatham County--Continued

370033 Deist Baking Co.

320258

810728

18.77 11-03-1947

258

568 UF

D

370034 Benedictine School

320029

810522

27.57 09-01-1955

100

327 S,UB,UF E,J

370038 Savannah, Ga. 08

320325

810404

27.60

1935

260

595 UF

D

370040 Savannah, Ga. 11

320350

810335

30.40 12-01-1943

240

697 UF

D

370042 Thunderbolt, Ga. 02

320152

810301

12

08-01-1929

150

516 UB,UF

370043 USPHS, Oatland Is!.

320257

810123

18

05-28-1947

208

592 UF

370066 Savannah, Ga. 16

320439

810302

11

06-10-1941

256

650 UF

D,E,G

370072 Grays Subdivision

320247

810036

12

09-03-1960

183

348 UF

E

370083 Carribbean Lumber (83)

320515

810526

5.50 07-01-1941

220

645 UF

370085 SCL Railroad Docks

320519

810506

6

1925

139

500 UB,UF

C,E,J,T

370090 Great Dane Tr. Mfg. Co.

320528

810637

8.40 11-25-1947

235

570 UF

D

370160 East Pines Subdivision

320321

810055

10

12-01-1965

182

400 UF

D

370162 Savannah, Ga. 05 (new)

320354

810553

41

11-11-1970

265

903 UF

D

370175 Sav. Ele. Power Co., OP 2 320317

810716

15

06- -1957

276

561 UF

C,J,L,T,D

370182 Thunderbolt, Ga. 7-80

320138

810314

22

07-01-1980

300

506 UF

C,E,F,J,L,N,

E,F,J,L,N,U

370183 Thunderbolt, Ga. 8-84

320202

810311

21

07-01-1984

298

496 UF

E,G,J

370184 Candler Hospital

320146

810557

23

06-13-1985

290

600 UF

C,J,L,E

370185 Hutchinson Island TW 1

320622

810637

6

06-05-1985

274

360 UF

C,T,E,J

370186 Hutchinson Island TW 2

320622

810637

6

10-08-1985

1,380

1,520 -2/

C,E,X,J,T,

S,N

38P001 Savannah, Ga. 21

315930

805920

9

12-01-1962

168

427 UF

38P002 Wilmington Park Subdivision 315947

805937

11

10-01-1957

165

427 UF

E,J

-

38P010 Parson, H. & J.

38P012 Savannah, Ga. 22

315324 315943

805742 805911

8

1939

12

02-01-1968

83

151 S,UB

230

576 UF

C,E,J D

38P013 Petit Chou TW 01

315639

805539

8

10-11-1968

251

271 UF

J,X,G

38P015 S. Ga. Mineral PRGM CH-1 315826

805954

5

0

270 TH

E,J,X

38P016 GGS Bull. 82, D-1

315707

805910

8

173

J,G

38P018 GGS Bull. 82 CH-2, GGS 134 315911

805914

15

212

J,G

380001 USNPS, Ft. Pul. (PIC)

320150

805402

7.80

1943

352

535 UF

E,J

380002 USNPS, Ft. Pul. (PIL)

320201

805411

8.10 05-01-1940

110

348 UF

J,D

380003 USGSTW01

320151

805404

7.70 05-01-1954

0

1,435 TH

E,G

380004 USGSTW04

320151

805405

7.68 07-07-1959

606

657 LF

380006 USGSTW06

320355

805845

7.45 12-09-1960

145

842 UF,LF

D,C,E,G,J

380012 Southwinds Subdivision

320029

805742

10

02-01-1962

148

545 UF

D,E

380013 Walthour, H., Estate

320045

805829

4.70

1930

97

235 S,UB

E,J

380116 USNPS, Ft. Pulaski

320135

805333

5

1962

140

374 UF

E,J

380190 Savannah, Ga. 20

320042

805839

5.80 11-01-1962

147

474 UF

E,J

380196 USGS TW 01, PT 2

320151

805404

8

870

900 LF

380199 USGS TW 06, PT 1

320355

805845

7.45

1960

600

626 UF

380201 GGS TW Ft. Pulaski (1986) 320150

805406

7

02-19-1986

1,358

1,546 -2/

C,E,F,G,J,

N,T,U,Z

?:./Well taps low-permeability units underlying the Lower Floridan aquifer.

75

Appendix R-Record o{ selected construction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area~Continued:
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; 11!, test hole'bnly, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, coiiar; C, c;aliper, D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H; magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T,
z, tempe,rature; U, ~amma-gllmJ,lla; V, fluid velocity; X, core; othe,r. -,data rtdtavailable]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open interval (fl)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Chatham County--Continued

380202 380203 380205 39P001 39P002
39P003 390001 390003 390006 390016 390017 390018 390022

S.Ga. Minerals frog., CH-4A

S.Ga. MineralsPiog., CH-1

State of Georgia

Savannah Beach 03

. S.Ga. Mineral Prog.,

CH-10-10A

'

GGS Bull 82 D-6 (1969) .

Savannah Beach

USGS TW 07, PT 3

Savannah Beach 01 (39)

USGSTW07

USGS TW 07, PT 1

USGS TW 07, PT 2
s. Ga. Mineral Prog. CH-1

320054 320151 320145 315942 315916
315901 320124 320122 320041 320122 320122 320122 320024

Effingham County

34R036 34S007 34U006 34U008 35R024 35R026 35S003 35S004 35U005 36S004 36S022 36S027

central of Georgia:Railroad

S. Ga. Minerals Prog. EJiq

Burns,A.L.



Thompson, RL.

Page, Roy

Lakeside Park

J3oy Scout Camp

S. Ga. Mineral Prog. EF-2 S. Ga. Mineral Prog. EF~6

Westwood Heights, .I

Rincon, Ga. 02

Ft: Howard Paper Co. 03

320836 322129 323206 323002 320852. 320940 322102 322202 323115 321523 321722 322001

Glynn County

31H006 31H007 31H008 31H009 32H001 32H017 32H024 32H026 32H032. 32H036 32H037 32H038 32H039 32H040 32H041

Huihble/Union Bag 079 Humble/Union Bag 097 Humble/Union Bag.081 Humble/Union Bag 096 Brunswick P&P Bladen Roads End Camp Lamar, Stafford Osborn, N.B. Union Bag Camp ST~1 Livingston, J.L. Cuny, C.K. Humble/Union Bag 077 Humble/Union Bag 093 Humble/Union Bag 100 Humble/Union Bag 076

310913 311051 311216 311353 311445 311155 310918 311053 310820 311130 310739 311003 310924 311211 311254

805317 805551 805757 805057. 805105
805213 805101 805101 805032 805102 805101 805102 805206

5 5 13, 9. 03-01-1949 7

8 12.71 7 10 7 7 7
5

09-01-1942 10-09-1961
1939 10-09-1961 10-09-1961
-~'

812244 81261f 812718 812530 812034 811952 811603 811716 811537 811336 811402 811221

32 77 130 130 39
59
20 63 91 61 61 66.99

1926 08-11-1965 11-11-1978
1976 i ..:. 04-25-1969
-
04-10-1986

814532 814558 814547 814536
814238 , 814252 814008 813812 813820 813932 813739 814149 814008 814324 814025

14. 18
.44 66 19.18 20.17 18.48 20.92 10 16 31 16 17 18 12

04-17-1958 08-27-1959 04-20-1958 08-24-1959
1938 1948 02- -1939 03-01-1957 05-28-1961 1910 1962 04-12-1958 08-16-1959 09-11-1959
04~10-1958

0 0
160
0
197 129 124
0 710 630
0
272 '0 '
262 312' 1\ ,. 311' 42
:o
0 303 281 278

178 TH 206 TH 159 645 UF
234 'rH
129 575 UF 600 UF
402 u:B,tiF
745 745 LF 670 LF 202 TH

i,X.
J,E,X
i,G
.:...;..(
X;J,G
EJG,q'
D,E,G,J;.

b,E,G,.J'

..... ,',._,.)
J;X,'

:__,:)!f',
..
,.,_._,,. ..

'
441 u:F
300 '''I'H .

;-y
.J
};E,X,G

240 LS,UF

296 UF
420 LS',irF'. :,;if'

472: UF

_;.

260 S,UB,UF

c I/:

174 TH

E,J,X,G

194 TH

E,X,G

580 UF

500 UF'

502 UF

C,E,S,J,T,F

0

910 TH

'E,G I

375

884 UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

0

914 TH

E,G

330

960 US,LB,UF A,D,E,G'

298

500 UB,LB

E,J

245

442 UB,LB

E,J

214

518 S,UB,LB E,J

292

445 S,UB,LB E,J

0

4,642 TH

G,B

260

318 S,UB

E,J

286

570 S,UB,LB

C,E,J

0

910 TH

A,E,G

351

896 UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

264

920 S,UB,LB,UF A,D,E,Q

o:

900 TH

A,E,G

76

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UP, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open Interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Glmn Count:~:--Continued

32H042 32H043 32H045 321001 321003 321012 321013 321014 321015 33G001

Humble/Union Bag 089 Humble/Union Bag 078 Humble/Union Bag 073 Nail, GA. Harrison, Connie Humble/Union Bag 091 Humble/Union Bag 075 Humble/Union Bag 072 Amet Field Curry Oil Test

311343 310820 311444 311812 311728 311559 311644 311504 311840 310711

813921 813813 813758 814125 814133 813837 814027 814351 814058 813637

16

06-26-1959

14

04-16-1958

13

04-05-1958

16

11- -1957

18.72

1950

12

07-24-1959

15

04-09-1958

17

04-04-1958

15
8.43 Vw- -1982

33G002 Massey Lake Well

310711

813240

8.23

1949

33G003 Massey Oil Test Well

310646

813224

12.67 11-25-1953

33G008 USGSTW15

.. -

33G026 SCM no. 2 (South)

33G027 GPA-2

310701 310640 310519

813202 813245 813141

7.46 10 10

12-01-1966 06-24-1986

33G028 GPA-3

310629

813233

10

07-04-1986

33H003 Madge Merritt Garden Club 310759

813554

9.62

1959

33H010 Cowan, George

310900

813415

6.30 02-01-1937

33H013 Watts, W.H.

310817

813330

10

33H021 Blythe Island

310946

813325

9

1939

33H035 Camp Tolochee

311119

813402

7.71

1960

33H038 Camp Glynn

311239

813405

9.05 04-01-1962

33H041 Daniel, A.R.

,--I

~

33H046 American Creosoting

311451 311429

813247 813157

20.06 11

1960 1958

33H052 Anderson, L.L.

311405

813214

10.17

1957

33H061 Metro Dvlp. Corp.

311311

813136

18

1918

(H.B. Sawtell)

33H079 Hamilton, R.L.

311233

813110

8.73

1960

33H095 Roberts, Ernest

311156

813041

12.96

1961

33H100 Jenkins Theatre

311129

813021

12.44

1958

33H102 LCP Inc., 02

311111

813019

14.71

1920

33H104 LCP Inc., 04

311114

813035

8

1920

33H105 LCP Inc., 05

311116

813056

8

12-01-1956

33H106 LCP Inc., 06

311046

813117

8

08-01-1956

33H108 Brunswick P&P 01

311027

813113

12.60 06-01-1937

33H109 Brunswick P&P 02

311023

813112

14

1937

33H110 Brunswick P&P 03

311041

813046

6.85

1937

33H111 Brunswick P&P 04

311039

813118

7

04-01-1948

33Hl12 Brunswick P&P 05

311007

813113

11.24 09-01-1950

33H113 Brunswick P&P 06

310955

813117

10

11-01-1955

33H114 Brunswick P&P 08

311027

813106

9.74 06-01-1960

i

357

967 UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

20

820 S,UB,LB,UP A,E,G

0

780 TH

E,G,A

413

699 UB,LB,UP E,J

700

840 UP

385

935 UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

0

840 TH

A,E,G

0

740 TH

314

483 VB

A,E,G E,J

694

1,457 UF

C,E,P,G,J,

N,P,T,V

570

660 UF

E,J

610

921 UP

A,C,E,G,J,K

599

702 UF

E,G,J

622

825 UP

503

555 LB

D,G,E,J

390

473 UB,LB

D,G,J,E

147

480 S,UB

E,J

332

414 UB,LB

E

504

700 UF

297

514 UB,LB,UF E,J

580

720 UF

E,J

621

780 UP

E,J

659

802 UF

E,J

50

80 s

560

825 UF

598

988 LB,UF

E,J,T,U,C

623

741 UP

E,J

546

760 UF

E,J

540

777 UF

E,J

447

983 LB,UF

D,E,J

535

600 UF

534

1,064 UP

D

496

775 LB,UP

D

492

871 LB,UP

C,D,E,J

488

900 LB,UF

C,D,E,J

494

1,050 LB,UF

D

492

1,043 LB,UF

E,J

517

1,019 UF

E,J

550

1,076 UF

D,G

560

1,006 UF

E,J,T

!!wen originally drilled 03-25-54 to a total depth of 2,050 ft.

77

Appendix B.-Record of selected con$truction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued;

[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lowei Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH; test hofe only,

no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; }3, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H,
s, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K; dipmeter; L, later;:~llog; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; acoustic velocity; T,



temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V; flt~id velocity; X, core; Z, other. ~,data not available]

Well

no.

Well nam~

Latitude Longitude

Altitude efland surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open Interval
(ft)

Aquifer cOde

Type of available
logs

GI:mn Count:~:--Continued

33H115 Brunswick P&P 07 33H116 Brunswick P&P 09 33H117 .. Brunswick P&P 10 33H118 Brunswick P&P 11 33H120 Palmetto Cemetery N. 33H127 USGSTW.03

311036 311020 311018 311008 311036 311006

33H130 Selden Park

311021

33H131 33H132 33H133 33H134 33H135 33H136 33H137 33H138 33H139 33H140 33H141 33H144 33H145 33H146 33H147 33H148 33H149 33H150 33H152 33H153 33H154

Jenkins, S.O. (pasture) Oak Bluff Subdivision USGSTW06 Ballard Fire Station Oquinn Trailer Park Taylor Methodist Church Self, S.B. Zell, Richard Oquinn, Wyllie, Jr. Sapp,HA. USGSTW12 Pure Oil Service Station Justice, Clifford Johnson Arco Laundry Barnes, Robert D. Whorton Farms Escambia Corp. Havenwood Nursery Thomas, A.L. St1,1tts, TJ. USGSTW18

311429 311323 311006 311212 311100 311249 311223 310826 310738 310846 311044 311212 311003 311048 310956 311345 311432 311331 311328 310852 311022

33H155 33H164 33H165 33H167 33H168 33H174 33H175 33H176 33H177 33H179 33H180 33H184 33Hl85 33H186 33H187 33H188

Sapp; Woodrow

311246

Tidewater Construction Co, 310847

Kessie, Ralph

311110

Beasley-Mirns

311030

Hudley, Robert

311217

Northwood Estate Subdivision 311408

BWK, Glyndale 1

311255

KOA Campground

310842

Spaulding Trailer Park

310740

Dennard, Torn

310948

Thomas, R.E.

311107

Humble/Union Bag 094

311353

Humble/Union Bag 074

311433

Humble/Bell 01

310817

Humble/Harper 01

311000

USGSTW26

310809

813055 813054 813039 813058 813026 813016
813031
813426 813203 813016 813024 813012 813003 813114 813326 813327 813529 813231 813033 813003 813008 813511 813127 813141 813031 813032 813356 813029
813048 813431 813237 813011 813002 813057 813123 813452 813613 813608 813000 813653 813046 813539 813613 813235

8.59 6.36 10.95 6.59 1L88 6.15

1960 12-07-1960 12-10-1960
1961
08-01-1962

10.79 04-01-1963

3.53 20.96 6.71 17.44 16.08 20.63 8
7.81 9.12 18.36 12.55 17 14' '
14 13 29 13 15 16 7 ,, 10;20

1963 10-01-1963 03-01-1964 04-21-1964 07-01-1964
07-01-1965 1966 1963
08-01-1965 10- -1966 04-01-1967
i961 1967 i958 1968 1968 04-01-1968 05-01-1969 07-01-1'969

11 10 9 13 16 30 17 16 15 20 15 12 33 19 30
9.37

04-01-1970 El71
04-01-1971 1940
10-01-1971 10-01-1972 02-01-1973 07-12-1973 08- -1~J73 04- -1975 03-22-1974 08-18-1959 04-07-1958 09-03-1959 08-20-1959 10-01-1978

560 557 558 550 514 823
530
600 499 520 537 568 562 626 408 59.5 557 558 561 372 529 418 630 644 490 608 546 817
582 570 561 515 569 670 632 583 580 555 575 282
0 100 295 2,138

947 928 1,033 1,003 571 952
700
766 736 790 700 857 684 743 460 784 763 720 635 514 800 570 762 732 501 713 684 989
706 695 748 549 691 793 811 763 750 700 710 944 983 901 955 2,720

UF

E,J

UF UF

E,J E,J;Z

. -

UF

C,E,J,T.

