GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA S~ .W. :ty.IcCALLIE, State Geologist BULLETJN No. 2 7 A REPORT ON THE LIMESTONES AND CEMENT MATERIALS OF NoRTH GEoRGIA BY T. POOLE MAYNARD. Ph. D. Assistant State Geologist Atlanta, Ga. CHAS. P. l;IYRD, State Printer 1912 LIMESTONE AND CEJiENT MA1.'ERI.t1LS OF GEORGI.t1 PLATE !-Frontispiece PLAN'!' 0.1!' 'l'HJ; PUWUON'l' POR'l'LAND CE~IBN'l' COMPANY, POLK 'OUN'l'Y, GEORGIA THE ADVISORY BOARD OF THE, Geological Survey of Georgia In the Year 1912 (Ex-Officio) Rrs ExcELLENCY, JOSEPH 1.L BROWN, Governor of Ge-orgia PRESIDENT OF THE BoARD HoN. PHILIP COOK___________________ Secretary of State RoN. W. J. SPEER_______________________ State Treasurer HoN. W. A. WRIGHT________________ Comptroller-General HoN. T. S. FELDER_____________________Attorney-General HoN. J. J. CONNER__________ Qommissioner of Agriculture HoN. M. L. BRITTAIN _____ Commissioner of Public Schools LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA,. ATLANTA, August 26, 1912. To His Excellency, JosEPH M. BROWN, Governor arnd Presi- dent of the Advisory Board of the Geological Survey of Georgia. SrR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of' Dr. T. Poole Maynard, formerly assistant State geologist of this Survey, on the Limestones and Cement Materials of North Georgia to be published as Bulletin No. 27 of this Survey. Very respectfully yours, S. \711. McC.ALUE; State Geologist. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ADVISORY BOARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,V TABLE OF CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii-xix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................. xxi-xxiii PREFACE ............................................................ xxv-xxvi LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES............................ 1-28 Limestone . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25 Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Physical character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Chemical character .................................. , . . . . . . . . . 2-3 Uses of limestones and limes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18 Metallurgical uses ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 Lining of furnaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Blast furnace flux... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 Fluxing stones used in the production of steel ............. , 5-6 Copper smelting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 Lead smelting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Glass manufacture ... -... ; ...........-.................... 8-9 Chemical uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11 Sodium carbonate ............................. . . . . . . . . . Calcium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calcium carbide Calcium nitrate ....................................... . Dyed textiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . Carbonic acid gas ...................................... . Other chemical uses .................................... . Crushed limestone ......................................... . Road metal ........................................... . Ballast ...................................... : . ....... . Concrete ............................................... . Flooring .............................................. . Building stones ........................................... . Mortars and plasters....................................... . Agricultural purposes ...................................... . Chemical function of lime ............................... . Physical effect : . ...................................... . Amount of lime to be used .............................. . Lithographic stone ........................................ . 9-10 10 10 10 10 10-11 11 11-12 11 11-12 12 12 12-13 13-14 14-16 14 14-15 15-16 16-17 vili CONTENTS Paper manufacture ........................................ . Leather manufacture ...................................... . Sugar manufacture ... ~ : .................................... Manufacture of glue ....................................... Soap and candles ......................................... Ground limestone .......................................... Agricultural purposes .................................. . Burning of limestones ...............'....................... . Intermittent kilns ...................................... Continuous kilns .......................................... . Vertical kilns with m:ixed feed .......... , ............... . Vertical kilns with separate feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ring or chamber kilns ................................. Rotary kilns .......................................... . ;Fuel used in lime burning .................................. . Classification of common limes ................................. . High-calcium limes .. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . Magnesian limes ...................................... Dolomitic limes and dolomites .............................. Argillaceous limes ....... , .. '............................. Hydrated lime ............................................... . Method of manuf~cture................................... . Advantages of hydrated lime . ; .......................... Uses of hydrated lime ...... ,., ...... : ................. . Literature on hydrated lime ... ; .......................... . Clays, shales, and slates .......... , .............................. Clays ...................................................... . Origin ....... ~ ......................................... Physical character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Chemical character ....................................... Shales and slates............................................. . Origin ..................................................... . Physical character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical character ......................................... Classification of shales ..................................... S'iliceous shales ....................................... Aluminous shales ...................................... . Ferruginous shales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calcareous shales .....' