A report on the limestones and cement materials of north Georgia

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA
S~ .W. :ty.IcCALLIE, State Geologist
BULLETJN No. 2 7
A REPORT
ON THE
LIMESTONES AND CEMENT MATERIALS
OF
NoRTH GEoRGIA

BY T. POOLE MAYNARD. Ph. D.
Assistant State Geologist
Atlanta, Ga. CHAS. P. l;IYRD, State Printer
1912

LIMESTONE AND CEJiENT MA1.'ERI.t1LS OF GEORGI.t1

PLATE !-Frontispiece

PLAN'!' 0.1!' 'l'HJ; PUWUON'l' POR'l'LAND CE~IBN'l' COMPANY, POLK 'OUN'l'Y, GEORGIA

THE ADVISORY BOARD
OF THE,
Geological Survey of Georgia
In the Year 1912
(Ex-Officio) Rrs ExcELLENCY, JOSEPH 1.L BROWN, Governor of Ge-orgia
PRESIDENT OF THE BoARD
HoN. PHILIP COOK___________________ Secretary of State RoN. W. J. SPEER_______________________ State Treasurer HoN. W. A. WRIGHT________________ Comptroller-General HoN. T. S. FELDER_____________________Attorney-General HoN. J. J. CONNER__________ Qommissioner of Agriculture HoN. M. L. BRITTAIN _____ Commissioner of Public Schools

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA,.
ATLANTA, August 26, 1912.
To His Excellency, JosEPH M. BROWN, Governor arnd Presi-
dent of the Advisory Board of the Geological Survey of
Georgia.
SrR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of' Dr. T. Poole Maynard, formerly assistant State geologist of this Survey, on the Limestones and Cement Materials of North Georgia to be published as Bulletin No. 27 of this Survey.
Very respectfully yours, S. \711. McC.ALUE; State Geologist.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ADVISORY BOARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,V

TABLE OF CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii-xix

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................. xxi-xxiii

PREFACE ............................................................ xxv-xxvi

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES............................ 1-28

Limestone . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25

Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

Physical character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

Chemical character .................................. , . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Uses of limestones and limes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18

Metallurgical uses ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

Lining of furnaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

Blast furnace flux... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

Fluxing stones used in the production of steel ............. , 5-6

Copper smelting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8

Lead smelting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

Glass manufacture ... -... ; ...........-.................... 8-9

Chemical uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11

Sodium carbonate ............................. . . . . . . . . . Calcium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calcium carbide Calcium nitrate ....................................... . Dyed textiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . Carbonic acid gas ...................................... . Other chemical uses .................................... . Crushed limestone ......................................... . Road metal ........................................... . Ballast ...................................... : . ....... . Concrete ............................................... . Flooring .............................................. . Building stones ........................................... . Mortars and plasters....................................... . Agricultural purposes ...................................... . Chemical function of lime ............................... . Physical effect : . ...................................... . Amount of lime to be used .............................. . Lithographic stone ........................................ .

9-10 10 10 10 10
10-11 11
11-12 11
11-12 12 12
12-13 13-14 14-16
14 14-15 15-16 16-17

vili

CONTENTS

Paper manufacture ........................................ . Leather manufacture ...................................... . Sugar manufacture ... ~ : .................................... Manufacture of glue ....................................... Soap and candles ......................................... Ground limestone ..........................................
Agricultural purposes .................................. . Burning of limestones ...............'....................... .
Intermittent kilns ...................................... Continuous kilns .......................................... .
Vertical kilns with m:ixed feed .......... , ............... . Vertical kilns with separate feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ring or chamber kilns .................................
Rotary kilns .......................................... . ;Fuel used in lime burning .................................. . Classification of common limes ................................. .
High-calcium limes .. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . Magnesian limes ...................................... Dolomitic limes and dolomites .............................. Argillaceous limes ....... , .. '............................. Hydrated lime ............................................... . Method of manuf~cture................................... . Advantages of hydrated lime . ; .......................... Uses of hydrated lime ...... ,., ...... : ................. . Literature on hydrated lime ... ; .......................... . Clays, shales, and slates .......... , .............................. Clays ...................................................... . Origin ....... ~ ......................................... Physical character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Chemical character ....................................... Shales and slates............................................. . Origin ..................................................... . Physical character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical character ......................................... Classification of shales .....................................
S'iliceous shales ....................................... Aluminous shales ...................................... . Ferruginous shales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calcareous shales .....' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. CaJrbonaceous shales ............. '...... ~ ............... .

PAGE.
17 17 17 18 18 1818 18-21 19 19-20 19" 20 20 20 20-21 21-23. 21-22 22 22-23 23 23-25 23-24 24 24-25 2525-28 25-26 25 26 26 26-28 26 26-27 27 27-28 27 27 27-28 28 28

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS ................
The relation of hydraulic limes, natural and Portland cements ...... . Hydraulic limes . : ........................ ...................... .
Eminently hydraulic lime ................................... .

29-74 29-30 30-32
31

CONTENTS
PAGE
Grappier cements ...................................... . 31 Feebly hydraulic limes ..................................... . 31-32
Raw materials ......................................... . 31 Selenitic lime ......................................... . 31 Burning hydraulic limes .................. .................... . 31-32 The evolution of cements ....................................... . 32-33 Natural cements ............................................... . 33-38 Raw materials ............................................. . 34 Compos"ition .............................................. . 34-36 Manufacture .............................................. . 36-38 Winning the raw materials .............................. . 36-37 Types of kilns ......................................... . 37 Burning ............................................... . 37-38 Crushing and grinding..................................._. 38 The nature of Portland cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39-41. Portland cement ................................................ . 41-58 Raw materials ............ .- ............................... . 41-42 Calcareous materials ..................................... . 42-44 High-calcium limestones ................................ . 43 Argillaceous limestones ................................ . 43-44 Marls ................................................ . 44; Argillaceous materials ................................... . 44-45 clays ................................................ . 45 Shales and s'lates ........................... _.. _.......... . 45 Chemical ingredients ....................................... . 45-46 Chemical interpretation .................................... . 46"47 Calculation of cement mixtures .... ; ......................... . 47-49 Transportation facilities and markets ........................ . 49' Conditions affecting development. ........................... . 49-56 Determination of quality............................... . 49-50 Determination of quantity .............................. . 50-51 Relation to topography and drainage ..................... . 51 Overburden ............................................ . 51 Location with respect to fuel supply ...................... . 51-52 Coals accessible to North Georgia .......................... . 52-56 Chattanooga district ................................... . 52-53 Georgia coals .......................................... . 54-56 Winning the raw materials ............. ' .................... . 56 Process of manufacture ..................................... . 57 Limestone ............................................. . 57 Shale ................................................ . 57 Mixture of limestone and shale........................... . 57 Hints on construction of plants .............................. . 58 Slag or Puzzolan cements ....................................... . 58

X

CONTENTS

PAGE:
Oxychloride cements ............................. _. ............. . 59 History of cement development in the Southern States .............. . 59-74

Maryland ................................................... . 62-6'3' Security Cement and Lime Company...................... . 62 Tidewater Portland Cement Company .................... . 62-63

Virginia .................................................... . 63-64 Virginia Portland Cement Company ..... , ................ . 63-64 Norfolk Portland Cement Corporation .................... . 64

West Virginia .............................................. . Buckhorn Portland Cement Company ..................... .
Kentucky ................................................... . Kosmos Portland Cement Company ....................... .

65 65 65-66 65-6'6

Tennessee .................................................. . 66-67

" Dixie Portland Cement Company ......................... .

66

'Clinchfield Portland Cement Company .................... . 66-67

Georgia .................................................... . 67-68. Southern States Portland cement Company ............... . 67 Piedmont Portland Cement Company ... , ................. . 68

Alabama ......... .......................................... . S'outhern Cement Company .............................. . Standard Portland Cement Company ..................... . Atlantic and Gulf Portland Cement Company .............. . Alabama Portland Cement Company...................... . Mobile Portland Cement and Coal Company ............... .

68-70 68 69
69-70 70 70

Oklahoma .......... .................. , ...................... . Dewey Portland Cement Company ........................ . Oklahoma Portla?d Cement Company ..................... . Choctaw Portland Cement Works ........................ .

70-72 70-71
71 71-72

Texas Alamo Cement Company ................................ . Texas Portland Cement Company........................ . Southwestern States Portland Cement Company ............ . Southwestern Portland Cement Company .................. .

72-74 72 73
73-74 74

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE AND' GEOLOGY OF NORTH GEORGIA .......... . 75-108 Physiography ................................................. . 75-77 Piedmont Plateau ...................'......................... . 75 Appalachian Mountains ...................................... . 75 Appalachian Valley .......................................... . 75-77 Cumberland Plateau ......................................... . 77 Structure ............. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . 77-78 Piedmont Plateau ...................... : .................... . 77 Appalachian Mountains ...................................... . 77-78 Appalachian Valley ......................................... . 78-

CONTENTS

xi

PAGE.

Cumberland Plateau ......................................... . 78

Geology ...................................................... . 79-108

Piedmont Plateau .. , ........................................ .

79

Appalachian Mountains ...................................... . 82-83

Murphy marble ......................................... . 82-83

Areal distribution ..................................... .

82

Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... . 82-83

Paleontology .......................................... . 83

.Appalachian Valley and Cumberland Plateau ................... . 83-108

Cambrian ................................................. . 83-90

Weisner quartzite ....................................... . 84-85

Areal distribution ..................................... . 84-85

Lithologic character ................................... . 85

Paleontology .......................................... .

85-

Beaver limestone ........................................ . 85-86

Areal distribution ..................................... . 86

Lithologic character .. : ................................ .

86

Paleontology ................. ......................... . 86

Apison shale .............................. .............. . 86-87

Areal distribution ..................................... . 86

Lithologic character ................................... . 86

Paleontology .......................................... . 87

Rome formation .. , ...................................... . 87-88

Areal distribution ........... , ... , ...... , , . , . , .-..... -... . 87 -

Lithologic character .................................... . 87-88

Paleontology .......................................... . 88

Connasauga shales' and limestones.; .................... .... . 88-90

Areal distribution ..................................... . 88-89

Lithologic character ................................... . 89

Paleontology .......................................... . 90

Cambro-Ordovician ........................................ . 91-92

Knox dolomite .......................................... . 91-92

Areal distribution ..................................... . 91

Lithologic character ................................... . 91-92

Paleontology ................................... : ....... . 92

Ordovician ............................................... . 92-97

Chickamauga formation .................................. . 93-97

Areal distribution ..................................... . 94-95

Lithologic character ................................... . 95-97

Chickamauga limestone .............................. . 96

Rockmart shales and slates ........................... . 96-97

Paleontology .......................................... . 96-97

Western basin ....................................... . 96

Eastern basin ....................................... . 9T

xii

CONTENTS

PAGE
Silurian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 97-99 Rockwood formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97-99 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97-98 Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Paleontology ....................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Devonian ........................... , ..................... 100-102 Armuchee chert .......................................... 100-101 Areal distribution ...................................... 100-101 Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Paleontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Chattanooga black shale ................................... 101-102 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Lithologic character ................................... 101-102 Paleontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Carboniferous ........................ :.. .................... 102-108 (Mississippian) .......................................... ,102-107 Fort Payne chert ......................................... 102-103 Areal distribution .... : ...... ; .......................... 102-103 Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Paleontology ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Floyd formation .................... , .................... 103-104 Areal distribution .. , ......... ; ........................ 103-104 Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Paleontology ................. , . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Oxmoor sandstone ....................... ~ . .' ............... 104-105 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Lithologic character .................................... 104-105 Paleontology ....................................... , . . . 105 Bangor formation ......................... : ............ 105-107 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Lithologic character ....... : ............................ 105-106 Paleontology ......... ................................. 106-107 (Pennsylvanian) .......................................... 107-108 Lookout formation ....................................... 107-108 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Lithologic character . . . . ..... r 107-108 Paleontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Walden sandstone .... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 . Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Paleontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
LIMESTONES .A.ND CEMENT MATERIALS OF THE PIEDMONT PL.A.TE.A.U .A.ND
APP.ALAOHIA.N MoUNTAIN AREAS IN GEORGIA ... 109-128
Piedmont Plateau ............................................ 109-114

CONTENTS

xiii

PAGE
Geology ........... .......................................... 109-110 Description of indiYic1nal localities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110-114
Stephens County ............................ -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . no One mile west of the mouth of Panther Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . no
Habersham County .......................................... 110-112 One-fourth mile south of the mouth of Little Panther Creek .. 110-n1 Billy Walker quarry .................................... 1n-112
Hall County ...............................................112-n4 C. L. Deal Manufactur1ng Company ....................... 112-114 Conditions affecting development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Development ......................................... 113-114 Flowery Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Appalachian Mountains ..... .................................... 115-128 Fannin County .............................................. 115-117 Geology ................................................... 115-116 Description of individual localities ............................ 116-117 One mile east of Mineral Bluff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 The Dickey property .................................... 116-117 Gilmer County ............................................... 117-119 Geology ................................................... 117-118 Description of individual localities ............................ 118-119 Holt property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 North Georgia Marble Company.......................... 118-119 Pickens County .............................................. 119-128 Geology ............. ........ , ............................. 119-120 Description of individual localities ............................ 120-128 King JYLarble Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Detroit Marble Company ................................. 120-121 Whitestone Marble Company ............................. 122-123 Crystal Marble Company ..... ~ .......................... 123-124 Two miles northeast of Jasper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Perseverance quarry .................................... 124-125 Georgia Marble Company ................................ 125-126 Southern Marble Company ...............................126-127 Amicalola Marble Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Cherokee County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Description of individual localities... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Seven miles northwest of Canton ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
LIMESTONES AND CEMENT MATERIALS OF THE APPAL."..CHIAN VALLEY AND
CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS IN GEORGIA ...................... 129-278
Polk County .................................................... 129-159 Geology ..................................................... 129-131 Beaver limestone . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,

xiv

CONTENTS

PAGE
Knox dolomite .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Chickamauga formation ..................................... 130-131
Chicki:unauga limestone ............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Rockmart shales and slates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Description of individual localities ............. : ................ 131-159
~1arble Hill ............................................ 131-132 Ellis Davis and Son's slate quarry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Rockmart Shale Brick and Slate Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Morgan Hills ..........._. .............................. 133-134 Southern States Portland Cement Company ................ 134-143
Conditions affecting development ........................ 136-139 Winning and preparation of limestone ...................139-140 Winning and preparation of the shale ................... 140-141 Mixing limestone and shale ............................ 141-143 Piedmont Portland Cement and .Slate Company ............ 143-149
p
Geologie relations .................................... 143-144 Conditions affecting development ....................... 144-145 Chemical and physical properties ....................... 145-147 Winning and preparation of the limestone................ 14i Winning and preparation of the shale.................... 147 M3xing limestone and shale ............................ 147-148 Geoigia Portland Cement and Slate Company .............. 148-15] Geologie relations .. '...... , ........................... 149-150 Conditions affecting development ....................... 150-151 Southern Lime Manufaetur'ing Company ................... 151-153 Geologie relations .................................... 151-152 Conditions affecting development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Suggestions in development ............................ 152-153 Development .............. : ...... .". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Three-fourths mile northeast of Red Ore .................. 153-154 Aragon Station, Seaboard Railroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154; Aragon Springs ........................................ 154-155 Davitte property ....................................... 155-156 Bald Mountain Portland Cement Company ................. 156-157 Deaton's iron ore pit ................................... 157-15.8 Vicinity of Cedartown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 158 Youngs station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 159 Floyd County .................................................. 159-179 Geology ..................... : . ............................... 159-163 Beaver limestone ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Connasauga shales and limestones .............................. 159-160 Knox dolon1ite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Chickamauga formation ..................................... 161-162 Fioyd formation .............................. .' ............ 162-163

CONTENTS

XV

P.A.GE
Bangor formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Description of individual localities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163-179
Haynie ................................................ 163-164 Henry Bass property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Southwest Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Northeast Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Six-mile Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Big Cedar Creek exposure ................................ 166-167 Exposure near Pinson.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Exposure near N annie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Oostanaula River exposure ............................... 168-169 J. Scott Davis property................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 West side of Lavender Mountain ......................... 169-170 Beach Creek exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Lavender Station ................................ : . . . . . . 172 Halls Mountain ......................................... 172-113 Huffaker limestone quarry ................... _- ........... 173-174 Little Dry Creek ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17~ Floyd County quarry .................................... 174-175 D. B. F. Sellman property ............................... 175-176 Heath Creek exposure, Big Texas Valley................... 176 Orsman ............................................... 176-17'7 One and one-half miles southwest of Orsman ............... 17'7-178 Two miles southwest of Orsman........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1'78 Willingham-Harvey-Lipscomb property .......... ......... 178-179 Chattooga County .............................................. 1'79-199 Geology ............................... : ..................... 179-182 Connasauga shales and limestones ............................ 179-180 Knox dolomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Chickamauga formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Rockwood formation .................................. . . . . . . 181 Floyd foTmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 BangoT foTmation .......................................... 181-182 Description of individual localities .............................. 182-199 Buckels limestone quarry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Two and one-half miles southeast of Trion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 One and one-half miles north of Trion .................... 183-184 Bald Mountain ...................... .- ................. 184-185 J\1enlo .................................................. 185-187 Shackleton ............................................. 187-188 Gore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Two miles northeast of Gore ............................. 188-189 Four miles southwest of Subligna ......................... 189-190 Subligna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

xvi

CONTENTS

P.A.GE
One and one-half miles northwest of Crystal Springs ........ 190-191 Tidings ............................................... 191-192 One and one-half miles north of Kartah ................... 192-193. Gaines property ............. ; .........................193-194 Robinson property .................................... 194-195 Two miles west of Menlo ................................195-196. Cedar Poi~t . , ......................................... 196-19T Neals Gap .............................................. 19T-19& Martins Cave .......................................... 198-199 Dade County ...................... : .......................... 199-218 Geology ..................................................... 199-20(} Chickamauga formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Rockwood formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Bangor formation .......................................... 199-200 Lookout formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Description of individual localities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201-218. Trenton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Tatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 One-half mile west of Trenton ...... , .................... 202-203. One mile northwest of New England...................... 203. One and three-fourths miles s'outh of Rising Fawn .......... 203-204 Southern !ron and Steel Company .......................... 204-208 Four miles northeast of Rising- Fawn. " .................... 209-21(} Sitton Gulf ...................... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Two p.1iles east of Trenton .............................. 210-211 I Two. and one-half miles southwest of Trenton.~ ............ 211-212 Two and. one-half miles northwest of New England .... : .... 212-2f3 Three miles north of New England ................. .'... 213-214 One and one-half miles northwest of Trenton .............. 214-215Two miles west of Rising Fawn ........................ 215,216 Proctors Bluff ...... , ... ............................... 216-217 Four miles southwest o Trenton, .... ,.................... 218 Walker County ........................ ........................219-245 Geology .......... ........................................ 219-220 Connasauga sh~les and limestones.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Knox dolomite ................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Chickamauga formation ............. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Rockwood formation ............. ........................... 219 Floyd formation ............ ........ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Bangor formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Description of individual localities .............................. 220-245 Chickamauga Cement Company .......................... 220-226
Geologic relations ........ , ......................... 221-222Conditions affecting development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222-224-

COKTEKTS

xvii

?AGE
Winning and preparation of the raw material. ........... 224-225 Manufacture of hydrated lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Manufacture of natural cement. ........................ 225-226 Trouth and Company's quarries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226-227 Catlett Gap road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 McLamore Cove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Horine Development Company ............................ 229-232 Geologic relations .................................... 229-231 Chemical interpretation ............................... 231-232 Conditions affecting develop'ment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Shinbone Ridge ............... , ........................ 232-234 West side of Pigeon Mountain .................... ...... 234-235 Two and one-half miles southwest of Copeland ............. 235-236 Jackson property ................. : . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Brum property ........................................ . 237 Nickajack Gap road, east side of Lookout Mountain . . . . . . . . 237-238 McLamore Cove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Dougherty Gap ........................................ 239-240 Coulter property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 One mile southwest of Cedar Grove post office. . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Bowers Gap ......................................... . . 241 One-half mile west of Cassandra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 One and one-haif milesnorthwest of Cassandra. . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Southern Iron and Steel Company ........................ 243-245 Catoosa County ................................................ 245-257 Geology . .................................................... 245-247 Rome formation .......................................... : 245 Connasauga shales and limestones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Knox dolomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Chickamauga forma_tion . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Rockwood formation ..................... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 , Bangor formation ....................... : .................. 246-247 Description of individual localities .............................. 247-257 Fort Oglethorpe well No.5 ............................... 247-249 Graysville Mining and Manufacturing Company ............ 249-254 :Hale property ......................................... 254-256 Cedar Bluff ............................................ 256-257 Whitfield County ................................................ 258-264 Geology ...................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Connasauga shales and limestones ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Chickamauga formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Rockwood formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Description of individual localities................... : ......... 259-264 Du.cketts Mill .......... .............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

xviii

CONTENTS

PAGE
One mile north of Ducketts Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260.Jet Black Marble Company .............................. 260-261 Cedar Ridge, north of the Dalton-Dawnville road ........... 261-26Z Four miles northeast of Dalton ........................... 262-263 Two miles due north of Dalton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Three and one-half miles east of Waring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Dantzler property . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Mur~ay County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Connasauga shales and limestones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Knox dolomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Chickamauga formation . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Gordon County .................. ' .... : ......................... 266-267 Geology ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 -Connasauga shales and limestones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Knox dolomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Desc:ription of individual localities .............................. 266-267 One mile southeast of Fairmount ................ ......... 266-jti'/ One mile southwest of Fairmount.......................... 2~)7' One mile northeast of Pine Log Creek..................... 267 Bartow County .................. ."............................. 267-278. Geology ..... , ................. ' ............................. 267-268. Beaver limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Rome formation ...................... .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Connasauga shales and limestones ....... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268~ Knox dolomite ........... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 268 Chickamauga limestones and Rockmart shales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268. Description of individual localities .............................. 268-278 Two miles south of S'ophia .............................. 268-269 Fols'om . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26!f Four miles east of Folsom ............................... 269-270 Georgia Green Slate Company ............................ 270-271 Ladd Lime Company .................................... 271-273.
Geologic relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Physical and chemical character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Conditions affecting development ....... ; .. : . .... .'...... 272-273: Development ....... , ................. .'................ 273 Uses ................................ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Howard Hydraulic Cement Company...................... 273-275 Geologic relations .............................. ,. . . . . . 274 Conditions affecting development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Development ............ :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275. Clifford Lime and Stone Company........................ 276-277 Geologic relations .................................... 276-277'

CONTENTS

xix:

PAGE
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Uses .....................................................'.............. 277 Paul F. Akin property ................................... 277-~78 APPENDIX ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279-285 United States Government Specification for Portland cement ........ ~ .. 280-~81
Specification ................................................... 28G-281
Interpretation of results ............. ............................ 281-285

ILL US TRA TIONS

PLATE
I. Plant of the Piedmont Portland Cement Company, Portland, Polk County, Georgia ................................. Frontispiece

II. III. IV.
Y. VI. VII. . VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.

FACING PAGE
An outcrop of white Murphy marble at the Perseverance quarry, 2 miles east of Jasper, Pickens County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Marble Bluff, near Whitestone, on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, Gilmer County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
An exposure of Weisner quartzite along the Western and Atlantic Railroad, at the iron bridge over the Etowah River, 1 mile east of Cartersville, Georgia, showing the crushing and folding of the quartzite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
A view showing outcrop of black marble at the quarry of the American Black Marble Company, Whitfield County, Georgia... . . . . 88
Residual chert and clay resulting from the, weathering of the Knox dolomite, in a cut on the Central of Georgia Railway, near Summerville, Chattooga County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
A cut on the Chattanooga Southern Railroad, at Estelle, walker County, Georgia, showing shales and sandstones associated with the fossil iron ores .................................. 102
A. Rockmart slates. Quarry of the Rockmart Shale Brick anu Slate Company, Rockmart, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . 122
B. Mill of the Whitestone Marble Company, Whitestone, Pickens County, Georgia. Quarry immediately east of the mill. ..... 122
A. Murphy marble, Detroit Marble Company, Whitestone, Pickens County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
B. Quarry of the Georgia Marble Company, near Tate, Pickens County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
A. Rockmart slates. Quarry of the Black Diamond Slate Company, about 2 miles northeast of Rockmart, Polk County, Georgia. . 130
B. Rockmart slates. Artificial cut made by Seaboard Railroad immediately south of Rockmart, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . 130
A. Chickamauga limestone. Quarry No. 3, Southern States Portland Cement Company, Rockmart, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . 144
B. Chickamauga limestone. A portion of quarry No. 1, Southern States Portland Cement Company, Rockmart, Georgia. . . . . . . 144
A. Chickamauga limestone oYerlain unconformably by Rockmart

xxii

ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING

PLATE

PAGE

shales and slates. Quarry No. 3, Southern States Portland

Cement Company, Rockmart, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . 140

B. Mill of the Southern States Portland Cement Company, Rock-

mart, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

XIII. A'. Chickamauga limestone. Quarry of the Piedmont Portland Ce-

ment Company, Por,tland, Polk Co11nty, Georgia ............... 146

B. Chickamauga limestone. Quarry of the Bald Mountain Portland

Cement Company, 114 miles north of Aragon Springs, Polk

County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

XIV. A. Chickamauga limestone. Quarry of the Southern Lime :iY.4anu-

facturing Company, Aragon, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . 152

B. Rockmart siates. Quarry of Ellis Davis' Sons, Rockmart, .Polk

_ County, Georgia, showing cleavage. Bedding not shown. . . . . 152

XV. A. Argillaceous limestone in the Floyd formation. Quarry located

in the city limits of Rome, at the intersection of the North

Attalla Railroad and the Rome-Summerville public road. . . . . 174

B. Stone crushing plant owned by Floyd County, located imme-

diately east of the quarry in A ... , ........................ 174

XVI. A. Bangor limestone, about 5 miles. north of Crystal Springs, on the

Robinson property, Chattooga County, Georgia.............. 194

:B. Shales at the top of the Floyd formation, about 5 miles north of

Crystal Springs, on the Robinson property, Chattooga County,

Georgia ................ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

XVII. A. Bangor limestone. Lower quarry of Southern Iron and Steel

Company, 1 mile northeast of Rising Fawn, Dade County,

Georgia .......................... , :,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

B. Knox dolomite. A section of quarry, Ladd Lime Company, near

Cartersville, Bartow County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

XVIII. A. Trauth and Company's Quarry. . Chickamauga limestone, near

Chickamauga station, showing the variable thickness of the

bedding, Walker County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

B. Lime kilns and mill of the Chickamauga Cement Company, Ross-

ville, Walker County, Georgia ............................. 226

XIX. A. Connasauga limestone. Portion of quarry of the Graysville Min-

ing a~d Manufacturing Company, immediately west of Grays-

ville, .Catoosa County, Georgia ............................ 248

J3. Knox dolomite. Eastern end of quarries of Graysville Mining

and Manufacturing Company, east of Graysville, Catoosa,

County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

XX. A. Reel iron ore on the Rockwood shales, Peters property, Taylor

Ridge, Chattooga County, Georgia ........................ 252

J3. Close view of marble quarry, showing massive and heavy-bedded

Knox dolomite, Catoosa County, Georgia ................... 252

ILLUSTRATIONS

xxiii

PLATE
XXI.
XXII.

FACING PAGE
A. Quarry of Knox dolomite. Kilns and stone house, Hale prop-
erty, about J.lh miles southeast of Graysville, Catoosa County,
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 B. Knox dolomite. Ladd Lime Company's quauy, showing heavy-
bedded and massive dolomite, Bartow County, Georgia. . . . . . . 256 A. Ladd Lime Company. Located about 2 miles southwest of Car-
tersville, Bartow County, showing Ladd 's mountain, lime kilns, and crushed stone bins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 B. Lime kilns and cement mill, Howard Hydraulic Cement Company, Cement, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

FIGURES
1. Ta'ble showing production of Natural and Portland cements in the United States, and of Portland cement in the Southern States, since 1890. . . . . 61
2. Map showing the physiographic subdivisions of Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3. Map showing the areal distribution of marbles and limestones in the Pied-
mont Plateau and Appalachian Mountain areas of Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . 80 4. Map showing the location of mill and quarries of the Southern States Port-
land Cement Company ..................... : ................. : . 0 135 5. Map showing the location of the property, mill, and quarry of the "Pied-
mont Portland Cement Company, Portland, Georgia ..... 0 143 6. 11:ap showing the Nat11ral cement outcrop in the vicinity of Rossville, Ga .. 221

MAPS
1. Geological map of the Appalachian Valley and Cumberland Plateau areas of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 .

PREFACE
The writer desires to present in this report the results of his researches on the lime and cement materials of North Georgia, and after careful consideration of all the conditions pertaining to their commercial development to make known for what purposes these materials can best be used.
All the literature at the writer's command has been made use of in preparing that portion of the report which deals with limestones and cements, their manufacture, uses, etc. The geology of the Appalachian Valley and the Cumberland Plateau is discussed in more detail than is usual in an economic report. An intimate knowledge of the geology of this area was essential in order to fully comprehend the possibilities of the undeveloped deposits. Every outcrop of limestone of any commercial importance, together with the associated shales, has been sampled and analyses have been made. Especial care was taken not only to locate definitely on a topographic map the position of the section, but to describe carefuly each lithologic unit, and to show in the sections described the character of the unit corresponding to any analysis.
The maps accompanying this report show the distribution of the lime and cement materials in the Piedmont Plateau, the Appalachian ).(fountains, the Appalachian Valley, and the Cumberland Plateau, along with the definite location of more than 350 samples which were analyzed by Dr. Edgar Everhart, chemist of the Geological Survey of Geo,rgia.
The discussion of the lime and cement materials by districts or by lesser physiographic and geologic subdivisions is usually preferable to the geologist; however, the description of individual localities by counties makes the information in this report more accessible to the property owners, for which reason this report has been arranged to conform with other reports issued by the Survey.

xxvi

PREFACE

The writer desires to express his sincere thanks to Prof. S. W. McCallie for many valuable suggestions in the preparation and revision of the manuscript. Dr. Edgar Everhart, chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, and- Mr. Clarence N. Wiley, general manager of the Atlantic and Gulf Portland Cement Company, have always gladly co-operated and given their advice freely. The writer is also indebted to the general managers and chemists of the Southern cement mills and the lime manufacturers of Georgia for their many courtesies.

/

LIMESTONE AND CEMENT MATERIALS OF
NORT-H GEORGIA
LIMESTONE, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES
LIMESTONES
ORIGIN
Lime (calcium) occurs originally in the igneous rocks of the earth's crust, where it is found in combination with a great number of substances and is an important constituent in a large number of rockmaking minerals. Lime never occurs in nature as such, but always in combination with other constituents as carbonate, sulphate, silicate, phosphate, etc. On account of its ease of combination there are a great number of rock-making minerals containing a large percentage of lime.
By the action of water and the acids of the atmosphere and lithosphere, lime is dissolved. The analyses of river waters show them to contain a considerable amount of carbonic acid. This holds the lime in solution and it is carried by the rivers to the sea where limestones (carbonates of lime with varying amounts of impurities) are formed, either from the accumulation and ultimate consolidation of the fossil remains of organisms which secrete lime or from the chemical precipitation of lime from solution.
The limestones of North Georgia are all of marine origin. They may be divided, for convenience of description, into five distinct types, namely: high-calcium limestones, magnesian limestones, argillaceous limestones, dolomites, and high-calcium .or dolomitic marbles. The differences in these calcium and magnesium carbonates are due sometimes to conditions of deposition depending on their origin, either from the accumulation of organic remains, deposition due to chemical

2

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

precipitation, by the admixture of argillaceous sediments, or to sub- .

sequent causes.

PHYSICAL CHARACTER

Limestones show wide differences in physical character. The

physical character is usually a criterion of the chemical composition.

Limestones vary in color from pure white to black, depending on

differences in chemical composition. The amorphous and semicrystal-

line limestones are usually light gray to bluish gray in color, or

? -



'

variegated. In the highly crystalline limestones the impurities may

be crystallized and segregated in bands or the coloring matter may be

uniformly disseminated throughout or irregularly distributed.

Limestones vary in texture from am?rphous and semi-crystalline

to crystalline: Variation in density and absorption properties are due

largely to differences in texture.

Limestones vary in hardness, specific gravity and compactness from

the unconsolidated shell marls to the crystalline marbles. Many va-

rieties of limestone are named on the basis of chemical composition,

as high-calcium, magnesian, dolomitic, etc. Special names are also

given because of their structure or most abundant accessory con-

stituent, as argillaceous, chalky, sillceous, bituminous, oOlitic, and

pisolitic; and still othe~s a~e named from certain predominant fossils

as crinoidal, coralline, and formaniferal.

<mEMICAL CHARACTER
The chemical composition of a pure limestone is expressed by the
+ formula, CaC03 (calcium carbonate) or CaO (calcium oxide) 56 per
cent. C02 (carbon dioxide) 44 per cent. Limestones seldom occur without the presence of other constituents. Calcium carbonate ~s the most abundant constituent, and a rock must contain at least 50 per cent. calcium carbonate to be termed a limestone.. Silica, magnesia, alumina, the alkalies, etc., occur in less .abundance in the limestones and are usually referred to as impurities or accessories. While a very pure limestone is valuable, especially for certain metallurgical and chemical purposes, it is often the accessory constituents or impurities that make the limestone equally as valuable.

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES
The classification of limestones depends largely on their chemical composition. A limestone very high in calcium carbonate with a small percentage of impurities is known as a high-calcium limestone, while limestone containing more than five per cent. of magnesium carbonate is known as a magnesian limestone. When 30 per cent. or more of magnesium carbonate occurs it is known as a dolomite, and when the alumina and silica range from 15 to 20 per cent. the rock is termed an argillaceous limestone. Marble, travertine, calcareous tufa, etc., may have the identical chemical composition of a very pure limestone ; however, they are distinguished by their physical properties and hot by their chemical composition.
UISES OF LIMESTONES AND LIM,E.S
METALLURGICAL UsES Lining of furnaces.-Dolomite is used in basic open-hearth furnaces to re~air the scarification of the hearth due to the action of the slag. The furnace structure consists of a~ outer lining of common brick with an inner permanent lining of magnesite brick, which may be from two to three feet in thickness, and upon this the crushed basic dolomite is tamped. Calcination of the dolomite and the ,scarification of the hearth, due to the slag, causes the dclomite to be gradually received into the slag and become a part of it, thus adding to the basicity of the slag; however, its assistance is not very great. The stone must be as low in silica, iron and aluminum oxides as possible, so that these acid acting substances will not form sufficient fusible compounds with the bases to lower the refractory properties, and lessen its resistant power to the corrosive action of the furnace burden. The stone for this purpose should approach as closely as possible a theoretical dolomite, so that the content of magnesiamay be high. The higher the content of lime the greater the danger of the disintegration of the lining when the furnace is cooled down, as lime oxide slakes readily, while magnesium oxide is more difficult to slake. Blast furnace flu:r.-High-calcium limestones and dolomitic limestones or dolomites are used for blast furnace :fiuy; In the Pittsburgh

4

GEOLQG-IG.AL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

district and in the East a high-calcium fluxing stone 1s extensively

. used, while in the South dolomite is more. generally used as the

fluxi!J.g stone.

The value of limestones and dolomites for fluxing depends on the

quantity of~the impurities-.silica, alumina, sulphur, and phosphorus-

present, and the preference for a limestone or a dolomite depends

largely on the chemical composition of the ore used. The function of

the fluxing stone is to furnish the .bases (lime.and magnesia) to combine

with the acidic impurities of the ore and coke. As the primary object,

therefore, is to flux the acid impurities it is desirable to secure a lime-

stone or dolomite as free from these impurities as possible. Fluxing

stones are sometimes used containing as much as 10 per _cent. of silica

and aiuinirta; however, those. in general use run less than 2 per cent.

Sulphur a11d phosphorus are almQst always present; however, they

occur in such small amounts that they are not considered .in esti'mating

the value of a fluxing stone, except in the manufacture of Bessemer

iron, in which case the content of phosphorus in the flux~ng stone

should be less than 0.1 per cen~.

':Che factors determining the character o the .:fii:uxdng st0ne most

desirable depends on the chemical composition of the ore and the

character of the product desired. While limestones possess certain

advantages, dolomites also have equal advantages, and, after all, furnace

'

.

.practice in a particular district best determines the character of the

fluxing stone to be used.

Following1 are some of the properties of calcium and magnesium

as fluxes:

The smaller atomic weight of magnesium (40 as compared with 56 for calciu~) enables it to eombine with a larger proportion of acids th~n calcium t'O form a slag of a given. formula. For example, Mg1Si03 con.sists O-f 40 per cent. MgO and 60 per cent. SiO.; while Ca.Si03 consists of 48.28 per cent. GaO and 51.72 per cent. Si02 'This is almost exactly offset by the smaller percentage of MgO in Mg008, 47.62 as compared with 56 per ce.nt. OaO in Oa008 One .
pound of Mg008 will convert .2867 pounds of Si02 to MgSi08, whereas one
pound of Oa008 will convert .2896 pounds of SiO, to OaSiOs..

1Matthews and Grast~, The Limestones of Mar~land: Vol. VIII, pt. 8, 1910, p. 240.

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES

5

Theoretically, a greater quantity of fuel is required to melt a magnesian slag than a lime slag, as the specific heat of magnesia is greater than that of lime. Furnace practice in the Birmingham district, however, indicates that the fuel consumption is not higher. In this district an enormous amount of slag is carried in the furnace, and when lime is used as a flux the furnace "slips" and "hangs," while a magnesia slag is more fluid and the furnace works smooth and regular.
Magnesia is said to have less affinity for sulphur than lime1 While the lime may be essential with ores high in sulphur, the hard and soft red hematites of the South are practically free from sulphur and the hard calcareous ores, which constitute the greater portion of the furnace burden, furnish sufficient lime to take care of the sulphur m the coke.
The physical conditions essential for the fluxing stone are: (1) the stone must be crushed small enough to pass a four-inch ring and remain on a two-inch ring; (2) the stone must be free from dust.
Fluxing stones used in the production of steel.-Limestones are used in the manufacture of steel in the basic open-hearth process. By the use of limestone, the fluxing of the silica and the alumina takes place, the manganese, carbon, and practically all of the phosphorus and a large portion of the sulphur is removed.
In a letter to the writer, Mr. C. H. Elliott, Superintendent of the Open-Hearth and Bloomington Mill Department, Atlanta Steel Company, says:
:E1or limestone, the specification is simple: as low in silica as possible, also iron and aluminum oxide an:d magnesium carbonate, .and as high in calcium carbonate .as possible. In other words, as pur.e a calcium c.arbonate as one can conveniently 'and economically secure.
Dolomite is used to repair the scarification of the hearth due to the action of the slag. As the dolomite is also received into the slag as it is worn .away and dissoived by the slag and becomes a part of it, it adds to the basicity of the slag, but its assistance is not very great. The specification for dolomite is the same as that for limestone. One would like as near a theoretical dolomite as possible.
In the limestones we try to avoid and reject all samples running under 92 per cent. calcium carbonate, as the presence of more than 3 per cent. Si02 o;r 4 per cent. MgC03 makes the stone undesirable. The silica is undesir-
1Hoffman, iron and steel.

6

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

able because it loweiiS the .effi<;ien.cy o:J; ilie flux for removing the silicon and phosphorus from the molten metal lllnd the magnesia, because it makes the slag too ref~actory and therefore requiring too much heat to !l'educe it to a fluid s~te.
,Southern pig iron- is high .in phosphorus, ranging ftl'om .50 to 1.40 per cent., and to remove this relatively lMge amount of phosphorus requires a slag of 20 per cent. s!i.liCJa or less. If the silica exists in the slag to a greater exten:t than 20 per cent., the .removal of the phosphorus is very uncertain.
The following analyses show the chemical character of the dolomites
and limestones used in the asic open-hearth process' by the Atlanta
Steel Company1

Analyses of Dolomites and Limestones Used by the Atlanta Steel Co.

''

Al:!Os

Dolomites and Limestones

Si02 and- CaCOs MgCOs

Fe20s

'

Dolomite from-
Shook & Fletcher, Birmingham, AI~-------- .96 Birmingham Realty Co., Biimingham, Ala . _ .82 Birmingham Realty Co., Birmingham, Ala __ 2.72

.57 52.82 1.06 53.71 1.74 51.19

45.51 44.91 45.61

Ladd Lime & Stone Co., Cartersville, Ga ___ .68 1.62 52.97 44.99

Limestone from-

Chickamauga Quarrying & Construction
Company, Chattanooga, Tenn_ ---.------- 2.18 American Chemical Manufacturing Co__ . ___ 1.32

.. 72 .34

95.24
95,,"~? ::..,-~

1.86 -----

Copper smelting.-A great deal has been written about the com-

position of copper slags; however, very little information is available

regarding the bases, that is, ferrous oxide, manganous oxide, lime,

magnesia, barite, alumina, zinc oxide, etc., which are among the

principal slag forming substances dealt with in copper srnelting. Of

the above, pnly the calcareous materials, lime and magnesia, will be

discussed.

Limestone and dolomite are both used in copper smelters to add

sufficient basic flux so that the add silica content of the slag will not

reach a maximum of more than 40 per cent. While it is entirely

practicable to make slags which contain more than 40 per cent. of

silica, it is ~ot the general practice. The formation temperature and

1Analyses furnished by Mr. C. H. Elliott, Atlanta Steel Co.

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES

7

the flowing temperature of a slag depends to a large extent upon the chemical composition of the base present. Very pure high-calcium limestones are used in nearly all copper smelters; however, a dolomite
was used with considerable success at the Golden Reward plant, Deadwood, North Dakota, by Franklin P. Carpenter1 The materials used consisted of siliceous gold ores containing only a trace of sulphur,
pyrite and pyrrhotite; later, this was replaced by siliceous pyritic concentrates from Homestake. The principal basic flux was a dolomitic limestone. The dolomitic limestone was preferred to pure limestone and Mr. Carpenter2 says:
Nothing like a scientific attempt has ever been made to determine tihe forma,tion-poin.t of our slags, hence I can not say that they were less fusible than they would have been with all lime and no magnesia. They did seem more liquid, and c.ertain1y less magnesian limestone was required fo!l" the s~ame work. This was due, of course, to the lower comFbined weight. of magnesia.
. Peters8 says, in regard to the replacement of lime by magnesia:
All experiments with which I am acquainted indicate that the replacement of lime by magnesia causes a moderate rise in the formation temperature until about three-fourths of the lime has been replaced, beyond which limit the .temperature rises with gre,at rapidity.
Some interesting observations were made by Hoffman,4 which are referred to under the discussion of the use of limestone in the metal-
lurgy of lead. Fulton and Knitzen~ are of the opinion that 'csome magnesia up to
8 or 10 per cent. replacing lime is desirable, owing to its greater silica saturating power and the lesser specific gravity of the resultant slag."
The physical and mechanical conditions of ore in the blast furnace
is of very considerable importance in the smelting process. The many difficulties which may result from the "fines" can be largely overcome
by some method of consolidation of "fines" into lumps. No material
1Carpenter, Franklin P., Pyritic Smelting in the Black Hills: Trans. Amer. inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXX, 1906, pp. 764-777.
2!bid, p. 773. "Peters, E. D., Footnote, Mineral Industry, 1909, p. 246. 4Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXIX, 1900, p. 642. 5Fulton, Chas. H., and Knitzen, Theodore A., Sulphide Smelting at the National Smelter o! the Horse Shoe Miming Co., Rapid City, S. Dak.: Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXXV, 1905, p. 329.

8

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

has been more frequently used for this purpose than freshly burned lime: The lime is slaked with considerable water and the resulting milk of lime thoroughly incorporated with the ore until the entire mass is like a thick mortar. The amount of lime necessary for the consolidation of the H:fines" varies according to the physical condition of the ore, the amount of sulphates present, etc. ; however, it is usually from 5 to 12 per cent. Sometimes it is fed into the furance in the form of partially drie(l mud or made into balls- and heated thoroughly dry and hard.. The addition of lime is in almost all cases favorable to subsequent fusion. On account of the ease of consolidation, its general availability, fl.uxir,tg qualities, and cheapness, it is regarded as the most useful substance- known fqr the consolidation of ''fines."
Lead smelting.-The valu~ of iime in the smelting of galena (PbS)
was not recognized until 1907. Previous to thistime, limestone or dolomite was added in the smelting of lead only in the reverberatory proces.s for the mechanical effect of stiffening the ,charge; however, it was observed that when the limestone was a<;lded the charge became glowing, so that it was known that its addition had a chemical as well as a physical effect.
In 1897, Huntington and Haberlein pattented a process of oxidizing galena by forcing air under pressure through a rriixture of galena and lime or limestone and it became established as ,a successful and economic process in 1906.
At the present time, three methods of oxidizing galena by the addition of limestone or gypst1m are carried out on a commercial scale, and are known as lime roasting or "pot roastin,g": (1) the HuntingtonHaberlein process1 ; (2) The Carmichael-Bradford process2 ; and (3) the Solvesberg process8
The chemical effect of the addition of the lime in the various processes has been discussed by many workers and the more important papers have been published in book form by Ingalls.
Glass manufacture.-Limestone has an important use in the manu-

1Eng. & Min. J-our., Vol. LXXX, 1905, p. 106. 2Ingalls, Eng. & Min. Jour., Vol. LXXXI, 1906, p. 9. BMin. Mag., Vol. XII, 1905, p. 391.

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES

9

facture of glass. Both high-calcium and dolomitic limestones are used and it depends on the character of the finished product as to just what the specifications of the chemical composition of the stone shall be. The function of lime and magnesia is to act as a flux and to combine with the silica to form a silicate. Burchard1 says, "magnesia, which is more apt to be introduced into glass materials through limestone than through sand, is troubleso;ne because it renders the batch less fusible." - While magnesia may be objectionable in the manufacture of certain kinds of glass, considerable quantities of calcined dolomite are used in the manufacture of flint and plate glass.
Glass may be divided into four general classes, namely, plate, window, green bottle, and flint. vVhen limestone is used in the form of carbonate, it is ground fine enough to pass a twenty-mesh sieve or finer. After first crushing the limestone, it is usually ground by rockemory mills or by a mill of the impact pulverizer type.
CHEMICAL Us:ms Sodium carbonate.-The Le Blanc2 process of manufacturing sodium carbonate is as follows: After sodium sulphate (Na2 S04 ) has been formed by the action of sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ) with sodium chloride (NaCl) at a high temperature, limestone and coal or charcoal is added and calcined in a reducing flame. Sodium sulphate (NaS04 ) +carbon (2C) +limestone (CaC03) =sodium carbonate (Na2CO,J +lime sulphide (CaS)+ carbon dioxide (2C02 ). The carbon dioxide passes off into the air and the sodium carbonate is separated from the ~mlphide of lime by leaching with water at a moderate temperature for the sulphide of lime is practically insoluble in water. The Solvay process with calcium chloride as a by-product is as follo:ws : Carbon dioxide is passed into a solutton of sodium chloride saturated with ammonia. Under certain conditions the reaction is as follows: Salt (NaCl)+ammonia (NH3 )+water (H20)+carbon dioxide (C02)= sodium bi-carbonate (NaHC03) +ammonium chlo-
1Burchard, E. F.; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 285, pp. 458-454. 2Encyc. Britan., VoL XXII, p. 242.

10

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

ride (NH4Cl). The sodium bi~carbonate being less soluble than the accompanying compounds is separated by filtering; The solution containing ammonium chloride is treated with calcined limestone. The ammonium gas is liberated and used again in the process, while calcium' chloride and sod-ium chloride are both contained in the waste liquor and the calcium chloride is obtained by crystallization.
. Calcium chloride.-The three important methods of manufacture
of calcium chloride (chloride of lime, muriate of lime, bleaching pow-. der) are: (1) as a by~prodttct in the manufacture of sodium carbonate by the solvay pr-ocess. (In this process more than sufficient is made to supply. the demand) : (2) slaked lime is placed in leaden vats and treated with chlorine gas; (3) dissolving limestone in dilute hydrochloric acid. Calcium chloride crystalizes out when the solution is concentrated by evaporation.
Calcium chloTide is used largely as a disinfectant. When it is heated to redness on platinum it looses practically all of its water and is:<used as a dehydtating agent.
Calci~tm carbide.-This is prepared in the electric furnace by fusing lime oxide.a.nd .carbon in the form of. coke or charcoal. It is used in the manufacture of acetylene gas and cyan amid.
Cyan amid, or "lime nitrogen," is manufactured by passing nitrogen gas, w~ich is obtained from liquid air, over calcium carbide. It is an important fertilizer.
I
Calcium nitrate.-Ground.limestone is an important constituent in the manufacture of calcium nitrate, which is used so extensively as a fertilizer. Calcium: carbonate or lime is treated with nitric acid. Ground limestone is also used as a fertilizer filler.
Dyed textiles.-Ground limestone is used to neutralize the acid condition of dyed textiles.
Carbonic acid gas.-The simplest method of obtaining carbonic
acid gas consists in the calcination of magnesite, which is almost pure
magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ). When magnesite is not available, dolo~ mites are often used. The calcination of calcium carbonate (CaC03 ) will furnish a considerable quantity of carbonic acid gas; however, the

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES

11

heat required to calcine the calcium carbonate is much higher than that required of magnesium carbonate.
The dolomitic marbles of Pickens County, Georgia, are used by the Pratt Labor~tory of Atlanta in the production of a commerciat carbonic acid gas, in the manufacture of epsom salts and gypsum.
Other chemical uses.-Lime is also used in the manufacture of caustic soda, acetic acid, in the purification of gas and 'water, in the manufacture of Bordeaux mixture, etc.
CRUSHED L~ESTO~~
Road M e'tal.-Limestone for use as road metal should be thoroughly compact and consolidated. The semi-crystalline and. highly siliceous limestones possess the greatest resistance to wear. Limestones possess high cementing qualities and the fines and screenings, when used as a top dressing, fill the empty spaces and give the essential qualities of a good road surface, namely, hardness and smoothness. It is important to know the cementing qualities of the dust produced by any road metal. The consolidated crypto-crystalline and crystalline limestones of North Georgia, and the cherts associated with some of these limestones, are the most important materials used for road. metal in that part of the State. They all possess good wearing and cementing qualities.
Ballast.-In the past, limestones of most any character have been used for ballast without any serious consideration regarding the properties considered today as essential. Limestones are extensively used for ballast on account of the ease with which they can be tamped under the sleepers, their cementing properties, and the cheapness with which they can be quarried and crushed when compared with other stone suitable for this purpose. The stone should be crushed so that it will pass a two and one-half inch and lodge on a three-quarter inch ring. The stone can be packed very tightly under the sleepers, and should be dressed with "fines" or screenings to occupy the large number of spaces between the stone. Most any variety of calcareous stone may be used for dressing, the purpose of which is to form a more compact mass attained through the filling of the empty spaces. The

12

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

sUiceous and semi-crystalline limestone as well as the bolo-crystalline marbles of Georgia possess a high .crushing strength making them eminently suitable for use as ballast.
Contrete.-Limestone crushed for use in concrete should be free from excessiv~ amounts of dust and should vary somewhat in size and shape to assist in close packing. It should all pass a one-quarter inch i-irig. The crushed stone is mi~ed with cement and sand and the
I
value of the stone depends on its strength, durability, size, shape, etc. The limestones and dolomites of North Georgia, with the exception of those of extremely argillaceous character, can be used for concrete construction.
Flooring.~Limeston~s and dolomites which possess a fine crystalline texture and take a good polish are crushed and mixed with white Portland cement for flooring.
The Cambrian fine: crystalline white dolomitic marble of Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens, and Cherokee counties are entirely suitable for this use. At the present time they are only being developed in Pickens county. The preparation of the stone is a~ follows:
':nhe rock is fed into a crusher a:nd the crushed r0tk is passed over screens to separate the dust. It is then fed into a .gyratory crusher where it is broken into many sizes. It is put on the market in sizes
1, 2, 3, etc.> No. 1 passing through 14.,.inch ; No. 2, over %-inch ; and
No. 3, over 1f2~inch ring.
BUILDING STONES
The most important calcareous rocks quarried in Georgia and used for building purposes are the white and vari-colored crysta'lline Cambrian marbles of Pickens County1 Marbles also occur in Fannin, Gilmer, arid Cherokee counties.
The Cambrian limestones of the Appalachian Valley are seldom used for building on account of the clayey impurities present and the usual large amount o,f secondary calcite developed in stringers throughout the limestone.
The Knox dolomite of Cambro-Ordovician age has not been used
1McCallie, S. w., The Marbles of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ga. No. 1, 19.07.

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES .AND SLATES

13

except for local purposes. The high cost of quarrying this heavy bedded and massive limestone will probably prevent its use as a building stone.
The Chickamauga limestones of Ordovician age are the only limestones of the Appalachian Valley region of Georgia that have been widely used for building. At Chickamauga, Walker County, the limestones of the Chickamauga formation have been pretty extensively quarried for trimmings, door steps, foundations, curbing, construction of buildings, and by the United States Government in culvert construction on National roads in the vicinity of Chattanooga. All sizes of stone can be obtained in the same quarry, due to the variation in thickness of the bedding and the numerous joints developed perpendicular to stratification. The limestone splits parallel to the bedding and along these joint planes. The Silurian limestones (Rockwood formation) are always thin bedded and never available for building purposes.
The Floyd and Bangor formations of Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) age contain the most important and promising building stone of northwest Georgia. The limestones of the Floyd formation seldom exceed 100 feet in thickness, while those of the Bangor formation sometimes reach a thickness of 800 or 900 feet. These limestones contain oolitic, crinoidal, and crystalline beds. The geologic conditions nearness to markets, railroad facilities, and general favorable conditions of quarrying are often such as to make these limestones of economic value.
MORTARS .AND PLASTERS
Both high-calcium and dolomitic limes are used in preparing mortars and plasters. The fact that slaked lime mixed with sand hardens when exposed to the atmosphere, together with the ease of preparation, plasticity and adhesive properties, makes it valuable for use, both in interior and exterior construction. The sand prevents shrinkage and indirectly causes a greater strength by aiding the mass in the absorption of carbon dioxide by the lime, forming the carbonate.
Hydrated lime is now extensively used as a mixture with natural

14

.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

and PortlaiJ.d cement for use as mortar. When lime is added up to 30 per cent. it adds strength to the cement and makes it more impervious.
All limes used with sand for mortars and plasters should be thoroughly slaked. If the lime is not thoroughly slaked it will contain some quicklime and the absorption of moisture by the quicklime causes the mortar or plaster to expand and crack.
AGRICULTURAL PuRPOSES
High-calcium. and magnesium limes are preferable for agricultural purposes. High-calcium limes are used on soils containing considerable magnesia, while the magnesium limes are more suitable for soils free of this constituent. Argillaceous limes are only used when high-calcium and magnesium limes ar~ not available, for the agriculturi:st desires the greatest percentage of calcareous materials 1?0ssible in the stone to perform the chemical and physical functions in a soil already containing sufficient silica and alumina.
Chemical function of time.-Phosphoric acid, potash, and lime are the principal constituents in the soil that need constant replacement. When lime is applied to the soil it un:ites with silica and alumina, which are the two most abundant soil constituents, and also with other soil substances. Lime makes potash available for plants, and it reacts with the inert compounds of iron and alumina, which may be combined with phosphoric acid and causes the phosphorus to become. available for plant food. It also -reacts with organic compounds and manures and liberates ammonia and neutralizes organic acids which result from organic decomposition.
Physical effect.-The physical effect of lime on the soil which is largely due to chemical reactions that have taken place betwe~n lime and certain soil constituents, is often of as much value to the plant as the indirect effect of fertilization due to the liberation of plant food. The physical characteristics of soil.such as texture, porosity, character Of soil particles, which increases or decreases the capillarity, etc., are of considerable importance in determining the value of soils for agricultural purposes.

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES

15

Lime reduces the plasticity of clayey soils and makes the clay more
porous and through a greater porosity it promotes nitrification. Lime
furthermore on sandy soils, by chemical combination, forms silicates and performs the function of a cementing material, bringing the soil particles closer together, thus diminishing the porosity of the sandy soil.
It is especially desired to emphasize the fact that residual soils derived from limestone are usually as much in need of lime as those derived from sandstones, shales, or crystalline rocks. This can best be brought to the attention of the agriculturist by the analyses of a calcareous rock and a soil derived from it, copies of which are here given:
Analyses of Knox Dolo,mite1 and Soils in the Vicinity of Cave Springs, Georgia.

Constituents determined.

Knox dolomite.

Soils.

Calcium carbonate (CaCOa) _______________________ _ Magnesium carbonate (MgCOa)- ______ ------ ___ -- __ Alumina (AhOa)- _--- ___ ----- . ------- -----------Iron oxide (Fe20a)------ _--- ___ ---------------- __ Silica (Si02)-- __ -------------------------- -- ---- --

52.05 36.32 2.68 2.10
6.47

} .01 to 2.00 } 6.00to 16.00 60.00 to 80.00 .

In the process of rock disintegration, the calcareous matter is dissolved out of the rocks and is carried away in solution, thus forming soils by the accumulation of silica and alumina with a small percentage of other constituents. It is necessary to apply lime so that it will be uniformly distributed in th~ soil, in order to perform the physical and chemical functions above mentioned.
Amount of lime to be used.-The number of bushels of lime to be used per acre and the frequency of application depend on the character of the soil. A number of interesting results were brought out at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station and presented in their Bulletin No. 110, p. 9. The results of their experimental work shows

l.Spencer, J. W., Paleozoic Group of Georgia.: Geol. Survey of Ga., 1893.

16

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

that, all things taken into- consideration, annual application of twenty bushels of lime to the acre is proportionally more effective than 50 to

60 bushels.

LITHOGRA.Pmc STONE

Lithographic stone is a fine grained, homogeneous limestone of

uniform
'

chemi-cal.

composition.

It may vary in color, which is not

such an important factor as constant physical character. The litho-

graphic stones in practical use contain a low percentage of magnesia.

The effect of acid on calcium and magnesium is so different that if the

stone contains any considerable amount o.f magnesia it can not be

evenly etched.

The following .chemical analyses show the variation in chemical character of some lithographic stones1 :
AnalY'ses of Lithographic Stones.

Constituents determined.
'

Branden- Solenhofen Mitchell burg, Ky. Bavaria.. Co., Iowa.

Insoluble in hydrochloric acidSilica (SiOz) _________________ ----------

Alumina and iron oxide (AlzOa +FezOa) Lime (CaO) ~ _________ ~ ____________ . _ . -

Magnesia (MgO) _______________ . _. _____

Soluble iir:hydrochloric acid~

-

Alumina (A1z0a)-~------------------Ferrous oxide (FeO) ____________ --------

Magnesia (Mgo) ______ '--- __ ...,- __________

Lime .(CaO)-----~--------------------Soda (NazO) ____ ---- __ -------- -- -- -- -Potash (K20) ___ ----'- --------- -~ -- ---Humus ____ -----------.-~-------'----- __ Hygroscopic water (HzO) _____ ------ ____
Water of composition (H20) _____________

Carbon anhydride (C02)-------- __ ---- __ Sulphuric anhydride (SOa) ____________ ._

3.15 .45 .09
-----
.13 .31 6.75 44.76 .13
--- --
.41 .47 43.06
-----

1.15 .22
tr.
-----
.23 .26 .56 53.80 .07
__, ___
.23 .69 42.69
----- '"

.78 tr. -----
--. --
.12
-----
.07 I 54.91
.18
.11 -----
.35 43.16 tr.

Total____ -'- ____ "__________________ . 99.71

99.90

99.68

Mechanical admixtures of silica and alumina are objectionable, as

1Hoen, A. B., Iowa Geological Survey; Vol. XITI, 1902; p. 846.

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES

17

they leave a roughened surface when the limestone is etched. Calcite in veins or distributed irregularly throughout the stone is also obj-ectionable. A cross section perpendicular to the plane of stratification shows the character of the texture. The hardness required to suit the engraver is best determined by the engraver himself. Absorption and specific gravity tests are important.
Lithographic stone is not confined to any geologic formation, but may be found in any sedimentary rocks where the conditions of sedimentation were satisfied.
PAPER MANUF.ACTURE
Paper is largely manufactured from two types of material: (1) straw, rags, etc.; or (2) wood pulp. In the manufacture of paper from straw and rags, lime oxide is used to dissolve any fatty impurities which may be present. The lime oxide should be derived from a highcalcium limestone.
In the manufacture of paper from wood pulp, there are two important methods of reducing the wood to pul.p: (1) the soda process; and (2) the sulphite process. High-calcium lime is used in the former process while dolomitic lime is used in the latter.
LEATHER M.ANUF.ACTURE
High-calcium lime, low in silica, alumina and iron, is preferable in the tanning process of hides and skins. Lime in solution as "milk of lime" is used to remove the flesh adhering to the skins, to loosen the hair, and to soften an4 swell the hides for the further processes to which they are subjected.
SUG.AR M.ANUF.ACTURE
Calcium oxide in solution in the form of "milk of lime," used in
the manufacture of sugar, must be derived from a high-calcium lime-
stone, low in silica, alumina, and iron, and especially low in magnesia. Magnesia forms a soluble compound with sugar, while calcium forms an insolU:~le tricalcium sucrate which may be separated by filtering and later when carbon dioxide gas is passed into solution it is broken down into calcium carbonate and a solution of sugar.

18

G~OLOGIC..AL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

MANUFACTURE OI!' GLUE
In the manufacture of glue, organic animal refuse is :treated with tinslaked or lime hydrate ill: the form of "milk of lime" to remove the oils, flesh, and blood, and to disintegrate the tissues and to soften the marrow..
SoAP .AND CANDLES ('_'
.High-calcium limes with a small quantity~ ;of. magnesia are used with sodium carbonate to reduce it to caustic S.Qdfl. which is used with fats to form soap. By the addition of sulphur,ic p.cid the ~ree organic acids are separated and are used in the manufacture of candles.
GROUND LIMESTONE
Agricu. ltural p.urposes.-Gr.ound limestone is used to perform the same. functions in soils as; burnt lime. The chemical activity of the ground limestone will depend on the degree of fineness of the particles. For agricultural purposes they are usually ground to a fineness of 60 to 70 mesh. Ground limestone can be applied at any season of the year.. It can be equally disti-ibuted on or into the soil and the ."burning;'~ which may result from the excess of slaked lime due to the crude method of distributing it upon the surface; is not likely to occur.
Lime is also used largely for many purposes which have not been mentioned above. Among the more important uses are: the manufacture of sand-lime brick, slag cement, pottery, hydrating agents, disinfecting compounds, etc.
BURNING 0 LIMESTONES.
The high-calcium, magnesium and dolomitic limes are all produced in the same general way, namely, by the decarbonation of limestone. The character of the resultant product depends largely on the chemical composition of the calcined rock. High-argillaceous limestones are seldom used for lirrie, but more especially in the manufacture of the complex ce~ents. The chemical reactions which take place in the bu~ing o1f each variety will be discussed under the classification of limes. In the manufacture of quicklime, the carbon dioxide must be driven from the limestone, the water in the limestone must be evaporated and the stone must be heated to its dissociation temperature.

LIMESTONES, CL.AYS, SH.ALES .AND SL.ATES

19

The dissociation temperature varies ior each variety of limestone and also in two limestones of the same chemical composition, due to differences in texture, hardness, compactness, etc. Water is often added in the burning process forming when heated steam, which, in association with the carbon dioxide given off by the limestone, still further aids in the dissociation of the stone.
The types of kilns most used today in burning limestone are the intermittent and the continuous kilns which are here described.
INTERMITTENT KILNS
Intermittent kilns are vertical with mixed feed. After the kiln is charged, burned, and cooled, the lime is drawn. While this method of manufacture is still in use in the rural districts in some localities, it is regarded today as distinctly primitive. '
CONTINUOUS KiLNS
In all of the continuous kilns, the burnt lime is withdr~wn from below while the limestone is added at the top and there is no interruption in the production, unless so desire.d by the operator. These kilns are of four types: (1) vertical kilns with mixed feed; (2') vertical kilns with separate feed; (3) ring or chamber kilns; (4) rotary kilns.
Vertical kilns with mixed feed.-These are of many types, and on account of their ease of construction they are usually made in the vicinity in which the lime is manufactured. They vary from square or bottle-shaped stone kilns to those made of iron or steel plates and lined in the interior with fire-brick. The feeding of the kiln takes place from the top where first a layer of coal and then a layer of limestone is added and so on alternately and continuously, or at regular intervals. A fire is started at the bottom and as it works its way up, the limestone is calcined and is drawn at the bottom. The manufacture of lime by this process has the following advantages: (1) construction is cheaper .than separate feed kilns or chambe_r or ring kilns; (2) less amount of fuel is necessa_ry to burn the lime; (3) the yield is larger for the same size of kiln. The lime is usually of lower grade however than that which is burnt in separate feed kilns, due to admixture of ash and clinker with lime.

20

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

V e1tical kilns with separate, feed.-In these kilns the hot fue! gasses, only, come in contact with the limestone, which is fed in at the top while the fuel which consists of coal or wood, is fed into fire boxes which are usually set into the walls of stone kilns, while in the more modern iron and steel kilns, the fuel is burnt in horizontal furnaces from two to four in number built out from the kiln above the drawing pan. Producer gas is also used.
Ring or chamber kilns.-The Hoffman kiln1 is the best known type of the ring or chamber kiln, and while it has been used extensively in Germany for the manufacture of lime as well as Portland cement and brick, it has not come into use in this country. The fuel consumption is low in comparison with the vertical kiln; however, it requires skilled labor for each operation.
Rotary kilns.-The New York li~e c~mpany at Natural Bridge,
N. Y., was the first company in this country to carry on the successful manufacture of lime in the rotary, kiln. This method of manufacture
results in a lime which is superior in many ways to lime burned in the
vertical kiln and many difficulties of burning are done away with. The following references are cited for those interested in the manufacture of litne in the rotary kiln :
Rock Products, V.ol. IV, No. 1, p. 35. Flrase-h, .Mineral Industry, Vol. VII, p. 491.
Spa,c$.:man, Henry 0., Rock Pr:oduct's, Vol. TV, No. 21 p. 38.
Rock Products, Vol. IV, No. 5, p. 45.
FUEL USED IN LIME BURNING
The two principal materials used in Georgia for lime burning are .wood and coal. Wood is best suited technically. With good wood, more lime, as a rule, can be produced than with coal; however, the cost of wood today is usually slightly greater per ton of lime produced.
Coal is gradually replacing wood for the burning of limestone, due to the scarcity and high cost of wood in most localities. With the modern appliances for burning coal the many .objections to its use which formerly existed are done away with.
The cost of burning depends on: (1) the chemical character of
1Frasch, Mineral Industry, Vol. VII, p. 491.

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES

21

the limestone, whether high-calcium, dolomitic, or argillaceous; (2) the physical character of the rock, nature of crystallinity, texture, degree of consolidation, etc. ; ( 3) the kind of fuel used, quality, and cost ; (4) the skill of. the burners.
Few lime burners keep any accurate account of the amou~t of fuel consumed per ton of lime. Statistics are not available on the cost of production of lime in this State; however, for those interested in the character of fuels used in other states and the cost of production, the following references are cited :
1905--Grimsley, G. P., Clays, Limestones, Cements: W. Va. Geol. Snrvey, Vol. ill, 1905, pp. 360-368 'and 383-384.
1906-0rton, Edward., and Pepple, Samuel Vernon, Limestones, Lime and Sand-lime Brick: Geol. Survey of Ohio, 4th ser. Bulls. 4 and 5, 1906, pp. 291-293.
1907-Eckel, Edwin C., Cements, Limes and Plasters: 1907, pp. 98-112. 1907-Bueib.ler, H. A., The Lime and Cemen,t Resources of Missouri: Mo. Bureau of Geology & Mines, Vol. VI, 2nd ser., 1907, pp. 37-43.
CLbSSil'IOATl!ON OF COMMON LIMES
The common limes are classified, according to their chemical composition, as follows: high-calcium limes, magnesian limes, dolomitic limes, dolomites, and argillaceous limes.
HIGH-CALCIUM LIMES
When limestones contain less than 5 per cent. of magnesium carbonate and a small percentage of other impurities they produce, when decarbonated, a high-calcium lime. The chemical changes which take place in a theoretically pure limestone in the burning process are the following!
Limestone (CaC03) +heat= quicklime (CaO) +carbon dioxide (C02 ).
If the quicklime is exposed to the atmosphere it will absorb water and form hydrated calcium oxide (Ca(OH) 2 ). The same result can be had by the addition of water: CaO + H 20=Ca(OH) 2 After the lime has "slaked" and is further exposed to the atmosphere it takes up carbon dioxide (C02 ) and the chemical reaction may be expressed as follows :
Calcium hydrate (Ca(OH) 2 ) +carbon dioxide (C02 ) =calcium

22

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

carbonate (CaC03 ) +water (H20), thus the calcium oxide by combination with the carbon dioxide of the air returns to the carbonate and the water evaporates into the air. High-calcium limes are known to the mixer as "strong limes," on account of the fact that they will carry more sand than other. limes. A theoretically pure limestone carries 56 parts by weight of calcium oxide (CaO) a,nd 44 parts by weight of carbGm dioxide (C02 ), and if we assume that decarbonation is complete we may express the result as follows:
100 pounds calcium carbonate (CaC03 ) +heat== 56 pounds of quicklime (CaO)+ 44 pounds of carbon dioxide (C02 ).
MAGNESIAN UMES
When a limestorte contains more than 5 per cent. and less than 30 per cent. of magnesium ~arbonate it produces, when burnt, a magnesian lime. The carbon dioxide is driven off precisely as in, a theotretically pure high-calcium lime; however, there are some differences in burning and usually less heat is required for decarbonation.

DOLOMITIC LIMES AND DOLOMITES

I

.

Most of the commercial limes carrying J:I:lagnesia approach the com-

position of a dolomite. When a dolomite is calcined, the amount of

calcium and magnesium oxides in 100 pounds of dolomite can be

d.etermin. ed and expressed in a commercial formula as follows : . Calcium carbonate ,(CaC03 ) 54.3 per: cent.+ Magnesium carbonate
(MgC03 ) 45.7 per cent.= a theoretical dolomite.

Calcium carbonate is made up of 56 per cent. calcium oxide (CaO)

and 44 per cent. carbon dioxide (C02 ). If we now assume that decarbonation is complete, the loss of carbon dioxide on calcination, due to

the calcium carbonate, will be 54.3 X 44 = 23.9 per cent. carbon diox-

ide (C02 ), and the residue of calcium oxide due to the calcium car-

bonate will be 30.4 per cent.

'

I

Magnesium cC).rbonate contains 48.0 per cent. magnesium oxide

(MgO) and 52. per cent. carbon dioxide (C02 ), hence 45.7 X .52= 23.7 carbon dioxide (C02 ) and the residue of Magnesium oxide (MgO), due to the magnesium carbonate, will be 22 per cent. The

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES

23

total composition of the original rock may be expressed as follows: The original. rock contains in 100 lbs._______ 30.4 lbs. CaO and -------------------------------- 22.0 " MgO

making a total of______________________ 52.4 " CaO and MgO contained in 100 lbs. of dolomite.
.ARGILLACEOUS LIMES
Limestones high in silica and .alumina are seldom burned for common lime, but are extensively used in the manufacture of complex hydraulic cements.
HYDRATED LIMES
When quicklime is exposed to the atmosphere for any length of time or if water is added the lime combines with the water to form slaked or hydrated lime. The chemical reaction is as follows :
Lime (CaO) +water (H20) =lime hydrate (Ca(OH2). It has been realized for many years that when quicklime (CaO) is slaked by the ordinary laborer, too much or too little water is added and an unsatisfactory product is likely to result. The quicklime generates heat on slaking, and if too little water is added "burning" is likely to occur, while too much water is equally as objectionable. It is almost impossible for the day laborer to mix the quicklime and water in the proper proportions. The results of a poorly mixed lime hydrate may cause "pitting" and cracking of the mortar. Lime hydrate can now be carefully manufactured and the unsatisfactory results mentioned above done away with.
METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
(1) The carbon dioxide must be driven from the limestone as in any ordinary process in the manufacture of quicklime (CaO). (2) The quicklime must be ground to a fairly uniform small size. In some plants it is crushed to about one inch while in others it is reduced to one-half inch size or to a fine powder. (3) The ground quicklime must be intimately mixed with sufficient water. There are a number of methods used for hydrating the quicklime; however, the principal object of them all is to thoroughly and intimately mix the quicklime

24

GEOLOGICAL SURV;EY OF GEORGIA

and water. The amount of the water to be added depends on the chemical character of the quicklime. Different amounts are added to a high-calcium, a dolomitic or a high-magnesium lime, and the amount to be added in each case is determined by exp~rience. (4) Any unhydrated lumps or cores must be separated by screening from the fine slaked lime.
The very fine hydrated lime is packed in bags and sold according to the standards adopted by ~he hydrated lime manufacturers of the United States1 The cost and equipment of a hydrated lime plant depends on the character of the stone and the method of manufacture.
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRATED LIME
Hydrated lime is characterized by the. foHowing advantages: (1) It will not. air slake, for it has taken up already the necessary amount
of water of combination. It will 'therefore keep for a long time in
barrels, sacks, or paper bags. As it does not absorb water, there is no danger of expansion which takes place in quicldime (Ca6), due to the absorption of water front the atmosphere. It can be shipped by water and there is no d<;~.nger of heat being generated and consequent fire. (2') It does not contain, grit or "core"-this is separated by screening. (3) "PoPping" and cracking of mortars made with hydrated lime are not so likely to occur as. from lime-hydrate roughly prepared. (4) It can be mixed uniformly with cement and is used for the purpose of water-proofing the latter or to ma:ke a more easily troweled mortar.
USES OF HYDRATED LIME
The more important uses of hydrated lime are : for purifying water, washing boilers, iron moulding, agricultural purposes, coM water p~ints, glass industry, a dry spray and in solution with sulphur for fruit trees, etc. Hydrated lii:ne mixed with natut:al cements and gypsum .makes a slow setting, but very hard, plaster. Hydrated lime added to and ground with natural cement rock adds greatly to the strength of the cement mortar2 By the addition of hydrated lime to Portland cement
a.Engineering News, Sept. 8, 1904, Vol. 52, p. 220. 2Bleininger, .A;;- V., The Manufacture of Hydraulic' Cements: Geological Survey o:f Ohio, Bull. 8, 4th ser., 1904, p. 191.

LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES

25

mortars, better working properties, a greater density, and waterproofing qualities are the result. Hydrated lime as a disinfectant is equally as good as the quicklime. It can be put up in small packages for sale and can be kept almost indefinitely. Hydrated lime is used for many other purposes.

LITERATURE ON HYDRATED LIME

1903-Brig1ham, S. Y., The Manufa,cture and Properties of Hydrate of

Lime; Engineering News, Vol. 50, Aug. 27, 1903, pp. 177-179. 1903~Warner, C., Hydrated Lime: Engineering News, Vol. 50, Oct. 8,

1903, pp. 320-321.

1903-Warner, C., Strength Tests of Mixtures of Hydrated lime arid

Port1and Cement: Engineering News, Vol. 50, Dec. 17, 1903, p. 544.

1904-Peppel, S. V., Lime Experiments: Rock Products, Vol. 3, April-

May, 1904, p. 17.

1904-Brigham, S. Y., Hydrated Lime: EngineeLring News, Vol. 50, June 9,

1904, p. 543.

1904-W,arner, C., Standards Adopted by Manufacturers of Hydrated Lime:

Engineering News, Vol. 52, .Sept. 8, 1904, p. 220.

.

1906-Drton; Edward, Jr., and Peppel, Samuel Vernon, The Limestone Re-

soruces and the Lime Industry of Ohio: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ohio No. 4, 4th

ser., July, 1906.

1910-Lazell, E. W., Comparative Tests of Lime Mortar, Both Tension

.and Compression-Hydrated Lime and Sand-Cement Lime and Sand: Rock

Products, Vol. X, No. 3, Sept. 22, 1910, pp. 48-51.