UF

E,J

UF

C,E,J,N,:J:',

u,v ,,;

UF

C,E,F,J,N,

TP '

UF

E,J

LB,UF

E,J

UF

C,E,V

LB,UF

E,J

UF

E,J

UF

E.

UF

E,J

VB

E,J.-

UF

E,J

UF

E,J

UF

E,G,J

UF LB,UF

EJ ~
'''

."<.r

E,J

UF

E,J

UB,LB,UF E,J.

LB,UF

E,J

UF

E,J

UB,LB

E,J

LB,UF

E,J

UF

E,J

UF

A,C,E,J,N,'!:.

u,v

UF

E,J

UF

UF

E,J

LB,UF

E,J

UF

E,J

UF

E,J

UF

E,J,T

UF

E,J

UF

UF

UF

S,UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

TH

A,E,G

S,UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

S,UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

LF

C,E,F,J,N,

P,S,T,U,Z

78

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction infonnation and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper F1oridan; LF, Lower F1oridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open interval
(ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Glynn County--Continued

33H189 Brunswick P&P 02 (new) 33H190 Brunswick Glyndale 002 33H192 Davis, W.K, UC 1 Oil Test

311014 311255 311345

33H193 33H194. 33H19S 33H196 33H198 33H201 33H202 33H203 33H205 33H206
33H207
33H208
33H209 33H211 33H212

Davis Oil Test Supply Hatfield, Maurice W.
Pineridge Baptist Church Brunswick Concrete Co. Nail, H.O. Carlin, Buddy O'Neal, Carl E. Jack's Minit Market Harris, Aaron Lamar USGS-GGS-BP&P South TW01 USGS-GGS-BP&P South TW02 USGS-GGS-BP&P South TW03 Glynn Co. Rec. Dept. Blythe USGS-BP&P 01 USGS-BP&P 11 (lower)

311345 311205 311233 311326 311326 311441 310823 310829 310847 310925
310925
310925
310912 311027 311008

33H213 33H214 33H215 33H216 33H217 33H218 33H219 33H220 33H223 331008 331013 331026 331027 331028 331033 331034 331035 331038 331039

USGS-BP~P 11 (upper) USGS-BP&P 09 (lower) USGS-BP&P 09 (upper) USGS-BP&P 10 (lower) USGS-BP&P 10 (middle) USGS-BP&P 10 (upper) Golden Gate Christian Acad. Ga. Ports Auth. Fire well GPA-1 Bar None Ranch Glynn Farms (pond) Young, S.L. Blackerby, D.G. Woodmen of the World Glynn Farms Girl Scout Camp Knight, James Humble/Union Bag 061 Humble/Union Bag 090

311008 311020 311020 311018 311018 311018 311349 310739 310741 311906 311524 311741 312000 311506 311915 311619 311619 312000 311748

331040 Humble/Glynn Farms 1

311916

331041 Humble/Schluter 1

311524

813108 813125 813704
813704 813111 813019 813047 813205 813237 813328 813507 813707 813122
813122
813122
813253 813113 813058
813058 813054 813054 813039 813039 813039 813152 813231 813227 813338 813646 813409 813535 813342 813511 813005 813113 813212 813124
813509
813607

5

05- -1979

16.4 05-01-1980

10

07-12-1981

10

02- -1981

10

1977

20

16

1m

20

04-01-1982

20

9

11-01-1981

15

1980

30

1979

7

02-23-1983

7

02-02-1983

7

02-24-1983

10 12.60
6.59

03- -1982 10-31-1984 12-13-1984

6.59 6.36 6.36 10.95 10.95 10.95 22 12 12 13.24 13 13.13 17.08 10 22 25 25 15 35

12-13-1984 12-05-1984 12-05-1984 01-23-1985 01-23-1985 01-23-1985 11-27-1984 06-01-1984 06-11-1986 01-15-1962
12-07-1965 1961
1959 1959 10-15-1973 02-25-1958 07-18-1959

22

07-27-1959

6

07-21-1959

540 650 1,320
600 88
135 87 152 176 142 180 168 1,000
620
135
540 590 870 940 980 550 895 557 1,010 885 557 654 620 498 634 373 680 590 654 212 660 570
0 345
285
285

900 UF 820 UF 1,894 LF

700 UF
180 s 155 s 200 s 180 s 240 s 200 s 230 s 222 s
1,100 LF

720 UF
155 s

640 630 890 950 990 800 915 800 1,030 905 800 736 756 548 900 487 900 788 823 395 780 576 1,528 1,132
1,058
924

UF UF UF
UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF LB UF UB,LB UF UF UF S,UB UF LB TH S,UB,LB, UF S,UB,LB, UF S,UB,LB, UF

C,E,F,J,N, P,S,T,U
C,E,F,G,J, N,V C,E,J,N,U
J E,J,C,D J,E,C,T
J,E,C,T E,J E,J J,E J,E J,E C,E,J C,E,J,S,T,V D,G,E,J E,J E,J E,J E,J E,J E,J
E,J,T A,D,E,G A,D,E,G
A,D,E,G
A,D,E,G

79

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and. available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper :J3;runswick; LB; lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF; Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, coli<~!:; C; caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F,fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K,dipmeter; L; lateral log; N, neut;ron porosity; 0, micr~laterallog; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, cote; Z; other."-, data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude

Longitude

Altitude ofland surface.
(fl)

Date well constructed

Top of
open interval
(fl)

Bottom of open
Interval (fl)

Aquifer
code

Type of available
Jogs

Glynn County--Continued

33J042 33J043 33J044

Humble/Union Bag 062 Sterling Oil Test Supply .USGS1W27

312222 311633 311633

33J045 Panam-Union Camp 01

33J046 Jack's Minit Mart, Sterling

33J047 Jones, Jimmy

33J048 Gibbs, Charlie

33J049 Stewart, Norman

33K005 Shadron, S.

"

34G001 Babcock and Wilco:ic

34G002 Ga. DOT, Lanier Bridge

34G003 Jekyll Island 18

34G004 Jekyll Island 17

34G006 J~kyll Island 20

34G007 Jekyll Island 15

34G008 Jekyll Island 12

34G009 JeJ..')'Il Island 24

34G016 Jekyll Island 22

34G017 Jekyll Island 13

34G020 )eJ..')'ll Island 23

34G029 .Jekyll Island 03

34G030 Jekyll Island 08

34G031 Jekyll Island 01

34G032 JeJ..')'ll Island 10

34G033 Jekyll Island 09

34G034 Quarantine Island.

34G035 Jeky!I Island 04

34G036 USGS 1W 23

34H003 Paulk, R

34H010 Twin Courts Motel

34H012 Brunswick, Ga. Fletc.

34H013 ' , Brunswick Fletc.

34H025 Brunswick Glynco Annex

34H038 Tomlinson, J.E.

34H060 Caravel Co;rp.

34H061 Benton Bros. Storage

34H062 Dixie-Obrien (front)

34H064 Dixie-Obrien (back)
34H065 Her~ides, Inc., A"

34H066 Hercules, Inc., B

34H067 Hercules, Inc., C

34H070 Hercules, Inc.; F
34H071 Hercules, Inc., H:

34H073 B!!rcules, Inc., J

34H074 Hercules, Inc., K

312155 311619 311830 311827 311512 312521 310726 310727 310610 310331 310249 310115 310117 310103 310607 310658 310510 310509 310342 310403 310413 310418 310653 310134 310643 311432
311344 311407
311354 311326 311155 311016 311010 311005 311003 310950 310951 310949 310955 310951
310951 310959

813728 813241 813240
813414 813341 813314 813441
81~032
813609 812858 812853 812928 812647 812538 812558 812538 812540 812415 812501 812516 812439 812450 812422 812520 812447 812820 812508 812920 812653 812731 812834 812818 812826 812824 812834 812838 812827 812824 812851 812849 812848 812850 812846 812857 812844

14

02-27-1958

20

11-28-1978

20

01-11-1979

13

08-06-1970

12

1977

20

04-01-1982

16

11-01-1981

31

06-01-1979

9.78

1966

8.79

1943

10.05

i956

5.69 09-01-1958

6.31 08-01-1961

10.85

12.75

8.20 10-01-1959

10

06-01-1955

9.88 09- -1957

7.03 08-01-1957

10.02 08-01-1957

16.76 ' 07- -1963

7.32 06-02-1964

15.85 08-01-1965

11.97 05-30-1966

13

06-01-1966

7 09-27-1983

10 05-01-1!169

750 08-01-1970

10.22

1955

10 09-08-1958

24

20

06-20-1941

19.47. 12-01-1959

11

19.51

l 8.90

9.68

1917

8.70

1959

8.56

1930

11

1920

11

1920

10

1921

10 08-01-1929

10 10-01-1939

12 ' 08-01-1942

10

03-08-1946

0
662 1,079
0 126
159 154 195 426 589 585 494 552 370 380 51Q 561 555 502 529 526 526 532 544 540 231 545
1,067 585 575 620 610 620 526 496 152 554 491' 455 384 500 557 560 547 560

1,540 800
1,910

TH UF UF,LF.

4,435 175 179 200 280
590 1,006
750 692
780 46;1
396 718
7d6
773 715
755 766
785 780 766 686 462 685 1,140 730
694
850 1,063
820 664 571 520 810 632 664
646 668 887
890 890 894

fH
s s s s
LB,UF LB,UF UF LB,UF UF ,UB,LB UB LB,UF UF '
LB,UF LB,UF UF LB,UF UF LB,UF UF UF S,UB,LB UF LF UF UF UF UF UF LB,UF LB,UF S,UB 'UF
LB,UF LB,UF
LB,UF UF UF UF UF UF

A,D,E,,G
CC,D,E,G','H'L, J,N;Q
E,,s
E,J C,E,J,Z C,E,J E,J E,J
E)
EJ
G
E;r;
E,J
D,J?,r,c
E,J,C E E,J E,i E,J E,J C,E;G,J C,E,J,Z E,J
C,J,p
E,J E,Z E,J E,J E,J C,E E,J C,E,J C,E,J
D C,D,E,J,T C,E,G,J C,D,E,J,Z

80

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area"'-'Continued.
s. [Aquifer: surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH, test hole only,
no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity, G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open interval
(ft)

Bottom of open Interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Glmn Count:~:--Continued

34H075 34H076 34H077 34H078 34H079 34H082 34H085 34H088 34H089 34H090 34H091 34H094 34H095 34H097
34H098 34H100 34H104 34H110 34H112

Hercules, Inc., L Hercules, Inc., M Hercules, Inc., N Hercules, Inc., 0 Hercules, Inc., P Thon, L.L. Brunswick Coffin Park Knight, Ann Lang Planing Mill Purcell, Della Brunswick North Shipyard Brunswick South Shipyard Georgia Pacific Ga. Ports Authority (Main Office) Jekyll Island Packing Riley, Barney Royalls, Ed Lewis Crac Co. 4 Abbott Ice House

311002 310959 311007 310948 310958 310927 310906 310839 310830 310822 310753 310731 310734 310755
310801 310806 310817 310827 310841

34H117 34Hl18
34Hl19 34H120 34H122

Whorton Crab Brunswick, 1525 Grant Street Brunswick (Old J49) Brunswick, F Street Coastal Bank

310852 310859
310859 310858 310859

34H125 34H128 34H129 34Hl32 34H133 34H134 34Hl36 34H144 34H145 34H146 34H160 34H193 34H204 34H205 34H238

USGSTWOl Firestone Glynn Cleaners USGSTW02 Brunswick Goodyear Park Brunswick Villa Ramsey, Ben J. Torras Cswy. Maint. Shop Bennett, George Wilson, Arthur Sea Island Golf (59) Mallory Park Glynn Co. Casino SSI Lighthouse Jackson

310906 310919 310922 311020 311035 311051 311159 310947 311005 311015 310840 310820 310802 310801 310825

34H261 Shearouse, Fred (1960) 34H289 Whittle, Lucian 34H318 Mendenhall, W.C.

310948 311021 311212

812837 812901 812903 812852 812839 812859 812846 812910 812904 812913 812901 812913 812919 812927
812934 812925 812941 812943 812941
812954 812949
812949 812952 812941
812931 812935 812936 812952 812858 812955 812915 812652 812615 812542 812421 812337 812341 812337 812300
812244 812233 812237

9 13 15 10
9 10.13 6.98 7.79 5.83 9.29 6.08 9.03 5 7.04

02-01-1945 02-01-1950 08-14-1953 09-27-1955 08-26-1957
1949 12-01-1938
1928 06-01-1942 07-01-1942 06-25-1959
1960

7.64 11.35 5 6.60 8.58

02-01-1958 1960
1957 08-01-1960

6.70 17.02

1956 1912

16.73 10.44 13.72

1918 04-01-1942
1960

11.57 11 10.93 14 12 12.67 13.37 11 5.64 8.38 7.94 10 10.14
9.87 9

1960 1960 1956 1962 1943 04-01-1943 08-01-1959 1925 1948 1939 05-01-1959
1949 1927 1960

8 6 18.74

03-14-1960 1950 1955

560

895 UF

C,D,E,J

480

911 LB,UF

555

932 UF

D,E,J,C,F

545

890 UF

C,D,E,J

549

912 UF

D

550

656 UF

E,J

514

623 UF

C,D,E,J

316

427 UB,LB

E,J

521

567 LB,UF

E,J

496

592 LB,UF

J

619

736 UF

C,J,E

568

787 LB,UF

D

489

805 LB,UF

584

751 UF

E,J

556

780 LB,UF

E,J

595

786 UF

E,J

358

404 s

E,J

582

780 UF

C,E,J

540

780 UF

C,E,F,J,N,

T,U

528

747 UF

E,J

508

980 LB,UF

C,E,F,J,N,

T,U,Z

380

428 UB,LB

E,J

476

955 LB,UF

C,E,G,J

448

573 LB,UF

C,E,F,J,N,

T,U

535

604 UF

C,E,G,J

519

700 UF

E,J

537

747 UF

E,J

540

1,103

D,E,F,J

520

800 UF

518

942 LB,UF

E,J

526

692 S,UB,LB

E,J,E,J

300 S,UB

391

430 UB,LB

E,J

362

453 UB,LB

E,J

580

1,052 UF

C,D,E,J

435

437 LB

E,J

540

750 LB,UF

477

608 LB,UF

E,J

150

406 S,UB,LB, E,J

UF

428

J

536

653 LB,UF

E,J

614

766 UF

E,J

81

Appendix B.-Record of s.elected construction information and available geoph'ysicallogs for wt!Us i'n the study area...:continued.

[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brun~ck; LB, lower Bniriswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF; Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aq~if~r; TH, te~t,JJ.oie ,only,

no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysi,callogs available: A, time; B, coJlar; C,caiipei; D; driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, g'eo)9@st;.H,

magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity,O, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocitY; T,

'

temperlltl!re; u,.gamma-gainma; v, fluid velocity;' X, core; z, other. -,data not available]'

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(tt)

Date well constructed

Top of open interval
(ft)' >

Bottom of open Interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Glynn County--Continued

34H320 34H328 34H334 34H337 34H338 34H339 34H341 34H343 34H344 34H345 34H346 34H347 34H348 34H350 34H351 34H354

.Gentile, Benny

USPS Ft. Frederica

USGS1W04

USGS 1W OS (PTl)

Beverly Shores Oxidation

Georgia Motor Lodge

Brockington, Alfred

USNPS Ft. Frederica

USGS1W07

American National Bank

Sea Island Yacht Club

Roberts, L.D.