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. CaJrbonaceous shales ............. '...... ~ ............... . PAGE. 17 17 17 18 18 1818 18-21 19 19-20 19" 20 20 20 20-21 21-23. 21-22 22 22-23 23 23-25 23-24 24 24-25 2525-28 25-26 25 26 26 26-28 26 26-27 27 27-28 27 27 27-28 28 28 HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS ................ The relation of hydraulic limes, natural and Portland cements ...... . Hydraulic limes . : ........................ ...................... . Eminently hydraulic lime ................................... . 29-74 29-30 30-32 31 CONTENTS PAGE Grappier cements ...................................... . 31 Feebly hydraulic limes ..................................... . 31-32 Raw materials ......................................... . 31 Selenitic lime ......................................... . 31 Burning hydraulic limes .................. .................... . 31-32 The evolution of cements ....................................... . 32-33 Natural cements ............................................... . 33-38 Raw materials ............................................. . 34 Compos"ition .............................................. . 34-36 Manufacture .............................................. . 36-38 Winning the raw materials .............................. . 36-37 Types of kilns ......................................... . 37 Burning ............................................... . 37-38 Crushing and grinding..................................._. 38 The nature of Portland cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39-41. Portland cement ................................................ . 41-58 Raw materials ............ .- ............................... . 41-42 Calcareous materials ..................................... . 42-44 High-calcium limestones ................................ . 43 Argillaceous limestones ................................ . 43-44 Marls ................................................ . 44; Argillaceous materials ................................... . 44-45 clays ................................................ . 45 Shales and s'lates ........................... _.. _.......... . 45 Chemical ingredients ....................................... . 45-46 Chemical interpretation .................................... . 46"47 Calculation of cement mixtures .... ; ......................... . 47-49 Transportation facilities and markets ........................ . 49' Conditions affecting development. ........................... . 49-56 Determination of quality............................... . 49-50 Determination of quantity .............................. . 50-51 Relation to topography and drainage ..................... . 51 Overburden ............................................ . 51 Location with respect to fuel supply ...................... . 51-52 Coals accessible to North Georgia .......................... . 52-56 Chattanooga district ................................... . 52-53 Georgia coals .......................................... . 54-56 Winning the raw materials ............. ' .................... . 56 Process of manufacture ..................................... . 57 Limestone ............................................. . 57 Shale ................................................ . 57 Mixture of limestone and shale........................... . 57 Hints on construction of plants .............................. . 58 Slag or Puzzolan cements ....................................... . 58 X CONTENTS PAGE: Oxychloride cements ............................. _. ............. . 59 History of cement development in the Southern States .............. . 59-74 Maryland ................................................... . 62-6'3' Security Cement and Lime Company...................... . 62 Tidewater Portland Cement Company .................... . 62-63 Virginia .................................................... . 63-64 Virginia Portland Cement Company ..... , ................ . 63-64 Norfolk Portland Cement Corporation .................... . 64 West Virginia .............................................. . Buckhorn Portland Cement Company ..................... . Kentucky ................................................... . Kosmos Portland Cement Company ....................... . 65 65 65-66 65-6'6 Tennessee .................................................. . 66-67 " Dixie Portland Cement Company ......................... . 66 'Clinchfield Portland Cement Company .................... . 66-67 Georgia .................................................... . 67-68. Southern States Portland cement Company ............... . 67 Piedmont Portland Cement Company ... , ................. . 68 Alabama ......... .......................................... . S'outhern Cement Company .............................. . Standard Portland Cement Company ..................... . Atlantic and Gulf Portland Cement Company .............. . Alabama Portland Cement Company...................... . Mobile Portland Cement and Coal Company ............... . 68-70 68 69 69-70 70 70 Oklahoma .......... .................. , ...................... . Dewey Portland Cement Company ........................ . Oklahoma Portla?d Cement Company ..................... . Choctaw Portland Cement Works ........................ . 70-72 70-71 71 71-72 Texas Alamo Cement Company ................................ . Texas Portland Cement Company........................ . Southwestern States Portland Cement Company ............ . Southwestern Portland Cement Company .................. . 72-74 72 73 73-74 74 PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE AND' GEOLOGY OF NORTH GEORGIA .......... . 