1910-Matthews, E. B., and Gr,asty, J. S., The Limestones of Maryland:

Maryland Geo1. Survey, Vol. VIII, pt. 3, 1910, pp. 225-229.

CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES
CLAYS
' ORIGIN
Clays consist of a heterogeneous mixture of rock constituents the nature of which depends upon the character of the material from which the clay is derived. Clays are all of secondary origin and are derived from either igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks, resulting from the disintegration of these rocks by the normal processes of weathering and erosion. Clays may be either residual or transported. Residual clays are those derived in situ from the underlying rocks. Transported clays consist of stream, glacial, lacustrian, marine, and estuarine deposits.

.26

GEOLOGIC.AL SURVfEJ! OF. GEORGIA

PHYSICA;L CHARA:CTER

The residual clays, resulting from the decomposition of igneous,

.metamorphic and sedimentary .rooks, are seldom uniform in their physi-

cal charact~r and usually contain fragments of siliceous nodules, com-

cretions, etc., which may be interspersed throughout the original rocks.

The transported clays which consist of stream deposits vary from fine

to coarse-grained clays, but are seldom uniform over a sufficient thick-

ness for economic,use in the manufacture of cement.
'
CHEMICAL'CHARACTER

The residual and transported stream clays of North Georgia and

the consolidated shales and slates may all be of similar'chemical char-

acter. However, some chemical constituent usually :predominates and

they may be classified as siliceous, aluminous, ferruginous, and car-

bonaceous.

SHALES AND SLATES

ORIGIN
Shales consist of fine muds or clays whi~h have been -at some time

deposited in water and have been subsequently subjected to pressure

and consolidated into r.ocks, possessing characteristic cleavage or other

structures. The P.ressure was due either to the weight of the over-

lying rock formed by subsequent deposition, to forces to which these

rocks were subjected during mountain f01"ming periods of the earth's

crust, or to both of these causes combined. Under further pressure

and increased temperature the character and structure of the shale

were altered, chemical changes took place, the rock underwent a re-

crystallization, perfect cleavage and fissility developed and the shales

were changed into slates.

. PHYSICAL CHARACTER

Shales vary in color from cream and white to black, depending on

' the presence or absence of carbonaceous matter and variations in chemi-

cal composition.

.

In texture, the shales vary from fine-grained, close, compact; con-

solidated clays to semi-crystalline and crystalline slates. Shales are

characterized by their fissile nature which is usually parallel to the



LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES

27

original bedding while the cleavage of a slate may be at any angle to the stratification. The weathering of shales is often a criterion of their chemical composition. Shales weather splintery, hacldy, pisolitic-like, etc. Argillaceous shales usually break down at once, on exposure; to clays, while the more siliceous varieties weather hackly or splintery, and when they are highly crystalline, as in commercial slates, they retain their fissile character when exposed to the weather for a long period of time.
Slates are quite deficient in plasticity, while shales are usually somewhat deficient; however, shales which have been superficially disintegrated by weathering agencies often contain sufficient plasticity for the manufacture of brick of superior quality.
CHEMICAL CHARACTER
The chemical composition of shales varies between rather wide limits. Silica and alumina are the most abundant constituents present, while lime, magnesia, manganese, iron, titanium, and the alkalies are present in smaller amounts. The term shale signifies no specific chemical composition ; however, as a geologic term it. signifies fineness and uniformity of composition over a unit of uniform lithologic similarity.
CLASSIFICATION OF SHALES
Shales may be described as siliceous, aluminous, ferruginous, calcareous, and carbonaceous.
Siliceous shales.-Distinctly siliceous shales of extremely fine grain are rare. They represent the transition stage between the formation of normal shales and sandstones.
Aluminous shales.-Shales with a relatively high content of alumina in comparison to silica are referred to as aluminous shales.
Ferruginous shales.-Unweathered shales usually contain iron in the form of ferrous carbonate which gives to the shale a dark gray to bluish gray color; the carbonate Lecomes oxidized in the weathered shale to the ferric oxide, which gives the shale a reddish or brownish appearance. Iron may occur as ferrous carbonate in the form of concretions. When the concretions occur in large quantity or in such a

28

GEOLOGIC.AL SUJJ,VEY OF GEORGI.A

state that they can not be economically separated the shale becomes worthless. for most col'nmercial purposes. Iron is1liable to occur in the form of iron sulphide (iron pyrite) and it is _equally as objectionable as the concretions above mentioned. The iron sulphide is oxidized in the weathered shale to the svlg_lJ,ate and gives a somewhat mottled yellow color to the shales.
Calcareous es,ha.Zes.-, Shal~s~a-rryirtg more than 5 p~r cent. of lime are usually referred to as calcareous. Shales wlikh rest coilformably upof! limestone and thin bedded shales interstratified with limestones are usually calcareou~. A shale may owe its content of lime both to organic and inorganic agencies.
Carbonaceous shales.-These shales are char<+cteri4ed by the presence of carbonaceous matter which may vary from a trace to at least 14 per cent. The shale is dark brown to black in cqlor and where the
content of iron' is high the color ~s often green.

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CE..MENTS
THE . RELATION OF HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS
Hydraulic limes, natural cement and Portland cement differ from one another in physical and ch~mical character. Their peculiar characteristics are due as much to their physical condition, resulting from a definite process of manufacture, as to their chemical composition. Matthews and Grasty1 comment as follows on the classification of these compounds:
Nearly all formulas have supposed that cements and hy<kaulic limes owe their hydraulic properties to definite chemical compounds. The most recent investigations which have been made upon this class Of materials tend to prove that they are not definite compounds, but wha.t are known to physical chemists .as solid so!l.utions, and are similar in chatracter to blast furnace slags, steel an.d alloys. It would seem better, therefore, to classify these compounds accol'ding to their physical properties an.d method of manufacture, rather than according to their chemical chamcteristics. Such a classification would be tJ:J.e following:
J Common lime: Limes made by burning relatively pure limestones, which, when mixed with water, slake and show no hydrulic properties.
2. Hydraulic limes: Limes made by burning impure limestones at a low temperature which slake with water, but which show hydraulic properties.
3. Natural cements: Cements which are made by burning impure limesstones at a low temperature (insu:ffjcient to vitrify) which do not slake with water, but require to be ground in order to convert them into a hydraulic cement.
4. Portland cement: Hydraulic cements which are made by heating to incipient vitrification a mixture of argillaceous and calcatreous substances, which product does not slake with water, but upon grinding forms a.n energetic hydraulic cement.
5. Puzzol.an cement: Gements which are formed by incorporating slaked lime with a finely g.round slag or volcanic ash.
lThe Limestones of Maryland, with special reference to their use in the manu. facture of cement: Special Publication Md. Geol. Survey, Vol. :VIII, pt. 3, 1910, pp. 270-271.

30

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The hydraulic limes are burned at a low temperature so that the

resultant material will contain sufficient free lime to slake the entire

'

.

. clinker when water is added. The taw materials used in the manu-

facture of natural cements are burned to a higher temperature than

the hydraulic limes, that is, to a temperature of.900-l,OO.O degrees cen-

tigrade, so that the carbon dioxide .is driven off and the calcium and

magnesium oxides combine with the argillaceous ingredients. The

natural cements which contai1,1 a low content of argillaceous material

are mo;:te .nea.rly like the hydraulic limes, while those with a high con-

tent of silica and alumina more closely approach a Portland cement.

The fine grinding and burning of Portland cement mixtures to incipient

vitrification, followed by ,the fi:ne grinding of. the clinker, results in a

cement entirely distinct from the hydraulic limes and natural cements.

Portland cements s~t slo;vy~r than natural cements and attain a higher

tensile and crushing sttength.

HYD!t.AULIC LIMES
Hydraulic limes occupy art intennediate position between what are known as simple limes, which show no hydraulic properties, and the complex cements, which are eminently hydraulic.
Hydraulic limes are made by burning siliceous or argillaceous limestones and at times a magnesian limestone _(in the, manufacture of feebly hydraulic limes) at a moderate temperature. While the raw materials used in the manufacture of hydraulic limes occur in this
v,
country, but little has been manufactured; however, a considerable quantity of hydrauli~ lime (including Grappier cements) is imported annually. Its chara.cteristic liglJ.t color, due to the low content of iron and soluble salts, has made it valuable, especially in interior work. The white cements which are now being manufactured in the United States are taking the place of the foreign hydraulic limes.
The hydraulic limes have been classified by Eckel1 as: (l) eminently hydraulic limes; and (2) feebly hydraulic limes.
1Eckel, Edwin C., Cements, Limes and Plasters, 1907.

HYDE.A.VLIC LIMES, N.A.TVE.A.L AND FOBTLAND CEMENTS 31

EMINENTLY HYDRAULIC LIMES
Raw materials.-The more important constituents of the limestones used in actual practice vary between the following limits :
Per Cent. Calcium carbonate (Ga003) 3 9 - 45 Silica (SiOz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 17
Alumina (AlzOa) .. . 1 _
J Ferric Oxide (FezOs) ......... ........ . ... 0 3

The calcined stone must satisfy the following conditions: (1) it must contain sufficient free lime to slake the. entire clinker when water is added. (2) Just sufficient free lime should be present to effect the disintegration of the clinker. (3) Free silica and alumina should not be present in the clinker.
Grappier cements.-These cements are made by the fine grinding of the underburned and overburned material resulting in the manufacture of eminently hydraulic limes. Lafarge non-staining cement made in France is a well known Grappier cement.

FEEBLY HYDRAULIC LIMES

Raw materials.-The more important constituents of the limestones

used in actual practice vary between the following limits:

Per Cent.

Lime and Magnesia (CaD+ MgO) ................. 45-48

Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 - 36

Silica (Si02)
Alumina (Al20a) ......... l
Ferric Oxide (Fe20a) .......................... j

5- 8 4- 7

The calcined stone contains a large excess of free lime, reducing the hydraulic property to almost nil.
Selenitic lime.-The feebly hydraulic limes form the base for the manufacture of selenitic limes, often known as Scott's cement, which consist primarily of lime (CaO) plus a small amount of sulphur trioxide (803 )
. BURNING OF HYDRAULIC LIMES
Hydraulic limes are burned in kilns similar to the types used in the manufacture of simple limes. The argillaceous character of the

32

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

rock necessitates a higher temperature in the kiln for complete decar-
bonation than a common high-calcium OJ dolomitic limestone.
THE EVOLUTION OF .CEMENTS
It has b~en recognized since very early times that the product resulting from the burning of limestone when mixed with sand and water would 'Produce an ordinary lime mortar. Lime mortar, however, would !not harden under- .water. A material was needed for construction which would harden under water as well as in air and such a material now knOtwn as -"natural cement" was used by the ancient Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans. Cummings1 says :
The fact is, that the history of natural rock cement rea,ches so far back into the early .ages, th~t it is impossible to learn precise_ly the date of its first fabrieoation.' But we do kn.ow that the ancient Egyptians made natural cement foU!r thousand years ago which would set and harden under water. The Romans over two thousand years ago made most excellent natu~al cement, and used it in enormous quantities for sewers, water pipes, bathing fourutains, piers; breakwaters, :aqueducts, etc.
Many American writers have stated that the pyramids of Egypt were built of cement. In a letter from Athens, Greece, to the writer, Dr. D. M. Robinson2 says:
The pyramids of Egypt have no cement. They are built of blocks of native sto.n.e and the whole was covered with slabs of marble' The covering w:as long ago removed.
John Aspdin of Leeds, England, originated the name "Portland cement," which he . applied to the resulting product made from limestone and clay after burning and grinding. This material, when it hardened, so closely resembled the stone from Portland, England, that he called it Portland cement. While the name Portland cement has remained, it is today a very different material,, from the cement made by Aspdin. It is generally thought that Aspdin made nothing more than an artificial Roman cement. Portland cement of today is a product; not an invention. It has been produced as the result of years of
. arduous investigations and has reached its present stage of perfection
through the normal process of evolution from the simple to the complex.
1Cumm1ngs, 1Jriah, American Cements, 1898, p. 13. 2Professor of Greek, American School of Classical Studies, Athens, 190-9-1910.

HYDE.ADLIC LIMES, N.Al'DR.AL .AND PORTLAND CEM:ENTS 33
About the year 1818, a great deal of canal construction was going on in the United States and the engineers in charge were on the lookout fot a material which would produce a natural cement. Canvas White; an engineer, found a natural cement rock near Chittenango, Madison County, New York, from which he manufactured a hydraulic cement used in the construction of the Erie canal. This marks the beginning of the cement industry in the United States. Natural cement was found in many other localities soon after this discovery was made by White.
At the time Aspdin made his so-called Portland cement in England in 1824, it had not been recognized that burning the material to incipient vitrification was essential. It is not known definitely at just what time it was recognized as essential for a Portland cement, however, it was known prior to 1859.
In 1875 the Coplay Cement Company, of Coplay, Penn., which company was at that time manufacturing a natural cement, was able through the experimental work of their President, David 0 .. Saylor, to manufacture the first Portland cement made in this country.
Between the years 1875 and 1883, there was little advance in the manufacture of cements in America. Time was necessary to put the American cements on an equal footing with the European Portlands. Since 1890 the increase has been phenominal and the production and growth of natural and Portland cement in the United States can best be seen in the accompanying table No. 1.
NATURAL CB:MENTS
Natural, Roman, and Rosendale cements are all derived from the same class of raw materials and the same general process of manu4 facture is used in their preparation. In the discussion which follows, they are all included under the general term natural cements.
Natural cements consist of those materials resulting from the burn..: ing and subsequent grinding of an argillaceous limestone containing natural compounds or mixtures of those compounds which, when combined, possess hydraulic properties. Natural cements are often referred to as hvdraulic cements. All lime cements are hydraulic.

34

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

R.A.w M.A.TERIALS The raw materials used,in the manufacture of natural cements may be found throughout the sedimentary rocks from the Cambrian to the Recent, and they are widely distributed geographically. The raw materials contain froni.15 to 30 or 40 per cent. of argillaceous material which combines with the lime, and also with the magnesia when p~es ent, to give the cement its hydraulic properties. Magnesia is not an objection<iLble constituent in a natural cement. It hydrates readily when it is calcined at a temperature below 1,000 degrees centigrade, while a highly burned rock containing a high content of magnesia hydrates slowly. The magnesia acts like lime combining with the argillaceous constituents to form silicates and aluminates. In the table below, analyses are presented of natural cement rocks from the more important localities in the Southern States.

COMPOSITION
The wide range of the composition of natural cements is due to difflerences in the character of the raw materials; in the methods of burning, and in the temperature attained, all of which cause differences in the chemical combination of the constituents and in their physical properties.

HYDRAULIC LIMES, N.ATVRAL .AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 35
Analyses of Natural Cement Rocks in the Southern States

Location.

:-s.-... I +0 I I&oI-S~ I ,...._

,........ ceo~

"" .5 ~

c:e9 S<t1 c:::>OO
s 2 ~...._,

:;:::!___.

-<
:;z 00.

CD
~ -~ <'l '"0

_,b >=!

,-.,.

.Q.!J,..~.-....

~CD

CD

.Q

lXl cq

c:e 0

"" o o :><: ~
c:::> Cl) ;::::~
'C""l)' '-"
~

Cl)
;.::1

,....... 0 c:e

...c...:l-0--.
>~g=3'! -:;-bg'lJ :;g

g3

oC+'l =>5'.""_'

_. ~

~;=: z'-c":e

,..qQ
"o8..o'-o"

~

00

_:o...:. :_l_P_. ..CgQ3O~ Z' .." .. 0 ,...., ..., ,.......
p,,..~o...qq,..x:s0Cil)...0.Oa$:; ~<.'l .0;o>=!PO'--oC"''l:.-.~.c2:,e "~.0."...

- ---- -- --- --

Maryland_ Cumberland1 ___ 24.74 16.74 6.30 23.41 4.09 6.18 2.22 -- -- -- --- 22.90 -- --

'---v--"

Maryland_ Hancock2 __ ---- 19.81 7.35 2.41 35.76 2.18 ---- -- -- ---- ----- 31.74

~

Maryland_ Antietama______ 15.97 7.59 23.72 15.60 - - 0. 71 - - -- -- - 34.82

~

Virginia___ Baleony Falls4 __ 17.30 6.18 1.62 29.54 13.05 ---- ---- ---- ---.- 34.17

1 ~~~~~o~85 W VirMginia

74

..---'----..

Shepherdstown5 15.89 5.58 1.0052.74 19.06 4.92 0.31 0.12 ---- ...

Cedar Cli:ff6 ____ 27.86 11.71 .72 40.74 13.95 1.30 ---- ---- -----

Kentucky_ Louisville7 ------ 9.69 2.77 1.95 29.09 15.69 ---- -- -- ---- -- --- 40.14

'---v--"

Geo,gia___ Cement8 - ______ 5.28 Georgia___ Rossv:ille9 _ _ __ _ _ 6. 52 Georgia___1Rossville1 o_____ 122. 93

2.62 \30.6017.25~---. 0.02 0.04 3.83 ---------
0.96 47.98 1.25 ---- ---- tr. 2.58 40.71
4.16 33.80 0.45 ---- 0.03 0.02 10.43 28.18

1Eckel, E. C., Cements, Limes and Plasters, 1907, p. 206. 2Ibid. 3!bid, p. 218. 4lbid, p. 212. ~Grimsley, Geo. P., Clays, Limestones, Cements W. Va. Geol. Survey, VoL III, 1905, p. 500. 6!bid, p. 508. 7"Crown Brand," Hansdale Mill, New Albany Cement Co. Analysis by W. A. Noyes, quoted by Siebenthal, 25th Ann. Rept., Ind. Dept. Geol. & Nat. Res., pp. 880-386. 6From strata of dolomitic limestone used at the present time. 9Limestone. 10Argillaceous limestone locally known as "cement rock." 9 and 10 are burnt separately, then mixed and ground to produce a natural cement.

In the following table are 1lresented analyses of the natural cements

at the more important localities in the Southern states :

36

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OJJ' GEORGIA

Analyses of Natural Cements in the Southern States

Location.

__...
0

CD
'"0 -~

.'".C.0.D.

. z ,..__
ra o Col
.s .s 0 li!g
g::s ~w.
s2- ~'-"
< 8 - - 00.

..---. OQ

.'.tC.:.D.i

,..c_o_

<ilO ~

~0 ~

~5

~

CD

Iii

..... ..... IDO c:ilr-. - 0 CSD h~bD
Iii'-'
~

Col c:il
;=I Col
~<i.!l:!~1

0 .

.t:.:.:J.s.

..---.
co

..clO

~
'"0,-.
~ Col
oO

,.:&::0;0'-.' Iii'-'

00.

D

....._

!V

0
Col

+<=>ill:'C-l'
~

Maryland ____ Cumberland1 ___ 25.70 12.28 4.22 52.69 1.44 ----- ----- ---------

r

~

Maryland____ Hancock2 ______ 28.02 10.20 8.80 44.48 l.OO 0.50 ----- 7.00
Maryland ____ Antietam3 ______ 33.50 10.44 3.25 29.38 13.37 --- -- 1.15 7.15 Virginia___ --- Balcony Falls4. __ 25.15 8.00 3.28 49.53 13.78 ----- - -- -- 0.26

~

West Virginia Shepherdstown5 33.42 10.04 6.00 32.79 9.59 0.50 ----- ----- ---West Virginia Cedar Cliff6 ____ 27.86 11.71 2.72 40.74 13.95 1.30 -- --- ----- 0.85

~

Kentucky ____ Louisville7 ------ 21.10 7.50 44.40 7.00 .80 ----- 11.18 1.16

~

~

Georgia ______ Cement8 _ ------ 22.58 7.23\ 335 48.18 15.00 ----- ----- 3.66

~

~

Georgia______ Cement9 _______ 19.60 11.60 48.96 18.14 ----- ----- ----- ----

~
Georgia. ___ . _'Rossvillel o_____ 25.89 .6.201 1.99 34.09 1. 59~---- 0.50_~--- ----

IDaw, A. W., .Alnalyst, Mi-n. l!hd,, Vol. 6, p. 96. 2Cummings, Uriah, American, Cements, 1898, p. 36, Round Top hydraulic cement. BRichardson, C., An~Myst, Brickbuilder, Vol. 6, p. 229. 4Cummings, Uriah, American Cements, 1898, p. 36, James River hydraulic cement. 5Ibid, p. 35, Shepherdstown hydraulic cement. GAttix, J. C., Analyst, W. Va. 'Ge<>l. Survey, Vol. III, 1905, p. 503. 7Mineral Industry, Vol; I, -p. 50. scummings, Uriah, Americrun Cements, 1898, p. 35.
DBowron, w. M., Analyst, Eckel, E. C., Cements; Limes & Plasters, 1907, p. 253.
IClark, C. M., Analyst, Supplied by Chickamauga Cement Co.

M.ANUFAC'I'URE
Winning the raw materials.-The raw materials are quarried in open pits or mined. The majority of the materials. used in the manufacture of natural cements, with the exception of those in the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania and New ]ersey, occur in beds six to eight feet in thickness, and on account of the structural conditions and the usual considerable thickness of overlying rocks, are most economically secured by mining.
The argillaceous limestone should be broken into pieces of ap-

HYDRAULIC LIMES, N.ATUE.AL .AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 37
proximately the same dimensions. The more satisfactory method is to pass the rock through crushers. When the rock. is fed into the kiln in uniform sizes a better utiliz:ation of the kiln space is secured and a greater uniformity of burning results. When materials of different size are fed into the kiln the smaller masses will be overburned before the larger ones are thoroughly calcined.
Types of kilns.-Argillaceous limestones used in the manufacture of natural cements can be burnt either in vertical continuous feed kilns or in rotary kilns similar to those used in the manufacture of Portland cement. The general type is the vertical continuous feed kiln much like the ordinary lime kiln, but usually larger. The average size consists of a vertical cylinder ten feet in diameter and 24 feet high, the lower seven feet is funnel shaped, tapering to three feet in diameter and narrowing to a neck through which the calcined rock is drawn. The coal, which consists of either an anthracite or a high grade bituminous variety, is either fed into the kilns with the argillaeous limestone or in alternate layers. This method of adding the fuel necessarily causes irregularity in burning, and the raw materials in close contact with the fuel will probably be overburnt before the Emestone that is not in direct contact with it .is thoroughly calcined. This difficulty could be overcome and the quality of the cement greatly improved by burning the fuel in furnac~s arranged at the bottom and around the vertical kilns.
Burning.-The changes which take vlace in burning an argillaceous limestone consist first in the driving off of carbon dioxide from the calcium and magnesium carbonates and the combination of the resulting calcium and magnesium oxides with the argillaceous materials to form silicates. Magnesium carbonates decompose at a lower temperature 'than calcium carbonates. Investigations on the temperature of burning of raw materials for natural cements were carried on by Bleininger1 and he came to the following conclusions :
The best temperature for burning calcareous Roman cements is 1,000 degrees C. Below this temperature hydr.aulicity is not fully developed, above
~Bleininger, Albert Victor, Manufacture of Hydraulic Cements: Geol. Survey of Ohio, 4th ser., Bull. 3, pp. 184, 185.

38

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

it a D:Oill-.hydxaulic compound is evidently produced; whether On goin:g still

higher hyd,raulicity is r.esto.red has not been determined, but seems doubt-

fuL****



.

The proper burning temperature of dolomitic Roman cements is about 950

degrees C., and should be iower rather than higher.

Natural cement rock in the Lehigh district is crushed to a pea size

or smaller and burned in the rotary kiln. The length of burning is

considerably shorter than the time required to burn the rock in the upright kiln. The clinker is burned unifor~ly and as a result there is

no underburned or overburned rock, and after the clinker is crushed

and pulverized it results in a superior quality of cement.

Crushing and grinding.-The calcined "cement rock," as it comes

from the vertical kilns, consists of hard and soft material. These

materials are separated, and at some plants the hard calcined rock is

discarded while at others the soft clinker is thrown away. The calcined rock. :first. .undergoes a preliminary grinding~ The

vertical cracker known as the_ coffee mill is the type which has been

most used in the past. The :finely ground dust passes through screens

and is conveyed to the packing house while the coarser, material is

carried to the mill _for :fine grinding. The buhrstone and the rock

emery mills were the type in general use for :fine grinding until the

last decade.

The more progressive manu~acturers of natural cement today crush

the calcined rock in a disintegrater or Kent mill and then pass it to a

tube mill for the :fine gtinding. The advantages of the tube mill are:

(1) :fineness of the product, usually 90 to 95 per cent. through a 100-

mesh sieve; (2) its large capacity; (3) no screening necessary; (4)

repair of mill and wear of pebbles very small; (5) eliminating the

troublesome attention required in 'the dressing of stones which is nec-

essary in the buhrstone and rock emery mills.

Until the last decade the grinding of calcined cement rock was

seldom carried further than 95 per cent. through a 5Q!-mesh sieve. The

manufacturer now realizes that :fine grinding has the effect of increas-

ing the sand-carrying capacity of the cem~nt, making its strength test

greater in mortars and the cement more sound.

'HYDB.AULIC LIMES, N.ATUB.AL AND POBTL.AND CEM:ENTS 39
THE NATURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT
In the beginning of the modern practice of the manufacture of cements it was observed that limestones containing argillaceous matter possessed hydraulic properties when calcined. The early makers of cement attributed the hydraulic properties to the presence of the clay.
The French were the first to investigate extensively the nature of cements and while there were also many other works in Germany, England, Russia, United States, and elsewhere, it is only possible here to give a brief summary of a few of the more important investigations.
Vical made known the results of his investigations in 1818 ; however, his experiments were confined chiefly to hydraulic lime and puzzola:n.
Le Chatelier1 was the first to make a mineralogical (microscopic) examination into the nature of Portland cement. He considered tricalcium silicate (3CaO.Si02 ) the active element of cements, and found also what he considered to be tricalcium aluminate.
Richardson in 1902 illustrated the crystalline character of Portland cement by means of micro~photographs and came to the conclusion that it is a solid solution. In 1904', after carrying on the most extensive microscopic investigation yet attempted, he arrived at the conclusion that cement clinker consists of two solid solutions, i. e., tricalcium aluminate (3Ca0.A120 3 ) dissolved in tricalcium silicate (3Ca0.Si02 ) and dicalcium aluminate (2CaO.Al20 3 ) dissolved in dicalcium silicate (2CaO.Si03 ).
W. B. and S. B. Newberry3, making a study of synthetic compounds, agreed with Le Chatelier that tricalcium silicate (3CaO.Si02 ) was the active element in cements; however, they considered the alumina present as dicalcium aluminate (2CaO.A120 3 ).
Day and Shepherdi of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute were the first to study the synthetic silicates both by the aid of petrologic and physico-chemical methods. They first carefully
IAnnales des Mines, 1887. 2Papers, Ass'n Amer. Portland Cement M'f'rs, June 15, 1904. sThe Constitution of Hydraulic Cement: Jour. Soc. Chem. Inds., Vol. XVI, XL ~The Lime Silica Series of Minerals: Jour. Am. Chern. Soc., Vol. XXVIII. No. 9, Sept. 1906, pp. 1089-1114.

40

_ GEOJ:.,(J(}ICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

studied lime (Ca.O) and silica (Si02 ) separately. They observed that calcium oxide is so refractory that with the present pyrometers it is

not possible to make a satisfactory determination of its melting point.

They succeeded by direct experiment upon pure silica in establishing

the fact that tridymite a'nd not quartz is the stable crystalline form of

silica for all- temperatures above 1,000 degrees. The further study o

silica established many important facts. Having. investigated the two

component minerals of the lime-silica series they began the study of

their relation to each other in mixtures of various proportions. After

extensive chemical and microscopic work these investigators were able

to reach a conclusion that tricalcium silicate (3CaO.Si02 ) does not
exist. Their remarks concerning the former belief that 1t was the

important constituent of Portland cement are as follows1 :

A moment's c.onsideratioiJ- shou1d suggest t,hat th81re is no. real necessity

for assuming the existen.ce of the tricalciu1ll silicate in order to explain the

nature of Portla,nd cement.. It is a systein Of .at least three components with

a great number of p'osstbilities. The real difficulty appears to have been.

that crystalized lime is. reJ,atively inert and does not reaidily giv.e the reactions

common to ordinary linie, consequently the tests which we-re thoU:ght to dem-

onstrate the absence of free lime in these preparation.s have proved very mis

leading. For example, we have found that crystals of lime a.re but very

slowly attacked by water (See page 1,094). Another argument which is freely

offered, that there ca,n be 'no free lime present ''because if free lime is added

the cement dusts _spontaneously'' is obvious fallacy. Free ume does not cause

the dusting and if it did the fa0t that the aCLdition of free lime caused dust-

ing would be no proof that none was present.

.

In the microscopic sections studied, every preparation containing

more than 65 per cent. CaO (orthosilicate composition) an excess of
I
free lime could always be positively identified. The tricalcium silicate

composition was fused and cooled in various ways and free lime was always foutid present in quantity and further exa~ination of sections

made by other workers always showed free ~ime pr~sent, so they were

forced to the conclusion that no tricalcium silicate existed.

Burchar9. says2 :
"The most important p~ueiy scientific studies of the constitution of Port, lan.d c.ement clinker have been carried on during the last few year~ by Day,

1Ibid, .note 3, pp. 1106-110'7. 2The Cement Industry in the United St~tes in 1910: Advance Chapter from Mineral Resources of the United States, 1911.

"

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 41..

Wright, Shepperd, and Rankin in the Carnegie Geophysical Laboratories,. Washington, D. C.1 In the more re.cent work it .has been found that a smaU addition of alumina brings out the tricalcic silicate, but it appears to have peculiar properties and limitations. For instance, the triealcic sil1cate has been found to be unstable at its melting temperature and for some degree below, so that a melt of this compound invariably cxystalizes on cooling to orthosilicate and lime. In the presence of alumina, or even alone, if held for
a sufficient" time at temperatures in the vieinity of 1,8000 the orthosilicate and
lime combine to form a new compound with new and independent properties, homogeneous within the limits above noted. As the result of about 800 observations, it has been concluded by these investigators that tric.alcic silicate belongs to that cla.ss of compounds which form by reaction between the solid components, but which de0ompose before the melting temperature is reached; that is, they axe wholly unstable in contact with the melt. The reaction is,
+ therefore, reversible and would be expcressed as follows: 3Ca0 . 8i02 ::;:::: 2Ua0 .
Si02 Ca;O.
PORTLAND CEMENT

Portland cement is derived from an artificial mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials consisting essentially of lime, silica, alumina,

and iron oxide, which, when brought together in certain definite proportions, finely ground, and burnt to incipient vitrification, result in a fused mass known as clinker, which when pulverized to a fine powder has the property of setting under water and attaining a high compressive and tensile strength.

RAw MATERIALS

The following raw materials are used in the manufacture of Port-

land cement :

Calcareous materials

Argillaceous materials

High-calcium limestones or mar- Clays, shales, or slates

bles

Clays

High-calcium limestone with ar- Slags

gillaceous limestone

Marls

Limestones

lDay, A. L., Shepherd, E. S., and v'iTright, F. E., The lime-silica series of min-
erals: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., Vol. 22, October, 1906, pp. 265-302. Shepherd, E. S., Rankin, G. A., and Wright, F. E., The binary systems of alumina with silica, lime, and magnesia: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., Vol. 28, October, 1909, pp. 293.333. Shepherd, E. S., and Ram.kin, G. A.., Preliminary report on the Ternary system Ca0Al203Si02. A study of the constitution of Portland cement clinker, with optical study by F. E. Wright: .Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chern., April, 1911, pp. 211-227.

42

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGLA

The essential ingredients used in the manufacture of Portland cements are all found combined with one another and with other constituents in calcareous or argillaceous materials. While the essential constituents all occur in nature in the uncombined state, with the exception of lime, they are never used commercially in the u~combined form, except in small quantities when the raw materials are deficient to some slight extent in any one of the essential elements.
The raw materials from which Portland cement may be made in . North Georgia are, chiefly: (1) High-calcium limestones or marble
and clays, shales or slates; and (2) high-calcium limestone and argillaceous limestone.
Calcium carbonate, whiGh is the source of the lime, is the predominating constituent in the calcareous materials, while silica and alumina
form the chief constituents of the clays, shales ot slates. Iron oxide
is always present in both the calcareous and argillaceous materials and greatly facilitate their fluxing in the kiln; how~ver, in the manufacture of a white Portland cement iron is not desirable and the alkalies are used to promote the iiuxing.

CA.LC:A.REOUS MA.TERIALS
The calcareous materials should satisfy the following physical and chemical conditions :
1. The lithologic character of the calcareous materials should be uniform over a unit of sufficient thickness for economic development.
2. Concretions of iron in any form ; uncombined silica in the form of chert, flint, quartz veins, or when combined in the minerals tremolite and diopside, is seriously objectionable.
3. It is always essential that the magnesia content be low, so that after the argillaceous material has been added the total quantity of magnesia does not exceed 5 per cent. The magnesia content of limestone varies from a fraction of one per cent. to the true dolomites. It is one of the most important factors to be taken into consideration in the location of the calcareous materials.
4. The argillaceous co~tent consisting of silica and alumina should

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND FOR1'LAND CEMENTS 43
not be in sufficient quantity to interfere with the desired silica-alumina ratio in the finished product.
5. To obtain a white Portland cement the percentage of ferric oxide in the calcareous material must not exceed 0.2 per cent.
6. The alkalies are usually contained in very small amount in the high-calcium and argillaceous limestones and need not be considered;. however, they are sometimes present in objectionable quantity in the marls.
7. The sulphur content should not exceed .5 per cent. 8. The phosphorus content seldom needs to be considered, except in the marls. It should not exceed .02 per cent. High-calcium limestones.--High-calcium limestones may be halocrystalline or crypto-crystalline in their physical character. The halocrystalline limestones contain a very high percentage of calcium carbonate and are usually low in impurities. The halo-crystalline limestones, or marbles are usually massive and often the recrystallization has been so complete that all traces of the original bedding have been obliterated. The crypto-crystalline limestones in places occur in massive beds and are usually extremely dense. They are most abundant in the Appalachian Valley region, and are an important source of_ lime for the manufacture of Portland cement. The content of calcium carbonate is usually lower than in the halo-crystalline limestones with a greater percentage of impurities, consisting chiefly of silica, alumina, and iron oxide, while they are frequently associated with beds containing much magnesi]lm carbonate. Argillaceous limestones.-The argillaceous limestones are usually dense, non-crystalline in physical character and high in clayey impurities. When the silica, alumina, and iron oxide consist of 20 to 25 per cent. and the calcium carbonate consists of about 75 per cent. of the rock, it is then known as an argillaceous limestone. The argillac~ ous limestones form the most important source of both the calcareous and argillaceous materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement in the United States. The argillaceous materials are supplied in these

44

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

. rocks and for this reason they are often classified with the argillaceous .rocks; however, the high content of calcium carbonate places them among the limestones. It is usually necessary to. add a small percentage of very high-calcium limestone to these argillaceous limestones in order to procure a suitable mix for Portland cement, although they are also the most important source of the calcareous materials.
M arls.-The marls are extensively usecl in the manufacture of Portland cement. High..calcium marls and argillaceous marls are usually well suited for making cement and are generally characterized by a low content of magnesia. The marls are seldom consolidated and the first cost of crushing is unnecessary. As marls are not found in North Georgia they will not he further discussed.

ARGILLACEOUS MATERIALS

The argillaceous materials sh0ttld -safisf~ht1J:e 0il:lowing physical and

chemical conditions :

1; Th:e lithologic "character of the argillaceous material should be

uniform over a suffici:ent thickness 'for econ0rrlic development.

2. Concretions o_f iron in any form, un.combined silica in the forrn

' Ot[!fitil).t"'ancl~q_.gapt~;~~vi~in:~)ar~ s:~ti!ffi:S{& .idpje9ti~ri.a;'J;:R~~;'' .

tct70 3. The silica cottitent .shoU:l'd, be iirG>m 60

per~ cent. Argill~

:ceousmater:i:a:ls clefici:ent-itr: sH.icacatl<be use<:t;wtth'ftee silica 1n :the

form of pure finely ground sandstone;. however, it is always most

desirable tc\1 add the silica in combined form.

4. It is always essential that the magnesia content be low so that

.the combined mix of calcareou-s and argillaceous material does not

exceed 5 per cent.

5. In the manufacture of a white Portland cerrient the clay must

b:e' sufficiently-- .:low 'iti ierric oxide ,(ilfe203} so that the combined material contains less than 0.5 per cent.

6. The content of sulphur should not exceeO. 0:5 per cent.

The following relation of the chemical ingredients of the argilla-

ceous 'material is 'preferable :

' '

The ratio of the silica to the alumina should range between 3 to 1

and. 4 to l. The sum of silica and alumina -should not exceed 86 per

HYDE.A.ULIC LIMES, N.A.TUE.A.L AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 45
cent. The sum of the alumina and iron oxide should not be more than one-half the siliq.. The closer the sum of the alumina and iron oxide approaches one-third the silica the better.
The presence of iron oxide (Fe2 0 3 ) is desirable in the manufacture of the gray cements to facilitate the fluxing; however, it should not be in such quantity as to cause the iron oxide (Fe20 3 ) content of the finished product to exceed 4 per cent.
The argillaceous materials consist of clays, shales and slates and may all be of similar chemical composition, but differing in their . physical characteristics.
Clays.-The residual clays of North Georgia are seldom suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The residual clays in the Appalachian Valley region, which are derived from high-calcium limestones and shales, may be of sufficient thickness locally to be available.
Shales and sla~es.-The shales and slates consist of fine-grained: consolidated muds and usually contain less than 5 per cent. of calcium carbonate. Shales and slates used in the manufacture of. cements are known as normal shales and slates when they contain less than 5 per .cent. of calcium carbonate, while they are known as ~alcareous shales and slates when they contain more than this amount of calcareous materiaL
CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS
The more important and essential chemical constituents, which compose the mixture in the manufacture of Portland cement, are lime, silica, alumina, and iron, while the less important or accessory con- . stituents are magnesia, the alkalies, sulphur, water, carbon dioxide, and at times the following substances: _phosphorus pentoxide, titanic oxide, strontium oxide, ferrous oxide, and manganous oxide, all of which occur in such small quantity that they can be neglected.
The chemical analyses of a cement alone does not give us any information regarding the combinations in which the chemical elements occur in the cement. Two cements containing essentially the same chemical analysis may differ to a very considerable extent in their

4:6

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

physical properties. Definite proportions of the essential ingredients are necessary to produce a Portland.. cement that will satisfy the standard

physical tests.

CHEMICAL INTERPRETATION

In order to obtain a conception of the nature of Portland cement it

is

necessary

to

'
be

familiar

with

the

chemical

' constitu~nts

of

which

it

is composed. The more important elements contained in cements, their symbols and atomic weights are given in the following table1 :

Symbols a.1~d Atomic Weights of Elements

Element
Hydrogen_~------ ----c---
Oxygen_ ___ ________ . __ ~ __ _ Silicen _______ . __ .. _____ . _ Aluminum __ .. ___ . ________ _ hon__________________ _ Cidcii.llli _______________ _
Magnesium..:~-- --------Carbon _______ .:. __ _____ _ Suiphur _ ____ ___ _ _ ______ _

Symbol
H 0 Si AI Fe Ca Mg
c s

Atomic Weight
1.01 16.00 28.4:0 27.10 55.90 4:0.10 24:.36 12.00 32.06

!he analyses of the raw materials and cements are always given in th~. form in which these elements. are co:J;Tiqined.

The more important compounds which constitute a Portland cement

mixture are :
. '

Calcium carbonate (CaCOs)

Magnesium ca:rbouate (Mg008)

Silica

(Si!0 2 )

Alumina.

(Al20s)

Oxide of iro.n

(F~Os)

Alkalies

(N~O, K20)

The chemical interpretation of these compounds is as follows :

The molecular weight of any of these compounds is equal to the sum of the atomic weight of the elements constituting the compound.

The percent.age of any element contained in the compound is obtained by adding the atomic weights and dividing the result into the atomic

1Jones, Harry C., Elements of Inorganic Chemistry, 1908, pp. i21-122.

HYDEAVLIC LIMES, N.A.TVE.A.L AND POETLA.ND CEMENTS 41
weight of any one element. For example, take calcium carbonate (CaC03 ), which may be considered as made up of lime (CaO) and carbon dioxide (C02 ) :
One atom of Ca has an atomic weight of_ ____________ 40.1 One atom of C has an atomic weight oL______________ 12.0 Three atoms of 0 have an atomic weight of 3 X 16 or__ 48.0 The moleeular weight of the ca~cium carbonate is equal to the sum of the atomic weights of the elements constituting the compound. The molecular weight of the lime (CaO) equals the sum of the automic weights of its elements, that is, 56.1. In order to obtainthe percentage of any one element in a compound divide the atomic weight of, that element by the sum of the elements contained in the compound. For instance: Ca has a molecular weight of 40.1 0 has a molecular weight of 16.0 } 56.1 Percentage of calcium (Ca) in lime (CaO), 40.1 -+- 56.1 = 71.4 Percentage of oxygen (0) in lime (CaO), 16.0-+- 56.1 = 28.5 If the percentage of lime ( CaO) is giy.en and the .percentage of calcium carbonate (CoC03 ) is desired divide the percentage of lime (CaO) by .56 and if the calcium carbonate (CaC03 ) is given and the lime (CaO) is desired multiply the percentage of calcium carbonate (CaC03 ) by .56.
CALCULATION OF CEMENT MIXTURES
In calculating mixtures of calcareous and argillaceous materials for the first time it is necessary to rely entirely on the chemical analyses of the untried materials. It has not yet been found possible to scientifically express the composition of Portland cement in a mathematical formula, so it is therefore impossible to arrive at a definite conclusion as to just what the ultimate analyses of the cement of any local raw materials should be except through experiment. It is possible to arrive at a close approximation to the ultimate composition of the
+ cement by the use of a formula (3CaO.Si02 2CaO.A120 3 ) pre-
sented by Prof. Newberry for the constitution of Portland cement. In Prof. Newberry's calculation the percentage of iron oxide is added to

4:8

GEOLOGICAL SUEV:BJY OF GEORGIA

the perc<;!ntage of aluminc,~., the. total being considered 'as alumina, while

he .does not take into account the magnesia. Eckel presents a formula

which differs from Newberry's only in the fact .that the magnesia and

the iron are allowed for. The various steps in th~ proportioning of a

cement mixture as given by Ecke11 are :

Opera,tion 1. Multiply the pe:rcenta.ge of silica in t'he clayey materiaJ by

2.8, the percentage Of alumina by 1.1, and the percentage of iron oxide by 0.7;

add the produts; subtract from the sum thus obtained the percentage of lime

oxide in the ela..yey ma,terral plus 1.4'times the percentage of magnesia and call

the result n.

Operation 2. Multiply the percentage of silica in. the calcareous material

by 2.8; the percentage of alumina by 1.1, a,nd thepe:rcentage of iron O:J:Cide by

0.7; add the p:roduets and subtract tihe sum from the percentage of lime oxide

plus 1.4 times the percentage of magnesia in the. calcareous material, calling
the result m.

Oeration 3. Divide n by m. T'he quotient will be the mnhber of parts

of calcareous material required for one part of clayey m:l'J,terial.

Example. Assuming that materials of the following composition are in

use the operation would be as follows:

Clay

Limestone

Siliea (S:i!02)

62.2

2.4

Alumina (AliOs)

16.1

' 2.0

Ferrie. oxide (FezOs)

4.2

0.3

Lime (GaO) _ JIII;agruesi!). (JIIIgO)

1.6

50.2

1.2

1.5'

SulphUl' trioxide (808)

1.7

0.6

Al~aJies (Na20, K 20)

0;8

0.4

Water, carbon dioxide, etc. 12.2

42.6

Operation 1, clay:

Silica

X 2.8 = 62.2 X 2.8 = 174.16

Alumina

X 1.1 = 16.1 X 1.1 = 17.71

Iron oxide X 0.7 :_ 4.2 X 0.7 = 2.94

Lime JiA:agnesia

X 1.0 = X 1.4 =

194.81 1.6 X 1.u = 1.60 1.2 X 1.4 = 1.68

3.28

194.81- 3.28.= 191.53 = n.

Operation 2, limestone:



Silica .Alumin!a Iron oxide

x. 2,.8 = 2.4 X 2.8 =
= X 1.1 =. 2.0 X 1.1
= = X 0.7 0.3 X 0.7

6.72 2.20 0.21

9:13 '1Cements, Limes and Plasters, 1907, pp. 892-893.

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL .AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 49

Lime Magnesia

= = X 1.0 50.2 X 1.0 = X 1.4 = 1.5 X 1.4

50.20 2.10

52.30 - 9.13 = 43.17 = m.

52.30

Operation 3:

- = --- = n

43.17

part of clay by weight.

4.44 parts .of limestone to he used for each

m 191.53

It must be recollected that the value given by the above formula repre-

sents t:he- highest amount of lime theoretically possible un.der the best possible

conditions of :fine grinding :and thorough burning. Even in the best run plants

these conditions cannot be attained in practice, and in .a trial run either in a

test kiln or in actual plant it is foolish to attempt to rea.ch this limit. 'The

limestone shoWlll by the formula s:hould therefore be reduced in order to get

safe results. A reduction of 10 per cent. will probably be satisfactory. In

the example given .above this would wo.rk out 'as follows:
= 4.44 parts of limest,one (to 1 of clay) allowed by formula= 0.44 10 per cent. reduction for safety.

= 4.00 pa;rts of limestone (to 1 of clay) to be actually used.

TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES AND MARKETS
The first essential specification in the location of a Portland cement plant is that it shall have adequate transportation facilities. A plant should be located if possible either on a water route and a railroad or in close proximity to two railroads. A location with respect to an adequate market is another essential factor.

CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT
Determination of quality.-In the search for raw materials suitable for the manufacture of a Portland cement it is desired to secure beds of definite and uniform chemical composition over lithologic units of sufficient thickness to be economically available. Limestones and dolomites cover wide areas and are often of great thickness. Limestones containing more than 5 to 6_ per cent. of magnesia can not be successfully used in the manufacture of a Portland cement. The relative content of magnesia in the calcareous rocks can be told with considerable accuracy in the field. Dolomites and dolomitic limestones can always be detected in the field by the fact that when they are treated with dilute hydrochloric acid they effervesce with difficulty. Magne-

50

GEOLOGICAL SUB}TEY OF GEOBGIA

sian limestones containing from 5 to 15 per cent. of magnesia effervesce more slowly than the high-calcium limestones. When highcalcium limestones are treated with dilute hydrochloric acid they are entirely dissolved.
In the search for a limestone available for a cement, it is first desirable to select a section where the limestone is best exposed in the formation and to make a Gareful study of the character of each lithologic unit and ~o colle<;t samples for chemical analyses from every inch of each unit. The physical character Of the calcareous rock is usually a criterion of the chemical composition and when a thorough knowledge of the whole formation is obtained any definite bed can be recognized when exposed and its chemical composition known with sufficient accuracy to justify a careful sampling for a definite accurate knowledge of the rock at arty point.
Irt the search for argillaceous materials it is a:lso essential to be
familiar with the relation ?f lithology to chemical character. The
magnesia content in the argillaceous materials is usually low and the most important _factors to be taken into consideration are the silicaalumina tq;tio, the ,.cpntent of iron, and the physical character of the
. argillaceous material. Determination of quantity.-The determination of the quantity of raw materials is an essential factor in the location of a Portland cement plant. A plant should not be built unless there is sufficient raw material present to supply a mill with a capacity of 2,000 barrels a day for at l~ast 25 years. The term so often used "the indications are that 'the materials ate inexhaustible" is sufficient proof that the author of such a. statement knows but little of the occurrence of these materials. What is desired are the facts, and nothing but the facts should be con~idered concerning raw materials.
The horizontal length and width of the outcrop and the depth to which it can be commercially won can be easily ascertained. The number of cubic feet of stone can be obtained by multiplying these values, which, multiplied by the weight of one cubic foot of the material in

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 51
pounds, divided by 2,000 (2,000 pounds to the ton) will give the available tonnage.
Relation to topography and drainage.-The locatio.n of the plant in its relation to topography and drainage has an important bearing on the cost of manufacture of the cement. If the quarries of the calcar~ous and argillaceous materials are so situated that the raw materials can reach the plant and pass through each process to the final bagging and packing by means of a gravity system, it is needless to say it can be done at considerable less cost than at the mill where the raw materials are raised from below water level to the mill, and raised and reraised through the many processes to which it is necessary to pass the raw materials. Quarries located above water level can be drained with ease and thorough drainage greatly facilitates the quarrying of the rock in wet weather.
. Ove1'burden.-The thickness and character of the overburden, if present, should be carefully ascertained. The writer has seen quarries started where in a very short time the amount of the overburden will reach a thickness, due to the dip of the rocks, that will prevent the commercial winning of the raw materials.
Location with respect to fuel supply.-A Portland cement plant must be located in the close proximity to a fuel su1_:>ply. The fuel con= sumption represents one of the largest items in the cost of manufacture. Great water-power developments may furnish power for the operation of the machinery; however, it will be necessary to use coal as a fuel in the burning of the raw materials in the rotary kiln. While the highcarbon coals, that is, anthracites and semi-bituminous coals, give higher temperatures than the bituminous coals they are not as satisfactory as the bituminous coals for use in the rotary kiln. When the high-carbon coals are pulverized and blown into the kiln combustion takes place more slowly than when pulverized bituminous coal is used.
The specifications for a coal to be used in the rotary kiln for the burning of the raw materials to incipient vitrification are as follows :
1. The volatile matter should be high, preferably between 30 and 40 per cent., so that the maximum temperature is 1_:>roduced in the

52

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Oli' Q-EORGIA

rotary kiln about 10 feet from the lower end of the k:iln. When the

maximum temperature occurs too far ,-from the lower end of th'e kiln

it causes "ringing" and it makes .it difficult .fof the burner to watch the vitrification of the clin):<er, through a knowledge of wpich he r~gulates

th~ burning.

2. The fixed carbon should preferably range between 50 and 60

per cent.

,

3. The lower the content of sulphur in the. coal the better. When

the content of su1phur is more than 1 per cent. it is liable to cause

many. difficulties.

4:; The lower the content o.f ash the better. A high content of

ash rtot only decreases the heating power of the coal, but a considerable

P,ortion of the ash is contained in the cementmixtttre, andthus ash in

excess contaminates the finished cement.

COALS ACCESS~LE TO NORTH GEORGIA
Chattanooga. district.-The coals available .for use in the manufaGture. of Portl~u,d cem~nt in North G~orgia can be obtained from the Chattanooga district, c~ntaipip.g portions of the three states of
Q~9rgi~,, Al<:rbam~t~i~l,ta. We17~e,,S~e:
Bayes1 defines. tP,e limits .of ,the ChattaJil.ooga dis:trkt as follows :
Tbe Chattanooga district includes the territory from t'he Emo-ry River
S()11t:I:J.J>Y"at:d ;a short distance into: northern Georgi~ and 1\,labg.:rp.a. It includes tlie'Sewa:riee b:a&in, which is a portion of the Cumberla,n,d Plateau, the Wald.en ba~in, separ.ated from the Cumbetl.and Plateau .on the west 'by Sequatchie "VIal}:Ky,, ftn~,.;th~- Look,qut basin; :w:hich occupies the northern portion of the . Lookout Mountain syncline.
AnalyE;es of coa.ls .fr:om the, T.enness.ee portion of the Chattanooga d.rs.tr.1ct2 are g1 ven b.e1ow.

iHayes, c. w., 22111d Ann. Rept. u. s. Geol. survey,. Pt. III, 1902, pp. 234,.
2Shiflett, R. A., Mineral Resources of Tennessee for 1909, pp. 35-36.

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 53

Chemical Analyses of Coals from Tennessee Portion of Chattanooga District

County and Operating Name of

Company

Coal

Cll 00
,..:<;:.::l::)
0
:2
E-<

:::::
0 '""d .!;~:.I...;
~0 ~

(1)
~

..~,_,

s ~~
~

p0..

..0
<:':JJ

<l)

;...;
..;,:_:,l

'"';::l

orfJ

..J:l 0..

~

'3
rJJ.

-- ~

BLEDSOE COUNTY-

IDS. per ct.\per ct. per ct. per ct. per ct.

~ Atpontley Coal Co ____ Sewanee_____ - 34 63 .571 28. 17 7.10 1.61 1.15

CUMBERLAND COUNTY-
~ Clear Creek Coal Co __ Isoline _______ 44 53.86 42.20
F-all Creek Colliers ____ Upper Sewanee 50 63.70 30.76 Renfro Coal & Coke Co Sewanee______ 42 68.27 28.32
Waldensia C'l. & C. Co Upper Sewanee 42-60 64.50 29.55

2.21 4.82 2.32 5.50

1. 73 0.72 1.03 0.45

1.47 0.40 0.06 0.54

GRUNDY COUNTY-
Flat Brarich Coal Co __ Sewanee______ Nunely Ridge Coal Co Sew:mee______ Sewanee Fuel & Iron Co Sewanee______ Ten. Consol'd Coal Co Sewanee__ . ___
HAMILTON COUNTY-
Montlake Coal Co ____ No. 10 _______
New Soddy Coal Co. (Big S) ______ . _---- No.9 ________
New Soddy Coal Co. (Soddy) ____________ No.7 ________
Sale Creek Coal Co ___ No.2 ________

34 66.80 24.57 7.43 1.20 0.66
36 61.68 29.73 7.65 1.04 ------
30 59.88 31.32 7.50 1.30 0.85
42 61.68 29.73 7.65 1.04 - ----
36 64.92 26.34 8.74; ---- -- 0.84
I
30 61.22 27.40 10.11 1'.27 0.47
27 60.44 29.18 7.16 2.10 1.12 42 60.29 31.27 7.02 1.42 0.60

MARION COUNTY-
Battle Creek C'l & C Co Battle Creek__ 24-312 59.77 34.74 New Etna Coal Co____ Kelly ________ 32,73.12 20.26 Nunley Ridge Coal Co Sewanee______ 48 61. 681 29.73 Ten. Consol'd Coal Co Sewanee______ 36 60.601 30.30

5.12 0.02 0.17
4.70 ---.--- ------
7.65 1.19 0.73
6.00 1.04 -- ----

RHEA COUNTY-
Fox Coal Co. L ______ No.2 ________ Fox Coal Co. 2 _______ No.5 ________ Dayton Coal & Iron Co Richland _____

240 60.57 34.23 3.77 1.43 0.51 30 60.24 28.97 9.45 1.34 0.82
22 59.20 31.00 12.40 ------ 0.99

ROANE COUNTY-
Roane Iron Co _______ Sewanee______

54 53.76 30.13 15.96 ------ 0.61

SEQUATCIDE COUNTY-:-
Southern Steel Co_____ Sewanee______

48j 58.85 29.50 10.55 1.10 0.86

WHITE COUNTY-
Bon Air Coal & Iron Co Ravenscroft, Mine__ Bon Air_ _ .___
I
Bon Air Coal & Iron Co Bon Air, Mine______ No.3 ________
Clifty Creek Coal Co __ Sewanee______

36 57.00 37.00 4.90 1.10 ------
54 57.50 33.00 7.50 ------ 2.00 48 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------

54

GEOLOGICAL SUlWEY OF GEORGIA.

Georgia Coals.-The commercial coal deposits of Georgia occur only in Sand and Lookout mountains in Walker, Chattooga and Dade counties.
Lookout and Sand mountains structurally consist of shallow synclines separated by the Lookout Valley anticline. The base of these mountains consists of the Bangor limestones immediately above which occurs .the Lookout sandstones and shales. The coals worked in the vicinity of Coal City in Sand Mountain occur in what are known as the lower coal measures, that is, in the Lookout sandstones and shales. The Walden formation lies stratigraphically immediately above the Lcmkout formation and carries the Sewanee coal. Only a comparatively small remnant of this formation remains on Lookout Mountain and forms what is locally known as Round. Mountain.
Chemical A'nalyses of the: More Impv:rtiJ/n't Coals of Georgia.

Name of Location of

Coal

M:fue

'

ttl

Q.)
:':":s'
:$
0 ~

>=!
0
"g~
~ <:.J

s .~.........., $..<..:.a,
~
~

,.t:l
~

~

E! ..Cl

,,..t.:el .
:::! 00.

Q.
~

Analyst or authority

--

Suwanee1 Durham, Walker

Gustave Bedell,

County-- ____ ----- 79.100 16 ..030 4;810 (). 3600.. 007 Cha.ttanooga,

Sewanee2 Durham, Walker

A. s. Hewitt,

----- County______ 0.615 75.956 21.011 1.9400.470

New York.

Tatuma __ ~ Rock Or eek

N. P. Pratt

Gulch, Walker

Laboratory,

~County_~ ____ 1.02075.980 20.850 1.440 0.760 0.007 Atlanta.

Rising Rising F a w n,

A. s. :H~witt,

Fawn4 __ Dade County_

75.756 19.046 4.840 0.786 0.002 New York.

R!'.l.ccoon5 Cole City, Dade

N. P. Pratt

County ______ 1.150 60.120 24.850 13.880 1.510 -. -.... Laboratory,

Atlanta.

lSpencer, :r. w., Geology of the Paleozoic Group of Georgia and Resources
Geol. Survey of Ga., 1893, p. 258.
2Ibid, p. 258.
sMcCallie, S w., Coal Deposits of Georgia: Geol. Survey of Ga. Bull. 12, 1904,
p. 42.
'Average of three analyses, Spencer, J. W., Geology of the Paleozoic Group of Georgia and Resources: Geol. Survey of Ga., 1893, p. 259.
5McCallie, S. w., Coal Deposits of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Georgia No.
12, 1904, p. 90.

HYDE.A.ULIC LIMES, NA.TUEA.~ .AND POETLA.ND CEMiENTS 55
Correlation of the coal beds of Georgia with one another and with the coal beds occuring in similar formations in Tennessee and Ala~ bama have been attempted on lithologic grounds by many workers; however, they have hardly been more than conjectures. Prof. S. W. McCallie, in speaking of the correlation of the Georgia coals aptly remarks1 :
The only solution to the quesUon of correlating the coal seams of the upper coal measures of Lookout Mountain with the co.al seams elsewhere, seems to lie in the paleontological evidence furnished by the associated shales. Many of these shales teem with p}ant remains, which, if properly studied, would, no doubt, furnish valuable aid in conelating the various coal seams of Sand and Lookout mountains. Until such evidence is obtained no correlating, of any scientific value, is likely to be worked out.
Analyses of Coals of Georgia by Dr. William Henry Emerson2

--
I II III
IV
v

Carbon 1
85.75 86.97 79.41 85.07 84.32

Hydrogen Water

2

3

4.63

.88

4.44

1.06

4.60

.93

4.48

.77

4.72

1.21

Sulphur 4
.79 .62 .88 .88 .78

Nitrogen 5
1.44 1.25 1.39 1.50 1.66

Ash 6
3.17 2.00 9.05 3.42 4.20

--
I II III
IV
v

Calculated heating value 7
8.366 8.351 7.821 8.234 8.292

Colorimeter
8
8.415 8.409 7.763 8.290 8.211

Difference
9

Difference Heating val- Fixed carbon,

I per cent. ue per gram and moistof combust'n ure, free

10

11

12

-49 -.6

8.770

79.1

-58 +58

+- . 7 .7

8.675 8.624

78.4 75.3

+ + -56 81

-.7 1.0

8.653 8.680

78.0 78.1

I. Lump coal, Durham Mine, Walker County. II. S. T. Carson's property, Walker County. Vein 120 feet below Durham. III. S. T. Carson's property, W.alker County. Vein 180 feet below Durham. IV. Washed coal, Durham Mine. V. Unwashed coal, Lookout Coal & C.oke Co., w,alker Coun.rty. T:he last two columns show that all these coals belong to the same class, t'he differences not being greater than those that might arise in coal from the

1coal Deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bull. No. 12, 1904, pp.
112-118. :eontained in report by S. W. McCallie, Geological Survey of Georgia, Bull.
No. 12, 1904, pp. 116-117.

56 '

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEOR-GI.A

sam.e mine :flrom difference of sample combined with experimental errors. They
fall,in th~ lower part of the semi~bituminous class, wh0se heati:ng value, ac-
to coraing Prof. Wm. Kent, ranges from 8,666 to 8,888 caloTes, and whose
fixed carhon r8!tJ..ges from 75 to 85 per cent.~

WINNING 'I'HE RAw MATERIALS

The winning of the raw materials is om~ of the most important

factors to be taken into consideration in the cost of cement manu-

facture and one which has probably been most neglected. In North
Georgia <the-.raw materials can only be econGniicallyJ wo.n by open quar-
ryin."g. . It is most desirab1e to loc~te the quar~ies on the .hillside in

order to secure a long working face, to fe~;cilitate the drainage of the

quarry so that wet weather will not interfere with quarrying and to

make it possible to convey the raw materials to the mill by means of

gravity. It is seldom possible to secure both the limestone and the
shale in such ari Jd'eal posit~on; ho.we:&:er, ii the two materials are not

in immediate proximity it is most desirabJ.e to locate the m}ll, provided

all other conditions ate satisfactory, at the source of the liemstone, as

about three or feur parts of limestone are use-cL to one part of shale.

The quarrying consists first o.f stripping. the overburden, if such

ih occur,s, w. h.i. ch,

North

Georgia,

'l:lsuali~

edn~{~ts '

.:o:!..,It~$id~a(or

trans-

ported days mor_e or less heterogeneous in physkal~nq\~he1.1:iical char-

acter, 'it{ 'Order to prevent the tontarhination di;tHi~ rria%~fial'~With the

on quarry stone. The method of working the quarry depends the loc~l

topographic and geologic conditions. Limestone quarries are usually

best worked in ot;te or more henches. After the drilling and blasting

of the rock froth place, the m6re massive rock is sledged or reblasted

and then loaded ~~ther by hand or steam shovel into carts or ,small cars

and taken to the stone house. V{hen a quarry is worked to a consid~rR;ble depth -be-lGw water le:vel or ,some disf~n~e from the mill the

raw material may be lifted from the quarry and conve:y~d to the mill

by means qf an aerial tram. In the quarryl.ng of shale where it is.

physically homogeneous over a sufficient thic}mesS; steam shovels are

far mbr~ 'satisfactory than in the winning of limestone.

1Efii'erson, William H., in Coal Deposits of Georgia: Geol. Survey of Georgia, Bull. No. 12, 1904, pp. 116-117.

HYDB.AVLIC LIMES, N.ATDB.AL AND POBTL.AND CEMENTS 57
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE
Limestone.-The limestone first undergoes a preliminary crushing, which results in a stone of about two inches in diameter. The stone necessary for the day's run passes directly to the rotary driers, while the excess of crushed stone should pass to storage bins having a ten days to two weeks capacity in order to provide for the night's run and to supply the mill in case of any break-down in the stone house. The driers both for limestone and shale, if located close to the kilns, can utilize the waste heat from the kilns and save the additional expense of fuel for drying the raw materials. When the limestone leaves the driers it should be conveyed to storage bins with at least a twenty-four hour capacity, so that the mill will be supplied with stone in case of any delay in the drying.. The limestone then passes to the mills for preliminary grinding, from which it is conveyed to a storage bin.
Shale.-The shales first undergo a preliminary crushing and are conveyed, like the limestone, to storage and driers and thence to the mills for preliminary grinding, from which it is conveyed to a storage bin.
lvfi.::ct~we of limestone and shale.-The ground limestone and shale at this point in the process of manufacture are drawn from the storage bins in the proper proportions as determined by the chemist and thoroughly mixed. The mix can be made by alternate drawing of portions of the _calcareous and argillaceous materials or by the use of automatic mixing machines. The mix is then conveyed to the pulverizing machines, from which it passes to the kilns where it is burned to incipient vitrification ancl passes out of the slightly inclined rotary kilns as clinker and is conveyed either to cylindrical coolers or direct to the clinker pile, where it is exposed to the atmosphere and allowed to season and soften. The cool and seasoned clinker is conveyed to the finishing house. The clinker now undergoes a preliminary grinding, the gypsum to retard the set is added and then the ground clinker must be pulverized. After the process of the fine grinding is complete the cement passes to the stock house where it is stored and seasoned and then packed in bags ready for shipment.

58

GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OlJl GEORGIA

. HINTS EN CONSTRUCTIONOF Pl:.AN:WS

.

1. Each grinding unit should nave its storage bin with at least a

twenty'-f6ut .hour capidty.

2. Each kiln s'hotild be providecl with a storage bin with at least ,

a twenty-four capa61ty:

3. The limestones of North Georgia available for the manufacture
are of cement nard. co\iipa2t seti1i.:.crystallh1e to. crystalline in physical

. character and require a h~avy machine for their grinding and pulver-

.

.

izirig.

4. Sli:f?cient grinding machinery to provicie for an ample capacity

should be installed, so that the mills can turn out considerable more

material than is ordinarily required of thEmi.

5. In order to acquire the grea'test efficiehcy all machines which
operate tbgtither in ' oclJt.rfirtg ouit kn.~;. o-Re prb'bes;s' 'shO;uM have their

power derived from the same sburce. 6. Th~ p6Wer 'sh.bhld be s6 s'ilbdivid~ed that any machine may be
cut out withHtit sfd,~j)itig tHb oti~dt'ion 6foH:lei rriathiries.

sl:ii\G- G;gJ?u~Z'dtWN d~NT.sL'

-" Th~ -~~w materials f-rom which the slag or Puziolan cements is made 'fri this' country con~ist o! 'i)iast-furnace slag ~rid high-calciu~

limestone. The analyses of the siag must be constantly made so that

be up l, -' : . ,

-

,

~ i .

I

. '' . < ,,, , ,. ~ , i. '

'

th~ prop~r cemerit iniittire "can . made either be!ore or after the

prelHninary gfinding. The process ,ater the mixture of the

.Lf . _ ~!,.::-(: -t~1 -:.\.-~;-::1~-.,.:~ it.;-/.:~- ~!)'tr:

~.:-~:.J::-,:

-~---

materials is prec~s.ely; like tha.t: of _Portland cement manufacture.

'



. .

' '

\"

i

. '. "

&

The s~ecificafions for blast...:furnace slag are as follows1 :

raw

oxiae ..- t6' 16 " " Si;liea (Si02)

to. 2~ :

30..

per cent.

Aitilnifl~ anlriro]i

(:AtO&; Fe;o~~ i1

Llme (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 to. 52 '' L '

Magnesia (MgO) ....................less t-han- 4 " ' '

Alkalies (N'a20, K20) ................ less th:an 1.5 " " Loss by ignition .............. .less than 2~5 to 7.5 " "

1Mathews and Grasty, Limestones of Marylrund, with special reference to their use in the manufacture of lime and cement: Special Publication Maryland Geol. Survey, Vol. VIII, Pt. 8, 1910, p. 825.

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 59
OXYCHLORIDE CEMENTS
The raw materials from which these cements are derived consist of magnesite from which the carbon dioxide (C02 ) is driven off and the resulting magnesia is treated with a solution of magnesium chloride (MgC12 ) of 25 to 30 degrees Baume. This cement has been used in considerable quantity in the past year for interior work, that is, for walls and flooring. When it is mixed with crushed stone and used for flooring it results in a very hard and durable floor. The cement is quick setting, and attains a very considerable compressive and tensile strength, exceeding that of Portland cement. By the addition of various pigments it can be placed on the market in any color.
IDSTORY OF CEMENT DEVELOPMENT lN THE SOUTHERN STATES
Natural cement rock was found in the Southern States in 1829 at Louisville, Ky., and at Shepherdstown, W. Va. In 1836 cement rock . was discovered at Cumberland, Md., and in 1837 A. B. McFarlan, a contractor of Washington, D. C., found cement rock at Round Top, Md., on the north bank of the Potomac River. In 1848 the James
River cement works were established at Balcony Falls, Va., by H. 0.
Locher. In 1850 cement rock was found at Cement, Bartow County, Ga., by the Rev. Chas. W. Howard, of Charleston, S. C. A second plant was established at Rossville, Ga., in 1901.
In the early history of the natural cement industry in this country the large production was primarily due to canal construction. About the year 1890 Portland cement, a more complex hydraulic cement began to largely supplant natur?.l cement for use in mammoth construction work where great strength and soundness are required.
The first Portland cement mill established in the South was. the Virginia Portland Cement Company, at Fordwick, Va., in 1900. Dur-:-. ing the following year, the Southern Cement Company, North Birmingham, Ala., began the manufacture of Portland cement from granulated slag and hydrated lime. Three plants were put into operation during 1903 : the Buckhorn Portland Cement Company, in West Virginia; the Southern States Portland Cement Company, in Georgia; and the Texas Portland Cement Company, i~ Texas. In 1904 the only plant in Kentucky was constructed.

60

GEOLOG-ICAL SURVEJ; OF GEORGI.<!

The production of Portland,\d~ifflerrt -in\:,the:',S0tithern States prior to 1906 was practi~ally negligible. The Stand:ira ':F:Ott1ahcl..-'Cement Company, in Ala:batna, was .compleh~d in t~e: year :t9U6, and during

this year seven mills preduced 1,804,643 barrels, constituting 3.9 per

cent. of the total output in the United States. During 1907 the Dixie

Portland Cement Company of Tennessee and the Dewey Portland

Cem~nt Company of Oklahoma were estaoiished. In :1:907 eight plants

of :theSouthetn States produced 1;814,470 barrels, or 3.7 per ceht. of
the total"orttput. Irt 1908, the Security Cement and Lime Company in

Marylitnd, and the Oklahoma Portland Cement Company in Oklahoma,

began operations, and eleven plants of the Southern States produced

2,204,840 barrels, Qr 4.3 ,per cent. of ,the total output. During 1~09.,

the Southern States Portland Cement Company in Texas was con-

str;uct~d..; and ,jn,/tl\i.$.. ye,?.-r. tw_~ly~.Rle::q_t~ .. ,PtQ<;l:uc~d. ~3J81lJ498 barrels, constituting 6.1 per cent. of the total outrmt. The f~llowing year, the

Atlantic ancl.{}ulf Portland Cernent Company in Alabama, the South-

western Cement Company in .Texas; and the Norfolk 1':i'ort1and Cement

Corporafi<'>n in Virginia, all began o1?er,ations,. so that"'iTI. 1910- fifteen
i~~lftlilf~r~01~~~~~~ttlii~r*~~~~~!!~
the Clinchfield Portland ..Cement C~rpor$;fiori. in 1:e,g1,i~~r;~~.the Pied.,, ,l
mont P?rtland Cement Company in Georgia, and the Cho~taw Port-
land~Cement Company in Oklahoma, were all completed during 1911.

The total output for this year is not now available.

The :present capacity of the Southern mills, together with the con-

templated increase in capadty .during 1912, wil~ give the Southern
mips ~ daily ca~acity 0f 44,SSO. barrel~, or an annual capacity of more

tha~:lq,QQQ;~000 hp;rr~l&.: ,

-

.

'

' .

The Portland cement plants of the Southern States at present are

as follows: -Maryland, .two plants; Virginia, two; W;e.st Virginia, one;

Kentu.cky, one; Tennessee, two; G;eorgia, two; Alabama, three; Oklahoma, three; and Texas, four. Missouri has fo~r plants. The de-

scription of these several plants in the different states are given below.

HYDB.AULIC LIMES, NATURAL .AND POBTL.AND CEM':ENTS 61

v""

75.000,000 70.000,000 . 65.000,000
60.ooo.ooo ..ss.aoo.ooo .Saooo..ooo
4500(7.()00
4'Jooaooo ,3Soooooo
30000000
'2..5oooooo caoooooo

I I
I

I
I
~~

l\
f ~~

~ I
I I I

I
~I

~

c)vI"'

~ (f)

/

~l/

~

~I

~

VJI

~

JIJ-,1 ~I

IJ
~

aY

t ~

_Aj !

~
'-~ -

f/(\\:.
IC\Q/

~
!;i

~ w

~
fJ

15000.000
10 ooo.ooo

Ko~ ~

~
i

6ooo.ooo

p_z:6!- " 7i

_;: ~ ;2P- (,.(~ L

P-"- .........
/ /
,/'

~~ ~

~~

>'~&1 '

~

r".
-::Z~

iA:JC!:::
/ /

~~ , ,... .....

..... -- ___,

- - -~~

FIG. 1.-TABLE SHOWING PRODUCTION OF NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES; A.ND OF PORTLAND CEMENT IN THE SOUTHERN STATES; SINCE 1890.

62

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF. GEORGIA

MARYLAND
Security Cement and Lime Company1.-This plant is located at

Security, Md. The plant was completed and put into operation with

its present daily capacity of 800 barrels during the summer of 1908.

It was constructed by the Maryland Portland Cement Company, which

company combined in the fall of 1909 with the Berkley Li+ne Company

of West Virginia to form the present corporation. This new company .

is increasing the daily capacity of the plant to 2,400 barrels. The

brarid is "Security."

The raw materials consist of the limestones of the Conococheague

formation of Cambrian age and the Martinsburg shale of Ordovician

age.

Analyses of the Raw Materials and Cement, SecuA'ityJ Maryland

.

Constituents

Ll.mestone

Shale

Cement

Silica (Si02)-----~-- ~- -- -- .. 7.06 ' 6.04 5.62 62. 60 63:91 59.74 21.72

Alumina (Ah03)----------- 1.08 1.96 1.21 21.25 18.73 22.63 7.66

Ferric oxide (Fe203)----- .. Lime (CaO) _______________ _ M~gnesia (MgQ) ___________ _ Sulplilir"~triidxide .csoa) ______ _ ______ . _. ___ - _- - ..,~'f"'''~"' ~~-:,: .~"~~-- _,o -t~"""'"-.<-
IgDitiOn--~-

1.01 .62 .81 5.23 8.11 3.16

49 .14 48. 88 .49.78 . 36 none . 73

1.70 1. 74 L 58 ., .~-4 1. 83 2.43

<



. ~~--. '

- - - _..;. ~-...;-~- .:.;; ; ..:.,_;,.,.~~- .,-...-;;;~ .:~~:~ ""~~'"!'"~~'-:~'--'~"::

40.02 39.30 40.96

7.41 7._73

2.50 62.91 2.30
1;48

-, -..--''~-----1----'i1----~-----1-----lr-----
100.01 98.54 99.96 90.38 99.99 96.42 98.57

Tidewater Portland Cement Company.--,The plant of ,this company is located at Union Bridge, Md., within 45 miles of tidewater. It was completed and put into operation during the fall Of 1911. It consists
a of a mill with daily capacity of 2,400 barrels of gray Portland and
600' barrels of white Portland .cement. The lime' plant has a daily ra:pacity. ef 60 to~~ of_ com!Jlon lime and hydrated lime.
The limestones used by this plant occur in the Loudon formation of Lower Cambrian age, while the argillaceous material is a slate which is an altered volcanic rock correlated with the Catacton schist. This volcanic slate shows a composition rather low in silica, so that

1Mathews, Edward, and Grasty, .J. s., The Limestones of Maryland, with spe-
cial reference to their use in the manufacture of Lime and Cement: Md. Geol. 'survey, Special Pub., Vol. VIII, pt. 3, 1910.