-

Quick Clean Laundry

Engie, Marvin Twin Oaks Drive~In

USGS1W08

34H355 USGS1W09

34H356 34H357 34H358 34H359 34H361 34H362 34H363 34H364 34H366 34H368 34H369 34H370 34H371 34H372 34H373 34H374 34H376 34H377 34H378 34H379 34H380 34H381 34H382 34H383 34H384 34H385 34H386

Lewis Crab CO. 5 Troupe Creek Marina Olsens Yacht Yard
Beverly Shores, 4 Middleton Estates Bloodworth, F.H. USGS1W10 Kennedy, RL. First Baptist Church Sea Harvest Packing Glynn Co. Golf COurse Ellzey, C.M. USGS1W11 Harrington, L. USGS1W13 USGS1W14
St. Francis Xavier Church
Stopchuck, Mike Seapak Corporation Harris, A.M., Sr. McGraw, RO.
Beggs, R Rushing, Alton Derry, Inez Brunswick Country Club Champion, E.M. (1) Tollison, H.K

311224 311319 310938 310824 311227 311306 311232 311324 310938 310857 310952 310949 311024 311059 310956 310924
310924
310827 311342 311007 311224 311120 311024 310822 310819 310848 311347 311437 311028 310818 310832 310940 310953 310841 311108 310915 310805 310928 310959 311032 311154 311319 311016 310907

812231

19.56

1960

577

812329

12.38' 12-01-1937

600

812853

8.33 09-01.:1962

800

812942

8.85 05-01-i963

567

812830

16.07 06-01-i962

576

812755

14.48 02-01-1963

581

812230

13.94 12-01-1962

855

812318

9.83 07-01-1963 >

480

812852

8.29 04-01-i964

504

812935

12

i964

560

812444

7.77

i962

546

812806

6.90' 10-01-1963

520

812932

12.80 03-01-1964

536

812404

6.48

1963

450

812949

16.63 08-01-1964

524

812952

13.76 06-01-i965

804

812952

13.98 06-01-1965

523

812942

8:16. 07-01-1965

s78

812701

7.29 04-01-1965

595

812458

5.55) 02-01-1966 .

589

812837

18.93 02- -1965[>;

565

812248

12.90

1966

577

812419

13.67 . 06-01-1965

576

812958

2

06-01-1966

612

812940.

9.55

234

812932

8.19

1956

529

812720

9.09 07-01-1966

588

812842

23.23 08-27-1966

642

812739.

7.58'

1966

569

812936

9.49 10-01-1966

606

812921

10.83 11-01-1963

566

812933

> ' 9.28 10-01-1966

512

812959

'17.02 11-01-1966

527

812938

6.55 12-01-1966

543

812829

9.06 11-01-1966

522

812307

15

01-31-1967

530

812916

11

1967

140

812944

15

348'

812325

10

1967

496

812841

9

1959

546

812300

10

06-01-1967

590

812758

13

05-01-1967

594

812942

14

1948

500.

812907

11.76

1961

612'

685 640 980 919 767 755 993 670 770 780
800
750 787 576 760 1,003
785
624 774 765 740 724 803 744 402 791 788 796 743 700 733 719 696
66o
630 810 500 440 630 690 758 792 572 773

UB,LB,VF E

UF

UP
L~,UF
UF

D,E,J,T C,D,E,J ,,, . :E,J,V .

UF

E,J

UP

E,J

LB,UP

E,J

UF

'C,D,E

UF LB,UP UF

~~
E,'J

l

UF

.E,J,

LB,UF

E;J,

uUpF

E,J . ,,,
TC,,Eu,;f,J,N;

UF:.
UF

.. :. :. C,E,P,G,N; ',t;~J..': c,E,J,T

UF

E,)

UF

E,J

UF

UF

E,J

UF

E,J

UF

A,E,J

s

E,J

UF

E,J

UF

E,J

UUFF ,- ,,.

C,D,E,J E,J

UF

E,G,J

UF

E,J

UP

E,G,J

UF

E,G,J

UF

E,J

UF

E,J

LB,UP

J,E

S,UB,LB C,E,J

UB,LB

E,J

UF

C,E,J

UF

E,J

UF

E,J

LB,UP

E,J

LB,UP

E,J

UP

E,J

82

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and available geophySical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude

Longitude

Altitude ofland surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open
Interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

GI:rnn County--Continued.

34H387 College Pl. Methodist Church 311115

812913

16

1964

100

120 s

34H388 Reu,A.H.

311419

812319

10 03-01-1963

631

804 UF

E,J

34H389 Golden Shores 5

310852

812951

8.11 01-11-1968

524

737 UF

E

34H390 Hercules Inc., Parking Lot 310947

812838

10

1968

407

409 LB

E,J

34H391 USGSTW16

310818

812942

7.13 04-01-1968

1,070

1,158 UF

A,C,E,J

34H392 Brunswick Jr. College

311108

812905

16

05-01-1968

541

660 UF

C,E,J

34H393 USGSTW17

310825

812942

6.95 10-01-1968

615

723 UF

A,C,E,J

34H395 Hall, Jim

311032

812243

14

1968

300

573 S,UB,LB, E,J

UF

34H397 Sea Island Golf (69)

310839

812422

10

1969

484

1,061 LB,UF

E,J

34H398 King Shrimp Co.

310749

812904

7

07-20-1969

622

720 UF

C,E,J

34H399 USGSTW19

310749

812920

5.54 09-01-1969

1,075

1,218 UF

A,C,E,F,J,Z

34H400 USGSTW20

310936

812949

12.50 09-01-1969

524

756 UF

A,C,E,J

34H401 USGSTW21

310945

812955

13.16 09-01-1969

525

756 UF

A,C,E,J

34H402 USGSTW22

310945

812955

13.21 09-01-1969

815

946 UF

A,C,E,J,Z

34H403 USGSTW24

310822

812942

9.56 09-01-1970

788

982 UF

A,C,E,J,N,

T,Z

34H405 Suddath Van Lines

311422

812654

10

1971

585

702 UF

E,J

34H406 Camp Islander

311354

812236

10

1971

621

721 UF

E,J

34H408 Van Diviere Oil Co.

311200

812945

17.99 08-01-1971

588

703 UF

E,J

34H409 Thrower, Charles 34H410 Laws, John, Sr.

311346

812644

8.05 09-01-1971

605

728 UF

E,J

311211

812746

6.50 09-01-1971

5n

724 UF

E,J

-< -

34H411 Hercules Inc., R

34H412 Hercules Inc., Q

311003

812857

13

05-01-1972

540

698 UF

311019

812922

15

11-02-1972

548

630 UF

E,J C,D,E,J

34H413 Hercules Inc., S

310951

812846

10

02-27-1973

550

838 UF

C,D,E,T

34H414 King & Prince Hotel 34H416 Lewis Crab Co. 6

310938

812350

15

07-01-1973

556

708 UF

310827

812943

8

08-15-1969

117

240 s

E,J,T

34H424 Hercules Inc., T

311011

812931

15

02-13-1976

550

745 UF

C,D,E,F,J,N,

T,U

34H425 Hercules Inc., U

311016

812858

12

05-12-1976

550

700 UF

D

34H426 USGSTW25

31'0938

812852

8.30 10-01-1976

1,027

1,211 LF

34H427 Champion, E.M. (02)

311016

812942

14

11-01-1977

500

640 LB,UF

34H428 UGA Marine Extension Serv. 310816

812939

10

05-21-1980

152

180 s

34H429 First Baptist Church

310851

812932

9

1981

140

160 s

(shallow well) 34H430 Champion, E.M.

311016

812942

15

1977

100

200 s

(shallow well) 34H431 Riley, Joe 34H432 Griffin, Fred

311220

812852

16

311139

812255

12

1972

113

180 s

1977

140

260 s

34H434 Glynn County Courthouse 310911

812941

10

1982

530

670 UF

J

34H435 ABC Horne & Health Service 311121

812811

8

697

J

34H436 Coffin Park TW 1

310901

812844

6.62 10-20-1983

1,000

1,103 LF

C,E,F,G,J,

N,P,S,T,V

34H437 Coffin Park TW 2 34H438 Coffin Park TW 3

310901

812844

7

11-01-1983

313

328 UB

310901

812844

7

11-09-1983

192

202 s

34H439 USGS TW 02 (PT 1)

311021

812952

13.91

1974

540

566 UF

83

Appendix B.-Record of seJ~;cted construction .infonnation and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswiclc; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF; Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; 'Til, test hoie only, no aquifer tapped. Type ofgeop)lysicallogs avajlable: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electriC; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gam~a; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro"latera:llog; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temper~tu:r:e; U, gamma-gamma;. V, fluid' velocity; X, core; Z, other......, data not available]

Altitude

Top of

Bottom of

of land

open

open

Type of

Well

,::''(\\

~- 1,

surface Date well Interval

Interval Aquifer available

no.

Well name

Latitude Longitude

(It)

constructed

(It)

(fl)

cOde

logs

Glmn Count:~::--Continued..

.f!~ :

34H443 34H445 34H446 34J009

Lewis Crab Co. 7 Brunswick COffin Park PS East COast Ice Co. Newhope Plantation

310828 310902 310829 311811

812942 812843 812945 812651

8

03-01-1986

236

7

12-20-1986 .

sso

8.

i982

38ii

9.39

i96b

580

4.50 S,UB,LB 824 UF 450 UB,LB 780' LB,UF

C,D,E,i;'i1 . : )..;

E,J

. ;::: . ..!.I"~

34J021 Job Corp.

311525

812717

16.84 05-01-1954

602

998 LB,UF

C,E,J,T

34J025 Altama Plantation (1966)

312007

812939

17

1966

633

716 UF

E,J,T

34J029 Wilder, H.

311854

812751

5.27

1969

686

866 UF

C,E,J

34J048 Humane Society

311509

812641

13.96 05-01-1970

605

702 LB,UF

E,J

34J049 Glynco Jetport

311557

812746

2455 08-01-1970

640

788 UF

E,J

34J050 Altama Plantation 71

311939

812846

22

04-01-1971

688

824 UF

E,J

34J051 34J052 34J054 34J055 35H012

Ga. DOT, 1-95 Rest Area Humble/Union Bag 055 King, Ronnie Sylvia, Bob Sea Island Gun Ciu)> (old)

311647 311745 311539 311540 311049

812925 812709 812615 812620 812129

34.70 21 15 15 6J8

12-10-1971 02-03-1958 07-15-1983
1978

709

839 UF

E,J,T ..,......

0 620 144 514

1,589 700 220 640

TH
UF
s
LB,UF

]A.':D'E'G~l;}~.~:

.

' .

-E (;

35H014 Sea Island County 1

311053'

812102

7 ' 08-01-1928

553

721 LB,UF' .. E,J

35H037 US Coast Guard Station

310845

812226

9.87

580

704 UF

J:<;,J,c-

35H040 Verney, G.

;,/

311331

812119

11.70 10-02-i962

6il

800 UF

E,J'

35H042 Sea Island County; 22nd

311146

Street (old)

35H044 Sea Island County Gun Club 311049

812013 812128

7.22 05-01-1963
. \

6

09- -1966

580

1,042 UF

"'"".:: .

E,G,J,T,

"tr: ., .. ,

. ~.

598

789 UF

E,J

(new)

35H045 Sea Palms Hole 1

311200

812212

14.63

1967

607

796 UF

C,E,J

35H046 Sea Palms Hole 14

311123

812218

8.60

1967

626

799 UF,

E,J

35H047 Olsen, O.H.

311102

812228

7

07-01-1967

583

752 UF

E,J

35H050 Sea Island County

311220

811927

8

02-23-1973

560

820 UF

E,J

(36th Street) 35H053 Churchill, Phillip .. 35H054 Bledsoe, B.E.

311140

812212

10

311158

812212

15

1977

147

360 s

1979

80

100 s

35H055 Smith, Teddie E..

311342

812143

17

750

J

35J003 Humble/Taylor 01

311516

812058

13

09-07-1959

260

1,075 S,UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

35J004 Hagen, Dr. Arthur R

311640

812037

10

07-01-1981

700

800 UF

35J005 Pendergast

311653

812028

10

01-06-1983

677

739 UF

J

Liberty County
'1- '

32N007 Liberty County Road

314631

813804

90

10- -1965

538

689 UF

and Revenue

32N010 Johnson, C.

314917

813742

95

10-24-1967

506

700 UF

32N012 Mobley, 1-I.L.

314857

813854

95

1967

546

720 UF

32N013 Deal, J.

314946

814120

85

11- -1969

503

600 UF

33M003 Jones, R.

314323

813005

16

11- -1966

416

600 UF

33M007 Humble/Union Bag 009 33N044 Kelly,J.

314322 314910

813033 813059

16

10-21-1957

10.55

1957

0 333

730 'Til

A,J::<:,D,G

460 S,UB,LB,UF E,.J .

:

33N076 Minglcdorff, F.

315043

813530

54

08-10-1963

440

682 UF

E,J

33N084 Hinesville, Ga. 03

315056

813455

22

1969

403

710 UF

D

33N085 Smith, F.

315003

813632

88

05-01-1968

485

600 UF

33N089 Burke, L.

314552

813721

80

09-08-1969

560

660 UF

84

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer. S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TII, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H,
magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T,
temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(fl)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open interval
(fl)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Libert:~:: Count:~::--Continued

33N091 Barrett, C.L.

314846

813026

22

04-23-1971

406

500 UF

33N092 HumblejQuatennan 01

315206

813434

29

03-17-1958

0

676 1H

A,E,D

33N093 Humble/Union Bag 024

314536

813653

68

11-15-1957

0

825 1H

A,E,D,G

33N094 Humble/Union Bag 039

314928

813027

21

12-17-1957

0

1,505 1H

A,E,D,G

33N095 Humble/Union Bag 040

314625

813029

17

12-19-1957

0

723 1H

A,E,D,G

33N096 Humble/Union Bag 041

314643

813323

16

12-20-1957

0

750 1H

A,E,D,G

33N097 Humble/Union Bag 044

314512

813121

17

01-07-1958

0

1,410 1H

A,E,D,G

33P019 USA Ft. Stewart Evans

315728

831011

31

08-18-1967

406

592 UF

A,C,D,E,G,J

Heliport

34M019 Interstate Paper Co. (535') 314431

812542

13.95 01-17-1939

200

535 S,UB,LB,UF E,J

34M020 Interstate Paper Co. (453') 314438

812457

9.78 02-09-1939

140

453 S,UB,LB,UF E,J

34M021 Interstate Paper Co. (445') 314442

812434

13.84 02-09-1939

145

445 S,UB,LB,UF E,J

34M043 Union Camp Paper Corp.

314333

812247

12

372

34M049 Riceboro Presbyterian Church 314412

812603

18.96 03-30-1965

447

700 UF

34M050 Kearsey, E.E.

314340

812529

19

08-16-1966

462

705 UF

E,J

34M051 Interstate Paper Co., Rust 314438

812425

12

10- -1966

427

810 UF

34M052 Interstate Paper Co., Rust 314435

812439

13

12- -1966

418

810 UF

34M053 Interstate Paper Co., Rust 314428

812453

12

03-28-1967

438

788 UF

E,J

34M054 USGS'IW02

314343

812519

19

01-27-1967

467

802 UF

E

34M056 Cooper, E.B.

314451

812757

20

09-01-1966

463

660 UF

34M057 Interstate Paper Co.

314439

812425

10

08-18-1966

189

606 S,UB,LB,UF E,J

34M075 Standard Oil, 1-95 & U.S. 1 313908

812341

10

09-20-1971

428

604 UF

E,J

34M083 Humble/James, WM 01

314324

812513

17

03-19-1958

0

750 1H

A,E,G

-

34M084 Humble/Minson, R 01

314240

812726

19

10-19-1957

0

750 1H

A,D,E,G

34M085 Humble/Union Bag 010

314241

812241

19

10-22-1957

0

785 1H

A,D,E,G

34M086 Humble/Lambert 01

314132

812433

15

10-18-1957

0

800 1H

A,D,E,G

34M087 Humble/Union Bag 058

314000

812617

22

02-09-1958

0

775 1H

A,D,E,G

34M088 Humble/Barton 01

314408

812822

14

02-10-1958

0

755 1H

A,D,E,G

34M089 Bruce, Bill

314426

812616

16

1939

196

310 S,UB

C,E,J

34N029 Union Camp Paper Corp.

314913

812611

21

06-13-1961

80

304 S,UB

E,J

34N088 Midway, Ga.

314757

812602

11

04-01-1966

400

662 UF

E

34N089 USGS'IWOl

315214

812353

17

1967

410

789 UF

E,J

34N091 Young, J.

314829

812917

21

12-08-1968

400

600 UF

34N094 Humble/Union Bag 012

314624

812244

17

10-24-1957

0

749 1H

A,D,E,G

34N095 Humble/Union Bag 043

314731

812813

15

01-04-1958

0

750 1H

A,D,E,G

34N096 Humble/Union Bag 011

314528

812727

15

10-23-1957

0

720 1H

A,D,E,G

34N097 Humble/Union Bag 038

314915

812607

17

12-12-1957

0

800 1H

A,D,E,G

34P024 Gill, J.F.