75-108 Physiography ................................................. . 75-77 Piedmont Plateau ...................'......................... . 75 Appalachian Mountains ...................................... . 75 Appalachian Valley .......................................... . 75-77 Cumberland Plateau ......................................... . 77 Structure ............. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . 77-78 Piedmont Plateau ...................... : .................... . 77 Appalachian Mountains ...................................... . 77-78 Appalachian Valley ......................................... . 78- CONTENTS xi PAGE. Cumberland Plateau ......................................... . 78 Geology ...................................................... . 79-108 Piedmont Plateau .. , ........................................ . 79 Appalachian Mountains ...................................... . 82-83 Murphy marble ......................................... . 82-83 Areal distribution ..................................... . 82 Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... . 82-83 Paleontology .......................................... . 83 .Appalachian Valley and Cumberland Plateau ................... . 83-108 Cambrian ................................................. . 83-90 Weisner quartzite ....................................... . 84-85 Areal distribution ..................................... . 84-85 Lithologic character ................................... . 85 Paleontology .......................................... . 85- Beaver limestone ........................................ . 85-86 Areal distribution ..................................... . 86 Lithologic character .. : ................................ . 86 Paleontology ................. ......................... . 86 Apison shale .............................. .............. . 86-87 Areal distribution ..................................... . 86 Lithologic character ................................... . 86 Paleontology .......................................... . 87 Rome formation .. , ...................................... . 87-88 Areal distribution ........... , ... , ...... , , . , . , .-..... -... . 87 - Lithologic character .................................... . 87-88 Paleontology .......................................... . 88 Connasauga shales' and limestones.; .................... .... . 88-90 Areal distribution ..................................... . 88-89 Lithologic character ................................... . 89 Paleontology .......................................... . 90 Cambro-Ordovician ........................................ . 91-92 Knox dolomite .......................................... . 91-92 Areal distribution ..................................... . 91 Lithologic character ................................... . 91-92 Paleontology ................................... : ....... . 92 Ordovician ............................................... . 92-97 Chickamauga formation .................................. . 93-97 Areal distribution ..................................... . 94-95 Lithologic character ................................... . 95-97 Chickamauga limestone .............................. . 96 Rockmart shales and slates ........................... . 96-97 Paleontology .......................................... . 96-97 Western basin ....................................... . 96 Eastern basin ....................................... . 9T xii CONTENTS PAGE Silurian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 97-99 Rockwood formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97-99 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97-98 Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Paleontology ....................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Devonian ........................... , ..................... 100-102 Armuchee chert .......................................... 100-101 Areal distribution ...................................... 100-101 Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Paleontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Chattanooga black shale ................................... 101-102 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Lithologic character ................................... 101-102 Paleontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Carboniferous ........................ :.. .................... 102-108 (Mississippian) .......................................... ,102-107 Fort Payne chert ......................................... 102-103 Areal distribution .... : ...... ; .......................... 102-103 Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Paleontology ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Floyd formation .................... , .................... 103-104 Areal distribution .. , ......... ; ........................ 103-104 Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Paleontology ................. , . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Oxmoor sandstone ....................... ~ . .' ............... 104-105 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Lithologic character .................................... 104-105 Paleontology ....................................... , . . . 105 Bangor formation ......................... : ............ 105-107 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Lithologic character ....... : ............................ 105-106 Paleontology ......... ................................. 106-107 (Pennsylvanian) .......................................... 107-108 Lookout formation ....................................... 107-108 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Lithologic character . . . . ..... r 107-108 Paleontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Walden sandstone .... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Areal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 . Lithologic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Paleontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 LIMESTONES .A.ND CEMENT MATERIALS OF THE PIEDMONT PL.A.TE.A.U .A.ND APP.ALAOHIA.N MoUNTAIN AREAS IN GEORGIA ... 109-128 Piedmont Plateau ............................................ 109-114 CONTENTS xiii PAGE Geology ........... .......................................... 109-110 Description of indiYic1nal localities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110-114 Stephens County ............................ -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . no One mile west of the mouth of Panther Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . no Habersham County .......................................... 110-112 One-fourth mile south of the mouth of Little Panther Creek .. 110-n1 Billy Walker quarry .................................... 1n-112 Hall County ...............................................112-n4 C. L. Deal Manufactur1ng Company ....................... 112-114 Conditions affecting development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Development ......................................... 113-114 Flowery Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Appalachian Mountains ..... .................................... 115-128 Fannin County .............................................. 115-117 Geology ................................................... 115-116 Description of individual localities ............................ 116-117 One mile east of Mineral Bluff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 The Dickey property .................................... 116-117 Gilmer County ............................................... 117-119 Geology ................................................... 117-118 Description of individual localities ............................ 118-119 Holt property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 North Georgia Marble Company.......................... 118-119 Pickens County .............................................. 119-128 Geology ............. ........ , ............................. 119-120 Description of individual localities ............................ 120-128 King JYLarble Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Detroit Marble Company ................................. 120-121 Whitestone Marble Company ............................. 122-123 Crystal Marble Company ..... ~ .......................... 123-124 Two miles northeast of Jasper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Perseverance quarry .................................... 124-125 Georgia Marble Company ................................ 125-126 Southern Marble Company ...............................126-127 Amicalola Marble Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Cherokee County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Description of individual localities... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Seven miles northwest of Canton ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 LIMESTONES AND CEMENT MATERIALS OF THE APPAL."..CHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS IN GEORGIA ...................... 129-278 Polk County .................................................... 129-159 Geology ..................................................... 129-131 Beaver limestone . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, xiv CONTENTS PAGE Knox dolomite .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Chickamauga formation ..................................... 130-131 Chicki:unauga limestone ............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Rockmart shales and slates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Description of individual localities ............. : ................ 131-159 ~1arble Hill ............................................ 131-132 Ellis Davis and Son's slate quarry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Rockmart Shale Brick and Slate Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Morgan Hills ..........._. .............................. 133-134 Southern States Portland Cement Company ................ 134-143 Conditions affecting development ........................ 136-139 Winning and preparation of limestone ...................139-140 Winning and preparation of the shale ................... 140-141 Mixing limestone and shale ............................ 141-143 Piedmont Portland Cement and .Slate Company ............ 143-149 p Geologie relations .................................... 143-144 Conditions affecting development ....................... 144-145 Chemical and physical properties ....................... 145-147 Winning and preparation of the limestone................ 14i Winning and preparation of the shale.................... 147 M3xing limestone and shale ............................ 147-148 Geoigia Portland Cement and Slate Company .............. 148-15] Geologie relations .. '...... , ........................... 149-150 Conditions affecting development ....................... 150-151 Southern Lime Manufaetur'ing Company ................... 151-153 Geologie relations .................................... 151-152 Conditions affecting development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Suggestions in development ............................ 152-153 Development .............. : ...... .". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Three-fourths mile northeast of Red Ore .................. 153-154 Aragon Station, Seaboard Railroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154; Aragon Springs ........................................ 154-155 Davitte property ....................................... 155-156 Bald Mountain Portland Cement Company ................. 156-157 Deaton's iron ore pit ................................... 157-15.8 Vicinity of Cedartown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 158 Youngs station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 159 Floyd County .................................................. 