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 63

the ratio of silica to alumina falls below 2 to 1. This deficiency of silica may be obviated by the utilization of the Newark shales of Triassic age which occur within a quarter of a mile of the plane.
Analyses2 of Limestones, Union Bridge, Maryland

Silica (Si02)---------------Alumina (AbOs) _______ --}
Ferric oxide (Fe20s)-----Lime (CaO) ________ -------Magnesia (MgO) ____________ Ignition__ .. _________________

4.46 1.40 6.40 1.73 0.28 1.261 1.08
.52 .24 .62 .56 .24 .36 .20
51.94 53.75 51.04 53.45 54.45 54.35 54.89 1.10 1.06 .65 1.08 1.34 .64 .46
42.03 43.41 40.84 43.19 44.27 43.41 43.63

100.05 99.86 99. 55100.00 100. 581100. oz, 100. 26
Calci umcarbonate(CaCOs) __ 92.75 95.98 91 .14 95.45 97.23 97.051 98.01
Analyses of Shales and Clinker, Union Bridge, Maryland

Constituents

Shale

I

--~-
Silica (Si02)--- --- __ -- ------ 58.00 52.74 54.54

Alumina (AbOs) ______ -- "-- 22.28 23.44 24.24

Ferric oxide (Fe20s)-------- 8.40 11.30 9.80

Lime (CaO)_ ~ ------------ __ .42 .20 .85 Magnesia (MgO) ____________ 2.06 2.33 1.78

Sulphur trioxide (80s) _______ Ignition ____________________

----- -- -- - ------- ----- -- ---

Gray clinker
19.94 7.57 3.45 65.58 1.69
.26 .62

White clinker

22.12

7.56

.28

64.10

'

1.03 .21

.74

I 91.16 90.011 91.211: 99.11 I 96.04
VIRGINIA
Virginia Portland Cement Company3.-The plant of the Virginia Portland Cement Company is situated at Fordwick, Va. It was establjshed in June, 1900. The plant has a daily capacity of 3,000 barrels. The brand is "Old Dominion."
The raw materials consist of the Lewistown limetsone and the Romney shale, both of Devonian age.

~Information concerning the geology furnished by Dr. :J. S. Grasty, Asst. State Geologist of Virginia.
2Mathews, E. B., and Grasty, :J. 8., The Limestones of Maryland, with special reference to their use in the manufacture of lime and cement: Md. Geol. Survey, Vol. VIII, Pt. 3, 1910.
3Data supplied by Virginia Portland Cement Company, R. :J. Hawn, Superintendent.

64

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OJJ' GEORGIA

Analyses of Raw Materials and Cement) Ford~uick) Virginia

Constituents

Limestone Shale C-3395 C-3325

Cement
I

Silica (Si02)------ ---------------------- 4.40

} { Alumina (Al20a)-----------------------
Ferric oxide (Fe20a)---------- ----------

.94

Pyrites (FeS2)------------------ ------ - -----
Lime (Cap.) ______ ------------ ____ ------ 51.20

M~gnesia,(MgO)----------------.---- --. _ 2.93
W~ter, a~lies, organic matter, etc____ --- 40.53

56.. 92 17.83 4.79 1.22 4.30 3.62 7.80

21.60
6.~5
2.53
--- -
62.18 2.90 3.94
I

100.00 Calcium carbonate (CaCOa)-.., --- ------- 91.44

96.48 7.82

100.00
--- --

.Norfolk Portland Cement Corporation1 .-.The plant of the Norfolk
Portland Cement Corporation is located on the south branch of the
ElizaBeth River opposite the United States Navy Yard near Norfolk.
'The plant is a subsidiary company of the American Cement Company, Philac~l'elphia, Penn., and was built during the. year 1910. The brand is "Giant."
Tihe .raw material~ consist of marls and clays. The marls occur in
-:~!:~A~~~~oiVV:U formation of Mioc._b:e:ag.~;'~Whilett1fe,i~~a,~j~f?tE>~::~ttater nary;,age. The raw materials are transported to the _plant. by 'har:g;.es
from P'igeonCreek, a tributary of James River, 22 miles distant. The
clay batik. is situated just above Smithfield, while the marl beds occur
on the opposite side of the creek between Smithfield and Battery Park.

. ~Aa,u;tlyses q:fRaw Materials.and Cement) Norfolk) Virginia

Constituents

Marl Clay

Cement

Silimt. (Si02)J.___ ----~---~----.: ______ ---- ,
Alumina .(AhOa)------ --------- -------Ferric oxide (Fe20a)---------- ---------Liln~ (Oa;!))_,_ -.----- ------------------ . Magnesia (;MgO)----~ ----------- __ -- ___ _ Sulphuri.trioxide (SOa) _____ -- _________ - __
Ignition."..: ___________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- --

12;38'.o 3.31 3.81 44.00
.57
35.30

65.06 19.21 6.59 1.06
.82
7.14

24.36 4.98 5.42 62.81 .64
.51

99.37

99.88

98.72

1Data supplied by Dr. J. S. Grasty, Asst. State Geologist' of Virginia.'

HYDEAVLIC LIMES, NATUEAL AND POETLAND CEMENTS 65
WE8T VIRGINIA
Buckhorn Portland Cement Company.-The mill of the Buckhorn Portland Cement Company is located at Manheim, W.Va. Operations were begun in the year 1903 with an average daily capacity of 800 barrels. The Alpha Portland Cement Company secured this mill early in the year 1909 and has since increased the daily capacity of the mill to 1,500 barrels. The brand is "Alpha."
The raw materials consist of the Greenbriar limestone of Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) age and shales of the same age. Quarternary clays are found along the river flats; however, these clays are not at present used in the mix.
Analysel of Raw 1\t[a.terials and Cement, Manheim, West Virginria

Constituents

Limestone I Shale

Silica (Si02)------------------- - 12.84

} Alumina (AbOs) _____ :_ ____ ------
Ferric oxide (Fe20s)----- --------

4.34

Lime (CaO) _------------------- _ 44.60

M9gnesia (MgO) ____ -- --- ____ ---- 1.21

Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ____ -------- ----Ignition_________________________ 3.7.01

54.22
29.36
.61 .97
-----
-----

100.00 I 8o~ .16

Clay
60.42
19.30 2.10 2.00
---------
83.82

Cement
22.82 9.14 61.24 1.80 1.56 -----
96.56

KENTUCKY
Kosmos Portla,nd Cement Company.-The mill of the Kosmos Portland Cement Company is located at Kosmosdale, Ky. The plant was established in the year 1904, and has an average daily capacity of 1,500 barrels. The company is now engaged in enlarging the plant to an average daily capacity of 3,000 barrels.
The raw materials2 consist of the Genevieve limestone of Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) age and residual clays derived from the upper Waverly formation of the same age.

1Analyses furnished by G. S. Brown, 2nd Vice-President, Alpha Portland Cement Company.
2Data supplied by Prof. Arthur M. Miller, Lexington, Ky.

6'6

GEOLOGIC.AJL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Analyses1 of Raw Materials and Cement, Kosmosdale, Kentucky

Constituents

Lim:estone Clay - Ra;W.mix Cement

Silica (Si02)--------------- ---- -- 1,50_

} Alumina (AbOa)-,..--------------
Ferric oxide (Fe20a)-------------

.85

- Lime (CaO)--------------~-- --

"53.50

Magnesia (MgQ) ______ -------- ____ 1.00

Sulphur tdoxicl.e (SOa) ______ -. ___ ... -- --
Allffi.lies (Na20,_K20). ________ -- -

Igriition__ ~------ ________________ 43.15

67.30
23.60
.60 .80 1..202 -----
6.50

15.00
5.20
42.50 1.30 1.152 ----34.85

22.45
8.55
63.40 2.00 1.50
.60 1.50

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

'I'ENNESSEE
Dixie Portland Cement Conipany.-Tb.e plant of the Dixie Portland
Cement Compa11y Js located at Richard City, Tenn. The plant began
operations Novemb~r 1, 19017. The brand is "Royal."
. The ultimate daily tapacity of the plant is between 6,000 and 7,000 barrels, while the avera~e daily output at the present time is about
4,000 barrels. The raw ma:'i:erials consist of the Bangor limestones and
Pennington shales, both of lower Carboniferous (Missis$ippian) age.

Analyses3 of Raw Mater$als, Raw Mix and Cement, Richard City,_

...

Te11-ne'Ssee

ConE)tituents

Lime- Blue ' stone shale

Red shale

Raw CemiX ment

Silica (Si02)---- ----------------- 2.70

} Alumina (AhOa)- --- -------- ----
Ferrid oXide '(Fei!03) ___ -------- --

.80

Lime (CaO)---------'-- ---------- 52.30

Magnesia (MgO)-.-"' ______________ 1.16

Stiiphur trioxide (SOa)------------ -----
Ignllion------~--------~--------- 42.75

52.78
28.16
2.56 3.32
----11.38

67.02 13.78

20.46
1.41 2.;36'
--- --
8.85

5.70
42.18 1.99 ----35.69

22.00
9.92
63.16 .2.97 1.41 1.26

99.71 98.20 100.10 99.34 100.72

Clinchfield Portland Cement Corporation.-The plant of the Clinchfield Portland Cement Corporation is located at Kingsport, Tenn. The

l.Analyses supplied by Mr. C. M. Dugan, Jr., Gen. Mgr., Kosmos Portland Ce-

ment Co.

2By difference.

aAnalyses furnished by Mr. J. H. Guenther, Chief Chemist, Dixie Portland Ce-

ment Company.

"

HYDEAULIC LIMES, N:ATUEAL AND POETLAND CEM!ENTS 67

mill was completed and put into operation June 1, 1911, with an output of 1,200 barrels daily. This output will shortly be increased to 3,000 barrels ~er day. The brand is "Clinchfield."
The raw materials1 consist of limestone and shale. The limestone is obtained from the Chickamauga formation and the shales from the Athens formation, both of which are of Ordovician age.
Analyses2 of Raw Materials, Mix, and Cement, Kingsport, Tennessee

Constituents

Limestone

Shale Uncalcined Cement mixture

Silica (Si02)------------ -------- 0.58

} Alumina (AbOa) __ ---- __ -------
Ferric oxide (Fe20a)------------

.86

Lime (CaO) _______________ ----- 54.87

Magnesia (MgO) __________ - ____

.81

Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ___________ none

IgnitiOn_______________________ -~ 43.04

63.39
27.08
.26 1.87 none 6.20

100.16 I 98.80

14.40
6.98
42.56 .92
none 35.08
99.84

21.82
10.70
63.31 1.21 1.50
.66
99.20

GEORGIA
Southern States Portland Cement Conq,pany.-The plant of the Southern States Portland Cement Company is located about 1~ miles directly north of Rockmart, Polk County, Ga. The company was organized by H. F. Vandeventer in 1903. The average daily capacity of the mill is 1,200 barrels. The brand is "Southern States."
The materials used in the manufacture of cement are obtained from the Chickamauga limestone and the Rockmart shale and slate. Both formations are of Ordovician age.

Analyses3 of Ra.w Materials and Cement, Rockmart, Georgia

Constituents

I Limestone

I

Sill.ca (Si02)--- _------ ---------------

1.62

} Alumina (AbOa)--------------------
Ferric oxide (Fe20a)-----------------

1.25

Lime (CaO) ______ ------- ------------ 53.22

Magnesia (MgO) ______ .- _____________

1.30

Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ________________ Ignition _____________________________

-----
42.37

Shale
60.01
{ 21.88} 3.85 2.32 1.36 ----6.53

Cement
21.21
11.24
61.82 2.73 1.66 1.21

99.76

95.95

99.87

1Data furnished by .Prof. C. H. Gordon, Tenn. Geol. Survey. 2Analyses furnished by Mr. S. Henry Harrison, Gen'l Mgr., Clinchfield Portland Cement Corporation. 3Analyses furnished by Mr. J. L. Mack, Chemist, Southern States Portland Cement Company.

68

GEOLOGICAL SU:RVEY OF GEORGIA

Piedmont Port!and Cement Company.--The plant of the Piedmont _Portland Cement Company is located at Portland, Polk County, Ga. The compa~y began operations in the spring of 1911. The daily capacity of the mill is 500 barrels. . The brand is "Piedmont."
The materials used in the manufacture of cement are obtained !rom the Chickamauga limestone and the RocK:mart shale and slate, both of Ordovician age.

Analyses1 of Raw Materials and Cement, Portland, Georgia

Constituents

Limestone

Silica (Si02) _______ -. _-- .. ----. _. _--- _
Alumina (AhOs)-------- -----------Ferric oxide (Fe20s)-- ______ --------Lime (CaO) ____ -~-- _________________
Magnesia (MgO) ___ -- __ - ------------Sul~hur trioxide (80s) ________________ Ignition_________ ---- ________ ~- __ ---_

2.06

1.71

.33

51.71

1.82

.

-----
42.06

'

99.69

Shale
59.26 21.38 ' 7.02
.42 2.30
-----
6.19
96.57

Cement
23.92 9.94
--.---
60.93 3.72 1.31 1.07
100.89

ALABAMA

Southern Ce.ment Company.-The plant of the_ Southern Cement

. .

' .-_ . . _., ._ . _,,. . ' '.'

:<-,,

_

. " .-

.

Coml'any is focated' at North .f.BirminglJ;am:, Ala.; and was esta:blishe<;l

in the yeaf 1901.

_-Th:e"raw materials2 consist of granulated furnace slag and hydrated

lime. This company makes a Portland cement, "Alabama" brand, and
also what they te~m a semi-~6ttland, "Magnolia" br~nd.

Analyses of the Slag and Portland Cem-ent, North Birmingham,

Alabama

Constituents

Slag

Silica (:Si02). __ ---------------------- _-_ -- 32._40

Alumin:;t. (Al20s) __ .:_ _______ -- -------------- 14.60

Ferric oxide (Fe20s)--------------~------- ---------- ---- --

Lime (CaO)-------------------~----------

50.37

Magnesia (MgO) ------------------------- 1.77

Sulphur trioxide (SOs) -------------------, -

.86

Ignition. _______ -_---------------------~-- -----'-----------

100.00

Cement
30;0013.20
.15-
52.00 1.2.1'; 1.00 1.80
100.00

1Analyses furnished by Mr. w. S. Davis, Supt., Piedmont Portland Cement
Company. .2Data supplied by Mr. Harold R. Sanson, Gen. Mgr., Southern Cement Co.

HYDB.AVLIC LIMES, N.ATVB.AL .AND POBTL.AND CEMENTS 69

Standard Portland Cement Company.-The plant of the Standard Portland Cement Company, established in 1906, is located at Leeds, Ala. The daily capacity of the plant is 1,250 barrels. The brand is "Standard."
The raw materials1 consist of the Trenton limestone of Ordovician ag-e and the lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) shales. Free sandstone is also added.

Analyses2 of Raw 111aterials and Cement, Leeds, Alabama

Constituents

I Limestone Shale Sandstone Cement

Silica (Si02) ------ ____ -- -------- __- 1.82

56.81 94.02

23.56

} { Alumina (Al20a) ----- __ ---- _- _- ____ - 1.10
Ferric Oxide (Fe20a)----------------

21.94 8.13

3.08 .40

6.52 2.60

Lime (CaO) ________________________ 53.15

1.76

1.66

63.16

Magne<rla (MgO) ----------- _--- __ ---~ 2.22 ----------- 1.64

Sulphur Trioxide SOa) ------------------------Ignition____________________________ 42.89

--------
7.68

-----------
1.02

1.71 --------

I 100.20

98.54 100.18

99.19

Atlantic and Gulf Portland Cement Compa:ny.-The plant of the

Atlantic and Gulf Portland Cement Company is located at Ragland,

Analyses3 of Raw lt1aterials and Ceme?~t, Ragland, Alabama:

Constituents _________ Limestone

Shale

Mix

Cement

Silica (Si02)-- ---------- 1. 60 3. 30I 63.80 60.24 13.70 14.69 22.07 22.30

} Alumina (AbOa) -------
Ferric oxide (Fe20a)-. ___

. 78 1.22 {

19.03 7.97

21.10 8.38 }6.32

6.36 [ 6.48 l 2. 64

7.11 2.99

Lime (CaO) _____________ 52.38 51.23 none

.20 42.29 41.00 62.89 62.82

Magnesia (MgO) _________ 1. 85 1. 78 1. 37 1. 88 1. 86 1. 79 2.77 2.57

Sulphur trioxide (SOa) -- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ 1. 36 1.46
Ignition___.________ ------ 42.84 42.64 6.86 7.64 35.00 35.64 1. 05 .92

I -

-

i 99.45100.17 99.031 99.44 99.17 99. 98[100. 26 100.17

lData furnished by Dr. W. F. Prouty, Asst. State Geologist of Alabama.
2Data furnished by Mr. L. E. Mallery, Chemist of the Standard Portland Ce ment Company.
sAnalyses furnished by Mr. Clarence N. Wiley, Gen. Mgr., Atlantic and Gulf Portla-nd Cement Company. Made by Pittsburgh Testing Lab., Birmingham, Ala.

70

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Ala. ,The company began producing cement June 6, 1910. The brand 1s "Coosa."
The average daily capacity of the plant is 2,400 barrels. The capacity of the plant will be increased to 3,000 barrels during the coming year.
I
The raw materials consist of the Chickamauga limestones of Ordovician age and the shales of the upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) .
.:-1laba,ma Portland Cement Company1.-The plant of the Alabama Portland Cement Company is lpcated near Demopolis, Ala. This plant was not in operation during 1911. The. raw materials consist of the Selma chalk of Cretaceous age al}d the residual clays.
lv.lobile Portland Cement and Coal Company2.-The Mobile Portland Cement and Coal Company planned to establish a plant at old St. Stephens Bluff on the Tombigbee River, and to ttfilize the St. Stephens limestone. The plans have never materialized, probably due to the fact that several Jocks, which a,re in the process of construction between Demopolis and the coal fields, are not yet completed, and the . plant could not be regularly SU1;)plied under the present conditions with fuel.
OKLAHOMA Dewey Portla;?Jd Cement Company8.-The plant of the Dewey Portland Cement Company is located a~ the town of Dewey, in Washington County, :Our miles north of Battletsville, on spur tracks runni!!:g from th~ Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas ra~lroads. The main office is at Kansas City, Mo. The plant began operations in 1907 with a capacity of ?,000 barrels per day. The brand is "Dewey." The raw materials consist of the D'ewey Hinestorie of middle Pennsylvanian age and shales of the sam~ age, which lie immediately abov:e the Dewey limestone.

:tpata furnished by Dr. Wm. F. Prouty, Asst. State Geologist, Alabama Geo. logical Survey,
.2Data furnished by Dr. Wm. F. Prouty, Asst State Geologist, Alabama Ceo logical Survey.
BData furnished by Prof. Cbas. N. Gould, Director, Oklahoma Geological Survey.

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 71
Analyses1 of Raw Materials and Cement, Dewey, Oklahoma

Constituents

Argil-

High

laceous Calicum

Limestone Limestone

Shale Raw mix Cement

Silica (Si02) _________ -- ______ 11.92

1.40 83.04 14.96 22.98

Alumina (AhOs)_..: __________ } 6.45 Ferric oxide (Fe20s) _-------Lime (CaO) __________________ 44.24 Magnesia (MgO) _____________ 1.23

.92
54.65 tr.

{ 7.29 2.79
1. 90
tr.

3.60 1.80 42.58
.98

5.88 2.79 65.33 1. 70

Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ~- -----
Ignition _____________________

---------
36.29

-------------
43.29

------
4.76

--------
36.16

1.
--------

100.13 100.26 99.78 100.08 100.01

Oklahoma Portla.nd Cement Companl.-The plant of the Oklahoma Portland Cement Company is located one mile southwest of the town of Ada, Okla. The plant began operations during 1907. The mill has a capacity of 3,000 barrels per day. The brand is "0. K."
The raw materials consist of limestone from the top of the Viola formation of Ordovician age and the Sylvan shale of Silurian age.

Analyses of Raw J.11aterials and Cement, Ada, Oklahoma

-
Constituents
--

Limestone Shale Cement

Silica (Si02)-------------~---------------------

0.42 42.30 22.04

Alumina (AbOs) ------ ------------------------

. 71 12.56 7.10

Ferric oxide (Fe20s)--------------------------Lime (CaO) _____________________.______________ Magnesia (Mg0) ____________________ 7 __________

.10 55.08
.28

5.92 12.86 5.50

3.12 62.00 2.40

Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ------------------------- ----------- -------- --------
Ignition_______________ -_--_----------------- - _ 43.11 18.11 2.06

99.70 97.25 98.72
Choctaw Portland Cement T!Vo1-ks3.-The plant of the Choctaw Portland Cement Works is located 1~ miles south of Hartshorn,

1Analyses by R. P. Chamberlain, Chief Chemist, Dewey Portland Cement Co. 2Data furnished by Prof. Chas. N. Gould, Director, Oklahoma Geological Survey. 3Data furnished by Prof. Chas. N. Gould, Director, Oklahoma Geological Survey.

72

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Okla., on.a spur. track of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad.
The Choctaw Portland Cement Works was organized in July, 1909,

and the plant began operations in the fall ()f 1911 with a capacity of

1,500 barrels. The brand is ''Elephant."

The calcareous material consists of the Wapanucka limestone of

lower Pennsylvanian age. The shale is obtained from a bed just

beneath the lim!=stone and is of the same age.
I
Analyses1 of Ra_w Niatedal's and Cement, HMtshorn, Oklahoma

Constituents

Limestone-IShale Cement

Silica (Si02)-----------------------------------

1.10 55.50 22.85

Alumina (AlzOa)- -- ---------------.----- ~-- ---LFiemrreic,(CoxsiDd)e_(_F_e__2_0_a_)_-_-_-.,-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--- -_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-

.60 .10 54. 70,

19.25 7.65 }10.31 5.60 63.28

Magnesia (~gO)--------------------,---------Alkalies (Na20,K20) ---- __ --------- ~- --------Sulphu.r trioxide (SOa).::_. _____ "----- ___ ~--- "'"- ___

------1-.1-0---..
tr..

.60 1.57 .96 -------tr. 1.47

Ignition___________ ------- ___ ------------------ 42.00 10.00 --------

..

99.60 100.36 99.48

TEXAS
Alamo Ce.ment company.-The works of the Ala:mo Cemet~t Com-

pany are located at San Antonio, Texas. The plant was established in

1879 and incorporated in 1880.

The raw materials2 consist of the Eagle Ford argillaceous lime.:.

stones and shale of the Black Prairie series of upper Cretaceous age.

T.he materials are mixed in the desired J?roportion.

Analysis3 of Cement) San Antonio) Texas

Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.82

Alumina (AlzOa) . \ 13.60
Ferric oxide (Fe:tOa) ........ .. .. .. .......... - J

Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.82 Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Sulphur tr1oxide (S03) :.

.82

Ignition ........................ .................. .

99.82
1Analyses of limestone and shale by the Kansas City Testing Laboratory, and .the analysis of the cement by .the Engineering Dept. of Cornell University.
2Da.ta furnished by Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas.
3Data supplied by Mr. Charles Baldus, Al~mo Cement Company.

HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 73
Texas Portland Cement Company.-The plant of the Texas Portland Cement Company is located at Dallas, Texas. The original Texas Portland Cement Company, of which the present company is the successor, was established in 1903 and a mill was located 4~ miles west of Dallas. I~ 190q the old plant was abandoned and a new modern mill was built about 200 yards east of the old mill. The plant has a daily capacity of about 3,000 barrels. The brand is "Lone Star."
The raw materials\ consisting of limestone and shale, are obtained from the Eagle Ford strata of the Austin Chalk, Gulf series of upper Cretaceous age.
Analyses2 of Raw Materials and Cement, Dallas, Texas

Constituents

Limestone Shale Cement

silica (Si02)-----------------------------------

8.98

AIumina (AbOs) ---- ------------------------- ~

4.66

LFierrnreic(CoxaiOde) _(_F_e_2_0__s_)-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-

2.31 46.20

M agnesia (MgO)-------------------------------

.56

sI gunlpithiounr _tr_i_o_x_i_d_e__(S__O_s_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-

-----------
36.14

54.80 22.80 5.70 3.20 1. 25
.50 11.66

20.72 8.15 3.60 63.18
. 75 1. 63 1.80

98.85 99.91 99.83
Southwestern States Portland Cem,ent Company.-The plant of the Southwestern States Portland Cement Company is located at Eagle Ford, Texas. Operations were begun. July 4, 1909. The brand is "Trinity." Tb,e average daily capacity of the plant is from 2,500 to 3,000 barrels.
The raw materials3 consist of limestones and shales of the Eagle Ford formation of upper Cretaceous age.

1Data furnished by Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, Bureau of Economic Geoiogy, Uni-
versity of Texas. 2Analyses furnished by Mr. L. L. Griffity, Gen. Supt., Texas Portland Cement
Company. 3Data furnished by Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, Bureau of Economic Geology, UnL
versity of Texas.

74

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GJ,EORGIA

Analyses1 of t.he Raw Materials and Cernent, Eagle Ford, Texas
.

Constituents

'

Limestone Shale Cement

Silica (SiOz)-----------------------------------

6.82 59.87 20.80

Alumina (AlzOa) "'- -- --------------- --'--- -- -~--

3.03 17.70 7.44

FLeimrreic(oCxaiOde) _(_F__e_z_O__a_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-

1.45 48.40

5.50 .40 2.26 64.12

Magnesia (MgO) ______ --- ---- -------- -.:._ -------

1.20

1.15

.95

Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ------------------------- ----------- -------- 1.51
lgn~ion-----------------------~--------------- 38.80 11.80 --------

99.70 98.28 95.22

Southwestern Portland Cement Company2.-The plant of the South-
western Portland Cement Company is located at El Paso, Texas. The
company began operations in February, 1910, ahd began shipment March, 1910. The brand is "El 'foro." The average daily capacity of the plant is 1,200 barrels.
The raw materials are taken from the Comanche series of Cretaceous age.

Analyses of Raw Materials and Cement, El Paso, Texas

Constituents

Calceraous materials

Argillaceous materials

Cement

Silica (SiOz) ___ - ------ 5.01 8.94 22.28 24.35 17.66 23.39 23.14
Alumina (AlzOa)------ }2.33 3.98 8.68 8.44 6.85 8.67 8.40 Ferric oxide (FezO~) Linie (CaO) ______ --- __ 50.47 48.05 37.23 36.78 39.59 63.99 63.18 Magn,esia. (MgO)_ -'-- __ .99 1.11 .92 1.60 1.16 2.07 2.06
Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ------ ------ ------- .89 ------ 1. 70 1.67
Ignition__________ ~- __ 41.20 38.56 30.79 28.00 33.14 .87 .29

23.40
{ 5.47 ----64.20 1.83 1.37 .40

100.00100.6499.90 100.06 98.40 100.6998.74 96.67

1Analyses furnished by Mr. M. M. Ludlow, Chemist, Southwestern States Port-

land Cement Compamy.



2Datafurnished by Mr. 0. J. Binford, Secretary, Southweste:rm. Portland Ce-

ment Company.

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE AND GEOLOGY Of NORTH GEORGIA
PHYSIOGRAPHY
North Georgia is divided into four physiographic provinces known as the Piedmont Plateau, the Appalachian Mountains, the the Appalachian Valley, and the Cumberland Plateau.
PIEDMONT PL.A:TEAU
This plateau lies between the Coastal Plain on the. southeast and the Appalachian Mountains on the northwest. The southeastern boundary is known as the Fall Line, which is an irregular line extending from Augusta through Milledgeville and Macon to Columbus. The western boundary is not so well defined as the eastern boundary, but follows a sinuous line extending 1n a general southwest direction along the eastern base of the Blue Ridge from the South Carolina-Georgia line near Toccoa to the vicinity- south of Cartersville, Bartow county. The plateau is characterized by an undulating plain which slopes gently from its western border, where it attains an altitude of about 1,200 feet, to the southeast where the elevation along the Fall Line is from 300 t9 500 feet.
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS
These mountains are bounded on the southeast by the Piedmont Plateau and on the west by the great Appalachian Valley. They consist of an eastern range of mountains generally known as the Blue Ridge and a western series known as the Un.aka Range, com. prising the Cohutta Mountains in Georgia. The Blue Ridge and the Unaka are separated by a series of mountains and high valleys.
APPALACHIAN VALLEY
This great valley lies between the highlands of the Appalachian Mountains on the east and the Cumberland Plateau on the west. It is made up of a series of ridges and minor valleys which run in

76

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGI A

'ATHENS

~ \:

..',, . ; : ~ :, . ' i l

8LA'Et.Y
so-o/6
o NJ ilfo .o ,_,. .5l:l
FIG. 2.-MAP SHOWING THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC SUBDIVISIONS OF GEORGIA

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 77
an approximately parallel direction. Three types of ridges are found in the area. The Indian mount.ain type, which extends from Alabama into Georgia, is made up of conglomerate and quartzite. The resistant character of these materials cause them to withstand erosion to .a greater extent than the. other types, so that they are characterized by a greater altitude. The second type, consists of spch ridges as Taylor and Gaylor, and Chattooga and Dirtseller mountains, which extend in a general parallel direction with their crests almost perfectly horizontal and more even than the Indian mountain type. A third type consists of a large number of low elevations rising sometimes several hundred feet above the valley level.
CUMBERLAND PLATE'AU
The Cumberland Plateau forms only a comparatively narrow area in the extreme no;-thwest portion of the State. The belt is characterized rby abrupt escarpments and flat top table lands. The easternmost of the narrow plateaus is Lookout Mountain, which terminates in a high abrupt point at Chattanooga. Sand Mountain is the southward continuation of Walden Ridge and constitutes the western portion of the Cumberland Plateau area in Georgia. It extends to the southwest into Alabama and to the northeast into Tennessee.
STRUCTURE
The physiographic provinces which have been described above are all characterized by distinct types of structure, so that they are structural as well as physiographic subdivisions.
PIEDMONT PLATEAU
The structure of the Piedmont Plateau is extremely complicated. It contains great areas of hole-crystalline igneous rocks and also halo-crystalline metamorphic rocks of sedimentary origin, all usually much folded and contorted.
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS
The structure of the Appalachian Mountains is similar to that which characterizes the great Appalachian Valley. The rocks are

78

GEOLOGIC,AL_ $URVEY OF GEORGIA

.intimately folded and faulted,_ the general trend of the folds being

northeast and southwest, which corresponds to the general direc-

tion of the faults. The force which produced the folding and fault-

ing acted in a direction at right angles to the folds and came from

the southeast as is indicated by the overturned folds to the north-

west and the prevailing steep dips to the southeast. Regional

me~amorphism is a characteristic of the Appalachian Mountain

belt and has been due in many cases to intrusions of igneous rocks.

The more intense metamorphism to which these rocks have been

subjected has developed minerals characteristic of metamorphic

rocks and a cleavage or tendency to split has developed across the

strata.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY

The rocks of the Appalachian V~lley_usually dip Cl.~ high angles.
They have been compressed into folcls having a general northeast

and southwest trend. These rocks have been faulted in many

places, the displacements rumiing approximately parallel to one

another and usually parallel to the folds. The main _force which

caU.sed. thE faultihg and folding came froin the southeast, as is in-

dicated by the overturned folds to the northwest. The fault

planes, as well as the predominating dip to the southeast, also in-

dicate

the

direction

of

this.

force.
''

In the eastern portion of the
...

,great Appalachian Valley, where the materials have been subjected

t0 intense. pressure, the finer-grained.' rocks, like the shales, have

been largely recrystallized, and in the rearrangement of the. constit-

uents during recrystallization they have assumed distinct cleavage.

CUMBERLA-ND PLA~EAU
. ' The rocks of the Cumberland Plateau occupy shallow synclines
and have ' been disturbed but little from their original almc;>st horizontal position. North Georgia has been subjected many times to horizontal comp!essi?ns, elevations, and the degrading effects of sub-areal erosion.

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 79
GEOLOGY
The four physiographic provinces which comprise North Georgia all differ in the character of their rocks. The Piedmont Plateau contains the oldest rocks in the State and as we proceed westward crossing the Appalachian Mountains, the Appalachian Valley, and the Cumberland Plateau, we traverse strata that become successively younger in geologic age.
PIEDMONT PLATEAU
This plateau is made up largely of bolo-crystalline and semicrystalline rocks of both igneous and sedimentary origin and rocks so completely metamorphosed that all traces of their former origin have been obliterated.
The bolo-crystalline igneous rocks consist primarily of granites, gneisses and schists cut by a series of younger basic eruptives made up largely of diabases and diorites. Belts of basic ferro-magnesian silicates are found traversing the State in a general northeast and southwest direction. They have been classed. as eruptive rocks by King.1
The rocks of undoubted sedimentary origin consist of conglomerates, quartzites, slates and limestones, while many of the schists associated with these sedimentary rocks are thought to be of the same origin. Dynamic and metamorphic agencies have been so great and have extended over such a long period of time in the Piedmont Plateau that the diorites and many of the granites have taken on a gneissoid structure; shales have changed into slates, which in turn have been metamorphosed into phyllites; sandstones have been consolidated into quartzites; and both igneous and sedimentary rocks have been changed into schists.
The roGks have a prevailing dip to the southeast throughout the plateau and the dip varies usually from thirty to ninety degrees. The general direction of the strike is N. 20 to 30 E.
1King, Francis P., A Preliminary Report on the CoMllildum Deposits of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ga. No. 2, 1894, p. 71.

Table of Geological Formations of the A~palachian Valley and Cumberland Plateau Areas of Georgia

Era or System Period or Group

___.... _
,.
Foi'mation1 '.

I_ Thficekent !lSS

General character

Carboruferous ..

r
Penneylvanian Mississipian Upper ..

Walden sa~n~d.stone

L<iokout formation Unconformity
Pennington shale Unconformity

Bangor limestone Floyd formation

Probably
tiille
equivalents

Fort Payne chert Unconformity
i -
Chattanooga black "!hale

930

S~ndstone and shale

500

Massive sandstone. at base succeeded by sandstones and

shales wi~h he,~VY conglomerate and sandstone at top.

780+ Qe.rbonaceous shales With sandsto.ne in upper; portion

'900...

Iti;iayy-bedded, high-calcium limestone with some magnesian limestones.

1,500+

d~~bonaceous ' ,.limestones.

shales

with . some

heayy-bedded,

d_a. rk-blue

.~

2QQ

C)lierl and cherty limestol!:e.

20

Black shale.

F

Devonian

Mid!ile (.a. bse..i.lt) Lower

Unconformity. Frog mountain sanCI.Stone. and
Armuchee chert '

40 .Sandstone and chert.

Silurian

Up~er (a~~en.t)

.

UnconforDJity

~ddle :t\(iagr~an Rockwood formatio:h

1,600

Olive-green shales with many thin beds of brown and gre~h sandstones.

Ordovician

Lower (absent)
Upper Middle . Lower upS:er Cambrian or arrat"ogan

Unconformit:y

(Western basin) cli~st!lril:basi:Q.)

Roc1i:mattliliales

Chickamauga

. :Snd si~tel:i.

2,500 +

formation

-Unconfprmity

Qhickaiii~:liga

200

;limesto_ne

Unconfor:q:iity

.. .

~ox dolomite. .

~

-

. 2,000

.Middle Pambrian Connasauga shales and limestone or Acadian

.
Brown and olive-green shales with sandstones and limestone conglomerate in upper portion~

Dark-blue and gray limestones.

-

liargely ccystalline, heayy-bedded, gray dolomite with much

chert.



'Y!ellow and brown argillaceous1:1hales with some blue limestone

:containing argillaceous intercalations and veins of secondary

calcite.





Cambrian

Lower Cambrian or'
Georgian

Rome formation Apison shale Beaver limestone

3,500 1,000 1,100+

Ya:deg;J.ted shales and sandstones. Vari-colored arg..illaceous shales. Heayy-bedded, gray magnesfan limestone.

Wei-s-ne-r

quartzite
- -

2,500+ Quartzite.

00 0
~
0 t-1 0
~
~
t-1
OQ c::j
~
C) b;J ..
-~
i~:::l
~ ~
t:k.

1-ti
~
~ a
~
~

~
~
C:j
a
1-3
~

~
1-3
?
~
~
a
~
~

~
a
~
~

0

.s

/0

~ NAiri!I~E.' "''NO I..IMt!::JTQN!OS

SCALE f'N S'7"ATU;F MILES

00

J-1

]!,IG. 3.-l\IAP SHOWING THE ARJML DIS'l'RIBUTION OF MARBLJ~S AND JjiJ\1ES'I'ONES IN TI-m PIEDMONT PLA'l'EAU AND APPALAOHIAN l\10UN TAIN AREAS OE' GEORGIA

82

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

'

'

APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS . j
These mountains consist of crystalline rocks of igneous origin, such as granite and diorite, associated with crystalline schists which are in part derived from ,igneous and in part from sedimentary rocks, together with undoubted sedimenta-ry rocks, such as quart'zites, conglomerates, slates, marbles, and limestones, all of which have
been more or less altered by heat and pres.s.ure. The igneous rocks are
ma:re q_:>rom.inent in the east and southeastern portion of the belt, while the metamorphosed clastics prevail to the west.

MURPHY MARBLE

The Murphy marble Of Cambrian age is the only formation in

the Appalachia~ Mountains of Georgi<:t containing calcareous ma-

terials of commercial importance;' This formation is an .extension

of the Murphy ma.roles dfNorth Carolina, so nimed by Keith.1
. Areal distribution.-These calcareous rocks e. nter the extreme
northeast carrier of Fannin County in two almost parallel lines of

outcrops separated l?Y a fault. ThE!y continue to the s0uthwest,

traversing Gilmer, Pickens, and Cherokee .counties, sometimes .oc-

cl.trrJ:n:g' along a:''single belt and again:, occupying:two belts. The ' exposure'S are often widely' sepa~ated, due to the fact that these
rock~ are in places concealed by the over.fytng formations.

Lithologic c.haracte1'.-The calcareous rocks differ both in physi-

cal and chemical character. The physical character of the Murphy 'inarble is largely due to d' ifferences in degree of metamorphism,

resulting from pressure, folding, faulting, .etc. The three pro-

nounced types of stone are: high-calcium, halo-crystalline and

coarsely crystalline marbles, fine crystalline magnesian marbles ;

and fine-grained, largely crystafHne, blue limestones. The com-

mercial pu' rities

marbles are all high-calcium originally contained in these

and holo-crystalline: T-he
marbles have crystallized

imout

in -the form of graphite, hematite, mica, tremolite, and a few other minerals. ,The magn~sian marbles are all finely. crystalline. Trem-

1Keith, Arthur, Nantahala folio (N<>. 148), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey,' 1907.

'

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STIWCTUEE, ETC., OF NOETH GEORGIA 83
olite and talc have developed, especially along planes which appear to be identical with planes of stratification; and other impurities, as mica, pyrite, etc., are also contained iri the magnesian stone. Slipping has taken place, as shown by striations on the silicates. The blue limestones are partly crystalline and few secondary mmerals have been developed in them.
Paleontology.-Prof. S. W. McCallie/ says:
Some years ago when making a study of the marbles of the State, t.he writer discovered, in the marbles of Turniptown Creek valley, what appeared to be imperfectly pr.eserved fossils. The material was submitted to Prof. Charles D. W.alcott, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, who, upon: examinatlon, stated that the specimens appeared to contain organic Temains; but what they we~e he was unable to state, further than that they suggested sections of gastropod s'hells.
APPALAOHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU
CAMBRIAN
The Cambrian rocks of Georgia consist of sandstones, quartzites, conglomerates, shales, slates, dolomites, limestones, and marbles. To the east of what Hayes terms the Cartersville fault, the Cambrian rocks have suffered far greater metamorphism, due to more intense diastraphic movements than those rocks of the same age lying to the west of this fault in the great Appalachian Valley.
The lower Cambrian quartzites and conglomerates of the Appalachian Valley appear to be of continental origin. The transgression of the sea in early Cambrian time was gradual and the argillaceous beds contained in the Beaver limestone indicate comparatively shallow water conditions. The upper part of the lower Cambrian; consisting of the sandstones and shales of the Rome formation, contain ripple marks which are evidence of their shallow water origin.
During Connasauga or middle Cambrian time in Georgia, the interior sea transgressed over a wide area, and while shallow
1McCallie, s. W., Marbles of Georgia, Bull. GeoL Survey of Ga. No. 1, 2nd
edition, 1907, p. 34.

84

GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF GEOEGI.A.

waters continued to ex~st they were deeper than the waters of lower Cambrian time. Limestones and argillaceous m:uds were deposited.
The gradual submergence, which took place in the southern Appalachian region in the middle Cambrian, continued and became more pronounced in the upper Cambrian during which time the marine waters of the sout4ern Appalachian sea1 reached their greatest depth.
The tipper Cambrian, consisting of the lower 600-700 feet of the Knox dolomite, lies apparently conformable upon the Connasa~ga formation.
The th~ee divisions of the Cambrian are characterized by three~
genera of trilobites: the lower Cambrian, or Georgian, by Olonellus; the middle Cambtian, or Arcadian, by Paradoxides) in .the Atlantic basin, and by Oleonides in the Appalachian region south of the Champlain Valley; and the upper Camibrian, or Saratogan, by Dikelouphalus. SchucherP says: "In the lower Catl?-brian, or Georgian, from Labrador to Alabama the li.fe, representyd is essentially that of the 0 tortellus. thomsoni auna."
WEISNER~' QUARTZITE
The Weisner quartzite is of lower Cambrian age. The stratigraphic ,relatio~ of this formation to adjacent formations of known lower Cambrian age has furnished the evidence for placing it among the lower Cambrian rocks.
A1'eal distribution.-The Weisner. quartzite is found in two im-
portant areas in Georgia. It forms Indian Mountain, the north-
east portion of which extends from Alabama into the northwestern portion of Polk County, _Ga. On account of the resistant nature of the quartzite, which largely composes this formation, it always gives rise to marked topographic f~atures, as in the case of Indian Mountain, which reaches an altitude of more than 1,950 feet.

1Schuchert, Chas., Discussion of Ccinttnental Seas: Bull. Geol. Soc. of' Amer., Vol. 20, 1910, pp. 447-464.
1Bull. Geol.. Soc. of Amer., Vol. 20, 1910, p. 517.

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 85
Just east of Cartersville, the Weisner quartzite extends in a general north and south direction for about :fifteen miles and in places reaches a maximum width of three miles.
Lithologic cha~racter.-Hayes1 says:
It consists chiefly of fine-grained vitreous quartzite, although it also contains some beds of :fine conglomerate and probably considerable beds of siliceous shales. The latter, however, are usually concealed by the abundant ''debris'' from the quartzite beds, whicll tend to break up into angular fragments when exposed to atmospheric. conditions.
The thickness of this formation is probably 2,000 to 3,000 feet and may be considerably more; but it cannot be determined because of the intense folding w.hic'h its beds have undergone and the absence of satisfactory ex:posures.2
The Weisner formation occurs m the form of a massive lense varying greatly in thickness over a small area. The coarser elements of the formation occur in a series of lenses interbedded with the :finer grained rocks and vary considerably in thickness. The beds of conglomerate often contain numerous angular feldspar fragments showing that the material composing the conglomerate was derived in part from granite. The angular character of the fragments shows that they were not far removed from their original source. The above enumerated facts, together with the general absence of fossils, are evidence against the marine origin of the formation and point to delta deposits as suggested by Hayes.
Paleontology.-Prof. S. W. McCallie found in this formation at a point near Cartersville what appeared to be the remains of brachiopods, corals, etc.; however, none have been found sufficiently preserved to be determined.
BEAVER LIMESTONE
The Beaver limestone lies stratigraphically immedia,tely above the Weisner quartzite and is of lower Cambrian age. Hayes3 esti-. mates the thickness of this formation at not less than 800 to 1,200 feet .
. 1Hayes, C. W., Geological Relations of the Iron Ores in the Cartersville District, Georgia: Am. Ins. Min. Eng., Vol. XXX, 1901, p. 404.
2Ibid, p. 410. sop. cit., p. 406.

86

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Areal distributionc.-The Beaver limestone occupies a narrow

belt to the west of the Weisner quartzite in the Cartersville dis-

trict and extends from a. point about three miles south of Carters-

ville to the northeast for about 18 miles. In addition to this belt

it underlies a broad level valley extending southward from Grass-

dale to the vic-inity of Ladds Mountain.

- Another area extends along the southeast side of Indian Moun-

tain from the Georgia-Alabama line to the vicinity of Oredell.

Lithologic chMacter.-Wherever the formation is present in Geor-

gia it is largely concealed and valley-forming.. The few exposures that

occur show it to be. a semi-crystalline, gray, dolomitic limestone con-

. taining

in

places

considerable
.

cher. t,

while

again . '

it

is

somewhat

argil-

laceous in character..

The formation is usually overlain by a mantle of deep red resi:..

dual clay containing chert derived from the dolomitic limestone

and quartzite fragments derived from the Weisner quartzite. Pateontology.-No fossils have been found in this formation to

the writer's knowledge.

.APISON SHALE

The Apison shale succeeds the Beaver limestone in the geologic

column and is overlain by the Rome forrr:-ation. Hayesl. estimates

the thickness of this shale in Georgia at not less than 1,000 feet.

On account of the rather intense folding and faulting it is impossi-

,ble to measure its exact thickness. Areal distribution.-The Apison shale enters Georgia from Ten-
nessee 'at a point about two miles east of White Oak Mountain and covers a ~enticular-like belt extendirtg in a southwest direction

to a .point two miles east of Ringgold. Another small lenticular

shaped area is found in the southwestern portion of Whitfield

County. Lithologic character.-The formation consists of argillaceous

shales with alternating bands of red, purple, green and yellow.

:t.Hayes, C. W., Ringgold folio (No. 2), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1894.

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NOETH GEORGIA 87
Paleontology.-As far as known no fossils have been found in this formation in Georgia.
ROME FORMATION
The Rome sandstones and shales occupy a position immediately above the Beaver limestone in the Cartersville district, while they lie above the Apison shale wherever these shales are found. Hayes1 estimates the thickness of this formation at from 3,000 to 4,000 feet.
Areal distribution.-The Rome sandstones and shales occupy three areas in the Appalachian Valley region of Georgia.
The most northwestern area occupied by the Rome formation extends in a southwest direction from the Georgia-Tennessee line at a point about 2 miles east of White Oak Mountain .to a point about 1,% miles southwest of Villanow. A wedge-shaped area of Knox dolomite separates the Rome formation into two narrow belts m the northern part of this area
The Rome formation is most typically exposed in the central area which extends in a general northeast direction from a point just north of the Floyd-Polk county line at the Georgia-Alabama line through Rome and into the Dalton area to the northeast.
The eastern area occupies a belt intimately associated with the Connasauga formation to the north of Cartersville.
Lithologic chamcter.-The Rome formation of the northwestern area consists of interbedded sandstones and shales in the lower portion, while the upper portion consists of argillaceous and sili, ceous shales. fThe sandstones are reddish, brown and purple in color, while the shales are brown, reddish and olive green.
The formation of the central belt consists of interstratifi.ed thin beds of fine-grained sandstones and siliceous shales, and contains thin-bedded red sandstones at the base of the formation, while at the top there is a heavy bed of light-gray sandstone.
In the area to the northeast of Rome, the formation is largely
1Hayes, C. W., Ringgold and Rome folios (Nos. 2 and 78), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1894 and 1902.

88,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEOlWIA

made up of shales. The alte:r:nate bands o vari-colored sand-stones and shales and the usual brilliant coloring of these bands is a striking peculiarity of this formation. The sandstones interbedded with the shales cause tliis formation to be more resistant to erosion than the overlying Conmisauga, and as a consequence give rise to a series of hills both to the northeast and southwest of Rome which are cha-racteristic topographic features 0f the formation.
Paleontology.-Lingula ( ?) were found in a glauconitic sandstone by Prof. S. W. McCallie in the Rome sandstone at a point about two and one-half miles east of Ringgold.

CONN.A.sAUG.A. SHALES .A.ND LIMESTONES

The Gonnasauga .

formation. of

middle Cambrian '

age

vanes

m

2,q_9p thic~-:q.ess p~t)Y~e,.:IJ.. ~rpOO an~

Jeet/ and consists :essentially of

shales with inter-stratified limestones which in places reach a thick- .

ness of 150 feet.
\
Ar.~rz.Z disfribu.tion. -.The Connasauga formation extends across

the State in the western portron of the great. Appalachian Valley,

Y 11~1H'ill,~y .in:,lf~Cl;tt\Sh~.\ '?'reC!-fo, ,WcP,ite.in th;~; CoersCI. alJyy: .so~thwest of

_:, -.:" ,.v:- 4

::. /-',.."1. . . .,; .-

:

.

~-

.-~" .-:~

_t :;_

' -;.

. ;_~ ' .

_



Rome .and iii tne eastern portion of the Appa)achian V ~lley 1t oc-

c-q,pie:s brGJad areas.

The most western belt of the Connasauga enters the State just

west of Graysville, formipg Peavine and Chattooga valleys arid ex-

tends in a southwest direction across the State into Alabama.

A narrow belt extends in a southwest direction from a point on

Cane Creek north of Trio1_1 forming the valley trav~rsed by the

Central of Georgia Railway and extending into A1abama. Irregu-

lar l.~n~-~-like areas also occur in the vicinity of t~e Alabama line.

Jn the Coosa Valley southwest of Rome the Connasauga forms
a wide valley known as the "Flatwoods/' This formation extends

both to the northeast and southwest of. Rome. It occupies a com-

pCI.rati:vely broad valley to the northeast of Rom'e extending into

liHayes, C. W., Ringgold folio (No. 2), Gaol. Atlas U . .S., U. S. Geol. Survey,
1894.

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NOETH GEORGIA 89
the valley east of Dalton. The formation extends to the southwest of Rome into Alabama and forms irregular, long, narrow areas along the Georgia-Alabama line.
A very narrow belt extends from the northwest corner of the Catoosa-Whitfield county line to the southwest through Tunnel Hill into East Armuchee Valley, reaching a point about four mile3 southwest of Villanow.
In the Cartersville and Dalton areas the formation occupies broad valleys and is intimately associated with the sandstones and shales of the Rome formation.
Lithologic character.-The shales of the Connasauga formation are always fine-grained extremely argillaceous rocks and olive g~een to yellowish-green in color. At the base of the formation thin bedded limestones interstratified with shales are usually present, succeeded by olive green to yellowish-green shales with limestones of considerable thickness at the top of the series.
The limestones vary in physical and chemical character over wide limits. Some of the limestones have an oolitic-like structure. The oolitic limestones and those of the dark blue color are high in calcmm. The gray limestones usually contain intercalated clayey impurities which are conspicuous on the weathered surface of the rock. In places the gray rock is crystalline and resembles some-
what the Knox dolomite, but lt never contains the chert so charac-
teristic of the upper Knox. The limestones are nearly always characterized by secondary calcite veins. In the crushing to which these rocks were subjected by earth movements, the shales readily adjusted themselves by folding, while the limestones, being more rigid, were fractured. The openings thus produced were subsequently filled with calcite deposited by percolating waters containing lime in solution, derived from the same formation. In the Coosa Valley flat and rounded siliceous concretions are found which sometimes contain trilobites. vVhen the limestones reach their maximum thickness in this formation they form low ridges, while the general argillaceous and calcareous character of the formation causes it to be valley-forming.

~0

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Paleontology.-The Connas~uga f~rmation contains the most

abundant fauna of the Cambrian rocks in Georgia. Spencer1 says:

'These shales of the Ooosa Valley eont:ain fossils W'.hieh from a point tlrree

miles southwest of Rome, C. D. Waleott has determined as belonging to the

genus Oleonides, and consequently belong to the middle Cambrian series.
* * * * The shale ridges (whieh eontain some sandstone) to the east of the

qasin below Rome apparently belong to .a positio;n beneath the shales to the

west as well as to the east of t'hem, owing to the Oostanaula fault upon their

Wj:lstern side,



The

shale

rid. ges

to

which .

Spencer

refers

as

containing

some

sai1dstones are undoubtedly the sandstones and shales of the Rome

formation. The fact that the genus Oleonides was found in the shales above the sandstones and in the Coosa Valley leaves little

doubt tha.t the Oleonides came from the Cannasauga sl,lales.
Spences again says :2
In the northern suburb of Rome, from arenaeeous shales .an-d elays .above the sandstones, fossils of the genus :B:athyuriscus were forind, and from the
sarudstones A.nn-el:i.d .remains, * * * On the eastern side of and ab(}ve the
san;dstmi.e ridges, seven miles south of Rome, a bed of limestone interCJrul:ated wit'h E!ha:les, eoniains Bathyuriseus and Ptyehoparia and speeies of Orthis all b~lon~Iig to middle Pambrian fauna.

The sandstones to. which Spencer again refers are the sand-
~tdri~$' df the 'Rome for'tnat'ion "a.ndi ffofri his descri'ption there is
some doubt as to whether Bq;thyu1'iscus was fourr9. in the upper
sii~'ie{ of the Rome formation or in the Cannasauga; however, the
farina ~hich he describes as coming from a bed of limestone inter-
ca1ated with shales is undoubtedly Connasauga. Oleonides curticei
(Walcott) occurs in the siliceous concretions in the Connasauga

formation. ,The limestones of the Connasauga are in places made up largely
of the remains of trilobites and' a small .fossil (concretion-like), which is thought to be GirvaneUaJ occurs in the Connasauga lime-

stone near the base of Cedar Ridge east of Dalton.

l.Sp~mcer, J. w., The Paleozoic Group of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ga., 1893, p:. 38.
2lbid, p, 40.

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 91
CAMBRO-ORDOVICIAN
KNOx DOLOMITE
The Knox dolomite of Cambro-Ordovician age lies immediately above the shales and limestone of the Connasauga formation. It attains a thickness of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet and consists of heavy bedded and massive partially crystalline dolomite.
Areal distribution.-The formation forms a broad area occupying Missionary Ridge and extending from the Georgia-Tennessee line clividing into narrower belts as it a1>proaches the Alabama line.
The Knox dolomite forms narrow irregular areas between Taylor Ridge on the west and the series of mountains on the east known as Johns, Horn, and Chattoogata mountains.
East and southeast of Rome the Knox dolomite forms a great valley a~ea with no well defined ridges, while long narrow ridges are characteristic of the formation in the western portion of the Appalachian Valley region. The formation extends to the southwest to the vicinity of the Alabama line and covers a broad area extending to the northeast. l t turns to the north in the vicinity of Cartersville and narrows out in the northern portion of Gordon County.
In the northeastern portion of the great Appalachian Valley, the Knox dolomite extends from the Georgia-Tennessee line in four somewhat broad areas to the south, becoming wedge-shaped at their southern extremities.
Lithologic character.-The formation is characterized by low narrow ridges and broad valleys, depending on the local structure and the physical character of the beds exposed. The lower 500 to 700 feet of this formation in Alabama, Georgia, c.nd Tennessee is known to be of upper Cambrian age and differs from the overlying portion of the Knox in the general absence of chert.
In Alabama the lower 500-600 feet of the Knox dolomite has been separated from the upper portion of the formation by Butts1 and called
1BuTI. 400, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1910, p. 14.

92

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

the Ketona dolomite, on account of its great economic importance and

its difference in lithologic character from the upper part of the forma-

tion. In Tennessee and Georgia the lower 500 to 700 feet are practically . fre~ fro+n chert and might here also be termed the Ketona

dolomite ;however, it could not be separated from the overlying Knox

dolomite areally. No attempt has been made in Georgia tn recognize

any of tlie subdivisions of this formation. According to Ulrich, the

upper TiiJiit of the Cambrian is drawn at the top of the main cherty nidss ot'fheKnox dolomite as exhibited in "Copp'er rid~e." The base

of the U']_)per Cambrian or Ozar~ic of Ulrich begins "with the lower

non-'Cherty member of the Knox."

The lower ']_)ortion of the formation is characterized by heavy and

massive beds of gray largely crystalline dolomite without chert, while

the upper beds are characterized by a considerable abundance of chert
iii the fdr~ o layers and nodules. In the eastern portion ~f the area

the 'dolomite contains some sandy beds in the upper part of the forma-

tion.

Paleontology.-In the lower portion of the Kn0x ddlorilite fossils

have been found which show that it is of U:pper Cambrian age, while

to ,-

-

..

~ .

in the upper portion the fauna shbws it be .of lO#~r O'idoviCian 'age.

In._the railroad cut about one mile south of Cl~veland, Tenn., the

.

.

'

lower portion of the Knox dolomite is exposed and carries Ptychoparia

and. other Cambrian fossils1

ORDOVICIAN

Therocks of the Ordovician. in Georgia consist df dolomites, lime-

stones, and shales.

Ai the beginning of' Ordovician time 'in Georgia the great rriar~ne

transgression occurring in upper Cambrian time continued and the

.

\

Knox dolomite which was deposited represents the lower OrdoviCian

in part.

At the close of the lower Ordovician or Canadic (Ulrich) period a

general regressive movement of the sea covering the Appalachian

1Spencer, J. w., Paleozoic Group of Georgia: Geol. Survey o"f Georgia, 1893,
p. 41.

PHYSIOGBAPHY, STBUCTUBE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 93
Valley region took place. The elevation of the continent and a hiatus of great extent is shown by the extensive unconformity between the
Knox dolomite and the Chickamauga formation. Ulrich and Schu-
chert, in their "Paleozoic Seas and Barriers" have advanced the idea that during Ordovician time the Appalachian Valley was divided longitudinally into several narrow basins which were more or less separated from one another, thus accounting for ,the observ--ed differences in sedimentation and life characterizing the several areas.
The lower Ordovician or Canadic (Ulrich) period followed the upper Cambrian or Ozarkic (Ulrich) period in the Southern Appalachians with a gradual change in fauna. Little is known of the fauna of the upper Knox dolomite in the Southern Appalachian Valley.
During middle Ordovician time the southern type of fauna was in general the Stones River typ~. The Atlantic fauna mingled in middle and later Chazy times, as shown by the occurrence of M aclurea magma) a well known species of the Atlantic Mid-Chazy period.
The upper Ordovician is represented in part in the upper portion of the Chickamauga formation.
CHICKAM.A.U GA FORMATION
The Chickamauga formation, re-presenting both middle and, in part, upper Ordovician time in Georgia, consists of all the rocks lying between the Knox dolomite below and the Rockwood formation above. This formation consists of two distinct types of rocks differing both in lithologic and faunal character. These sediments were deposited in basins separated by a barrier of Knox dolomite, and the basins extended much farther than the limits of Georgia; however, they may be termed in Georgia the western and the eastern basins. The rocks of the Chickamauga formation to the west of the Oostanaula River were laid down in the western basin and several long narrow areas in the northeastern portion of the Appalachian Valley :-egion of Georgia also belong to this basin. The rocks of the western basin consist of interbedded limestones and shales and in places consist essentially of limestones.

94

GEOLOGICAL SVRVEY OF GEORGIA '

The eastern basin. was narrow and. probably extended some distance

tc the southwest into ~abama. It covered fue area in the vicinity and

to t1ie south of Cedartown, and in the RoCkmart region it covered the
a.rea now' occupied by the Chickamauga limestone and the Rockmart

shale, and in all probability extended some distance to the east.

The formation reaches a thickne"ss of 1,800 feet in the western

basin, and in the eastern basin the limestones reach a thickness of

probably 200 feet, while the_ shales may be 2;5QO to 3,0{)0 ~eee in

thickness.

Areal distribution.-The Chickamauga formation forms long nar-

. row areas when the dip of the rocks is inclined at a high angle, while

it forms long broad valleys. when the crests of gently dipping anticlines

~re exposed.

The mosi: western belt occupies the crest of a broad anticline and extends from the viCinity of Wildwood in~ sot1thwest di-rection along

the valley of Lookout Creek to within two m:iles ,of the Alabama line.
A small s'V"-shaped area extends from the Tennessee line in the

vicinity of Chattanooga: to a point about four mi1es to i:he south.

A long ~narrow area extends from a point about two miles south
of the Ti:mnessee Ihte into i:h~;s~u:thetn eitferrilty of. McLamore Cove.

It occupies both the e:ast and west sides O"f the valley of this cove and-
to' extefi:ds down the valley of Chickamati~a tr~~k the ~~rth into

Tenhessee. The formation follows around the 'northeft;St e-P,d of Pigeon
Motih~a!n and octupies a narrow area in the valley :to. the east of Pigeon
an1d t;&Oko-U.t mountains.

AncHher area occupies the southeast and s6uth-vvest sides of Dirt-
s'tiHer Mott~tain and extends to the north where it narrows to a point

abotrt three niiles northwest of Trion. it occupies the westep,n :flanks
of'TaJlo't a1+ct b:iy-lior ridges; Simms, Recith,--Ttiri-ITp: john, Horn, and

Chattbogata mountains and some intermediate areas.

f

'

'

I

'

In the northeastern portion o:f the A:ppa1achia.p y ~lley in Georgia

~1-lJ:"ee -'long n-arrow areas of the Chickamauga fott.hat~on are found.

The first area underlies the valley at Dalton and extends several miles I

1Hayes, C. W., Rome folio (No. '78), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902.

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE; ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 95
to th~ north an' south of the town. The s' econd area enters the State from Tennessee at a point about one mile east of Red Ore and extends about eight miles to the southwest. The third area enters the State in the extreme northeastern portion of the Appalachian Valley and extends to the south to the vicinity of Loughbridge.
The Chickamauga formation in the eastern basin has been divided by Hayes1 into the Chickamauga limestones and the Rockmart shales. Limestones occupy the valley in the vicinity of Cedartown and extend several miles to the south. The main belt of limestones and shales extends from the vicinity of Hightower Mill in Polk County to the northeast and occupy the broad valley to the north of Rockmart, becoming narrower to the northeast and extending to the vicinity of Stilesboro.
Lithologic character.-The Chickamauga formation shows such wide differences in its lithologic character, both in a direction parallel to the strike and across the same in the western basin that it is found necessary to describe the outcrops in some detail.
The formation in Lookout Valley consists of a hard, fiaggy, blue limestone, carrying an abundant fauna. The eastern base of Lookout and Pigeon mountains and in the Chickamauga Valley the formation consists largely of thin-bedded blue limestones with some beds of earthy, purple, and dove-colored limestone. The earthy beds are more numerous towards the east and the formation increases in thickness in that direction. In the area extending from the Georgia-Alabama line, both on the east and west sides of Dirtseller Mountain and extending in a northeast direction to a point several miles northwe~t of Summerville, the formation consists of mottled earthy limestones and interbedded variegated shales. The base of the formation in the southwestern portion of this belt contains a conglomerate consisting of cherty fragments which were derived from the Knox dolomite. The fragments are somewhat water worn and are imbedded in a calcareous mud.
The western side of Taylor Ridge, Simms Ridge. Gaylor Ridge,
10p cit.

96

GEOLOGICAL SURVE~ OF GEORGIA

Turnip: Horsleg, Chattoogata, Horn, and John mountains, the formation is largely of argillaceous character consisting of interbedded
e"!-rthy limestones and variegated shales. The rocks of the Chickamauga formation to the ~ast. of the Oosta-
naula River outcrop in the vicinity of Cedartown and RDckmart. The Chickamauga formation in the eastern basin consists of two disti~ct members. The lower 1?ortion has been termed the Chickamauga limestone by ;Hayes and th~ upp,.er portion the Rockmart shales and slates.

CHICKAMAUGA LIMESTONE
The Chickamauga limesto!).e is separated from the Knox dolomite below and from the Rockmart shale and slate above by unconformities. It consists of from 100 to 200 feet of thin and heavy bedded, 'fine grained, high-calcium limestone interbedded with _gray to grayishblue magnesium Hrnestone. . The dark .blue high~calcium beds predominate in the lower portion of the formation while the upper beds contain a greater number of magnesian beds.

ROCKMART SHALES AND SLATES
i}fl:e sha:le.s ;0~,~he. fiti.d~rha:rt fo'fhl~HBD.\,~f:~i~Bf"cgte~t'thitkness. The
~ormation ~onsish largely :of ._qark bht~. .:to' 'Ul~ck shales and .slates,
~eifll~ting o'fen to oli:V~' 'g~e~ri: a;;:d 'ye11~~. Th~ 'lo~~er porti~n of the

fonnatipn is remarkably uniform in its lithologic ch~racter, while the
upp~t:p~rtion is more variable; containing highly ferruginous sand-

st6n,s, cherty limestones, and conglomerates.

' "

. '

~

.

Paleon~ology.-The rocks of the Chickamauga formation of the

western basin contain an abundant fauna. Below are given some of

the more abundant fossils obs~rved by the writer.

.....~ .

\

:.

Corals

Peleycepods

B,:r}jozoa ,

Gctstropods

Brachiopods

Cephalopods

Camerotbechia sp.

I
Gonioceras anceps (Hall)

I

Plectambonites sericeous (Sowerby) Trilobites

Rafinesquina alternata (Conrad) Ostracods

PHYSIOGEAPHY, STRVCTVEE, ETC., OF NORTH GEOEGIA 97
The Chickamauga limestones of the eastern basin are practically barren of fossils. The Rockmart shales have never been carefully searched for fossils.
SILURIAN
At the close of the Ordovician time there was almost a complete emergence of the Appalachian Valley area which was followed by the Niagara transgression. The deposits of the Silurian in Georgia are mainly clastics consisting of shales and sandstones with an occasional bed of interstrati:fied limestone. These materials were derived from a rejuvinated Appalachian land area to the east. The Rockwood formation, which is delimited by the Chickamauga formation below and the Chattanooga black shales above, is separated from both of these formations by profound unconformaties. This formation constitutes all that remains of the Silurian deposits of Georgia. The eastern sandy phase of the Rockwood formation represents near shore deposits of shallow water origin which gradually .merge to the west into deeper water deposits, consisting of shales and some interstrati:fied limestones. As far east as Taylor Ridge the iron ore contains marine fossils in abundance. The deposits in the western part of the Appalachian Valley area were deposited in deeper waters than those to the east. The waters were all comparatively shallow during lower Silurian time m Georgia.
ROCKWOOD FORMA'l'ION
The Rockwood formation in Georgia attains a thickness of 600 to 1,600 feet and represents the Clinton of New York and possibly more. The formation consists of sandstones and shales with some conglomerates in the eastern area and some interstrati:fied limestones in the we.stern area. It contains the most important commercial iron ores of the Southern Appalachians.
A1'eal distribution.-The Rockwood formation extends across the western portion of the Appalachian Valley in long narrow belts. The formation is characterized by differences both in its character of topography and lithology to the west of Taylor Ridge c.nd to the east of ::lnd inch1ding Taylor Ridge. The region to the west of Taylor

98

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Ridge has been termed the western area and the region including Taylor Ridge and the mountains to the east have been designated the eastern area.
The western area contains five distinct belts. The :first belt extends from the Tennessee line in the valley of Lookout Creek in a southwest direction occup'ying the ridges on both sides of the valley, coalescing and terminating at a point about one mile southwest of the Alabama line.
The second belt occupies the valley of. J0hnsons Crook, and forms ridges on both sides of the valley extending ~o the southwest into Alabama.
The third belt borders a "V"-shaped area of, the Chickamauga formati'o)l extending from the Tennessee line south of Chattanooga forabout nine miles.
The fourth, be1t occupies a narrow ridge along the eastern base of Loolmut Mounta!n and extends .parallel to the mountain into the southern portion of McLamore Cove, where. it turns to the northeast anci: follows the western base of Pigeon Mountain etidrding its northeast end. It extends to the southwest paralleling the,.eastern base of J?Jgec:Hi,,and ~.~~o11trfri.o,un;ains;la~to,;Adahab:Tct:~a1ong wha;f~is.~known as Shinbone .Ridge, i ,
The fifth belt occupies' Dirtsellet Mountain and. extends to the
southwest into Alabama. 'f~he eastern area occupies the crest of high mountains in the great
Appal~oh:ian Va:lley and .forms irregular areas on the ~astern side of
these mountains. In the mountains forming the extreme eastern belt the sandstqnes are so prominent and cover so much of the formation that they have been mapp~d as a. separate member. by ayes. The formation occupies the crest of White Oak Moutttairi and Taylor Ridge and a considerable portion along the. eastern sides of these mountains. It occupies considerable portions o.f Simms Mountain, Gaylor Ridge, Heath Mountain, Turnip Mountain, Lavender Mountain, Horseleg Mount~in, Turkey Mounb.in, John Mountain, Horn Mountain. ami Chattoogata Mountain.

PHYSIOGBAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NOETH GEOBGIA 99

Lithologic character.-The Rockwood formation consists of sand-

stones and shales with some conglomerates in the eastern area and

some interbedded limestones in the western area. It has a thickness

of about 600 feet in the western area, while it attains a thickness of

1,600 in the eastern area.

The formation to the west of Taylor Ridge consists essentially of

olive green and yellowish-green shales with thin beds of interstrati:fied

:fine grained brown sandstones, while in the valley of Lookout Creek

some thin beds of interstrati:fied limestones occur. A heavy bed of

sandstone usually forms the base of the formation. This sandstone is

often absent in the western area and in places it is so unconsolidated

that it does not result in an important topographic feature.

The formation to the west of and including Taylor Ridge consists

essentially of brown and red sandstones and interstrati:fied yellowish-

green and olive green shales. To the east of the mountains which

make up and extend parallel to the Chattoogata Mountain the formation has been divided by Hayes1 into three parts. The lower portion

of the formation consists of thin bedded purple sandstones with some

yellow sandy shales. The middle portion consists of heavy bedded

sandstones with some interstratifi.ed shales and with coarse sandstone

and conglomerate from 50 to 75 feet thick, forming the sharp crests

of the ridges. The upper portion of the formation consists of yellow

shales and coarse sandstones.

Paleontology.-Below are given some of the more abundant fossile
. ,observed by the writer.

Corals-

Pelecypods

Brachiopods

Gastropods

\ emarotoechia sp.

Trilobites

Pentamerous sp.

Crinoids

Schizophoria sp.

'Hayes, C. W., Ringgold folio (No. 2), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. s. Geol. Survey,
1894.

100

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

DEVONIAN

The rocks which constitute the Devonian in Georgia are made up of cherts, sandstones and shales.
During middle and upper Silurian time the Appalachian Valley region of Georgia was raised into a land surface and a great period of erosion followed. This widespread emergence continued into the Devonian and was more- or less oscilla:tory during early Devonian tiine; 'becoming m:ore pronounced in: late D~vonian. While the sea was oscillatory in Lower Devonian time sandstones and cherts with some shales, the remains of which now form the Armuchee chert, were deposited. During Upper Devonian time a gradual transgression of the Appalachian sea took place extending ,from the northeast to- the southwest. The ~hattanooga black shale was deposited unconformably uppn the Artrtt1chee chert irt Geor-gia wherever tll~t formation: was present, and when not, it was laid down upon the Rockwood formation o:f Silurian age. The waters were shallow, and clastic deposits alont were formed.
The fauna contained in the Devonian rocks of Georgia is sparse.

A!t:Mu6:EEmE1' cmRT

T.h~ Armuchee chert .is thought by Hayes1 t~- be ;eq~:d:v;alent in age.

to the Frog Mountain sandstone (Oriskany) which occurs in the

southwest corner of the Rome quadrangle. Its greatest thickness in

Georgia is 40 feet2.

..

Areal distribution.-This formation occurs in a number of small
areas in the northwestern portion.of the .A.ppalachian Valley. A small
narrow area surrounds the northeastern and northwestern portions of

Horseleg Mountain and extends to the northeast to the -vicinity of

West Rome. A thi~d area occupies the center of Turkey Mountain,

extending in a northwest d_irection to a point just west of Crystal

Springs, where it turns to the west and extends to. Taylor Ridge, and

then to the north paralleling the east side of this ridge. It also occurs

1Hayes, C. W., Rome folio (No. 78), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902. 2Ibid.

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 101
m John and Horn mountains and extends for 10 or 15 miles to the
\
north of the southern terminus of John Mountain. Lithologic chamcter.-The formation consists primarily of bedded
chert and at times is made up of reddish-brown sandstone. Paleontology.-The Armuchee chert contains fossils of Oriskany
age, according to Hayes1
CHATTANOOGA BLACK SHALE
The Chattanooga black shale is all that is left of the Upper Devonian deposits of Georgia. It seldom attains a thickness of more than 20 feet in this State.
Areal distribtttion.~The black shale always occupies a long narrow area, wherever it occurs, and lies upon the Armuchee chert of Lower Devonian age; and when t-his -for!llation is absent, it lies upon the Rockwood formation of Silurian age.
Two 'parallel belts extend down the valley of Lookout Creek into Alabama. It encircl~s the Rockwood formation in Johnson Crook and extends to the south in two parallel belts into Alabama. Another belt extends from a point about four miles south of Chattanooga east of Lookout Mountain to the southern extremity of McLamore Cove, where it turns to the northeast and extends around the northeast point of Pigeon Mountain and then parallels the eastern side of Pigeon and Lookout mountains to the southwest.
In the southwestern corner of Chattooga County, an irregular, narrow, sinuous area extends from the Alabama line to the northeast along the southern portion of Gaylor Ridge. It surrounds the northeast extension of Horseleg Mountain and occupies small areas just west of Armuchee and in Turkey Mountain, and irregular and small areas to the east of Taylor Ridge along the northeast end of Simms Mountain, and in the southern portion of John and Horn mountains.
Lithologic characte1'.-The Chattanooga shale contains at times a sandstone bed at the base of the formation which is of a dark gray color, fine grained, fetid, and contains Lingula sp. often in abundance. Above the sandstone occurs a jet black fissile, tough, bituminous shale which generally contains grains and nodules of pyrite scattered through-
10p cit.

102

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

out its mass and which occur at times in well defined layers. The
upper portion of the forn1ation usually consists of a blue or greenish
I
clay-shale containing phosphatic concretions.
Paleontology.-The Chattanooga black shale contains, in Georgia, Discina, Lingtda) Chonetes) G01iiatites? etc., and resembles very closely
the type of fauna contained in the Gennessee of New Yark. It also
shows occasionally fragmentary remains of plants.

CARBONIFEROUS

The Carboniferous has been divided by geologists into the lower

and upper Carboniferous and these have been respectively termed the

Mississippian and Pennsylvanian.

"

11HSSISSIPPIAN
During the early part o.f Mis""sissippian time the southern portion of the Appalachian Valley was marked.by a con~inuation of the southeaste.rn transgression of the sea that characterized the Up. per Devonian. The Chattanooga black shale of the Upper Devoni-an is overlain by the Fort Payne chert, above which lies th~ Bangor lil.pestone in t~e western portion of the Appalachian region; while in the Eastern area the Fort
Payne chert is iminedi~tely succe~ded .by the Floyd shales and lime-
stones. The Oxmoor sartdstone appears to li,e 1Unconfo;rmably upon the Floyd shale.
FOR'r PAYNE CHERT
The Fort Payne chert lies unconformably upon the Chattanooga, black shale when that formation is. present, and when it is absent it lies unconformably upon the Rockwood formation of Silurian age. It reaches a thickness of 200 feet.
I
Areal distribufion.-The formation occupies narrow belts in the western portion of the Appalachian Valley, while it covers wider areas along the eastern side of Horn, John, and Chattoogata mountains. It does not occur in the. eastern portion of the great Appalachian Valley of Geor&"ia. The formation occupies approximately two parallel belts on bqth the eastern and western sides of the valley of Lookout Creek and extends. to the south into Alabama.

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 103
A narrow area parallels the eastern side of Lookout Mountain extending from the Tennessee line to the southern end of McLamore Cove, and thence to the northeast around Pigeon Mountain, paralleling the east side of Pigeon and Lookout mountains.
On the east side of Taylor Ridge the formation occupies irregular narrow belts and in the vicinity of Subligna the formation extends to the northeast across the valley occupying a broad area. It continues south of Taylor Ridge around Simms Mountain and entirely encircles Lavender Mountain and the southern portion of Gaylor Ridge; and also occupies a small area in Heath Mountain.
Another area extends from the vicinity of Huffmaker station in Floyd County southwest to within a short distance of the Coosa River. It completely surrounds Turkey Mountain and occupies both narrow and broad irregular areas to the east of John, Horn, and Chattoogata mountains.
Lithologic character.-The Fort Payne chert consists essentially of siliceous limestone with layers and nodules of chert, which occur in such abundance in places as to make up almost entirely this formation. Along the extreme eastern outcrops, namely, to the east of Horseleg Mountain and the Chattoogata range, the formation consists of heavy bedded chert in a siliceous cement, while the upper portion of the formation' consists of a somewhat porous sandstone, originally calcareous. West of Taylor Ridge, the lower portion of the 'formation consists essentially of ch,ert, while the upper portion becomes more calcareous and gradually passes into the overlying Bangor limestone. The chert of this formation is distinguished from that of the Knox dolomite by th~ usual great abundance of crinoid stems it contains.
Paleontology.-Crinoids, etc., often occnr in great abundance.
l!'f .OYD FORMATION
The Floyd formation lies stratigraphically immediately upon the Fort Payne chert. It attains a thickness of 1,200 to 2,000 feet!.
A1'eal dt"stTibution.-The Floyd formation is not known to occur
1Hayes, C. w., Rome folio (No. 78'), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902.