315346

812531

18

1915

280

417 LB,UF

E,J

35M027 Blount

314352

811533

4

1940

385

590 UF

E,J

35M040 Jelks & Rogers 01

314114

812046

21

1953

163

4,264 LF

E,G,J

35M041 Tippens, Sam J.

314419

811928

26

06-03-1971

407

614 UF

E,J

35M043 Humble/Union Bag 103

314352

812210

7

09-26-1959

100

851 S,UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

35M044 Humble/Reikes 01

314412

811901

16

12-21-1957

0

725 1H

A,D,E,G

35M045 Humble/Stevens 01

314233

811655

9

10-02-1959

85

750 S,UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

35N061 Humble/Union Bag 104

314530

811816

22

10-03-1959

0

750 1H

A,D,E,G

35N062 Humble/Union Bag 013

314649

811812

30

10-25-1957

807

A,D,E,G

35N063 Humble/Union Bag 105

314531

812050

28

10-04-1959

0

750 TI'I

A,D,E,G

35N068 Ashburn, T.N. (swim pond) 314844

812119

10

0

600

J

85

Appendix B.-Record of selected CO!)Struction infonnation -~I!d available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.

,,,

.)

.

.

'

[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper F1oridan; LF, Lower F1oridan; D, Dublin aquifer, TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: ..A, time; B; collar;. C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F; fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H,
magnetiC; J, mitural gariuna; K, dipmeter; :j:.,, la,terallog; N, l)eutron pProsity; 0, microlaterallog; P, photo Video; S, acoustic velocity;T,
te!llp(!r~tur\1; U, g~mma-gal11ll).~;Y; fluid velocity; :X,, core; .Z; other. ,.:., data not a'Vailable]

..

Altitude

Top of

Bottom of

~ ,I

(

of land

open

open

Type of._

Well

e

surface Date well Interval

Interval

Aquifer available '

no.

Well name

Latitude LOI)Qitude

(ft)

constructed

(ft) .;

(ft)

code

logs

Libert:~: Count:~:--Continued

36L001
36M004
36M013 36M018 36M020

Noble Foundation, St. Catherine (south end) Noble Foundation, St. Catherine (power house) Yellow Bluff Fishing Camp Caines, W.W. Noble Foundation, St. catherine (greenhouse)'

313627
314008
314236 314401 313905

Long Count:~:

31M003 31M004 31M007 31M008
31M025 31M029
31N005 32L001
32L002
32L003
32L018
32L019 32M001 32M002 32M003 32M005 32M006 32M009 32M010 32M011 32M012 32M013 33L001 33L002 33L003 33M001 33M002 33M004
33MOO~
33M006 33M010

Humble/Altam. Land Cq. 03
HumblejAitam. Land Co. 04 HumblejJ.E. Par~er, n\k-01 Humble/Savannah Riv:er, Lum Corp., 01 Humble/Altam. Land Co:, 05 Humble/Savannah River, Lum Corp., 02 Humble/Parker, 1.E., no. 2 Humble/Savannah Lum Corp., 03 Humble/Savannah River Lum Corp., 04 Humble/Savannah River Lum Corp., 05 Humble/Savannah River Lum Corp., 06 Humble/Union Bag 030 Ludowici, GA, 1
Ludowici, GA, z Humble/Altam. Land Co:, 01
Humble/Union Bag 023 Humble/Union B<'!g 025 Deloach, J.R. Humble/Union ~ag 02(/ Humble/Union Bag 027 Humble/Union Bag 028 Humble/Union Bag 029 :ffumblejUnion Bag 020 Humble/Union Bag 021 Humble/Union Bag 059 Humble/Union Bag 005 Humble/Union Bag 006 USGSTW03 Humble/Union Bag 014
Humble/Union Bag 022 Humble/Union Bag 060

314QP5 314203 314331 314021
314223 314233
314532 313426
313607
313308
313606
313454 314240 314232 313857 314235 314349 313859 314109 314133 313921 313734 313442 313724 313541 314100 314335 313854 313849 314003 313949

811040
810933
811423 811410 810934
814523 814642 815223 814747
814834 815058
815020 814109
814144
813847'
814343
813842 814441 814434 814400 813739 814146 814119 814023 814339 814141 814021 813411 813556 813535 813156 813424 813604 813134 813703 813405

6

13

1930

15

06-01-1938

7

09- '-1969

11

,~1969

'r"

38

05-10~1959

41

05-11-1959

52

11-03-1959

34

04-26-1959

41

10-27-1959 '

38

05-13-1959

44

11-07-1959

28

05-16-i959

21

05-17-1959

23

05-19-1959

42

05-22-1959

23 66 62 31 69 ! 64 46 82 68 31 27 22 57 23 22 21 61.24. 18 62 19

11-24-1957 06-01-1939
'1972
05-08-1959 11-13-19.51 11-17-1951
12- "1969 11-18-1957 11-19-1957 11-21-1957 11-22-19.57 11-10-1957 11-11-1957 02-17-1958 10-11-1957 10-12-1957 11-10-1967 11-03-i957 11-12-1957 02-19-1958-

1'73
352
'-310 420 349
0 0 0 ' 0
0 0
i63
b
0
0
0
0 495 493
0
o
0 510
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 538 0 0 0

~ "'

309 S,UB,LB 'E

.580 UP

E

42.5 UB,LB,UF E,J

600 UF

501 UF

c,E,J ,,

819 TH 800 TH 795 TH 822 TH

::c.

A,E
~AEE

:- v .~ '~' ;-

A:,E

7n6o3

TH
Til

A,k c A,l=!

'' :.
.,.. t: c

764 S,UB;LB,UF A,E,I(G

799 TH

A,E (':.

'.

812 TH

A,E

ih;~

830 TH

A;E

'817 Tii:

A,~

825 TH 579 tJF
635 UF 825 TH 840 TH 843 TH 610 UF 825 TH 825 TH 775 TH 775 TH
800 Til
825 TH 795 TH 784 TH 755 TH 870 UF 755 TH
800 TH 1,363 TH

A,E D,G
A,E,D,(] A,E,D,G A,E,D,Q
A,E,D,G A,E,D,G A,E,D,G, A,E,D,G E,G E,G E,G A,E,D,G A,E,D,G
A,E,D,G A,E,D,G A,E,D,G

86

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and available geophysical logs forwelfs in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UP, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude

Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open interval
(ft)

Bottom of open interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
Jogs

Mcintosh County

33K009 33K012 33K016 33K019 33K020 33K021 33K022 33K023 33K024 33K025 33K026
33K027 33L010 33L027 33L072 34J027 34J028
34J046 34J047 34K008 34K012 34K073 34K079 34K080 34K081 34K082 34K083 34K084 34K085 34K086 34K087 34K091 34K092 34K095 34K100 34L027 34L048 34L059 34L060 34L061 34L066 34L070 34L071

Eastside Fishing Club Davis,Edgar Terrell, Mrs. Phillip Goodrich, D. Humble/Ft. Barrington Humble/Union Bag 034 Humble/Union 13ag 054 Humble/Union Bag 033 Humble/Union Bag 032 Humble/Union Bag 035 Humble/Savannah River Lum Corp., 07 Gail, Sammy Union Camp Paper Corp. Davis, E. Humble/Union Bag 002 Darien, Ga. (1968) Ga. DNR Game & Fish Commission Pack, John Boone Seafood Co. Blackburn, George Middleton, C.T. Howard, P.J. Fisher, W. Pearling Ind. Shoe Factory Oquinn, C. Young, E.L. Poppell, T. Fischette, Mike Ga. DOT, I-95 Weigh Station Dykes, W.L. Newburn, Joe Carter Harper & Kimbrell Fisher, C.M. Humble/Union 13ag 037 Ware, G. Williams, W.E. and F.B. Warsaw Lumber Co. Union Camp Paper Corp. Standard Oil Co. Humble/Union 13ag 048 Union Camp Sapelo Forest Eelonia, Ga., 4/84

312814 312955 312659 312553 312850 312728 312849 312953 312920 312729 312501
312609 313219 313020 313723 312158 312102
312227 312156 312508 312805 312506 312244 312435 312439 312531 312709 312503 312817 312417 312350 312319 312303 312254 312718 313217 313054 313522 313531 313155 313620 313531 313031

813619 813610 813117 813001 813653 813352 813118 813303 813614 813004 813209
813414 813149 813544 813009 812530 812651
812539 812559 812911 812910 812816 812506 812730 812737 812925 812529 812348 812715 812231 812235 812251 812251 812443 812316 812527 812455 812937 812458 812648 812612 812457 812618

24

1950

2

11- -1959

12

12- -1957

12

08- -1972

13

10-05-1959

13

10-30-1957

12

01-27-1958

19

11-28-1957

41

11-26-1957

12

12-02-1957

17

09-22-1959

18 19 20 15 21 4.03

11-01-1981 1933
03-01-1968 10-05-1957 01- -1968

22 4 14 19 45 22 28 31 10 41 25 1958 8 6 7 7 20 15 7 22 15 27 20 17 25 15

1958 1970 12- -1957 1957 1959 1965 1964 1952 12- -1966 1967 10-01-1968 11-01-1968 06- -1970 06- -1970 1970 1970 06- -1973 12-08-1957 1955 1958 1925 1971 02- -1972 01-16-1958
04-28-1984

456

598 LB,UF

E,J

458

660 LB,UF

E,J

444

664 LB,UF

E,J

590

720 UP

36

820

A,D,E,G

0

810 TH

A,D,E,G

0

1,492 TH

A,D,E,G

0

800 TH

A,D,E,G

0

795 TH

A,D,E,G

0

865 TH

A,D,E,G

380

1,020 UB,LB,UF A,D,E,G

552

710 UF

382

532 UF

E,J

465

700 UF

0

780 TH

E,G

658

799 UF

J,E

561

598 LB

E,J

559

618 LB,UF

E,J

683

806 UF

E,J

642

764 UF

E,J

446

700 LB,UF

643

780 UF

687

791 UF

E,J

638

797 UF

E,J

630

850 UF

604

740 UF

E,J

612

765 UF

610

780 UP

453

604 LB,UF

D,E,J,N

582

760 UF

E,J

603

687 UF

A,E,J

583

738 UF

E,J

582

760 UF

E,J

629

730 UF

0

925 TH

E,G,A

301

641 UB,LB,UF E,J

495

575 UP

E,J

172

472 S,UB,LB,UR E,J

426

760 UF

466

593 UF

E,J

0

755 TH

E,G

136

394 S,UB,LB

C,E,J

618

634 UF

C,E,J

87

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction inJonnation and .available geophysical logs for welis in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, LOWer Floridan;. D, Dublin aquifer; TII, t~st holecirily,
no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; fl, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P,photo video; S, acoustic velocitY;. T, temperat11,re; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not awilable]

Well

no.

Wellriame

Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open
Interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of 11 available
logs

Mcintosh Count~-Continued

34M001 Stebbins, C.H.

34M070 King, Charles

.

34M076 Proudfoot, G.F. .(home)

35K062 Sapelo Research Foundation

Long Tabby

35K063 Sapelo Research Founqation

AirStrip

35K064 Johnson, Benny

35K065 Sapelo Research Foundation

Mainland

35K068 Pease Island Development

35K069 Gore, S.

35K071 Bolton, George

35L067 Holt,V.

35L068 Mitchell and l'!'eighbors

35L071 Proudfoot, H.S.



35L072 Stafford, TA.

35L078 Harris Neck, Gould L.

35L080 Julienton, Thorpe, H.

35L081 Julienton, Middle Road

35M013 US Fish and Wildlife

Harris Neck 01

35M014 US Fish and Wildlife

Harris Neck Airfield

35M015 US Fish and Wildlife

Harris Neck Airfield

35M046 Humble/Union Bag 007

36K001 Reynolds, R.J.

36K004 US Fish and Wildlife

Blackbeard Island 04

36L007 US Fish and Wildlife

Blackbeard Island 05

36L008 US Fish and Wildlife

Blackbeard Island 01

36L009 US Fish and Wildlife

Blackbeard Island 02

36L010 US Fish and Wildlife

Blackbeard Island 03

36L011 Sapelo Research

Foundation (pond)

313814 313820 313749 312553
312456
312517 312717
312632 312840 312845 313325 313419
31~722
313309 313719 313336 313410 313823
313759
313806
313810 312611 312923
3132Q5
313135
313053
313020
313030

~12;342
812903 812512 811656
811726
811609 812152
812209 &12053 812040 8121_4\?
81~926
811858 812204 811542 811806 811737 811542
811613
811625
812215 811421 811233
811205
811222
811223
811226
811402

14

12

12-02-1966

21

08- "1972

6

1967

6

1967

7

1967

4

1967

9 11 11 8 18 14 14 7 18 15 16.30

1965 09- ~197i
1982' 12-05-1966 07- -1969 08- 4970 02-19-l97d
19t2 1939 1942

20 . 01-23-1964 .

14

194i

17

10-14-1957

12

i960

12

03- -1935

7

1966

8

11-15~1934

10

12-29-1934

13

02-14-1935

8

1968

1'70 427 . 462 528
60
320 578
577 '570 486 436 485
442 '481
204 395 416 376
452
366
0 520 439
20
397:
408
431
273

471 S,UB,LB,UF C,E,Jhu~;

660 UF

E,J :;:

700 UF

7i5 UF

E,J

364 S,UB,LB E,J

372 UB,LB

E,J

726 UF

E,J

766 UF

703 UF

638 LB,UF

586 LB,UF,

640 UF

601
664

u3,u:F
UF ....

359 S,UB,LB

582 LB,UF

699 LB,UF

553 LB,UF

E,l
E,J .,C,E,J E,J
E,.J
.E.J
C,E,J C,E,J C,E,J

621 UF 557 LB,UF

D,C,E,'J ..
E,i

725 TH 780 UF 709 LB,UF
301 S,UB,LB

A,:b,E,G E,J E,J,G,D .. !
. ~ . E,J

520 LB,UF

E,J,E,J.

533 UF

E,J

617 UF

D,E,J

339 UB,LB

E,J

88

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer. S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; TH, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open Interval
(ft)

Bottom of open Interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Screven County
31V007 Collins, Leslie W. 31V008 Smith, Bobby 31V012 Lee, T.W. 31V014 Newton, Walton 31V017 Johnston, Floyd 31V018 Wommack, Lincoln 31W002 Brabb, Albert 31W014 Doyle, B.H. 31X001 Continental Can 32U001 Robinson, Willett 32U004 Anderson, B.H. 32U005 Hunter, William F. 32U016 Wyant, W.W. 32U017 King Finishing Mfg. 01 32U019 King Finishing Mfg. 03 32V001 Pye, O.J., Jr. 32V003 Evans, Hezzie 32V007 Rowell,H.G. 32V012 Burke, David H. 32V013 Arrnett School 32V031 Waters, G.C., Jr. 32V035 Peavy, Elliot 32V039 Evans, Mrs. C.
~
32W001 Basemore, C 32W002 LA. Thigpen
Construction Co. 32W006 Waters, Mrs. A.F. 32W065 Brannen, J.R 32W070 Sylvania, Ga., 04 32X035 Griffin, Marion 33U021 Newington, Ga. (1966) 33U023 Oliver, Ga. 02 (1968) 33U024 Screven Oil Test 1933-34 33V005 Evans, Mrs. J.J. 33V01i Boykins, Vernon L. 33V020 Hunters, W.H. 33V021 Lee, M.P. 33W001 Weaver, J.K. 33X013 Screven County
Millhaven School 33X022 Carter, Saddie 34U001 McCain-Pryor 1 34V004 Boddiford, B.R

323954 323847 323924 323828 323945 323911 324958 325011 325335 323715 323542 323514 323435 323608 323604 324037 324031 323813 323824 323923 324250 323749 324238 324629 324624
324855 325055 324503 325339 323525 323116 323009 323856 324234 323747 324118 324756 325538
325713 323506 324145

814837 814625 814650 814716 814945 814952 814506 814602 814530 814024 814303 813848 814255 814423 814411 814128 814046 814153 814316 814202 813735 813900 813730 814225 813942
814001 813806 813916 814000 813011 813204 813254 813346 813020 813216 813453 813345 813529
813454 812538 812935