159-179 Geology ..................... : . ............................... 159-163 Beaver limestone ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Connasauga shales and limestones .............................. 159-160 Knox dolon1ite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Chickamauga formation ..................................... 161-162 Fioyd formation .............................. .' ............ 162-163 CONTENTS XV P.A.GE Bangor formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Description of individual localities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163-179 Haynie ................................................ 163-164 Henry Bass property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Southwest Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Northeast Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Six-mile Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Big Cedar Creek exposure ................................ 166-167 Exposure near Pinson.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Exposure near N annie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Oostanaula River exposure ............................... 168-169 J. Scott Davis property................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 West side of Lavender Mountain ......................... 169-170 Beach Creek exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Lavender Station ................................ : . . . . . . 172 Halls Mountain ......................................... 172-113 Huffaker limestone quarry ................... _- ........... 173-174 Little Dry Creek ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17~ Floyd County quarry .................................... 174-175 D. B. F. Sellman property ............................... 175-176 Heath Creek exposure, Big Texas Valley................... 176 Orsman ............................................... 176-17'7 One and one-half miles southwest of Orsman ............... 17'7-178 Two miles southwest of Orsman........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1'78 Willingham-Harvey-Lipscomb property .......... ......... 178-179 Chattooga County .............................................. 1'79-199 Geology ............................... : ..................... 179-182 Connasauga shales and limestones ............................ 179-180 Knox dolomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Chickamauga formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Rockwood formation .................................. . . . . . . 181 Floyd foTmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 BangoT foTmation .......................................... 181-182 Description of individual localities .............................. 182-199 Buckels limestone quarry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Two and one-half miles southeast of Trion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 One and one-half miles north of Trion .................... 183-184 Bald Mountain ...................... .- ................. 184-185 J\1enlo .................................................. 185-187 Shackleton ............................................. 187-188 Gore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Two miles northeast of Gore ............................. 188-189 Four miles southwest of Subligna ......................... 189-190 Subligna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 xvi CONTENTS P.A.GE One and one-half miles northwest of Crystal Springs ........ 190-191 Tidings ............................................... 191-192 One and one-half miles north of Kartah ................... 192-193. Gaines property ............. ; .........................193-194 Robinson property .................................... 194-195 Two miles west of Menlo ................................195-196. Cedar Poi~t . , ......................................... 196-19T Neals Gap .............................................. 19T-19& Martins Cave .......................................... 198-199 Dade County ...................... : .......................... 199-218 Geology ..................................................... 199-20(} Chickamauga formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Rockwood formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Bangor formation .......................................... 199-200 Lookout formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Description of individual localities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201-218. Trenton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Tatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 One-half mile west of Trenton ...... , .................... 202-203. One mile northwest of New England...................... 203. One and three-fourths miles s'outh of Rising Fawn .......... 203-204 Southern !ron and Steel Company .......................... 204-208 Four miles northeast of Rising- Fawn. " .................... 209-21(} Sitton Gulf ...................... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Two p.1iles east of Trenton .............................. 210-211 I Two. and one-half miles southwest of Trenton.~ ............ 211-212 Two and. one-half miles northwest of New England .... : .... 212-2f3 Three miles north of New England ................. .'... 213-214 One and one-half miles northwest of Trenton .............. 214-215Two miles west of Rising Fawn ........................ 215,216 Proctors Bluff ...... , ... ............................... 216-217 Four miles southwest o Trenton, .... ,.................... 218 Walker County ........................ ........................219-245 Geology .......... ........................................ 219-220 Connasauga sh~les and limestones.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Knox dolomite ................