104

GE~OLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

west of Taylor Ridge. The shales of the formation usually occupy
broad valleys, while the limestones as a:- rule form long, narrow, low
ridges. The .formation enters the State just east of White Oak Mountain and extends to the south to a point about three miles west of Tunnel Hill. A canoe-shaped area occupies Houston Valley, and another small area occurs in the vicinity of Gordon Spring.
A broad area occupies west Armuchee Valley and is separated from the broad valley to the south by a belt of Fort Payne chert which extends across the valley to the northeast of Subligna and entirely encircles Little Sand Mountain.
A broad area occupies both Big and Little Texas valleys and extends to the northeast occupying a great irregular-shaped valley and thence t0 the north on the east side of John and Horn mountains.
It forms the great valley to the northwest of Rome. 1\. small valley
area of the Floyd formation occurs on the west side of Gaylor Ridge and extends to the southwest into Alabama.
Lithologic character.-'I'he Floyd formation consists of shales with some limestone; which attain a thickness of 100 to 150 feet. The shales are black, brown; yellow, and dark blue in color and are in places somewhat arenaceotis~ The limestones '~re heavy"-bedded and dark blue in coh;:,t, containing some chert in the lower part, while the
0
upper beds are somewhat siliceous with some pure limestones: The physicaLcharaeter of the limestone is so similar to those of the Bangor formation that they can not be distinguished lithologicaUy.
Paleontology.-The limestones and some of_ the arenaceous shales are often highly fossiliferous. Both Bryozoans and B1'achiopo<ls occur at some points in great abundance.
OOCMOOR SANDSTONE
After the deposition of those rocks which formed the Floyd formation, coarse sandstones and conglomerates were deposited, forming the
I
Oxmoor sandstones. The formation reaches a thickness of 600 feet. Areal distribution.-.The formation forms Judy Mountain and en-
tirely surrounds Rocky Mountain. Lithologic character.---'The formation in Judy Mountain consists of

PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 105
a coarse sandstone and conglomerate, while the area that surrounds Rocky Mountain consists of brown and white sandstones.
Paleontolog:y.-Nothing is known regarding the fauna of these beds.
BANGOR FORMATION
The Bangor formation lies immediately above the Fort Payne Chert in the western portion of the Appalachian Valley, while to the east it lies immediately upon the Oxmoor sandstone. It occupies stratigraphically the same position in the western portion of the Appalachian Valley that the Floyd formation occupies in the eastern portion. The formation, as described by Hayes\ includes both limestones and shales. These limestones and shales have never been separated in Georgia, although the line of division between these rocks is very sharp, and the great variation in thickness of the limestones, as well as the shales, indicates
'
an unconformity at the top of the limestones and at the top of the shales. The formation in Georgia reaches a thickness of 1,000 feet.
Areal distrib'lition.-ln the extreme northwest corner of the State the Bangor formation occupies the valley of Nickajack Creek. The creek has cut into the Cumberland Plateau and has exposed the Bangor formation which extends from the valley floor up the mountain sides to the point where the Lookout sandstones form the bluff.
Along the west side of Sand Mountain and along the east and west sides of Lookout and Pigeon mountains the Bangor formation reaches, from their base well up on the mountain sides. and extends in 1ong parallel belts across the State from Tennessee to Alabama. A small area has been mapped by Hayes as the Bangor about three miles northwest of Ringgold. Another area occupies the eastern and western sides of Little Sand Mountain and the formation entirely encircles Rocky Mountain.
Lithologic character.-The Bangor formation, consisting of limestones and shales, varies considerably in thickness within a small area. In the valley of Nickajack Creek the lower portion of the formation contains much nodular chert imbeddect in a heavy-bedded dark bluish-
lHayes, c. w., Rome folio (No. 78), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902.

106

GEOLOGICAL SDBVEY OF GEORGIA

gray, high-calcium lim.estone, while the upper bc;ds at this point are

.largely concealed. Along the eastern side of Sand Mountain the Ban-

gor formation consists of limestones in the lower portion of the forma-

tion and they reach a thickness of 800 feet, while the shales in the

upper portion are largely concealed by the soil derived from these

shales and the float derived from the.overlying formations. The lime-

stones of the Bangor formation in this area are only occasionally ex-

posed over the mountain side and contain a very considerable amount

of nodular chert imbedded in a heavy-:-bedded dark grayish-blue, high-

calcium limestone. The limestone also contains many beds of inter-

s-tratified, fine-grained, dark-blue, ma.'gnesian limestone.

0

Along the western side of Lookout Mountain the lower portion of

the Bangor limestone ccmtains a considerable amount of che'.t while

the upper portion is largely free from chert. The liniestone also con-

tains some argillaceous and interstratified magnesianlimestone. The

shales are yellowish-green, red, carbonaceous, black, an~ brown.

The limestones along the eastern side of Lobkotl.t Mountain near

the Tet'lnessee line are very thin and ar.e succeeded by a considerable
thickness of shales ("Pehning,ton') wli:ich have been included in this

formation. As we proceed to the south the limestones become thicker.

Pigeon Mcmntain, which is a spur of Lookout Mountain, contains

the greatest thickness of the Bangor limestone in the Appalachian

V:alley region of Georgia. At this point the limestones reach a thick-

ness of 900 feet, while they are overlain directly by the Lookout sand-

stones and shales. In the northern portion of the mountain the over-

lying formations have been entirely eroded away and have left the

Bangor limestones forming a mountain of 800 to 900 feet in height without a covering. The Bangor limestones to th~ east of Lookout

M'ountain is largely free of chert. The formation attains a thickness

in Little Sand Mountain of about 500 feet.

Paleontology-The limestones and shales of the Bangor formation

usually contain an abundant fauna. The following 'were observed by

the writer.

PHYSIOGRAPHY, S1'IWCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 107

Corals Crinoids Blastoids
Pentamerites maccalliei ( Schuchert)
Bryozoa Archimedes sp.

Brachiopods Productus, sp. Spirifer sp. Rhynchonella sp.
Gastropods Pleurotomoria sp. Bellerophon sp.

P"EJNNSYLVANIAN
The upper Carboniferous or Pennsylvanian is represented in Georgia by the Lookout sandstones and shales and the Walden sandstones and shales. The upper line of division between the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian is marked throughout the greater part of the Southern Appalachian region by an unconformity. At the close of upper Mississippian time there was a general emergence of the Appalachian area, erosion followed and shallow seas predominated during Pennsylvanian time in which clastic sediments were deposited, consisting chiefly of conglomerates sandstones and shales with some thin-bedded limestones. Conditions were suitable for the deposition of coal deposits. The rocks in Georgia are indicative of near shore and estuarine deposits, while those rocks far to the west are indicative of'marine deposition.

LOOKOUT FORMATION
The Lookout formation lies unconformably upon the Bangor limestones and shales and attains a thickness of from 400 to 500 feet in the western portion of the Appalachian Valley region, while in the eastern portion the remains of this formation are thinner.
Areal distribution.-The formation occupies a small area in the northern portion of Lookout Mountain south of Whiteside. A broad area extends southwest of Whiteside, occupying the vicinity of Cole City and extending to the south, forming the eastern bluffs of Sand Mountain. The formation forms the bluffs both on the east and west sides of Lookout Mountain and occupies the table land of Rocky and Little Sand mountains.
Lithologic character.-The formation consists of sandstones, cong-lomerates and shales with some commercial coal. The lower portion

108

GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY 'OF. GEOBGIA

ef the formation is made up of sandstone above which occur interbedded sandstones and shales succeeded by coarse sandstone and conglomerate. The upper limit of the formation is at the top of a heavy bed of sandstone and conglomerate which forms the cliff along Lookout Mountain.
Paleontology.-Little is known of the fauna of this formation in Georgia..
WALDEN SANDSTONE
The Walden sandstone includes all those sandstones and shales !
which ~ie above the Lookout formation in Georgia. The original thickness of the Walden formation is not -known for the upper iJOrtion of the formation, which consists largely of shales~ has been extensively eroded. It reaches a maximum.thickness of 930 feet in the LookotJt Mountain syncline.
Areal distribution.-This formation is confined to the western portion of the Appalachiin Valley region in the synclines of Sand and Loo~out mountains.
Lithologic chara.cter.-The formation is made np of sandstones, conglomerates and shales with several beds of ~ommercial coal.
PdreQntqlogy.-Ferns and other,jplant nemains are common in different localities but so far they have not been studied in Georgia.

,

LIMESTONES AND CEMENT MATERIALS OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU AND APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN AREAS IN GEORGIA
PIEDMONT PLATEAU
GEOliOGY
Magnesian limestones are found in the Piedmont Plateau area of Georgia in Stephens, Habersham, Hall, and Gwinnett counties. These limestones, which are an extension of the Oconee County limestones of South Carolina, enter Georgia at the mouth of Panther Creek in Stephens County. They extend up Panther Creek in a southwest direction, and outcrop at different points on both the north and south sides of the creek.
The limestones enter Habersham County at the mouth of Little Panther Creek, where they turn still more to the southwest and outcrop along the south side of Little Panther Creek. From this point they extend for about one-fourth mile up the southwest fork of Devil's Den Creek, where they finally become concealed by the overlying schist.
A small outcrop of limestone is found in Hall County about one mile east of Sulphur Springs station, near the public road leading to White Sulphur Springs. Another exposure of magnesian limestone occupies a more extensive area just southeast of Gainesville. A third exposure in Hall County occurs within the .corporate limits of Flowery Branch, where it appears in a branch just east of the big spring.
The occurrence of limestone is reported by S. P. Jones, former assistant State geologist of Georgia, in Gwinnett County south of Suwanee.
The several outcroppings of limestone above referred to apparently

110

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

all belong to the same formation, which is correlated with similar limestones of Cambrian age in South Carolina.

DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIES

ST'.EPHENS CouNTY

One mil~ W,est of the mO'l.f,th of Panther Creek.-Magnesian lime-

stone is exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of 21 feet along the

.

I

north side of Panther Creek at a point a:bout one mile west of its mouth.

The limestone is gray and massive aud is both overlain and underlain.

by schist. The base of the limestone is not exposed at this point. This

stone can only be won by mining, on account of the presence of the

overlying schist. The strike is N. 40 E., the dip 4010 S. E. The stone

can

best

be
.

used

for

concrete

and

r.oad

metal.

The high content of

magnesia is objectionabl'e for use in the manufacture of Portland cement.

The following analyses shows the composition of a.n average sample

taken over the entire exposure :

Analyses of Limestone f1'01n Pant.he-r Creek

(Sample No. 1.)

I.time (CaO) -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.10

:M!~g:J+~s~a (1\l.j:gO) ................................. . 16.16

3-_, _. .fii.1-~u\'"ntnf;.n:,-a< :- c 1:A:i1~.:-~:2-0: 3-.



.40

Fo~~rie o:xd:de '(Fe20s) ..... ......................... . 1.32

Suin.hu,r trioxide (SO ) ...........................

-

.t'

.

3





Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5)

Carboh dioxide ('002) and organic matter ........... .

Silica (Si02) : ;

.02
.02
38.65 16.33

HABERSHAM CouNTY

100.00

One~fourth mile south of ~h~ mouth of 'Little Panther Creek.-A grayish-blue massive magnesian limestone is exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of 61 feet along the southeast side of Little Panther Creek and at a point abo:ut one-fourth mile south of its mouth. The
strike :Fs N. 70 E.; the dip 20P SE.
The stone carries sort1e pyrite. The high percentage of magnesia makes it objectionable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement, and it~ high content of silica renders it undesirable for agricultural

LIMESTONES OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU

111

purposes. The stone will make an entirely satisfactory lime for mortars and plasters, and can also be used for road metal, ballast and concrete.
The following analysis shows the composition of an average sample taken over the entire exposure :

Analysis of Limestone) from One-Fourth Mile South of the Mouth

of Panther Creek (Sample No. 2)

Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M1agnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (Al 02 3 ) Ferric oxide (Fed03) Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5 ) Carbon dioxide (C02) and organic matter............ Silica (.Si02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27.04 15.22
.75 2.05
.08 .05 37.43 17.38

100.00
{(Billy Walker)' quany.-T~e "Billy Walker" quarry is located on
the property of W. L. Walker about 2Yz miles southwest of the mouth
of Panther Creek along the southeast side of the Turnerville public road. The rock is a gray, massive, magnesian limestone. Lime has been burned at this point for local use for more than "30 years. One circular stone kiln of the mixed feed type is in use. The kiln is 19 feet in height and 12 feet in diameter.
The high percentage of magnesia contained in this stone renders it objectionable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement and its high silic.eous content ~esults in a rather low grade agricultural lime. It is well suited, however, for mortars and plasters, concrete, road metal and ballast. The strike is N. 65 E., and the dip 33 SE.
The following section, from tor to bottom, shows the physical character of the rock exposed at this point:

Section, {(Billy Walker" Quany, Habersham County

--
Sample Unit I

----------
Description of Unit~

----------
Total Thickness Thickness

No. No.

feet

feet

3 Greer. schist

2 Porous brown, s.rgillaceous ssndstone

... - --

originally calcareous and probably

fossiliferous _______________ ---_-----

2

15

3

1 Gray and grayish-blue dolomite ________ 13 ! 13

112

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The following analysis shows the average composition of the dolomite exposure:

Analysis of Dol01-nite from {(Billy Walker)) Quar1'y

(Sample No. 3; U~it No. 1)
Lime (OaO) .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. Magnesia (MgO) .............. :.. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .
Alumina (Al 02 8) Ee:rrie oxide (Fe203) SulphUT trioxide (803 ) Phosphorus pen.toxide (P205) . . C'arbon dioxide (002) and organic matter. . . . . . . . . . . . Sj.liea (Si0 2) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

28.88 18.88
.60 1.20
.02 .04 44.64 5.74

100.00
HALL CouNTY Quanies of C. L. Deal llifa11ttfact~wing Com,pany.-The quarries of the C. L. Deal Manufactndng Company are loGated about two miles south of Gainesville near the Southern Railroad. The magnesian limestone is overlain and underlain by a schist. The schist which formerly overlaid. the limestone has been removed by er0sion. The base- of the <formation is mo.Whene exposed. The strike is N. 77 E., and the dip is 100 to 20.0 NW. The physical .character of the magnesian limestone found at the Deal quarries is shown in the following. sections. The limestone has been somewhat concealed by the falling in of residual soil at quarry No. 1, so that no section of this quarry is given.

SeCtion of Qua1'1'3' No. 2) C. L. Deal Manufactu1'ing Company) Near
Gainesville) Hall County
'

Sample Unit No. No.

3

2

4

1

Description of Units
I

Total

Thickness Thickness

-

feet

feet

'

Residual Siliceous

mlimateesrtioanLe____-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-

10 10

45 35

Grayish-white and gray limestone_______ 25

25

LIMESTONES OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU

113

Section of Quarry No. 3, C. L. Deal Manufacturing Company, Near
Gaines~rille, Hall County
- - ---------- -------

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

fe~t

2 I Residual overburden__________________ 10

70

5

1

I

Gray and grayish-white limestone (ps.nly concealad-about 25 feet exposed)

60

60

I

CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT
The quarry openings have been made in the hillsides at points where the greatest horizontal and vertical exposure of the rock could be secured. The tonnage of the limestone above the general level of the valley could be determined; however, as the base of the formation is nowhere exposed it is not known just how thick the formation is at this point, and consequently the total amount of rock available could not be determined without some prospecting. There is sufficient limestone occupying a broad area to supply the material for an extenisve lime and crushed stone plant for a number of years. It is most important to know at what points quarries can be located where the overburden of residual material and leached limestone is thin so that thestone can be won at a reasonable cost.

DEVELOPMENT
Limestone has been quarried and burnt into lime on the C. L. Deal Manufacturing Company's property since 1864. There are twc stone kilns now in use 25 feet in height and 8 feet in diameter at the bottom and 6 feet at the .top. Each kiln is provided with two firinr boxes at a point about 6 feet above the draw box. The kilns are firec' with wood and have a total capacity of about 200 barrels in twentyfour hours. The limestone can best be used for commercial lime, ballast, road metal, and concrete.
The following analyses show the composition of the limestone exposed in quarries 2 and 3 :

114

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OJ!' GEORGIA

Analyses of Limestone from QuaTTies 2 and 3, the C. L. Deal Manufacturing Company, NeaT Gainesville

QuarrY. No. _______ ---------- __ ------------------_--------- 2

3

Sample No. _________ ------------- ___ ------- ______________ _ 4

5

Unit No.~-- ______ - __ --- ____________ ------- __ ------- _____ _ 1

1

Lime (CaO) -------------- _----~- ------------- _-----'- ______ _ 28.00 Magnesia (MgQ) ----- ____________ ---~-- ----------- ______ _.: 1.6-06

Al11mina (AhOa)- ---------------------------------------- .80 Ferric oxide (Fe20a)------- --- __ -~-- ----------------------- 1.25 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) _________________ -----_------- _____ _ tr.

Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) -----------------,----------- __ _ .04

Carbon dioxide (002)-and organic matter __________ : ________ _ 39.65

Silica (Si0. .2) ________________________ -----I - _______________ _

'
14.20

30.02 17.98
.60 1. 70
.02 -.06 42.79 6.83

100.00 100.00

-
Flowery B1-anch;-.A:rgillaceous, magnesian limestone is exposed

over not more than ten stratigraphit feet along the valley of Flowery Branch in the town of the s~me name about 200' feet north of the big

spring. The stone is too high in magnesia to be of any value for use
in the manufacture of Portland cement. 'r~e "Yijgh content d,f silica

makes it objectionable for lime, even locally. The 'stone might be used

for roatl niat~r-ial.

-

'

.,

The following analysis shows the composition of an average sample

taken over the entire exposure :

Analysis of Limestone {1com Flowery Bmnch

(Sample No. 6)
Lime (O'aO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (Al 02 3 ) Ferric oxide (Fe20 8 ) ~ Sulphur trioxide (808) Phosphorus pentoxi-de (P20 5) Carbon dioxide (002) and- organic matter. . . . . . . . . . Silica (Si0 2 ) _ . . . .

29.72 8.48
.35 1.20
.03 -.03 33.32 26.87

100.00

LIMESTONES OF THE .A.PP.A.L.A.CHI.A.N MOUNTAINS

115

APPALACH~ MOUNTAINS
The only calcareous material of the Appalachian 1\tiountain area of Georgia suitable for lime and cements are the Murphy Marbles, which extend from the Georgia-North Carolina line near Culberson, southward through Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens, and Cherokee counties.

FAKNIN COUNTY
GEOLOGY
The Mur.phy Marbles enter Fannin County from North Carolina in the extreme northeast corner of the county along two parallel belts separated by a fault.
The most eastern belt of marble outcrops near the headwaters of Hamestring Creek and extends to the southwest, occupying the valley immediately west of High Top Mountain. The marble is again exposed along the valley of Cutcane Creek and extends from the headwaters of this creek to the junction of Cutcane and Tempton creeks. One mile east of Blue Ridge occasional outcrops of marble occur along Weaver Creek.
Marble occupies the narrow valley along Rapier Mill Creek in the vicinity of Sweet Gum post office. It follows this valley to the southwest and is exposed at Arp Spring. The marbles are again exposed in the valley of Young Stone Creek near Coles crossing.
lVIarble was exposed in the excavation work made in the construction of the bridge three-fourths mile southwest of Mineral Bluff at the point where the Louisville & Nashville railroad crosses Toccoa River. Another small exposure of marble occurs one mile southwest of Blue Ridge on the county poorhouse farm.
The :.-narbles of Fannin County are all finely crystalEne and contain many impurities which consist largely of the silicates. tremolite and talc. These minerals are best developed along the planes of schistosity. which apparently correspond to the bedding planes.
The predominating color of the marble_1 is \:vhite.; however, some flesh-colored and dark-gray and black banded marbles also occur.
The Nfmphv marble in this county is seldom exposed for more

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA
than several stratigraphic feet. It occupies the valley areas and is usually overlain by a thick residual soil.
The marble of Fannin County is highly mag1:es1an and cannot therefore be used in the manufacture of Portland cement. They may, however, be used in the manufacture of lime for local purposes and as crushed rock for road metal and ballast.
DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL LocALITIEs
Prof. S. W. lV[cCallie, in his re'Port on the marbles of Georgia, gives two analyses of marbles in Fannin County. His description and analyses ate as follows :
One mile east of Mineral Bluff.-Marble is round in a somewhat hilly section, close to the road leruding to Morganton. It o~curs here .about five feet below the su~fa-ce at. the foot rof. a hill ne,ar a small stream where recently it has been extensively prospected. Two excavations only a few yards apart, e&ch about 20 feet' square and 10 feet deep, have been cut into the marble by means of channeling machines aiid many lrurge blocks brave been taken out. Some of t'hese still remain above the exea,vation, but most of them have been used for making lime. T:b.e marble trom on-e o-f these openings has a very :fine textm;e and -a snow-white color, but mica oecurs in some of the layers in such abundlance as to cause them to split quite easily along certain lines. In the other opening the marble seems to be sounder .and of a da,rkea: color, but it all-' contains both mica and hornblend.
Th-e following analysis1 shows the che~icalcompdsition of the marbles at this point.
Anal31sis of Marble f1'0'fn One Mile East of Mineral Bluff (Sample No. 7)
Lime (081()) ........................... ~........... 31.89 .Magnes:i:a (MgO) ................. ~................ 19.64
Alumina (Al20s) .... .. . .. 1 .74
Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ...... : . ............ .. S
Siliea (Si02) .................................... . . 1.73 Loss oii ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.00
100.00 The Dickey property.2-:-While the workmen were engra-ged a few years ago in making the excavation for the bridge piers of the'Ma,rietta and No:rth Georgia railroad a,t Toc.coa River, marble wa,s discovered near water level. Since then a larg.e pit, abou~ 30 feet squa,re and 15 feet deep, has been dug
1Analysis by Dr. W. H. Emerson. 2McCallie, S. W., Marbles of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ga.. No. 1, 1907, pp. 41-42.

LIMESTONES OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

117

just below the bridge, in order to expose the marble. As the bottom of the pit lies below the surface of the river, .and is usuaJ.ly covered with water, it was found to be impracticable at the time of our visit to make an examin,ation of the stone in situ. It was learned, however, that the ma,rble at the bottom of the opening was not a continuous m.ass, but it appeared to be in
large boulders. * * * * Specimens of the stone contained numerous cutters
and seams and is generally unsound. All the marble found at this place is of a light color and a rat:her :fine texture, and has CDmpa;ratively few impurities.

The following analysis1 shows the chemical composition of the

marble at this point:

Analysis of Limestone from the Dickey Prop.erty

(Sample No. 8)

Lime ('CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.53 Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.30

Alumina (Al20s) ........ .. . (
Ferric oxide (Fe20s) .............................. J
Silica (.Si02) Loss on ignition

.24
.10 47.26

100.43 GILMER COUNTY
GEOI...OGY
The Murphy marble enters the northern portion of Gilmer County along the valley of Rock Creek to the west of Cherry Log post office. Marbel also occurs in the valley of \Vhitepath Creek and the valleys of Big and Little Turniptown creeks near the Louisville & Nashville Railroad trestle. The marble is again exposed along the west side of Talona Creek at Tioga station, and extends down this valley into Pickens County.
The marbles of Gilmer County are all fine, crystalline and compact, with the exception of some coarse crystalline, high-calcium marbles occurring in the lower portion of the formation at and near the GilmerPickens County line. The marbles are usually white to gray in color, fine to coarse crystalline with mica, tremolite, talc, etc., occurring as impurities.
The magnesian marbles can not be used m the manufacture of

1Analysis by Dr. W . H. Emerson.

118

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Portland cement. The high-calCium marbles, however, are chemically suitable for this pur.pose. The high-calcium stone may also be used for fluxing, copper ,smelting, manufacture of lime, road metal, and ballast. The magn~sian marbles may be used in the manufacture of carbon dioxide, for crushed rock, fl.ooring, and~ also for road metal, ballast, and the manufacture of lime.

DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIES
Holt property.1-'0n 'the Holt farm, which joins the Whitaker property, marble outcrops at various pl:aees about the junction of Big~ and Little Tur~ip . town creeks. Here the narr-ow valleys along the creeks heeome sudCLen.ly ex. panded into a wide fertile bottom nearly surrounded by high hills. Near the center of the bottom the marble ou.terops in the creek at several places and is said to be found underlying a number of acres in the immed~ate vicinity. A small amount of stone has been qu~ried here to make lime, and at one place a eorn.er-st.one was secured .for tb.e School building at Enij.ay, but otherwise the deposit is undeveioped.

The following analysis2 sh<?WS the chemical composition of the mar-

ble at this point:

Analysis ?f Mm,ble from the Holt P1'operty

(Sample No. 9)

Lime (Ca;O) ..................................... .
1'Eagriesiw (Mg0) .... , ....... '...................... .
l Alumin:a (Al20s) ................. . . . J Ferrie oxide (Fe20s) ................................
Silica (Si02) ..................................... .
Loss o.it ignition ................................. .

31.61 21.06
.78
1.01 46.49

100.95
No1'fhGeorgia Ma1'ble Company.-The quarry'of the North Georgia Marble Company is located at Tioga station, and on the west side of Talona Creek. The quarry was first opened in 1907. The entire output is shipped to Cappel;' Hill, Tenn.; to be used in the copper 'smelter. The marble is white, finely crystalline and takes a good polish. - Strati;. fication has been largely obliterated by pr~ssure and crystallization, so that it' 1~1ay be .possible to secure blocks of sufficient s1ze for use as a commercial ornamental and building stone.
1McCallie, S. W., MaJrbles of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ga. No. 1, 1907, pp. 45-46.
2Analysis by Dr. w. H. Emerson.

LIMESTONES OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

119

The quarry is 275 feet in length, and is worked in a direction parallel to the strike of the rock. Only a few stratigraphic feet of the for-mation are exposed.
The following is a chemical analysis of marble from the quarry of the North Georgia Marble Company :

Analysis of Marble, North Georgia Marble Company

(Sample No. 9a)~
Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feuic oxide (Fe20s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphur trioxide (803) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) .Silica (Si02 ) Clay ba,ses (Alumina, Al20 3 and alkalies, N~O, K 20) Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38.40 14.07 1.28
tr. .02 .80 .12 45.62

PICKEiNS COUNTY

100.21

GEOLOGY
The Mur~hy marbles form high bluffs at the Gilmer-Pickens

county line and occupy the valley of Talona Creek. They extend to

the south as far as the mouth of Fisher's Creek. Fine grained, largely

crystalline, grayish-blue limestone is exposed in places along the north

bank of Fisher's Creek between the mouth of this creek and its head-

waters. The marble outcrops at a point about two miles northeast of Jasper in the valley of Longswamp Cr~ek. The formation etxends. to

the south, gradually becoming thinner and entirely disappearing at a

point about two miles south of the Perseverance quarries.

The marbles occupy the eastern portion of the valley of the east

branch of Longswamp Creek, and extend well up on the hillsides.

They occupy the valley of Longswamp Creek in the vicinity of Tate

post office and follow the valley into Cherokee County.

The commercial marbles of Pickens County are all high-calcium

stones. Magnesian marbles occur, but they are not used in the trade

as marbles. They are utilized only for crushed-stone products, the

1Average sample for analysis furnished by Horace A. Field, Gen. Mgr.

120

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

rnanufacture of carbonic acid gas, and other purposes. The highcalcium marbles are chemically suitable for use in the manufacture of botlr a white and gray Portland cement, for fl.:uxing pt;trposes, manufacture of lime, road metal, ballast and concrete.
DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDU.AL LOCALITIES
The King Marple ctompq,ny.-The property of the King Marble Company is located about three-fourths mile north of Whitestone station, directly on the Louisville & Nashville railroad.
The rock is obtained from the lower portion of the formation and ' consists of both coarsely crystalline high-calcium and finely crystalline
high-magnesian stone. The magnesian marble has been altered in , many places into magnesian silicates. The quarry op~ning is in the
valley; it was ~ntirely filled with water at the time of the writer's visit. On account of the association of th~ magnesian and the high-
calcium marble, this stone is not suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement.
The followhig analyses show the character of the stone ~t this point:
4nalyses of Marble from King Mm-ble Com~any's Property

Sari:rple. N~-------- _____________ ----- ____:...- __ --- _-- __ -_--- ~ 101 112

---~--~~--~--~~~------~~-------------~~---1-------

53.00 Lll;ne (CaO)._________ - ___ - _- _-w- _-- ----------------------- _

M~gnesia (MgO) ------------- ________________ -,.. ______ - ____ ~ 1. 54

l Alumina (AbO;~) ____________ "'- _____ -- ___ -----------------
f Ferric oxide (Fe203) _;_:_ ___ c:.----- -~-- ---,..-- ----------------

1.44

Sulphur trioxide (S02) _____________________.__ - __,____ -- __ - _ .00

39.10 11.30 . 2.06
.00

Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) ____ --------------- _____ ------ tr.

tr.

Silica (Si02) . ______ - _--- ___ - _-~ -------------------------- 1.00 4.60 Loss-on-ig:q.ition -------- __________________________________ _ 43.02 42.94

100.00 100.00
Detroit Marble Contpany.-The property of the Detroit Marble Company is located between Whitestone station and the PickensGilmer county line, directly on the Louisville & Nashville railroad.

1Coarsely crystalline, high-calcium marble. 2A."ltered high-magnesian stone.

LIMESTONES OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

121

The Murphy marble is exposed in the quarry over a stratigraphic thickness of 30 feet. Beneath this lies ten feet of finely crystalline white and grayish-white magnesian stone, which is largely concealed at this point. Alteration of the stone has taken place along the bedding planes into magnesian silicates. The above unit is underlain by coarsely crystalline high-calcium marble. The Murphy marble is overlain by a mica schist, but the base of the formation is not exposed. The strike is N. 47 W. and the dip 28 NE.
After the rock is drilled and blasted from place, it is broken intc convenient size for handling, loaded on wheelbarrows and wheeled to the crusher. The stone is fed by hand or shovel into a small Blake jaw-crusher. The crushed rock passes down a chute and over a fine sieve which separates the stone from the dust and then over a threeeighths inch screen. The rock which passes over the screen is carried by gravity to two small Allis Chalmers gyratory crushers. The crushed stone passes through a combination screen with both round and oblong openings ; one-fourth inch ring gives size No. 1; threeeighths inch ring gives No. 2 ; and one-half inch rin~ gives No. 3.
The stone is locally known with the trade as "whitestone." It is used, when crushed, primarily for flooring. The dust can be used in the manufacture of carbonic acid gas, epsom salts, for agricultural and many other purposes.
The following analysis represents the composition of an average sample taken over the upper 30 feet of the exposure :

Analysis of Marble from Detroit Marble Company Prope1'ty

(Sample No. 12)

Lime (CaO) ..................................... .
Ma.gnesia (M.gO) ................................. .
l Alumina (Al20s) ........... .. J Ferric oxide. (Fe20s) ..........................
Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20") ...................... . Silica (1Si0 2 ) Loss on ignition ................................. .

32.04 18.00
1.88
.00 tr. 4.73 43.35

100.00

122

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY QF GEORGIA

Whitesto11te 1Vlarble Company.-'rhe property o! the Whitestone

Marble Company is located at Whitestone, directly on the Louisville & Nashville railroad. The Murphy marble at th~s point is a .high-mag

nesian stone, white to grayish-white and thin bedded. An alteration

of the marble into magnesia~ silicates has taken place, es1_Jecially along

the bedding planes. The strike is N. 32 W., and the dip is 15 NE.

The stone is drilled and shot from place ; then broken by sledge into

' ..

convenient size to be handled by the miner and loaded on cars which are hoisted along an incline to a small Gates crusher (No. 2). From

the crusher it is conveyed to. rolls and thence to a pulverizer. The

white dust is sacked and shipped for the manufacture of carbonic acid

gas and epsom salts; Crushed stone is also sQld for fiooting, etc. The

high content of magnesia is objectionable in the manufacture of Port-

lind cement.

Section {1'0111 Top to Bottom,, Quarry of Whitesto11e Ma~-ble Company
/

Ss.mple Unit
No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

13

4 Finely crystalli~e, grayish-white mag-

nesian marble. Thiri. scales of mag-

nesian silicates occur along the bedding planes________________________ _

i2.5,

51.5

14

3 Same as unit 4 ________ ,_ ___ -- __ _. __ '- __ _

6

39

15

2 Finely crystalline, white magnesian

marble. with some alteration into

magnesian silicates_________1_______ _

18

33

16

1 Fine cryAtalline, white magnesian

marble ____________ ~---------------

15

15

The following analyses show the composition of the units described in the above section :

LIMESTONES OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

123

Analyses of Marble from Whitestone Marble Company
---

Sample No. ______________________________ 13

14

15

Unit No. _________________________________ 4

3

2

--
16 1

Lime (CaO) ______________________________ Magnesia (MgO) __________________________
l Alumina (Al20s) -----------------------
Ferric oxide (Fe20s)----- --------------- j
Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ------ -------------_I
Phosphorus pentoxide CP205)--------------Silica (Si02)-----------------------------Loss on ignition__________________________

34.58 15.80
1.46
.00 tr. 4.06 44.10

33.74 16.65
1.40
.00 .01 6.15 42.05

37.5015.60
1. 58

58.00 17.94
1.16

.00 tr. 8.58 36.74

.00 tr. 3.24 19.66

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Crystal lvfarble Compan:y.-The property of the Crystal Marble Company is situated on the east side of the Louisville & Nashville railroad 1,500 feet south of Whitestone.
The marbles are exposed from the base of the overlying schist for 36 feet, below which they are largely concealed by quarry waste. The strike is N. 25 W., and the dip 15 NE.
The stone is blasted from place and broken by sledge to a size convenient to be handled by the quarryman. It is then loaded in wheelbarrows and dumped into an incline gravity chute which carries it to a small Gates crusher. The crushed stone is passed through a number of screens and sold for flooring, etc.

Section from Top to Bottom) Quarry of Crystal Marble Compan31

Sample No.
17

I

Total

Unit

Description of Units

Thickness Thickness

No.

feet

l -------------------------------!
3 Massivepinl_zandwhitemarble _________ 17.6

feet 1 84.7

!

18

2 Finely crystalline white marble with I

bluish and greenish casL-----~------j 18.8 j 67.1

I 1
I

- - ~- - - - 48. 3-----~~--- RCaoinlcroeaalde_d_____________________________-___-__-__-_-___-___-____-___-__-__-__-_-__ i 0. 0

48.3
0.0

124

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

T~e following analyses show the composition of the units .exposed in the above section :
Analyses of Mm,ble from Crystal Marble Company

17 3

Lime (CaO) ________________________ ---- _- _______________ ". Magnesia (MgO) ___________________________ "' __ ~ ::"' __ "' ___ ~ _.
Alm:b.ina (AbOs) --------- -~-- --~- --------------- ~------}
Ferri(>. oxida (Fe20s) --------- ____ -----------------------Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ------ ________________________ ~ ____ _ Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) _____________________________ _
Silica (Si02) ---------------------- _- ---"'---------------- -Loss on ignition--------- _________________________________ _

41.42 9.66
1.44
.00 tr. 8.10 39.38

18 2
34.30 17.02
1. 96
3.20 tr. 3.43 40.09

100.00 100.00

Two miles northeast of Ja~per.-The Murphy marble is exposed
,.
over a stratigraphic thickness of about 20 feet in an old quarry at a

point about two miles northeast of Jasper, along the east side of the

east fork of Longswamp Creek. The quarries were first opened .in

18$~. Tb.e strike is N. 5 E.,. and the gip 37~ SE..

The following analysis of sample represents the average content of

t~j:e, ~n::t~te exposure with the exception of the up~er impure sandy

layers:

Analyses of Ma1'ble, Two Miles Northeast of Jasper

(Sample No. 19)

I.lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t FAelurmr i cin'oa x i(dAeI20(sF)~20.a.).



.. ..

..

.











. .



















,













:





S

SUlphur trioxide (803) . Plwsphorus pen.t~xide (P 02 5)

Silica (S:i:02 )

Loss on ignition ................. .'. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .

32.74 16.75
94
.
.00 tr. 5.60 43.97

100.00
The Persevemnce quar1'y.-The Perseverance quarry is located about
1% miles east of Jasper on the east side of Longswamp Creek.
The upper portion of the Murphy marble is exposed, while the

LIMESTONES OF THE .APP.AL.ACHI.AN MOVN1'.AINS

125

middle and lower portions of the formation in the valley of Longswamp

Creek are seldom seen. The stone is white, finely crystalline, thin-

bedded, and highly magnesian. Brown mica (phlogopite) is the most

abundant accessory impurity. In some of the beds leaching has taken

place and lime and magnesia have been carried away in solution in

underground waters leaving small caves.

The stratigraphic thickness of the Murphy marble at this point is

225 feet. The strike is N. 20 E., and the dip 22 S.E.

The following analysis represents an average sample taken over the

entire exposure :

Anal,ysis of .l\1arble from the Perseverance Q'uarry

(Sample No. 20)

Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.68 Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.10

Alumina (Al203) ... ..... { 1.56
Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ............ . ... . S

Sulphul' tr~oxide (S03 )

.00

Phosphorus pentoxide (P20") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tr.

Silic:a (Si02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.05

Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.61

JOO.OO
Georgia Jl!larble Company.-The quarnes of the Georgia Marble Company are located along the valley of Longswamp Creek in the vicinity of Tate post office. Quarries are also operated by this company along the south bluff paralleling the east branch of Longswamp Creek at a point about one-half mile west of Marble Hill_ post office.
The J\1urphy marble occupies a broad valley in the vicinity of Tate post office, narrowing immediately to the south. Along the west side of the valley the marbles are standing on end, that is, dipping at 90. Crystallization and recrystallization of the marbles in this vicinity have removed all traces of bedding: however, the bedding can be determined from the relation of the marble to the adjacent schist.
The impurities originally. contained in the formation have crystallized out in the form of graphite, hematite, mica, etc. The graphite interspersed throughout the white marble produces the "Creole," while the finely divided hematite results in the various shades of pink, known

126

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

to t~1e trade as "Etowah." The marbles which occur along the valley of the. east branch of. Longswan'lp Creek are white. One-half mile south of Tate post office the strike is N. 45 W,., and the dip 72 SW.
The marbl~ in addition to use as a building _and monumental stone, are chemkally suitable for use in the manufacture of both white and gray Portland cement; in the manufacture of lime, both for structural and agricultural purposes; fo.r fluxing, etc.
The following analyses show the composition of two samples which were taken for an average of the quarries u.f this company:

Analyses of JYJa.rble f1'01J1 Geo1gia ll..fa;rble Company

Sample No, ______ :.. __________ --- _____ ------ _______________ _ 21

22

Lime (CaO) ----- _------ ----- ___ - --------"--------- ~ --- --- 53.96 Magnesia (MgO)- ________________ --- ~- _- ________________ _ 1.00

Alumina (AbO a}- __ --------- ___ -- -;--- --------------------- }
Ferric oxide (Fe203) -------- ---------------,------------Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ______________ -----~--------------~~ Phosphorus pentoxide (P205)------ ________ -----------~----

1. 76
.00 .02

Silica (Si02). ______ ------ ___ _:_ --------------------------- 1. 25 Loss on ignition___________ --:-- ___________________________ _ 42.01

54.00 .89
1. 38
.00 tr. 1. 84 41.89

100.00

I
1

100.00

Southern Marble Company.-The quarries of the Southern Marble

Company are located in the immediate vicinity of Marble Hill post

office along the bluffs which parallel the south side of the east branch

of Longswamp Creek. The Murphy marble occupies,the valley along the s~uth side of the

creek and extends often more thanlOO feet up the bluff. It is a white,

coarsely crystalline and mCJ.ssive stone, containing few accessory im-

.

I

purities. The formation attains a thickness of at least 200 stratigraphic

feet. The strike is N. 80 E., and the dip 20.o SE.

The following analysis represents the composition of an average

sample of the Mur.phy marble taken over the entire exposure at Marble

Hil1:

LIMESTONES OF THE .APP.AL.ACHI.AN MOUNTAINS

127

Analysis of J.11arble from Southern J."tiarble Company

(Sample No. 23)

Lime (CaO) Magnesia (MgO) .... ............................. .
Alumina (Al20a) ......... .... . l
Fer.ric oxide (Fe20s) .............................. J
Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ; Silica (.Si02) ..................................... . Loss on ignition

53.04 1.00
1.32
.00 .02 1.41 43.21

100.00

Amicalola Marble Quarries.-The quarries of the Amicalola Marble Company are located one mile south of Marble Hill post office in the valley of a small tributary to the east fork of Longswamp Creek. The marble is usually concealed by an overburden of material derived from the adjacent formations. The stone is extremely white. The following accessory minerals are fo.und in certain portions of the formation : tremolite, mica, and graphite, with some intrusive hornblende. The dip is 15 SE.
Besides the use of this stone for commercial marble, it is of suitable composition for use in the manufacture of both gray and white Portland cement, for fluxing purposes, lime, and many crushed stone products.
The following analysis shows the average composition of this marble:
Analysis of 1~1arble fJ'Om the An1icalola Quarries (Sample No. 24)

Lime (CaO) ...................................... .
Magnesia (MgO) ................................. .
l Alumina (Al20s) .... . f Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ......... .
Sulphur trioxide (S03) :
Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) .
Silica (Si02) ..................................... . Loss on ignition

52.13 2.3;?
.86
.00 tr. 1.00 43.61

. 100.00

128

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

CHEROKEE COUNTY

GEOLOGY

Occasional outcrops of Murphy marble have been observed in

Cherokee County along the valley of Longswanrp Creek immediately south of the Pickens-Cherokee county line. Outcrops also occur along

the continuation of this belt between Ballground and Canton. Several

miles west of Ballground and along Sharp Mountain Creek marble is

again exposed. It extends to the southwest and outcrops along Hickory

Log Creek; The chemical and physical ~haracter of the formation varies not

only in a direction parallel to the strike of the rocks, but also from the

bottom to the top of the formation. The marbles are in places white .

and pin:k, coarsely crystalline, high-calcium stones; again they are dark c:olor~,q.;~,P:i~11~Y s:ilk~otc1~ ~n:d -iOJJka:~eo;t;u~ 01,; high;-m~~ne,s:i~q."n. They are seldom eN'posed over a thickn!=SS of more than fifteen stratigraphic feet. ':phe thi6kitess o.f the--formation. probably never e;x;ceed:s 150 feet and in
certair(localities the fortn?,tion thins down. to only a few feet. I

DESCRIPTION oF lNDIVIDUAIJ LocALITIES
Seve.n111:.iMs 1~:6'rJtHZgjeS,t .ifj/~@~1J,:t~;,i11_ :W:'hi~~)iJ1~ef:v+;tr~y~ta:lline, mag-
nesiari. m;ar,ble <Jf the Murphy fbnTia:'fi:9.~ dttt'crSps: at intervals over a
str~tigi-~p'hic thitkrtess of 15 ~.feet: ~i~Ag.<tir~ 'e~st side .of Lost Town

Creek at a point about seven miles northwest of Canton and about one-
Hcitf fii.ile 'north 'of the j~11ction of Lost Town and Shoal creeks. The

strike is N. 16 _W., and 'the dip 20 NE. The following analysis1 shows the composition of the stone at this

:point:

Analysis of Marble from Near Canton) Georgia

(Sample No. 25)

Lime ( CaJO) ...................................... . 24.07

Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . 17.24

l AJumina (AloOa) ...
F.errie oxide (Fe20a) .................. ' J

.43

Siliea (Si0 '21.76 2 ) :

Loss on ignition

37.08

100.58

1McCallie, S. ViT., Marbles of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ga. No. 1, 1907, p. 1Q9.

GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY OF GEORG IA

S. W. MCCA LLIE , STATE GEOLOGIST

W ald en sandstone

8

(/)
::J

Lookeut

0

formation

0w::

LL.
z
0
00 0::

f::;

~I

f Cb ~ I

Lt .-=' - 1 Bangor

u<t:

formation

{inclurltng Pen11,oington sh ale

and Floyd formation)

~ Fort Payne ch ert
(includin.q, 11.1henever present, the J)evonian ocks)

z
<t:
0:: ::J .J

Cll

formation

){~

<t:

formation

u (in.cltl.d ing llockmart ~!tales

>

and slates)

0

Cl 0::

0

Knox dolomite

Connasauga shal es and limestones
~ R ome form a tion
(including Apison shales)

Beaver limestone
ll w::"I qu a r t zite

Cr ystalline r ocks

X lOP, l oP X, etc., location and n umber of specim ens.

A .liOlrn b CO..EU.LTIMOm': .
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLArfEAU OF GEORGIA
COMPILED BY T. POOLE MAYNARD, ASSISTANT STATE GEOLOGIST, FROM FT. PAYNE, RINGGOLD AND ROME FOLIOS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND
FIELD NOTES OF THE AUTHOR
1912

LIMESTONES AND CEMENT MATERIALS Of THE APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS IN GEORGIA
POLK COUNTY
GEOLOGY
BEAVER LIMESTONE
The Beaver limestone occurs at only one locality in Polk County, namely, on the northeast end of Indian Mountain, where it extends from the Georgia-Alabama line northeast to Oredell. The formation h~s a total length of about three miles and an average width of about three-fourths mile. The Beaver limestone is usually largely concealed by residual material. The high percentage of magnesia prevents its use in the manufacture of Portland cement, and its heavy overburden interferes with the commercial winning of the stone for lime and for crushed stone products.
KNOX DOLOMITE,
The Knox dolomite consists of heavy-bedded and massive, semicrystalline, gray dolomite, containing considerable chert above the lower 500 feet. The formation is seldom exposed in Polk County over any considerable thickness. The extensive residual materials due to the disintegrating weathering agencies usually conceal the underlying rock. There are but few exposures in Polk County of this formation which could be commercially won for the burning of lime. Its dolomitic character makes it objectionab1e for use in: the manufacture of Portland cement. Both the chert and the dolomite of this formation can best be utilized in the construction of roads.

130

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

CHICKAl\!LA.UGA FORMATION
The Chickamauga formation has been divided by Hayes1 into two members, the Chickamauga limestone, which is correlated with the lower portion of the Chickamauga formation north of the Coosa Valley, and the Rockmart shales and slates, which are considered to be_ the equivalent of the upper portion oLthe Chickamauga formation. These rocks in Polk County .present wide differences in both the lithologic character and fossil content from the Chickamauga formation north of the Coosa Valley.
CEaC~AUGA L~ESTONE
The Chickamauga limestone consists o.f dark-blue high-calcium timestone in the lower portion Of the formation, succeeded by thin and heavy beds of interstratified datk blue, high-calcium, and light-gray to bluish-gray magnesian limestone. The limestone sometimes attains a thickness of 200 feet. The line of contact between the Chickamauga limestone and the Knox dolomite has not been observed .in this county. T4e two formations are always separated by a band of red clay which marks Jhe line of ap unconfo;rfr1ity between the two formations.
"1:11~' High"'t~i&tmi:bed~ of the Chickamauga limestone, which occur
ip'i}g-4,'5~ter abundance .in th~ lower portion of the formatiop are chernic~ily suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement.. Both h~gfi-cakium and magnesian beds occur in the t!'pper por.tion of the formation; however, the magnesian limestones predominate. On the property of the Southern States Portland Cement Company, the limestones dip a:t a considerable angle, so that the high-calcium beds can be
won by: quarrying in a direction parallel to the strike of the rock. In
of:her portions of the county where the Chickamauga limestone is found many of the r:hagriesiari beds must be removed in orde'r to procure the high-ctlcium stone. The limestones make a good lime for building and a:gricttltural purposes, as well as for b~llast, road metal, and concrete. The beds which are low in silica and alumina are suitable for fluxing 'Purposes.

1Hayes, C. W., Rome folio (No. '78), Geol. Atlas U. 8., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902.

.APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU .AREAS 131

ROCKMART SHALES AND SLATES

The lower 1,600 feet of the Rockmart shales and slates consist

largely of dark-blue to black shales and slates weathering often to

olive-green or yellow and are remarkably uniform in lithologic charac-

ter. The upper 1,000 feet consist of coarse limestone conglomerates at

the base, succeeded by shales. In the upper portion of the formation

beds of cherty limestone and sandy shales occur. The shales have been

$0 changed by dynamic agencies that they have been metamorphosed into slates in the lower portio::1 of the formation. These slates are well

suited for mixing with a high-calcium lime in the manufacture of Port-

land cement.

DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL LOO.A.LITIE8

Marble Hill (Map location 1 P) .-Marble Hill is situated in the

town of Rockmart just south of the Southern Railway depot. The hill

received its name from the fact that the limestone which occurs at this

point was at one time thought to be marble. The remains of two lime kilns and two quarries on the south side of the hill show that this lime~

stone was once quarried and burnt for commercial lime. The quarries

are both situated in the upper gray magnesian beds of the Chickamauga

limestone and are capped by the Rockmart shales and slates. The rocks

strike N. 15 E., and dip 40 SE.

Section of Quan:,, JVfarble Hill, Polk Count:;:
a

I

Total

Description of Units

Th'ickness Thickness

Sa.Nmop.le__,__Nu_on_. it__ 1

feet

feet



1----------------------------1---------I--------

26

6 Heavy bedded, light blue limestone

with some interstratified, heavy beds of gray limestone ______________ _ 57.8 5 Concealed__________________________ _

290.1

27

4 Dark blue, heavy-bedded limestone

with some light-blue limestone interbedded_________________________ _ 89.6

232.3

28

3 Dark-blue, heavy-bedded limestone

becoming somewhat argillaceous

at the tOP--------------------------

2 Light-blue, heavy-bedded limestone,

29

, weathering to gray__________________

1
1 !Light, grayish-blue, heavy-bedded I
--1 I limestone________________________
----

'52.4 63.1 27.2

142.7 90.3 27.2

132

GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY OF GEORGIA

The following analyses show the character of the several beds o limestone in the above section :
Analyses of Limestone from Marble Hill

Sample No. ________________ :.______________ 26

27

28

29

Unit No--------------------------------- 6

4

3

2&1

---1---

Lim.e (CaO) _______ ---------------------- 44.64 43.58 '51. 56 35.86

Magnesi3. (MgO) _____ -'------------------- 8.08 F'erric oxide (Fe209) _______ - ___________ ___ . 90

7.04 . 64

2.36 15.26'

.66

.6'4

Silphur trioxide (SOs)--------------------- .00

.00

.00

.00

P~?spho~s pentoxide (P20s) -----------y-- .01

.02

.01

.00 ~

Silica (S102)- ---- _____________________ --- . 97 1. 47 1.24 2.50 j

Potash (K20) __ ----- __________ ___________ . 20

. 20

.15

.15'

Soda (Na20)_L ------ __________________ -- . 08

_08

.15

.07

Clay bases_. ___________________________ -- . 67 1. 29

.63

.92

Loss on ignition__ ________________________ 44. 45 45. 68 43.24 44.60

1 - - - - ----~-----1----

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Ellis Davis and Son] slate. gua1'ry (Map location 2 P) .-The slate quarry of Ellis Davis and Son is located in the southeastern portion of the town of Rockmart. The quarry is developed at the base of the Rockmart. shales and slates, the under:lying -Chickamauga limestone
.being -exggs_~,g.- ..{\.tit~; ~~st, ~n,_d,; ~he qt;G,~~,t1:;r l1_~s a w~4tJ4'9f)~?O feet in a
genetalnortheast-s6uthwest direction, a length of 20 feet in a direction
parallel to the strike of the rocks, and ah:eight of 'i7{} .feet; These shales fulfill all the conditions for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. An average sample of the slates was taken over the entire quarry exposure, an analysis of which is given below.

Analysis of Slate from Ellis Davis and Son]s QuatYry

(Sample No.. 30')
Moisture at 100 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (Al 02 8) ,. Ferric oxide (Fe20 8) Manganese (MnO) .. , ........................... ~.. Potash (K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (N'a20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . Titanium dioxide (Ti02) Silica (8i02)

.46 6.34
.28 2.60 20.80 4:93
,10 2.63 1.40
59.7 4

99.28

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 133

Rockmart Shale Brick and Slate Company (Map location 3 P) .The shale quarry of the Rockmart Shale Brick and Slate Company is situated immediately east of the brick plant in the town of Rockmart and at the base of the Rockmart shales and slates. The quarry is about 40 feet in width, several hundred feet in length, and between 10 and 30 feet in depth. The quarry can be developed both in a direction parallel to and across the strike of the rock. These shales are entirely suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement
An average sample of the whole quarry exposure was taken, an analysis of which is given below:

Analysis of Shale f1'0m Rockmart Shale Brick and Slate Company

(Sample No. 31)

Moisture at 1d0 C... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesi:a (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (Al 02 3 ) Ferric oxide (Fe:t03) Manganese (MnO) ....... ....................... -... Potash (KP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (Na20) :.. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . Titanium dioxide (Ti02) Silica (Si02)

.30 5.20
.10 .40 19.7-9 3.91 .06 1.94 1.23 .82 66.32

100.07
lvf organ Hills (Map location 4 P) .-The upper portion of the Chickamauga limestone is exposed in three separate hills about five miles southwest of Rockmart. The exposures occur just south of the road which parallels the southeast side of Uharlee Creek, on the property of G. W. Morgan, and extends from the creek level up the hillsides for about 50 feet. The limestones are heavy bedded and gray to light blue in color. Some thin shaly limestones occur in the upper portion of the formation and are overlain by crystalline, argillaceous rocks, which have been metamorphosed into phyllites.
The following analyses show the chemical composition of the limestone over the several exposures:

134

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Analyses of Limestone {Tom G. TiV. J.V!01'gan's Property

Sample N 0-~-------- __ -- ___________ ----- ----- _____ 32

33

34

Map "location_______ ------- _______ -_-----------_:._ 4P

4P

4P

Lime (CaO) ______________ ------------------------ 41.96 43.94 34.08

Magnesia (MgO) ______ ---- ________ - _-- -- -~--- -- ___ 6. 62 6. 52 15.80

Ferric oxide (Fe20s)------------------------------ .54;

.54 1.20

Sulphur trioxide (SOs) _____________ ------------- ___ . 00

. 00

.00

Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) ____ --------~,---------

. 02

. 01

.01

Silica (Si02)-------------------------------------- 6.47 Potash K20) __ ____ .:. _____________ ----- ____ -- ______ I . 18

4.36 .18

2.04 .17

Soda (Na20) _____ --------------~----~~~----------

.12 .12

.08

Clay bases_____ ~-------------------~------------- 1.96 Loss on ignition _______ ~-_________________________ 42. 13

1.84 1.16
42.49 '45. 46



100. oo I 100. oo 100.00

Sotl(,thern States Portland Cement Company (Map location 7 P.)The plant of the Southern States Portland Cement Company is located
about l.Yz miles directly north of Rockmart, between the Southern and
Seaboard railroads. This company was organized by H. F. Vandeventer in 1903, at that time secretary and treasurer of the Georgia Slate Company. The new company bought the property of the G~ol':gia Slate Company with the intention of quarrying slate and using the waste material resulting from blasting, splitting, sawing, etc., in the manu-. facture of Portland cement.

Subsequently, high-calcium limestones were found in the Chicka-
mauga formation l.Yz miles north of the town of Rockmart. The R;ck-
mart shales were found to be of ~uitable composition at the same locality, so the idea of using the waste slate from the quarries of the Georgia Slate Company at Rockmart was abandoned an<;l the plant was located on the property where the raw materials were found in juxtaposition.
The lithologic character of the chickamauga limestones at this point can best be seen from the section given on a following page. The limestones used in the manufacture of cement occur in the upper portion of the formation.
The shales of the Rockmart formation immediately overly the Chickamauga limestones. The lower portion of the Rockmart forma-

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 135
tion only is exposed on this property. The shales at this point are apparently uniform in their lithologic character, dark blue to black in color, and weather often to yellowish-green and yellow.
s
/'200 F'T. SCALE FIG. 4.-MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF MILL AND QUARRIES OF THE SOUTHERN STATES PORTLAND
CEMENT COMPANY. (1) QUARRY NO. 1; (2)
QUARRYN0.2; (3) QUARRY NO.3; (4) RECENT
OPENING; (5) POWER ROUSE; (6) CEMENT
MILL.
Close examination will show that some beds are extremely fine grained, with slick, greasy surfaces, while other beds are composed of somewhat hackly, siliceous shale. The unctuous shale carries considerable alumina and is not entirely suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement, while the rough looking, hackly shale is eminently satisfactory.

136

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The. following is an average analysis1 of the r0ckmart shales for

every two feet of stratigraphic thickness for a total of six feet above

the Chickamauga limestone, showing the high content of alumina near

the limestone, and the decrease of ::~.lumina and increase of silica as we .

proceed upward in the section:

~eet

Shale

2

Shale

2 '

Shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Limes-tone.-

Silica 71.70 56.12 49.40

Alumina and iron 9.xide 20.02 36.40 39.64

The limestones are folded into small loc~l anticlines and synclines.

The bedding is thin to heavy, while the magnesian beds are usually

heavy bedded to massive. The shales.- are charaCteristically fissile. The

dip is bofh east and west, due to local folding, but the prevailing dip is

to the east, vatyi:hg from a small angle to 30 at the extreme east end

of quarry No. 1. . In quarry No. 2, the dip is as high as 50. The

strike is N. 220 E., in quarry No. 1, becoming almost due north in

quarries No. 2 artd No. 3.

CONl>ITIONS .A.FFECTNG: DEVELOPMENT
The limestone outcrops in the valley where the dip is gentle. To
the east of the plant the limestone is exposed in a small hill due to a
local fold. The shale occupies ahighe'r position, topographically, than the limestone and caps this small hill. Quarr.ies Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are all located along this hill, which runs in the same direction as the strike of the rock. The hill is about 875 feet long and about 250 feet wide at the base. The quarries were starte~ some little distance above the general level of the valley and followed the strike of the rock. The. drainage is natural and flows away from this hill in all directions, consequently no trouble is met in keeping the quarries dry.
There is in reality no overburden in these quarries, for the shale, which lies immediately above the limestone, is used in the manufacture of Portland cement. Some of the beds of shale are too low in silica

1Analy~is made by Clarence N. Wiley, chief chemist, Southern States Portland Cement Company, 1909.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 137

to be used alone, but when mixed with shales of other beds or with free silica they can be used satisfactorily.
The quantity of limestone available on this property outside of that in this hill can only be ascertained by drilling to determine its thickness and lithologic character below the general level of the valley.
The amount of shale suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement is in sufficient quantity to supply the plant almost indefinitely.
The fuel used is bituminous coal, which is secured from Tennessee. An average analysis1 of coal used in the rotary kilns is as follows:

Analysis of Coal
Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatile matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

1.36 28.24 61.38
9.02

100.00 Sulp'hur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50
The following analyses2 will show the <;:hemical composition of the limestones and shales from the Southern States Portland Cement Company's quarries :
Analyses of Limestones and Shales) Southern States Portland Cement Company

sample No. _____________

Limestones

I

~I 35

37

Shales

38

39

40

L ime (CaO) _----------M agnesia CMgO) -------AIumina (AbOs) -------Ferric oxide (Fe20s)-----
silica (Si0 2) ______ -"' __ --
L oss on ignition _________

53.04 2.02
.26 1.00
.52 42.86

52.67
.90
} 1.82
3.10 41.62

53.96 1. 00
.94
1.24 42.64

4.85 2.00
{ 21.18 3.77 f)7.35 7.10

.66 2.00
}27.30 62.60 5.90

1. 52 .80
{ 22.58 3.94 60.10 6.60

99.70 100.11 99. 78 96.25 97.75 95.54
1Analysis by Clarence N. WileY, formerly chief chemist, Southern States Portland Cement Company.
2Analyses by J. L. Mack, chemist, Southern States Portland Cement Company.

138

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, OF GEORGIA

The following section of the Chickamauga limestone, exposed in quarry No. 1, gives a general idea of the character of the calcareous. rocks at that point. The section begins at the eastetfimost exposure of the limestone at the contact of the Chickamauga limestone and the Rockmart shale.
Section, Q1,tarry No. 1, So%thern States Portland Cement Company

Unit No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

8 Dark-blue limestone (used in making cement) 7 Light-blue, heavy bedded and massive magne-
sian. limestone. (Not used in making cement) 6 Dark-blue limestone, (used in making cement) __ _ 5 Hea\ry bedded and massive magnesian, bluish;-
gray limestone with veins of calcite and thin seams of dark-blue, high calcium lime, (only the dark blue, high-calcium lime used in makihg cement) _______________________________ _
4 Dark-blue, apparently massive, somewhat argillaceous limestone, (used in making cement). __ _
3 Lighto:gr&y; heavy-bedded, magnesian Iinestone,
(not used in making cement) .. ----------~--- Center of local anticline----------------------2 Light and dark blue, massive limestone with a
greenj,sh cast; rather high in magnesia, but can be used ill making cement by mixing with a limestone and shale running very low in magnesia___________________ :.~ ____________ _
1 Light..:hlue limestone and ihterbedded gray limestone_________________________________ _

32 27.4 4
10.5 4.6 6.0
14.6 20.9

120 88 60.6
56.6 46.1 41.5
35.5 20.9

At the base of this section the rocks dip to the west for a distance of 150 feet, and thence dip to the east.
Quarry No. 2 consists of the same strata as individual unit No. 8 in the. section exposed in quarry No.1, while in quarry No.3 the total stratigraphic .thickness (90 feet) of the dark blue limesto~e is available for use in the manufacture of cement. The limestone dips at an angle of 80 E., and is overlain by shale.
The following observations indicate an erosional unconformity be-

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 13!)
tween the Chickamauga limestone and the Rockmart shale at this point: 1. The shale does not dip at the same angle as the limestone. 2. A band of red clay in places separates the Chickamauga lime-
stone from the Rockmart shales. 3. Limestone horses are overlain by stratified shale.
WINNING AND PREPARATION OF THE LIMESTONES
The limestone is first blasted from place by means of dynamite. The larger, more massive rock is then broken by means of sledge hammers into pieces convenient to be handled by the quarryman. It is loaded by hand on cars of a narrow gauge steam tram and carried to the stone house, where it is dumped by end tipple into a No. 7;/z Gates gyratory crusher. The limestone is crushed to a size of two inches by three inches in diameter, and passes out of the crusher into a bucket elevator which carries the limestone above the cru~her into a two-inch screen, allowing the two-inch and smaller material to pass through; the coarser material being returned to the crusher by means of a chute. The limestone passes from the two-inch screen to a belt conveyor which carries it to bins holding in r~serve for the mill a 10 days capacity.
The limestone passes out of the bins on a belt conveyor into open rotary driers, two of which are used for the limestone. The driers are cylindrical in shape, about four feet in diameter ,and 40 feet in length. These driers have bolted on the interior Z-irons which act as shelves~ carrying the rock to the top of the drier as the cylinder rotates, exposing it to the hot gasses emanating from the burning coal at the end of the drier. Most any coal can be used for this purpose and only a comparatively small quantity of heat is required to dry the limestone.
The limestone now passes out of the rotary driers into pan conveyors and from the pan conveyors to elevator buckets, thence to storage bins, which have a 10 hour capacity.
The limestone then passes to the ball mills. There are four ball mills for the preliminary grinding of the limestone, two Schmidt and two Krupp ball mills. The iron balls which are carried around on the interior of the drum fall from the top of the drum and literally pound:

14(]

GEOLOGICAL SVRVEY OF GEORGIA.

the limestone into small particles, which pass through small openings into the screens surrounding the drum. The coarser material is separated from the finer material, the coarser being carried back to the interior of the drum while the finer passes on to another set q.f screens made of woven wire cloth and here again the .finer material passes through into the dust proof casing, while the coarser material passes back again into interior of the drum, to be pounded fine enough to
fina1iy pas~ into the dust-proof casing. TJ:te ball mills are provided
with hubs through which the limestone is fed into the drum and the hubs have feeders attached which regulate the amount of limestone passing into the ball mills.
The finely' ground limestone is conveyed from the ball mills by bucket elevators to bins, two of which hold the limestohe. The lime-
stori~' is riow re~af to 'o~ a-awn tom tli~~e ;biils to be weighed and
mixed with the shale.

WINNING AND PREPARATION .O'F THE SHALE
The shales which are available Jor mixing with the limestone for the manufacture of Pontla:l1d.'cemen~; aredoun:a -in the sawe quarry as the limestone, overlying the limestone both stratigraphically and topographically. The shales" whiCh afe easily procured 'by pick and shovel, are loaded on cars of narrow gauge steam tram and taken to the stone house. The shales are dumped from the cars by end tip.ple into a No. 3 Gates gyratory crusher. The shale passes from the crusher into a bucket elevator, thence to a twelve-inch screw conveyor, from which it is. dumped into emergency storage bins.
The shale .is carrit~d from the storage bins by belt conveyors to I
bucket elevators :which 'lift the sliale 'to a dosed rotary drier, one of which handles all the shale. The rotary drier is enclosed so that hot gasses circulate freely both on the inside and outside of tlie drier. More heat is required to dry the shales, as they carry more water than the limestone. The shale is carried from the drier by a bucket elevator intostotage bins and is fed from the storage bins to the'ball milt One
ball mill does all the necessary grinding of the shale. The shale is

.APP.ALACHI.AN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 141
elevated from the ball mill to storage bins and is now ready for mixing with the limestone.
MIXING LIMESTONE AND SEALE
At this point in the process the limestone is allowed to pass, from the storage bins to the scales where one-half the limestone to be used is weighed. The scales are set mechanically and the amount of shale to be mixed with the limestone is weighed and dumped upon the limestone after which the remaining amount of the limestone necessary for the mix is weighed and dumped on the shale. This method of weighing aids the mixing of these two raw materials. The scales are kept locked, being set by the chemist who determines daily, or even more frequently, the amount by weight of the mix. The job of the weigher is purely a mechanical one.
From this point in the process of preparation of the raw materials the limestone and shale are treated as a unit. The mix of limestone and shale now passes from the weigh scales through a chute into a screw conveyor, which facilitates the mixing of these materials. The screw conveyor carries the raw materials to a rotary mixer, where the limestone and shale become intimately mixed. Elevator buckets carry the mix to bins which feed to a screw conveyor, carrying the raw materials into hoppers and then to the tube mills.
The plant has five tube mills, four Krupp and one Schmidt. The tube mills are cylindrical in shape, 20 to 22 feet long, and 60 to 66 inches in diameter and usually a little more than half filled with :flint pebbles which are imported from Europe. The cylinder makes 28 revolutions a minute. The material passes into the cylinder through a hollow shaft and leaves the mill in the same way at the opposite end. There are numerous ways by yvhich the feed is regulated. The Krupp mill is divided into compartments such that the material is forced to travel in a zig-zag motion. The :flint pebbles pound the material in the tube mill to an impalpable powder. The impalpable powder is now ready for the kiln.
There are eight rotary. kilns 6 feet by 60 feet with a capacity of 250 barrels each in 24 hours. The kilns make one revolution in 80 seconds,

142

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY .OF. GEORGIA

\
the regulation of the revolutions of the kilns regulating the output.

Powdered coal is conveyed into the kiln through an injector into which

air is forced by a fan. The main object is to carry the coal into the

kiln and get a good mixture of powdered coal-dust and air, which is a

very explosive mixture. The mixture in the kiln is thus raised to a

very high temperature, so that the raw materials reach the point of

incipient vitrification, and the clinker which forms passes out of the

kiln into ~ McCaslin bucket conveyor and is carried to the clinker

storage bins. The heat from the clinker is not utilized, but the clinker

is allowed to cool and season in the storage clinker bins. The clinker

remains in the bins at least two weeks and then is conveyed to the

ball mills, where it is pounded to pieces, and as it passes through con-

veyors from the ball mills a small amount (2 per cent.) of gypsum is

added. The ground clinker and gypsum now go to the tube mills. The

product of the tube mills passes to the stock house where it is stored

.

F

in 19 bins with 4,000 barrels capacity each. The finished product now

passes from~ the bins by chutes to and through a screw conveyor, and

~s lifted by elevators to hoppers. It passes from hoppers into bins

which lead to the Bates packing machines. The Bates packing machines

feed the finished product into valve cotton sacks which hold 95 pounds

of cement. The cement is usually packed in cotton sacks, but some is

packed ip_ paper bags and barrels.

The brand and trade name is "Southern States." The greatest

capacity of the mill is 1,200 .barrels per day.

Analysis of the aSouther11, States'' Cement1

Lime (OaO) ...................................... . 61.82 Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . 2.73

Alumina (Al20s) .............. . . } Ferric Oxide 8 (F~0 ) ~ Sulp-hur trioxide (SOa) ............................ .
Silic.a (Si02) ....................................
Loss on igniti?n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.24
1_66 21.21
1.21

99.87

APPALACHIAN Y ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 143

The following test1 shows the physical character of the cement:

Physical Tests of {(Southern Sta:tes" Cement

Tensile strength

Age

Neat

24 hrs.

493

7 days

829

28 days

973

Initial set 3 hrs. 10 min.

Final set 6 hrs. 5 min,-

Fineness

100

200

97.4

81.6

Boiling 0. K.

Piedmont Portland Cement Company (Map location 13 P) .-The plant of the Piedmont Portland Cement Company is located at Portland, Polk County, directly on the Seaboard i\.ir Line Railroad. The company was organized in the spring of 1909 with Dr. Edgar Everhart, of Atlanta, as President. The property was purchased from the Davitte Lime Company. In the fall of 1909, while the plant was under construction, Dr. Everhart resigned as President and was succeeded by
J. C. Bass.

04
-~-----
GJ4
.3ACR.S GOSScST/ITE I

.Sc.:;/e.

FIG. 5.-MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE PROPERTY, MILL ANJ:! QUARRY
(1) OF THE PIEDiYIONT PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY, PORTLAND, GEORGIA.
CEMENT MILL; (2) LIME KILNS; (3) QUARRY; (4) HOUSES; (5)
CONTOUR LINES.
GEOLOGIC RELATIONS
The raw materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement consist of the Chickamauga limestones and Rockmart shales and slates.
1Data furnished by Clarence N. Wiley, chief chemist, 1909.

144

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The litpologic character of the limestone can best be seen from the

section. It is not known just what the total thickness of the Chicka-

mauga limestone is at this point, as the und~rlying Knox dolomite is not

exposed in this vicinity; however, the lower heavy-bedded c;lark blue

limestone of the Chickamauga formation is exposed and wherever

exposures of the contact of the Chickamauga limestone and the under-

lying Knox dolomite are seen elsewhere the dolomite was found to lie

only a few feet below these heavy beds. The Knox dolomite occurs at

a comparatively short depth beneath the surface to the west of the plant,

while to the east of the plant it would be found at some considerable

depth, .due to the dip of the rocks.

The shales of the Rockmart fo-rmation immediately overlie the

Chickamauga limestone, and are only exposed in the lower portion of

. the formation. .

These shales are uniform in their litholo-gic chara. cter,

dark blue to black in color, weathering to a yellowish-green and yellow

and are entirely suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement.

The rocks dip froni' 5 to 10 degrees southeast. The limestones are

heavy bedded, 'while the shales are characteristically fissile.

The exposure at this point is on the eastern limb of a broad anti-

cline, the d!p of the rocks becoming steeper towards the east and flat-

tening out to a small angle towards the crest of the anticline. The
strike is N. 30 E.

CONDITIONS AFFID'CTING DEVELOPMENT

The limestone is exposed from the valley floor to a height of about

113 feet. From the section given below it is seen that units 1, 2, 3, 4,

5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 constituting 57.2 feet, or about 50 per cent. of the

limestone) is entirely suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland

'

.

cement. The upper units 11, 12 and 13 contain an average of 12 per

cent. of magnesia; however, by the most careful separation of the dark

. blue high-calcium stone from the gray magnesian stone it is thought that

probably 48 per cent. of this upper 51.7 feet may beco}Tie available for

cement manUfacture. The shale lies immediately above the limestone

and is present in more than sufficient quantity to supply the available

.APP.AL.ACHI.AN V.ALLEY .AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 145

limestone. The base of the quarry is on a level with the valley iioor,

so that as long as the quarry is worked above water level the drainage

will be complete and there should be no trouble in keeping the quarry

dry. The shale which overlies the limestone can not be considered as

overburden as long as the quarrying of it precedes that of the under-

lying limestone with which it is used in. the manufacture of cement.

The quarry can be worked in a north and south direction for about

1,000 feet or more, while the length towards the east will depend on

the removal of the overlying shale.

A high grade bituminous coal is used for burning the clinker. The

coal used at this plant is known as the Straight Creek Kentucky coal.

An average analysis of the coal used in the burning of the clinker is

as follows:

Analysis of Coal

M'oisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatile matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.20 36.15 55.04
5.61

Sulphur. No determination made.

100.00

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIE<S
The limestones used in the manufacture of Portland cement are dark-blue, fine-grained, crypto-crystalline, hard and compact. The shales are fine grained partly crystalline dark-blue and black or yellowish-green in color.
The following section begins at the lowest observed exposure of the Chickamauga limestone at a point about five feet above the level of the cr.eek, just east of the cement plant and on the north side of the hill.

146

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Seotidn from Top to Botto1n of Piedmont Portland Cement Company's Quarry

Sample Unit

No.

No.

Descrl.ption of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

14
rA 12 11

rB < 9 8
c 7

6

5

4 D

3

2

E

1

Contact of the Rockmart sha.Ies and the Chickamauga limestone_________ _
Light-blue and gray limestone ~terbedded_________ ~------------------
Light-blue limestone with calcite stringers_____ ___________________________
Bluish-gray to light~blue limestone with some thin beds of dark-blue limestone. The whole unit has a massive appearance _____________ -~ __
Massive dark-Mue limestone__________ _ Bluish-gray limestone ________________ _
Dark-blue limestone _____ ------------_ Grayish-blue liniestone weathering to
a gray___________________________ _
Bluish-gray limestone weathering to a gray___ .. _______________________ _
Dark-Blue limestone weathering to a dark gray ________ ~ __ :.. ___ ~ ___ "'- ___ _
Dark:-blue, fine-grained, somewhat massive limestone with some laminae of gray limestori.e______________ _
Dark-blue, fine-grained, somewhat massive limestone _________________ _
Gray limestone______________________ _
Solid massive, dal'k-blue limestone, containing some few beds of shaly limestone_________________________ _
Valley leveL ________________________ _

35.0 7
9.7 3 3.5 1.1 5 5 3.5
5 7.7
.4
28.