155

1960

192

1959

231

05-01-1962

167

10-01-1958

129

1963

114

1963

291

10-01-1958

312

1956

204

1967

242

07-01-1961

170

1962

212

09-01-1962

100

155

1965

150

09-10-1971

211

04-01-1959

209

12-01-1961

223

202

1955

232

1954

253

1959

214

1966

245

1962

244

06- -1961

235

11-01-1960

122

12-01-1959

179

1959

187

165

11-12-1969

150

114

07-01-1968

75

1934

215

06- -1959

148

06-01-1958

162

1959

225

07-01-1963

132

1942

137

1954

148

1962

125

06-13-1963

163

12- -1962

80 177 198 154 160 50 221 220 168 254 195 286 90 1,266 1,253 147 168 260
208 185 210 210 189 133
122 100 227
85 186 242 215 200 140 203 189 82 200
150 0
148

147 UF 207 UF 230 UF 167 UF 249 UF 105 UF 245 UF 360 UF 175 UF 275 UF 225 UF 290 UF 255 UF 1,326 D 1,323 D 255 UF 187 UF 265 UF 220 UF 301 UF 270 UF 250 UF 268 UF 210 UF 202 UF
186 UF 202 UF 257 UF 100 UF 245 UF 322 UF 608 UF 260 UF 187 UF 236 UF 225 UF 84 UF 300 UF
210 UF 2,677 TH
210 UF

D,E,J D,E,J
C,E,J G,D

89

Appendix B.-Record of selected construct,ion info~ation and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper ~runswic~;, LB, Io~er Brun~ck; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Fiondini.; D, Dublin aquifer; 'IH, tsi hole dnly,
no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D; driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; ~ dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, te111pir~tllrt;; U~,gamma-ga111l11a; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z,.other. ...:.; data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude Lor)gi!!,Jde

Altitude of land surface
(fl)

Date well conslructed

Top of open Interval
(fl)

Bottom of open Interval
(fl)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Wayne County

29K002 29L005 29M001 29M002
29M004 29N003 30K004
30K016 30K017 30K018 30K019 30L003 30L009 30L011 30L012 30L013
30L014 30L016 30L017 30M003 30M004
30M005 30M007 30M011 30M012 30M013 30N001
30N002 31K001
31K002
31K003 31L001
31L002 31L003 31L004 31L005 31L009 31L010 31L011

Thomas, Lindsey G. Lake Lindsey Grace Odum, Ga. State of Georgia Correction Department Oquinn, R Anderson, F. Brunswick Pulp and Paper Mears 1 Scott and Mean 1~C Humble/Bennett 01 Humble/Davis 01 Humble/Rodgers 01 Johnson, H. Jesup Industrial Park Aspinwall, C. Parkerson, B.D. Jesup, Georgia Industrial Park Jones, Dr. Charles Humble/Jones 01 Humble/Green 01 Harrison, R Wayne County-Oglethorpe Landing Waters, L.L. Miles,F.C. Ganus, L. Forbes, Thomas Miles Brothers Stockyard Wayne County-Mitchell Landing Anderson, L. Brunswick Peninsular Corporation Ga. DNR Wayne 02 (test hole) H-3 Brunswick Pulp and Paper J. Mears 2 Humble/Kicklighter 01 Humble/Grantham 01 Humble/Lee Williamson 01 Humble Union Bag no. 64 1 Humble/Hopkin Brothers 05 Humble/Union Bag 106 Humble/Union Bag 069

312845 313402 313950 314026
314451 314824 312719;
312718 312958 312533 312858 313701 313457 313041 313618 313457
313423 313700 313341 313935 314316
313829 314250 313756 314037 313941 314659
314512 312330
312712
312320 313102
313651 313630 313518 313317 313119 313128 313009

820146 820228 820143 820714
820023 820304 815253
815253 815847 815901 815402 815434 815447 815944 815703 815448
815301 815345 815851 815459 815409
815333 815745 815621 815936 815446 815853
815802 814831
815131
814505 815220
814759 814948 814646 814652 814622 814912 815015

118

03-23-1955

110

1975

160

1955

169

09- -1968

162

1963

. 178

1958

55

02-26-1974

61 108 88 50 105.77 106 .123 152 105

03-26-1975 04-14-1959 05-03-1959 06-18-1959 08-19-1963 09-01-1967 10-01-1970 12-01-1970
1967

105 .05-01-1983

82

10-09-1959

113

04-24-1959

112

06-01-1962

100

08-01-1963

105

11- -1968

107

06-01-1967

153

06- -1967

150 .05-21-1974

112

03-18-1974

65

1963

166

06-01-1967

55

12-17-1944

55

05-03-1974

55

55

03-11-1975

45

06-12-1959

63

04-27-1958

37

05-24-1959

61

03-06-1958

72

06-06-1959

59

10-13-1959

63

04-01-1958

557
645
52.5 450.
620 550 662
0
0
0 0 472 532 594' 614 650
584 0 0
503 505
497 540 519 603 582 533
591 0
0
587
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

750 UB,LB,UF D
800 UF 725 UF 750 UF

,-':>
;
-_;

710 660 770
4,500 830 774 905 594 651 732 700 696

UF UF UF
'IH 'IH TH 'IH UB,LB,UF LB,UF UF UF UF

C,E,F,J, N,T,U G E,G,A E,G,A .E,G,A
EJ
C,E;f

720 UF 850 'IH 920 TH 620 LB,UF
638 UF

A,E;D,G,'
A,~,D,G
E

655 UF

700 UF

640 UF

720 UF

E,J

696 UF

E,J

660 UF

E

724 UF

E,J

4,626 TH

G

686 'IH

E,i

431

J

691 UF

799 'IH 800 TH 775 TH 855 'IH 852 TH
857 TII 837 TII

A,E,n;G A,E_ .A:,E,D,G E A,E,D,G A,E,D,G A,E,D,G

90

Appendix B.-Record of selected construction information and available geophysical logs for wells in the study area-Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; D, Dublin aquifer; lli, test hole only, no aquifer tapped. Type of geophysical logs available: A, time; B, collar; C, caliper; D, driller's; E, electric; F, fluid resistivity; G, geologist; H, magnetic; J, natural gamma; K, dipmeter; L, lateral log; N, neutron porosity; 0, micro-lateral log; P, photo video; S, acoustic velocity; T, temperature; U, gamma-gamma; V, fluid velocity; X, core; Z, other. -,data not available]

Well

no.

Well name

Latitude Longitude

Altitude of land surface
(ft)

Date well constructed

Top of open interval (ft)

Bottom of open
Interval (ft)

Aquifer code

Type of available
logs

Wayne County--Continued

31M006 31M009 31M010 31M011 31M012 31M013 31M014 31M015 31M016 31M018 31M019 31M020 31M021 31M022 31M024 31M030 31M031 31M032 31M033 31M034 32K007
32K014
32K015 32K016 32K017 32L004 32L005

Smith, Ned ITT Rayonier D 01 ITT Rayonier D 02 ITT Rayonier D 03 ITT Rayonier D 04 ITT Rayonier D 05 ITT Rayonier D 06 ITT Rayonier D 07 ITT Rayonier D 08 ITT Rayonier S 02 ITT Rayonier S 01 ITT Rayonier S 04 ITT Rayonier S 03 Connie-Kicklighter Adams, C.C. ITT Rayonier D 09 ITT Rayonier D 10 ITT Rayonier D 11 Williams, D. Boykin, E. Brunswick Pulp and Paper Mt. Pleasant Brunswick Pulp and Paper Land Co. Humble/Union Bag 066 Humble/Union Bag 063 Humble/Hopkins Bros. 07 Martin, M. and L. Hopkins no. 2

314016 313942 313934 313924 313911 313859 313911 313924 313931 313937 313936 313930 313927 313817 313850 313830 313806 313749 313958 313743 312549
312555
312425 312916 312948 313018 313252

32L006 Hopkins, C.D., no. 1 (1976) 313215

32L007 32L009 321..010 321..011 321..013 321..014 321..015 321..016 321..017

Humble/Mary Anderson 01 Humble/Hopkins Bros. 06 Humble/Hopkins Bros. 09 Humble/Union Bag 067 Humble/Union Bag 088 Union Camp Paper 01 Gardi 1W 1 Gardi1W2 Gardi1W3

313342 313109 313125 313255 313215 313112 313252 313252 313252

815112 815039 815023 815010 815001 814959 815020 815033 815051 815040 815036 815035 815031 815106 815108 814959 814939 814917 815207 815158 814032
814039
814200 814148 814043 814119 814336
814357
814457 814157 814455 814236 814112 814102 814336 814336 814336

98 100 85 8850 83 75 81 95 100 92 96 96 96 92 95 78.10 64.10 63.20 97 84 55

04-01-1970 04-01-1952 09-03-1952 10- -1952 10-20-1952 06- -1956 07- -1956 06-01-1956
1956 06-01-1963 06-01-1963 02-03-1964
1964 1973 02- -1971 05-01-1971 07- -1971 09- -1971 12- -1970 02- -1974 01- -1957

57

09-01-1982

53

03-21-1958

47

03-04-1958

49

06-14-1959

40

03- -1971

74

12-08-1977

75

04-30-1976

46

06-10-1959

54

06-07-1959

68

10-12-1959

67

04-26-1958

47

06-08-1959

49

11-22-1960

74

04-20-1983

74

04-26-1983

74

05-03-1983

560 480 486 460 488 500 493 478 480 163 180 180 172 540 560 500 515 510 557 455 605
600
0 0 0 546 1,364
0
0 0 0 0 0
545 320 200

670 UF 1,010 UF 1,010 UF
998 UF 1,010 UF 1,000 UF 1,000 UF 1,000 UF 1,000 UF
183 s 204 s 200 s 191 s
691 UF 650 UF 855 UF 850 UF 937 UF 708 UF 580 UF 618 UF
700 UF
927 lli 835 lli 756 lli 700 UF 2,070 LF
3,198 lli
F,G 812 lli 792 lli 860 lli 1,601 lli 807 TH
lli 750 UF
340 VB
215 s

D,G D D
D
E,J
E,G,A E,G,A E,G,A A,C,D,E, F,G,H,I,J, K,M,N,T,U
T,N,E,J,
u,c
A,E A,E A,E A,E A,E G E,J

91

Appendix C--Ground-water-level, chloride, and specific conductance data from selected wells in the. coastal area
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; t.JF, Upper Floridan;
LF, Lo'werFloridan. Water level: +,above land surface;-, below land surface; Specific conductance, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Brantley County

28H004 UF

125

29H002 UF

130

30H003 UF

62

30H005 UF

65

31H005 UF

53

31J001

s

49

Bryan County

34P012 34P014 34R039 35N021 35N059 35P057 35P078 35P099 35P100 36N002 36P091 36P093.

UB,LB,UF 14

LB,UF

18

UF

76

S,UB,LB,UF 17

UB;LB,UF 18

LB,Uf

20

UF

10

UF

19

UP

11

S,UB,LB 11

UF

11

UF'

12

Bulloch County

30S001 UF

233

30U002 UF

297

31S007 UF

180

31S008 UP

156

31T007 UF

243

31T010 UF

227

31T011 UP

202

31T023 UF

170

32T003 UF

155

-80.25 -83.80 -2555 -25.30 -14.95 -16.60
-20.57 -19.82 -65.20 -27.68 -27.80 -27.20 -19.65 -31.52 -27.40. -18.29 -31.47, -32.06
-155.05 -169.40 -131.29 -114.08 -158.46 -137.60 -129.75 -71.92 -68.73

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

Date

(mg/L) conductance sampled

"' liO ,',

05-17-85

05-17~85

05-17-85

05-20-85

--

05-17-85

05-1.3"85

05-13~85
05-13-85 05-14-85 . 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13,85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85

--

5.7

289

11-02-84

4.3

210

.1101-84

4.3

270

11-02-84

12

262

11-02-84

05-15-85 05-15-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85

92

Appendix C.--Ground-water-level, chloride, and specific conductance data from selected wells in the coastal area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan. Water level: +, above land surface; -, below land surface;
Specific conductance, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Bulloch County--Continued.

32T013 32T015

UF

155

S,UB,UF 185

Camden County

30F004 31E001 31F017 31F022 32E004 32E033 32F008 32G004 32G007 32G015 33D004 33D006 33D022 33D048 33D049 33D050 33D058 33D061 33D063 33E002 33E004 33E007 33E009 33E023 33E027 33F001 33F002

UF

65

LB,UF

22

UF

15

UF

20

LB

26

LB,UF

18.25

UF

9

UF

15

LB,UF

16

UF

20.83

UB,LB,UF 10

UF

9

UF

10

UF

13

UF,LF

15

UF,LF

15

UF

13

UF

15

UF

15

S,UB

22

S,UB,LB,UF 16

UF

18

S,UB,LB,UF 12

LB,UF

16

UF

10

LB,UF

9

LB,UF

10

-97.07 -107.93
-23.02 +18.10 +21.30 +21.00 +13.30 +17.70 +33.50 +19.80 +22.20 +16.50
-5.37
-70.07 -25.37
-25.50 -89.02
+18.00 +2.70 +25.00 +23.00
+26.00 +26.35

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

Date

(mg/L) conductance sampled

05-16-85 05-16-85
05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85
05-14-85 05-14-85
05-14-85 5-14-85
05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85
05-15-85 05-21-85

27

519

11-02-84

19

486

11-02-84

31

538

11-02-84

37

700

11-02-84

48

627

11-02-84

14

292

11-03-84

42

700

11-02-84

37

690

11-02-84

30

685

11-02-84

77

830

11-02-84

36

685

11-02-84

38

708

11-02-84

37

654

11-21-84

38

633

11-02-84

42

638

11-02-84

32

467

11-02-84

46

626

11-01-84

93

Appendix C.--Ground-watet-ley'el, :chloride, and specific- conductance data from .selected wells iri the coastru area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S, s1J.rf!cial; UB, upper BrunsWick; LB, lower Btlliiswick; UF, Upper Floridan;
LF, Lower Floridan. W ate~)evel: +, above land surface; -, below land surface; S_P,e~ific ~o,:t;t<;i~ctance, in mi~rQsiema:ns per centimeter at 25C; --,no dataavailable]

Well .no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Camden County--Continued.

33E027 33F001 33F002 33F003 33F004 33F017 33G005 33G006 34E002 34E003 34E009 34E010

UF

10

LB,l.JP

9 ..

LB,UF

10

UF

20

UF

12

UF

12

UF

7

UB,LB,UF 12

UF

17

UF

14

UF

17

UF

10

Charlton CountY

27E003 UF 27E004 UF 28D001 UF 29F001 UF 30E002 UB 30E007 UF
Chatham County

117 116 128 145 12
91 i;'

35P085 35P091 35P094 350043 35R018 35R025 36P087 36Pd9o

LB,UF S,UB,UF
s
UF S,UB,UF UF UF UF

15.55 10.
18.67 11.22 38 20 18.H 20

+26.00 !; .. +26.35 +13.20 +19.75 +26.76 +28.00 +25.70 +16.40 +12.50 +4.60 +13.60
-71.70 -68.40 -84.15 -94.40
-51.37
-40.58 -27.99 -10.87, -38.87 -46.62 -45.10 -47.70 -70.90

Date measured

Water quality
Chloride Specific . . Datb:
(mg/L) conductance sampled

05-15~85'
05-21-85 05-21-85 05-21-85 05-21-85 05-15-85
.. 05-15-85
05-13-85 05-13-85' 05-13-85 05-13-85

32

467

46

626

41

528'

41

412

41.

675

38 .

275

--

41'

665

11-02-84 11-01-84
-- ...... ')'
11\q~t8~ 11-03-84. 11.:oi~8<i.
'{'. . \' ~--'
u,o1-84
11-01~84 I~ _/ .. <

05-17-85 05-17-85 05-16-85 05-17-85
05-17-85
05-20-85 05-20-85 05-31-85 05-21-8.5 05-20-85 05-20-85 05-16-85 05-21-85

32

594

11-21-84

--

'" '~_./'

, ,,;;.

4.2

233

11-01-84

4.3

226

11-01-84

4.9

220

11-01-84

4.0

195

10-31-84

94

Appendix C.--Ground-water-level, chloride, and specific conductance data from selected wells in the coastal area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S; surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; - LF, Lower Floridan. Water level: +, above land surface; -, below land surface; Specific conductance, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Chatham Countv--Continued.