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Chickamauga formation ............. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Rockwood formation ............. ........................... 219 Floyd formation ............ ........ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Bangor formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Description of individual localities .............................. 220-245 Chickamauga Cement Company .......................... 220-226 Geologic relations ........ , ......................... 221-222Conditions affecting development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222-224- COKTEKTS xvii ?AGE Winning and preparation of the raw material. ........... 224-225 Manufacture of hydrated lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Manufacture of natural cement. ........................ 225-226 Trouth and Company's quarries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226-227 Catlett Gap road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 McLamore Cove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Horine Development Company ............................ 229-232 Geologic relations .................................... 229-231 Chemical interpretation ............................... 231-232 Conditions affecting develop'ment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Shinbone Ridge ............... , ........................ 232-234 West side of Pigeon Mountain .................... ...... 234-235 Two and one-half miles southwest of Copeland ............. 235-236 Jackson property ................. : . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Brum property ........................................ . 237 Nickajack Gap road, east side of Lookout Mountain . . . . . . . . 237-238 McLamore Cove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Dougherty Gap ........................................ 239-240 Coulter property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 One mile southwest of Cedar Grove post office. . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Bowers Gap ......................................... . . 241 One-half mile west of Cassandra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 One and one-haif milesnorthwest of Cassandra. . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Southern Iron and Steel Company ........................ 243-245 Catoosa County ................................................ 245-257 Geology . .................................................... 245-247 Rome formation .......................................... : 245 Connasauga shales and limestones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Knox dolomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Chickamauga forma_tion . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Rockwood formation ..................... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 , Bangor formation ....................... : .................. 246-247 Description of individual localities .............................. 247-257 Fort Oglethorpe well No.5 ............................... 247-249 Graysville Mining and Manufacturing Company ............ 249-254 :Hale property ......................................... 254-256 Cedar Bluff ............................................ 256-257 Whitfield County ................................................ 258-264 Geology ...................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Connasauga shales and limestones ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Chickamauga formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Rockwood formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Description of individual localities................... : ......... 259-264 Du.cketts Mill .......... .............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 xviii CONTENTS PAGE One mile north of Ducketts Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260.Jet Black Marble Company .............................. 260-261 Cedar Ridge, north of the Dalton-Dawnville road ........... 261-26Z Four miles northeast of Dalton ........................... 262-263 Two miles due north of Dalton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Three and one-half miles east of Waring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Dantzler property . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Mur~ay County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Connasauga shales and limestones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Knox dolomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Chickamauga formation . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Gordon County .................. ' .... : ......................... 266-267 Geology ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 -Connasauga shales and limestones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Knox dolomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Desc:ription of individual localities .............................. 266-267 One mile southeast of Fairmount ................ ......... 266-jti'/ One mile southwest of Fairmount.......................... 2~)7' One mile northeast of Pine Log Creek..................... 267 Bartow County .................. ."............................. 267-278. Geology ..... , ................. ' ............................. 267-268. Beaver limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Rome formation ...................... .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Connasauga shales and limestones ....... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268~ Knox dolomite ........... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 268 Chickamauga limestones and Rockmart shales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268. Description of individual localities .............................. 268-278 Two miles south of S'ophia .............................. 268-269 Fols'om . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26!f Four miles east of Folsom ............................... 269-270 Georgia Green Slate Company ............................ 270-271 Ladd Lime Company .................................... 271-273. Geologic relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Physical and chemical character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Conditions affecting development ....... ; .. : . .... .'...... 272-273: Development ....... , ................. .'................ 273 Uses ................................ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Howard Hydraulic Cement Company...................... 273-275 Geologic relations .............................. ,. . . . . . 274 Conditions affecting development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Development ............ :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275. Clifford Lime and Stone Company........................ 276-277 Geologic relations .................................... 276-277' CONTENTS xix: PAGE Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Uses .....................................................'.............. 277 Paul F. Akin property ................................... 277-~78 APPENDIX ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279-285 United States Government Specification for Portland cement ........ ~ .. 280-~81 Specification ................................................... 28G-281 Interpretation of results ............. ............................ 281-285 ILL US TRA TIONS PLATE I. Plant of the Piedmont Portland Cement Company, Portland, Polk County, Georgia ................................. Frontispiece II. III. IV. Y. VI. VII. . VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. FACING PAGE An outcrop of white Murphy marble at the Perseverance quarry, 2 miles east of Jasper, Pickens County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Marble Bluff, near Whitestone, on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, Gilmer County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 An exposure of Weisner quartzite along the Western and Atlantic Railroad, at the iron bridge over the Etowah River, 1 mile east of Cartersville, Georgia, showing the crushing and folding of the quartzite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 A view showing outcrop of black marble at the quarry of the American Black Marble Company, Whitfield County, Georgia... . . . . 88 Residual chert and clay resulting from the, weathering of the Knox dolomite, in a cut on the Central of Georgia Railway, near Summerville, Chattooga County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 A cut on the Chattanooga Southern Railroad, at Estelle, walker County, Georgia, showing shales and sandstones associated with the fossil iron ores .................................. 102 A. Rockmart slates. Quarry of the Rockmart Shale Brick anu Slate Company, Rockmart, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . 122 B. Mill of the Whitestone Marble Company, Whitestone, Pickens County, Georgia. Quarry immediately east of the mill. ..... 122 A. Murphy marble, Detroit Marble Company, Whitestone, Pickens County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 B. Quarry of the Georgia Marble Company, near Tate, Pickens County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 A. Rockmart slates. Quarry of the Black Diamond Slate Company, about 2 miles northeast of Rockmart, Polk County, Georgia. . 130 B. Rockmart slates. Artificial cut made by Seaboard Railroad immediately south of Rockmart, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . 130 A. Chickamauga limestone. Quarry No. 3, Southern States Portland Cement Company, Rockmart, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . 144 B. Chickamauga limestone. A portion of quarry No. 1, Southern States Portland Cement Company, Rockmart, Georgia. . . . . . . 144 A. Chickamauga limestone oYerlain unconformably by Rockmart xxii ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PLATE PAGE shales and slates. Quarry No. 3, Southern States Portland Cement Company, Rockmart, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . 140 B. Mill of the Southern States Portland Cement Company, Rock- mart, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 XIII. A'. Chickamauga limestone. Quarry of the Piedmont Portland Ce- ment Company, Por,tland, Polk Co11nty, Georgia ............... 146 B. Chickamauga limestone. Quarry of the Bald Mountain Portland Cement Company, 114 miles north of Aragon Springs, Polk County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 XIV. A. Chickamauga limestone. Quarry of the Southern Lime :iY.4anu- facturing Company, Aragon, Polk County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . 152 B. Rockmart siates. Quarry of Ellis Davis' Sons, Rockmart, .Polk _ County, Georgia, showing cleavage. Bedding not shown. . . . . 152 XV. A. Argillaceous limestone in the Floyd formation. Quarry located in the city limits of Rome, at the intersection of the North Attalla Railroad and the Rome-Summerville public road. . . . . 174 B. Stone crushing plant owned by Floyd County, located imme- diately east of the quarry in A ... , ........................ 174 XVI. A. Bangor limestone, about 5 miles. north of Crystal Springs, on the Robinson property, Chattooga County, Georgia.............. 194 :B. Shales at the top of the Floyd formation, about 5 miles north of Crystal Springs, on the Robinson property, Chattooga County, Georgia ................ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 XVII. A. Bangor limestone. Lower quarry of Southern Iron and Steel Company, 1 mile northeast of Rising Fawn, Dade County, Georgia .......................... , :,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 B. Knox dolomite. A section of quarry, Ladd Lime Company, near Cartersville, Bartow County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 XVIII. A. Trauth and Company's Quarry. . Chickamauga limestone, near Chickamauga station, showing the variable thickness of the bedding, Walker County, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 B. Lime kilns and mill of the Chickamauga Cement Company, Ross- ville, Walker County, Georgia ............................. 