113.9 78.9
71.9 62.2 59.2 55.7 54.6
.49.6
44:.6
41.1 36.1 28.4
2-8..00

The following analyses show the chemical composition of the units described in the above section, together with an analysis of the Rockmart shale:

APP.AL.ACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 147

Analyses of Limestones and Shales from Quarry of the Piedmont Portland Cement Company

Sample No. _____________ Shale E

Unit No. ________________

1

D Ic 2-6 I 7

B

A

8-10 11-13 I I

Lime (CaO) _------------ .42 50.56 50.12 29.82 50.08 33.22 Magnesia (MgO) -------- 2.30 2.08 1. 81 14.10 2.32 12.68

Alumina (AbOs) -------- 21.38 -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Ferric oxide (FezOs) _- __ 7.02

.32

.40 I 1.42

.50

.98

Sulphur trioxide (SO .s) ---- -------- .00

.00 i .08

.04

.64

Phos. pentoxide (P 20 5) __ -------- .02

.01

.02

. 01

.02

Silica (SiOz) _____________ 59.26 3.00 3.36 11.78 2.70 8.98

Potash (KzO). ---------- -------- .12

.17

.28

.16

.25

Soda (NazO). -----~----- --------

.11

.14

.25

.18

.05

Clay bases ______ - ___ - - - - -------- 1.07 1. 52 2.95

.98 1. 62

Loss on ignition _________ 6.19 42.72 42.47 39.30 43.03 41.46

I

I

I

96.67

100.00

I

100.00

I
I

100.00

100.00 I 100.00

WINNING AND PREPARATION OF THE LIMESTONE
The limestone is drilled and blasted from place by means of steam drills and dynamite. The large, more massive rock is then broken by sledge hammers into pieces convenient to be handled by the quarryman. It is then loaded by hand into cars which are drawn by mules to the stone house where it is dumped into a No. 5 Kennedy gyratory crusher. The limestone is crushed to a size of two inches and under and is carried by elevator buckets to a storage bin with a capacity of 150 tons.
WINNING AND PREPARATION OF THE SHALE
The shale is easily quarried by means of pick and shovel and loaded into cars and drawn to the stone house by mules. The shale is dumped from the cars into a Jeffry hammer-ball disintegrater. The shale then passes by means of bucket elevators to a storage bin with a capacity of 100 tons.
MIXING LIMESTONE AND SHALE
The limestone and shale pass from the storage bins to the scales ~<vhere they are weighed and mixed. From this point in the process of the manufacture of cement the limestone and shale are treated as a unit. On account of the fact that the limestone and shale are mixed

148

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

before they are dried the moisture contained in thert1 must always be

taken into account. Tlle mix now passes to an enclosed rotary drier

which is heated by coal. After the material is thoroughly dried it

passes to a bin witl;l a capacity of 100 tons, situated i111med~ately above

the ball-tube mill into which it passes and is ground to a size of one-

fourth inch and under. The mix passes from the ball-tube mill to a

storage bin, which has a capacity of 100 tons, situated immediately

above the two Fuller-Lehigh mills. The mix is ground by the Fuller-

Lehigh mills to a fineness of 92 to 94 per cent. through a 100 mesh

sieve and then passes to the kiln.

. There is one rotary kiln 8 by 125 feet with a capacity of 500 barrels

in twenty-four hours... The coal is crushed by a Fuller-Lehigh mill and

dried and then conveyed to a bin in front of the kiln. The l:nix is burnt

to incipient vitrific:ation and pa;sses out'of the front end of the kiln as clinker. The clinker is carri~d by elevator buckets' to a clinker cooler

6 by 60 fe. et.

The gypsum is added after the clinker has been cooled '

artd the final mix is passed through Chalmers and Williams 3-foot

rolls, which crush the clinker: to one-fourth inch and under. The

crtisll~d :d1nker ik fiierr ~61f-J~ygd: td''bms>;~rftf:bafried,;from the :oins to

.

'

. a F. ,:u,. lle.r.-Lc;high
throiigli a twent

mill w
.
y-mesh

,,here it
.scree. .~.

is

...g:,r.o

un
...

d

to
'

Tlie finely

a
.

f.inen..es:s.

of
.... :

90

per

cent.

grourid clinker now passes

into an Allis Chalmers 6 by 22-foot tube mill where it is finally ground
s~that' about 9.5 per cent. passes through a 100-mesh and about 80 to

84 per cent. through a 200'-mesh sieve. It is then weighed by Richard-

son automatic scales and sacked.

The brand and trade name is "Piedmont,'' and the analysis is as

follows:

Analysis1 of the uPiedmontn Cement

Lime (CaO) ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mag;uesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l Aiumina (Al20s) ... .. .. ......
Feu1c oxide (F~Os) ... S .Sulphur trioxide (.SO.) , .. l}. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Silica (Si02 ) Loss on ig;uition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60.93 3.72 9.94
1.31 23.92 1.07

100.89

!Lknalysis fn:tmished by Mr. W. S. Davis, Supt.

APP.AL.ACHI.AN V.ALLEY AND CUMBEEL.AND PLATEAU ABE.AS 149

Physical Tests1 of ((Piedmont'' Cement

Tensile strength

Age

Neat

24 hrs.

460

7 days

700 ...... 325

28 days

850 ...... 515

Sand

Initial set 1 hr. 45 min.

Fin.al set 5 to 6 hrs.

Fineness

100

200

95

80-84

Boiling 0. K.

Georgia Portland Cement and Slate Company (Map location 8 P).

-The property of the Georgia Portland Cement and Slate Company is

situated on the main road between Roclanart and Cartersville about

4 miles northeast of Rockmart, 1% miles distant from the Seaboard

Railroad, and 2,% miles from the Southern Railway.

The raw materials are found in the immediate vicinity of Hayes

mill and to the south on three contiguous lots, known as the Hayes,

Wilson, and Scott lots respectively.

GEOLOGIC ItELATIONS
The raw materials consist of the Chickamauga limestone and the Rockmart shales and slates. The limestone is grayish-blue to gray and heavy bedded, with some. thin and heavy beds of a dark blue limestone interstratified. The limestone is somewhat argillaceous at the top and

Section of Georgia Portland Cement and Slate Company

I
Sample Unit \ No. No.

Description of Units

I TotalQQ

Thickness \'Thickness

feet

feet

Rockmart shale.

43

7 Bluish-gray, somewhat shaly limestone

with some dark blue limestone ______ _ 21

74.9

44

6

Gray limestone, massive and heavy- bedded___________________________ _

28

53.9

45

l; Bluish-gray limestone with some thin beds of blue limestone-dark beds at the bottom ____ ~ ________________
Gray, heavy-bedded limestone _________ ,1

13.6 2.8

25.9 12.3

Gray, massive limestone______________ _

6

9.5

4"6

2 Dark-blue limestone_________________ _

1.5

3.5

47

1 Gray limestone with occasional cal-

cite stringers______________________ _

2

2

1Data furnished by W. S. Davis, Supt.

150

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

the content of lime is highest in the t+pper 21 feet of the exposure. The shales are in the lower portion of the Rockmart formation.
They satisfy all the conditions for use as a mix with a high-calcium
limestone in the manufacture of Portland cement. The rocks strike N. 25 E, and di'P from 25 to 45 SE.
The section exposed on the east side of the Rockmart-Cartersville road, from top to bottom, is given above.
The following analyses show the chemical contents of the units above described :
Analyses of Limestone and Shale f1'0m Georgia Po1'tland Cement and Slate Company

Sample No._~_~ __ ----~-- 43 Unit No. ________________ 7

44

45

6 ; 5;4;,3

46

'47

48

2

1 Shale

Lime (CaO) ________ _: ____ 50.12 43.40 36.68 55.20 35.76

.32

Magnesia (MgO)_________ 2.28 7.54 12.94

.46 13.48 2.08

Alumina (AbOa)-------- -------- -------- --------
Ferric oxide (Fe203) ______ .80 1.12 1.08

.50 -------- 18.97 .20 1.50 5.85

Potash (K20)--- --- --..,-- .20

.19 -------- tr.

.22 3.80

Soda (Na20)- -----------
PJ:f<fs.':pt=lniioxide (P205) --

.07 .02'

.06 -------- tr.

.02 tr.

.00

.06 tr.

____ ,.4_0__

Silphur trioxide (S03) --- . 00

.00 tr

.00 tr. --------

Titanium 'dioxide (Ti02) -------- -------- ______ ;;;.._ -------- --------

.92

Clay bases ______________ Moisture at 10o0 c _______

1. 75 --------

2.15
--------

1. 51
--------

.25 --------

1.85 --------

--------
.47

Loss on ignition_________ 41.41 42.98 43:70 43.39 44.37 4.10

Silica (SiO 2) _____________ 3.35 2.54 4.09 -------- 2.76 63.22

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.13 ...
CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT
The limestone outcrops at the general level of the valley and extends up the hill, covering a stratigraphic thickness of ~bout 75 feet.
The shale lies immediately above the limestone and as it is used with
r
the limestone in the manufacture of Portland cement it can not be
considered as overburden, as long as the quarrying o.f it 'Pr~cedes that
of the limestone. From the accompanying section it will be observ~d that only the
light blue and .dark blue limestones are of suitable composition for use

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PL..d.TEAU AREAS 151
in the manufacture of Portland cement. The gray magnesian limestone will have to be quarried to obtain the interstratified dark blue and light blue high-calcium stone. The gray limestone can be utilized for ballast, road building, the burning of lime, and some portions are satisfactory for fluxing purposes. The property has not yet been developed.
Southern Lime Manufacturing Company (Map location 10 P) .The property of the Southern Lime Manufacturing Company is located about one-half mile east of Aragon station on the Seaboard railroad.
GEOLOGIC RELATIONS
The raw material used in the manufacture of lime at this point is the Chickamauga limestone and the whole exposure from top of the
Section of Quarry, Southern Lime J11anufacturing Company

Sample Unit
No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

13 Grayish-blue, heavy-bedded limestone

25

49

12 Grayish-Hue and dark-blue heavy-

bedded limestone ______ ~____________ 6. 8

11 Dark-blue limestone with some lenses

50

of gray limestone___________________ 3.6

10 Dark-blue limestone__________________ 3

51

9 Massive, grayish-blue limestone with

calcite seams_______________________ 7

8 Dark-blue limestone with thin lenses of gray limestone_ __________________ 2. 3

52

7 Bluish-gray limestone with calcite

stringers_____ ______________________ 2

6 Dark-blue limestone with thin layers of gray limestone_________ __________ 2

53

5 Light bluish-gray, heavy-bedded

limestone__ . _. _____________________ 3

54

4 Dark-blue limestone with thin gray

limestone___ _______________________ 4 . 6

55

3 Heavy-bedded, grayish-blue limestone

with calcite________________ ________ 6 .3

Dark-blue limestone with thin lenses

56

of gray limestone_______ __ __________ 2

Dark-blue,heavy-bedded lim~stone______ 3.8

Base of exposure_____________________ 0.0

71.4 46.4
39.6 36
33 26 23.7 21.7
19.7
16.7 12.1 5.8
3.8 0.0

152

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

hill to the valley level is quarried and burnt for lime. The limestone is both thin and heavy-bedded with the heavy beds predominating. The dip of the strata is only a few degrees to the east.

The above section from top to bottom of the exposure shows the physical character of the limestone at this point:

The following analyses show the chemical cemposition of the units

described in the above. section :

s Analyses of Limestone) Mtthern Lim,e JJ1anufacturing company
.
Sample No. ___________ -- 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Unit No. __ ------------- 12,13 9 10,11 6,7,8 5 4 3 1,2

~

Lime (CaOJ ________ -- _-- 41.96 50.88 35.46 48.18 36.16 50.48 30.60 51.88

Magnesia (MgO) _"'~ _____ 10.24 1.88 14.74 3.70 12.98 2.14 14.92 1.12

Ferric oxide (Fe20sj ----- .72 .52 1.24 .64 2.00 .58 1.60 .32

SuL t;rioxide (SO s) ~--- - .00 .00 I .27 tr. .46 .00 tr.

.00

Phos. pentoxide (Pz05) _ .01 .02 .02 .01 .02 tr.

.02 tr.

Silica (Si02)------------ 1.11 1.96 2.65 2.52 . 2.18 4.13 9.76 3.59 Potash (K20) _________ - _ .14 .24. .30 .24 .21 .20 .3;2 .15

Soda. (NarzO) _- --- ~------ .20 .15 .20 .17 .15, .14 .17 .12

Clay bases________ ,. _____ .71 1.50 .84 1.01 1.03 .17 1.56 .71

Loss

on

1 gm t1 0n

___

t
j

_ ____

44.91

42.85

44.28

4;3.t13

44.,81

41.56

41.05

42.11

100.00100. 00 100. 00 ioo: oolioo. 001otr'o6100.00 100.00

CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT
The limestone is exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of about -71 f.eet. The quarrying has been done above the general level of the valley, so that the drainage is natural and the quarries are always dry. The limestone extends from the top of the hill to the bottom, and there is very little overburden of residual material. The property is made
\'
accessible by its location on the Seaboard railroad. A low grade steam coal, which is secured from Tennessee, is used to, fire the kilns.

SUGGESTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
The limestone, when used in the manufacture of lime, should be hand-picked in the quarry after it is blasted from place. The dark blue, high-calcium limestone and the gray somewhat magnesian limestone should be loaded on s~parate cars and taken. to separate kilns.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 153

On account of the fact that these two varieties of limestone can be easily distinguished by their color it is a simple matter for the quarryman to separate them in loading. If the high-calcium, dark blue limestone and the gray magnesian limestone are mixed heterogeneously and dumped into the kiln they do not burn at the same temperature, and the final product is not uniformly burnt.. The high-calcium lime will slake rapidly on the addition of water, while the magnesian lime slakes slowly and consequently the lime will not slake thoroughly.
These difficulties can be overcome by burning the high-calcium lime and the magnesian lime in separate kilns.

DEVELOPMENT
The limestone is .worked in open quarry. Operations began here about the year 1900. The stone is blasted from place by means of dynamite, and is then loaded on cars and drawn by pulley to the top of the incline and dumped into the kilns. There are two vertical kilns with separate feed, so the limesto:1e does not come into contact with the fuel. The capacity is about 125 barrels per kiln in 24 hours. The lime is shipped in barrels and in bulk. If the limestone of different chemical composition is burnt in separate kilns a high grade lime for building and agricultural purposes could be obtained.
Three-fou1'fhs mile northeast of Red Ore (Map locatio~ 9 P) . The heavy-bedded limestones of the Chickamauga formation are exposed over 50 stratigraphic feet at a point about three-fourths mile northeast of Red Ore. The exposure occurs along the northeast side of a second-class public road which connects the Rockmart-Cartersville and the Rockmart-Aragon roads.
The following section from top to bottom of the exposure shows the physical character of the limestone:
Section Three-Fourths Mile Northeast of Red Ore
Total - - -~-- - -------- 1 .

Sample No. 57
58

Unit I

Description of Units

I Thickness

-zl ----, No. [

1 feet

Blue, somewhat shaly, limestone at 1

-I I

the top, becoming gray toward the 1 bottom___________________________ 35

I

1 I Dark-blue, heavy-bedded limestone_____ ! 10

Thickness feet
4.5 10

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The following analyses will show the chemical composition qf the individual beds described in the above section : Analyses of Limestone Three-Fourths Mile Northeast of Red Ore

Sample No. ______________________________________________ _ 57 Unit No._____________ ._ __________________________________ _ 2

Lime (CaO) _.:. ____ - _______ - _______________ - c:. _____________ _ Magnesia (MgO) ___ ~ _~ ___ .:. _______ ,.. ___ '- __________________ _ Ferric oxide (Fe20 3) _____________________________________ _ Sulphur trioxide (S03) ___________________________________ _ Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) _____________________________ _
Silica (Si02)----- _, ____________ -- -------------------------Potash (K20) ___________________________________________ _
Soda (Na20; _- - __ - - - ~ ~ - _~ ~ - _-- - ""' - - - - - --.,.- - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - Clay bases______________________________________________ _ Loss on ignition ___ :- _____________________________________ _

40.34 10.36 1.00
.00 .01 2.84 .16 .08 1.08 44.13

58 1
50.86 3.14
.16 .00 tr. 1.15 tr. tr . . 34 44.35

100.00 100.00

Aragon Station, Seabo!lird railroad (lYJ:ap location 11 P) .-Lime-

,stones of the Chickamauga formation are exposed along the west side

of the Seaboard railroad, about 1,000 feet north of Aragon Station.

The limestones are heavy-bedded, dark to light-blue, and occur over

an exposure of 15 stratigraphic feet.

The fol1owing analysis sho~s the chemical composition of the

exposure:

Analysis of Limestone Near Aragon Station

(Sample No. 59)

Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.00

Magnesia (MgO) .......................... :. . . . . . . . 1.16

Ferrie oxide (Fe20 3) Sulphur trioxide (S03) ;'... Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 6) Silica (Si02) Potassium (K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium (NazO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.48 .22 .02 2.70 .12 .18

Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 1.21

Loss on ignition ................... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.91

100.00
Amgon Springs (Map location 12 P) .-The limestone of the

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 155

Chickamauga formatiou is exposed for a few stratigraphic feet on the west side of the Aragon Springs-Rockmart road in the vicinity of the springs. The beds of limestone dip at a low angle in this valley, which structurally consists of a broad anticline.
The following analysis shows the composition of the entire exposure:

Analysis of Limestone at Aragon Springs

(Sample No. 60)

Lime (GaO) ..................................... . 48.96

Magnesia (lVIgO) ................................. . 1.66

Fer.ric oxide (Fe,03) . Sulphur trioxide (803 ) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) Silica (Si02 ) Potash (K20) ..................................... .

.80 .00 .02 7.45 .34

Soda (Na20) ......... , ........................... . .08 Clay bases ....................................... . 1.09

Loss on ignition

39.60

100.00
Davitte propert)l (Map location 14 P) .-The limestones of the Chickamauga formation are exposed along the road leading from Aragon mills north into Bartow County at a point about three-fourths mile south of the Bartow County line. The exposure is on the west

Section on J. Davitte Property
----;---..,.------------------------ ----

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Rockmart Shales ____________ _

61

4 Heavy-bedded, light-blue limestone

becoming a gray-blue in the lower

20 feeL _______________________ .. __ 60

125

3

Li~b.t-b!"'..!e liTne~t0!!~ ~rj-t.h '30ln~ ln-

terbedded, somewhat sbaly, light-

blue limestone____________ . ________ _ 20

65

63

2 Dark-blue limestone with interbedded,

massive gray limestone_____________ _ 30

45

Level of road ________ . _____ . ________ _

64

1 Massive, dark-blue limestone__________ _ 1.5

15

Eubarlee Creek______________________ _

156

GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF GEORGIA

side of .Euharlee Creek and on. the property of J. Davitte. The lime-
stone is heavy-bedded and dips at a low angle to the southeast. The hill is capped by the Rockmart shales and slates.
The above section is not a continuous exposure, but is made up of a number of disconnected exposures which constitute a complete ,section:
The following analyses show the chemical composition _of the individual beds described in the above section:

Analyses of Limestone from Davitte Prope1'ty

sa.mple No. ________ ----_--- __ - ___ -------- 6'1 unit No. ________________________________ 4

Lime (CaO) ______________________________ Magnesia (]dg0) _________________________ Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ---------------------Sulphur tfioxide (SOa) __ - ______ - ____ - -- _- _ Phosphor.us pento~~de (P20 5) ________ - _____ Silica (Si02) ____________ _:__ -=- ____________
Potash (K20) __ '- _---- ------.------------.-Soda (Na20)----~-- -- ________ - __ ---~--- __ Ciay bases_______________________ ._; _____ Loss on ignition______________ - ___ - _. _- ___

36.34 12.92
.88 .00 .02 4.30 .20 .14 .82 44.38"

62 3
43.08 5.48
.48 .00 .01 5.17 .20 .10 1.47 43.41

63 2
40.52 9.14
.72 .00 .01 3.88 .18 .16 .69 44.70

64 1
48.68 3.30 1.09
.00 .02 2.93 .10 .08 .41 43.39

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Bald Mountain Portla-nd Cement Company (Map location 15 P) .The property of t.he Bald Mountain Portland Cement Company consists of about 300' acres located .about l;i miles north of Aragon Springs, and about 2,000 feet east of the main public road which leads to the north.
The mountain consists of limestones of the Chickamauga formation above which stratigraphically occur the Rockmart shales and slates. The Chickamauga formation at t~is point consists of heavy-bedded, dark blue a~d gray high-calcium limestone and light blue limestqne interstratified. On the. south end of the property the limestone is exposed over a stratigrahpic thickness of 47 feet.

APPALACHIAN "VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 157

Section of Bald Mountain ----------c--------------------- ----:----

1 Total

St?mple Unit

!Thickness /Thickness

-~J_N_o_.-1----'---D-es_c_ri_p_ti_on_o_f_u_n_it_s_ _ _ _l_f_ee_t_ _1 feet

1

65 2 In~~~~e~!:~~on~~~~-~:~~ __~~~__ ~i~-h-t~__[ 40 47

66 1 H:~:~~~~:!ne~~-r~~~~~~'__~~~~~~~l~__j 7

7

On the west side of the hill the limestone is exposed for a considerable distance parallel to the strike. Sample No. 67 was taken as an average sample over the entire exposure on the west side of the hill.
The following analyses show the chemical composition of the individual beds described in the above section:

Analyses of Limestone from Bald Mountain

Sample No. _____________________________________ _ 65

66

67

Unit' No.________________________________________ _ 2

1

Lime (CaO) ____________ - - _- - _____ - _- - - - - - - - - - - - -Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________ _
Ferric oxide (FezOs) -----------------------------Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ________________________ ~--Phosphorus pentoxide (P zO 5) _____________________ _
Silica (Si0 2) _______ - _____ - __ - __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Potash KzO) _______ --- _------ ___ -- --------------Soda (NazO) ________________________ -- _-- __ - __ --Clay bases _______________________________ - _____ _ Loss on ignition _________________________________ _

49.12 3.52
.76 .00 .01 3.88 .20 .05 .30 42.16

51.72 1.52
.58 .00 .01 3.59 .18 .04 .34 42.02

47.52 4.71 1.24 tr.
.02 3.90
.20 .12 .06 42.23

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------. 100.00 I 100.00 I 100.00
Deaton's iron ore pit (Map location 16 P) .-Deaton's iron ore pit is located about one mile east of Deaton Station on the Seaboard railroad. The pit occupies an irregular area on the side of a hill just above the level of the valley. The ore has been quarried to a depth of from 15 to 25 feet. Large horses of limestone occur throughout the pit. The limestone dips only a few degrees to the east and is exposed over a vertical and stratigraphic thickness of about 20 feet.

158

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The following analysis shows. the average chemical composition of the limestone over the entire exposure :

Analysis of Limestone from Deaton's Iron Ore Pit

(Sample No. 68)

Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.32

Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.56

Ferric oxi<le (Fe2 0 8 ) Sulp'hur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pent oxide (P20 5 ) Silica (Si02) Potash (K20) ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.44 tr. 02 3. 70 .17

Soda (N~O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.22

100.00
Vicinit'jl of Cedartown (Map location 6 P) .-The Chickam9-uga limestone und~rlies the greater portion of the town and outcrops along the creek bottoms. There are many exposures of the limestone in this vicinity ; however, it is never exposed for more than ten stratigraphic feet. The ~xposures are in the lower. portion of the formation and consist of light blue to dark blue, heavy-bedded limestone. The dip is from 5 to 10 degrees east or west.
The following analysis shQws the average chemical composition of the exposure at the intersection of Tanyard Branch wit~ the main road leading from Cedartown to Youngs Station :

Anal'j1sis of Limestone N e'CIJY Ceda1'town
(Sample No. 69)
Lime (OruO) ............ _- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20 3) : Sulphur trioxide (.S0 3 ) : Phospho;:rus pentoxide (P20 5 ) Silica (Si02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potash (K20) ................. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (Na20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay bases ....................... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition .... : . .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42.30 7.66
78 .03 .01 4.99 .06 .03 1.70 42.44

100.00

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 159

Youngs Station (.Map location 5 P) .-Youngs Station is located on the Central of Georgia Railway about five miles southeast of Cedartown. At this point on the northeast side of the darn and opposite the old mill there is an exposure of the Knox dolomite which extends from the level of the creek to a height of about 12 feet. It consists of bluishgray, fine-grained, partly crystallinE dolomite with occasional layers of chert.
The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the dolomite over the entire exposure :

Analysis of Limestone at Youngs Station
(Sample No. 70)
Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) ....... .'.......................... Ferric oxide (Fe 02 3 ) Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) Silica (Si:02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potas;b. (~0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (Na20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay bas.es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28,72 18.98
.68 tr. .02 4.12 .10 .13 1.40 45.85

100.00 FLOYD COUNTY
GEOLOGY
BEAVER LIMESTONE
The Beaver limestone in Floyd County is heavy bedded and mas~ive, grayish-blue to light gray in color and semi-crystalline. The limestone occurs at only one locality in Floyd County, namely, at a point
about 12 miles southwest of Rome. The high percentage of mag-
nesia in this limestone prevents its use in the manufacture of Portland cement and on account of the considerable residual material which overlies it the stone seldom outcrops where it can be commercially won for use as a flux or for the burning of lime.
CONNASAUGA SHALES AND LIMESTONES
The Connasauga formation in Floyd County consists of finegrained, yellowish-green, argillaceous shales with many interbedded

160

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

limestones. The thickness of the formation as estimated by Hayes1 is 1,500 to 4,000 feet.
South of Rome the formation contains a large amount of limestone interbedded in oliye clay shales. The limestones in the vicinity of Rorrie are so greatly metamorphosed that secondary calcite is intimately veined with the bluish-gray limestone. At a point southwest . of Rome, on the Alabama division of the Southern Railway, about
l:lh miles west of Agate, the limestone is dark blue to light blue, some-
times oolitic and frequently made up almost entirely of the remains of trilobites. In the vicinity of Cave Spring a section is exposed on Big Cedar Creek in Vans Valley. The lower portion of the formation contains some oolitic limestone, while t~e upper portion is a light-gray, ' dolomitic limestone. , To the northeast of Rome the limestones are less abundant and occur as very thin beds interstrati~ed with the shale, becoming prominent only at the top of the formation and about 1,000 feet below the top.
The Connasauga formation occupies a large area in the Coosa Valley, where it varies much in its lithologic character. The limestones in this broad area, locally known as "fiat woods," are highly argillaceous and usually concealed.
The Connasauga limestone is at places a high-calcium stone, but tl;te fact that high-calcium limestone beds are thin and interbedded and overlain by impure argillaceous and dolomitic limestone makes them unattractiv.e for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The oolitic beds in the lower portion of the formation are suitable for fluxing purposes. Some exposures occur where the limestone has not been fractured and the fissure subsequently filled with calcite and argillaceous . impurities. At these localities the limestot{e is s~itable for lime. The stone ought to prove valuable ?-S a road material.
The silica-alumina ratio in the shales of this formation is low, so that unless free silica is added they cannot be used in the manufacture of Portland cement.

1Hayes, C. W., Rome folio (No. '78), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 161
KNox DoLOMITE
The Knox dolomite consists of heavy-bedded to massive gray dolomite, containing some dark almost black beds in both the lower and upper portion of the formation. The dark color is due to carbonaceous matter. A large amount of chert occurs in the upper portion of the formation.
This formation occupies almost the entire southeast oportion of Floyd County, as well as considerable areas in the western 'and other portions of the county.
The high percentage of magnesia prevents the use of these rocks in the manufacture of Portland cement. On account of the extensive occurrence of chert in the upper portion of the formation it is difficult to locate quarries where the stone can be won for the manufacture of lime. The chert of this formation has been used largely as a road material.
CHICKAMAUGA FORMATION
Two phases of the Chickamauga formation are present m Floyd County. In the extreme southeast portion of the county there is a very small area, consisting of the lower portion of this formation, made up essentially of limestone. The dark-blue beds of high-calcium stone, which are equivalent to these beds, are used in the manufacture of Portland cement in Polk County. There are no exposures of this phase of the formation of economic importance in Floyd County.
Another phase of this formation is found in Horseleg Mountain; on the west side of Heath Mountain; another area in the vicinity of Sprite; and still another small area on the west side Qf John Mountain, which extends north into Chattooga County.
This phase of the Chickamauga formation consists largely of varicolored, argillaceous shales with interbedded, mottled, earthy limestones. The limestones are gray in the lower portion of the formation with pinkish limestones above and below; however, the argillaceous limestones of a light blue color, interbedded with the shales, usually predominate. A conglomerate occurs near the base of the formation which consists of pebbles of chert derived from the Knox

162

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

dolomite and deposited while the latter formation was being eroded to the east. These chert fragments are imbedded in a calcareous-argillaceous matrix. The thickness of the forni.ation varies from 200 to 1,500 feet.
The limestones and shales of the Chickamauga formation dip beneath the overlying Rockwood formation. The lower portion of the Rockwood formation carries a heavy-bedded, flaggy sandstone. The weathered detritus from this sandstone conceals a large portion of the underlying rocks. The limestones of the Chickamauga forma~ion are thin-bedded and as they contain numerous interstrafifieO. shales and vary in their lithologic character over short distances with a usually heavy overburden, they do not possess attractiv~ possibilities for the economic production of Portland cement, or for lime. They caR, however, be used to an advantage; when cttlshed, for road 1material.

FLOYD FORMATION
The Floyd formation consists mostly of da.rk:-blue to black carbnaceous shales with some yellow and brown-colored shal~s and dark-blue calcareous shales. Some sandy beds are found,_ and near the middle of the formation oecu;t heavy-hediied, dark-blue to light-blue and gray crinoidal limestone. The thickness of the, formation varies between '1,500, and 2,200 feet. The limestones are not prominent in the vicinity of R. ome; howe, ver, the shales at this point are extremely calcareous. The limestones are more prominent to the west and northwest of Rome, and sometimes reach a thickness of lOQr feet.
The Floyd formation contains the most important limestones in Floyd County. These limestones are often very pure, high-calcii.un stones, which are suitable, when found in sufficient quantity, for the manufacture of. Po-rtland cement. They are well adapted for the burning of lime, for buiH.ing and agricultural purposes, for flux, and road material. .
Sixteen samples of the Floyd limestone were taken in this county, eleven of which contained less than 1 per cent. of magnesia, while five contained more than 1 per cent., but less than 2 per cent. The Floyd

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU .AREAS 163

limestone in this county is characterized by a very low percentage of magnesia. It contains some chert and some beds are high in silica.
The Floyd shales are not often physically uniform over any considerable stratigraphic extent. They sometimes contain laminae of limonite, and again they are extremely argillaceous. Some portions of the shale are very siliceous, and all of it is more or less carbonaceous. Certain portions of the formation will be found quite suitable for mixing with a high-calcium limestone in the manufacture of Portland cement.
BANGOR FoRMATION
The Bangor limestone occurs in only one portion of Floyd County, namely, at Rocky Mountain. The upper portion of the formation consists largely of shales (Pennington), while limestones occupy the lower portion of the formation. The thickness of the Bangor formation is not more than 350 feet. It is usually concealed by the detritus derived from the overlying sandstone of the Lookout formation. The limestone in this area is a very high-calcium stone and is characterized by a low percentage of magnesia. It is chemically suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement, for the manufacture of lime for commercial' and agricultural purposes, and for crushed stone products.
DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIES
Haynie (Map location 1 F) .-The _grayish-blue limestone of the Connausauga formation is exposed over a thickness of not more than 20 feet at a point along the north side of the Cave Spring-Alabama road in the extreme southwest corner of Floyd County.
The following analysis shows the chemical composition of the limestone over the entire exposure.

Analysis of Lime:Stone f1'om Haynie Post Office

(Sample No. 71)

Lime (CaO) Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe 02 3) Sulphur trioxide (S03)

47.60 2.14 1.44 .00

16'4

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA.

Phosphorus pento:xide (P20 5) Silica (Si02) P"Otash (K.O) ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda. (Na20) .~. Ola.y hases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition ............ , . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tr. 5.38 .20
.10 2.47 40.67

100.00
Henry Bass p1'ope1'ty (Map location 2 F) .-The property of Henry Bass is located within' the corporate .limits of the city of Rome, 500 feet south of the Etowah bridge. Thin-bedded, grayish-blue lime~ stone of the Connasauga formation is exposed from the river level to the_ top of the hill, which rises t~ 'a height of more than 100 feet above the river. The limestone contains nmherous veins of secondary calcite associated with visible impurities of i1:on and laniirire of argillaceous material.
The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the limestone over the entire exposure :

Analysis of Li111,estone f1'om Henry Bass Property

(Sample No. 72.)

Lime (GaO)
.

.".' ......

'..............................
.

Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ferric o-xide (Fe.08) : Sulphur trioxide (B08) Pho.sphorus pentoxide (P20 5) Silica (1SiO.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Potash .(K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sod>a (Na.O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
Clay bas,es ................................. ~ . . . . . .

Loss on ignition . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32.44 11.62
4.36 .30 .02 6.51
1.35 .37
4.50 . 38.53

100.00
Southwest Rome (Map location 3 F) .-The limestones of the Connasauga formation are exposed at a pDint about 3,000 feet south of the EtowahRiver bridge just west of Rome. These dark-blue limestones ave exposed over ?-bout 70 stratigraphic feet. They are somewhat argillaceous and intimately veined with secondary calcite. The composition is similar to the limestones described immediately above on the Bass property. The strike is N. 35o E., and the dip 45 SE.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 165
No1'theast Rome (Map location 4 F) .-At a point 480 feet southwest of the Southern Railway culvert north of the W. & A. Railroad, a thin and somewhat heavy-bedded dark blue limestone of the Connasauga formation is exposed over 63 strat~graphic feet. The limestones contain a considerable number of laminre of clayey impurities, and while secondary calcite occurs it is not quite so abundant as in the limestones southwest of Rome.
The following section shows the physical character of the exposure from top to bottom : .
Section of Limestone Exposure Northeast of Rome

Sample Unit No. No.
-~r
I

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Dark-blue limestone with some interbedded, a.rgillaceous shale______ . _____
Interstratified, thin and heavy beds of gray and dark-blue limestone, with considerable secondary calcite and intercala,ted clayey impurities.

11.9 51.3

63.2 51.3

The following analysis shows the composition of the units exposed:

Analyses of Limestone Northeast of Rome

Sample No.______________________________________________ 73

741

Unit No. _________________________________________________ 1 & 2

Lime (CaO) ______ - _______ -- __________ -- _-- _______________ Magnesia (MgO) ____________ ..: __ _________________________ Ferric oxide (FezOs) __ __ ____ ______ ____ _____ ___ _____ ___ ____ Sulphur trioxide (SO 3) ______________ ____________ __________

45. 94 I 50. 40

1. 00 2. 05

2. 68 1. 04

tr.

. 00

Phosphorus pentoxide (PzOs) -------------------------- __ __ .00 Silica (SiOz) _____________________________ ~ ______ ______ ___ _ 6. 32
--------I _Potash (K20) ____________ - ___________ ------ ______ ---- __ --
Soda (Na 2 0) _________ . ___________________________________ . _ . _____ I Clay bases _____________________________________ . _________ 4. 95 Loss on ignition_ _________________ ________________________ 39 . 11

.00 2. 35
.12 . 09 1. 51 42 .44

100.00 1100.00
1Number 74 was taken over i.he exposure of the limestone along the river bank beneath the section described above.

166

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Six-Mile Station (Map location 5 F) .~The limestone of the Con. nasauga formation is exposed for about ten stratigraphic feet at a point one.mile west of Six-M~le Station along the south side: of Hie Alabama division of th~ Southern Railway. The limestone outcrops in a low hill where it is overlain by shales of the same formation. The limestone is dark-blue in color, fine grained, and appears somewhat heavy bedded. Some earthy impurities are present which increase toward the top of the exposure.
The following analysis will show the average chemical composition of the limestone over the entire exposure :

Analysis of Limestone from Six-Mile Station

(Sample No. 75)

Lime (C:ruO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) ........................ :. : . . . . . . . . Femic oxide (Fe,08) :. Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5 ) Siliea (S:i02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potash (K20) ......... .. :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (Na.O) ................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay b'ases ........... ~ ............... , . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition .................. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47.00 3.00 1. 74 .10 .01 3.63 .25 .12 2.5-8 41.57

100.00
Big Cedar Creek exposure (Map location 6 F) .-The limestone of the Connasauga formation is exposed over a thickness of about 30 .feet about one mile northwest of Vans Valley, along the north side of Big Cedar Creek. The lower ten feet of the exposure consists of light bluish-gray limestone, resembling in lithologic character the Knox dolomite, over which sample No. 76 was take~. Immediately above this unit lies ten feet of shaly limestone which in places might be termed a calcareous shale. Sample Np. 77 was taken over this unit. At the top of the exposure the rock is a dolomitic limestone and is in all probability a part o.f the Knox dolomite. The cherty limestone was omitted i~1 No. 78. The strike is N. 45 E., and the dip 15 SE.
The following analyses show the chemical composition of the limestone over the units described .above :

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 167

Anal)!Ses of Limestone from Big Cedar Creek Ex_posu1'e

I

-
Lime (CaO) ______________________________________ Magnesia (MgO) ___ ---- __ -- _-- _____ ---------- - __ .:
Ferric oxide (FezOs)-----------------------------Sulphur trioxide (8203)---------------------------Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) ___ - ____ - ~-- __ - ___ - ___ Silica (SiOz) _____________________________________ Potash (l{zO) ____________________________________
Soda (~a20)--------~---------------------------Clay bases _______ . ___ . _____ - _- _- ___ -. --- _- _- _-- _Loss on ignition __ . _. _____________________________

76
15.40
~0.96
1.76 tr.
.02 30.24 3.41
.31 10.73 27.17

77
14.18 3.20 4.18 tr.
.04 31.95 4.48
.35 12.68 28.94

78
48.30 20.00 2.44
.00 .02 1. 97 .15 .06 .39 26.67

I 100.00 100.00 100.00

Exposure near Pinson (Map location 7 F) .-The somewhat heavybedded, dark-blue limestones of the lower portion of the Connasauga formation are exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of about _57 feet at a point about 850 feet east of Woodward Creek one-half mile west of Pinson. The limestones form a low ridge and are overlain by yellow and green shales of the same formation.
The following analyses sho-vv the chemical composition of the limestones and shales at this point:

Analyses of Limsetone and Shale Near Pi11son

~--.- Lim;~tone s~~~_ Sample N0 ----------------------------:-------



I

Lime (CaO) ____________________________________________ 51 .00

Magnesia (MgO)_____ ___ ___ ___ __ _____ ___________ ________ 2. 20

Alumina (AlzOs) ______________ - ------------ ~- ----------- ----------

Ferric oxide (FezOs) ---------------------------- __ ______

1.54

Sulphur trioxide (80s)---------------------------------- tr. Manganese (MnO) ________________________ . _- _______________ . _. _. _

Titanium dioxide (TiOz) -------------------------------------- - .

Silica (Si0 2)__________________________________ . _ __ __ ____

2. 90

Loss on ignition ____________________ . _ __________________ 42 .36

Moisture at 100 C.----------------------------------- ___________ _

.31 .40 25.40 6.12
tr. tr. 55.39 4.61 1.50

1oo. oo I 93.73

168

GEOLOGICAL 8URVEY OF GEORGIA

Expo'Sure newr N annie (Map l0cation 8 F) .-The heavy-bedded, dark-blue limestones of the Connasauga formation are exposed from the valley floor to a vertical height of about 55 feet, about llj2 miles northeast of Nannie on the east side of the road which parallels Armstrong Mountain. The limestones carry numerous veins of secondary calcite in the lower portion of the exposure. Yellow and yellowishgreen. argillaceous shales overlie the limestones. At the top of the shale an exposure of the Connasauga-Knox contact can be seen.
The following analyses show the chemical character of the limestones and shales at this point:

Analyses of Limestone and Shale from Near N annie

Shale Limestone

Sample ~o. __________ -- __ - ________ -- ___ -- ---- _____ ___ __ 81

82

Lime (CaO) .:_ ___ ~ ___ ..: --- __ -- __ -- ------------ _- __________ 1. 61

49.76

Magnesia (MgQ) _____ --- __ -- __ - ___ - ---- _--- __ - -- ________ 2.14

. 64

Alumina (AbOa) _______ - _._.- -----,---------------- _-- ____ 19.78 _________ _

Ferric oxide (FE20a) ____ -- ___ ---- _- --- ___ -: __ -- ______ -.- _ 6 .46

1. 62

Sulphur trioxide (So a) -- _,..--. _- _~- _- --- _--- _""- --,. _. ___ . _ __ __ __ __ tr. Phosphor:tis pentoxide (P20 s) _______ --- ___ - ___ - ________________ ~ __________ _

Silica (Si02)----- ___ ----------------- ----- --------- _____ 57.35

6. 73

Manganese (MnO) ______________ -- _______ -~ ___ --~- ______ .08 _________ _

Titanium dioxide (Ti02) --------------------------------
Loss on ignition _____ ------- __ -------------- _____ ---____ JMojsture at 100 C ___________ ---- ____ ------ __ __ ________

.54 _________ _
5 .40_ 41.25 1. 46 _________ _

94.82 100.00

Ooslanaula River expos~tre (Map location 9 F) .-The limestones of the Floyd formation are exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of about 80 feet at a po1nt.one-half mile north of Margie on the west side of the. Oostanaula River east of Turkey Mountain. The limestone which is heavy-bedded and nearly horizontal, varies in color from darkblue to light-blue.
The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the limestone over the entire exposure at this point :

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 169

Analysis of Limestone from Oostanaula Creek

(Sample No. 83)

Lime (Oa;O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20 3) Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pento.xide (P:,05) Silica (Si02) Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53.20 .52 .68 t:r.
2.71 42.89

100.00
J. Scott Da.vis property, Va.ns Valley (Ma:P location 10 F) .-Occa-
sional exposures of limestone occur on the property of J. Scott Davis
along the west side of the hill to the northwest of the Davis residence. This limestone has been mapped by Hayes1 as part of the Connasauga formation. The dolomitic character of the limestone, with the chert which it contains, however, suggests that it is a part of the Knox dolomite formation. The dolomite is partly crystalline, bluish-gray to light-gray in color and fairly uniform in its lithologic character. Chert nodules are most abundant in the upper portion of the exposure.
The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the entire exposure :

Analysis of Limestone from ]. Scott Davis Property

(Sample No. 84)

Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lYiagn,esia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fenic oxide (Fe20a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphur trioxide (S03) :. Phosphorus pentoxide (P20") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silica ('Si02) . Potash (K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (Na20) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29.24 19.46
1.60 .00 tr.
4.22 .16 .08 . 71
44.53

100.00
West side of Lavender Jvfountain (Map location 11 F) .-Some exposures of the limestone of the Chickamauga formation outcrop on the

1Hayes, C. W., Rome folio (No. 78), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902-

170

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

west side of Lavender Mountain at a point one mik north of the

Central of Georgia Railway and about 2,000 feet east of the valley

public road between Sims and Lavender mountains. The limestones

are thin bedded, grayish white, pink and light blue, semi-crystalline,

and are interbedded in variegated shales. In the lower portion of

the formation a conglomerate is exposed consisting of pebbles of chert

.

~

imbedded in a limy clay matrix.

The following section of the limestone from the top to the bottom

of the exposure shows its physical character :

Section on liVest Side of Lavender Mo1mtain.

'
Sample No.
85.
86

Unit. No.
5
1 4 3

2 1

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

\

feet

feet

Thin and heavy beds of pink. and gray ,

limestone interstratified _____________ 22

113

Pinkish, massive limestone_____________ 11

91

Grayish-white, fine-grained limestone

with much crystalline calcite, the

cleavage faces of which give a bright

silvery metallic lustre _____________ .,_ 23

80

Concealed.:_.:.~- ________.______________

57

57

Cong;"Io' m' era;it-e____.____________________

Above unit 5 of the section the rocks are largely concealed. Occa-

sional outcroppings of shale were observed between unit 5 and the

lower heavy-bedded sandstone of the Rockwood formation.

The following analyses. show the chemical composition of the

limestones :

Analyse~ of Limestone from West Side of Lavender M o~mtain

--1 Sample No. ___ -~----------------------_--.-----_----_---
Unit No----------------------------~--------------------
Lime (CaO) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - __ - ______________ Magnesia. (MgO) __________________ ~ ___ ___ __ _________ ____ __

85
4&5
47 .28 . 60

86
3 54 . 64
. 20

Ferric oxide (Fe20a) -------------------------------------- .96. Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ------------------------------------ ________ Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s)------------------------------ .03 Silica (Si02)----'-- _____ ___ __ __ ___ _______________________ __ 9. 90 Potash (K20) ________________________ ~ __ ______________ ____ .26
Soda (Na20) _- ___ --- _- ______ - ____________________________ . 14 Clay bases _____ - _______________________ . _ . _______________ 2. 64 Loss on ignition __________ "_____________________________ . _ 38 . 19

.32 .20 tr. . 90 tr.
tr. .41
43 . 33

.

l1oo.oo l1oo.oo

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 171
Beach C1'cek e.xpos~we (Map location 12 F) .-The limestone of the Floyd formation is exposed on the south side of Beach Creek at its intersection with the road between Horseleg Mountain and Oreburg. These rocks consist of a dark-blue to light-bbe crinoidal limeston~ quite uniform from top to bottom. There are no visible impurities in the limestones; however, they are capped by a thin layer of chert. The strike is north and south and the dip 15 o W.
On the southwest side of the road the limestone is exposed over a thickness of 10 feet, a section of which is here given:
Section on Beach Creek

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

.feet

--;;--~--2-~~ Grayish-blue, heavy-bedded limestone

4

10

--~~----1_ _J2ark-blue heavy-bedded limestome____ _

6

6

On the east side of the road at this point in the upper few feet of very cherty limestone sample, No. 89, was taken. Below the cherty limestone there is an exposure of about fifteen feet of heavy-bedded, high-calcium stone, from the average of which sample No. 90 was taken.
The following analyses show the chemical character of these limestones:
Analyses of Limestones from Beach Creek

Sample No. ______________________________ Unit No. ________________________________
--
Lime (CaO) ______________________________ Magnesia (Mgo) __________________________ Ferric oxide (Fe203) ---------------------
Sulpher trioxide (S03) --------------------
Phosphorus pentoxide (P205L----~ __ -----Silica (SiO 2) _____________________________
SPoodtaash(N(aK202)0_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_Clay bases _______________________________ Loss on ignition_______________________ -,... _

87 2
53.40 .42 .80
tr. tr. 2.66
.07 .08 .74 41.83

88 1
53.48 .84 .26
tr. tr. 1.53
.04 .05
.64
43.16

89
44.76 .64 .72
tr. .01
15.62
.10
.04 .72 37.39

90
52.44 .74
1.04 tr. tr. 3.58
.10 .11
.83 41.16

100.00 ' 100.00 I 100.00 100.00

172

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA.

Lavender Station (Map location 13 F) .-The .dark-blue, high calcium limestones of the Floyd formation are exposed for only about 10 stratigra.phic feet at a point about 100 feet southwest of Lavender Station on the property of Karr Berryhill.
The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the whole exposure at this point:

Analysis of Limestone at Lavender Station (Sample No~ 91)

Lime (0310) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . . Ferrie oxide (Fe20a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphur trioxide (SOa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphorus pentoxide (P~O~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sii.liea (Si02 ) : Potash (K20) ........................... ..... . .. . .. . Soda (N:a20) , .............................. ' . . . . . . . . 0'1ay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54.72 .80 .24 .00 .00 .72 .09 .07 .36
43.00

10,0.00
Halls Mountain (Map location 14 F) .-Halls Mountain is situated near the northwest corner of Floyd County only about one-fourth mile

Section from Top to Bottom on Halls J.l1ountain

'

'

Sample Unit

No. No.
-

92

7

93

6

94

5

95

4

96

3

97

2

98

1

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Argilaceous shalle with some thin beds

of sandstone _______________ ------~-

30

Th:iri.-bedded dark-blue limestone _______ 17

Dark-blue arenaceous shale____________

6.5

Dark-blue limestone __________________

5.6

Somewhat arenaceous limestone with

many beds of shaly limestone ________ 18

Heavy-bedded, dark-blue limestone_____

5

Dark-brown and black arenaceous shale ___ 10

92.1 62.1 45.1.
38.6
33 15 10

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 173

south of the Floyd-Chattooga County line and about two miles north of the North Rome and Attalla Railroad.
This mountain consists of shale at the base, above which occurs 60 feet of limestone capped by 30 feet of shale. The shale and limestone are in the upper half of the Floyd formation. The shales are carbonaceous and :fissile, while the associated limestones are usually heavy-bedded, dark-blue to light-blue in color with some argillaceous and arenaceous beds. The whole exposure is characterized by a very low percentage of magnesia. The rocks strike N. 50 W., and dip 5 SE.
The following analyses show the chemical character of the units described in the above section :
Analyses of Limestone from Halls _Mo-vmtain

Sample No. ___________________ 92 93 94 95 96 97

Unit No. ______________________ 7

6

5

4

3

2

-

Lime (CaO) ___________________ 12.36 41.56 21.42 48.26 46.52152.36

98 1
5.04

Magnesia (MgO) ____________ --- .54 1.00 .18 1. 82 .46 .00 .27

Fenic oxide (FezOs) ----------- 3.40 2.40 3.76 1.22 2.72 1.56 5.04

Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ----- - __ .20 .10 .04 ------ .00 .00 .00 Phos. pentoxide (P 20 5) ________ . ----- .00 .00 .01 .02 .00 .02

Silica (SiO 2)_ ___ - _---- _------- 62.78 16.69 39.12 7.00 9.04 1.11 63.18

Potash (K20) _________________ 1.02 .23 1.60 .14 . .24i .09 -----

Soda (Na20J---- -------------- .42 .25 .72 .12 .201 .07----Clay bases____________________ 7. 50 2. 68 12. 34 1. 33 2. 921 .87 17. 50

Undertermined ____ -- __________ 11.78 35.09 20.82 40.10 37.88' 43.94 8.95

100.

oo

100.

oo

100.

oo

100.

-oo

100.

oo:wo.

ool10o.

o 0 -

The analyses of limestones and shales above given were of samples

taken from the property of Lou Hall.

Huffaker limestone quarry (Map location 15 F) .-The Huffaker

quarry is located on the North Rome and Attalla Railroad at Huffaker

Station. Limestone of the Floyd formation is exposed over a thick-

ness of 19 stratigraphic feet. The limestone is crinoidal, of a dark-

blue color near the bottom of the exposure, becoming a light-blue to

grayish-blue at the top. The quarry is an open pit. The overburden

consists of about :five feet of residual red clay. The total thickness of



174

GEOLOGICAL SUR,VEY OF GEORGIA

the limestone at this point is not known; however, it is probably not more. than 50 feet. The dip is 10 W.
The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the lilT!-estone over the entire exposure:

Analysis of Limestone from Huffaker Quany

(Sample No. 99)

Lime (Ga;Q) ..... '...... , ........ :~................. 54.38

Magnesia (MgO) .......................... : ...... ; . , .25

Fexric oxide (Fe20 8 )

.24

Sulphur trioxide (SOa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00

Piho.sphoxus pentox:Fde (P20 8) Silica (Si02) Clay bases ......................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tr. 1.75 .30

Undetermined ..................................... 43.08

100.00
J.Attle Dry C1-eek (Map location 16 F) .-Limestone of the Floyd for~tion is .exposed over .a thickness pf about 20 feet at a {loint 31f2 miles north of Rome. The .exposure is immediately beneath the bridge on th~ Rome-Summ~rville road which crosses Little Dry Creek. Thelimestone is heavy bedded, dark-blue to light-blue in col0t, and fairly
iinifottn over the entire expbsure. Chert 1s rather 'abtirldant seven.
feet above the base ofJhe e~q;sur~.. TJi,e: following analysis slYows the average chemical composifioll.
of the limestone at this point:

Analysis of Li11ttestone from Little Dry Creek

(Sample No. 100)

Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) ......... , . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphm trioxide (S03) :. Phosphorus pentoxiile (P20 5) Silica (Si02 ) , Clay ba:ses .......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Un'determin.ed ..................................... .'

50.84 1.53 .96
.06 tr.
3.50 . 70
42.47

100.00
Floyd County quarr'J' (Map location 17 F) .-The limestones of theFloyd formation are exposed in a quarry which has a vertical height

.APP.ALACHI.AN V.ALLEY .AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU ARE.AS 175

of from 20 to 30 feet in the city limits of Rome at the intersection of the North Rome and Attalla Railroad and the Rome-Summerville public road. The limestones have been worked extensively for road material. The Floyd formation at this point is very argillaceous and some portions of these rocks might be termed a calcareous shale.
The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of these rocks over the entire exposure :

Cemical Analysis of Limestone from Floyd County Quarry

(Sample No. 101)

Lime (C.aO) .............................. : . ...... . 15.16 . I
Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . 1.72

Ferrie oxide (Fe20 3)

4.04

Sulplnrr trioxide ('803)

.80

r

Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) Silica (Si02) ~

.00 50.48

Clay bases ....................................... . 11.68

Loss on ignition

16.12

100.00
D. B. F. Sellman prope1'f)! (Map location 18 F).-Two hundred feet east of the intersection of Heath Creek and tne road leading ffom Crystal Springs to Little Texas Valley, an exposure of the Floyd limestone occupies the hill on the south side of the creek and extends over a stratigraphic thickness of 38 feet. The rocks strike N. 20 E. and dip 10 SE.

Section from Top to Bottom on Sellm.an Property

Sample Unit
No. No.
--
3

102

2

I 1

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Cherty, dark-blue limestone and chert

11

38

Floyd formation

Gray to grayish-blue, crinoidal lime-

stone______________________________ 27

27

Shale ________________________________

The following analyses show the chemical composition of the limestone in the above section :

176

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Analyses of Limestone from the Sellman Property

Sample No. ___ -----------------__________________________ 102

1031

Unit No. _______________________ --.--~ ___________________ -:_ 2

Lime (CaO) _______________________________________ ~ ______ 49. 32

Magnesia (MgO)__________________________________ ________

.82

Ferric oxide (Fe20s)------- ____ __ ____ __ ___ ______ ________ ___ 1. 36

Sulphur trioxide (SOs)------------------------------------- .00

Phosphorus pentoxide (P205)-'-----~-----------------------

.00

Silica (Si02)----------- ______________ ----------- __ ____ ___ _ 5. 20

Potash (K20) ____________________ ---;---------- __ ___ ______ _____ ___

Soda (Na20)----------------------------------------------------Clay bases--------------~-------------------------------- 3.52 Loss on ignition __________________________________________ 39. 78

50. 56 1.20 . 94
.00 .02 4.20 .18
.06 1.18 41. 66

100.00 100.00

Heath Creek exposure) Big Texas Valley (Map location 19 F).The shales 0f the Floyd formation are exposed for about 15 stratigraphic feet at a point several hundred feet west of Heath Creek along the road leading from Orsman into Big Texas Valley. Some laminre of limonite occur in the shale and were omitted in sampling.
The following analysis shows the chemical composition of the shales at this point :

Anal'J1sis of Shale from Heath Creek E."Cposure

(Sample No. 10'4)

Lime (Oa.O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnes:i!a (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (A1Pa) ............... : ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferri.c 0 oxide (Fe2 8 ) Mang;anese (MnO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Titanium dioxidre (Ti02) . .S.ilica (rS!i!02 ) : , Los~ on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moisture at 100 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.62 .08 14.18
4.~5
.08 .63 73.65 4.04 1.20

98.73
Orsman (Map location: 20 F) .-The limestone of the Bangor formation .is exposed for a thickness of 12 stratigraphic feet in the lower portion of the formation at a point just east of the intersection of the

01.Sample No. 103 was taken from a small exposure cm the south side of the road near the bridge which crosses Heath Creek.

APPALACHIAN V.ALLEY .AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU .AREAS 177

roads at Orsman leading into Big and Little Texas valleys respectively.

The limestone is heavy-bedded and practically horizontal. The follow-

ing section from the top of the exposure to the bottom shows its litho-

logic character :

Section at Orstnan

, I
I Sample Unit I' No. 1 No.

Description of Units

1

Total

i Thickness Thickness

I feet

feet

I

Dark-blue limestone with numerous I

layers of chert. (Not sampled on I

account of the abundance of chert I it contained) _______________________ j 3.0

12.8

Dark-blue limestone with four thin

layers of chert. (The chert was

105

omitted in sample for analysis) ___ .. __ 4.2

9.8

Dark-blue crinoidallimestone _________ _ 4.6

5.6

Dark-blue fine-grained lime&tone ______ _ 1.0

1.0

The following analysis shows the chemical composition of the limestone taken from the un_its 1, 2, and 3 of the section:

Analysis of Limestone from Orsman

(Sample No. 105)

Lime ('CaO) Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe 02 3) Sulphur trroxide (S03 ) Phosphorus pentoxide (P~05 ) Silica (Si02) Potash (K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (Na,O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48.00 .40
1.20 .08 .03
6.28 .14 .12 4.94 38.81

100.00
One and one-half 1nilcs south'wcst of 01'Sman (Map location 21 F).
-The heavy-bedded, fine-grained, dark-blue, crinoidal limestones of the Bangor formation are exposed at a point about 11/) miles southwest of Orsman. The.limestone is to be seen over a thickness of about

178

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

10 feet in the lower portion o.f the formation. A layer of chert about

3 inches thick occurs at the top of the exposure.

The following analysis shows the composition of the entire ex-

posure:

Analysis of Limestones 11/2 .Lrvliles Southwest of 01'Sm,an
(Sample No. 106)

Lime (GaO) ...... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferrie oxide (Fe 02 3 ) Sulplim trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) Silica (Si02) ... Loss on. ignition ....................... : . . . . . . . . . . .

53.80 .25
1.16 .07 .00
2.70 42.02

100.00
Two miles sMtthwest of Orsman (Map location 22 F) .-The heavybedded, fine-grai1_1ed, semi-crystalline, blue limestone o.f the Bangor formation occupies an exposure from the valley floor to a vertical height of 35 feet along the s'Outheast side of Rocky Mountain on the
property of J. B. Reaves. The limestone forms an extensive outcror:
along the strike which is parallel to the mountain; The exposure is
found iri the lower portion of the fo:rmation and the beds dip from
5 to 10r0 NW. The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of
the limestone from the entire exposure :

Analysis of Limestone 2 JV[iles Southwest of 01'sman

(Sample No. 107)

Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.13

:rt!Eagnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

0 Ferric oxide (Fe2 3 ) : , .'.

1.42

Snlphur trioxide (S03)

.02

Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5)

.00

Silica (Si02 )

1.83

Loss on ignition ................................... 43.00

100.00
Willingham-Ha1'vey-Lipscomb prope1'ty (Map location 23 F).The limestone of the Bango'r formation is exposed for about 40 strati-



APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU .AREAS 179

graphic feet at a point about three-fourths mile west of Orsman on the northeast end of Rocky Mountain on the property of Willingham, Harvey and Lipscomb. Above this 40 feet of limestone, residual material and sandstone float from the overlying Lookout formation conceal the underlying rocks, which are probably shales.
The exposure of limestone occupies a large area along the northeast end of the mountain.. It is a dark-blue, somewhat fine-grained and partly crystalline, heavy-bedded, crinoidal limestone. The stone is very uniform in physical character over the entire exposure, with the exception of three or four cherty layers which are not more than one or two feet in thickness. The beds lie practically horizontal.
The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the dark-blue limestone from the bottom of the exposure to the top, with the exception of the chert which was rejected in sampling:

Analysis of Limestone from the Vf/illingham-Harvey-Lipscomb

Property

(Sample No. 108)

Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20 3) Sulphucr trioxide (803) Phosphnrus pentocx:ide (P20 3 ) . Silica (Si02 ) Potash (K,O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (NazO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay bases......................................... Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51.84 .95 ,. 78 .10 .00
2.18 .10 .11 1.79 42.15

100.00
CHATTOOGA COUNTY GEOLrOGY
CONNASAUGA SHALES AND LIMESTONES
The Connasauga formation is made up essentially of fine-grained, argillaceous shales with interbedded limestones. The most western belt of this formation in Chattooga County occupies a narrow area in the valley paralleling the east front of Lookout Mountain. It contains considerable limestone. The silica-alumina ratio of the Conna-

180

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

sauga shales is low, so that unless silica is added it cannot be used in the manufacture of Portland cement. The limestones in this formation in Chattooga County are always valley forming and as a considerable quantity of limestone occurs above water level nearby in the Bangor formation, it is hardly probable that the limestones of the Connasauga will ever become of any great economic importance.
K.No:x: DOLOMITE The Knox dolomite is only exposed in the upper portion of tht. formation. It consists of finely crystalline, gray dolomite with chert nodules and bedded chert. On account of the dolomitic character of this formation it is not suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The chert in the upper portion of the formation has been quarried extensively at Summerville for use as a road material and has be~n shipped throughout the South. When th~ dolomite occurs without chert i~ may be used commercially for the manufacture of lime and crushed-stone products.
CHICKAMAUGA FORMATiON
The Chickamauga formation is characteriz;ed by ~o types of materials. In the eastern and central portions o~f the county it is made up largely of vari-colored, argillaceous shales with interbedded, mottled, earthy limestones, while in the western portion of- the county the limestones are of greater thickness with few shales. The shales of this formation are usually too variable in chemical character and' the silica-alumina ratio is too low for -their use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The percentage of magnesia in the limestone is usually low and some beds of high-calcium stone occur interbedded with the argillaceous limestone. - On account of the variable character of 'the limestones consi<;lerable care must be takeri in the location of a quarry site, so that the stone will be of a uniform character over a sufficient thickness for economic development. The limestones usually carry too hi~h a percentage of argillaceous material in this county to make a good commen.::~a.1 lime.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 181
ROCKWOOD FORMATION
The Rockwood formation is made up of sandstones and shales with some conglomerates in the eastern portion of the county, while to the west of Taylor Ridge the formation consists of shales with thin beds of interstrati:fied sandstones. The shales of this formation, whenever found over a sufficient stra6graphic thickness to be quarried commercially, fill all the requirements for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. To the east of Taylor Ridge the formation contains so much interbedded sandstone that the shales cannot be commercially won. In the valley paralleling the east side of Lookout Mountain in what is known as Shinbone Ridge the sandstones are often absent for more than 200 stratigraphic feet, and as the shales dip at a considerable angle they can be easily quarried.
FLO'YD FORMATION
The Floyd formation consists chiefly of dark-colored, carbonaceous shales with some prominent dark-blue, heavy-bedded limestones which in many places are largely made up of the remains of crinoids. The limestones attain a thickness at some points of 100 feet. The silicaalumina ratio of the shales is usually slightly low for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The high-calcium limestones are suitable at certain localities, chemically, for use in the manufacture of Portland cement; however, the conditions affecting development, such as the total thickness of the limestone at any one point, the amount of overburden to be removed, the chert contained in the formation, etc. must always be taken into consideration in the location of cement mills. The limestones of this formation are second only in importance to those of the Bangor formation. They are high grade, high-calcium
stones, usually containing less than one-half of one per cent. o.f mag-
nesia, while they contain some chert it is usually not in sufficient abund-
ance to be oi any very great objection.
BANGOR FORMATION
The Bangor formation consists of both limestones and shales. The shales are dark brown or black, carbonaceous, and contain numerous interbedded sandstones in the upper portion of the formation. The

182

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

shales are very uniform in the lower portion of the formation over a

considerable thickness, and at many localities they satisfy all the condi-

tions necessary for the manufacture of Portland cement. The lime"'"

stone of the Bangor formation is always heavy bedded to massive, light

grayish-blue or dark blue, In physical character the beds are amor-

phous to crystalline and o.ften crinoidal or oolitic. The Bangor lime-

stone contains very few magnesian beds east of Lookout Mountain,

while along the base of certain portions of the mountain and to the

west the magnesian beds are frequently interstratified with the high-

calcium beds. The Bangor limestone makes an excellent commercial

lime, both for building and agricultural purposes, road material, and

ballast, while the high-calcium beds are well suited for fluxing

purposes.

...

DESCRIPTION OF INDTVIDUAL LOC'ALITIES

Buckles ltmestone quarry (Map location 1 C) .-The Buckels lime-

stone quarry is located 11,6 miles southeast of Chelsea on the east side

of the State Road and on the property of R. M. Fenster. Lime was

manufactured for local use during 1909 by Wil'liam Buckles, who

erected at this point a small bottle-;sbaped k~ln~
The raw' rriaeria:I consists o{theConnasa,th.ga lim~stone; which is of

dark-blue .color and fa,irly uniform in, lithGlogic character over the

-

..

.. ' . .

., ;, :

whole exposure. The l~tnestone is valley forming 'and differs from

the C~nnasa~ga limestone to the east in being almost free o.f secondary

. calcite and clayey intercalations. The quarry is about 10 feet deep and

extends 40 feet across the strike and about 15 feet in a direction par-

allel to the strike. The strike is N. 12 E., and the dip 42 SE.

The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of

the exposure at this point :

Analysis of Limestone from Buckels Quarry

(Sample No. 109) Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ............................. .- . Silica (Si02) : Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50.44 3.44 .52 .85 .41
44.34

100.00

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 183

Two and one-half miles southeast of Trion (Map location 2 C).The grayish-blue, fine-grained limestone of the upper portion of the Cannasauga formation is occasionally exposed at a point 2% miles southeast of Trion on the property of William H. Penn. The ex:... posure extends from the valley floor to a vertical height of more than 100 feet. The strike is N. 30 E., and the dip 40 SE.
The following analysis is an average of the entire exposure of the Connasauga limestone at this point:

Analysis of Limestone from the Penn Property

(Sample N oo 110)

Lime ('OaO) 00000000.......... 00................ 50.48

Magr,esia (MgO) ................................ 0 .25

Ferrie oxide (Fe20 3)

.92

Sulphur trioxide (SOs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tr.

Silie.a (Si0 5.67 2 ) L,oss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.68

100.00

One and one-half miles north of Trion (Map location 3 C) .-The rocks of the Knox dolomite occupy an exposure of about 52 stratigraphic feet at a point 11/2 miles north of Trion. These rocks are heavy bedded and massive, although they often appear somewhat thin bedded, due to intercalated layers of argillaeeous impurities. These calcareous rocks are fine grained and semi-crystalline. The beds vary in color, and a rather large quantity of chert is found in the upper portion of the exposure. The strike is N. 34 E., and the dip 25 SE.

184

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Section 1 1j2 Miles North of Trion

Total

Sample Unit

Description of Units

Thickness Thickness

No. No.

feet

feet

-----~------1--------~~---------------------l--------~-------

13 Weathered limestone with considerable chert ________________________ _ 10

52.6

12 Pink lii:nestone 1 to 1 ;\1 feet thick,

with considerable pink-colored chert

in layers_____________________________ 7

42.6

11 Fine-grained, heavy and thin-bedded

limestone with slight pinkish cast ____ _

5.5

35.6

10 Pinkish and green, fine grained, heavy-

bedded limestone~~~-~~----------~ __

5.5

g Heavy-bedded. olive and gray lime-

30.1

stone with .pinkish cast containing

some thin layers of impurities _______ _

8.4

24.6

8 Thin-bedded, .gray limestone with

pinkish and greenish argillaceous

impurities between these heavy

beds______________________________ _

1.2

16.2

7 Light-gray limestone__________ -----~--

1

15

6 Thin-bedded, pink and gray ljmestone with in.tercal~ted argillaceous ii:n-

plll'ities.:: ~ _____ ~--- -- ~---- ----------

1

14

5 Dull-gra:y limestone with pinkish layers

2.5

13

4 Heavy and thin-bedded pinkish lime- -

stone------~-----------------------

8

10.5

3 Greenish impure limestone (fault zone)

the -matrix consisting of argi:llaceous

and siliceous limestone containing

angular quartz ____________________ _

1

2.5

1 GrrE.;:~~:~r:~~~~~~:~::: 2 Greenish impure limestone with much I

0.3 1.2

1.5 1.2

Bald M o1mtain ( Ma.p location 4 C) .--Bald Mountain is located 2lj2 miles due west of Summerville. The mountain extends in a northeastso~thwest direction for about 1% miles. It is made up of the Chickamauga formation which at this point consists of red and green calcareous shales interstrati:fied with some thin-bedded dark-blue high-calcium limestone. Dark-blue limestones predominate in the upper 100 feet o.f the mountain.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 185

About one-fourth mile northeast of the southwestern end of the mountain in the upper 100 feet of the exposure the dark blue limestone was sampled. The following analysis shows the chemical character of the thin bedded dark blue limestone:

Analysis of Limestone fron,z Bald Mountain

(Sample No. 111)

Lime (GaO) ........................ :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe203) . Sulphur trioxide (803) Phosphorus pentoxide (P00s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble (Si02, A120s, K 20, Na~O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50.18 .35
1.10 tr. .00
7.17
41.20

100.00
Menlo (Map location 5 C).-Immediately west of the town of Menlo, on the road leading from Menlo to and across Sand Mountain, the Rockwood formation is largely exposed. A heavy-bedded, brown, somewhat unconsolidated sandstone occurs at the base of the formaton, above which occur yellowish-green and olive-green, arenaceous shales with many thin beds of fiaggy sandstone.

Section from Top to Bottom, Exposure Near Menlo

Sample Unit
No. No.
---
23 22 21

20

112

19

113

18

17

Description of Units

I Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

-feet

1

Devonian black shale _________________ Concealed ____._______________________
Brown sandstone with some calcareous sandstone and interstratified, pale- I green arenaceous shale _____________ -,
Yellowish-green and olive-green shale, interbedded with sandstone often calcareous _________________________
Yellowish-green and olive-green shales with an occasional thin bed of sandstone _____________________________
Yellowish-green shale with a few thin beds of sandstone___________________
Reddish-brown somewhat hackly shale. __

I 1.5
56.6 870.8
I
I
33.5 814.2
I I
~1.8 I 780.7 I

76

718.9

98.5 642.9 12.2 544.4

186

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Seciitm from Top to Bottom, Exposure Near Menlo-Continued

Sample Unit, No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

16 Yellowish-green shale ________________ _ 18

532.2

15 Large Pentamerous sp. occur in argillaceous saJ].stone__________________ _ 18

T
512.4

14 Olive-green arenaceous shale containing

an occasional thin bed of grayishbrown sandstone __________________ _

12.2

496.2

114

13 Olive-green arenaceous shale contain-

ing an occasional thin bed of grayish

brown sandstone, also two thin seams

of red hematite____________________ _ 61.7

484

12

Concealed; few fragments of fl.aggy-

sandstone on the surface ___________ _ 26.4

422.3

11 Light-'green to olive..:green shale weath-

ering so'mewhat b:ackly _-' _'"" _________ _ 33

395.9'

10 Concealed; principal ore bed ol'the for-

mation in this unit_--..:-------------

362.9

9 Largely concealed; sandstone frag-

ments are abundant on the surface;

contains an a(bundant fauna-Cam-

arotoech:ia Jlp:, T-rilobit.et~, Coxals, etc,

9.7 320.5-

8 Yellovnsh"'green shaies.'~trd:tliiri-"bedded

~~' brown sandstone ___ --~- ____ '""-------

9.7

310.8-

..

7 Yellowish-green shale and tb;in-hedded

green and brown sandstone; at the

top of this unit, in thin brown sand-

stone, corals, Camarotoechia, and

other brachiapods occur _____________ '

9.7

301.1

6 Thin-bedded; brown, fl.aggy sandstone

largely concealed; at the top in fl.aggy

sandstone were found Camarotoechia

&p., coral.;, etc----'""-- __________ -~ __

6.9 291.4

5 Olive-green and yellowish-green. shale

with interbedded thin beds of brown

fl.aggy sandstone; Camarotoechia sp.

was found 22 feet below top ________ _ 160.7 281.5

4 Yellowish-green shale with some arenacceous shale ___________________"'_ ___ _ 56.9

120.8

115

3 Yellowish-green and olive-green shales__ _ 27.1

63.9

2 Thin and h~avy-bedded sandstone _____ _ 29.5

36.8

1 Thin-bedded ferruginous sandstone:. ___ _

7.3

7.3

Chickamauga formation, thin-bedded

dark-blue limestone: ______________ _

0.0

0.0

.til:'PALACHIAN VALLEY .AND CVMBE.RL.AND PL..d.1'E..d.V ..d.BE.AS 187

Analyses of Shales from Near Menlo
---------------------;----;-------,------------------

Sample No. ________________________ ~ ____ _ 112

113

114 115

Unit No. _______________________________ _ 19

18

13

3

-----------------1,----1----1-------

Moisture at 100 c ________________________ l .51

.45

.70 I .72

Loss on ignition __________________________ 8 .05 II 5 .50 6. 30 !

Soda (Na 2 0) _____________________________ ________ ________ _28 I

1

-I Potash (K20)---------------------------- !________ ________

.42

Lime (CaO) _______________________ - - - - - -

tr. j' tr. - - - - - - - -

7.95 1.42
3.29
tr.

Magnesia (Mg0)--------------~----------1 1.02 _ .53 1.30 1.26

Alumina (AbOs)_________________________ 13.93 15.40 21.86 21.26

Ferric axide (Fe20s) --------------------- 5.71 5.71 7.48 9.07

Titan Silica

iu(Smi0d2i)o-x-i-d-e-(-T--i0-2-)-------------------------------------~~

.82 71.49 I

.82 69.35

.92 1.08 60.781 54.85

I 101.53 I 97.76 l1oo. o4 -l-1-oo-.9-o

Shackleton (Map location 6 C) .-The heavy-bedded, dark-blue limestones of the Floyd formation are exposed on the north side of a small creek just southeast of the town of Shackleton. The limestones are exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of 92 feet above which occur the carbonaceous dark-brown shales of the same formation.

Section from Top to Bottom) Exposure Near Shackleton

S- ample I -Unit No. No.

Description of Units

I Total

I Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

3 Heavy and thin-bedded dark-blue

siliceous crinoidallimestone_ _________ 53 . 4

92.3

116

2 Dark-blue limestone, containing chert

scattered throughout, at the top oc-

curs a layer of chert 8 inches thick____ 14

38.9

1 Heavy-bedded, dark-blue crinoidal

limestone; somewhat massive near the

top_~---------------~------------- 24.9

24.9

The following analysis shows the average composition of the limestone over the entire exposure :

188

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Analysis of Limestone N ea.1' Shackleton

.

(Sample No. 116) .

Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l Alumin-a (A1.08)
F.exric oxide (Fe20 3 ) )
Sulphur trioxide (808)
Silica (Si02) ,
Loss on .ignition

49.50 .25
1.18 .04 10.39 38.64

100.00
Immediately opposite the exposure described above and on the south side of the creek the floyd limestone is exposed over a thickness of about 100 feet. The following analysis shows the average composition of this limestone over the entire exposure:

Analysis of Limestone f1'om South Side of Creel~ Near Shackel~on

(Sample No. 117)

I
Lime (:CaO) , ................... , ................. . 52.68

Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . .20

l Alumina (A1z0a) .................. '

1.40

5 Ferri0 oxid:e (Fe20a) ............... . . .

SulphUJ.' trioxide (803)

tr.

Silica (SiOz) .............................. , ...... . 4.18

Loss on ignit1on .................................. . 41.54

100.00
Go1'e (Map location 7 C) .-About o~1e-fourth r'nile east of Gore on the south side of the Gore-Kartah public road the dark-blue limestone of the Floyd formation is exposed in places from the base of the ridge to the top. The surface of the ridge is covered with a mantle of brown sandstone and loose chert. The exposure of limestone was not sampled at this point.
Two miles n01'theast of Gore (11ap location 8 C) .-The limestones and shales of the Floyd formati<?n are well exposed south Qf the second-class road connecting the Gore-Subligna public road with the Kartah-Subligna road.
The section fror).1 the top of Gaithers Ridge to the bottom is as follows:

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AEEAS 189
Section 2 1'vfiles Northeast of Gore

Sample Unit

Description of Units

I

I Total

I Thickness Thickness

N--o-. -iN--o.---i--------------------------------~I feet

1 feet I

118

2 Dark-brown, carbonaceous shales,

li

largely concealed ___________________ ! 100

150

119

1 Dark-bluish-gray limestone consisting I

largely of crinoid stems; Brachia- ,

pods and Bryozoa. are also occasion- i

ally found _________________________ I

50

50

Base of ridge_________________________ '

0

0

The Floyd shales outcrop along the south side of the road on the east side of the ridge.
Analysis of Limestone and Shale 2 Miles Northeast of Gore

Sample No.______________________________________ 118

119 \ 1201

Unit No-----------------------------------------
1
M~isture at 100 C--------------------------------1
Loss on ignition __________________________ . _ . _. ___ .

2

1 1~---

.92 I -------1 1.76 2. 38 43. 82 7. 52

.Soda (NazO)_____________________________________ _______ __ ______

.71

Potash (KzO)____________________________________ _______ ___ __ __

.98

Lime (CaO)-------"-----------------------------Magnesia (MgO)____________________________ ______

.77 53.16

.29

.40

2.83 1.29

Alumina (AlzOs) --------------------------- _____ 6. 84
Ferric oxide (FezOs) ------------------------------ 5.75 Silica (SiOz)______________________________________ 83.00
Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ---------------------------- __ __ __ _ Phosphorus pentoxide (Pz05) ______ - ______ ________ _______ Maganese (MnO) _____ - _________________________ __ . 07

___ ____ 21.63

.56 4.81 2.06 57.83

.00 .00

1_-_-_-_-_____--_

_______ i .08

Titanium dioxide (TiOz) ---------------- __ __ ______

.27 1--------

. 81

__________________,__1_10_0_3. 9 )J:Q.~90 ! 1~ .25

Four miles southwest of Subligna (Map location 9 C) .-Four miles southwest of Subligna the limestones of the Floyd formation are exposed on both the northeast and southwest sides of a creek which intersects the ridge at this point. The limestone is both underlain and
1F1oyd shales along the south side of the road on the east side of the ridge.