36P094 360005 360007 360008 360013 360014 360019 360020 360283 360287 360300 36R008 37P005 37P006 37P009 37P013 37P083 37P086 37P087 37P113 37P114 37P115 37P116 370012 370015 370016 370017 370024 370030 370031 370032 370033 370034

UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UB,UF UF UF,LF UB UF UF UF UF LF UF UF
s
UF UF UF UF UB,UF UF UF UF,LF UF S,UB,UF

18 11
7.64 9.91 34.27 45.06 10.02 13.38 22.79 40 18 16.1 20 18 9.8 11 9.0 10 12.5 10 10 10 10 42.63 18.98 4.7 5.6 14.9 15.9 19.51 25.2 18.77 27.7

-47.80 -118.00 -102.10 -116.62
-95.52 -125.77
-43.10 -48.72 -54.67 -92.94 -7Q.13 -83.10 -70.70 -71.73 -57.15
-53.29 -41.00 -51.55 -53.50 -54.08 -52.89 -8.42 -138.90 -119.29 -95.10 -75.90 -118.20 -106.50 -105.00 -106.95 -108.69 -85.86

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

Date

(mg/L) conductance sampled

05-21-85 05-20-85 05-20-85 05-20-85 05-21-85 05-21-85 05-20-85 05-21-85 05-20-85 05-20-85 05-20-85 05-20-85 05-21-85 05-21-85 5-21-85
05-21-85 05-21-85 05-21-85 05-20-85 05-20-85 05-20-85 05-20-85 05-20-85 05-21-85 05-21-85 05-20-85 05-21-85 05-21-85 05-21-85 5-20-85 05-23-85 05-23-85

5.5

134

10-31-84

5.0

214

5.4

237

10

202

13

232

6.3

214

4.8

208

5.6

225

7.2

247

340

1,480

5.3

224

31

206

10

220

12

243

16

246

5.3

217

11-01-84 11-02-84
10-31-84 10-31-84 10-31-84 10-31-84
10-31-84 10-31-84 11-07-84 11-07-84 11-07-84
10-31-84
10-29-84
10-29-84 11-01-84

95

Appendix C.~Ground-wa~er-l~vel; chloride, and specific eoriductance , dat~ :(r<;>m s~lected. w~lls inthe eoastal area-,-Contin:ued.
[Aquifer:. ~. &~ficial; UB, 1,1pper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; tJF, Upper Floridan; LF, .J...o~~r Flqridan. ,Wat~r lt<vel: +, above land surface; ~; below land surface;
Specifi.c con~uc~apce,inr,nj~osi~mans per centimeterat 250C; ..:., no data a~ailable]

Well no. Aquifer

AltitQ<,le (ft)

Water
lev~L
(ft)

Date. measured

'

Water quality

Chloride Speciijc

Datb

(mg/L) conduCtance sampled

Ch!!tham Countt--~ontinued.

370038 UF

27.6

370040 UF.

30.4

370042 370043 370066 370090 370160 370162 38P001. 38P012 380001 380002 380004 380190 380199 39P001 390001 390003 390006 390017 390018

UB,UF
UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF.
LF UF UF UF UF UF
UB,uF
LF LF
(

12 18,,11 8.4 10 41
9 12.
7.8 8.1 7.68 5.8 7 .. 45 9 12.71 7
1Q,. 7 ; 7c. .

Effin&ham Count!

0

34U006 UF

130

34U008 UF

130

35R026 UF

59

36S004 UF

61

36S022 UF

61

-113~70
-116.10
-72.40. -74.22 -93.90 -124.35 -53.80 -138.90 -45.30 -50.20 -33.27 -33.50
-- ..
-47.10 -51.20 -40.76 -34.12 . -28.22 -30.89 -29:50 p: -29.91
-67.60 -83.10 -58.30 -72.62 -68.60

05-21-85
05-21.:8.5
05-23-85 05-23-85 05-21-85
5-23-85 . 05-23-85 05-2h85:c os-20;.85: 05-21:,85' 05-23~85 ,; ' . 05-16'-85
05-21~85 .. 05-16-85
05-16~85
05-16.,85 05-16-85 05-16.:85
05-16~85. i 05-16~85

-'

15 11
. ,.
5.8 8.7 12 6.1
8.6 9.2
s1: 25
45 23
45
'-'-
53,,
960 660

226 240
220 210
260 209
217 218
~ 'o.. ;.;. ''
426 232 396
445
620 6,560 3,600

1.0-29.-..8~~.4
10-30~~
10~29~84
10~29~84 12~31::84
Hkzli-84
__. .r~: r_,_.,
10~3l~84 10-:29~84
'.! )~!{~_}
.'.
10-30=~
10-30-84 10-30-84 10"30-84 10-30-84
--
10::.30-81 10-3(}.;84
j \ \"'(
1030-81
J

05-16-85 05-16-85 05-20-85 05-16-85 05-16-85

--

..

.

.<"
,..

4.1

207

11-03-84

96

Appendix C.--Ground-water-level, chloride, and specific conductance data from selected wells in the coastal area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan. Water level: +, above land surface; -, below land surface;
Specific conductance, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Date measured

Water quality -

Chloride Specific

Date

(mg/L) conductance sampled

Glvnn County

32H001 UB,LB

21

+6.80

32T003

UF

18.72 +11.60

330001 UF

8.43

+21.80

330002 UF

8.23

+13.20

330003 UF

12.67

+12.00

330008 UF

7.46

+14.70

330026 UF

10

33H013 UF

10

+9.50

33H035 UF

7.71

-8.70

33H038 UF
33H046 s

9.05 11

+8.30 -3.20

33H052 UF

10

+2.65

33H079 UF

8.73

+1.30

-

33H100 UF

12.44

-13.83

33H104 UF

8.0

33H105 UF

8.0

-10.80

33H110 LB,UF

6.85

33H113 UF

10

33H114 UF

9.74

33H115 UF

8.59

33H120 UF

11.88

-20.20

33H127 UF

6.15

-12.08

33H130 UF

10.79

-20.67

33H133 UF

6.71

-3.81

33H139 UF

9.12

+9.80

33H141 UF

12.55

-5.78

33H149 UF

13

-0.10

33H154 UF

10

-24.85

33H164 UF

10

+9.00

33H174 UF

30

-18.75

33H177 UF

15

+13.90

05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85
05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-14-85
05-20-85
05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-13-85 05-14-85 05-13-85 05-14-85 05-13-85 05-15-85 05-13-85

31

492

78

745

27

498

28

446

23

391

21

9.5

360

24
370 120 410 370
610 1,900 1,300
19 18
470 18
67

445
1,650 834
1,750 1,640
2,110 6,110 4,570
464 414
1,850 448
724

11-02-84 11-02-84 11-03-84
11-03-84 11-03-84
11-01-84 10-14-87
11-02-84
11-02-84 11-02-84 11-02-84 11-02-84
10-26-84 10-29-84 10-29-84 11-03-84 10-30-84
10-29-84 11-01-84
11-02-84

97

App_tm(lix C."'-GJ;"ounq-water-level, chloride;;and specific conductance <l<!.ta {rom selected wells in the coastal area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surf1cj.<!.J; U:B; .upper Brunswick; LB; lower Brun.Swick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan~ Water leveh +, above land surface; -, below land surface;
Specific qonductl'lJlce, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft) ,.

Water level (ft)

Glynn Countv--Continued.

33H179 33H180 33H189 33H190 33H192 33H193 33H194 33H195 33H196 33H198 33H201 33H202 33H203 33H205 33H206 33H207 33H208 33H209 33H211 33H212 33H213 33H214 33H215 33H216 33H217 33H218 33J013

UF UF UF UF LF UF
s s s s s s s s
UF UF
s
UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UB,LB

20 15 5,
17. 10 10 10 20 16 20 20 915 30
7 7 7' 10 12.6 6.59 6.59 6.36 6.36 10.95 10.95 10.95 13.

+1.65 -19.15
-6.28 +19.00 +14.50
-4.90 -14.00
-8.20 -13.00 -12.05 -3.60
-8.33 -21.35 +1.80
-6.72 -6.00 +2.15 -27.83 -18.76 -25.76. -57.39. -28.37 -6.24 -33.00 -22.70 -20.00

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

Dat6f

(mg/L) conductance sampl~d

05-13-85 05-15-85
--
05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-8.5' 05-13-85 05-13-85' 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-14-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-13-85 11-08-60

21

451

430

1,810

11-03-.8. 4.: 11-02-84

"-';..
10.
--
12' 9.3 12 13 13 280
~8
--
19
1,000 42
1,300
11,'970000'
1,500 2,100

420

.1

.::- ':

10-14~8'7.

r . ~ r
375 ':} 340
:
40 " 470 400 1,270 449

1o.:1,4-sf 10-12-87 10-14-87" 10-14-87 10-14-87.: 10-30-84' 10-30-84

448
4,400 690
5,300 6,800 6,000 5,800 7,800

11-01-84
10~13-8'7' 1o'-13.:87 10213-8'7,,.
10~13~87'
10"i3-87 . 10-i3-8f 10-13-87

Appendix C.--Ground-water-level, chloride, and specific conductance data from selected wells in the coastal area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan. Water level: +,above land surface;-, below land surface;
Specific conductance, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

Date

(mg/L) conductance sampled

Glynn County--Continued.

33J026

UF

13.13

+5.80

33J028

UF

10.

+6.95

33J034

UF

25.

-12.22

33J043

UF

20

-0.50

33J044

UF,LF

20

33J046

s

12

33J047

s

20

33J048

s

16

33J049

s

31

-1.24 -0.20 -6.76 -2.00 -20.60

33K005 LB,UF

9.78

+7.45

34G001 LB,UF

8.79

+8.65

34G002 UF

10.05

+8.60

34G003 LB,UF

5.69

+15.80

34G004 UF

6.31

+27.33

" '

34G008 LB,UF

8.2

34G009 UF

10

+29.80

34G017 LB,UF

7.03

+19.50

34G020 UF

10.02 +20.50

34G036 LF

7.5

+17.80

34H012 UF

24

+13.95

34H025 UF

19.47

34H062 UF

8.70

-12.12

34H065 LB,UF

11

34H067 UF

10

34H070 UF

10

34H073 UF

12

34H074 UF

10

-12.90

34H075 UF

9

34H076 LB,UF

13

-13.02

34H078 UF

10

34H079 UF

9

-9.25

05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85
05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85
05-16-85
05-17-85
05-17-85
05-17-85

21

449

11-03-84

30

477

11-03-84

31

492.

11-03-84

12 17
58 100 21 37
18
240
24
50 97 1,100 200
28 230
68 110

410 405
650 756 496 533
1,330
454
1,530 661
3,510 1,120
467 1,180
572 712

10-14-87 11-03-84
11-02-84 11-02-84 11-02-84 11-02-84
'11-02-84
11-02-84
11-03-84
11-01-84 11-01-84 11-01-84 11-01-84
11-01-84 11-01-84 11-01-84 11-01-84

99

Appendix C.--Ground-water-level, chloride,and specific conductance data from selected wells in the coastal area--Continued.
[Aquifer: . S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan;
LF, Lo~~r ftp:r;~qan. Watedevel: +;above land surface;-; below land surface; Specifjc cq~ductance, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; ~-,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Alti,t~qe
(ft)

Water. level(ft)

Glvnn County--Continued.

34H085 34H091 34H094 34H095 34H097 34H112 34H117 34H118 34H122 34H125 34H128 34H133 34H144 34H204 34H328 34H334 34H344 34H345 34H347 34H348 34H354 34H355 34H357 . 34H358 34H370 34H371 34H372 34H373 34H374

UF UF LB,UF LB,Uf UF UUFF ..
LB,1JF LB,UF UF UF UF S,UB LB,UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF

6.98 Q,_08
9..03 5 7.04 8.58 6.70 17.02 13.72 11.57 11.00 12.00 11.00 10.14 12.38 833 8_,29 12.00 6.90 12;80 13.76
13,~8
7.29 5.55 7.58 9.49 10.83 9.28. 17.02

-2,72
+10.80 +4.80 -3.05 -3.82 -10.84 -9.65 -9.09 -9.73
-5.88 +13.00 +0.33
-1.14
-11.79 -9.10 -1.75
-5.17 -13.64 +4.15 +7.35 +1.94 +1.35 -6.13 -14.29 -19.70

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

Date'

(mg/L) conductance . sampled

05-14-:SS
05-17-85 05-14"85 05-14-:85
05-14~85
05-14-:85 05-14-:85
05-14~85.
05-14-:85
05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-14-:85 05-16-85 05-14-85. 05-16-85
05-14-85.' 05-14-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85

17 30 62

I

--

2,200

400

417 476 616
7,100 1,620

11-01-84
11-02~84
11-02-84
10-31-84 10-31-84

280 630.
33
iS
9i0 15
1,500
31 1,ioo
180
18 16 15 16 220 1,300

1,576 2,550
453 ..
285
3,100 417
5,290
413 3,750
961
416 427 426 434 1,170 4,380

10129"ik
10-3l-84 11~03-8~
11~or..Sii
10-29-84 10"29-84 10-31-84
11-02~84
10"29~84
10"29~84
11-01-84
11-03~84
10-29-84 10-30-84 10-29-84 10-29-84

100

Appendix C.--Ground-water-level, chloride, and specific conductance data from selected wells in the coastal area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan. Water level: +, above land surface; -, below land surface;
Specific conductance, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Glvnn County--Continued.

34H381 UF

10

+3.90

34H383 UF

10

+3.35

34H389 UF

8.11

34H391 UF

7.13

-4.12

34H392 UF

16

-14.20

34H393 UF

6.95

34H398 UF

7

34H399 UF

5.54

-0.30

34H400 UF

12.5

-17.30

34H401 UF

13.16

-18.90

34H402 UF

13.21

-9.36

34H403 UF

9.56

-2.50

34H410 UF

6.5

+2.65

~

34H411 UF

I

34H412 UF

13

15

--13.50

34H413 UF
34H416 s

10

-14.90

8.3

-18.00

34H424 UF

15

-15.53

34H425 UF

12

-11.90

34H426 LF

8

+2.00

34H427 LB,UF

14

34H428 s

10

34H429 s

9

34H430 s

15

34H431 s

16

-18.40 -28.25 -16.30
-7.80

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

Date

(mg/L) conductance sampled

05-16-85 05-16-85
05-14-85 05-14-85
05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-16-85
05-17-85 05-17-85 08-16-69 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85
05-14-85

16 25 830 2,200
2,300 58
6,600 160
1,800 1,800 1,500
26 410
34
270 1,600
17 800 1,400
13 28 13

405 446 2,780 7,060
7,340 566
71,900 929
5,710 5,710 5,050
746 1,440
431 . 3,610
1,250 5,150
433 2,750 5,290
450 480 460

11-01-84 11-01-84 11-02-84 10-31-84
11-02-84 11-02-84 10-30-84 10-29-84 10-29-84 10-29-84 10-30-84 11-03-84 11-01-84 11-01-84 11-01-84 10-09-87 10-29-84 11-01-84 10-29-84 10-30-84 10-13-87 10-13-87 10-12-87

101

Appendix C.--Ground-water-level, chloride, and specific conductailce data. from selected wells in the coastal atea~'-Contrrnied.
[Aquifer: S,. surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, lJpper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan. Water level: +,above land surface;-, belowiana sl!rface;
Spe~ificconductan~e, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Glynn County--Continued.

34H432 34H436 34H437 34H438 34H439 34H443 34H446 34J021 34J029 34J051 34J055 35H037 35H044 35H053 35H054 35J004

s
UF UB
s
UF S,UB;LB UB,LB LB,UF UF UF
s
UF
UF
s s
UF

12 7 7 7: 14 8 8 16.84 5.27 34.7 15 9.87 6 10 15 10

Liberty County

32N010 UF

32N012, UF

32N013

UF t :'

33M003 UF

33N084 UF I

33N085 UF

33N089 UF

33N091 UF

33P019 UF

34M049 UF

34M051 UF

34M052 UF

34M056 UF

95' 95 85' 16 22 88 80 22 31 18.96 12 13 20

-8.75. +6.40 -0.67 -6.10 -17.34
-3.45 +8.80 -22.48 -10.75 +11.20 +9.80 -14.50 -14.24 +2.75
-73.80 -78.76 -74.00 -14.70' -18.15 -79.76 -72.66 -18.00 -25.02 -21.20
-24.22 -23.05

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

Date

(mgjL) conductance sampled

05-16-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85
05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85. 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85'

49 31
21 2,000
800 250
. --
8.0

580 526
470 7,670 2,750 1,220
257

21

440

23'

458

52'

600

30

420

05-16-85 (

05-16-85.

05-16-85

05-17-85 .

05-16-85

05-16-8.5

05-16-85

05-17-85

05-16-85

05-17-85

6.7

301

10

303

05-17-85

05-17-85

6.4

291

10-13~87 10-30"84:
,, v "' .
10-10-87 10-30-84
10-09~87
10:09]iff ~:; ~ .; '
1V03-84.,
11'-01l84
11-ml34
10-13-87~:
10~13~87
..
'~ . '
10-31-84 10-31-84 10-31-84

10:2

Appendix C.--Ground-water-level, chloride, and specific conductance data from selected wells in the coastal area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan. Water level: +,above land surface;-, below land surface;
Specific conductance, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Liberty County--Continued.