190

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

overlain by shale of the same formation. , The hill reaches a height of about 100 feet above the valley.
The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the entire exposure of the limestone :

Analysts of Limestone 4 Ivliles Sout.hwest of Subligna

(Sample No. 118a)

Lime (Oa0) ...................................... . 48.64

Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . .20

Ferric oxide (Fe208) Sulphur trioxide (S08) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5 ) Silica (Si02) .................................... :.

2.40 .06
7.76

. Loss on ignition

40.94
--

100.00

Subligna (Map location r'O C).-The limestone of the Floyd formation is exposed in the_ extreme northeastern portion. of Gaitl~ers Ridge,

about 2,000 feet northeast "of Subligna. Shales and thin-bedded sand-
stones overlie the limesto~es and attain a thickness of from 20 to 30

feet.

The following. analysis represents the composition of the whole

exposure at this point

Analysis of Limestone from Subligna

(Sample No. 119a)
Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ma,gnesia (MgO) . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ................. ~ ... : . . . . . . . . Sulphur trioxide (808) Phosphorus pentoxide (P:,03) Silica (Si02) Potash (K20) ............ . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . Soda (Na20) .. J :. Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49.64 .60 .88 .10 tr.
5.14 .28 .18
1.88 41.30

100.00
One and one-half miles northwest of Crystal Springs (Map location 11 C) .-The limestones and shales o.f the Bangor formation are occasionally exposed along the hillsides V/:2 miles northwest of Crystal

A.FF.ALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 191
Springs at a point about 1,000 feet southeast of the coered bridge which crosses \iVest Armuchee Creek on the Rome-Summerville road. The shales overlie the limestones. They are of a dark bluish-black color and characteristically :fissile, while the limestone is heavy bedded and darkblue in color.
The following analyses show the chemical character of the limestones and shales at this point:
Analyses of Lim,estone and Shale 1 1/2 Miles Northwest of CrJIStal Springs.

Limestone Shale

Sample No. ____________ - _____________ -- __ --_-__________ 12'0a

121

Moisture at 100 C _____________________________________ .:._________ 3.47

Loss on ignition---------------------------------------- 41.75 7.18

Soda (Na20) _________ ------ ___ ------ _--- _~- _-- _________

.17

. 61

Potash (K20)------------------------------------------

.35 2.20

Lime (CaO) __________________________ - ________________ -1 50. 94

. 94

Magnesia (MgO) ______________________ . ___________ __ ____ 1. 02 1. 00

Alumina (AL0 s) _________________________________________________ 19. 93

Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ------------------------ __ __________ Silica (Si02)------------------------------------ __ ______ Sulphur trioxide (SO s) __________________________________

.80 5.10 3.21 59.31
. 15 _______ _

Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ----------------------------

.04 _______ _

~ang_anese. (~nO)--:. ______________________________________ --- ___ . -/ .06

T1tamum dioxide (TI02)------,-------------~------------- ----------~ .54 Claybases_____________________________________________ 1.57 ~

I 1oo.oo 1oo.34

Tidings (Map location 12 C) .-The dark-blue, black, and olivegreen shales of the Bangor formation are exposed in a low hill over a stratigraphic thickness of 15 feet on the west side of West Armuchee Creek at Tidings.
Three-fourths of a mile northwest of Tidings about five feet of heavy-bedded dark-blue limestone of the Bangor formation is exposed. The beds of limestone and shale lie practically level.
The following analyses show the chemical composition of the limestone and shale :

192

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Analyses of Limestone and Shale Near Tidings.

Limestone Shale

Sample No. ___ ----------- ________________ ------________ 122

123

Moisture at 100 C ________ --------- _____________________________ _

Loss on ignition________________________________________ 41.30

Soda (Na20) __ _________________________________________

. 20

Potash (K20) __________ ---------- __________ ------ __ --.,--

.24

Lime (CaO) __________________________________ -- __ ------ 52.00

Magnesia (MgO)_______ _ __ __ __ ____________ __ ____ __ __ ____

. 30

1.38 4.50
.49 1.80
.78 .86

Alumina (Al20s) _- __ ------------------------- ---------- ---------- 14.33

Ferric oxide (Fe20s) -------- N- __ ------- __ --- __ ---- _ ___ __ Silica (Si02)----- __ ___ _____ ___________________________ __

74 4.59 3. 41 70.79

Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ________________________ ---- __ __ __

. 08

Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) __________________ ---- __ __ __

. 00

Manganese (MnoO) _____________________________________ :.. ______ ~ __ .10 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) _________________ --- __ ---- _______________ _ .8_1 Clay bases _______________________________________ --"--__ 1. 73

100.00 100.43
On~ and one-ha:lf miles north of Kartah (Map location 13 C).The Bangor _shales (Pennington) are well exposed 12 miles rtorth of Kartah on the west side of Little Sand Mountain and along the secondclass road which extends from the valley to the top of~lhe mountain.
At tjle base of the section in the valley of West Armuchee Creek occur occasional outcrops of shales and thin-bedded :fl.aggy sandstones bearing ripple marks, which belong to the Floyd formation. The Bangor limestones lie immediately above the Floyd shale, but are comparatively thin at this point and are largely concealed. They outcrop, however, on the west side of Little Sand Mountain in this vicinity where they are exposed over a thickness of about 40 feet. Immediately above the limestones of the Bangor formation occur the Bangor shales. The lower 230 feet of the shales vary in color from a grayish-blue to green and black and become more siliceous towards the top. The upper 301 feet of the exposure consists of thin-bedded sandstones and shales interstratified.
The following analysis shows the chemical character of the lower 230 feet of the shale exposure :

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 193

Analysis of Shale) Valley West of Armuchee Creek (Sample No. 124)

Moisture at 100 C........................... . . . . . .

Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Soda (N:a20) ... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pot.a.sh (K.O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Magnesia (JYigO) ......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alumina (A1 02 3 ) .

oxide Ferric

(Fe 02 3 ) .

Manganese (MnO ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Titanium dioxide (Ti02) Silica (Si02)

1.62 6.14 1.42 .38 .73 1.11 19.24 6.97 .11 .92 61.28

99.92
Gaines property (Map location 14 C) .-The heavy-bedded, darkblue limestone ofthe Bangor formation is exposed on the L. P. Gaines property two miles northeast of Kartah, on the west side of Little Sand Mounain. The limestones extend from the base of the mountain over a vertical and stratigraphic height of 81 feet.

Section on P1-operty of L. P. Gaines

r

. Total

Sample Unit

Description of Units

Thicknes&

1 /

Thickness

No. No.

feet

feet

I !---- ----1--....:..1-----...,....----------1

125

3 Dark blue limestone with some chert 1

1

} 1261
1272

2

Sil::~~::~~;t-;,-~~~~~~; ~~:~t-o~e-_-_-~~ ~1 1

~ 4

I

81 41

1

128

1 Heavy-bedded dark-blue to bluish-

gray crinoidal limestone with many

'brachiapods_______________________ _ 33

33

Base of section _______________________ i

0

0

The following analyses show the chemical composition of the indi. vidual beds described in the above section:

lLimestone. 2Chert.

I

194:

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Analyses of Limestone and Chert fror~~, the Gaines Property

Sample No,______________________________ 125

126

127

128

Unit No.________________________________ 3

2

2

1

Lime (CaO) ____________________ __ __ ______ 52.10 Magnesia (MgO) _____ __ ______ ______ __ ___ _ 2.14
Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ------- __________ - __ .66 Sulphur trioxide (SO a) ~--- ____ ____ ____ __ __ . 02 fhosphorus pentoxide (P20s) _____________________ _ Silica (Si02)- ________ _______ _______ ______ 2.45
Potash K(20) ____________________________ -------Soda (Na20) _________ .____ ---------~---- -- -------Clay bases_____________________________________ -~ Loss oil ignition__ ________________________ 42 .63

43.86 30.26 51.50 4.04 .60 1.16 1.54 1.80 .80 .15 -------- .00
.04 -------- --------
9.96 41.28 4.60
.17 -------- -------.14 -------- -------1.50 -------- --------
38.60 26.06 41.94

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Robinson prope1'ty (Map location 15 C) .-The brown carboniferous shales of the Floyd formation are exposed at. a point about five miles north of Crystal Sprip.gs. The limestone is exposed for about

Section on Robinson P1'operty

Sample Unit
No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Concealed; soil and float of the lookout sandstone_____________________ _

8 Bluish-gray argillaceous limestone ____-__ 5.6

277.5

129

7 Dark-bluish-gray, heavy-bedded lime-

.

I

stone--------------~--------------

9.6

2'71.9

130

6 Bluish-gray, heavy-bedded limestone___ _ 25

262.3

5 Cherty limestone____________________ _ 1.7

237.3

131

4 Light-blue, heavy-bedded limestone____ _ 90

235.6

132

3 Dark-blue, heavy-bedded limestone,

containing Crinoids and Bryozoa in

abundance------~------------------ 80

133

2 Dark-blue, heavy-bedded to massive

145.6

crinoidal limestone. (A few chert

nodules were observed at the top and

the bottom of this unit______ ------- 45.6
20 1 Dark-brown carbonaceous shales ______ _ Base of the mountain______________ _ 0

65.6 20
0



APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAK D PLATEAU AREAS 195

20 stratigraphic feet along the second-class road which follows around this spur of Little Sand Mountain.
The heavy-bedded, dark-blue limestones of the Bangor formation lie immediately above the shales. The lower 45 feet of the limestone is exposed to the west of the residence of Mr. Robinson, while above this the remaining portion of the exposure lies just east of the house and on the -vvest side of the mountain.
The above section shows the lithologic character of the limestones and shales from top to bottom over the entire exposure:
The following analyses show the chemical composition of the limestones described in the above section :

AnaJyses of Lmestone fro111[ the Robinson Property

I

Sample No---------~------------; 129

130 131 132 133

Unit No. ____________ . ___________ -- 7 I 6

4

3

2

Lime (CaO) _____________________ Magnesia (MgO) _____ - __ . _______
Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ------- - - __
Sulphur trioxide (SOs) -----------
Silica (Si02) ____________ ---- _____ Clay bases ______________________ Loss on ignition__________________-

51.58 .40
1.04 .06
3.00 2.79 I 41.13

51.84 .52.94 I 50.10 53.02

.95

.36

.30 1.44

.78 1.02

.98

.58

.10 tr.

tr.

.00

2.18 2.85 5.42 1.77

1. 79 -------- -------- --------

42.36 42.83 43.20 43.19

1 1oo.oo 1 1oo.oo l1oo.oo !1oo.oo 1 1oo.oo

Two miles west of JHenlo (Map location 16 C) .-The sandstones and shales of the Lookout formation are largely exposed about two miles west of Menlo on the road leading from Menlo to and across Sand Mountain, lying unconformably upon the shales (Pennington) of the Bangor. The rocks strike N. 45 E., and dip 15 NW.
The following section begins at the top of the Lookout formation and extends well down in the shales of the Bangor :

196

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Section 2 Miles West of Menlo

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

8 Top of the mountain to sandstone

quar~----------------------------

38.6

337.6

7 Brow:ri.ish.:.gray and white sandstone

and conglomerate_____________ --'"-__ 28.9

299

6 Dark-blue and brown carbonaceous

"

shales with thin . beds of fire clay

thin beds of sanqstone predominate

near the bottom of this unit________ - 28.9

270.1

5 Thin and heavy-bedded brown sandstone _________________________ .__ _ 19.3

241.2

Yello:wish-gr;een...argillaceous shale _____ _ 53.1

221.9

4 Heavy-bedded grayish-brown sandstone

62.7

168.8

3 Argillaceous shales with interbedded

2

sandstOnes; .10 feet of sandstones

at the bott.om of this unit __________ _ 106.1

106.1

Bangor formation (Pennington shales)

1

yellowish-green and yellow argil-

laceous shaies-; the unit 1s largely ' concealed______________ ~ ___ .______ _

Cedar Po~nt (Map location 17 C) .-The hmestones of the Bangor
formation are exp9'sed on the property_ of J. M. Lawrence at cedar
Point, about 12. miles west of Menlo, over a vertical height of about
200 f.Mt ancl' bctericf ft6m the base of the cliff to the top. The lime-
stones are heavy bedded and massive, grayish blue and dark blue in color, and 'Partly crystalline. Unit 4 consists largely of fine-grained magnesian limestone.
The section from the top of the exposure of limestone to the base of the cliff is as .follows :

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 197

Sample Unit No. No.

Section at Cedar Point
Description of Units

I

Total

IThickness Thickness

feet

feet

134

5 Semi-crystalline, grayish-blue heavy

bedded and massive limestone with

one or two layers of fine-grained limestone_______________ :_ _________ _

46.4

192.4

135

4 Partly concealed; dark-blue, heavy-

bedded, fine grained limestone ______ _ 21.4

146.0

136

3 Heavy-bedded, grayish-blue, semi- I

crystalline limestone ________________ 34.8

124.6

137

2 Gray to grayish-blue, hea:vy-bedded 1

semi-crystalline limestone; the unit

is partially concealed in the lower por-

tion--.----- _------------ _________ _ 63.6 1 Comcealed _________ . _____ . ___ .. ~ ____ _ 26.2

89.8 26.2

Road at the base of the cliff ________ .:. __

0

0

The following analysis will show the composition of the individual

beds described above :

Analyses of Limestone at Cedar Point

I

Sample No. ______________________ -. _____ 134

135

136

Unit No. ____________ -------- ____________
-Lime (CaO) ______________________________
Magnesia (MgO) _________________________

5
52.36 .08

41
54.06 .08

3
54.12 .12

sFuerlprihcuorxtirdioex(iFdee20(Ss)O-s)---------------------------------------

.74
--------

.52
--------

.._

1.12 _______

pChlaoyspbhaosreuss_p__e_n_to_x_i_d_e__(_P_2_0__s_) _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-

--------
.94

--------
1.02

--------
.79

Loss on ignition__________________________ 45.88 44.32 43.85

137 2
53.95 .20 .62 .02 .03 .98
44.20

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Neal Gap (Map location 18 C).-Yellowish-green and dark-brown shales of the Lookout formation outcrop 11j2 miles southeast of Gilreath mill along the Neal Gap road. The shales are interbedded with brown sandstones. The strike is N. 50 E. and the dip 17 SE.

2Magnesian limestone rejected in sampling this unit.

198

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The following analysis shows the chemical character of the exposure of shales which lie immediately above the heavy-bedded brown sandstone at the base of the Lookout formation :

Analysis of Shale from Neal Gap
(Sample No. 138)
Moisture at 100 0............... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition ............. , .. , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . Soda (.N.a20) .......... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potash (K20) . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime (CaO) ............. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumirua (Al20a) ......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .; Titanium diox:i!de (Ti02 ) ~ :. Silica (Si0 ~ 2) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . ..

.50 3.68
.48 .62 .64 . 73 12.08 4.70 .92 75;50

99.85

Martins Cave (Map location 19 C) .-The limestone of the Bangor
formation is exposed about VIz miles northeast of Teloga~ The lime-
stone occupies an exposure of 155 feet, )tnd. is concealed by 'the over-
lying float. The stone is heavy bedued and massive, of dark-blue color
and many of the beds are largdy crinoidal.. The strike is N. 30 E., and the dip 10 SE.

Section fro111, Top to Bottom1 Martins Cave

Sample Unit No. No.

139

2

140

1

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Dark-blue, heavy-bedded limestone wi,th a good number of crinoid stems; the limestone lS entirely crinoidal in places___________________________
Dark-blue, heavy-bedded limestone, largely crinoidaL ___________________
Mouth of cave ___ ~-------------------

54.1
98.5 0

152.6
98.5 0

The following analyses show the chemical composition of the units described in the above section:

.APPALACHIAN V .ALLEY .AND CUMBERL..cl.ND PLATEAU AREAS 199

Analyses of Limestone from Martins Cave

Sample No. _____________________________________________ _ 139

140

Unit No. ________________________________________________ _ 2

1

Lime (CaO) ____ - - - - - _____________________________ ,.. ______ _ Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________________ _ Ferric oxide (Fe20s) _____________________________________ _ Silica (Si02) _____________________________________ --.-~ ____ _

53.14 1.56
.50 .90

53.22 .86 .16
2.19

Clay bases------------------------------------------~---- .47

.85

Loss on 1gmt10n -------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - c - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -/ 43.43 I 42.72

I 1oo.oo I 100.00

DADE COUNTY GEO:UOGY
CHICKAMAUGA FORMATION
The Chickamauga formation in Dade County is made up essentially of argillaceous and high-calcium, thin-bedded limestones. The limestones vary both in their lithologic and chemical character. All of the beds -carry a low percentage of magnesia and are chemically suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. They may also be used to advantage for road metal, ballast, and concrete. Their high argillaceous content makes them objectionable for :fluxing purposes.

RocKWOOD FoRMATION
This formation consists essentially of shales with few sandstones and some interbedded limestones. It contains the red fossil iron ore which has been extensively mined in the vicinity of Rising Fawn. The shales are seldom uniform over any considerable thickness, and contain a low percentage of magnesia. The silica-alumina ratio is nearly always as much as 3 to 1 and as a rule the shales are chemically suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. Careful location of quarry sites is necessary in order that the conditions which affect de~ velopment may be satisfactory.

BANGOR FORMATION
The Bangor formation, as mapped by Hayes1 m this county, con-

1Hayes, C. W., Stevenson folio (No. 19), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S..Geol. Survey, 1895.

200

,GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

sists of both limestones and shales. The shales are separated from the

underlying limestones by an unconformity and are equivalent to the

Pennington shales of Tennessee. . The limestones vary in their litho-

logic character. Along the west side of Lookout Mountain the Bangor

limestone contains a large amount of chert in the upper and l<?wer
I
portions of the formation. Many of the beds are high in silica and

argillaceous impurities; while the percentage of magnesia is always.

very low. There are, however, large exposures of this limestone

which are entirely free of chert and which are commercially available

for use in the manufacture of lime products and cement.

The ex'Posures of this limestone in Sand Mountain show it to con-

tain many beds of chert and also many beds high in magnesia. The

I

.

magnesian limestone can always be told qy its very fine grained or

.

',,

if . '

amorphous character and its smooth conchoidal fracture, together with

a somewhat dark-blue color. The. magnesian stone is suitable only
i
for the manufacture of lime and crushed stone products.

The sha1es whieh lincenformabl-y over1ie the limestones of the

Bangor formation andu1,1d~rlie, the L9okout ~an~stones. and shales
ha~e - a' ~ni~'a"'~lumfri~ -rat1o>iif. af t~~st- .3 1:6 1: Tn~j. ~re somewhat

variable in their chemical composition, but are. entirely suitable at cer-
tain lOcalities for use as a mix in the ma~~tfacture of P~;tland cement.

LooKOUT FoRMATION
The Lookout fo-rmation contains siliceous brown carbonaoeous shales with some interbedded sandstone ; a massive sandstone occurs at the base and conglomeratic sandstone at the top of the formation. The silica-alumina ratio in these shales is high, often approaching b
to 1. The shale~ of the Lookout formation, as well as the Pennington
shal~s, both overlie the Bangor limestone, so that at certain localities where the limestones are commercially available and chemically suitable for the .m<ctnufacture of cement, it ought to. be possible" to secure the shales from the above formation. On account of the occurrence of many beds of sandstone with the Lookout shale and the usual overburden which accompanies this formation, quarries can be located only after a thorough knowledge has been gained of the physical and chemical character of the shales at any one point.

.APP.AL.ACHI.AN V.ALLEY .AND CUMBERLAND PL.ATE.A V .ARE.AS 201

DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIES
T1'enton (Map location 1 D) .-The Chickamauga limestone 1s exposed along the road between Trenton and Sand Mountain. The lime-
stone is thin bedded, fine grained, of light to dark blue color, and con-
tains some argillaceous beds. The section below begins at the intersection of the White Oak and Higdon-Trenton roads.

Section N ea.r Trenton

I

Sample Unit

No. No.

,.

'

7

6
5

t41

4

3

142

2

143

1

I

I

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

I
Thin-bedded, argillaceous limestone largely concealed ___________________ I
Concealed ___________________________
Dark-blue limestone exposed for 5 feet at the base; remaining portion of unit concealed _____________________
Thin-bedded, dark-blue argillaceous limestone __________________________
Concealed ___________________________
Argillaceous, thin-bedded limestone with some chert ___________________
Thin-bedded high-callcium limestone___ The limestone is largely concealed
below this unit_____________________

45.8 19.9
56.5
165.1 72.4
101.7 51.1
0

512.5 466.7
446.8
390.3 225.2
152.8 51.1
0

The following analyses show the chemical composition of the several units described in the above section:
Anal)JSes of Limestone Near Trenton

Sample No. ____________ -------------------------_ 141

142

143

Unit No. _______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4

2.

1

Lime (CaO) __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,.. - - - - - - - - - - . - . Magnesia (MgO) _________ -- . - ------------- ------Ferric oxide (Fez03) -------------------------- - -Silica (Si0 2) __ ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - ..: - - - - - - Clay bases _____________________________ ----------
Loss on ignition ________ -- . _----------------------

53.78 .62
1.16 .90 .57
42.97

42.72 .65
1.30 14.38 4.32 36.63

52.68 .66 .52
2.96 1.20 41.98

100.00 1 100.00 100.00

202

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

T atu_m (Map. location 2 D) .-Tatum is located about 20 miles south

of Chattanooga on the Alabama Great Southern Railroad. Shales are

exposed at this point in the lower portion of the Rockwood formation

.. for about 15 to 20 feet along the hillside. The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of

the shale:

Analysis of Shale from Tatum

(Sample No. 144)

Moisture ,!at 100 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) ................... .".............. Alumina 0 (.A.12 8 ) .' : Ferric oxide (Fe 02 8) ; Titanium dioxide (Ti02) Silica (S.:i!02 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . .

.50 6.94
.38 1.28 21.40 9.58 1.28 55.69

97.05
One-half mile west of Trenton (Map location 3 D) .-The Ro~kwood formation is well exposed one-half mile west of Trenton a!ong the White Oak Gap road, just eas~ of the run at the base of the mountain. The format1on contains some thin beds of iimestone and some red iron ore near the top. ' Sandstortes are almost entirely absent in this formation throughout the Lookout Valley. The following section begins at the base of the upper thin bed of limestone in the Rockwood ' formation :
Section One-Half JJ;file West of Trenton

Sample Unit
No. No.
---
5

4

3

I !

2

i 145 I 1
i

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet .

feet

Argillaceous thin-bedded limestone some low grade ore at the base of this unit ___________________________
Argillaceous limestone_________________ Comcealed________________________ .- __
Largely concealed with sone arenaceous shale ________________________
Olive-green shale with some thin-bedded argillaceous limestomes and some sandy beds_________________________

4.8 I 128.2

2.4

I
i

123.4

80.7 ! 120.0

9.6

I
I

.

I

40.3

I 30.7

30.7

APPALACHIAN VALLET AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 203

The following analysis shows the composition of the shales at the base of the section :

Analysis of Shale One-Half Mile West of Trenton

(Sample No. 145; Unit No. 1)
Moisture at 100 C................................. Loss on ignition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime (GaO) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina 0 (Al2 8 ) Ferric oxide (F~08)................................ Titanium dioxide (Ti02 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silica (Si02)

:71 6.23
.10 2.00 16.72 7.06
.76 64.13

94.71
One mile northwest of New England (Map location 4 D) .-Occasional exposures of an olive-green shale of the Rockwood formation occur along the roadside one mile northwest of New England. The shale is very uniform and has but little interbedded sandstone.
The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the shale exposed at this point :

Analysis of Shale One Mile Northwest of New England

(Sample No. 146)
Moisture at. 100 0................................ . Loss on ig:nition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina 0 (A12 3 ) FerriC' oxide (Fe203 ) . . Titan]um dioxide (Ti02 ) Silica (S:i:02 )

.46 5.04 2.86 1.32 16.62 6.72 .82 63.42

97.26
One and three-fourths miles south of Rising Fawn (Map location tion 5 D) .-The shales of the Rockwood formation are exposed at a point 1% miles south of Rising Fawn along the Rising Fawn-Sulphur Springs public road. The shales are yellowish and olive-green in color and are free from interbedded sandstone.
The section below begins 390 feet west of the intersection of the Rising Fawn-Sulphur Springs road and the road to Cloverdale. The strike is N. 52 W. and the dip 29 NE.

204

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Section 1 3/4 Miles South of Rising Fa.wn

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

147 {;

Olive-green and yellowish-green argillaceous shale_____________________
Concealed ____________.____ _c __________
Olive-green, fissile, argillaceous shale _~ __

61.5 46.7 72.1

180.3 118.8 72.1

Analysis of Shale 1 3/4 Miles South of Rising Fawn

(Sample No. 147; Unit No. i and 3)

:Moistu.re at 100 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lime (CaO) . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M'ag:n,esia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alumina (A1 02 3)

Ferri..c

'p.;.x:id>e

(Fe.~Oa) .. -

.

.

.

.

.



.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. I

Titanium dioxide (T'i02)

Silic.a (Si02 )

.64 6.42
tr. 1.25 19.37 8.40
.99 59.42

~

96.49

Southern Iron and Steel Com,pany (Map loc'!tion 6 .D) .-The lime-

stone quarries of the Southern Iron and Steel Company are located one

mile 'nGrthea!s'hof'R:ising'Fawri':at tHe'seutliern'encl ofa spur of Look-

out Mountain. The lower quarry exte,nds from the base .of the moun._
tain to a height of about 53 feet. .This quarry w2:s long ago abandoned

on account of the great quantity of chert contained in the limesto:ne.

'I'he limestone in the upper quarry is exposed over a vertical height of

about 120 :feet.

The section made at this point begins at the top and on the point

of the mountain. The sandstone and conglomerate of the Lookotlt

formation is Vl!'ell exposed at the top of the mountain, while the shales

of the same formation are largely concealed by the float from the over-

lying sandstone. Below the Lookout formation the shales and lime-

stones of the Bangor formation are exposed and extend to the bottom

of the mountain. The limestones are grayish blue and dark blue,

heavy beddesl and massive, and contain $Ome argillaceous and cherty

beds. The strike and dip at the top of the upper quarry were found
to be N. 55 E. and 10 NW., respectively.

The section from the top to the 'bottom of the mountain is as

follows:

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 205
Section .at the Quarries of the Southern Iron and Steel Company

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

38 Sandstone and Conglomerate__________ _

49

955.2

37 Shale concealed largely by thin covering of residual soiL ________________ _ 316

906.2

36 Argillaceous lime"'tones with some beds

of bluish-gray, high-calcium limestone

75

148

35 Blue limestone _____________________ _

35

590.2 515.2

149

34 Blue lime"'tone, some chert at the bot-

tom______________________________ _

90

480.2

150

33 Limestone, argillaceous at the bottom__ _ 100

32 Concealed cherty limestone___________ _

10

390.2 290.2

151

31 Somewhat argillaceous and impure

limestone_________________________ _

60

280.2

152

30 Heavy-bedded, grayish-blue lime-

stone containing some crinoidallime-

stone and breaking with an uneven

fracture; one foot of earthy blue

limestone 6 feet below the top _______ _

11

220.2

153

29 Argillaceous, fine-grained, blue lime-

stone ____________________________ _

2.7

209.2

154

28 Bluish-gray, heavy-bedded, fine-grained

limestone_________________________ _

3.5

206.5

27 Dark-blue, fine-grained, heavy..:bedded

and m8,ssive limestone______________ _

9.6

203

155

26 Dark-blue, heavy-bedded limestone

somewhat oolitic, being the topmost

ledge quarried in-the extreme north-

east end of the quarry _____________ _

8

193.4

156

25 Impure limestone containing brachi-

apods, Spirijer, sp. etc., and layers of

hard argillaceous grayish-blue limestone ____________________________ _

.7 185.4

157

24 Heavy-bedded and massive grayish-

blue limestone containing corals and brachiapods_______________________ _ 14.1

184.7

158

23 Grayish-blue, heavy-bedded limestone

one foot of earthy limestone at the top __

4

170.6

159

22 Semi-crystalline, heavy-bedded, gray,

limestone; the lower portion some-

what oolitic and the whole unit con-

taining layers and lenses of clayey impurities ________________________ _ 3.8

166.6

160

21 Grayish-blue to dark-blue, heavy-

206

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Section at the Quar!ies of the Southern Iron and Steel Co.-Continued

Total

Sample Unit

Description of Units

Thickness Thickness

No. No.

feet

feet

------~---r----------------------------1--------l--------

bedded and massive, often crinoidal,

limestone; some layers of flint a foot

a.bove the bottom of the unit ___ . _. __ _ 10.8

162.8

161

20 Grayish-blue, massive semi-crysbal.l.iile

limestone with some chert near the

bottom___________________________ _

5

152

162

19 Heavy-bedded argillaceous limestone

with a greenish cast________________ _ 6

147

163

18 Fine-grained dark grayish-blue, heavy-

bedded and massive limestone __ . _ 7

141

164

17 Grayish-blue, largelY. crystaJJi:tle,

heavy-:bedded and massive limestone

containing considerable amount of

chert inthe upper two !eet ___ . _____ _ 4

134

16

' Green shale containing a great abun.:. dance of. che-rt scaJttered thro- ugho- ut

the lower four feet; not sampled_____ _

8.4

130

165

15 Grayish-blue, _he11vy..:b-edded and mas-

sivnrrnestone:__ __ --------------- _._--

7.6

121.6

166

14 Fine-grained, grayish blue, heavy-

b~d1~4~PA ?;~~~iYE)Jitiie~tql;le~_;.- __ _

16.8

114.0

167

13 Fine.:grained, grayish-blue, heavy-

bedded a;o.d mass~-ye li:rriesto_ne.,. ______ _

4.7

97.2

12 Fine-gra:lned~ bluish-gray, heavy-

bedded and rnassfve limestone filled

with chert; not sampled ___ ----------

5.5

92.5

168

11 Massive, somewhat fine-grained, dark

grayish-blue limestone _____________ _ 9

87

169

10 Bluish-gray, somewhat fine-grained

limestone _____________ ~ __________ _

4.8

78

9 Cherty limestone from quarry level

of upper quarry to top ofquarry be-

low; notsarnpled_______ ------------ 20 8 Cherty lim~stone; not sampled________ _ 17

73.2 53.2

7 Dark grayish-blue, fine-grained lime-

sstteornnes _w__it_h__s_o_m__e__l_a_y_e_rs___o_f__c_ri_n_o_i_d_ _

4

36.2

6 Heavy-bedded, fine-grained gray lime-

170

stone with a conchoidal fracture

and weathering much like a lithogra-

phic stone ________________________ _

3.7

32.2

Heavy-bedded, light grayish-blue, fine-

grained limestone becoming thin-

bedded near the top _______________ _ 6.8

28.5

APPALACHIAN VALLEr AND CUMBERLA~ND PLATEAU AREAS 207

Sect-ion at the Quarries of the Southem hon and Steel Co.-Contimted

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness / Thickness

feet

feet

4 Fine-grained gray and grayish-blue,

massive and heavy-bedded limestone

the lower portion being thin-bedded

and the whole unit containing chert;

not sampled______________________ _ 7.1 I 21.7

171

3 Dark-blue to grayish-blue, fine-grained

I

massive limestone _________________ _ 6.6

14.6

172

2 Fine-grained, gray, massive limestone,

breaking with a smooth somewhat

I

conchoidal fracture_ ---------------- 7
Dark-blue, semi-crystalline limestone; no sample taken___________________ _ 1

8
I
I
I 1

The following analyses show the chemical composition of the ,individual units described in the above section :

Anal'}'Ses of Limestone, Sou.the1'n Iron and Steel Company's Quarries

I

Sample Unit

Clay Loss on

No. No. CaO MgO Fe203 so3 P205 Si02 bases ignition Total
- -- -

148 35 54.281 . 50 .28 ------ ------ 1.051 .42 43.47 100.00

149 150 151

34 33 31

53.981 53.46 53.08

.74021
.82

. 321_----- ------ . 911 .371 44.02 100.00

. 50-----. 60------

1. 57 .50 43.25 100.00
2.17[ 1. 32 42.o1 I 100.00

152 30 51.58 1.10 .82 ------ ------ 3. 721 .92 41.86 100.00 153 29 37.98 3.08 4.86 ------ ------ 14.88 3.19 36.01 100.00

154 28 51.50 .40 1.22 ------ ------ 4.501 . 98 41.40 100.00 155 26 53.46 .46 .64 ------ ------ 2.33 . 41 42.70 100.00

156 25 51.60 .67 .84 ------ ------ 4.27 .95 41.67 100.00

157 24 53.06 1. 00 .66 ------ ------ 1. 70 . 73 42.85 100.00

158 23 54.30 .22 .30 ------ ------ 1. 77 .43 42.98 100.00 159 22 53.84 . 40 .32 ------ ------ '1.55 .45 43.44 100.00

160 21 53.70 .72 .58 ------ ------ 1.20 .40 43.40 100.00

161 20 54.04 .30 .82 ------ ------ L46 .37 43.01 100.00

162 19 46.92 .28 2.32 ------ ------ 10.01 1. 77 38.70 100.00 163 18 52.90 .24 .92 .00 . 01 3.001 1. 21 41.72 100.00 164 17 52.46 .54 1. 00 .00 tr. 3.40 1. 20 41.40 100.00

81 165 15 52.901 . 52 . 46 . 00/ tr.

1.12 42.20 100.00

166 14 53.921 .44 1.40 .001 .01 21.20 .90 42.13 100.00

167 13 53.32 .321 1. 721 tr. tr. 1.40 .92 42.32 100.00

208

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Analyses of Limestone, Southern Iron and Steel Company's Quarries-Continued

Sample No.
168 169
170
171 172

Unit No.
11 10
{:}
3 2

Clay Loss on CaO MgO Fe20a SOa P205 Si02 bases ignition

54.38 .12 .90 .00 tr. 1.20 .64 42.76
53.82 .35 . 24 ------ ------ 1. 70 .50 43.39

52.44 .56
52.88 1.10 33.06 13.90

.88

------

'

.86 ------ ------
2.22--~--- ------

2A8
1;80 4.22

. 80
.58 1. 59

42.84
42.78 45.01

Total .
100.00 100.00
100.00
100.00 100.00

The shales on this property are contained in the Rockwood forma-

tion. It is not always easy to tell at just what stratig-raphic point the

exposures occur on account of the folding of the rocks and the poor
exposures. Sorrie heavy-bedd~cl yeii~~ish..:bf~wn s~nd$tones a~e found

near the base of the formation, together with a number of thin beds of

limestone interstratified with the shales. The following anal~ses show the composition of the Rockwood

shales in Johnson's Crook:
Analy~es of Sl~dlesT Souther-n .Jr,o.n .and .$teet Com:pa"n,yjs Property

Sample No,______________________ 1731 1742 175~: )' --176. 177

Moisture at 100 c _______________

. - 1 - - - - -----,-~ - - - - - - -

62

. 52 _______________________ _

Losson ignition__________________ 10. 40 9.16 _______________________ _

~:in:l.e(CaO) ______________________ tr.

.10 2.00 1.66 1.34

Magnesia (MgO)_________________ 1. 70 2.00 ________ -------- _______ _

Alliniina (.A]20a)_________________ 19.88 20.50 21.63 21.50 22.00

Fe:tTic oxide (Fe20a) ------~------ 8.74 8.40 6.77 7.50 7.80

Titanium dioxide (Ti02)---------- .92 ------------------------ --------

Silica (Si02) ___ _______ ___ __ ____ __ 55.69 55.42 62. 80 62.40 64.20

.

- .-----------~----1---

97.95 96.10 93.20. 93.0.6 95.34

:lTaken over 12 feet cif olive green shale exposed oli the north side of the tram
road between the crusher and Mine No. 2. 2Taken immediately above' the opening of Mine No. 2, and consists of olive
green .shale. The exposure contains some interbedded sandstones and limestones, but th'ese were mot sampled.
:s:. s.satnples Nos. 175, 176 and 177 were faken by S. Geis\lller, at that time
mamager -of the Southern Steel Company, in the Chattanooga district. No. 175 was obtained from the upper shales of Rising Fawn mine No. 1, No-. 176 from the middle shale of the ore, and No. 177 from the lower layer of shale in the ore bed.- These shales can be used as a mix with limestone in the manufacture of Portland cement.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 209

Four miles no?'theast of Rising Fawn (Map location 7 D) .-Four
miles northeast of Rising Fawn along the Johnsons Crook road on the
west side of Lookout Mountain, the upper heavy-bedded and massive brown sandstone of the Lookout formation forms the crest of the mountain, beneath which occur brown, red, and green shales with some interbedded thin and heavy-bedded sandstones at the base of the formation.
The Bangor formation contains some vari-colored shales (Pennington) at the top, beneath which occur grayish-blue, heavey-bedded limestones which are largely concealed by the float from the overlying formation.
The following section begins at the fork of the road at the top of the mountain and extends to the bottom of the mountain:

Section, Johnsons C1-ook Road, West Side of Lookout JJ,founta:in

1
Sample Unit 1

Description of Units

~Thickness Total Thickness

No. No.

feet

feet

1--------------~-------------j--------1-~-----

7 Heavy-bedded brown sandstone________

7

892

178

6 Greenish-brown shales; red and green

a.rgillaceous sha.le at the bottom______ 65

8-85

.5 Argillaceous red and green sh8les _______ 60

820

4 Greenish-brown shale with some heavy

beds of sandstone at the top and

bottom____________________________ 50

760

179

3 Argillaceous red and green shale; par-

tially conce~.led______ _______________

60

710

2 Concealed __ --------_________________ 30

650

1 Blue limestone; largely concealed_______ 620

620

Bottom of mountain________________

0

0

The following analyses show the composition of the shales overlying the Bangor limestone:

210

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA -

Analyses of Shale) Jo~nsons Crook Road) vVest Side Lookout M ou.ntain

Sample _________________________________________________ _
Unit No. _______________ __, ________________________________ -,.

178 6

179 3

0

... J

LMoosisstounre1. gamt.t1m.00n__C_._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-,_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-~-jI

Soda (~a20).--------------------------------------------~}

Potash (~20)-------------------------------------------

Lirue (Ca;O) --------- _----- -- _----_------ -------- _- _-- _-- __! Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________________ _

.56 I: .52
4.28 ! 5.80
2. 53 I,_______ _
. 09 ! 1. 60 1.14: 1.24

Alumina (Al.i!O s) " - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13.33 ' 15.51

Ferric oxide (Fe20s) _______________ - __________ - __________ _

I
6.05 1

6. 72

Titanium dioxide (Ti02) -------------------------- -'------ 1.00 \' .81 Silica (Si02)------ --- __ -------- ___ -------------- ________ -- 71.02 ' 65.23

I
100.00 i 97.43

Sitton Gu.lf (Map location 8 D) .-Heavy-'-bedded, grayish-blue
Bangor limestone is exposed in Sitton Gulf where it extends from the
base- of the mountain to a vertical height of 525 feet.
The following analysis shows the compositioii of an average sample
taken over the entire exposure :

Analysis of Limestryn'(}) Sitton Gulf
(Sample No. 180)
Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magn.lil'sia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20 8) : Sulphur trimdde (808) Phosphorus pentoxide (P206) Silic.a (Si02 ) <Jlay bases .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on .ignition

55.06 .05 .38 .00
.90 .35 43.26

100.00
Two miles east of T1'enton (Map location 9 D) .-The property of G. W. Morrison is located about two miles east of Trenton. The heavybedded, grayish-blue limestones of the Bangor formation are exoposed from tpe base <?f the formation at its contact with the Fort Payne chert for a vertical height of 580 feet.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 211

Section} Top to Bottom} Two Miles East of Trenton

I

I

I

I

Sample j Unit I

No. j No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

. 181 . 4 ~-------------------------------I--------I-------- Fine-grained, dark-blue limestone,

1 in places earthy and crinoidaL _______ 150

580

182

3 Dark-blue, heavy-bedded, high-cal-

cium limestone____________________ _ 100

430

183

2 Dark-blue, fine-grained, crinoidal

limestone; some quartz excretions

are found 90 feet below the top of

the unit_ ________________________ _ 130

330

1 Heavy-badded, dark-blue and gray

cherty limestone__________________ - 200

200

Fort Payne chErt--------------------

The following analyses show the composition of the units described above:
Analyses of Limestone Two Miles East of Trenton

Sample No.______________________________________ 181 Unit No._________________________________________ 4

182.,. 183
3fi 2

Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------- 52.80 54.44 53.22

Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________ . 30

. 20 1. 12

----------------------------1 Ferric oxide (FezOs) ------------------------------
Sulphur trioxide (SOs) Phosphorus pentoxide (PzOs)---------------------Silica (SiOz )______ _.___________ ___ ________ __ __ _____
Clay bases_..:---------------------~--------------Loss on ignition__________________________________

1.14

.16

.48

tr. I .00 i--------

tr. 2. 01

tr.

_______ _

1

1. 02 2. 15

1.04

.43

.60

42.71 43.75 43.43

1

l--10_0_.0-0-1100.00 100.00

Two and one-half miles soz.tthwest of Trenton (Map location 10 D.)--Two and one-half miles southwest of Trenton along the HigdonTrenton public road on the east side of Sand Mountain the upper massive limestone of the Lookout formation is well exposed, while the underlying shales and sandstones of the same formation are largely concealed. The Bangor limestone is occasionally exposed, some beds being argillac~ous, others dolomitic and still others high-calcium.

212

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The section from the top to the bottotn of the mountain is as follows:
Section 2 1/2 Miles Southwest of Trenton

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

7 Sandstone ___________________________ 100

618

6 Sandstones and shales interbedded;

largely concealed ___________________ 210

518

184

5 Blue limestone; largely concealed_______

40

308

185

4 Bluelilnestone _______________________

10

268

3 Cherty limestone _____________________

8

258

186

2

Blue l~mestone _______________________

200

250

1 Blue lilnestone; largely concealed_______

50

50

Level of valley road___________________

0

0

... .: ...

, ~ ,

The following analyses show the composition of the beds described in tlie above section:

AnaJyses of Limestone 2 1/2 Miles Southwest of Trenton

Sample,,;No:_- -- -- ,-'- --" ~-- _____.__ --" .. _____ ~ ___ -~ __ J84

Unit No. ___________ --- ___ ------- ___________ -~-- __

5

185 . 186

4

2

-----.----------------------~---------r-----~r~--~~-------

Lime (OaO) _____________________________________ _ 49.52 53.60 45.92

Magnesia (MgO) _______ -----~ ____________________ _ .62

.60 1.16

Fer;ric oJd,de (Fe203) -----------------------------Silica (Si02) ----- ______ - __ - - _____________________ _ Clay bases______________________________________ _ Loss on igriition. _________________________ ~ ____ :. __

1. 82 3.64
.73 43.67

.64 1. 74
.55 42.87

2.98 7.75 3.21 38.98

100.00 100. oo l1oo. oo

Two and one-half miles north'lt~est of New Engla1~d (Mfl;,p location 11 D) .-Two and one-half miles northwest of New England along the Slago Cove road portions of ~he Bangor limestone and the Lookout formation are exposed. Interbedded, high-calcium and magnesian limestones of the Bangor for111ation extend fro.m the base of the mountain to a height of 170 feet. Chert is found throughout many beds of the fimestone and the abundance of this impurity will probably

APPALACHIAN VALLEY .AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 213

prevent the economic development of the limestone at this point. Shales of the Bangor and the Lookout formations overlie the limestone.

Analyses of Limestone and Shale 2 1/2 Miles Northwest of New England
Sample No. _______________ --- _______ ---_- ______________ --/__!_~~~- J882

Moisture rt 100 C_- --------- __ - __ -- ----------- _________ _!__ ____ __ 67. Loss on ignition _____________________ ----_________________ 42.61 7. 21

Lime (Ca0)'_ --~ ___ ----------- __ --- __ - ----- _--- __ --- __ ___ _ 53.86 tr.. Magnesia (MgO) __________ ------- ________ --- ______ ___ ____ _ .12 1. 00

Alumina (AbOsJ ----------------------------------------- _______ Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ------------- _-------- __ - _- ___ ______ __ _______ Silica (Si02)-------- --- ____ ---- _____ ---- _______ ____ _______ 2. 11

17.82 7. 39
62.87

Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ---------------.,--------------------- .62 _______ _ Phosphorus pentoxide (PzOs) ____________________________ :._ tr. _______ _

Titanium dioxide (TiOz) ---------------------------------- ________ .99 Clay bases _________ - _- ____ - __ - _- ____ - _- __ - _- _____________ . 68 ,_______ _
---1---
100. 00\ 97. 95-

Three miles north of New England (Map location 12 D) .-Three miles north of New England and on the west side of a spur of Sand Mountain the heavy-bedded limestones of the Bangor formation are exposed over a vertical height of about 280 feet. Immediately above the limestones occur green and yellowish-brown shales which are largely exposed over a vertical height of 220 feet.

Section from Top to Bottom) 3 Miles North of New England

I
Sample I Unit
No. [ No.

Description of Units

,

I Total

f Thickness 1 Thickness

! feet

feet

189 i 5

Yellowish-green and brownish-green , shale______________________________ Ij 216.7

492.5

4 Largely concealed; underlain by lime- I stone__________ ------------------- -II 59.1

275.8

190

3 HeayY-bedded, bluish-gray limestone, I

with some beds of crinoid&llimestone i' and clayey beds in the upper portion __ _

78.8

216.7

191

2 HeayY-bedded, grayish-blue limestone; I

considerable loose chert at the bot- [

tom___________ ------------------- - 98.5 1

137.9

192

1

-I HeayY-bedded, grayish-blue limestone I

with chert_____ -~------------- ____

39.4

39.4

Base of the mountam-----------------1 0

0

----~--~------

1Average composition of the limestone.

2Average composition of the dark brown carbonaceous shale immediately above

the basal sSJndstone of the Lookout formation.

214

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The following analyses show the composition of tne units described in the above section:
I
Analyses of Limestone and Shale 3 Miles North of New England

Sample No, ________________ ----- ________ - 189

190

191

192

Unit No _____ -------,-----_- _____ -_--_--- 5

3

2

1

Moisture at 100 C_______________________ .31 -------- _______________ _ Loss on ignition________ ~ _________________ 7. 06 41. 61 43. 30 43. 04

Lime. (CaO) ___________________ ---------- _ Magnesia (MgO) ________ ------------ __ __ _

. 08 52.00 53.20 52.90

. 98

. 88

. 62

. 67

Alumina (AbOsJ------------------------- 16.24 ------------------------

Ferric oxide (Fe20s) --------------------- 6.38 1.32

.46

.58

Silica (Si02) _____ _________ ___ ________ ___ _ 65. 17 2. 55 1. 96 1. 90

Sclphur trioxide (SOs) ----- _______ --- ____ -- __ _____ __ __ __ __ __ ______ . 00. Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) _____ ______ ___ ___ _____ ____ __ __ __ __ ____ tr. Titanium dioxide (Ti02) __________ __ ___ ___ . 92 ________ --~-- __________ _

Claybases ----~-------------------------- ________ 1:54

.46

. 91

97.14 100.00 100.00 100.00

One and one-half miles northwest of T1'enton (Map location 13 D). -At a point 12 miles northwest of TI~enta,n.and along the White Oak
Gap road the Looimut and Bangot'formations a:re well exposed. The
I
massive .l>rown sandstone of the Lookout formation forms the crest of
the mountain, beneath which are the interbedded sandstones and shales
of the same formation. The Bangor limestones underlie the Lookout
shales, but are poorly exposed. A large number of argillaceous and
dark blue amorphous limestones somewhat high in magnesia are inter-
bedded with the high-calcium stone. There is an extensive overburden
I
of sandstone and shale scattered over the mountain side from the top
to the bottom. The argillaceous beds and those high in magnesia are
usually concealed. The strike is N. 27 6 E., and the dip 10 SE. The
section begins at the top of the mountain and extends to the top of the
Fort Payne chert.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 215
Section 1 1/2 Miles Northwest of Trenton

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

10 Heavy-bedded and massive brown sandstone_________________________ _
9 Sandy grayish-brovvn shale with laminae of limonite ____________________ _
8 Coal and shale ______________________ _

216 !
37.4 4.9

743.5
721.9 684.5

7 Shales with interstratified sandstones

m the upper portion of the unit;

largely concealed__________________ _ 315.2

679.6

6 Blue limestone, almost entirely con-

cealed-------------------~---------

19.7

364.4

193

5 Dark-blue, fine-grained limestone with

a two-foot bed of earthy limestone

near the top _____________________ _

44.3

344.7

194

4 Dark-blue, fine-grained limestone_____ _

64

300.4

3 Argillaceous and cherty limestone_____ _

19.7

236.4

2 Argillaceous limestone; largely concealed____________________________ _ 216.7
1 1 1 Fort Payne chert____________________ _

216.7

The following analyses show the composition of the units described

in the above section: Analyses of Limestone 1 1/2 Miles North-west of Trenton

I

Sample

No.-

-

-

-------

--------------------

--

-

-

.
-------

---

- -II

193

194

Unit No. ________________________________________________ _ 5

4

Lime (CaO) ______________ ,. ______________________________ _ Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________________ _
Ferric oxide (Fe203) ____ ----- __ ----- ____________ ---- _____ _ Silica (Si02) _____________________________________________ _ Clay bases ______________________________________________ _
Loss on ignition _________________________________________ _

54.62 .36
.40
.861
.34 43.42

52.90
. 82
. 90 1. 80
.54 43.04

100.00 j 100.00
Two miles west of Rising Fa.wn (Map location 14 D) .-The heavybedded, grayish-blue limestones of the Bangor formation are exposed at intervals on the west side of Fox Mountain from its base to a vertical height of 375 feet, two miles west of Rising Fawn. Many beds of

216

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

this formation are concealed, so that it is impossible to determine from a sample anything more than their general physical and chemical character.
Section from Top to Bottom) 2 lvfiles West of Rising Fawn

Sample Unit No. No.

3

2

195

1

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Base of h-eavy.bedded sandstone__ ~----Concealed ___________________________

----------
400.9

-----------
775.9

Bangor limeston.:.; upper beds some-

what argillac 3ous with: some chert;

lower portion largely concealed_______ 375

375

Analysis of Limestone 2 Miles West of Rising Fawn

(SAMPLE NO. 195; UNIT NO. 1)

Liine (CruO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. Ferric oxide (Fe20 8 ) Silica (Si02) Clay bases ....................... ; ........ : . . . . . . . Loss on ignition .......... ........................ .

54.44 .12 .56
1.38 .57
42.93

100.00
P1'octors Bluff (Map location 15 D).-Proctors Bluff is located about one mile south of Rising Fawn on the west side of the Rising Fawn-Sulphur Springs road about three-fourths mile west of the Alabama Great Southern Railroad. The limestones of the Bangor formation are exposed over a thickness of about 100 feet. The lower portion of the exposure consists of limestones of light-blue to gray and dark-blue color and of variable physical character, while the upper portion is a more uniform massive, grayish-blue limestone. The strata lie practically level at this point.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 217
Section from Top to Bottom) Proctors Bluff

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of r:nits

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Top of bluff

196

8 Grayish-blue and dark-blue, hf'avy-

bedded and massive limestone_______ _ 41.6

102.7

197

7 Grayish-blue to dark-blue heavy-bedded

and massive limestone______________ _ 40

61.1

198

6 Gray to grayish-blue, heavy-bedded

amorphous limestone_______________ _

5.1

21.1

5 Fina-grained, dark-blue, heavy-bedded

and massive limestone, containing

some scattered chert m the lower

I hall ______________________________ _

2

16

199

4 Coralline limestone __________________ _

2.7

14

3 Heavy-bedded and mass1ve grayish-

blue somewhat semi crystalline lime-

stone_____________________________ _

2.2

11.3

200

2 Fine-grained, dark-blue, heavy-bedded

and massive limestone; c.cinoids,

spirijer sp., and other brachiapods

are found _________________________ _

3.4

9.1

201

1 Dark-blue, fine-grained massive and

heavy-bedded limestone with some

crinoids and cup corals_____________ _

5.7

5.7

Base of blufi ________________________!

0

0

The following analyses show the composition of the units described

in the above section :

Analyses of Limestone) P1'octprs Bluff

Sa~ple No...,-------------1 196 / I 197 198 199 I 200 201

Umt No. ___ ------:..------ 8 [_ _7_1--6--1-3-3,_48,_.52_'6-1,1-_3_8_._42_0_,__5_3_.31_2_

Lime (CaO) ______ :_______ 52.181 53.921 52.56

Magnesia (MgO)_________ Ferric oxide (FezOs)_____ _

11..012811I

.44 1.40

.86 . 74

Sulphur trioxide (80s) ___ ________ ________ . 01

Phos. pentoxide (Pz05) ___ --------~-------- .02

Silica (SiOz)_____________ 1.98 1.20 3.02

42 Clay bases______________

.821

I :i~ 1 1.06

Lossonignition ___ -: ______ _42.82 ~ 41.73

7.60 /
. 82 i
. 01 I
.01 I
11.51 i
3.10 i 38.69:

6.52/ 1. 66
. 03
.02 8.71
4.83 39.83

1.05 . 34 . 00
.01 1.62
.43 43.23

100.00 1100.00 !_1_0_0_0. -0--1-1-0-0-.0-0-; 100.00 1100.00

218

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Four miles southwest of Trenton (Map location 16 D) .-Four miles southwest of Trenton and about 1~ miles east of the Georgia-Alabama line the Bangor limestone is well exposed. The massive sandstone of the Lookout formation forms the crest of the mountain, beneath which occurs the thin-bedded sandstones and shales of the same formation. The Bangor limestones are exposed for a vertical height of 330' feet. The upper portion of the formation contains many beds of argillaceous impure limestones, while the lower portion is a high-calcium stone.

Section from Top to Bottom) 4 ilfiles Southwest of Trenton

Sample Unit

Description of Units

Total Thickness Thickness

No. No.

feet

feet

------------~--------~---------------------1-------~--------
6 Shales_________ -.- ___________________ _

5

Argillac~ouslimestone ________________ _

10

330.2

4 Arenaceqtis brown shales_.:. ___________ _

10

320.2

202

3 High~calcium limestone, (six feet of

hard siliceous earthy limest.Jne at

the bottoiQ.. of this uni~ ,nqt .sampled)..:

52.2 310.2

203

2 Blue lil:nestone __________________ ""'--- _ 228

258

1 Occasional exposures of blue lime-

stone_____________________________ _

30

30

The foilowing analyses show the chemical character of units 2 and 3 in the above section:

Analyses of Limestone 4 lv.Iiles Southwest of_ Trenton

Sample No. _____________________________________________ _ 202

Unit ______ No._~-----_~""'-------_- -~ _____________________ _

3

Lime (CaO) _____________________________________________ _
Magnesia (MgO) ____________ J _________________________ --'--
Ferric oxide (Fe203) -----------------------------------~-Silica (Si02)----- ----------------- _______________________ _ Clay- bases _______________________________ ~ ______________ _ Loss on ignition ________________________________________ "' _

47.24 3.90 2.12 1.42 2.66 42.66

203. 2
53.66 .80 .44 1.20 .44
43.46

100.00 100.00

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAKD PLATEAU AREAS 219
WALKER COUNTY
GEOLOGY
CONNASAUG.A SHALES .AND LIMESTONES
The shales of this formation are yellowish-green or yellow and always argillaceous. The silica-alumina ratio is too low in the shales for their use in the manufacture of Portland cement. Limestones are interstratified with the shales. The argillaceous character of these limestones, together with their occurrence in thin beds, makes them unattractive for commercial use.
KNOX DOLOMITE
The Knox dolorr;:ite is exposed only in the upper portion of the formation and the abundance of chert which is always .present usually prevents the quarrying of it for any use, other .than road metal and ballast. The high content of magnesia prevents its use in the manufacture of Portland cement.
CHICKAMAUGA fORMATION
The Chickamauga formation in Taylor Ridge and to the east of this ridge consists essentially of vari-colored shales with interbedded argillaceous limestones, while to the west of Taylor Ridge the formation consists essentially of thin bedded, blue, argillaceous limestones with many beds of high-calcium stone. The limestones to the west of Taylor Ridge are suitable in many localities for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. These limestones are at present extensively quarried for use as a building stone. On account of the general argillaceous character of the limestones they are not attractive for the manufacture of lime.
ROCKWOOD fORMATION
The Rockwood formation in Taylor Ridge and to the east of Taylor Ridge consists of sandstones and interbedded shales. The shales are so intimately interstrati:fied with the sandstones that their commercial development for use in the manufacture of Portland cement is not possible. The sandstones are not so numerous to the west of Taylor Ridge and when they are absent over any considerable stratigraphic thickness the shales fulfill all the requirements for use in the manufac.ture of cement.

220

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

FLoYD FoRMATION
The Floyd formation occupies only a small area in West Armuchee Valley. The beds lie almost level and are exposed at only a few places. The limestone is a high-calcium stone and can be used locally for the burning of lime or for road material; however, the conditions affecting development are l~kely to prevent the use of this limestone in the manufacture of cement in this county.
BANGOR FoRMATION
The Bangor .formation consists of both limestones and shales. The shales which lie immediately above the limestones are yellowish-green, yellow, and red, and somewhat argillaceous. They vary in thickness from a few feet to several hundred feet.
The limestones of the formation attain their greatest thickness in Pigeon Mountain where they are exposed for more than 800 stratigraphic feet. Where the general conditions which affeCt their development are ~atisfactory these liniestones can be won for commercial lime, road metal, ballast, concrete, fluxing stone, cement, etc., and the highJy crYJstalline beds for a building stone;

DESORIP'TION OF INDIVIDUAL -LOOALITI:IDS
The~ Chickamauga Cement Company (Ma1> location 1 W) .-The plant and quarries of the Chickamauga Cement Company are located at Rossville, three-fourths mile south of the Georgia-Tennessee line, directly on the Central of Georgia Railway.
In 1900 W. P. D. Moross found at this point several strata- of red argillaceous limestone above and beneath which occur. blue and bluishgray limestone. When the reddish-brown argillaceous limestone is mixed with the blue and bluish-gray limestone in the proper proportions and subsequently burned and ground it results in a Natural cement. Mr. Moross interested Uriah Cummings, of New York, in this property, who organized the Chickamauga Cement Company in 1901, incorporating it under the laws of Connecticut with W. P. D. Moross, President and Treasurer.

APPALACHIAN F ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 221
FIG. 6.-MAP. SHOWING THE NAT"URAL CEMENT OUTCROP IN THE VICINITY OF ROSSVILLE, GA. GEOLOGIC RELATIONS
The calcareous materials used at this point m the manufacture of natural cement and hydrated lime occur in the Chickamauga formation. The calcareous materials are of two kinds : a reddish-brown argillaceous limestone, "cement rock," and blue to gray, hard, thinbedded limestones containing as much as 10 per cent. of silica, alumina and alkalies, with a very low content of iron oxide.
The Chickamauga formation in this vicinity forms a V-shaped valley with the a:})ex of the "V" pointing southward. It is underlain at

222

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

this point by' the Knox dolomite. The reddish-brown argillaceous rock is won by underground mining, while the blue and bluish-gray lime-
stone is quarried in open pit. The strike is N. 14o E., and the dip is 10 SE.
CONDITIONS .AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT

The outcrops in the valley are, sQmewhat numerous and extend in the gener~l direc~ion of the strike of the rock. Differences in the

chemical _composition and physical character of the rock cause slight

variations in the topography of this valley-making formation. The

exposures above water level seldom reach a height of more than fif-

teen feet so that in any extensive development quarries would. neces-

sarily extend to a considerable depth belqw water level. The forma-

tion :varies in its lithologic character across the. bedding, that is, from

east to west and is more argillaceous to the east of the main stratum

of "cement rock" and more calcareous to the west of this stratum. In

order to quarry material of similar lithologic and chemical character

. the

development -

of

quarries

must

be

in

a

'northea..s. t

and

southwest

direction:,'

The ,overburdep. consists of a thin residual clay soil derived from

the underlying limestone. The property is made accessible by the

Central of Georgia Railway and is only .about fifteen miles from the

coal fields of northwest Georgia.

The following ~ection froni top to bc>ttoin shows the variations of

the several beds of stone exposed at the quarries :

Section Chickamauga Cement Quarries

Sample No.
~

Unit No.
18

17

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Earthy, drab-colored, thin-bedded,

argillaceous limestone _______________ 1.4

57.5

Soft y ellowish-green fire clay___________

.2

56.1

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CVMBEBL.AND PLATEAU ABEAS 223

Section Chickama.uga Cement Quarries-Continued

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

jThickness Thickness

feet

feet

16 Earthy drab-colored limestone grading into a reddish-brown argillaceous

.I

limestone_________________________ _ 1

I 55.9

203

15 Reddish-brown argillaceous limestone

L 8 I 54.9

14 Reddish-brown argillaceous limestone .

with seams of interbedded gray to green argillaceous rock _____________ _

I

1.1

53.1

13 Hard gray limestone containing con-

siderable crystalized calcite. (This

unit is discarded in cement manu-

facture and is not included in the

sample taken for analysis) __________ _

. 5

52.1

12 Reddish-brown argillaceous limestone

with occasional interbeddt>d thin

la.y-.rs of green argillaceous rock.

(A thin seam of gray limestone

forms rock")

the base of the "cement ___________________________

_I

2.3

51.6

11 Thin-bedded, impure argillaceous 1

limestone with a bed of fire clay

about two inches thick _____________ _ 12.7

49.3

10 Brown clay becoming more cJ.lcareous towards the top _________________ _ 3

36.6

9 Grayish-blue argillaceous limestone__ _ 1.2

33.6

8 Brown to dove colored argillaceous

limestone_________________________ _ 1

32.4

204

7 Brovv-n calcareous clay________________ _ 2.1

31.4

6 Drab-colored clay with thin beds of

drab-coloroad limestone s.t the top

and bottom _______________________ _ 1.5

29.3

204

5 Brown calcareous clay________________ _ 1.3

27.8

4 Brown clay with thin drab-colored I

204

3

-I argillaceous limestone z.t the top ____ -,
Brown tngillaceous limestone __________

1 2

26.5 25.5

2 Green ciay----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I 3.5

2'3. 5

205

1 Dark-blue to grayish-blue heavy-bed- I

ded limestone with many thin beds I

of limestone interbedded. This unit

covers the entire str?tigraphic thick- I

ness of the limestone exposed in the

quarry. The whole exposure is I

r

int~ately veined with secondary j

ca.lcite_____________________________! 20

20

1Units 12-18 constitute the natural cement bed which is mined on this property.

224

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GE0R.GIA

The following analyses show the chemical ce>fuposition of the raw materials used in the manufacture of the lime and natural c~nient :

-

Analyses of Raw Materials, Chickamauga Cement' ComP.._any

Sample No. ______________ 2031

204

205

. :
2062

.

. .
2073

2084

Unit No. ________________ 12-16 ;3,5,7

1

Lime (CaO) _____________ 33,80 25.56 47.98 41.70 42.70' 42.85 Magnesia (MgO) _________ .45 1.02 1.25. 1.80 1.40 1.41

{ } Alumina (AbOa) ________,_
Ferric oxide (Fe20a) -----

--------
4.16

--------
3.10

--------
.96

}

_2.53

2.43 .33

4.17

Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ___ .03
Phos. pentoxi<le (P20s) __ \ .oi
Silica (Si02)---- _- _______ 22.93

.00 tr. 30.75

.00 -------- -------- -------tr. -------- -------- --------
6.52 17.14 18.31 16.~0

Clay bases __ ------------ 10.43 15.00 2.58 -------- -------- --------

Loss on ignition_________ 28.18 24.57 40.71 36.83' 34.83 34.67

-.

r

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

The twenty stratigraphic feet of limestone exposed in the ,quarry consisting of unit 1 in the section have been divided by Mr. Moross into three parts and are locally known as the three ledges. This has been clone f<?r <ron:veni~nce of. knowing the c~emita:l content of any portion quarried.
WINNING AN.D P,R]}P~ATIQN Ol!; .THE RAW MATERIALS
The limestone is quarried in an open pit, and is drilled and shot !rom place. The larger, more massive rock is then broken by means. of sledge hammers into pieces of convenient siie to be. handled by the
qu<~:rryman.
The "cement rock" is mined by following the stratum along both the dip and the strike down the slope. The 'limestone and "cement. rock" are loaded on separate. cars and elevated:;to the kilns by means of a 1>ulley along an incline.
The limestone and "cement rock" are burned in separate kilns.
There are four upright mixed feed kilns. which have a: daily capacity

'"Cement 'rock." 12Bottom ledge of quarry. BMiddle ledge of quarry. 4Upper ledge of quarry. Analyses furnished by W. P. D. Moross.

APPALACHIAN vALLEY At:D CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 225
of 125 barrels each. Two kilns are used for burning the "cement rock" and two for burning the limestone.
MANUFACTURE OF HYDRATED LIME
The company began the manufacture of hydrated lime in 1906. The process of charging the kilns consisted in feeding alternately a carload of coal, then a carload of limestone. The gray limestone is calcined at a high temperature and is then drawn at the bottom of .the kiln into wheelbarrows. A portion of water necessary for hydration is added and after the lime has been dumped more water is added to insure evenness of hydration. It usually takes about three days for the excess of lime to thoroughly hydrate; however, it depends largely on the weather conditions. The hydrated lime is pulverized in a tube mill to an impalpable powder, and then packed in bags for shipping. The trade name is "Hydrated Portland Lime."
Analyses1 of ({Hydrated Portla.nd Lime"

I I

II

Calcium carbonate (CaC03) ----- _____ -- __ - ___ - _---------- __ 1 Magnesium carbonate (MgC03) ---------------------------Alumina (Ab03)------------------------------------------ 1} Ferric oxide (Fe203) --------------------------------------~1 Silica (SiO 2) ________ - __ - __ - _- _- __ - __ ~- __ - ___ - _____________

80. 77 4.83 4 41 I
I 6. 32

81.87 3.09 4.44
6.74

I 96.33 1-96-.-14-

MANUFACTURE OF NATURAL CEMENT
The reddish-b:r:own argillaceous limestone is burned to a temperature of 900-1,000 degrees C., so that the carbon dioxide is completely expelled and there is some combination of the argillaceous and calcareous materials. The ca:lcined "cement rock" is drawn at the bottom of the kiln and mixed with the calcined limestone and hydraulic lime as follows:
2 car loads of calcined "cement rock." 2 car loads of calcined limestone. 1 car load of hydrated lime.

1Analyses by C. M. Clark, Chattanooga, Tenn., supplied by W. P. D. Moross.

226

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

This mixture is dtitn]?'etl intb a Williams mill and crushed ; then passes to a Krupp patent tube mill with a daily capacity of 500 barrels, whe-re it is ground to such a fineness that 80 per cent. passes through a 100-r:nesh seive. It is then packed into bags or barrels and is ready for shipment. The trade name is "Dixie Rock."

Ana.lysis1 of ({Di.x-ie Rock)) Cement

Calcium carbonate (GaCOa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Magnesium carbonate (MgOOs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (A1 02 3 ) Ferric oxide (F'e20 8) Sulphu;r trioxide (S03 ) . Silic-a (Si02) ..................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60.89 3.35 6.20 1.99 .50 25.89

98.82

FINErN'ESS

Fineness on No. 50 sieve. '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gg,96%

" "

" 100 '' .......................... 93.g5

" " " 200 "

g9,51

Time of set

Tensile strength2

Initial set 40 F. 1 'hr.- 30 min.

Age

Neat

Final set 40 F. 3 to 4 hrs.

24 hrs.

97 lbs.

7 days.

1go lbs.

Initial set goo F. 0 hr. 55 min.

2g days.

327 lbs.

Final set goo F. 1 hr. 30 min.

Trauth and Cotnpany's quar1'ies (Map location 2 W) .-The limestone quarries of Trouth and Company are located one-half mile southeast of Chickamauga station on the. Central of Georgia Railway. The limestone is a part of the Chickamauga formation. It is both thin and heavy-bedded, which greatly facilitates procuring the stone of variable siz~s for building purposes. The stone varies in color from a gray to dark blue and is fine-grained and crypto-crystalline throughout. It is quarried for btii'lcling purposes only, and is used largely in the vicinity of Chattanooga for foundations, curbing, etc. Unit No. 3 in the following section has been used for fluxing purposes. A number of small
quarries have been opened on the property. The strike is N. 15 o E.,
and the dip is 8 SE.

1Analysis furnished by w. P. D. Moross.
2By Adam Wirth, chemist, City of New Orleans Testing Laboratory.

APPALACHIAN VALLET AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 221

The following section was made in Quarry No. 1, known as the old quarry, to which runs switch No. 3 of the Central of Georgia Railway:

Section from Top to Bottom, Quarry No.1, Trauth and Company Quarries

Sample No.
--
209 210 211
212

I
I
Unit No.

Description of Units

I Total Thicknees Thickness

feet

feet

5 Somewhat argillaceous badly weather-

ed limestone, having the appearance

I
I

of most of the exposed limestone of

the Chickamauga; thin-bedded and I somewhat earthy___________________

4 Gray, somewhat heavy-bedded, finegrained limestone___________________

3 Dark-blue, fine-grained, somewhat
heavy-bedded limestone; (has been used for fluxing) ____________________

2 Gray, fine-grained heavy-bedded argillaceous limestone becoming impure towards the bottom, attaining a shaly character and greenish color_ __
1 Fine-grained gray to grayish-blue, heavy-bedded limestone ____________

6
1.6
6.5
5.1 15.-6 -

34.8 28.8 27.2
20.7 15.6

The following analyses show the composition of the individual beds described in the above section :

Analyses of Limestone, Quarry N a. 1, T1'outh and Company

I

.

I

Sample No. ____________________________ --~ 209

210

211

212

Unit No. _______________________________ _ 4

3

2

1

----------------------------I-------1------I------~------
Lime (CaO) ______________________________ 52.38 51.60 42.56 50.86

Magnesia(MgO) _________________________ 1.32

.72 4.JO

.90

Ferricoxide(Fe20s)--------------------- .56

.88 1.74

.80

Sulphur trioxide (S02) -----------------------------------Phosphorus pentoxide (P20.5 ) -------------- ________ ________

.02~--------
tr. _______ _

Silica (Si02)-----------------------------I 1.88 4.28 9.40 I 2.58

Claybases ______________________________ _l 1.32[ 1.40 4.10 I 1.44

Loss on ignition ________________________ __! 42.54 l 41.12 38.08. 43.42

!

!----1----~------

100.00 i 100. _00 : 100.00 i 1_9_2- QQ_

228

GEOLOGICAL SVIlVEY (JF GEORGI:A

Catlett Gap road (Map location 3 W) .-The limestones of the Chickamauga formation 'are exposed at a point several hundred feet east of Dlry Creek, about 3 miles northwest of Lafayette. The lower portion of the formation consists essentially of thin-bedded argillaceous limestone. These beds were not sampled on account of their variable character~ The upper 129 feet of the limestone, covering a horizontal d~stance of 3QO feet along the road, is made up of thin-bedded, blue, fine-grained, high-calcium stone. The section from top to bottom is as follows:
Section) Catlett Gap Road

Sample Unit No. No.
{ 8
21~
7
6
5
4
,

.

3 2

1

Total

Description of Units

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

.

Blue to dark-blue, fine-grained lime-

stone--~-~-------------~~--~------- 108

32304

Dark grayish:..blue to dark-blue limestone______ ~ _.__ ~ ______ .- ~ ___________

21.6

21504

Largely concealed; and occasional out-

. crop of argillaceous blue limestone_____ Concealed_~- _____ --~ ____ '"' ___________

7603 2305

19303 1170 5

Thin-bedd~d a;rgi,llt=Lcepus blue, .gray,

and pink Iimesi&ne, varying greatly

in lithologic character, some chert _____ Concealed ___________________________
Light bluish-gray limestone____________ Concealed ___________________________

47
1808 4o7
2305

~4
47 2802 2305

Knox dolomite (Horizontal distance

from unit to the intersection of Catlett

Gap and Dry Creek roads 800 feet) ___

0

o'

The following analysis shows the chemical character of units 7

and 8:

Analysis of Limestone) Catlett Gap Road

(Sample No. 213)

Lime (CaO) ooo ooooo 0. o. oo. oooooo 0000.. Magnesia (MgO) o. ooo o. oooo. 000oo o: 0 0 0 Ferric oxide (Fe20 8) ooo0ooooo0o...... o. o' 0 o0. o Si1i0a (Si02) o0.. 0oo.. ooo..... o.... o oo o Loss on ignition ..... o. 0 0o00. o... 00. 0. o0.. 0 0

52.04 .30 .50 5.63
41.53

100.00

.APP.AL.ACHI.AN Y ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU .AREAS 229

M cLarnorc Cove (Map location 4 W) .-The limestones of the

Chickamauga formation are exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of

about 50 feet at a point 3:Y2 miles south of Cedar Grove post office on the east side of the :Public road. The limestones are thin-bedded,

grayish-blue to dark-blue in color and usually much weathered on the

exposed surfaces. The limestone carries clayey impurities which are

very pronounced on the weathered rock. Bryozoa) brachiapods) gas-

tropods and other fossils are numerous.

The following analysis shows the composition of the limestone at

this point:

Analysis of .Limestone from McLamore Cove

(Sample No. 214)

Lime (CaO) ...................................... . Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . Ferric oxi,de (Fe20s) .............................. . Silica (Si02) Clay bases ....................................... . Loss on ignition

49.50 .50 .48 6.91
3.09 39.52

100.00
Horine Development Company (Map location 5 \V) .-The property of the Horine Development Company consists of about 6,000 acres of valley and mountain land located about 25 miles south of Chattanooga, directly on the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad and within two miles of the Central of Georgia Railway.
GEOLOGIC RELATIONS
The limestones on this property extend for more than a mile in length. They form a mountain with an average height of about 500 feet; however, near the southern end of the property, the limestones extend from the base of the mountain to a height of 800 feet. The limestone is the Bangor of upper Mississippian (lower Carboniferous) age. The sandstones of the Lookout formation cap the mountain immediately south of this property.
The mountain is a gentle syncline and the rocks lie almost horizontal along the east side of the mountain.

230'

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The following section shows the physical character of the lime-

stbne over the entire- exposure:

Section Horine Development Company} Pigeon,_ Mountain 1

Sample Unit No. No.

Deecr-iption of Units

Tota,l

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

215

15 Bluish-gray, light and dark-blu~, heavy

bedded and massive limestone; the

upper beds oolitic __ ---------------- 100

770

216

14 Same as above_---------------'-------

20

670

217

13 Oolitic and coarsely cry'stalline, heavy-

bedded gray limeS't?one _____________ _ 100

650

12 Largely co,ncealed; 2Meetabove the base

- considerable chert _____________ ~~ __ _ 50

550

218

11 Gr~.y, heavy-bedded semi-crystalline

limestone_________________________ _ 30

500

219

10 Semi-crystalline gray and grayish-blue

heavy-bedded limestone; apex Blue

Bird gap ________________ - ~ _____ ~ ~ _

30

470

220

9 Grayish-blue to gray somewhat crys-

talline heavy-bedded limestone;

loose nodUles of chert scattered over

surface___________________________ _

40

440

221

8 Heavy~hedded gray to grayish-blue

semi-:crystalliri.e limestone; in places

crin.oidaL ___ _: ____________________ ,--

20

400

222

7 C";ritioidi:tl grafisli.::lJlue hEiavyi..fiedued

limestone; largely crystalLine with

some oolitic limestone at the b9se__ _ 50

380

6 Largely concealed; argillaceous liine-

stone with some interbedded< aren-

aceous shale; Bryozoa and brach-

iapods in abundance_____________ _ 90

330

223

Gray heavy-beddecL massive limestone,

often oolitic_-----------------------

40

240

224

4' Semi..:crystalline gra,y and grayish-blue

limestone_________________________ _ 90

200

225

3 Almost entirely concealed, with some

argillaceous limestone; chert on the

surface __________________ ~_H ______ _

40

110

226

2 Dark:blue, heavy-bedded limestone

with some crinoidal limestone____ _ 20

70

227

1 Gray to grayish-blue fine-grained heavy

bedded limestone; some chert at the

base---------------------------~--

50

50

Base of the limestone ________________ _

0

0

APPALACHIAN VALLEY,AND CUMBEB.LA.li'V PLATEAU AREAS 231

The following analyses show the chemical character of the individual units described in the above section:

Analysis of Limestone) Horine Development Company's Prope1't}'

-

~.,o, ~I Sample Unit No. No. CaO MgO

Iso, P,O,

Cle.y Loss on , bases! ignition Total

.;oj 215 15 53.44 .201I

tr.