34M075 UF 34N091 UF 36M018 UF

10

-9.37

21

-20.85

7

-14.72

Long County

32M001 UF 32M002 UF 32M009 UF

66

-51.88

62

-49.70

46

-32.45

Mcintosh County

33K016 LB,UF

12

-0.30

-1

33K019 UF

12

+1.30

33K027 UF

18

-5.29

331..010 UF

19

-7.60

331..027 UF

20

-9.71

34K012 LB,UF

19

-5.73

34K073 UF

45

-0.75

34K081 UF

31

-15.52

34K082 UF

10

34K083 UF

41

-27.20

34K084 UF

25

-15.22

34K085 LB,UF

19.58

-7.74

34K086 UF

8

34K095 UF

20

-10.26

341..048 UF

22

-7.88

341..060 UF

27

-20.64

341..061 UF

20

-6.14

34M070 UF

12

-7.45

34M076 UF

21

-17.00

35K069 UF

11

-3.87

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

Date

(mg/L) conductance sampled

05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85
05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85
05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85
05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85
05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85 05-17-85

8.8

339

10-31-84

4.8

237

10-30-84

6.9

317

10-30-84

15

433

10-31-84

15

455

10-31-84

16

546

10-31-84

15

440

10-31-84

13

428

10-31-84

15

521

11-01-84

11

360

11-01-84

19

541

10-31-84

19

541

11-31-84

10

351

11-01-84

24

342

10-31-84

103

Appendix C.--Ground-water-level, chloride, and specific conductance data from selected wells in the coastal area-~Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF,. LOwer Floridan. Water level: +, above land surface; -, below land surface;
Specific co~ductance, in microsiemans per centit:iteter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Mcintosh County--Continued.

35L067 LB,UF

8

35L068 UF

18

Screven county

31V007 UF

155

31V008 UF

192

31V012 UP

231

31V014 UP

167

31V017 UP

129'

31V018 UP

114

31W002 UF

291

31W014 UF

312

31X001 UF

204

32U001 UP

242

32U004 UP

170

32U005- UP

212

32U016 UP

100

32V001 UP

211

32V003 UF

209

32V007 UF

223

32V012 UP

202

32V013 UP

232

32VOS1 UP

253

32V035 UP

214

32V039 UP

245

32Wdo1- UP

244

32W002 UP

235

32W006 . UP

122

32W065 UP

179

32W070 UP

187

32X035 UP

165

-5.45 -10.62
-25.67 -69.79 -111.59
-47.~7
-1.80 +7.60 -141.02 -160.20 -34.36 -130.16 -61.72 -107.80 -3.50 -87.02 -87.40 -114.90 -86.32 -108.65 -137.00 -103.00 -138.10 -106.20 -127.90 -19.90 -81.10 -90.20 -38.93

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

:O~te

(mg/L) conductance sampled

05-17~85
05-17-85

11

398

10"31-84

05-14-85

05-14-85

--

05-14-85

--

05-14-85

05-14-85

05-14-85

05-14-85

05-14-85

05-15-85

05-14-85 .

05-14-85

05-14-85

05-14-85

05-15-85

05-15-85,

05-15-85

05-15-85

05-15-85'

-- "'

05-15-85

05-15-85

05-15-85

05-16-85

05-14-85

05-14-85

05-14-85'

05-15-85

05-15-85

10.4

Appendix C.--Ground-water-level, chloride, and specific conductance data from selected wells in the coastal area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan. Water level: +, above land surface; -,below land surface;
Specific conductance, in microsiemans per centimeter at 25C; --,no data available]

Well no. Aquifer

Altitude (ft)

Water level (ft)

Screven County--Continued.

33U021 UF 33U023 UF 33V005 UF 33V011 UF 33V020 UF 33V021 UF 33W001 UF 33X013 UF 33X022 UF 34V004 UF

150

-72.40

114

-2927

215

-121.80

148

-63.49

162

-78.57

225

-123.40

132

-49.80

137

-33.90

148

-24.85

163

-82.60

Wavne County

----1

29K002 UB,LB,UF 118

29L005 UF

110

-76.95 -83.35

29M001 UF

160

-115.45

29M002 UF

169

-121.19

29M004 UF

162

-125.18

29N003 UF

178

-139.59

30L011 UF

123

-91.95

30L012 UF

152

-118.44

30L013 UF

105

-82.35

30L014 UF

105

-78.40

30M003 LB,UF

112

-92.68

30M005 UF

105

-81.64

30M007 UF

107

-78.44

30M011 UF

153

-124.15

30N002 UF

166

-131.28

31M006 UF

98

-86.90

31M009 LB,UF

100

-107.38

31M010 LB,UF

85

-100.01

31M011 LB,UF

88.5

-98.08

31M012 LB,UF

83

-111.18

Date measured

Water quality

Chloride Specific

Date

(mg/L) conductance sampled

05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-15-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-16-85 05-14-85
05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-13-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85 05-14-85

105

Appendix C--Ground-water-levei, 'chloride, and specific conductance data from selected wells in the coastal area--Continued.
[Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper,BtunsWick; DB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan. Water leveE +, abo've:land'surface; -,below land surface; _ ,
Specific condu<::tance, inmicrosiemahspEr centiineter at 25C; ~-,no data available]'
106

. I
.
i I
See separate envelope for Plates 1-12 and Table 4.
I
~

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVlSION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

26

27

28

29 82 30

31

Prepared in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
32 33 34 35 36 3 7 810 38

39

y

33

EXPLANATION

X

Y~ NUMBER-LETTER DESIGNATION INDICATES THE

I

1:24,000-SCALE MAP IDENTIFICATION

2 WELL--Numlber is sequential well identification

number located within each 1:24,000-scale map

/

/

;.z

/

/

14
I

w

I

BULLETIN 113 PLATE 1
33

v
u , s 2
~ Portal
9
T

.u-. ,,., w w .-._-l GU t.... .t..~""' "'-

I

183 _I
.,.-
4~---r(""

WIUTEMARSII ISLAND

18~~)]~

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s Denmark

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32
p

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fnn I

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~

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----..,.,- ,,.._
.1 31

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41
201 J6.149

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0
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19,132

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SOUTH

161 153-~t ~

176 I [31l.

\

20~

~

13 18,188 "' ii'-t~

f l J- EtH-'

f "lll!5

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J ICILOMETERS

33H

Base from U.S. Geological Survey State base map, 1970

82

81

0

10

20

30 MILES

~+hi+AI~IMI~_LILI-,______,_IL-_________1

r 11 111 11

1

1

0

10

20

30 KJLOMETERS

LOCATION OF TEST WELLS AND OTHER SELECTED WELLS IN COASTAL GEORGIA

: .381 289
261
414 ~ ; . 378

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

KINGS BAY, CAMDEN COUNTY

Land surface altitude is 24 feel

,.'r

""0 w ' '

LAND SURFAC E

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100 1-

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300 40 0' 500
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r--------

AQUIFER
-----

~
- --

> 11

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=[

UPPER BRUNSWICK

AQUIFER

-!

!z::
.. """z~''

> --,_- ~

WWER BRUNSWICK (

AQUIFER

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L--

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900't--?-

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t- -?- -?- -?- -?- -?- -?- -1- -1- -?- -?- -

"IS'
"'

'--

1000 f--

""-Q''

L

S1

1100 I-

L--

I

120 0''--

100' LAND SURFACE
100' 200' 300' 400'

BRUNSWICK PULP AND PAPER CO.,GLYNN COUNTY

Land surface altitude is 7 feet

.,
..0
"'::1:
"'

~
0

"0 '

"'::1:

N ::1:

""'' ""'

BRUNSWJCK

AQUIFER

BRUSSWICK

AQUIFER

700' 800'
aoo
1100' 1200'

UPPER

FWRIDAN AQUif'ER

WWER

L FWRIDAN AQUIFER

Prepared in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGfCAL SURVEY

COFFIN PARK, GLYNN COUNTY

Land surface altitude is 7 feet

100' r

......"
::1:

."'
...::1:

....::1:

."".''
X

"

"

"

"'

LAND SURF ACE

'V

\-]

: II

n- J
>-

.,-,

N

u

~

y ' l SURFICIAL

l

z"'
"~!' ::

100' I-
1----
200
300, f--UPPER
400
000' I -
c1000
100'I-
:w
000 'I-~

1

:.;z

)
_______ - -- r- I- ':r--- I-'
11 t---f- 1--(

~
_ \5 ,;

AQUif.R

F-) =-~ -<.,=

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l= (BRUNSWICK

_(

'{

AQUIFER

WWER

~ ~ BRUNSWICK

AQUIFER

.7. ,_ ~ ut ;;!_

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;1'
"

:t

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c.::-

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("'

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:;:

)_

~
) """"gz''
i

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FLORIDAN

:-rfl

r;..~'.

AQUIFER

? '

.!""S.'
!z::
""2'.

1101,(

OIJIWIII!II

NCIIIIAIIil

000' I - -

L

1000
' 1100 I-

B
'--

'--- -llllfiYIT1' wu::IUAIII

,..... ...-.. .,_ -- sF-- r"' LOWER

'""

- R.I.OI.t.TIC)H IIICIIf A811!8

FLORIDAN

AQUIFER

~

~#~:-:~.---

--:; ~

\~:.,;;..

~

<e::~~-
,0~;;;;-Y Oil!I"'ITT
INCUAIU INCI'Il411EI

~"'
~
Q

1200' '--

GARDI, WAYNE COUNTY
Land surface altitude is 74 feel

100'

~

"

0

0

N-'
"

""-'''

100' 2001

UPPER
400'

500'
I==

eoo

UPPER

700'

800'

SKIDAWAYISLAND, CHATHAM COUNTY

- 100

Land surface altitude is 10 feet
..~

....
~
"'

~
"'

"'
~
"'

0..
"

100'

..,

LAND SURFACE

'

- ~~ 1-------

---~SUR-fJC-I.A-L --- .: 1-<-N -A-QU-IFE-R - -

.g 1-- .g I-- ~ f.- -
1- 1--

f.- - 1\L

I" """" 100'f--
< F= 200'r-
-- -- '"-:2 r 300'f--

>
l
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:;

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L-

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~ UPPER

~

FLORIDAN

AQUifER

300'

400 'f-500 'f--

--

1--'! . ~

~
,J
).<

---

'---

)
>

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. "

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00
'

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~ ?
?'

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,f?'

1000

I-. ~- CO.CIII'fllllltIO!f /1,000 ..,~

1100 1 r "iJc\IIA~III

IIU.TkiiTY

.(:

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-

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-~ 1--- 1

L-

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llol~lll lloiCIIEAIEI

1200 ''--

z
"""gz''

~

' 7
',.
..0:

~
Q
"51

s

-: ~

- OttUil'l' IIIICIIUIIU

1000' 1100' 1200'

HUTCHINSON ISLAND, CHATHAM COUNTY

... ..~
0

... Land surface altitude is 6 feet ~ 0

"

~
"

WWER

AQUIFER

FORT PULASKI, CHATHAM COUNTY
Land surface altitude is 8 feet

0

g

100'

"0.",''

0
""''

1500' 1800'

oaurn.oAH

140LI" OIA..IIT11 wn;:III'Ait:

INCIIIAII:I

BULLETIN 113 PLATE 2

HOPEULIKIT, BULLOCK COUNTY

100'

Land surface altitude is 205 feet

.. "0'

g

0

, ,.. "

GOO'

BULLOCH SOUTH, BULLOCH COUNTY
Land surface altitude is 120 feel

100'

N 0
a0 :
N
"

.."0
a0 :
"'

100' 200' 300'

UPPER

AQUIFER BRUNSWICK AQUIFER

800'

700'

!"''""'

800'

'

000'

EXPLANATION

~ WATER LEVEL-Values listed in table 1

UTHOLOGY
CJ. Sand
f Clay
~. Silt ~ lnterlaminated
silt and clay

~ Limestone ~ Dolomite
0 Particulate phosphate
0 Ubiquitous phosphate

B Glauconite B Fossils
~ Chert
B Lignite

HYDROLOGIC UNITS

D Aquifer

~ Permeable zone
U =Upper water-bearing zone

D Confining unit

L= Lower water-bearing zone B =Brackish water wne

!=Zone 1 of McCollum and Counts (1964)

WELL CONSTRUCTION 2=Zone 2 of McCollum and Counts (1964)

I I Openhole

I I Screen

I j Casing

J

f

GEOPHYSICAL LOGS--C. Caliper; J, Natural gamma; SP, Spontaneous potential; U, Gamma-gamma; M, Focused resistjvity;
S, Acoustic velocity; F, Fluid resistivity; N, Neutron; E, Electric

LITHOLOGIC AND GEOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTS, WELL-CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS, AND HEAD RELATIONS AT NESTED-WELL SITES IN THE COASTAL AREA

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

Prepared m cooperation wtth lhe DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

SYSTEM

GULF COAST STAGE
Post-Glacial

FLORIDA

Panhandle

Peninsula

GEORGIA

UndtffeJenttated depostts Undtfferentiated deposits

SOUTH CAROLINA

GEORGIA

Georgia Geologic Survey Nomenclature

[P.F.

GGS, written cummun.,

Undifferentiated deposits

Undifferentiated deposits

Sat ilia Formation

GEOLOGIC UNIT

THIS STUDY THICKNESS (FT)

BULLETIN 113 PLATE3
HYDROLOGIC UNIT

Wtsconsin to Pre-!limo.an

Terrace depOSitS

Terrace deposits

Terrace depostts

Undifferent iated alluvial depos its

Caloosa hatchee
f---------t---+--------+-------1 Formatton

and cqu1valents

z[lJ
el

Foleyan

Citronelle

0
~

Formation

Waccamaw Formation

Cypress head Formation

Raysor Formation

Miccosukee Formation

Post-Miocene unit

60. 440

Surficial aqu ifer

Clovellian Ducklakian Napoleonvillian

deposits

Hawthorn Formatton

Hawthorn Formatton

Hawthorn Formation

Anahuacian

Tampa Limestone

Edtsto FormatiOn

Miocene unit A Miocene untt B
Mtocene untt C

20. 140 10-230 2 - 175

Confining unit Upper Brunswick aquifer
Lower Brunswtck aquifer

Chickasawhayan (restncted)

z[lJ

B

0

0

~

Ytcksburg.an

Limestone

""0'
~ ~

Jacksonian

Ocala Limestone

a<!)
.,.:l
"

Moodys

0 "

Branch

Formation

Claibornian

Lisbon Formation

lower Eocene rocks
Sabtnian
S,tll Mountain Limestone

Lisbon F01 mation Tallahatta
Forma11on
Formation Tuscahoma
Nanafalia Formation

Mtdwayan

U ndif[erenllated Paleocene
rocks

Clayton Formation

(Brunswick a1 er1)

Suwannee Limestone Bridgeboro

Barnwell
~
"' "'"'.0
8 E u~

0.
" 0
0""
0
~
~
C"C'I

0.

c0"
a"'
0""
1".

.,"0
0""
"'
u
0

2 "

~

~

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~""0~' "-~
E E
:-~; o0

Avon Park

"a'-"o' Formation

Tallahatta ;":"":t' ""'

Upper Eocene unit Middle Eocene umt

Black Mingo Formation

-g

o , O" 0
0""0" 1~.~-.0.
~O"' tt":-;

~"u~"'"0
"'..,~
.OJo"]"'' "".0,' -o>-

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s
" "'

."9 ~ "E '
c"e"
k
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~
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6

;::>

Paleocene unit

230- 390 300-1000
270. 425

~ :;
<:T
"""c"0'
0
ji;
g~ _
;j 1Upper water-
beanng zone (Brunswick area)
1Lower waLer-
beanng zone (Brunswick a1ea)
Confining unit
1 Rrackish water zone (Brunsw1ck Hrca}

2 Fernandma lii
permeable ~

zone

......j

1Gregg and Zimmerman (19174). 2Krause and Randolph (1989).

Modified from Miller (19&:

GENERALIZED CORRELATION OF GEOLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC UNITS OF TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY AGE IN GEORGIA AND ADJACENT PARTS OF FLORIDA AND SOUTH CAROLINA

GEORGIA D EPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DlVTSION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SU RVEY

A
WEST

FEET 200 100
SEA LEVEL -100 -200 -300 -400'

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TD 981 fl

TO 1,574 ft

- 700

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Pr epared in cooperation with the DEPARTM ENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEO LOGICAL SURVEY

BULLENTlN 113 PLATE4

FEET 200 100 SEA LEVEL -100 -200 -300

,";

E

" 0

FEET NORTHWEST

5

N

200

8z.".',

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100

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c

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:e

100

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-800

LOCATION OF SECTIONS

7"".''