.02 2.00______ 43.64 100.00

216 14 52.30 .25 1. 041 . 04 .01 1.58 ------ 44. 78 100.00 217 13 54.78 .42 .44 .00 .01 1.20 .581 42.57 100.00

218 11 52.18 2.60 . 78 tr.

. 01 1. 04 1. 001 42.39 100.00

219 220

10
9

53.64 53.50

..01801

.18 .00 .01 1.101

.28 tr. tr.

1.26i

.401 44.59 100.00 . 50' 44:36 100.00

221 8 55.04 . 12, .14 .00 tr.

.361 . 50 43.84 100.00

222 7 54.84 .101 .44 .00 tr.

.90: .46 43.26 100.00

223 5 54.421 .50, .24 .00 tr.

. 881 .62 43.34 100.00

224

4

52.761

I
.401

.32

.01

.02 2. 561

. 78 43.15 100.00

225 3 29.60 2.001 4.54 .02 .03 29.441 6.28 28.11 100.00

226 2 52.721 1.221 1. 02 tr.

.02 2.481 1. 24 41.30 100.00

2271 1

I

It will be observed in the above section that the stratigraphic units

are large. It was recognized, of course, that 1t is absolutely necessary

to confine the thickness over w_hich the sample is taken to a few feet

when the lithology of the limestone is variable. It was not deemed

necessary at this point, because a study of the relation of lithology

and chemical composition had already been made. The magnesian

beds which are found in some localities in this formation could always

be told by their conchoidal fracture and fine-grained amorphous char-

acter. The formation was divided into separate units whenever there

was any noticeable change in the physical character of the limestone

and the samples which correspond to these units were carefully taken

from each foot of the rock exposed. The limestone is so uniform from the top to the bottom of the exposure tha't it is almo~;t impossible

to differentiate the beds except by their contained fossils, grade of

crystallinity, and oolitic character.

CHEMICAL INTERPRETATION
Twelve of the thirteen samples show a very high content of lime, (CaO) averaging 53.56 per cent.; the magnesia (MgO) content is very

1Analysis misplaced.

232

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 'OF GEORGIA

low in all of the samples, being usually less than 1 per cent. ; the ferric
oxide J (Fe20 1 is less than 1 per cent. in ten of the samples; silica
( Si02 ) is. usually less than 1.5 per cent. ; sulphur trioxide ( 803 ) and phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5 ) are present in such small quantities that they do not.need to be considered.

CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT

The limestones on this property extend for more ,than a mile in a

northeast and southwest direction, being largely exposed from the base

to the top of the mountain. There is no overburden except residual

soil. The .mountain has been terraced somewhat by erosion and the

limestone is well exposed between these semi-level terraces paralleling

its greatest length! which greatly facilitates the quarrying of the stone.

Any number of qUarries can be lotated on the mountain and worked

parallel to its length as well as at right angles to this direction.

The shale on the Horine Development Company's property is de-

scribed below in the section across Shinbone Ridge ; the shale occurs

in great quantity and is well suited for the martu'facture of Portland

cement;
Siilnbo.ne Ridge' (Map location ) W)..-.A settiori was tnade along

the Blue B,ird Gap road. The Rockwoc>d formation at this point is made rtp of yellowish and cilive.::green -~:m~riaceous sHa-f~s and thin-bedded sandstones. The sandstones are abundant in the upp~r portion -of

the formation while they ate almost entirely absent in the lower portion. The object of this ~ection is to show primarily the physical an'd chemi-

cal character of the whole exposure in order to ascertain just what

portions rrtight become available for use in the manufacture of Port-

land cement.

On acc?unt of the complex folding of the rocks it was thought ad-

visable to present the horizontal extent of each unit and its equivalent

stratigraphic thickness.

.

i

The section begins at the intersection of a spur track from the

Alabama, Ten,nessee and Georgia Railroad and the Blue Bird Gap pub-

lic road and geologically at the contact of the Devonian black shale

and the Rockwood formation.

.APP.AL.ACHI.AN V .ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 233

Section on Shinbone Ridge

--------,----~--------

--------.---------.--------

Sample Unit No. No.

))escription of Units

Horizontal

distance Thickness

feet

feet

20 Concealed __________________________ _ 400

19 Olive-green shales with many beds of

green and some soft brown sand-

stone_____________________________ _

70

18 Yellowish-green and red argillaceous

shales with some thin bedded sand-

stones; light-brown fossiliferous sand

stone at thE> bottom; pentamerous sp.

abunda.nt ______ ~ __________________ _ 170

17 Concealed __________________________ _ 370

16 Shales, largely concealed ______________ _

40

15 Brown sandstone and arenaceous shale __

40

14 Shallow syncline of sandstone _________ _

60

13 Yellowish-green shal~s, larg'--'ly concealed____________________________ _ 300

228

12 Olive-green and yellowish-green shale

with som,e arenaceous splintery shale_____________________________ _ 200 11 Concealed __________________________ _ 210

10 Shales, largely concealed_____________ _

80

229

9 Olive-green and yellowish green shale__ _ 125

8 Yellowish-green shale with some flaggy

sandstones. Iron ore bed 16 inches

thick at top....... ___________________ _

50

7

Y ellowish-grE>en shales with some flaggy sandstones______________________ _



70

6 Concealed __________________________ _ 230

5 Yellowish- green shale and thin bedded

:flaggy sandstone. Shale somewhat

red and brown on the weathered sur--

face ______________________________ _

70

230

4 Yellowish-green fissile som_,what aren-

:?ceous shale _________________ ------ 100

3

Conce~ed __________________________ _

250

2 Arenaceou.5 yellowish-green and olive-

green shale _______________________ _

50

231

1

---I Y dlowish-green and olive -green :?renaceous somewhat hackly shale

100

Rockwood-Chickamauga contact ______ _

30.&.
43.8 115.4 12.7 10.9
3.5 7.9
91.2 147.8 47.2 70.2
49.3 56.7 179.9
68.2 72 93.5 39.3 97.8

2M

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

The following analyses show the chemical character of the beds sampled in the above section :
. .Analyses of Shale from Shinbone Ridge

Sample No. ______________________________
Unit No. ___ ----------- __________________
-
Moisture at 100 C ___ ------------ ________ Loss on ignition_______________________ .,_ __
Lime (OaO) ______ ---------- __________ - _-Magnesia (MgO) __ - - _- _________________ - -
Alumina (Al20a)-- ----------------------Ferric oxide (Fe203) ---------- ~----------Titanium dioxide (Ti02) --'-~-----------:_ __ Silica (Si02)-----------------------------
-

228 12
.62 7.40 tr.
.6'5 20.59 8.74
.93 56.80
95.73

229 9
.71
6.41 tr. 1.13 23.00 8.06
.90 58.53
98.74

230 I 231

4

1

.42 5.05 tr.
.91 17.95 7.39 1. 08 64.48

.47 7.20 tr. 1.37 18.82 8.40
.68 /
60.17

97.28 97.11

West side of Pigeon 1\1ountain (Map location 7 W) .-The Chattanooga and Rockwood shales are well exposed on the west side of Pigeon Mountain. The section described below begins at a point 255 feet above the intersection of the tram ore road and the Blue Bir:d Gap trail. The Chattanooga black shales 'have a thickness of 15 feet. The shales of the Rockwood formation contain many interstratified sandstones. The section begihs at the top of the Devonian black shale and from top to bottom is as follows :

Section West Side Pigeon JJ1ountain

--

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

232

7 Chattanooga black shales______________

15

255

6 Rockwood shaL s; concealed___________

60

240

5 Olive-green hackly arenaceous shale

with ma.ny sandy layers. Halysites

sp. occurs B.bout 15 feet below the top

of this unit________ --------------

25

180

233

4 Olive-green 9,nd yellowish-green some-

. what hackly arenaceous shale_________

15

3 Thin-bedded gray and brown sandstones

155

and interbedded hackly and fissile

APPALACHIAN Y ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 235

Section West Side Pigeon Mountain-Continued

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

I
I

Total

IThickness Thickness

feet

feet

olive-green shales. About 10 feet

below the top of this unit the sand-

stones are heavy-bedded ____________

30

140

234

2

I

Olive-green, fissile shales practically free from sandstone_________________

80

110

1 Yellowish-green, interbedded shales

and sandstones. At the bottom of

this unit occurs heavy-bedded brown

sandstones above which there is a

bed of red ore; at the top of the unit

there is a thin bed of red ore _________

30

30

Intersection of Blue Bird Gap road.

The section ends with the base of

the Rockwood formation; however, I

the contact of the Rockwood and

the underlying Chickamauga lime-

stone is some distance to the west,

due to the gtlntle dip of the rocks ____

The following anal)rses show the chemical character of the units described in the above section :
Analyses of Shale, [,Vest Side of Pigeon Mountain

Sample No. ___________________________ _, _________ _ 232

233

Unit No. ________________________________________ _ 7

4

Moisture a.t 100 C _______________________________ _ Loss on ignition _________________________________ _
Lime (CaO) _____________________ ------- ---------Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________ _
Alumina (Ah03) _____ -------------------- __: __ ---Ferric oxide (Fe203)-----------------------------Titanium dioxjde (Ti02) -------------------------Silica (Si02) ___________ --------------------------

1.20 9.21
.04 .57. 17.13 5.04 .79 61.27

.42 4.24 tr.
. 90 18.20 6.38 1.10 69.26

234 2
I
.46 3.95 tr . 1.20 26.36 7.39 1. 01 59.40

95.25 100.50 99.77

Two and one-half miles southwest of Copeland (Map location 8 \V) .-The yellowish and olive-green shales of the Rockwood forma-

236

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEOEGI.tl

tion occur at a point about one mile northeast of the Catlett Gap road,

on the south side of a small tributary of Dry Creek. The shales con-

tain a few beds of thin-bedded sandstone. They are exposed over a

stratigraphic thickness of 30 to 40 feet and chemically satisfy all the

requirements for use in the manufacture of Portland cement.

The following analysis shows the composition of the shales over

the entire exposure :

Analysis of Shaie 2 1/2 Miles Southwest of Copeland

(Sample No. 235)

Loss on ignition . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime (CaO) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesi:a (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (A1 02 8) . Ferric oxide (Fe20 3 ) _-. Manganese (MnO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ...... - ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Silica (Si02)

5.44 1.60 1.50 18.29 6.63
.10 .92 61.23

95.71
Jackson property (Map location 9 W) .-Limestone of the Floyd

formation is found on the P. Jackson prop~rty about one mile south-

east. of G-feenbtfsh,pqst of.fi.oe in West: Armuchee. Valley, c The ex-
posure occu~i~s a v~rticai. ~nd. stratigtaph'i'e thidkrtess of about 40 feet

and consists, of, dark-bl'i!i~, b;eav"'hed:d~d l'irp.estoNe, containing many

brachiapods. The rocks -lie practically level.

The following analysis. shows the composition of the limestone at

this point:

Analysis o~ Limestone {1'0m Jackson Property

(Sample No. 236)

Lime (O.aO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feriie oxid,e (Fez03 ) :. Sulphm trioxide (803) Phosphorus pentoxid'e (P20 5) . Silica (SiOz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potash (K20) ................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (N.azO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition 0 0. 0 0 --0 0. . 0

53.66 .30
1.10 tr. tr. .87 .08 .19
43.80

100.00

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 237

Brwm property (Map location 10 W) .-The limestones of the Bangor format~on are found along the northern portion of Pigeon Mountain in the rear of the house of VVilliam Tatum. The stone is heavybedded and massive, gray to grayish-blue in color and contains a large amount of chert in the upper 80 feet of the exposure.
Section from Top to Bottom on Brum Property

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Unit

I Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

237

3 Heavy-bedded, grayish-blue limestone

containing chert; chert omitted m

sampling __________________________

80

194

238

2 Fine-grained, grayish-blue, heavy-

bedded limestone; some cream col- I

ored fine-grained limestone inter- I

b e d d e d ____________________________

100

114

239

1 Gray somewhat fine-grained heavy-

bedded limestone; crinoidal at base ____

14

14

The following analyses show the chemical composition of the units described above:

Analyses of Limestone from Brum Property
I -------,----

t:~P~o~~~~====================================~I 2~7

238 2

i ~---+~--
Lime (CaO) ______________________________________ 54. 60 30.881

Magnesia (MgO)-------------'------------------,--- .08 i 11.90 I

Ferric oxide (Fe203)------------------------------ . 26 2.72

Silica (Si02)-------------------------------------Clay bases_____________________________________ --1

1

.
.

2088

13.24 2.88

Loss on ignit.ion----------------------------------1 43.70 I 38.38 1
I

239 1
52.56 .10 .76
2.86 1.40 42.32

\ 100. oo I 100. oo I 100.00

Nickajack Gap road) east side of Lookout Mountain (Map location 11 W) .-The Lookout formation is exposed on the Nickajack Gap road on the east side of Lookout Mountain. It is underlain by yellowish-green and dark-brown shales (Pennington) of the Bangor formation. The dark-blue limestone of the Bangor formation l.s almost en-

238

GEOLOGICAL SUR.VEY OF GEORGIA

tirely concealed. The Fort Payne chert forms the base of the moun. tain and underlies the Bangor limestone. The section from top to bottom is as follows :

Section Nickajack Gap Road) East Side of Lookout Mountain

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

1rhickness Thicklless

feet

feet

Base of massive sandstone of the Lookout formation_________________ _

11 Largely concealed ___________________ _ 18.1

597.5

240

10 Somewh~t arenaceous and hackly

brownish-green shale with a small

amount of concretionary iron oxide ___ _ 9

579.4

9 Greenish-brown sandstone and inter-

bedded green :Shale; only about 15 feetof rock exposed,. _______________ _ 45.3

570.4

8 .Arenaceous green shales with sand-

eo

stone beds which are often heavy

bedded and massive________________ _ ,,126.8

525.1

241

7 Yellowish-green shales_______ ----------

9

398.3

242

6 Dark-green to greenish-black splitery

. shale, weathering to a somewhat fine hackly shale______________________ _ 15

389.3

5 Yellowish-green shales with a bed of

sandstone hear the toP-------~------

30

374.3

243

4 Reddish shale ____________________ --~_

~0

344.3

244

3 Yellowish-green shale ________________ _ 45

334.3

2 Largely concealed ___________________ ~ 45.3 1 Concealed __________________________ _ 244

289.3 244

IThe following analyses show the chemical composition of the units

described in the above section :

Analyses of Shale) Nickajack Gap Road) East Side of Lookout

Mountain

S'ample No. ______________________ 240

241

Unit No. ________ ~- ____________ .. _ 10

7

Moisture at 100 c_______________ .54 .41
Loss on ignition__________________ 8.50 9.10

'Soda and potash (NazO, K20) _____ -------- --------
Lim:e. (CaO) ____ ... _________________ .00 tr,

Magnesia (MgO) ---~--------~-.,.-- 1. 53
Alumina (AlzOs) ______ ----------- 21.80 Ferric oxide (FezOs) _____________ 8.40

.66 21.86 6.72

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) ________ .. _ .90

.80

Silica (SiOz) ___ - _- _--- _--- __ - ---- 54.83 57.68

242 243 244

6

4

3

1.85

. 51

.40

7.71 7.28 6.40

2.49 -------- -------

.32 .00 tr.

1.38 1. 50 1. 38

20.90 18.50 18.15

7.56 9.60 6.05

. 96 .92 .82

56.83 59.60 63.49

96.50 97.23 100.00 97.91 96.69

APPALACHIAN 77ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 239
M cLamore Cove (Map location 12 W) .-The grayish-blue limestones of the Bangor formation are found 41!:z miles south of Cedar Grove post office, on the west side of McLamore Cove. The lower 230 feet of the exposure contains a large amount of chert, while the upper 120 feet contains little chert.
Analyses of Limestones from M cLamore Cave

Sample No. ___ - __ ----- _----------- _----------- _---- - _____ 245

246

Lime (CaO) __ - ---.----- ____ ---- ________ - -- __ ----- ________ _ Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________________ _
Ferric oxide (Fe20a)--- ___ ---- ___ ---- __ ---- ___ ------ _____ _ SCillaicy2 b(aSseis0_2_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_
Loss on ignition _________________________________________ _

53. 281 1.62 .40 i
1. 62 1
. 321
42.76

51. 36 2.95
. 32
1.12
. 34
43.31

-

I 100.00 1100.00

Dougherty Gap (Map location 13 w-) .-The sandstones and shales of the Lookout formation are well exposed along the roadside at the southern end of McLamore Cove in the Dougherty Gap. The shales of the Bangor formation are partly exposed, while the underlying Bangor limestortes are largely concealed by the float derived from the overlying. formations. The following general section was made along the road from the top to the bottom of the mountain:

Section Dougherty Gap

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

I

I

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

6 Interbedded sandstones and shales __ 170

574

5 Dark-blue carbonaceous shales _________

80

404

4 Concealed ___________ . _______________

40

324

3 Olive-green and yellowish-brown shales __ 170

284

247

2 Grayish-blue limestone________________

50

114

1 Largely C'Oncealed limestone____________

64

64

240

"GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Analysis of Limestone from Dougherty Gap

(Sample No. 248)
Lime (CaO) ..............:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) .... -............................ Ferric oxide (Fe 02 3) Silica (Si02) ' Clay hases ............. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition .......... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53.78 1.02
.42 .96 .21 43.61

100.00

Coulter property (Map location 14 W) .-,The property of T. S.

Coulter is located on the west side of Pigeon Mountain in the extreme

southeastern portion of McLamore Cove. The Bangor limestone is

exposed over about 40 feet at a point about 200 feet southwest of the

Coulter residence and consists of heavy-bedded, dark-blue limestone

with some ctinoidal limestone.

Analysis of Limestone on the Coulter Prop-erty

(Sample No. 249)

'Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferrie. oxide (Fa~08) ... , ................ , .. , . . . . . .

S.ilica ('Si02) .......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,':.'

_.,..

'

''

Clay ha,ses .......... :. , .......................... .

Loss on ignition ............. , ............... , . . . . .

49.80 3.26 . 7 4 1.00 .6S
44.52

100.00
One mile so.uthwest of Cecf,a/r Grove post office (Map location 15 W) .-The Bangor limestone is exposed/ over a thickness of 57 strati-

graphic feet at a point about one mile southwest of Cedar Grove post

office, on the east side of Lookout Mountain. Many of the beds con-

cain chert a:nd on the surface are found excrescent quartz. The strike
i~ N. 28 E., and the dip 15 NW.
T~e following analysis shows the composition of the limestone over

the entire exposure :

Analysis of Limestone) One Mile Southwest of Cedar Grove

(Sample No. 250)
Liime (CaO) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M:agnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .Ferric oxide (Fe2 8) Silica (Si02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay b!ases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53.00 1.92
.36 2.37 .57 '41. 78

lOO.OO

APPALACHIAN I"ALLl,T AXD CCMBEHLAJ.'D PLATEAU AREAS :241

B ovHrs Gap ( JVIap location 16 W) .-The Bangor limestone is exposed at a point about 1V2 miles due west of Cassandra on the mountain side just south of the Bowers Gap road. The limestone extends from the base of the mountain to a height of 316 feet, above which the rock is concealed .:for 311 feet. The Lookout sandstone is exposed over a thickness of 87 feet and forms the top of the mountain.

Sample Unit No. No.

Section at Bowers Gap
. Description of Units

-----
Thickness feet

---
Total Thickness
feet

8 Sandstone and shales__________________ 87.6 7 Concealed ___________________________ 311.6

715.5 627.9

6 Largely concealed; an occasional out-

251

5

crop of limestone ___________________ Fine-grained, heavy-bedded lim'stone

48.7 I 316.3

with an occasional bed of semi-

crystalline limestone ____ ~ ___________ 58.4

267.6

252

4 Inter-beddl d, fine-grained and semi-

crystalline heavy-bedded, grayish-

blue and da.rk-blue limestone ______ 58.4

209.2

253

3 Grayish-blue and dark-blue heavy-

bedded limestoDe; some portions concealed__________________________ 73

150.8

254

2 Dark-blue, somewh2.t fine-grained lime-

stone______________________________ 38.9

77.8

255

1 I Heavy-beddt d and massive, dull gray-

ish-blue to dark-blue limestont, m

places oolitic and containing an occa-
siona.l bed of fine--gra.inerl. limestone__ Base of mountain ____________ ~ _____

I

38.9

38.9

0I 0

The following analyses show the composition of the units described

in the above section :

Analyses of Limestone from Bowers Gap

Sample No----------------------1 251 Unit No.________________________ 5 Lime (CaO)______________________ 52.24

252 253
4I 3
54.26 54.50

254. 2
55.48

255 1
54.94

Magnesis (MgO)_________________ .87

.12

.08

.06

.08

Ferric oxide (Fe20;;)------------- .70

.42

. 80

. 62

.44

Sulphur trioxide (SO s) __________ -:- ___ - _--

.00 i-------- --------

-1 P~?spho:rus pentoxid..; (P;;O 5) _____ -~'- ______ I
Sihc? (S102)-----~--------- ______ 1.82.

tr. .74

I

-------
1. 04

---i~oi-1

Clay bases _____________________ _j .68 I .36

.40

.60

Loss on I.gm.ti.on__________________i1

43 _6.9

I
1

44_ 10 1

43.18

42.23

.00 tr.
.72 .22 43.60

!

!

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' -10-0-.0-0 -! 10-0-.0-0 -i 1-0-0.-00- -1-0-0.-00' -1-0-0.-00-

242

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

One-half mile west of Ca:ssamd1'a (Map location 17 W) .-The Rockwood sh'ales are exposed from the top of the formation to the bottom at a point about one-half mile west of Cassandra along the CassandraStevens Gap public road. The formation consists essentially of yellow and olive-green shale with many thin beds of sandstone. The strike
.is N. 20 E., and the dip 37 NW.
The section is here given.
Section One-Half Mile T17est of Cassandr-a

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

14 Concealed; Silurian-Devoni~n contact __ _ 13 Olive-g;reen fissile argillaceous shale
with an occasional bed of sandstone__ _ 12 Concealed __________________________ _ 11 Olive-green shale w!t:Q. an occasional
thin bed of sandstone ______________ _ 10 Olive-g;reen shale ____________________ _ 9 Concealed__________________________ _ 8 Concealed _________________.____ ~- ___ _ 7 Olive.,green shale_ with -inter'-bedded
brown and green fl.aggy sandstone ____ _
6 Olive-green shale. This unit contains several thin beds of soft red ore and and a bed of greenish-brown Elandstone 6 inches thick at the top ______ _
5 Olive-green fissile argillaceous sha.le containing thin beds of fl.aggy brown and green sandstone. The sandstone is not very abundant. Severn.l thin
beds of soft red ore 3 to 4 inches thick occur near the top____________ _
4 Olive-green fissile argillaceous shale. About one foot below the top of this unit fl, thin bed of fossiliferous limestone occurs_______________________ _
3 Olive-green fissile aFgilhl.ceous shale containing a thin bed of fossilferous light-brown sandstone near the top __
2 Concea,led __________________________ _ 1 Concealed, Silurian-Ordovician contact
in this unit_ ________ ~ _____________ _ . - - - - - ----'--------'~-------- .. .....

59.2 41.4 10.8 27.2 27 54.4 32.6 27.2
59.4
51.8
49.9
21.2 12.7 66.2

541.2 482 440.6 429.8 402.6 375.4 321 288.4
261.2
201.8
150
100.1 78.9 66.2

.APP.ALA CHI.AN VALLEY A.NIJ CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS :243

One and one-half miles northzvest of Cassandra (Map location 18 W) .-The Bangor limestone is exposed over a vertical thickness of 175 feet at a point 1J;2 miles northwest of Cassandra. The upper portion of the exposure is oolitic in places and contains some chert. The lower portion of the exposure is more uniform in physical character. The section from top to bottom is as follows :

Section 11/2 lv1iles Northwest of Cassandra

Sample Unit No. No.

256

4

3

257

2

1

Description of Units

I

I i

Total

Thickness I Thickness

feet ! feet
I

Heavy- bedded, dark-blue somewhat fine-grained limestone with interbedded gray oolitic and bluish-gray limestone __________________________
Largely concealed, containing fragments of chert on the surface. Chert layer concealed_____________________
Bluish-gra.y, heavy-bedded limestone, in places exposed ___________________
Somewhat fine-grained interbedded dark-blue and grayish-blue limestone __

I
!

40

195

25

155

70

130

60

60

The_ following analyses show the composition of units 2 and 4 described in the above section :
Analyses of Limestone 1 1/2 Miles Northwest of Cassandra

Sample No. _______________________________________________ I 256

257

Unit No. ________________________________________________ _ 4

2

-----------------------------------------l------1-------

Lime (CaO) __________________ ----- ______________________ _ 54.53 53.20

Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________________ _ .10

.40

Ferrie oxide (Fe20s) ___ ------- ________________________ --- _ .92

.68

Silica (Si02)------- ______________________________________ _ .96 2.42

Clay bases----------------------------------------------- .40

.66.

Loss on ignition _________________________________________ _ 43.09 42.64

1100.00 100.00

Southern Iron and Steel Compan)' (Map location 19 W) .-The property of the Southern Iron and Steel Company is located about

244

G:_EOLOGICAL .SCRVEY .OF GEORGIA

one mile east. of High Point on the ea~t side of Lookout Mountain. A portion of the Rockmart formation and the Chattanooga black shale are exposed at the base of the mountain. The Fort Payne chert immediately overlies the Chatanooga black shale and is succeeded by the Bangor limestone.

Section Northeast of High Point) Southern Iron and Steel Company

Sample Unit No. No.

Desc-ription of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Top of limestone quarry

258

8 Light-gray, fine-grained limestone_____ _ 1.4

43.9

259

7 Heavy-bedded, fine-graine<;l, grayish-

blue limestone______________ _____ _ 14.1

42.5

260

6 Fine-grained, grayish-biue to dark

blue limestone not so massive as the

above unit; coiitafus an occasidllal

chert nodule ______________________ _

3.3

28.4

5 Heavy..;bedded to massive, bluish-gray

limestone containing several beds

of amorphous .gray limestone inti-

mately interbedded _______________ _

25.1

261

4 Dark.,Blue,.. hea;v;y-}Jeflded .limestone;

l::n:gely:mystaHme; ih?lighnot.notiGe'-.

ably so JllegascopicaJly . __ ~ ______ _

1.2

11.3

262

3 Fine-grairied, heavy~Bedded grayish-

blue liinestone ____________________ _

3.3

10.1

2 Cherty and arenacequs grayish-blue

limestone, in places approaching a

sandstone in lithologic character and

again becoming more calcareous______ _ 1

6.8

1 Fine-grain~d, d1:1,rk-blue. and bluish-

gray massive limestone containing

chert nodules interspersed from top

to bottom. In the 1( wer portion of

the unit the chert is in fairly distinct

layers, while in the upper portion it

is scattered throughout. Fourteen

inches below the top of this unit

occurs a two-inch ls.yer of corals (cup

corals). Below th<:" massive cherty

I .

limestone a few teet of dark-blue limestone are exposed _____________ _

5.8

5.8

Base of quarry______________________ _

0

0

1

APPALACHIAN Y ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 245

The Chattanooga black shale and a portion of the underlying Rockwood shale are exposed at the base of the mountain. The shale ex-
posed in the quarry consists of-
Thickness feet
Sample No. 263 Ohattanooga black shale ................... . 10.4 Rockwood shale; gray to green clay shale .. . 15
The following analyses show the chemical composition of the individual units described in the above sections :

Analyses of Limestones and Shale, Southern Iron and Steel Company

I

- - - - - ---~~-

Sample No. ______________ 258 Unit No. ________________ 8

259 7

I

I

I
260 ! 6 i
I

I
261 4

I
262 i 263
3 I Shale

--------I-------- Moisture at 100 c ______ -------- --------

_______ _!I .56

Loss on ignition _________ 40.82 42.82 43.54 I 43.06 39.53 1 23.60

Lime (CaO) _____________ 29.46 54.50 sr. 18 1 54. 8o 49.081 .00

Magnesia (MgO) _________ 15.92

.20

.40 i .04

.56 1.26

.

I

Alumina (Al20a)-------- -------- -------- ----'----1I -------- -------- 10.91

Ferric oxide (Fe20s)----- 1. 06

.66

. 88: .48

. 66 9. 74

Silica (Si02) _____________ 9.86 1. 20 3. 38 ; 1. 08 8.02 48.73

Titanium

dioxide

(Ti02)--

--------

--------

'
------- -!--------

--------

.77

Clay bases-------------- 2.88

.62

.62! .54 2.15 --------

I 1oo. oo I 100.00 I 100.00 i 100.00 I 100.00 95.57

CATOOSA COUNTY
GEOLOGY
ROME FORMATION
The lower and middle portions of the Rome formation are largely composed of interstratified sandstones and shales. The abundance of these sandstones hinder the economic winning of the shales for use in the manufacture of cement. The upper portion of the formation consists essentially of shales with only a few interbedded sandstones. The shales will be found suitable at certain localities for use in the manufacture of cement; however, they are usually too high in alumina to be used without the admixture of free silica in the form of sand or with some other more highly siliceous shale or clay.

246

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

CoNNASA.UGA SHALES AND LIMESTONES
The limestones of this formation are thin-bedded and seldom reach a thickness of more than 100 feet. They are nearly always valleyforming and have only a small stratigraphic thickness, so that they are not attractive commercially for the manufacture of cement.
The shales are high in alumina and low in silica and can not be used alone for the manufetcture of Portland cement.
KNOX DOLOMI'il'E
The Knox dolomite is exposed only in the upper portion of the formation. It consists of heavy and massive beds of gray, partly crystalline dolomite with many layers and nodules of chert. The high percentage of magnesia characterizing the dolomite prevents its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The stone is being burnt into commercial lime at Haies quarry near Graysville. It is also suitable for ballast, concrete and many other crushed stone products.
'~
CmcKAMAUGA FoRMATION
The Chickamauga formation is made up of interstrati:fied, varicolored argillaceous shales and limestones in White Oak Mountain and Taylor Ridge. !The formation consists a1most. entirely of thin-'bedded .blue limestones in the valley of Chickamauga Creek. These. blue limestones usually carry a low percentage of magnesia and are at many places chemically suitable for use in the manuf'acture of cement. They are extensively quarried both in Georgia and Tennessee for use as a building stone.
RocKWOO'D FoRMATION
. The Rockwood formation in this county consists essentially of interbedded sandstones and shales. The sha1es are so intimately interstratified with the sandstones that they are seldom commercially available for use in the manufacture of Portland cement.
BANGOR FoRMATION
The limestones of the B_angor formation immediately overlie the Fort Payne chert in Catoosa Ridge, just east of White Oak Mountain. They are heavy-bedded, grayish-blue to clark-blue high-calcium limestones and are chemically suitable for use in the manufacture of Port-

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 247

land cement. They will make a good lime, both for building and agricultural purposes and are also suitable for road metal, ballast, and other crushed stone products.
DESORIP'TJ!ON OF INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIES
Fort 0 glethorpe well No. 5 (Map location 1 Ca) .-The following section of a deep well at Fort Oglethorpe, Chickamauga Park, shows the lithologic character of the Chickamauga limestone and a portion of the Knox dolomite at that point:

Section from Top to Bottom Well No. 5, Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga.

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Vertical feet

Total Vertical
feet

264

29 Dark-grayish-blue limestone __________ _ 50

50

265

28 Light-gray to grayish-blue limestone___ _ 50

100

266

27 { 26

Gray to grayish-blue limestone_____ ___ 400 Dark-grsy limestone _________________ _ 30

500 530

267

25 Dark-gray to grayish-black limestone __ _ 20

550

268

24 Grayish-black limestone, apparently

sorp.ewhat sil,iceous _________________ _ 40

590

269

23 Ten feet of l,ight-grayish-blue lime-

stone, below which occurs ten feet

of dsrk-grayish-blue limestone. The

lower 20 feet .is made up of dark-

gray to black limestone _________ _ 40

630

22 Light-grayish-blue limestone __________ _ 40

670

21 Ten feet of grayish-black limestone,

v~ 270

Light-grayish-blue limestone. _________ _ Ten feet of grayish-black limestone,
beneath which occurs 20 feet of blue-

40

670

ish-gray limestone. The lower 120

l

feet is made up of dark-gray to gray-

ish-blue limestone __ ---------------- 150

820

271

20 Dove-colored and gray limestone ______ _ 30

850

272

19

Gray to grayish-blue argillaceous limestone_____________________________ _

10

860

18 Pinkish argillaceous limestone ______ _ 10

870

17 Grayish-blue argillaceous limestone ____ _ 30

900

16 .Ten feet of dark-gray limestone, be-

273

neath which occurs 20 feet of light-

gray limestone, becoming very light

light in color in the lower 10 fePt . ___ _ 30

930

15 Gray to grayish-blue argillaceous lime-

stone _____________________________ _ 60

990

248

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Se.ction {1om Top to Bottom Well No.. 5J Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga.-Cont'd

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

17ertical feet

Total 17erticaJ
feet

14 Graylhnestone----------------------- 80

274

{ 13

Gray limestone with some dove-colored limestone_____________________ _

20

275

12 Gray lhnestone___________________ -~ __ 20

Knox dolomite

276

11 Gray dolomite_ ______________________ 30

277

10 Gray dolomite--------------,--------- 90

278

9 Gray somewhat cherty dolomite________ 40

8 White sandy dolomite_________________ 10

279 ' 7 Gray dolomite somewhat siliceous in the upper 10 fe!'lt___________________ 80

6 Gray dolomite, somewhat siliceous in

280

the upper 4(Heet:.__________________ 90

5 . Gray dolomite_______________________ 70

281

4 Bluish-gray doloi:nite___ _______________ 30

282

3 -Gray somewhat siliceous dolomite______ 100

283

2 Gra.y siliceous dolomite____ ~ ___________ 100

284

1 Gray and white fine siliceous dolomite___ 110

Bottom of well______________________ _

1,070
1,090 1,110
1,140 1,230 1,270 1,280
1,360
1,450 1,520 1,550 1,650 1,750 1,860

The following analyses show the ccimp6sition o"f the unit's described in the above section :
Analysis of Limestone and Dolomite {1'0m Well No. 5, Ft. OglethorpeJ Ga.

Sample Unit

Clay Loss on

No.

- - No. -Ca-O -M-g-O-Fe2-03 so3 P205 Si02 bases i~!!ition

264 2.9 42.00 2.85 3.16 .24 .03 11.20 5.10 35.42

265 28 30.60 .404 2.10

{;~} 266

47.46 3.20 .48

.10 .02 22.12 12.66 28.36

.02 tr~

6.13 2.13 40.58

267 25 48.42 3.80 .52

268 24 49.86 5.28 .30

269 23 29.04 19.57 :4o

{;~} 270

40.64 3.50 1.86

.00 tr. 3.44 1.88 41.94 .03 .01 4;26 2.59 37.67 .04 tr. 3.94 3.04 43.97
.04 .01 17.73 ------ 36.22

271 20 32.90 7.00 1.60 .10 .03 15.11 8.61 34.65

{ 272

19} 18

22.04

3.32

3.58 tr.

tr.

24.28 10.48 36.30

Total
100 00 100.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
100.00 100.00
100.00

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 249

Analysis of Limestone and Dolomite from W-ell No. 5 Ft. Ogle1 thorpe) Ca.-Continued

i" ------,----,-------~;-,---;~-------

- ------1

('0' [ Sample Unit

]

No. No CaO MgO Fe20s SOs

i Clay Loss on\ SiO, Ib,.es ;gnition Total

273

i~} 40.48rI 7.02 1. o2I tr.

I
I

15

1

fi~} 274

I
26. 68! 11. 00

I
2. 221

I
. 0211

. o11' 8. 20, 3. 52 39.75

:

r

. 03] 26. 871_ - - - -- 33. 18

275 12 29.16 10.02 1. 201 tr.

. 01121. 20] . 93 37. 48

276 11 35.76 14.80 . 761 . . 02: . 01, 2. 471 1. 42 44.76

277 10 37.76 13.10 .861 .02i tr. I 3.121 1.51 43.43

278

9 28.781 7.02 1.121 . 02i tr. ]12. 34j 1.12 49.60

{~ } 279

34.82 11.751 .88,I .081I .04;I 10.70,I______ 41.73

100.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
100.00

{ ~} 280

38.64 11. ool .931

I

281

4 35.22 1. 6d 4.441

282

3 24.121 19.00 . 98

283

2 29. 34,15. 90 1.06

284

1 26.80 10.46 1.50,

.041 .0217.081 2.82 39.49

1
.o8l .o2 18.37 9.20
. 0~ . 02 1.5. 98-----.02 tr. 16.781 1.26 .02 .021 28.01/______ j

31.07
39. 86 35.64 33.19

100.00
100.00
1:00.00
100.00 10.00

Graysville Mining and 1\!Ianufacturing Company (Map location 2 Ca) .-The quarries of the Graysville Mining and Manufacturing Company are located in the western portion of the town of Graysville and directly on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. John D. Gray, of Graysville, constructed a "ground hog" kiln at this point in 1869 to burn this stone in order to ascertain just what sort of lime it would produce. The lime was apparentlY. satisfactory, for four kilns made of stone were immediately constructed. Mr. Gray sold the property in 1886 to a newly formed company organized by Alabama people, known as the Graysville Mining and Manufacturing Company. This company continued operations at this point until 1901, when they abandoned their workings and opened up quarries at a point one-half mile east of Graysville. During the same year M. M. Church, of Graysville, leased these new quarries and manufactured lime until 1910. The plant at present consists of two upright separate feed kilns with a daily capacity of 250 barrels. The lime was shipped both in bulk and in barrels, and was known as "pure white Catoosa lime." The

250

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

stone used consists of both the Knox dolomite at1d the Connasauga limestone.
The Knox dolomite contains many beds of chert in the form of nodules and also ~n layers. The dolomite is heavy-bedded and massive, somewhat finely crystalline and of dark blue and light gray color. The Connasauga limestone contains no chert, nor does it have the same massive appearance as the dolomite, both the color and lithologic character being pretty uniform throughout. It is a fine-grained amorphous limestone containing fragmentary remains of fossils, which in places are in considerable abundance, together with some few calcite stringers and thin lense-like argillaceous intercalations.
The Conrtasauga limestone was at one time used a's a :fluxing stone.
The lime resulting from the burning of this stone is of a darker color than lime produced from the Knox dolomite, and is also a quicker setting lime.
The most northern quarry consisting of the Knox dolomite is designated quarry No. 1. The quarry located immediately north of tWe'mainpublic road and west 6: GfoaysviHe is ni:axte up of the Connasauga limestone and hasbeen designated as quarry No. 2. The rocks are exposed over a vertical height of more than 100 feet in quarry No. 1, while its horizontal extent i's not more than 20 feet. Quarry No. 2 has an average height of about 40 feet and extends along a horizontal distance of 450 {eet.
The following se~tions show the physical character of the stone from top to bottom in these quarries :

.APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBRBLAND PLATEAU .AREAS 251

Section Quarry No.1, Graysville Mining and 1'v.fanufacturing Company

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

T tal

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

30 Somewhat shaley gray thin-bedded

dolomite___________ --_-------------

.6

458.8

29 Grayish-white, heavy-bedded dolomite __ 4.5

458.2

28 Thin-bedded gray dolomite ___________ _ 1

453.7

27 Thin and heavy-bedded bluish-gray dolomite__________________________ _ 5.5

452.7

26 Arenaceous cherty gray dolomite (not

sanlpled)--------------------~----

10

447.2

25 White arenaceous dolomite (not sam-

pled) _____ - __ --------------------- 1

437.2

285

24 Arenaceous dolomite (not sampled) ____ _

1.7

436.2

23 Dark-blue comparatively thin-bedded

dolomite__________________________ _

1.4

434.5

22 Cherty nodular grayish-blue dolomite ___ _

2

433.1

21 Grayish-blue . to gray heavy-bedded

dolomite__________________________ _

5

431:.1

20 Gray dolomite, cherty at bottom ______ _ 2.6 19 Thin-bedded gray dolomite ___________ _ 1.7

426.1 423.5

18 Chetty arenaceous gray heavy-bedded to massive dolomite________________ _ 9.5

421.8

17 Gray dolomite heavy-bedded at the

top, massive at the bottom _________ _ 11 16 Gray dolomite ______________________ _ 6

412.3 401.3

15 Cherty gray dolomitec---------------- 10.6

'395.3

286

14 Massive gray to bluish-gray dolomite __ _ 5.4

13 Gray massive dolomite_______________ _ 4.4

384.7 379.3

12 Massive gray to bluish gray dolomite __ _ 9

374.9

11 Dark-blue massive dolomite________ _ 2.4

365.9

10 Heavy-bedded, grayish-blue dolomite_ 7

363.5

9 Concealed. (Direction of traverse

S. 40 W; horizontal distance 170 feet) _____________________________ _ 13

356.5

Section quarry No.2._

287 288 289 290

8 7 6 5

l ~assive Heavy-bed?ed and

dark-blue

and grayish-blue limestone________ _

36.7
76.7 51.1

343.5
260.1 183.4

291

4 Massive and heavy-bedded dark-blue

and grayish-blue limestone. Fossils

collected near the bottom in loose

bowlders _______________________ _

20.4

132.3

292

3 I Dark-blue and grayish-blue, massive

252

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OJ!' GEORGIA

Section Qua.rry No. 1, Graysville Mining and Mfg. Co.-Conti11.ued

Sample Units No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

and heavy-bedded l~estone with

some pyrite. Small arnount of clay-

ey intarcalations and smo.e small

vained calcite near the top. The

rock is somewhat honeycombed due to leaching_______ ---'--- ___________ _ 33.6

111.9

2 Massive and heayy.:.bedded dark-blue

fossiliferous limestone with small

amount of pyrite _____ "------------- 33.6

78.3

293

1 Massive and herwy-bedded dark-blue

fossiliferouf;l limestone made up

largely of the remains of brachia-

, pods and. trilo.Q~tes_~-~~'"----'------- 44.7

44.7

':(he following analyses show the chemical character of the various units of the above sections :

Anal:yses of Limeston.e and Dolo1nite, Quarrries. of the Graysville Min-

.ing a1td Manufacturing Company,

.

... ',:~ <

, '.

;,_ <. ' . '

Sampl
N0.
-
285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293

Unit

.. Olll.IY Loss on

No. OaG> MgO Fe20a SO a .P205 SjO:z ba.Ses ignition

19-30 31.02 16.00 1.52 .01 .02 5.86 3.0 42.57 10-18, 25.60 16.00 2.60 .00 . 0:1 15.40 2.86 37.53
8 \ 47.16 3.82. .64 .02 .01 4.09 2.52 41.74 7 42.52 4.71 1. 7'0 ' .01 .02 6.17 6.35 38.52 6 48.80 1. 20 .92 .01 .01 6.20 1. 87 40.99
5 50.58 1. 30 1. 00 .00 .01 2.82 2.72 .41. q7
4 49.00 2.10 .80 .00 .05 4.80 1. 91 41.34
3 49.76 2.95 .62 .00 tr. 2.46 2.30 41.91 1-2 ' 44.68 2.75 1.08 .00 .01 6.58 3.30 41.60

Total
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Both the Connasauga limestone and the .Knox dolomite can be used in the manufacture of lime, for ballast, or for road metal. The percentage of lime is lower than desired and the percentage of magnesia is higher than desired in the Connasauga limestone at this point for use in the manufacture of cement. Dolomites contain too much magnesia for use in the manufacture of cements.

APPALACHIAN YALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 253
Another quarry of the Graysville Mining and Manufacturing Company is located one-half mile east of Graysville (map location 3 Ca). The following section from top to bottom begins at the most eastern exposure of the quarry. The strike is N. 15 E., and the dip 30 E.
Section One-Half Mne East of Graysville) Gravsville Mining and 111anufacturing Company's Quarry.

I Somhle Unit No. No. 1

Description of Units

Total

ThickJless ThickJless

feet

feet

10 Dark-bluish-gray somewhat cherty

dolomite__________________________ _

5

9 Grayish-blue to dark-blue dolomite

almost free of chert_ _______________ _

5

8 Light-blue dolomite at the top be-

coming dark-blue towards the bot-

294

tom. Chert layers abundant and

parallel to the bedding _____________ _

4. 5

7 Me.ssive grayish-blue and dark-blue

dolomite, almost free of chert _____ ~ __

9.5

6 Massive dolomite, upper portion light

bluish-gray, free from chert; lower

portion dark-bluish-gray; some chert_

11

5 Concealed _________________________ _

35 30
25 20.5 11

Section 400 feet west of above in same

quarry.

Dark-blue, somewhat cherty dolomite,

heavy-bedded at the top and thin-

bedded at the bottom ______________ _

7.5

24.4

3 Thin-bedded, fine-grained dark-blue

295

dolomite_________________________ _

10.3

16.9

i

2 Dark-blue massive dolomite with

secondary calcite__________________

3.6

6.6

_,__1__ Gray dolomite ________ :.~. :...:_-_-:.:::_-.~_:. _-_:_: .. ______3_ _ _ _3

Several other exposures are found 111 the western portion of the quarry, but these were not sampled as they were not continuous over any considerable thickness.
The following analyses show the chemical composition of the units described above :

GEOLOGICAL SURV,EY OF GEORGIA

Analyses of Dolomite} One-Half lv.Iile East of Graysville

Sample No. ________________ ------- ______________________ _ 294

295

Unit No. __ ;_ _____________________________________________ _ 6-lC

1-4

LMhangene(sCiaa(OM)g-O--)-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-~-----_-_---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_----_-_
Ferric oxide (Fe203) _____________'_______ -- ---- __ ------- _-Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ____________ "" _____________ --,- ______ _ Phosphorus pento:xide CP205) _____________________________ _
Silica (Si02)----------------------------------------------
LColassy obnasiegsn-i-ti-o-n-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_~_--_

30.26 18.64
.94 .00 tr. 3.25 1.68 45.23

28.56 20.98
1.08 .00-.01
1.85 .51
47.01

100.00 100.00

Hale property (Map location 4 Ca).-The Hale quarries are situated directly on the Western and Atlantic Railroad about 11j2 miles southeast of Graysville. W. F. Hale, the owner of the property, first
began the manufacture o.f lime at this point in the year 1901.
The stone quarried at this point is the upper Knox dolomite. It is a gray, heavy-bedded and massive, fine-grained, somewhat crystalline rock with chert scatterect thto:ttg{tout many of the beds. The
strike is N. go E., and" tne dfp )_7:0 sit:'
The rock is drilled and blasted from the quarry face to quarry level. It is loaded by hand to. tram conveyor which is drawn by pulley to the top of the kilns. Two vertical steel continuous. feed kilns have a total daily capacity of about 2.25 barrels. The lime is sold in barrels and bulk. It is used chiefly for mortars in construction work, but has also been used to a limited extent for agricultural purposes.
The cherty limestone and chert are separated in the quarry from the dolomite, conveyed to a jaw-crusher where they are crushed and sold for ballast, etc. The unit designated No. 9 in the section contains chert associated with pyrite, calcite, galena, fluorite, barite, and a sample of this unit was found to _contain some gold and silver, as shown by the following assay by Dr. Edgar Everhart:
Assay of 01'e from the Hale Quarries
Onnces per ton Gold ... _....................... _................. 3/100 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/5 Lead . . ..... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 54 %

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 255

The following section from top to bottom shows the physical character of the stone :
Section, Hale Quarries, 11/2 Miles Southeast of Graysville

Sample No. 296 297 298
299
300 301

I
Unit [ No.

Description of Units

I

I Total

I Thickness I Thickness

feet

feet

23 Heavy-bedded and massive gray dolomite, containing in the upper portion several thin layers of chert_ ____ _
22 Heavy-bedded gray dolomite, somewhat arenaceous, containing numerous thin beds of chert ___________ _
21 Heavy-bedded and massive dolomite_.,_ __ 20 Massive dolomite containing several
layers of chert at the top. The
lower 6 feet contains calcite of circular form interspersed throughout __ _
19 Massive gray nodular dolomite with rounded nodules of chert_ ___________ _
18 Bluish-gray heavy-bedde<;l. dolomite ___ _ 17 Cherty dolomite_____________________ _ 16 Dark-blue massive dolomite ___________ _ 15 Bluish-gray massive dolomite, speck-
led throughout with secondc,ry ct?Jcite and some few chert nodules _____ _
14 Dark grayish-blue hecwy-bedded and massive dolomite; some chert m the upper part ____________________ _

13 Massive gray cherty dolomite; chert

parallel to the bedding more abun-

dant neD.r the top and bottom _______ _

[12 I Massive and heavy-bedded dolomite,

dark-blue at the top, grayish-blue

towards thde middle >vith consid-

erable chert; lower portion gr<>,yish-

l

blue and dark blue________________ _

11 Gray heavy-bedded and massive dol-

omite ___________________________ _

10 Grayish-blue, heavy-bedded and massive dolomite; slightly Impure near top __________________________ _

Bottom oj quarry; section is continued

along the W. and A. Railroad.

I

9 White and bl~ish-fiint w~th dolomite,
galena, fiounte, and bante ___________ -I

18.5 10 8
7 4.5 5 2 9 3.8 11 13.5
9 10
.5
5

202.1
183.6 173.6
165.6 158.6 154.1 149.1 147.1
138.1 134.3 123.3
109.8 100.8
90.8
85.8

256

.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

SectionJHale Quarries, 11/2 Miles Southeast of Graysville-Continued

Sample Units
No. No.
8 7 6
5
4
2 1

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thiclmess

feet

feet

Gray dolomite ___ -------------------Chert containing galena ______________ _
Fine-grained massive gray dolomite____ _ Interbedded dolomite with chert ___ ~ __ _ Massive gray heavy-bedded dolomite
with considerable chert throughout __ _ Massive gray fine-grained dolomite
with considerable chert__________ .:_ __ _ White and blue chert_________________ _
Heavy-bedded gray dolomite with some thin. beds. k large amount of chert m thin layert:; parallel to the beddin,g wi~l;hsO~ElJ:;tQQ.:rilar chert__ _

4.7 1.5 5.5
11.3 18.8 4
35

80.8 76.1 74.6
69.1 57.8 39
35

The following analyses show the. composition of the individual beds described in the above Section :
Analyses of Dolomite from Hale Quarries

Sample No. ______________ 296 297 Unit No. ________________ 22"'"-23 .. ' .'2t

Lime (GaO) _____________
Magnesia (MgO) _________
Ferric oxide (Fe20a) _____
Sulphur trioxide (SOa) --Phos. pentoxide (P205) --
Silica .(Si02)---- _________ Clay bases ______________ Loss on ignition ____ ~ ____

''''

..

28r'P2;: "31:50

16.60 18.30

1.28

.90

.03

.01

.02

.02

8..54 3.60

4.10 1.37

40.81. 44.30

. 298 299 20 124~

:Zl:c20 .: .33.12'

17.80 16.60

1.32

.92

.01 tr.

.02

.02

3.40 3.43

1. 70 1.46

44~ 97 44.05

300, , 301

111

10

27.28 17.60
.90 .02 .02 11.76 .82 41.58

30.16 18.70
.68 .02 .02 4.64 1.23 44.55

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
5 Cedar Bluff (Map location Ca) .-Cegar Bluff is located on Ca-
toosa Ridge at a point about three-fourths mile south of the GeorgiaTennessee line. The Bangor limestone is largely exposed from the bottom of the ridge to within 25 feet of the' .top, this upper 25 feet being Lookout sandstone. The limestone is heavy-bedded, light-blue in color, and varies so111ewhat in lithologic character. Some beds are semi-crystalline, others almost holo-crystalline, or fossiliferous.

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 257

Section f1'0m Top to Bottom> Cedar Bluff

I

, Total

Sample Units

Description of Units

Thickn ss I Thickness

No. No.

feet

feet

-------l-----l---------------------------------1--------

.

302

8 7
6

Sandstone __________________________ _
Semi-crystalline gray to grayish-blue heavy-bedded and massive limestone containing archimedes sp. at the bottom _______________________ _
Concealed __________________________ _

;;~ I ; ; ~

.303

5 Somewhat fine semi-crystalline heavy-

bedded limestone; partly concealed___ _ 45

159.2

4 Cherty nodular limestone_____________ _

8

114.2

.304

3 Gray to bluish-gray, heavy-bedded,

semi-crystalline limestone; some

beds fine grained near top _______ - _ 19.2

106.2

305

2 Gray to grayish-blue, heavy-bedded 1

semi-crystalline limestone ___________ _ 46.4

87

306

1 Heavy-bedded limestone somewhat

variable in lithologic character;

semi-crystalline at and near the

bottom, above which occur fine-

grained limestone succeeded by

fossiliferous limestone, largely crin-

oidal and semi-crystalline___________ -J 40.6

40.6

The following analyses shovv the composition of the units described 1n the above section :

Analyses of Limestone f1'0n1 CedM Bluff

Sample No---- ------------------ i Unit No. __ ---------------------- \
I
Lime (CaO) ______________________ !

302 I
7 I
51.10

303 I
5 53.30

.304
3
.
53.00

Magnesia (.~gO)-------~--------- 1. 95 Ferric oxide (FezOs) _____________ i .48

1. 00 .20

1.00 .66

Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ----------- .00

.02 tr.

Phosp Silics.

horus (SiOz

)p_e_n_t_o_x_i_d_e__(_P_2_0__5_)_--_-_-_-_-!\

.00 1. 76

.03 1. 80

.02 2.80

Clay Loss

boanseigsn-i-ti-o-n-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_!!

2.55 42.16

.70 42.95

.64 41.88

I I
'
100.00 I 100.00 I 100.00

305

i
i

306

2

1

54.44 .10 .72 .00
tr. 1.26 .62 42.86

53.95 .20 .62 .02 .03
2.24 .98
41.96

100.00 100.00

258

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

WHITFIELD COUNTY
GEOLOGY
CONNASAUGA SHALES AND LIMESTONES
The Connasauga formation is made up largely of yellowish-green argiUaceous shales with some limestones, which reach a thickness of about 200 feet along Cedar Ridge. The ratio of silica to alumina in the sha1es is too low to make them attractive for use in the manufac;ture of Portland cement.
The limestones are characterized by argillaceous intercalations and fine grain. Some of the beds contain such a high percentage of carbonaceous matter that they are blac~ in color. The content of magnesia seldom exceeds 4 per cent. 'They are 'in places chemically suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The conditions, however, which affect their commerciat 'use for this purpose, such as nearness of a suitable. shale, transportation, etc., are not favorable. This limestone will prove to be the most i~nportant commercial stone in the county for the burning 'of li~e, road metal, ballast, etc.
CHICKAMAUGA FOiRMA'riON
The formation to the west o:f GhattoOgata .M:ountain is made up essentially of vari-colored argillaceous shales with some few interbedded argillaceous 'limestones. The limestones are almost entirely absent to the east of this mountain, and are never of sufficient thickness to become of value for economic use. The shales are too variable in their physical character for use in the manufacture of cement.
RocKWOOD FoRMATION
The shales of this formation are usually interbedded with the sandstones. They' occur in great abundance to the west of Chattoo_gata Mountain, while the sandstones predominate to the east. Yellow sandy shales alie found in. the lower portion of the formation, with very few shale~ in the middle, while yellowish argillaceous shales are occasion-ally interbedded with sandstones in the ?-pper portion. The silica-alttmina ratio is either too high or too low and the sandstones are in such great abundance that the shales are seldom commercially available for use in the manufacture of cement.

APPA:LACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 259
DESCRIPT:VON OF INDIVIDD AL LOCALITIES
Ducketts Mill (Map location 1 Wh) .-The Connasauga limestone is exposed east of Ducketts Mill on the property of I. S. Duckett, along the south side of the Dalton-Spring Place road. The limestones are grayish-blue and dark-blue in color and thin-bedded. They are ex-
posed over a horizontal distance of 360 feet. The strike is N. 11 o E.,
and the dip, 25 SE. The following section begins at the uppermost exposure of the
limestone:
Section at Ducketts J.11ill

I Total

Sample Unit

Description of Units

Thickness 1 Thickness

No. No.

feet

feet

307 ---4--i--T-h-i_n _s_h_a-ly--an__d _h_e-avy----b-ed_d_e_d_,_d_a-rk-----l--------~~1

blue and black limestone. Shaly

limestome omitted in sample_________ 12

61.5

3 Concealed___________________________ 10.2

49.5

307

2 Thin and heavy-bedded dark-blue

limestone with some chert __________ _ 22.2

39.3

1 Dark-blue .and grayish-blue thin-

bedded shaly limestone, approach-

ing a cslcareous sh31e in places ______ _ 17.1

17.1

The following analysis shows the composition of units 2 and 4 in the above section:

Analysis of Limestone {1'0111 D11r,cketts Mill (Sample No. 307)

Lime (CaO) . " .................................. . MagJ:.tesia (MgO) ................................. . Fenic oxide (Fe20s) ................... ....... Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P,05) Silica (Si02) ....................... .. . Clay bases ....................................... Loss on ignition

38.78 9.40 1.46 .02 .03 6.02 2.78
41.51

100.00

260

GEOLOGICAL ~URVEY OF GEORGIA

One mile 1~01-th of Ducketts 111ill (Map location 2 Wh) .-One mile north of Ducketts mill on the west side of Cedar Ridge, the dark-blue and black limestones of -the Connasauga formation are ex.posed over a vertical thickness of 110. feet. Two openings were made at this point o.n the hillside some years ago in the search for a black marble.
. The limestone has been burned and used for agricultural purposes.
Section from Top to Bottom} one JJffile No7'th of Ducketts Mill

Sample Unit No. No.

308

2

1

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Thin-bedded, bluish-gray and dark-
blue limestone, largely concealed; chert scatteretl. over the surface ______ _ Heavy~bedded, dark-bluish-gray and black limesbone____________________ _

75.4
34.8

110.2 34.8

The following analysis shows the composition of unit 2 in the

above section :

Analysis of Lirnestmte On,e iVlile N 01'th of Dttckett.S iVIill

(Sample No: ;308)

Lime (OaO) ........... .................. :.. .. .. . .. . J\!Lagnesia. (MgO) ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20 8) Sulphur trioxide (808)...............................
Phosphorus pentoxide (P20") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Siliea (Si02) Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44.06 5.40 .70 .01
tr. 6.40 2.89 40.54

100.00
Jet Black lV!arble Company (Map location 3 ffi\iVh).-The property
of the J~t Black Marble Company is located on the west side of Cedar
Ridge 11/2 miles north of Ducketts Mill. The limestone exposed at this point occurs in the Connasauga forp1ation. Several quariies were at one time prospected with the hope of locating commercial mq.rble. The limestones are somewhat massive in appearance and contain thin
argillaceous intercallations. The stt'ike is N. 2 E., and the dip
15 SE.

.APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 261

Section fronz Top to Bottom, Jet Black _Marble Company

I

I

I Total

Sample Unit

Description of Units

Thickness I Thickness

No.

I No.

feet I fe t

1 ~~-S_o_m_e_e-xp_o_s_u-re_s_o--f_b_l_u-is-h--g-r-ay--,-fi-n-e--l----~

309

grained limestone with chert_________
3 ,1 Heavy-bedded ahd massi~e, bluish-

95. 2

223. 9

gray limestone, in places somewhat

argillaceous_______________________ _ 69.8

128.7

310

2 Massive bluish-gray, fine-grained

limestone_________________________ _ 44.8

59.8

1 Bluish-gray shale ______ ~ _____________ _ 15

15

----------

The following analyses show the composition of the limestone m the above section :

Analyses of Lim,estone, Jet Black lJJarble Company

------1--3-40_9_1',~--3-1 USamn-i-tpl_Nwo_N.:._.o___.-__-___-__-__--_-___-__-__--__-___-__-__--__-___-__-__-__--___-__-__--_-_-__-__-__-__-_-_-__-__-__-_-_-__-__-__-__-__-___

2 - 30 -

Lime (CaO) ______________________________________________
Magnesia (MgO) _________________ --- _--------------------Ferric oxide (Fez03) -------------------------------------Sulphur trioxide (S03) -----------------------------------PhosphOlllS pentoxide (Pz05)--------------------...:----~---Silica (SiOz)_______ ___ ___ __ __ ________ _____ __ _____ ___ ___ ___ Claybases--------------------------~--------------------1 Loss on ignition__________________________________________

44. 32 j
4.40 j 1.14 I
.00 1 tr. ~6. 52
3.88 39.74

42.52 4.70 1. 70
.06 tr. 6.17 6.35 38.50

1_1_0_0_0. _0_1_1_0_0_0. -0-

Cedar Ridge, north of the Dalton-Dawnville 1'0ad (Map location 4 Wh) .-The limestones of the Connasauga formation are exposed at a point about one mile north of the Dalton-Dawnville road, on the west side of Cedar Ridge. The limestone appears somewhat massive, but is thin-bedded and fine grained. Certain strata are fossiliferous, containing fragments of trilobites and a specie of Girvanella m abundance. The section from top to bottom is as follows :

262

GEOLOGICAL SUR.VEY OF GEOR-GIA

Section, Ceda1' Ridge, North of Dalton-Dawnville Road.

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

311

3 Bluish-bla<:k, thin-bedded, fine-grained

limestone. A fossiliferous zone

was observed 20 feet below the top ____ 46.4 158.8

312

2 Grayish-blue, fine grained limestone

thin-bedded at top and h'ottom, and

heavy-bedded near the middle________ 54.4

112.4

313

1 Heavy-bedded, dark-grayish-blue and

dark-blue, fine grained limestone

Trilobites and Girvanella sp. found

20 feet from bottom_________________ 58

58

Yellowish-green fissile argillaceous

s h a l e ______________________________

0

0

The following analyses show the composition of the individual units described in the above section:

Analyses of Limestone from Ced(JJI' Ridge.

Sample No._____:--------------------------------1 311 312 313

Unit. No----------~------------------.------------ 3

2

1

.

Lime (CaO)----------------~--------------------- 39.64 Magnesia (MgO) ______ ___________ ______ ___ __ ____ __ 4. 40 Ferric oxide (Fe203) ____________________ ~- ____ __ __ 1. 34

50.14 2. 20 1. 06

46.90 3.. 10 1.46

Sulphur trioxide (S03) -----------------------------------Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s)---------------------- ________ Silica (Si02)------- ____________ -~ ______ __ _________ 7. 28
Clay bases _____________________________ ---- - ___ - 3. 641
Loss on ignition_____________ _____________________ -4:3. 70

.00 tr 3. 62
1. 36
41. 62

.01 .02 6.22 2.03 40.26

----1----

100. oo l1oo. oo 100.00

FMw miles nMtheast of Dalton (Map location 5 Wh) .-The argillaceous yellow and green shales of the Connasauga formation are exposed at a point about four miles northeast of Dalton along the road
which parallels Cedar Ridge and about l:Y2 miles east .of the. ridge.
The silica-alumina ratio is low, so they cannot be 'used alone in the manufacture of cement. The strike is N. 3 E., and the dip 80 SE.

.APPALACHIAK T"ALLEY AXD CUMBERLAKD PLATEAU AREAS 263

The following analysis sho1~s the composition of an average sample taken over the entire exposure of 1,000 feet along the roadside:

Analyses of Shales) 4 .lvhles Northeast of Dalton

(Sample No. 3.14)

Moisture at 100 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (A1,03) Ferric oxide (Fe203) Titanium dioxide (TiOJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . Silica (Si02)

.67 9.82
.10 1.74 20.79 7.39
.92 56.20

97.63
Two miles due north of Dalton (Map location 6 vVh) .-Limestones of the Connasauga formation are exposed on the property of D. Puryear at a point 2 miles due north of Dalton, and only a few hundred feet east of the public road. The exposure extends over a thickness of 10 stratigraphic feet and parallels the strike for about 100 feet.
The limestone will make a good road material and can be used also for the burning of an agricultural-lime. The conditions which affect development prevent its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The strike is due east and west, and the dip is to the north at a low angle.
The follo,ving analysis shows the composition of an average sample taken over the entire ex.posure :

Anal:;r'sis of Limestone from. D. Pu,1'year Prope1'ty

(Sample No. 315)

Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mag:.;.esia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fenic.: oxide (Fe20 3 ) Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 0 ) SilJca (Si02) Cl:;,y bases ..................................... : . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50.14 2.20 1.06 .00 tr. 3.62 1.36.
41.62

100.00

264

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Th1'ee and one-half miles east of ~Vm-ing (Map location 7 Wh) . -

Three and one-half miles ea.st of Waring and about three-fourths mile

east of Coahuila Creek, the yellowish-green argillaceous shales of the

Connasauga formation are exposed just west of the public road for a

thickness of about 1,000 feet. The percentage of alum.ina is too high

and the silica too low fortheir use in the manufacture of cement.

The following analysis shows the composition of the shales at this

point:

Analysis iof Shales 3 1/2 111iles East of Tm-ing

(Sample No. 316)

Moistu.re at 100 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumin-a 0 (A12 8) Ferrie oxide (F~20 3) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Titanium dioxide (Tr02) Silica (Si'O;.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.90 7.02
.00 1.44 21.21 7.39 1.28 60.26

99.50
Dantzler P1'operty (Map loca~ion 8 \iVh) .-The Connasauga limestone outcrops on, the propertJ of Mr. Dantzler, about one-half mile east of Praters Mill. The limest011e occupies the hill from the base to~ the top, but the exposure is not .continuous. The rather high. content of magnesia and absence of available shales will 'Prevent its use in the n.1anufacture 'of Portland cement. The stone is suitable for road metal, ballast, co~1crete, and for the manufacture of lime.
The following analysis shows the average composition of the limestone at this point:

Analj1sis of Limestone f1'0m Dantzle1' P1-ope1'ty

(Sample No. 317)

Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ma.gnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferrie oxide (FezOs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P,OG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silica (Si:02) ...................... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45.28 4.20 1.20 .02 tr. 6.40 2.45 40.45

100.00

..APPAL.A.CHIAN VALLEY ..Al\D CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 265
MURRAY COUNTY
GEOLOGY
CONNASAUGA SI-L~ES AND LIMESTONES
The Connasauga formation consists essentially of argillaceous shales and interbedded limestones. The limestones sometimes attain a thickness of more than 100 feet, but usually they are only a few feet in. thickness. They are fine grained, thin-bedded, grayish-blue in color, and contain many argillaceous impurities. The percentage of magnesia is usually below 5 per cent.; however, the conditions which affect their development, such as association of shales of suitable composition, fuel supply, transportation facilities, quarry openings, etc., will in all probability prevent their use in the manufacture of Portland cement in this county.
The ratio of silica to alumina in the Connasauga shales is too low to make them of any value for use in the manufacture of cement.
KNOX DOLOMITE
The Knox dolomite occupies a large valley area extending in a general north and south direction from the Georgia-Tennessee line to a point several miles south of S.pring Place. The dolomite is in many places concealed by a thick residual soil. On account of its usual occurrence below water level it is not an easy matter to procure it for the manufacture of lime. The high percentage of magnesia is objectionable for its use in the manufacture of Portland cement.
CHICKAMAUGA FoRMATION
The Chickamauga formation in this county is made up of vancolored argillaceous shales and sandstones, while limestones are almost entirely absent. The variable character of the shales renders them unattractive for use in the manufacture of Portland cement.
The limestones and shales occur only in the western portion of Murray County in the Great Appalachian Valley area. The shales do not fulfill the requirements for the manufacture of Portland cement, while the limestones are so seldom exposed over a thickness sufficient for economic development that it was not thought advisable to sample any individual localities.

266

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

GORDON COUNTY
GEOLOGY
CoNN.As.AUGA SHALES AND LIMESTONEs
The Connasauga formation in Gordon County is essentially the same as in Murray County described above. The most important calcareous and argillaceous materials found in this county, and those which will prove to be of the greatest commercial importance, are found in the Connasauga formation. They are of value for use as road' metal, ballast, and for the local manufacture of lime for agricultural pur~oses. They carry a content of magnesia well within the limits prescribed for use in the manufacture of Portland cement, ye~ the. cpn,qitions which affect their development, such as available shales, fuel supply, etc., will prevent their use .for this purpose i~ the immediate future. The ratio of the silica to the alumina in the shales is too low to make them of value for use in the manufacture of cement.

KNOX DOLOMITE
The high percentage of niagnesia contained in the Knox dolomite 1s objectionable for its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. This rock can be best used for road material.

DESORIPTrGN OF INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIES

01ie mile southeast of Fairmount (Map location 1 G) .-One mile
or s:outheast of Fairmount on the north side the Tennessee road and

immediately north of the -bridge over Sallocoa Creek, the limestones

and shales of the Connasauga formation are exposed. The limestones

at thi~ point have a thickness of more than 100 feet. They are dark

-

grayish-blue, fine-grained and often semi-crystalline and contain many

argillaceous intercalations with some seco~dary calcite in veins. The

strike is N. 10 W., and the dip 20.0 NE.

The following analysis shows the composition of al?- average sam-

ple taken over the entire ex~osure at this point:

A1~alysis of Limestone One Mile Southeast of Farirwwunt

(Sample No. 318)

Lil.ne (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.20 lV.ragnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.46

.APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 267

F01rie oxide (Fe20 3) ._. Sulphur trioxide (803) __ __ Phosphorus pentoxide (P 02 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sil~ca (SiO,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cls.y bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.40 .00 tr. 2.76 3.14 43.04

100.00

One mfle southwest of Fainnount (Map location 2 G) .-One mile

southwest of Fairmount and on the north side of the Fairmount-Adairs-

ville public road, limestones of the Connasauga formation are exposed

over about 30 stratigraphic feet. These limestones are interbedded

with some few argillaceous shales. They are thin-bedded with a some-

what massive appearance, dark-blue in color, fine-grained with some

laminae o.f clayey impurities.

One mile northeast of Pine Log Creel:r- (Map location 3 G) .-Lime-

stones and shales of the Connasauga formation outcrop about one mile

northeast of Pine Log Creek, on the Fairmount-Adairsville public road. The limestones are poorly exposed so that it is difficult to get

an average sample over their entire thickness. They resemble in

lithologic character the limestones which occur elsewhere in this forma-

tion in this vicinity.

BARTOW COUNTY

GEOLOGY

BEAVER LIMESTONE

The Beaver limestone in Bartow County is largely concealed and is

usually valley-forming. In the few exposures which occur the lime-

stone is grayish-blue, semi-crystalline and massive. It can be best

used in the focal construction of roads. On account of the conditions

which affect its development it will seldom be commercially available

for lime while the high percentage of magnesia makes it objectionable

for use in the manufacture of Portland cement.

RoME FoRMATION
The Rome formation is made up essentially of vari-colored argillaceous shades with some sandstones. The variable character of the shales and their low, silica-alumina ratio make them unattractive for use in the manufacture of Portland cement.

~68

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

CONNASAUGA SHALES AND LIMESTONES
The Connasauga formation consists essentially of argillaceous shales with some interb~dded lhnestones. The limestones. can be used for road metal, ballast, concret.e, and lime. The content of Magnesia is usually below 4 per cent., and in some 'Places there is no serious objection chemically against its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. However, the fact that not only the shales of this formation, but also those in adjacent formations, have a silica-alumina ratio considerably below 3 to 1 make the conditions unfavorable for the successful operation of a cement plant.
KNox DoLOMITE
The Knox dolomite in Bartow County is usually exposed only in the upper portion of the formation. This portion Qf the formation contains much chert which is found both as layers and as nodules. The crushed dolomite can be used for road metal, ballast, concrete, fluxing, etc. The burned stone makes a: highgrade lime. The high percentage of n1agnesia prohibits its use in the manufacture of Portland cement, but at the same time there ;;tre certain beds which will make an excell:ent na:tura:l' :ce1nent~'
CHICKAMAUGA LIMESTONES .A.ND RocKMART SHALES
In the extreme southwest ,.p.orfioi1 of the country there are some exposures of the. Chicamauga limestone and the Rockmart shales. The limestone is valley forming and the conditions whic~ affect its development prevent its use in this county in the manufacture of Portland cement. The Rockmart shales are eminently suitable 111 every way as a mix in the manufacture of Portland cement.
DESORIPTI:ON OF INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIE8
Two miles so,uth of Sophia (Ma'P location 1 B) .-The Beaver limestone is exposed at a point about two miles south of Sophia, on the east side .of the road between Sophia and Grassdale. The limestone outcrops over a stratigraphic thickness of about 30 feet and is overla~n by shales of the Rome formation.
The limestone is heavy-bedded and massive, semi-crystalline, and of a gray-blue to dark-blue color. The shales which overlie the

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 269

limestone are considerably metamorphosed and contain much secondary amorphous quartz in the form of stringers. The shales are characteristically fissile and of variegated color. The rocks strike N. 78 E., and dip 20 NW.
The following analyses show the .chemical composition of this limestone and shale:

Anal)'Ses of Limestone and Shale} 2 J}1iles South of Sophia

I

I

.

Limestone I Shale

Sample No.____________________________________________ 319

320

------------------------------------------4--------,1 ------

Moisture at 100 C _____________________________________ ----------1I .80

L oss on 1. gmt10n ___________ -. ______________________________________ I ~1 . 70

Lime (CaO)____________________________________________ 30.30

.44

Magnesia (MgO)______ __ ___ ___ ___ ____ ____ _______________ 19.56 2. 90

Alumina (AlzOs) ______ --- ___________ - _-- _------ __ -- _~- __ -- __ -_----I1 29. 44

Ferric oxide (Fe:.aOs)---'----------------------------------1 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ___________________ --- ____ - ------ ~~
Phosphorus pentoxide (P205)---------------------------Silica (Si02)-------------------------------------------Soda (Na20) ______________________________ - ____ ____ ____

1.26 I 6.80
1-------- .00 I_-------
.02
1. 76 1 48.64 . 08 1 1. 22

i Potash (K20)------------------------------------------

.10 1 1.48

Manganese (MnO) _____________________________ --- _-- __ - _----- - -- tr.

1-------- Titanium dioxide (Ti02) _________________________________________ -I .82

Clay bases_____________ --------------------------------

. 78

Loss on ignition--------~--------------------------------

46.14

_______ _

1
I
1 100. oo Iroo. oo

Folsom (Map location 2 B) .--At a point several hundred feet west of Cedar .Creek and just north of the Adairsville-Fairmount public road a dark-blue, heavy-bedded somewhat fine-grained limestone of the Connasauga formation is exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of from 50 to 75 feet. The limestone occupies a small hill and extends from the base to the t~p of the hill, a verti<?al height of about 40 feet. The stone is badly weathered, contains much secondary calcite and is very similar in lithologic character and chemical composition to other limestones found in th~ same formation throughout this area. The strike is N. 20 E., and the dip 30 NW.
Fottr miles east of Folsom (Map location 3B) .--Four miles east

270

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

of Folsom, just east of the road which parallels Rocky Branch, the limestones of the Connasauga ~ormation are exposed on the property of Mr. Nally. The limestone is dark-blue, fi.ne...grained, and appears to be somewh?-t heavy-bedded. It occupies three low hills and out~rops across the strike for about 150. feet.
The following analyses show the composition of samples taken across the strike fl'om the several points designated on the map :
Analyses of Lin'testone) 4 Miles East of Folsom

Sample No. ___ - __ -- _____________________________________ _ 321

322

Lhne (CaO)---------------------------------------------Magnesia (MgO) ______________ --------.,-- ____________ :.. ____ _ . Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ________________ ---- _________________ _ Sulphu~ trioxide (SOa) ------------------------------------

51.80 2.00
.12 .00

Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s)-----------------~--------:-----. .02

Silica (Si02)-- _ -- ---- _______ _:____ - _____ -------------- _- __ 1.50

Clay bases----------------------------------------------- 1.16 Loss on ignition ___ ,--- ___________________________________ _ 43.40

52.74 1. 65
.96 .00 .01 1.10 .32 43.22

100.00 100.00

Georgia Green Slate Company (Map location 4 B).~.The quarry

of the Georgia Green Slate Company is located on the Louisville and

Nashville Railroad about 11,4 . miles northeast of Boliver station~

The slates belong to the Connasauga formation which at this point.

is made up of green slates and grayish-blue limestone. The quarry

recently opened has been worked along the strike to a depth of about.