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D
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SEA LEVEL

UNJ'f

TD 888 n

TD !128 ft

T D 2,7 11 ft

Tl) 1, 132 11

J .soo

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- 100

200
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A MARKER

-300 -400 ~ -500

r----.

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?

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UNIT

~ ----....__

/

?

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1

/...._...._
~

C MARKER D MARKEll

-- -- o !GOC ENE /

UNIT

UPPER

EOCENE

UNIT

-600

-700

TD 920 fl TD 11m fl

1 Ll 796 n TO 74.t ft

TD 181 fi

1 D 809 I) TO 1,34-1 fl Tl) 737 n TD 7JH n

TO 757ft

-200

~

-300

~ -400

-500

-600 -700

1 DO

p POST-MIOCENE UNIT AND MIOCE ~E Ul\ ~T A ( Nn FFI~I ~~ ~y lATE

-100

- 100

-200

----~

/ 1''-.

-300

MIOCENE

v '--------------

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VN1r

-----------

B

~ v 1\
~~ I

400

'~ ~
M-IOCENE

/
I/

~ I '-.

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~~
600

(JI\rf')' cAt
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v /

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-700

~700

-700

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-800

-1300 TD I.OJS h

ONI'f

900

900

POST-MI CENE UNIT AND MIOCENE UNIT A U

- 100

DIFF RE TIATED

0

5

10

15

20 MILES

10

15

20 KILOMETERS

VERTTCALSCALEGREATLY EXAGGERATED

-700

GEOLOGIC SECTIONS A-A', B-B', C-C', D-D', AND E-E', COASTAL GEORGIA

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOU RCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

Q

Q

z

0

6

""I''

FEET

F

I I

100 SOUTH

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SEALEVEL

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Prepared in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICA L SURVEY

C>
~
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BU LLETIN 113 PLATES

SECTION AA'
I 0
I
F'

NORTH FEET

HUTCHI NSON IS. 100

NESTE D-W ELL

SITE

0
."0.',.

8"'
."0.',.

.~ .,

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100

POST-

MIO CENE

UNIT

AND

MIOCE NE

UNIT

200
300 400
500
600

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UNDIF FEREr1TTIATE D
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S MAilKER c NlA-ll~-\(l'.R \) MAR~KER

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110

It

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2~ KI LOMETERS

VERTI CAL SCALE GREATLY EXAGGERATED

20 MILES
1

FEET 100 SEA LEVEL
100
200
300
400
500 600 700 800

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/ . \.

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ExPLANATION

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( C A ~ID EN ~)!

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NESTED-WELL SITE

I. I.,

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\.

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I :

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~ - -

LOCATION OF SECTIONS

GEOLOGIC SECTIONS F-F'AND G-G', COASTAL GEORGIA

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
!30

Prepared in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 113 PLATE 6

--r/ -

/

/

/

/

0 Millhaven

/

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o HiHtoma

I

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o leWIS

II s c R E v E N ia Woodcliff

EXPLANATION
--160-- GEOPHYSICAL HORIZON D MARKER CONTOUR--Shows altitude of geophysical horizon D marker. Dashed where approximately locatedl. Contour interval20 feet, 10 feet on inset. Datum is sea level

------ -.... ........ .....__

32

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(J

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81

20
I I
30 KILOMETERS

30 MILES
I

OO8 ~::~:d:~:!:r;~2 ~KI~LO=ME=TE:RS5J2 MILES

ALTITUDE OF GEOPHYSICAL HORIZON D IN THE COASTAL AREA, GEORGIA

......~ .._._,.._, .L .Hl'J.Ci'f .tru.. rt<.U 1 tCllUN lJl Vl~lQN
GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

_ - - . r - - - _ _ _ _ t".,. ..... .o vu .,H~ O.UV
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 113 PLATE?

,.
(
I
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0 Millhaven O Hillton1a
o lew1s

I

S C R EVE N

0 Woodcllff

Sylvania Altman

~~----

/

L

o Portal

EXPLANATION

D

AREA WHERE OLIGOCENE UNIT FORMS BASE OF MIOCENE

D

AREA WHERE UPPER EOCENE UNIT FORMS BASE OF MIOCENE

--100-- GEOPHYSICAL HORIZON C MARKER CONTOUR--Shows altitude of geophysical horizon C marker. Dashed where approximately located. Contour interval 20 feet, 10 feet on inset. Datum is sea level

I
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. . _ . . . , ltuo......wid w..t. O.Wo IUroft
... Jarl w.-t. 1:14..... un
. - . ..... 191?

20
I
I
30 KILOMETERS

30MILES
I

Outcrop area from Geologic Map of Georgia, 1976

ALTITUDE OF GEOPHYSICAL HORIZON C IN THE COASTAL AREA, GEORGIA

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

Pre pared in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 113 PLATES

/ "'
( "'

I

I

I

Lewis

I
I

s c R EV E 'Sylva nia

Woodcliff

EXPLANATION

D

OUTCROP AREA OF MIOCENE ROCKS, UNDIFFERENTIATED

-100-- GEOPHYSICAL HORIZON B MARKER CONTOUR--Shows altitude of geophysical horizon B marker. Dashed where approximately located.
Contour interval20 feet, 10 feet on inset. Datum is sea level

I
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....._ SOUTHERN

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ANDREWS ISLAND

Base from U .S. Geological Survey State base map, 1970

- , _ u.s. G.......ka.l ..._

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-

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""

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82

0
I I I I III IIIIIIII

0

10

10
I I
20

20
I
I
30 KILOMETERS

30 MILES
I

Outcrop area from Geologic Map of Georgia, 1976

ALTITUDE OF GEOPHYSICAL HORIZON 8 IN THE COASTAL AREA, GEORGIA

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

Prepared in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 113 PLATE 9

/
7
/

/
/
/
(

I
I

I

I

o l ewfs

I
I

s c R EV E

0 Woodcliff

Sy lvan ia
Alt m a n

EXPLANATION

D

OUTCROP AREA OF MIOCENE ROCKS, UNDIFFERENTIATED

--60-- GEOPHYSICAL HORIZON A MARKER CONTOUR--Shows altitude
of geophysical horizon A marker. Dashed where approximately located. Contour interval 20 feet, 10 feet on inset. Datum is sea level

I __.......
;r

I
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~ Portal

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)

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Base from U.S. Geological Survey State base map, 1970

I'0
I 1\1I1 II1I111I

0

10

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20

.... ,,_ u.s. Gtolotk..l s....,,
lkonrw ldo Eoou. Br wk Woo, 0..... ahtff,
.... H~o ,l lol..4. t,u ,ooo. , , ,
11- oef Ul7

20
I I
30 KILOMETERS

30MILES
I

Outcrop area from Geologic Map of Georgia, 1976

ALTITUDE OF GEOPHYSICAL HORIZON A IN THE COASTAL AREA, GEORGIA

u r ....,.....,'-'J.'-u~ .1..n::.r ru\.l!Vl.I::.l'~ 1

l'4A 1 U.KAL .K~OURCES

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVIS.!ON

GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

Prepared in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 113 PLATE 10

/
/
/
(

I

O Hi

I

I

I

--: lewis

I
I

s c R Ev E

0 Woodcliff

Sylvanta

EXPLANATION

D

OUTCROP AREA OF MIOCENE ROCKS, UNDIFFERENTIATED

- 40-- LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS OF MIOCENE UNIT C--Dasbed where approximately located. Interval 20 feet, 10 feet on inset

[I ---
I

Southern
8

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---

Egypta
Tusculum
E F\F I N
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.........

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Base from U.S. Geological Survey State base map, 1970

..... fro u.s. G.o"'-kl s.....,
a, ...,_. o.o<. lrouwkl "''""' O.W.r Bloott. - .....,. We.... 1:24,0CIO, 1979
IIN<Ioo t>f 1911

0
I IIII III IIllIljI

0

10

10
I I
20

20
I
I
30 KILOMETERS

30 MILES
I

THICKNESS OF MIOCENE UNIT C IN THE COASTAL AREA, GEORGIA

Outcrop area from Geologic Map of Georgia, 1976

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

Prepared in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 113 PLATE 11

/
/
/
(

I
I

I

I

lewts

I
I

s c REV E Sylvania

Woodcliff

Altman

EXPLANATION

D

OUTCROP AREA OF MIOCENE ROCKS, UNDIFFERENTIATED

-60-- LINE OF EQUAL TIIICKNESS OF MIOCENE UNIT B--Dashed where approximately located. Interval 20 feet, 10 feet on inset

Georgia Southern

32

~

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a

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ob:::::E=E3==<==>==D~'=='=='=='=='=='==~2 MILES OEcEDEOED=r:i'=='=='=='==,32 KILOMETERS

0

10

20

30MILES

Outcrop area from Geologic Map of Georgia, 1976

~-- - - -- -- ~ ... . ... ............................................ ...............~ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

!'repared m cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 113 PLATE 12

;'
/
;'
(

I
I

I

I

Lews

I

I

S C R EVE Sylvania

.:J Woodcliff

I

;--------

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L

Portal

't(

(
I
\ )

0 Guyton
o Pineora 0 Marlow

EXPLANATION

D

OUTCROP AREA OF MIOCENE ROCKS, UNDIFFERENTIATED

-180-- LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS OF POST-MIOCENE UNIT AND MIOCENE UNIT A--Dashed where approximately located. Inte~al 20 feet, 10 feet on inset

NT

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31

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f...r

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ltoMou .. IHl

Base from U.S. Geological Survey State base map, 1970

I"0
I r I I I III IIlIj

0

10

10
I I
20

20
I
I
30 KILOMETERS

30 MILES
I

Outcrop area from Geologic Map of Georgia, 1976

THICKNESS OF MIOCENE UNIT A AND POST-MIOCENE UNIT IN THE COASTAL AREA, GEORGIA

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION i GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

Prepared in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 113 TABLE4

Table 4.--Chemical analyses of ground water from selected wells in the coastal area
[<0.1, less than 0.1. Aquifer: S, surficial; UB, upper Brunswick; LB, lower Brunswick; UF, Upper Floridan; LF, Lower Floridan; Dissolved constituents: Si02, silica; Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; Na, sodium; K, potassium; HC03, bicarbonate; CaC03, calcium carbonate; S04, sulfate; Cl, chloride; F, fluoride; N03, nitrate; Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, coppe~; Fe, iron; Pb, lead; Mn, manganese; Hg, mercury; Se, selenium; Sr, strontium; Zn, zinc. T, thief sample collected dur1ng drilling. Specific conductance: In microsiemens per centimeter at 25C. Temperature: temperature of water, in degrees
Celsius. --, no sample analyzed. Analyses by U.S. Geological Survey]

Sampled

Well interval

Date

no.

(ft) Aquifer sampled Si02

-

..

Brantlel Countl

31H005 612-745 UF

08-17-85 39

Brlan Countl

35P099 360-620 UF

08-07-85 43

Bulloch Countl

31U009 160-210 UB
32R003 134-155 s

08-06-86 49 08-09-86 25

Camden Countl

32E030 70-75 s

04-16-65

32F041 18-28 s

04-16-65

33E002 33E039 33E040
33E041 '

80-474 S,UB 950-1,150 UF 560-750 UF
15-18 s

4221//001o2212----11103372----88786674

34.7 36.1

33E042 12-15 s

4102-17-77

33E043 16-19 s

4/02-17-77

33E044 17-19 s 33E045 15-18 s

44//0022--1177--7777

Charlton Countl

27E003 470-660 UF 30E002 260-300 UB

08-14-85 36 11-21-84

Chatham Countx

36P090 37P087 37P113 37P113 37P119 37P120 37P121
37P122 37P123 37P124 37Pl25 37P126 37Pl27 37P128 37P129 37P130 37Pl31 37Pl32 37P133 37Pl34 37P135 37P136 37P137 37P138 37Pl39 39Q001

323-639 UF

286-600 UF

715T

LF

1,070T LF

41-46 12-16

s s

20-23,51-53, s

55-58
50-55,70-75 s 57-62,67-72 s

55-65 s 55-62 s 32-37,49-54 s 15-20 s 28-31,44-49 s 55-65 s 15-20 s

50-54 s 38-48 s

60-65 s 45-52 s 33-38,54-57 s 65-75 s 56-66 s 27-34 s

41-51 s

197-575 UF

08-07-85 43 08-06-85 37 10-03-83 20 5/o180--1053--8863 39 5/QB-15-86 5/o8-19-86
5/o8-20-86 5/08-14-86 5/oB-20-86 5/08-14-86 5/08-20-86 5/o9-o4-B6 5/08-15-86 5/08-20-86 5/o9-04-86 5/o8-19-86 5/o8-22-86 5/oB-15-86 5/o8-19-86 5/o8-20-86 5/o8-19-86 5/o8-20-86 5/o8-20-86 5/o8-20-B6
08-06-85 38

Ca
41 32 18 4.7 50 96 75.7 74.9
68.4 22 22 12 200
25

Milligrams per liter
Alkalinity Mg Na K HC03 as CaC03 504

Cl

F N03 Cd

22

22 1.8 153 125.46 71

23 0.6 <0.01

5

12 1.6 135.6 111.2

5.7 4.8 .3 .01

5

5.4 1.3 86.3 70.8

0.5 5.1 2.4 28.4 23.29

6.7 3.1 .4 <.02 2.7 2.9 .2 <.02

4.1 9.1 1.1 165

8

15 .3

6.4 19 0.6 276

31

39 .2

33.5 35.4

3/;c; 3/25

3i; 3/3

38

160

163

38 .56

166

159

45 .51

71

10.3 <.01

0.94

12

42.8 <.01

.21

166

40.0 .54

.94

23

28.5 <.01

.67

<5

24 <.01

.48

34.4 59.2 3.6 322.7 264.61 61.6 72.1 1 <.01 32

8.8 13 11 17 14 150 220
18 48

2.3 127.9 104.88

4.7 4.4 .5 .01

2.3 143.1 117.34 14.

8.1 .5 <.01

9.2

77 180 1.1

78

1,600 5,000 2.8

1.3 41

44

28

<1

28

<1

28

<1

34

21 180

<1 120

<1

52

<1

34

<1

27

<1

25

3.8 145.2 119.1 67

43 .7 <.01

Cr
152 11.7 12.2 46.1 4.4

'
Micrograms per liter

Cu

Fe

Pb

Mn Hg

130

<1

130

6

450

100

910

12

10.5 4,980 15.4

5.4

5.1 2,760

8.0

4.1

6.3 1,270 15.4

5.0

5.9 2,790 15.4

3.8

5.9 1,650 32.6

4.8

59

2

10

<1

10

<1

611,500

6/2so 6/200
61200
6/2so 6/200

6/1sa 6/210 6/5oo

6/5J100 6 790 6/5oo

5

<1

Dissolved solids (mg/L)

' I
Hardness as CaC03
(mg/L) ~

Specific

Residue Sum of

Ca+

Non-

con-

Se

Sr

Zn at 180C constituents Mg carbonate ductance pH Temperature

...

-_,:

...

-"--"

420

320

1/456 7.8 25.2

310

175

l/ 245 8.0 23.8

98

131

36

42

l/ 147 7.4 20.8 64 6.1 19.1

466

463

252

71

186

125

278

474

250

144

262

85

- - - - - - - - ---~--~---

620

535

179 346
573.6 581.4

142 266

320

160

316

150

43

33

304

49

16

l/ 308 7.6 l/570 7.5 1/675 7.9 1/670 7.0 17.6
650 6.8 19.8 132 4.8 182 4.8 740 6.6 262 5.0 151 4.0
786 1/.3 21.7 594 8.2

360 480 1,700 19,000

154 181 521 10,600

,--

1,100

325

231 8.1 23.7

268 981 16,600

1/8.0 1/88..10

23.3 27.5 31.5

170 7.6 25

190 6.4 26

100 6.7 26

210 7.9 25
140 7.4 26 230 7.6 24 145 7.1 26
235 7.9 25
145 6.1 23 340 7.4 25 135 7.1 25 135 5.3 22 420 7.5 25 245 7.4 24 195 7.7 25 245 7.4 26 295 7.3 26
100 7.1 26 155 7.7 25 195 7.6 25 245 7.7 26 503 8.0 23.2

Editor: Patricia Allgood
Reprinted 1999
$989/250
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