35 feet. The strike is N. 50'0 E., and the dip 13 SE.

'

The following analysis shows the character of an average sample-

which was taken .over the entire quarry exposure :

Analysis of Georgia Green Slate

(Sample No. 323)

Moisture at 100 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L.oss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Li1ne (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mag11esia (MgO) ... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (A.120a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fe.rric oxide (Fe20a) .............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.28 5.11
.73 2.50 22.60 1.68

APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU ABEAS 271

Ferrous oxide (FeO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphur t.rioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5 ) . Silica (Si02 ) . . Soda (Na20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potash (K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manganese (MnO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'L'itanium dioxide (Ti02) . Carbon dioxide (C02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.74 .37 tr.
55.30 1.40 2.90 .08 .73 .83

100.25

Ladd Lime Company (Map location 5 B) .-The property of the

Ladd Lime Company is located on the Seaboard Railroad about two

miles southwest of Cartersville.

The quarry opening is along the southeast end of Ladd Mountain,

in the upper portion of the Knox dolomite. Al-ong the eastern edge

of this mountain there is a fault zone of conglomerate which has a

width of about 15 feet. This fracture zone is made up of bluish-gray

and light gray angular fragments of dolomite cemented together by

calCareous and siliceous matrix. The rocks have been much shattered

,

and broken for a distance in places of 50 feet on the west side of the

fault. Frequently large quantities of silica and clay impurities are con-

tained in this rock mass. After the fracturing of these rocks took

place underground waters carrying lime in solution deposited it in

these open fissures, so that they are partially filled with calcite which,

however, is never in sufficient quantity to be of any commercial im-

portance. West of the fractured zone the strike is N. 50 E., and the

dip 32 SE.

Three systems of joints aid greatly in quarrying the stone. How-

ever, their abundance will probably prohibit the use of the stone for

building purposes. One system of joints filled with clay has aj

general east and west direction; the second system has a general

northeast and southwest direction; while the third system intersects

these two systems of joints.

The following section was made in what is known as quarry No. 1,

which will give a general id...ea of the physical character of the stone:

272

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Section) Ladd Lime Company)s Quarry

Sample Unit

No. No.
-' 10

9

324

8

325

7

{ 326
'

6 5

4

3

327

2

328

1

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Cherty dolomite______________________ 15Q-200

Sandy dolomite (not sampled)_________

3

Grayish-b~ue dolomite containing a three-inch layer of chert at a point
. 3 feet above the bottom_____________ _ Gray dolomite______________________ _ Grayish-blue dolomite________________ _ Datk~blue dolomite __________________ _
Sandy dolomite with rron and clay impurities. This unit contains too many impurities for lime burning or
fluxing S:tone.; not' sampled..:____ :- _"" ___ _
Sandy, soin~wh~t ,ir4consolidated dol-. omite _________ '-- __________ -.- ______ .
Grayish-blue dolomite _______________ _ Gray dolomite; quarry floor.., __________ _

10 22 15.5
5.5
10
3 5.8 21.9

296.7
96:7
93.7 83.7 61.7 46.2:
40.7
30.7 27.7 21.9

The followi"ng chemical analyses shows the composition of the
units described above:
Y.Ina:tysb of Dolomite> Lada Lt111;e Co4Ytp7lny

Sample N<L~'-~ __.:. ___ L~':. ~ :.;______ ~ 324
Unit No._-----~-"' __ -~.- _______ ~-_ ''8

Lim...e.<.,(.C..a.O).:._.___.. _____.__.__. ___'____._ _

Magnesia (l\1g0) -~--- --- --'- -----Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ____ ,_ ________

Silicv Clay

b(aSsie0s2_i_~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_~_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_

Loss on ignitibn__________________

3'1.37 14.'74 1.09 22.03
.33 30.44

325 7
33.62 14.89 1.19 5.00
.76 44.54

326 5..,6
24.70 13.90 1. 08 2.96
1.13 56.23

32'1 2
34,33 18.85
.85 . 57 1.33 44.07

328 1
31.59 20.72
.72 . .16 1.33 45.37

1oo.oo 10o.oo ioo:oo 1oo.oo 1oo.oo

Specific gravity___________________ 2. 73 2.84

2.85 2.87

CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT
The dolomite is exposed 'from the top to the bottom of the quarry over a stratigraphic thickness of 91 feet, while the cherty dolomite-

LIMESTONE AND CEMENT MATERIALS OF GEORGIA

PLA1'1i: XX II

A. LADD LIME COMPANY, LOCA'fED ABOU1.' 2 l\llLE OUTHWEST OF CAR'fERSVILLE, BARTOW
COUNTY, SHOWING LADD UOUNTAIN, Ll1IE KIT,NS, AND CRUSllED STONE BINS

B. LIME KILNS AND CEMENT MILL, HOWARD HYDRAULIC CE~1ENT COMPANY, CEMENT, GEORGIA

APPALA"CHIAN VALLEY AND CUMB.ERL.d.ND PLATEAU AREAS 273:
extends from the top of the quarry to the top of the mountain. The horizontal extent of the exposure along the east side of the mountain is about 1,000 feet. The quarries are located about 40 feet above the general level of the valley, so that drainage is natural and the quarries should always be dry. The kilns are so situated that the stone can be conveyed from the quarry to the kilns by means of a. gravity tram. The rock best suited for lime consists of units 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7. Units 1 and 2 are best suited for paper manufacture, fluxing stone, lining of furnaces, and glass manufacture, while units 5, 6, 7,. and 8 can also be used for like purposes. As long as the cherty dolomite is quarried previous to that of the underlying dolomite and used: for ballast, concrete, etc., it can not be considered as overburden.
DEVELOPMENT
The quarry is an open cut. The rock is drilled and blasted from place and then broken into convenient size for handling. It is loaded. on cars of a gravity tram and taken either to the crusher or to the kilns. The kilns are four in number, about 40 feet in height with separate feed. Wood is used as a fuel. The lime is packed in barrelsor shipped in bulk.
USES
The individual beds of the quarry differ both in their physical and. chemical character and different beds are best adapted for certain uses. This dolomite can be used for the lining of furnaces, for blast furnace :flux, in the manufacture of :flint and plate glass, concrete, ballast, road metal, for the sulphite process in the manufacture of paper, and for mortars and plasters. The value of this lime for agricultural purposes. depends both on the character of the soil and the nature of the crop tobe grown.
Howa.rd Hydraulic Cement Compawy (Map location 6 B).-The property of the Howard Hydraulic Cement Company is located on the Western and Atlantic Railroad at Cement station. Natural cement rock as previously stated was found at this point in the year 1850 by the Rev. Charles H. Howard, of Charleston, S. C. A compan was.

274

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

organized in 1851, and the manufacture of a natural cement was begun during that year.
GEOLOGICAL RELATIONS
The natural cement rock is found in the Knox dolomite formation. Otto Veatch, former assistant State geologist, furnished the following section:
Section, HowMd Hydraulic Cement Company.

Sample Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

329

3 Dolomite and residual clay anti flint.

Upper "Cement strata"; 20 inches

of rock occuring near the middle of

of this strata; contains too high per-

centage of lime for use __ ~'"--------~- 5.9 2 Bastard :rock________________________ _ 11

1 Black :fine-grainBd compact dolomite

intimatBly veined with coarsely

crystalline calcite; lower layer ca:p.

be used alone or can be mixed about

half and half with the upper layer,

in places too calcitic to be used______ ..

7

Some thin seams of black :flint, about

one-half inch thick occur but not abundant_________________________ _

23.9 18
7

'

'

The following analyses show the composition of the units described

above:

Analyses of Dolomite, Howard Hydraulic Cement Company

Sample__________________________________________________ 329 330

Unit No------------------------------------------------- 3

1

Lime (CaO)-,--------------------------------------------- 32.10 Magnesia (MgO) ________ ___ _______ _______ __ ________ ______ 4. 10
Aluinina (AbOa)------------------------------------------ } 2 48 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) -------------------------------------- Silica (Si02)---------- _____ ------- ___ ___ ____ __ ______ ____ __ 28.42
Loss on ignition_ _________________________________________ 32. 90

29.50 16.30 3.59 { 1. 55 7.15 41.91

100.00 100.00

.APP.ALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 275

CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT
The natural cement beds are se:rarated from one another by dolomite which is not suitable for the manufacture of a natural cement. On this account the natural "cement rock" can be most economically won by mining. The dip of the beds is only go, so that the slope of the drifts is gentle.
DEVELOPMENT
The stone is blasted from place in the mine and broken, so that it can be handled by the miner. It is then loaded by hand on small cars and conveyed to the kilns along an incline. The kilns are of the dometype and six in number. Four upright kilns are jacketed with steel and lined with fire brick, clay occupying the span between the jacket and the lining. These four kilns have a daily capacity of 75 barrels each. Two kilns have their exteriors built of rock. These rock-jacketed kilns, have a daily capacity of 40 barrels each. The kilns are all 25 feet in length. They are charged with fuel and cement rock in alternate layers. It requires about three days for thorough calcination to take place. The calcined rock is drawn at the bottom of the kiln and conveyed to a frustrum and cone crusher, and the crushed clinker is conveyed by elevator buckets to a screen of 100 mesh. The material which does not pass through the screen is conveyed to buhrstones where it is ground. It is then sacked for shipment.
The following analyses show the composition of the Howard cement:
Analyses of Howard Hydraulic Cement
------ ------------------------------;----..,.----
l _________c_l_n_st_i_tu_e_n_t_s_____________________________l___ r ___ II

Lime (CaO) __________ ----------- _--------- ____ ----------Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________________ _
Alumina (AbOs) ____ -------------------------------------
Ferric oxide (Fe20s)-------------------------------------Silica (Si02)----------------------------------------------

48.181 48.86 15.00 18.14
3. 35 '} 11.60
7.23
22.58 19.50

I Cummings, Urilvh, American Cements, 1898, p. 35. II W. M. BoWTon, analyst, Eckel, E. C., Clements, Limes and Plasters, 1907, p. 253.

276

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

Clifford Lime and Stone CompaWJ' (Map location 7 B) .-The property of the Clifford Lime and Stone Company is located three miles northwest of Kingston, on a spur track of the Western and Atlantic Railroad.
GEOLOGIC RELATIONS
The entire exposure belongs to the Knox dolorhite formation. The dolomite is largely crystalline, of a bluish-gray or light-gray color and breaks with an mi.even fracture. The lower strata in the quarry contain layers and nodules of c11ert which should be separated from the dolomite and should never be allowed to enter the kiln.
The dolomite outcrops for about 450 feet in a horizontal direction
N. 75 W., and not more than 50. feet in a vertical direction. This
constitutes the quarry exposure. The quarry is situated above the general level of the valley so that the drainage is natural and with the proper quarry development a very considerable tonnage of d'olomite is available above water level. The overburden consists. of about 10 feet of resid~al red c1ay soil. The dip is 15 SW.
Section of Cen1,ent Strata) Clifford Lime and Stone Compa1iy

Sa:rii.ple No.
-
331

Unit No.
6 5 4 3
2
1

Description of Units

Total

Thickness Thickness

feet

feet

Dark-gray, fine-grained "cement rock"~_

2.3

Chert _______________________________

.1

7.3 5.4

Dark-gray,fine-grained "cement rock'' Chert _______________________________

.7 .1

5.3 4.6

Black cement rock____________________

1.2

4.5

Dark-gray, fine-grained "cement rock" __

3.3

3.3

I
The analysis of sample 331 shows the general chemical character

of the entire exposure. Chert was omitted in sampling. Sample 332 shows the chemical composition of the natural cement strata.

I

APPALACHIAN VALLET AND CUMBERLAKD PLATEA0 AREAS 277

Analyses of Dolon1,ite, Clifford Lime and Stone Company Development

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_,_

331
_ _1-6

, I '

-

332
---

Lime (CaO) ____ - - - - - - - - - ------- - ------- - - --- -- -- - _- - -- __ 31. 16 i1 25. 00

Magnesia. (MgO) ______________ - ___ - ______________________ 18. 37 [ 16. 00

1{ Alumina (Alz03)----------------------------------------

jl

'.)..

')O
~

I

2.86

Ferric oxide (Fcz03) -------------------------------------

2.60

------! . Sulphur trioxide (SOsi ------------------------------

i 1
00

. 00

Phosphorus pentoxide (Pz05) ______________________________ [ 4.29 I 15.40
Silica (SiOz) ________________________________________ ------( 4:3.98 I 38.13

!

-~

' 100.00 ! 100.00

DEVELOPMENT
The rock is drilled and blasted from place, then broken into conenient size to be handled by the quarryman, loaded on cars and conveyed by rope pulley along an incline to the kilns or taken to the crusher.
There are two bottle-shaped kilns, steel or iron jacketed, with a daily capacity of about 125 barrels each. The kilns are about 30 feet in height and 12.3 feet in their greatest diameter. The dolomite and fuel are fed in alternate layers at the top and the burnt stone is drawn at the bottom of the kilns. The calcined dolomite is then loaded into wheelbarrows and dumped into a small Walker and Elliott crusher. The grindings from this crusher pass over screens, the fines going to the bins and the coarse material to the buhrstones. It is then sacked. The brand and trade name is "Etowah."
USES
This dolomite will make a good building lime, when calcined, and can also be used for the following purposes : blast furnace, manufacture of flint and plate glass, manufacture of paper, and crushed stone ij)roducts.
The fact that the stone is a dolomite running high in magnesia pre~ vents its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. It is very probable that the "natural cement rock strata" is too thin to be of any com mercial value in the manufacture of natural cement.
Pa.ul F. Ahn property (Map location 8 B) .-The Paul F. Akin quarry is located one-fourth mile northeast of Cave station and about 400 feet north of the Kingston-Cartersville road. The rock consists of

278

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA

the Knox dolomite which is gray heavy-bedded and massive in appearance, fine-grained and partly crystalline. The vertical extent of the outcrop is about 37 feet, of which only about 17 feet is suitable for use in the manufacture of lime. The outcrop along the strike extends only a short distance, due to the covering of chert. The quarry is on the east side of the hill about 2,5 feet above the valley level. The overburden at the quarry consists of about 15 feet of chert.
The rock is quarried and broken into convenient size for handling by the quarryman. It is then loaded on wheelbarrows and taken to the kiln. One kiln, built of stone and lined with fire brick, has a height of 25 feet. Limesto!le is added a_t the top and wood is used in separate fire boxes at the bottom of the kiln. The calcined rock is drawn below the fire boxes. The stone has only been burned for local use.
The following section was made at this locality :
Section of Exposure on Paul F. Akin Property

Sample ''Unit No. No.

Description of Units

Total

Thickness ThickL.ess

feet

feet

..

3 Unconsblidated soil, chert and cherty

333

{ 2

.dolomite__ ..: ________________________ Cherty dolomite______________________

15 5

25 10

1 Light grayish-blue dolomite____________

5

5

Base of stone kiln ____________________

0

0

The following analysis shows the composition of the lower 17 feet

of the exposure :

Analysis of Dolomite) Paul F. Akin Prope1'ty

(Sample No. 333; Units No.1, 2 and lower 7 Feet of Unit No.3)

Lime (QaO) ...................................... . Magnesia (MgO) ............ '..................... . Ferric oxide (Fe20 8) Sulphur trioxide (BOa) ............................ . ~ Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) Silica (Si02) Clay bases........................................ . Soda (N~O) ..................................... . :Potash (K20) .................................... . Loss on ignition .................................. .

29.46 18.92
.62 .00 .02 4.82 1.04 .10 .18 44.84

100.0(}

APPENDIX

SPECIFICATIONS

The following specifications for Portland cement by the U. S. Government are taken from the advance chapter mineral resources of the United States Geological Survey, 1911:
Since June, 1911, a committee composed of Government engineers in conference with representative consumers and manufacturers and special committees of the national engineering societies, has been engaged in formulating a single specification for Portland cement to be used by' all departments of the Government. This committee has had in view the desirability of an agreement between the specifications in use by the public and those adopted by the Government. At a departmental conference held February 13, 1912, a set of liberal specifications was unanimously adopted, and simultaneously with their publication the following Executive

order was issued :

EXECUTIVE ORDER.

It is hereby ordered that all Portland cement that may hereafter be purchased by any department, bureau, office, or independent establishment of the Government, or that may be used in construction work connected with any of the aforesaid branches of the Government service, shall conform in every respect to the specification for Portland cement aclopted by the departmental conference at the meeting held at the Bureau of Standards on Febnary 13, 1912, and approved iby the .beads of the several departments (to be known as the United States Government specification for Portbnd cement): Provided, however, that such specifica.tion may be modified from time to time by any similar departmental conference, with the approval of the heads of the several departments.
WI!ii. H. TAl!'T.
THE WHITE HousE,
April 30, 1912.

280

.APPENDIX

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT SPECIFICATION FOR PORTLAND CEMENT!

Definition.-1. The cement shall be the product obtained by :finely pulverizing clinker produced by calcining to incipient fusion an intimate mixture of properly proportioned argillaceous and calcareous su~stances, with only such additions subsequent to calcining as may be ~ecessary to control certain properties. Such additions shall not exceed 3 per cent. by weight, of the calcined product.
Co1nposition.-2. In the :finished cement the following limits shall not be exceeded:
Per cent. L~ss on ignition for '15 minutes_______________________ 4
Insoluble residue ------------------------------------- 1 Sulphuric anhydride (S0 1. 75 3) ---,-------------------------:
Magnesia (MgO) ------------------------------------ 4
Specific gravity.-3. The speci:fic gravity of the. cement shall not be less than 3.10. Should the cement as received fall below this requiTement, a second test may be made upon a sample heated for 30 minutes ut a ve:ry dull red heat.
Fineness.-4. Ninety-two per cent. of the cenient' by weight, shall pass thxough the No. 100 sieve, and 75 per cent. shall pass through the No. 200 sieve.
Soundness.-5. Pats of neat ceni:ent "pt:epaTed and treruted as 'hereinafter prescribed shall remain :firm and hard and. show no sign of distortion, checking, cracking, or disintegrating._ .If the c~ment fails to meet. Mre prescribed steaming
test, the ceme:itt may;'be rejectea or tlie stea:rhirig te~t repeated after seven or
ni.Ol'e days, at the option of the engineer.
Time of setting.-=-6~ The cement. shall not .acquire its i~itial set in less than
45 minutes and must have acquired its :final set within ld hours. Tensile strength.-7. Briquets made of neat cement, .after being kept in moist
air for 24 hour~> and the rest of the time in water, shall develop tensile strength per square inch as follows:
Pounds.
t After days-------------------,----------------------- 500
After 28 days______ ----------------------------------- 600
8. Briquets made up of 1 part cement and 3 parts standard Ottawa sand, by weight, shall develop tensile .strength per square inch as follows:
Pounds. After 7 days__________________________________________ 200
After 28 days----------------------------------------- 275
9. The average of the tensile strength developed at each age by the briquets in any set made from one sample is to be considered the strength of the sample at that age, excluding any results that are manifestly faulty.
'
1United States Government specification for Portland Cement: Cir. Bur. Standards No. 33, U. S. Dept. Com. and Labor, M-ay 1, 1912.

APPENDIX

281

10. The average strength of the sand-mortar briquets at 28 days shall show an increase over the average strength at 7 days.
Brand.-11. Bids for furnishing cement or for doing work in which cement is to be-used shall state the brand of cement proposed to be furnished and the mill at which made. The right is reserved to reject any cement which has not establis'hed itself as a high-grade Po.rtland cewent and has not been made by the same mill for two years and given satisfaction in use for at least one year under climatic and other conditions at least eq11al in severity to those of the work proposed.
Packages.-12.. The cement shall be delivered in sacks, barrels, or ethel' suitable packages (to be speci:fied by the engineer), and shall be dry and free from lumps. Each package shall be plainly labelt=ld with the name of the brand and of the manufacturer.
13. A sack of cement shall contain 94 pounds net. A barrel sl1all contain 376 pounds net. Any package that is short weight or broken or that contains damaged cement may be rejected, or accepted as a fractional package, at the 'Option of the engineer.
Inspection.-14. The cement shall be tested in accol'dance with the standard methods hereinafter prescribed . In general the cement wiH be inspected and tested after deliYery, but partial or complete inspection at the mill may be ca1led for in the speci:fications or contract. Tests may be ma.de to, determine the chemical composition, specific gravity, :fineness, soundness, time of setting, and tensile strength, and a cement may be rejected in case it fails to meet any Qf tbe specified requirements. i1.n agent of the contractor may be present at the making of the tests or they may be repeated in his rresence,
15. In case of failure of any of the tests, and if the contractor so desires, the engineer may, :if l1e deem it to the interest of the United States, have any or all of the tests made or repeated by the Bureau of Standards, United States Department of Commerce and Lal)or, in the manner hereinafter specified, all expenses of such tests to be paid by the contractor. .:\11 such tests shall be made on samples furnished by the engineer.
After these articles of specification the subject is continued in detail in the Bureau of Standards circular under the heads. "Standard methods of testing," "Methods of chemical analysis." "Interpretation of results," and "Auxiliary specifications," the last being mainly Bureau of Standards specifications for certain apparatus to be used in making tests. Under "Interpretation of results" a number of points are discussed that are of great importance 111 connection with the specifications quoted above.
INTERPRETA'rJON OF RESDLTS.1
CHEMICAL.
The composition of norma) Portland cement has been the subject of a great deal of investigation, and it can be said that the quantities of silica, alumina,
1Circ. Bur. Standards No, 33, U. S. Dept. Commerce and Labor, May 1, 1912.

282

APPENDIX

oxide of iron, lime, magnesia, and sulphuric anhydride can vary within fairly

wide limits without materially affecting the quality of the material.

A normal American Po.rtland cement which meets the standard specifications

for soundness, setting time, and tensile strength has an approximate composition

within the following limits:

Per cent.

Silica (Si02) ----------------'--------------------

19-25

Alumina (Al 02 3 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' - -

5-9

Iron oxide (Fe 02 8 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lime (CaO) ~------------------------~---~------Magnesia (MgO) ______________________.:_________

2--4 60-64 1--4

Sulphur trioxide (803) -------------.,--------------

1-1.75

Loss on ignition_________________________________ 0.5-3.00

Insoluble residue --'-~--------------------------- 0.1-1.00 It is also true that a number of cements have been made both here and

abroad which have passed all standard physical tests in which these limits have

been exceeded in one or more particulars, and it is equally true that a sound

and satisfa.ctory cement does not necessarily result from th~ above composition.

It is probable that further investigation will give a clearer understanding of

t'he constitution of Portland cement, but at pre-sent chemical analysis furnishes

but little indication of the quality of the material.

Defective cement usually results from imperfect m::mufadure, not from

faulty composition. Cement made from \rery :finely ground material, thoroughly

mixed and properly burned, may be perfectly sound when containing more than

the usual quantity of lime, while a cement low in lime may be entirely unsound

due to carelEiss manufactur-e.

'Fh'e ana;lysis of a cement will show the unirorniity in com-position of the

produ.ct from individual m:ills, but will furnish little or no indication of the

qualit;y of the material. Occasio'llal analysis slibuld, however, be made for

record and to determine the quantity of su-lp'huric anhydride and magnesia

present.

The ground clinker as it comes from the mill is usually quick setting which

requires correction. This is usually accomplished by the. addition of a small

quantity of mor.e or less hydrated calcium sulphate, either gypsum or plaster

of Paris. Experiep.ce and practice have. shown that an addition of 3 per cent.

or less is sufficient for the purpose.

Three per cent. of calcium sulphate (CaS04) contain& about 1.75 per cent. sulphuric anhydride (SOa), and as this has been considered the maximum

quantity necessary to control time of s~t, the specification limits the 803 content to 1.75 per cent.

The specification prohibits the addition of any material subsequent to calcination except the 3 per cent. of calcium sulphate permitted to regulate time

of set. Other additions may be d.i:fficult or impossible to detect even by a

careful mill inspection during the process of manufacture, but as the normal

adulterant would be ground raw material, an excess of "insolubie residne"

would reveal the addition of siliceous material, and an excess in "lo-ss on

ignition'' would point to the addition of calcareous material when either is

p.dded in sufficient quantity to make the adulteration profitable.

APPENDIX

283

The effect of relatively small quantities of magnesia (MgO) in normal Portland cement, while still under investigation, can be considered harmless. Earlier investigators believed that as magnesia had a slower rate of hydration than lime, the hydration of any free magnesia (MgO) present would occur after the

-cement had set and cause disintegration. The effect of magnesia was considered especially injurious when the cement
was exposed to the action of sea water. More recent investigation has shown that cement can be made which is perfectly sound undet all conditions when containing 5 per cent. of magnesia and it has also been found that the lime in Portland cement exposed to sea water is replaced by magnesia.
The maximum limit for magne8ia has been set at 4 per cent., as it has been established that this quantity is not injurious and it is high enough to permit the use of large quantities of raw material available in most sections of the

Country.

PHYSICAL.

Specific gTavity.-The specific gravity is obtained from the formula:

Weight of cement in grams.

Specific gravity=



Displaced volume in cubic centimeters.

The specific gra.-ity of a Portland cement is not an indication of its cementing value. It will vary with the constituents of the cement, especially with the content of iron oxide. Thus the white or very li~ht Portland cements, containing only a fraction of a per cent. of iron oxide, usually have a comparatively low specific gravity ranging from 3.05 to 3.15, while a cement cont'llining. 3 to 4 per cent. or more of iron oxide may :n::,ve a specific gravity of 3.20 or even higher. It is materially affected by the temperature and duration of burning the cement, the hard-hurned cemeUL having the higher specific gravity. A comparatively low specific gravity does not necessarily indicate that a cement is underburned or adulterated, as large percentages of raw materials could be added to a cement with a normally high specific gra-vity befo.re the gravity would be xed11Ced below 3.10.
If a Portland cement fresh Tom the mill normally has a comparativeJy low specific gravity, upon aging it may absorb sufficient moisture and carbon dioxide to reduce the gnvit:y below 3.10. It has been found that this does not appreciably affect the .cementing value of the material; in fact, many cements are unsound until they have been aged. Thus a redetermin:ttion is permitted upon a sample heated to a temperature sufficient to drive off any moisture >vhicb might be absorbed by the cement subsequent to manufacturing, but would not drive off any carbon dioxide nor correct underburning i:J. the process of manufacturing the cement.
The value of the specific gravity determination lies in the fact that jt is easily made in the :field or laboratory, and when the normal specific gravity of the cement is known, any considerable variation in quality due to unde.rburning or the addition of foreign materials may be detected.
Fineness.-Only the extremely :fine powder of cement called flour possesses appreciable cementing qualities and the coarser particles are practically :inert.

No sieve is fine enough to determine the flour in a cement, nor is there any 0ther means of accurately and practically measuri1Jg the :flour. Some cements

284

APPENDIX

grind ea-sier than others; thus, although a larger percentage of one cement may pass'the 200-mesh sieve than another, the former may have a smaller percentage of actual :flour due to the difference in the hardness and the character of the clinker and the method used in grinding. Thus the cementing value of different cements can not be compared directly upon their apparent fineness through a 200-mesh sieve. With cement from the same mill, with similar clinker and grinding machinery, however, it is propable that the greater the percentage which passes the 200-mesh sieve the greater the percentage of flour in that particular cement.
No1mal consistency.-The quantity of water used in making the paste from which the pats for SO'\.mdness, tests of setting, and the briquets. are made is very important and may vitally affect the results obtain:Jd. The determination consists in measuring the quantity of water required to bring a cement to a certain state of plasticity.
In determining the noxma;t consistency by the ball method, aftex mixing the paste it should be for:tned into a ball with as little worldng as possible and a new batch of cement should be mixed for each trial paste. .In orde.r to obtain just the requisite quantity of paste .to for:tn a ball 2 inches in diameter, a measure made from a pipe with a 2-inch inside diameter cut Ph inches long would be found convenient. The sectioR of pipe should be open at bot'h ends, so that it can be pushed down into the paste on the mixing. table and the excess paste cut off wit"h a trowel. The appearance of the ball, using the correct percentage of water for normal consistency as compa1ed with a less and g.reaier quantity of water, is. [illustrated in the Bureau of Standards circular].
Mixin'fj'::;;--The homogeneity of the cement paste is dependent upon the thoro1ig{I.Jiess of the 'mbdng, and this may. have considerable infl.nence upon the time of SE;Jtting and the strength Of the briq1.1ets.
Soiina1ie.sis;__:Th:e pul'p6Se bf' th:1s test is to detect those qualities in a cement which tend to destroy the strength and durability. Ur.soundness is usually manifested by a change in volume, w'hic'h causes cracking, swelling, or disintegration. If the pat is not properly made, or if it is p}aced where it w~ll be subject to any drying during the fir.st .24 hours, it may develop what are known as shrinkage cracks, which are. not an indication of unsoundness. and Should
not be confused with disintegration cracks. * * * No shrinkage cracks
should develop after the first 24 or 28 hours. The .failure of the pats to remain on the glass nor the cracking of the glass to which t'he pat is attached does not necessarily indicate unsoundness. In molding the pats the. cement paste should first be :flattened on the glass. and the pat formed by drawing the trowel from
the outer edge toward the center. * * * Time of setting.-The purpose of this test is to determine the time which
elapses from t'he moment water is added until the paste ceases to be plastic and the time required for it to obtain a certain degree of hardness. The determination of the "initial set," or when plasticity ceases, is. t.he more important, as a disturbance of the material after this time may eause a loss of strength, and thus jt is important that the mi:x:ing and molding o-r the incorporating of the material into tlie work be accomplis.hed within this time. The time of setting is usually determined upon one of the pats which is to be used for the

APPENDIX

285

soundness test, the top surface being flattened somevvhat. * * * In using the Gillmore needies care should be taken to apply the needles in a vertical position and perpendicular to the surface of the pat. An arrangment [has been perfected] for mounting the Gillmore needles so that they are always perpendicular to the surface of the pat. 'fhe rate of r:;etting and hardeni.,., g may be materially affected by slight changes in temperature. The percentage of water used in gaging and the humidity of the moigt closet in which the test pieces are _.stored may also affect the setting somewhat.
Tensile tests.-Consistent results can only be obtained by exercising great care in molding and testing the briquets. The correct method of filling the mold [is illustrated in the circular]. In testing, the sides of the briquet and the clips should be thoroughly cleaned and free from grains of sand or dirt, which would prevent a good bearing, and the briquet should be carefully centered in the clips so as to avoid cross strains. It 'may be considered good laboratory practice if the individual briquets of any set do not show a greater .-ariation from the mean Yalue than 8 per cent. for sanJ mixtures and 12 per eedt. for neat mixtures.

INDEX

Page A
Ada, Oklahoma, analyses of raw materials and cement from___________________ 71
Advantages of hydrated lime_______________ 24 Akin, Paul F., property oL---------~---277-278
Analysis of dolomite from______________ 278 Section of exposure_____________________ 278 Alabama, cement development in__________.68-70 Alabama Portland Cement Company________ 70 Alamo Cement Company-------------------- 72 Analysis of cement from________________ 72
AAlmuimcainlooluas Mshaarlbelse --q-u-a-r-r-ie--s_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 12277
. Analysis of marble from----------------, 12Z Ap1son shale -------------------------------~6-81
General distribution of__________________ 86 Lithologic character oL________________ 86
Paleontology of ------------------------ 87 Appalachian mountains, geology of- _______82-83
Limestones and cement materials oL-115128 Physiography of ------------------------ 75 Structure of ----------------------------77-78 Appalachian valley and Cumberland plateau,
geology of ------------------------83-108 Limestones and cement materials oL-1'29278 Physiography of -----------------------7577 Structure of ---------------------------- 78 Appendix --------------------------------279-285 Aragon Springs --------------------------154155 Analysis of limestone from______________ 155
AragAonnalsytsaitsioonf l-i-m-e-s-t-o-n--e--f-ro--m--__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 115544
Argillaceous limes ------------------------- 23 Armuchee chert -------------------------100101
Areal distribution oL ________________l00-101 Lithologic character oL ________________ 101 Paleontology of ----~------------------- 101 Aspdin, John -----------------------------32, 33 AtLanta Steel Company, analyses of dolo-
mites and limestones used by______ 6 Atlantic and Gulf Portland Cement Qo___6970
Analyses of raw materials and cement from -------------------------------- 69
Attix, J. C., cited-------------------------- 36
B
BaldAnMaloyusnistaionf -l-im--e-"st-o--n-e--f-r-o--m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_8_4__-118855 Bald Mountain Portland Cement Co_____15G157
Analyses of limestone from_____________ 157
BaldSuesc, tiConharolnes, --d-a-t-a--f-u-r-n-i-s-h-e-d---b-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 15772 Ballast ------------------------- __ ---- -----1112 Bangor formation -----105-107, 181-182, 199200,
Areal distribution of- ____________2_2_0_,__2_4_6-214075
Lithologic character oL--------------105-106 Paleontology of ---------------------106-107 Bartow County --------------------------267278 Description of individual localities in '268-278 BassG, eHoleongryy, ofpr-o-p-e--r-ty---o--f--_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_2_6_7__-216684 Analysis of limestone from ______________ 164

Page
BeacAhnaClyreseeks -o-f --li-m--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro--m--__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 117711
Section on ----------------------------- 171 Beaver limestone _____________85-86, 129, 159, 267
Areal .distribution of____________________ 86 Lithologic character of-________________ 86 Big PCaleedoanrtoCloregeyk -e-x-p--o-s-u-r-e-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-1-6-6-16867 Analyses of limestone from _____________ 167
Big Texas Valley---------------------------- 176 "Billy Walker" quarry-------------------111-112
Analysis of dolomite from_______________ 112
Section of ------------------------------ 111 Binford, 0. J., data furnished by___________ 74 Blast furnace flux___________________________ 34 Blast furnace slag, specifications for_______ 58 Bleininger, Albert Victor, quoted__________37-38
BowAernsalygsaeps -o-f--li-m--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro--m--_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 224411
Section at ------------------------------ 241 Bowron, W. M., cited--------------------36, 275 Brandenburg, Ky., analysis of lithographic
stone from ------------------------- 16 Brigham, S. Y., cited----------------------- o5 Brown, G. S., analyses furnished by________ 65 Brum property ----------------------------- 237
~na~yses of limestone from ____________ ~ 2~Z
..,ectlon on ----------------------------- 2;,1 Buckhorn Portland Cement Company_______ 65
Analyses of raw materials and cement from ------------------------------- 65
Buckles limestone quarry------------------- 182 Analysis of limestone from______________ 182
Buehler, H. A., cited_______________________ '21
BBuurilcdhianrgd, stEo.nesF.,--q--u-o-t-e-d-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-9-,-4-0-4112
Butts, Charles, cited ----------------------- 91
c
Calcareous cement materials---------------42-44 Calcareous shales --------------------------- 28 Calcium carbide --------------------------- 10 Calcium chloride --------------------------- 10 Calculation of cement mixtures___________ -47-49 Cambrian ----------------------------------83-90 Cambro-Ordovician ------------------------9192 Carbonaceous shales ------------------------ 28 Carbonic acid gas -------------------------10-11 Carboniferous ---------------------------102-108 Carmichael-Bradford process --------------- 8 Carpenter, Franklin P., quoted_____________ 7 Cassandra, one-half mile west oL ___________ 242
Section of exposure_____________________ 242 Cassandra, 1~ miles northwest of_ _________ 243
Analyses of limestone from______:_______ 243 Section of exposure_____________________ 243
CatlAetntalyGsaisp orfoalidm--e-s-to--n-e--f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- '222288
Section along -------------------------- 228 Catoosa County -------------------------245-257
Description of individual localities in :247-257 Geology of --------------------------245-247 Cave Spring, analyses of dolomite and soil
in vicinity oL_______________________ 15

"288

INDEX

Page "CedaArnaBllyusfefs -o--f--l-im---e-s-t-o-n-e---f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_2__5_6_-_'225577 "CedSarecGtiroonve,of2 -m--i-l-e-s--s-o-u-t-h-w--e-s-t--o-f---__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 225470
Analysis of limestone from ______________ 240 "CedaArnaPloysienst o-f---l-im--e--s-to--n-e---f-ro--m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_9_6__-119977

Section at ----------------------------- 197 "CedaArnaRly.isdegs(l o-f--l-i-m--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_'_2_6__1_-226622

..CedaSretcotwionn, ovnici-n-i-t-y---o-f_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 1256S2 Analysis of limestone from______________ 158

Cement development in the Southern SLates59-74

Cemen:ts, .evolution oL---------------------32-33

~Gartauprpalle

r

-

--------------------~-----------------------------------------33

-

31 38

Oxychloride ---------------------------~ 59

Portland -------------------------------41-58

Puzzolan ------------------------------- 58 Cement materials, argillaceoUS-------~~----44-45

Calcareous -----------------------------42-44 Determination of quality of_ __________ -49-50

Determination of quantity of- _________50-51 Cement mixtures, calculation of_ ________-47-49 Chamberlain, R.. P., analysis bY----~------ 71 Chattanooga black shale-------------~~--101-102
Areal distribution oL-----------------~- 101 Lithologic character of_ ______________lDl-102

C h aPt taaln' eooongt oal odgiys t r i-c-t-, --c-o-a-l-s--o--f-- -_-_-_-__-_~_-_-_-_-_-_--521-5032

Analyses of coal from----------------~- 53 Chattooga County -------------------~---179-199
Description of individual localities in.182-199

Geology of ---------------------"----179-182 ,Cherbkee County --------------------------- 128
Description of individual localitieS' in__ 1'28 'ChicGkeaomloaguyga ofCe-m--e-n-t---C-o-m~-p-a-n--y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-2-2-0-212268

Analyses of "hydrated portland lime"

maae Ana4yses

by of

------~~-:-~'------------------raw,.nlaterhils 'from_~-'-'----

225. 324.-

Conditions affecting development 6L_222-224

Geologic relations ----------------~--2'21-222

Hydrated lime manufactured bY----~--- 225

N.atura'l cement manufactured by____225;226

Section of quarries oL---------------222-223 Winning and preparation of raw mate-

rials -----------------------------224-225 'Chickaniaug,a fonnation ---------93-97, 130-131;
161-162, 180, 199, 219, 24p, 258, 265 Areal distribution oL------------------94-95 JJithologic character of- _______________95-96

Paleo~tology of --------------'---------96-97 -chickamauga limestone -------------------96-130 Chickamauga limestone and Rockmart shaleS' 2~1! Choctaw Portland Cement Works__________ 71
Analyses of raw materials and cement

Clark, Cfr.anM" ., -a-n-a--ly-s-e-s---b-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-3-6-, 22752

'()lays _-------------------------------------25-26 Chemical character , of-_________________ 26

POhriygsiincaol f c-h-a-r-a-c-t-e-r---o-f_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-

25 Z6

Uses of in manufacture of Portland ce-

{Jlifford nLleimnte a-n--d--S-t-o-n-e---C-o-m--p-a-n--y-~--------------2-7-6--27475 Analyses of dolomite from_____________ 277

Development of ------------------------ 277 Geologic relations oL-----------------'-- 276 Clinchfield Port1and Cement Corporation__66-67 Analyses of raw materialS' and cement .

Coals

acfrcoemssib-l-e-

-t-o-

-

------
~orth

-

-G-e--o-r-g-ia--_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-5-2-5637

Coals; analyses cf----------------------53, 54, 55 Common limes, classification of- __________21-23

Concrete ------------------------------------ 12

Page
Connasauga shales and limestones_SS-90, 159-160, 179-180, 219, 246, 258, 266, '268
Areal distribution oL~-----------------88-89 Lithologic character of_________________ 89
Paleontology of ------------------------ 90 Continuous kilns -------------------------- 19 Copeland, 2% miles southwest of_______235-236
Analysis of shale from_________________ 23G Copla~' Cement Company___________________ 33
Copper smelting ------------------------- 6-8 CouAltenralypsrisopoefrtlyime-s-t-o-n--e--f-ro--m-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 224400
Crushed limestone -------------------------11-12 CrysAtanlalMysaersbl6ef OmoamrpbalenYfr-o-r-i-:L--_-_---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_1__2_3_-11224
Section in quarry of_ ___________________ 123
Crystal Spring, 1% mile northwest oL ___190-191 Analyses of limestone and shale from__ 191
Cumberland Plateau, Geology oL _________83-108
Physiography of ------------------------ 77 Structure of ---------------------------- 78 Cummings, Uriah, cited -----------------36, 275
Q.uoted ---------------------------------- 32 Cyan amid ---------------------------------- 10

D

Dade County ----~------------------------199-218 Description of individual 'localities in_201-218 Geology of ---------~-----------------199-200
ballas, Texas, analyses of raw materials and
Daltcoenm, e4ntmfirloesm n-o-r-th--e-a-s-t--o-f-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-2-5-2-26733 Analysis of shale from __ ~-------------- 263
'I'wo miles due north oL _______________ 263 Analysis of limestone from_____________ 263
DanAtznlearlypsirsopoefrtylim-e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro--m--_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 226644 Davis, J. Scott, property .oL_______________ 16fl
Analysis. of limestone ofrbm_____________ 169
Davis; ..'vV.-...s., .ana1yses ,fV.rnished by______68, 148
Data supplied by ---------------------- 149 Davitte property ----~----------~-------155-156
Anal:)'ses of limestone from----~-~------ 156 Section on -~~------~-~----------------- 155 Daw, A. W., cited--------------------------- 36 Day, A. L., and Shepherd, E. S., cited___39, 41 DealQ, uCot.edL.-,--M--a-n-u-f-a-c--tu--ri-n-g---C-o--m-p--a-n-y-_-_-_-_-l~t2--11440 Analysis of limestone from______________ 114 Conditions affecting development_ ______ 113
Development ---------------------------- 113 Section of guarries-------------------112-113 Deatons iron ore pit---------------------157-158 Analysis of limestone from______________ 158 Detroit Marble Company__________________120-121 Analysis of marble from______________100-102
Dewey, OkLa., analyses of raw materials and
cement from --------------------------- 71 Dewey Portland Cement CompanY-~------70-71
Analyses of raw materials a1id cenient

DickAenyafplryrosonip<seortf-y-,l-im-th-e-es--t--o--n----e----f--r--o--m----_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_-1_-1_-_6-_--11117771

Dixie Portland Cement Company___________ 66

Analys'es of raw materials and cement

from ------------------------------- 66 "Dixie Rock'.' cement, analysis oL--------- 226

Dolomites discussed -----------------------22-23

Dolomitic limes ---------------------------22-23

DouAghnearltyysisgaopf

-----------~---------------239-240
limestone from_____________ '240

Section at ----------------------------- 239 DucAkentatslysMisillof--l-im--e-s--to--n-e--f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 225599

Section at ------------------------------ 259

INDEX

289

Page Duggan, C. M., Jr., analyses supplied by__ (){) Dyed textiles ------------------------------- 10
E
Eagle Ford, Texas, analyses of raw mate rials and cement from______________ 74
Eckel, Edwin C., cited_________21, 30, 35, 36, 275 Quoted ---------------------------------48-49
Elliott, C. H., letter quoted________________ 5-6 Ellis Davis & Son's slate quarry_____________ 132
Analysis of slate from__________________ 132 El Paso, Texas, analyses of raw materials
and cement from____________________ 74 Emerson, W. H., analyses of coal by_______ 55
Analyses of marble by__________116, 117, 118 Eminently hydraulic limes_________________ 31
Raw materials used in manufactur.e oL_ 31 Evolution of cements-----------------------32-33
l'
Fairmount, one mile southwest of_ _________ 267 One mile southeast of_ _______________266-267 Analysis of limestone from___________266-267
FannAinnalCysoius notyf l-im--e--s-t-o-n-e---fr-o-m---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_1_5__-111177 Analysis of marble from ________________ 116 Description of individual localities in 116-117 Geology of ---------------------------115116
Feebly hydraulic limes---------------------- 31 Raw materials used in manufacture oL_ 31
Ferruginous shales ------------------------27-'28 Field, Horace A., samples for analysis fur-
nished by --------------------------- 119 Flooring ------------------------------------ 12 FlowAenraylyBsirsanocfhlim--e-s-t-o-n--e--f-ro--m-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 111144
Floyd County ----------------------------159179 Description of individual localities__163179 Geology of ---------------------------159-163
Floyd County quarrY--------------------174175 Analysis of limestone from______________ 175
Floyd formation _______103-104, 162-163, 181, 220 Areal distribution oL ____________ -----103104 Lithologic character of_ _________________ 104
Paleontology of ------------------------ 104 Fluxing stones used in the production of
steel -------------------------------- 5 Folsom ------------------------------------- 269
Four miles east OL------------------269-270 Analysis of limestone from_____________ 270 Fordwick, Va., analyses of raw materials
and cement from____________________ 64 Fort Oglethorpe, well No. 5_____________247-249
Analyses of limestone and dolomite from -----------------------------248249
Section of welL----------------------2472.48 Fort Payne cherL-----------------------102-103
LAirtehaollodgisictricbhuatiroancteorLo--L-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_0__2_110033
Paleontology of ------------------------ 103 FFruaeslchu,secditiend l-im--e---b-u-r-n-i-n-g--_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-2-0-2210
References cited on---------------------- 21 Fulton, Chas. H., and Knitzen, Theodore A.,
cited -------------------------------- 7
G
Gaines, L. P., property oL _________________ 193 Analyses of limestone and chert from__ 194 Section on ------------------------------ 193
Gainesville, analyses of limestone from near 114 Section of quarries near______________112-113
Georgia, cement development in___________67-68 Georgia coals -----------------------------54-66

Page
Analyses of ---------------------------64, 55 Georgia Green Slate Company___________270-271
Analysis of slate from ________________270271
GeorAgniaalyMseasrbolfe mCaormblpeanfYro-m--_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_1__2_5_-112266 Georgia Portland Cement Company______149-151
Analyses of raw materials from_________ 150 Conditions affecting development____150151 SGeecotlioognicofreqlautaiorrnys o--L--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_1_4__9_115409
Gilmer County ---------------------------117-119 Analyses of marble frem _____________118, 119 Description of individual localities__l18119 Geology of ---------------------------117-118
Glass manufacture ------------------------- 8-9 Glue, manufacture oL_____________________ 18 Gordon, C. H., data furnished by___________ 67 Gordon County --------------------------266-267
Description of individual localities-..266-267 Geology of ----------------------------- 266 Gore ---------------------------------------- 188 Two miles northeast oL-------------L-188189
Analyses of raw materials from______ 189 Section of exposure___________________ 189
Gould, Chas. N., data furnished by________70, 71
Grappier cements --------------------------- 31 Grasty, J. S., and Mathews, E. B., cited,
25, 58, 62, 63
GrasQtyu,otJe.d S-.,--d--a-t-a--f-u-r-n-i-s-h-e-d---b-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-6-3, 6249 Graysville Mining and Manufacturing Co-249-254
Analyses of limestone and dolomite from 252 Sections of quarries oL----------251-252, 253 Graysville, one-half mile east oL-------253-254 Analyses of dolomite from_____________ 254
Section of quarrY----------------------- 253 Griffity, L. L., analyses furnished by_______ 73 Grimsley, Geo. P., cited_________________21, 35
Ground limestone -------------------------- 18 Agricultural uses oL-------------------- 18
Guenther, J. H., analyses furnished by_____ 66

Habersham County ----------------------110-112 Analyses of limestone and dolomite from -----------------------------111, 112
Hale property ___ -----------------------254-256 Analyses of dolomite from______________ 256 Assay of gold ore from_________________ 254

Section of quarries on----------------255256

HallACnaoluynsetys

-----------~-----------------112-114
of limestone frDm_____________ .114

Sections of quarries in----------------112-113

HallAs nMaloyusenstaionf

--~-----------------------172-173 limestone from _____________ 173

Section on ------------------------------ 172 Harrison, S. Henry, analyses furnished by___ 67 Hartshorn, Oklahoma, analyses of raw ma-
terials and cement from____________ 72 Hawn, R. J., data furnished by____________ 63 Hayes, C. W., cited______86, 87, 88, 99, 100, 101,
103, 105, 160, 169, 199

Q.uoted --------------------------------62, 85 HaynAineal-y-s-i-s--o-f---li-m--e-s-t-o-n--e--f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_1__6136-31-16~44

Heath Creek ------------------------------- 116 Analysis of shale from------------------ 176
Hi,.h-calcium limes -----------------------21-22 High Point section northeast of_ __________ 244 Hints on c~nstruction of cement plants____ 58 Historv of cement development in South-
ern States --------------------------5974 Hoerr, A. B., cited-------------------------- 16
Hoffman, cited ----------------------------- 5 HoltAnparloypseisrtyof --m-a--rb--le---f-ro--m--_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 111188

290

IlDEX

Page
Horine Development CompanY------------229-232 Analyses of limestone from____________ 231 Chemical interpretations ____________23;1.-232 Conditions affecting development------- 232 Geologic relations ------------------229-231 Section of quarry----------------------- 230
Howard Hydraulic cement Company______273-275 AnalyS'es of dolomite from__:____________ 274 llnalyses of cement from________________ 275 Conditions affecting development of_____ 275 Development -------------~-------------- 275 Geelogic relations ---------------------- 274
HuffSaekcetriolnimoefstoqnuearqruya-r-r-y--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_.-_-_-_-_-_-_--l7-3--127744 Analysijl of,limestone from-------------- 174
Hunt~gto~~Haberlein process -------------- 8 Hydi'ated limes ----------------------------23-25
, Aavanfages of -------------------------- 24 Literature on ~------------------------- 25 MUseetshoodf .o_f__m__a_n__u_f_a_c_t_u_r.:e___o__L__-_--..-_-__--~-----------24-2245
Hydrated Portland lime, analysis oL------ 225 Hydraulic limes ---------------------------30-.32
Burning of -----------------------------31-32 OlaS'sification of ------------------------- 30
I
Ingalls, W. R., cited-----------------~'----- 9 Intermj;j;terit kilns -,---------------~---~---- 19
J

Jackson property --------------------------- 236 Analysis of limestone froiD----~-------- 236
Jasper, 2 miles. northeast, of________________ 124

Analyses of mar'Qle from---------------- 124 Jet Black Marble CompanY--------~-----2.60-261
Analyses of limestone from-------~----- '261

Section of quarrY----------------------- 261

o., Johnsons Crook road; .section .alo_ng___~---~ 209

JoneS', Harry

cited__::_~_-.:_____ ~---------- 46

X
EartaA\1n;al)y;s*is mofilesshanleortfhromoL_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_~_-_-_-_-_-_1_9_2_-119933 KKeenitthu'ckAyr, thcuerm, encitteddev-e-lo--p-m--e-n-t--i-n-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-65-6862 KilnIRs~itnecrgorrniotiirtntueconhtuasm-b----e--r-_--_--_--:--._--_--_---_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_---_--_--_.-_:_-.1_-_-9-212090

Page
Lavender Mountain, west side oL _______169-170 Analyses of limestone froin _____________..:170 Section on ---------~-------------------- 170
LaveAnndaelryssitsatioofn li-m--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro--m--_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 117722 Lazell, E. W., cited..------------------------ 25 LLeeadOhBamteeliletirn;g ci-t-ed-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 1397 Leeds, Ala., analyses or raw materials and
Limec,emcehnetmfircoaml f-u-n-c-t-i-o-n---o-f_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 6194
Agricultural uses oL-------------------14-16 LimePhbyusrincainLge,f,fefucet lofusoend sion_il_s_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-2-0-2114
. Ref<:rences cited on___________.;_________ 21

L1me mtrogen --------'---------------------- 10 LimeCso, mamrgoinll,acceloausssif-i-c-a-ti-o-n--~o-f-_-_-_-_-_~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-21-2233

High-calcium --------------------------21-22

!Iydrated ------------------------------23-25 Hydraulic, burning oL-----------------31-32

Selenitic -------------------------------- 31 Limestones, discussed ---------------------- 1-25
Argillaceous ---------------------------43-44 Burning of. ----------------------------18-21 Chemical character oL_________________ 2-3

Chemical uses oL~'--------------------- 9-11

Classification of ------------------------ 3 Ground, agricultural uses oL___________ 18

High~calcium -~-~----------------------- 43

POhriygsiinc aol f

-----~-------------------------
character of____________________

1-22

Preparation of for manufacture of Port-

land cement ------------------------ 57

LiniUngsesofoffu-rn--a-c-e-s-_-_-_-_-_-._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ 3-183

Litera,ture on hydrated lime________________ 25

Lithographic stone ------------------------16-17 Analyses of -~--~------------------------ 16
Little Dry Oreek~-L--~---------------------- 174 Ana~~tsis, of .lime&tdne. from _____________ 174

Little,;Pa'ntlu\r :{Jreek;;,~.one;four.t1i mile south .of the mouth oL.L.__:_______________ll0-111

Ana'ly'~is of limestone-.;fro:m------------ 111 Longswamp. .Creek, marble on"~-124, 125, 126, 127 Lookout. :formation __!cl-L'------------'107-108,' 200

LAirtehaollodgiisctricbhuatiroancteor f-_-_-_-_-!-._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-1-0-7--110087

Paleontology ---------------------------- 108 Ludlow, M. M., anal;vses furnished by______ 74

RVoertatircyal--------------------------------------~--------------------------1-9-2200 King Marble C'ompany, the---------------- 120
Analyses of marble from-------------:-- 120 Kingsport, Tenn., analyses of raw mater:wls
and ,cement from------------------- 67 Knox dolomite ______91-92, 129, 161, 130, 219, 246,
265, 266, 268 Analysis of ----------------------------- 15 Areal distribution oL------------------- 91 Lithologic character oL-----~----------91-92 Paleontology of ------------------------- 92 Kosmosdale, Ky., analyses of raw materials
and cement from-------------------- 66 Kosmos Portland C'ement Co---------------65-66
Analyses of raw material and cement
from -------------------------------- 66
r.
LaddAnLailryislees.OoofmdpoalnoYm-i-t-e--f-r-o--m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_2_7__1_-227732 - Conditions affecting development oL272-273 Development ---------------------------- 272 Section of quarrY----------------------- 272

McCallie, S. W., cited_____________12, 54, 55, 128 Quoted ~------------------65, 83, 116, 117, 118
McLamore Cove ------------------------229; 239 Analyses of limestone from __________229, 239
Mack, J. L., analyses furnished bY--------67, 137 Magnesian limes ---------------------------- 22 Mallery, L. E., data furnished bY----------- 69 Manheim, W. Va., analyses of raw materials
and cement from-------------------~ 65 MarbAlnealHysilels -o-f--l-i-m--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro--m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_3_1__-_113322
Section of quarry at_ ____________________ 131
Marls --------------------------------------- 44 MartAinnsalycsaevse o-f---l-im--e'-s-t-o-n--e--f-r-o-m---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_9__8_-119999
Section of -------------~---------------- 198 Maryland, history of cement development
in ----------------------------------62-63 Mathews, E. B., and Grasty, J. S., cited,
4, 25, 58, 62, 63
Quoted -------------------------------- 4, 211 MenAlon, anlyesaers -o-f--s-h-a-l~e--f-ro--m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_1_8_5-118877
Sec.tion of exposure-------------------185-186

INDEX

291

Page :llfenlo, 2 miles west oL ___________________195-196
Section of exposure--------------------- 196 Metallurgical uses of limestone_____________ 3-9 Miller, Arthur l\L, data supplied by________ 65 Mineral Industry, cited____________________20, 36
Mississippian -----------------------------102-107 !lfineral Bluff, 1 mile east of_ _______________ 116
Analysis of marble from _________________ 116
l\fitchell County, Iowa, analysis of lithographic stone from__________________ 57
Mobile Portland Cement and Coal Company 70 MorAgannalyHsielslsof--l-i-m--e-s-t-o-n--e--f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_3_3__-113344 Moross, W. P. D., analyses furnished by___ 224 Mortars and plasters________________________13-14
MurAphreyalMdairsbtlrei,budtiisocnussoifo__n__o_L____________________________S2-8832 Lithologic character oL _______________S2-83
Paleontology of ------------------------ 83 Murray County ----------------------------- 265
Geology of ------------------------------ 265

N

Nannie, exposure near______.________________ 168 Analyses of raw materials from_________ 168

Natural cement -------------------------- 33-38 Composition of ------------------------34-36 Raw materials used in manufacture oL 34
Natural cements, analyses of in Southern

States ------------------------------ 36 Manufacture of ---------------------- 36-38 Natural cement rock, analyses of in South-

ern States -------------------------- 35

BCururnshiningg oaf n-d--g--r-in--d-i-n-g---o-L-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-

38 38

Nature of Portland cement________________ 39-41

NealAgnaaplys-i-s--o-f---s-h-a-l-e---f-ro--m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-1__9_7__-119988
Newberry, W. B., and S. B., cited__________ 39 New England, 2% miles northwest oL__212-213
Analyses of limestone and shale from_ 213
Three miles north oL-----------------213-214 Analyses of limestone and shale from_ 214 Section of exposure___________________ 213
One mile northwest of_ ________________ 203 Analysis of shale from________________ 203
Nickajack Gap road______________________237-238 Analyses of shale from_________________ 238

Section -along -------------------------- 238 Norfolk Portland Cement Corporation______ 64
Analyses of raw materials and cement from -------------------------------- 64
Norfolk, Va., analyses of raw materials and
cement from ------------------------ 64 North Birmingham, Ala., analyses of slag
arid cement from-------------------- 68 NortAhneaalsytseRsomofe l-im--e-s-t-o-n--e--f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_- 116655

Section of exposure--------------------- 165 North Georgia, coals accessible to_________52-53 North Georgia Marble Oompany_________118-119
Analysis of marble from----------------- 119 North Georgia, geology oL---------------79-108
Physiography of ---------------------- 75-77 Structure ---------------------------- 77-78

0

Oklahoma, cement development in______ 70-72 Oklahoma Portland Cement Company_______ 71
Analyses of raw materials and cement
from -------------------------------- 71 OostAannaaluylsais Roifvelirmeexstpoonseurfer-o-m---_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_1_6__8_-116699
Ordovician ---------------------------------92-97

Page
OrsmaAn na-l-y-s-i-s--o-f--l-i-m--e-s-t-o-n--e--f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_7_6__-117777 Section of exposure at_________________ 177
One and one-half miles southwest oL177-178 Analysis of limestone from____________ 178
Two miles southwest of_ _______________ 178 Analysis of limestone from___________ 178
Orton, E?ward, and Pepple, Samuel Vernon, c1ted ------------------------------21, 25
Other chemical uses of limestone____________ 11 OxmAoroeralsadnidsstrtoibnuetio--n---o-L--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_0__4_-110054
Lithologic character of_ _____________l04-105
Paleontology of ------------------------ 105 Oxychloride cements ----------------------- 59
p
Panther Creek, 1 mile west of mouth oL ___ 110 Analysis of limestone from_____________ 110
Paper manufacture ------------------------ 17 Penns:ylvani.an ------------- _____________107-108 Peppel, S. V., cited________________________ 25 PersAevnearlaynscise oqfuamrrayr,bltehefro-m---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_1_2__4_-112255 Peters, E. D., quoted_______________________ 7 Phillip, Dr. Wm. B., data supplied by___7Jl, 73 Pickens County --------------------------119-127
Description of individual localities__120-127 Geology of --------------------------119-1Zo Piedmont plateau ------------------------109-114 Description of individuaL localities in-110-114 Geology of --------~--------------79, 109-110 Limestones and cement materials oL109-114 Physiography of ------------------------ 77 PiedSmtrouncttuPreortolfan-d---C-e--m-e--n-t--C-o--__-_-_-_-_-_-6-8-,--1-4-3-14797 Analyses of raw materials and cement
from ------------------------68, 147, 148 Analyses o.f coal used by--------------- 145 Chemical and physical properties of raw
materials ------------------------145-147 Conditions affecting development_ ____144-145 Geologic relations --------------------143-144 PSheyc~tiwcnal oftesqtus arorfy_c__e_m__e_n_t_,_._-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 114469
Winning and preparation of raw matePigeon rMiaolus nt-a-i-n-,--w--e-s-t--s-i-d-e-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-2-3-4-213467
Analyses of shales from________________ 235
Section on ---------------------------234-235 Pine Log Creek, 1 mile northeast oL_______ 267 Pinson, exposure near_______________________ 167
Analyses of raw materials from_________ 167
Polk County -----------------------------129-15,9 Description of individual localities__131-159 Geology of ---------------------------129-131
PortClahnedmiccaelmeinngt re-d--i-e-n-t-s--o--L--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_4-145--5486
Nature of ------------------------------39-41 Origin of------------------------------- 32 Process of manufacture------------------ 57 Portland cement materials, determination of
quality of --------------------------49-50 Determination of quantity oL---------50-51 Winning of ----------------------------- 56 Portland cement plants, conditions affecting
development of --------------------49-56 Location with respect to fuel supplY---51-52 Relation to topography and drainage____ 51 Portland, Ga., analyses of raw materials
and cement from ----------------67, 147 Process of manufacture of Portland cement- 57 Proctor's Bluff ---------------------------216-217
Analyses of limestone from_____________ 217
Section of exposure--------------------- 217

292

INDEX

Page Prouty, Dr. W. F., data furnished by_____69-70 Puryear, D., property of- ___________________ 263
Analysis of limestone from------------- 263 Puzzolan cements ------"-------------------- 58
R
Raglanda, ndAlcae.,meanntalfyrosems __o_f___r_a_w___m__a_t_e_r_i_a_l_g 153
Rankin, G. A., cited-----------------"------ 41 Red ore, three-fourths mile northeast of_ __ 153
Analyses of limestone from_____________ 154 Section of exposure_____________________ 153
References on hydrated lime---------------- 25 Relation of hydraulic limes, natural and
Portland cements -----------------29-30 Richard City, Tenn., analyses of raw mate-
rials and cement from______________ 66 Richardson, C., cited----------------------36, 39 Ring or chamber kilns---------------------- 20 RiffingAFnaalwysne,s 4ofmislheaslenofrrothme_a_st__o_L_~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 220190
Section of exposure____________________ 209 One and three-fourths mile south oL __ 203
Analysis of shale from________________ 204
Section of exposure------------------- 204 TwAonamlyisleiss owfelsitmoeLst-o-n--e--f-r-o-m--_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_2_1_5__-'221166
Road metal -----------------------------""- 11 Robinson, Dr. D. M., quoted~--------------- 32 Robinson property ------------------~---19!1:"195
Analyses of limestone from--------~2~:.~ 195 Section of exposure on--------------~~- 194 R.ockmart, Ga., analyses o raw materials
and cement fram_____________67, 137, 142 Rockmart Shale Brick and Slate Company_ 133 RocAkmnaalryts, isshaolfesshaanled fsrloamtes--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--9,6-, 1133)3.
RackPapleroondtuocltosg; ycitoefd_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 9260 Rockwood formation__97-99, 181, 199, 219, 246; 258
Areal. distribution oL------------------97-98 Lithologic:eha:i'iicter oL-----------~~---- 99 Piileontologj"' --~------------------~~~~-- 99 Rofue formation ------------------87-88, 245, 26.7 Areal distribution oL----------------"-- 87 Lithologie character -----------------~-87-88 P:Heontology --------------------------" 88 Rotary kilns -------------------------------- 20 References cited on lime burning in____ 20
s
San Antonio, 'l'exas, analyses of cement Sanson, f,rHomarol-d--R--.-,--d-a-t-a--s-u-p--p-l-ie-d---b-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 6782 Saylor, David 0----------------------------- 33 Schuchert, Chas., cited--------------------- 84 Security Cement and Lime COmpany_______ 62
Analyses of raw materials and cement
Securityf,roMm:d.,--a-n-a-l-y-s-e-s--o-f--r-a-w--m--a-t-e-r-i-a-l-s--a-n-d- 62
een1ent from ------------------------ 62
SSeellelmniatnie, Dlim. eJ:l. --F-.-,--p-r-o-p--e-r-ty---o-f---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-1-7-5-17361
Analyses of limestone from_____________ 176 Section of exposure on_________________ 175
ShacAknleatloynses---o-f--l-i-m--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro--m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_8_7__-118888 Section of exposure_____________________ 187
Shales and slates---------------~----------26-215 Chemical character of___________________ 27
POhriygsiinc a lof ch- -a-r-a-c-t-e-r- -o-f---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-26-2276 Uses of in manufacture of cements_____ 45 Shales, classification oL-----,---------------27-28 Preparation of for manufacture of Port-

Page

land cement ------------------------ 57 Shepherd, E. S., cited----------------------39-41

ShifQleutto,teRd. -A--.,---c-it-e-d-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 4502 ShinAbonnaleysResidgoef s-h--a-l-e--f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_2_3__2_-223344

Section on ------------------------------ 233 Siebenthal, cited --------------------------- 35 Siliceous shales -----------~----------------- 27 Silurian ------------------------------------97-99 SittoAnnaGlyuslifs -o--f --l-im--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro"m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 221100

Six-Amnilaelyssitsatoifonlim-e-s-t-o-n--e--fr-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 1166G6 Slag or Puzzolan cements_____ -------------- 58 Soap and candles____________________________ 18

Sodiuin carbonate --------------- -------- 9 Le Blanc process in manufactllle of-- fi Solvay process of manufacture__________ !HO
Soils, an10unt of lime to be used on------15 J 6 Analyses of in vicinity of Cave Sprmg. 15 Chemical function of lime on___ ------- 14 Physical effect of lime on--------------14-15
Solenhofen, Bavaria, analysis of lithographic

stone from -------------------------- 13 SSoolpvheisab,er'2gmpriolecsesssou-t-h---o-f---_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-2-6-8--2!398 .

Analyses of limestone and shale from__ 269 Southern Cement COmpany__________________ 68

Analyses, of slag and. (!ement froilL____ 68 Southern ll:on and Steel Co_____2{)4-208, 243-245

Analyses of limestone and shale from, 207-208, 245
Sections of quarries_____________205-207, 244

Southern Lime Manufacturing Oompany_151-153 Conditions affecting development of_ ___ 152

Development of ------------------------ 153 Geologie relations -------------------151'152

Section of quarry oL-------------------- 151 Suggestions, in development__________152-153

Southern M:arble .. Qompap:f:~-----~~------126-127

..... #il;ii:l:V:Si!l, qfi;m.ar)Jl~,;frp'rn"--------~----- 127

Southern. states; li.istory of cement develop-

Southernm, eSntattei~n.

~--------------------------59-74
Portla;nd, Oei:nent . Oo-67, 134-143

Analyse,S' J.cif, ra:w mate;riiils and cement

frO.i:n ----------~-------------67, 137, 142

Conditions affecting development_____136-139

SDeecstciroinptioofn qouf aprrryopoeLrty___o_L__--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_1__3_4_-113368

Winning and preparation of raw mate-

rials Southwestern

-S-t-a-t-e-s--P--o-r-t-l-a-n-d---C-e-m--e--n-t--a-o1_3_9_7-31-4724

Analyses of raw materials and cement

Southwefsrotemrn -P--o-r-t-la-n--d--C--e-m--e-n-t--C--o-m--p-a-n-y-_-_-_- 7744 Analyses of raw materials and cement
from -------------------------------- .J4 Southwest Rome ---------------------------- 164 Spackman, Henry 0., cited_________________ 20 Specifications for blast furnace slag________ 58 Specifications for use of cement by U. S.
Government --------------------------279-285 Spencer, J. W., quoted______________________ 90
Standard Portland Cement Company________ 69 Analyses of raw materials and cement

from -------------------------------- 69 StepAhennaslysCisouonftylim-e-s-t-o-n--e--f-ro--m--_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 1!l1lO0

Structure of North Georgia----------------77-78 SubligAnanal-y.s:.i-s--o-f--l-i-m-e--s-to--n-e--f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 119900
Four miles south of__________________189-190 Analysis of limestone from___________ 190
Sugar manufacture ~-----~------------------' 17

INDEX

293

Page T
Table of geologic formations of Northwest Georgia ----------------------------- 80
TatuAmnal-y-s-i-s--o-f--s-h-a-l-e---fr-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 220022 'I~nnessee, analyses of coals from ________53, 137
Cement development in________________66-67 Tennessee coal, analysis oL-----"---------- 137 Texas, cement development in____________ 52-74 Texas Portland Cement Company___________ 73
Analyses of raw materials and cement__ 73 Tidewater Portland Cement Company______62-63
Analyses of raw materials and clinker__ 63 Tidings ----------------------------------191-192
Analyses of limestone and shale from___ 192 Transportation facilities and markets for
Portland cement -------------------- 49 TrenAtonnaly-s-e-s--o-f---li-m--e-s-t-o-n-e---fr-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 220011
SAencatliyosnesneoafr l-im--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro--m--_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 221081 Section of quarrY------------------------ 218 OnAen-haalylfsismiolfe swheaslet forLom---_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_2_0_'_2_-220033
Section of exposure--------------------- 202 One and one-half mile northwest oL~--214-215
Analyses of limestone from______________ 215
Section of exposure--------------------- 215 Two and one-half miles southwest of__2ll-212
Analyses of limestone from_____________ 212 Section of quarry----------------------- 212 Two miles east oL---------------------210-211 SAencatliyosnes ofof elxipmoessutroen_e___f_r_o_m__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 221111 Four miles southwest of_ _________________ 218 Trion, 272 miles southeast of_ ______________ 183 One and one-half miles north oL------183-184 Section of exposure--------------------- 184 Trauth a:nd Company's quarries__________226-227 Analyses of limestone from_____________ 227
Section of quarry No. 1----------------- 227
tr
Union Bridge, Md., analyses of raw materials and cement from_______________ 63
Uses of hydrated lime---------------------24-25

Page
v

VV~arnts~c~Vlalkleilyns---------------------------------------------------------~~1_91-6209 V1rg1ma, cement development in__________63-64 Virginia Portland Cement Company________63-64
Analyses of raw materials and cement from -------------------------------- 64
w
WalAdernealsadndissttroinbeuti-o-n---o-f_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_~_-_-_- 110088. Lithologic character -------------------- 108 Paleontology --------------------------- 108
Walker County --------------------------219-'245Description of individual localities in__ 220
WarGinegolo37g2y mofile-s---e-a-s-t--o-f-_--_-_-_-_-_-._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_2_1_9__-222604 Analyses of shale from__________________ 264
Warner, C., cited--------------------------- 25 WeisAnreeral qduiasrttrzibituetio-n---o-L--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_8_48-48-855.
Lithologic character oL________________ 85
Paleontology ---------------------------- ss.
West Virginia, cement development in_____ 65 Whitestone Marble CompanY-------------122-123.
SAencatliyosnis ooff qmuaarrbrlye ofrLo_m__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 112223
Whitfield County ------------------------'258-264 Description of individual localities in 259-264 Geology of ------------------------------ 258
Wiley, Clarence N., analyses bY----------69, 136 Data furnished by----------------------- 143
Willingham-Rarvey-Lipscomb property___178-179 Analysis of limestone from______________ 179
Wright, F. E., cited.. _______________________ 56

y

YounAgnsalSystaistioonf

----------------~----------limestone from ______________

115599

BULLETINS Of THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Of GEORGIA
1. Marbles of Georgia, by S. W. McCallie, 1894, 87 pp., 16 pl., and 2 maps. Out of print.
1. Marbles of Georgia, Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by S. W. McCallie, 1907, 126 pp., 52 pl., and 2 maps. Postage, 13 cents.
2. Corundum Deposits of Georgia, by Francis P. King, 1894, 133 pp., 6 pl., 1 map. Postage, 9 cents.
3. A Part of the Water-Powers of Georgia, by C. C. Anderson and B. M. Hall, 1896, 150 pp., 10 pl., and 2 maps. Postage, 9 cents.
4. A Part of the Gold Deposits of Georgia, by W. S. Yeates, S. W. McCallie and Francis P. King, 1896, 542 pp., 21 pl., and 1 map. Out of print.
5. A Part of the Phosphates and Marls of Georgia, by S. W. McCallie, 1896, 98 pp., 3 pl. Postage, 7 cents.
6. A Part of the Clays of Georgia, by Geo. E. Ladd, 1898, 204 pp., 17 pl. Postage, 11 cents.
7. Artesian-Well System of Georgia, by S. W. McCallie, 1898, 214 pp., 7 pl., and 2 maps. Postage, 13 cent.s.
8. Roads and Road-Building MateTials of Georgia, by S. W. McCallie, 1901, 264 pp., 27 pl., and 1 map. Postage, 14 cents.
9. A PaTt of the Granites and Gneisses of Georgia, by Thomas L. Watson, 1902, 367 pp., 32 pl., and 4 maps. Postage, 21 cents.
10. ITon Ores of Polk, Bartow and Floyd Counties, Georgia, by S. W. McCallie, 1900, 190 pp., 8 pl., 1 map. Postage, 11 cents.
11. Bauxite Deposits of Georgia, by Thos. L. watson, 1904, 169 pp., '12 pl., and 1 map. Postage, 10 cents.
12. Coal Deposits of Georgia, l)y S. W. McCallie, 1904, 121 pp., 14 pl., and 1 map. Postage, 9 cents.
13. Ocher Deposits of Georgia, by Thos. L. Watson, 1906, 81 pp., 11 pl., and 3 maps. Postage, 6 cents.
14. Manganese Deposits of Georgia, by Thomas L. Watson, 1908, 195 pp., 8 pl., and 2 maps. Postage, .12 cents.
(over)

15. Underground Waters of Georgia, by S'. W. McCallie, 1908, 376 pp., 29 pl., and. 2 maps. Postage, 20 cents.
16. Water-Powers of Georgia, by B. M. and M. R. Hall, 1908, 424 pp., 14 pl., and 1 map. Postage, 21 cents.
17. Fossil Iron Ore Deposits of Georgia, by S. W. McCallie, 1908, 199 pp., 24 pl., and 3 maps. Postage, 14 cents.
18. Clay Deposits of Georgia, by Otto Veatch, 1909, 453 pp., 32 pl., and 3 maps. Postage, 25 cents.
19. Gold Deposits of Georgia, by S. P. Jones, 1909, 283 pp., 8 pl., and 2 maps. Postage, 16 cents.
20. Mineral Waters of Georgi~, by S. W. McCallie. In preparation.
21. Marls and Limestones of Georgia, by Otto Veatch. In preparation.
22. Brown Iron Ores of Georgia, by S. W. McCallie. fn preparation.
23. Mineral Resources of Georgia, by S. W. McCallie, 1910, 208 pp., 20 pl., and 2 maps. Postage, 14 cents.
24. Public Roads of Georgia, Second Report, by S. W. McCallie, 1910, 36 pp. Postage 5 cents.
25. Drainage Investigations in Georgia, by S. W. McCallie, and U. S. Department
of Agriculture, 1911, 123 pp., 7 pl., and 5 maps. Postage, 8 cents.
26. Geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, by Otto Veatch and L. W. S'tephenson, 1911, 463 pp., 30 pl., and 2 maps. Postage, 21 cents.
27. Limestones and Cement Materials of North Georgia, by T. Poole Maynard, 1912, 296 pp., 22 pl.,- and 1 map. Postage, 18 cents.
28. Public Roads of Georgia, by S. W. McCallie, 1912, 12 pp. Postage, 2 cents.

Note.-For bound copies of Bulletins Nos. 1, ~vised, 6 to 23, inclusive, and 27, 8 cents addi-

tional postage will be required.