226 XIX. A. Connasauga limestone. Portion of quarry of the Graysville Min- ing a~d Manufacturing Company, immediately west of Grays- ville, .Catoosa County, Georgia ............................ 248 J3. Knox dolomite. Eastern end of quarries of Graysville Mining and Manufacturing Company, east of Graysville, Catoosa, County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 XX. A. Reel iron ore on the Rockwood shales, Peters property, Taylor Ridge, Chattooga County, Georgia ........................ 252 J3. Close view of marble quarry, showing massive and heavy-bedded Knox dolomite, Catoosa County, Georgia ................... 252 ILLUSTRATIONS xxiii PLATE XXI. XXII. FACING PAGE A. Quarry of Knox dolomite. Kilns and stone house, Hale prop- erty, about J.lh miles southeast of Graysville, Catoosa County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 B. Knox dolomite. Ladd Lime Company's quauy, showing heavy- bedded and massive dolomite, Bartow County, Georgia. . . . . . . 256 A. Ladd Lime Company. Located about 2 miles southwest of Car- tersville, Bartow County, showing Ladd 's mountain, lime kilns, and crushed stone bins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 B. Lime kilns and cement mill, Howard Hydraulic Cement Company, Cement, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 FIGURES 1. Ta'ble showing production of Natural and Portland cements in the United States, and of Portland cement in the Southern States, since 1890. . . . . 61 2. Map showing the physiographic subdivisions of Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3. Map showing the areal distribution of marbles and limestones in the Pied- mont Plateau and Appalachian Mountain areas of Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . 80 4. Map showing the location of mill and quarries of the Southern States Port- land Cement Company ..................... : ................. : . 0 135 5. Map showing the location of the property, mill, and quarry of the "Pied- mont Portland Cement Company, Portland, Georgia ..... 0 143 6. 11:ap showing the Nat11ral cement outcrop in the vicinity of Rossville, Ga .. 221 MAPS 1. Geological map of the Appalachian Valley and Cumberland Plateau areas of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 . PREFACE The writer desires to present in this report the results of his researches on the lime and cement materials of North Georgia, and after careful consideration of all the conditions pertaining to their commercial development to make known for what purposes these materials can best be used. All the literature at the writer's command has been made use of in preparing that portion of the report which deals with limestones and cements, their manufacture, uses, etc. The geology of the Appalachian Valley and the Cumberland Plateau is discussed in more detail than is usual in an economic report. An intimate knowledge of the geology of this area was essential in order to fully comprehend the possibilities of the undeveloped deposits. Every outcrop of limestone of any commercial importance, together with the associated shales, has been sampled and analyses have been made. Especial care was taken not only to locate definitely on a topographic map the position of the section, but to describe carefuly each lithologic unit, and to show in the sections described the character of the unit corresponding to any analysis. The maps accompanying this report show the distribution of the lime and cement materials in the Piedmont Plateau, the Appalachian ).(fountains, the Appalachian Valley, and the Cumberland Plateau, along with the definite location of more than 350 samples which were analyzed by Dr. Edgar Everhart, chemist of the Geological Survey of Geo,rgia. The discussion of the lime and cement materials by districts or by lesser physiographic and geologic subdivisions is usually preferable to the geologist; however, the description of individual localities by counties makes the information in this report more accessible to the property owners, for which reason this report has been arranged to conform with other reports issued by the Survey. xxvi PREFACE The writer desires to express his sincere thanks to Prof. S. W. McCallie for many valuable suggestions in the preparation and revision of the manuscript. Dr. Edgar Everhart, chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, and- Mr. Clarence N. Wiley, general manager of the Atlantic and Gulf Portland Cement Company, have always gladly co-operated and given their advice freely. The writer is also indebted to the general managers and chemists of the Southern cement mills and the lime manufacturers of Georgia for their many courtesies. / LIMESTONE AND CEMENT MATERIALS OF NORT-H GEORGIA LIMESTONE, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES LIMESTONES ORIGIN Lime (calcium) occurs originally in the igneous rocks of the earth's crust, where it is found in combination with a great number of substances and is an important constituent in a large number of rockmaking minerals. Lime never occurs in nature as such, but always in combination with other constituents as carbonate, sulphate, silicate, phosphate, etc. On account of its ease of combination there are a great number of rock-making minerals containing a large percentage of lime. By the action of water and the acids of the atmosphere and lithosphere, lime is dissolved. The analyses of river waters show them to contain a considerable amount of carbonic acid. This holds the lime in solution and it is carried by the rivers to the sea where limestones (carbonates of lime with varying amounts of impurities) are formed, either from the accumulation and ultimate consolidation of the fossil remains of organisms which secrete lime or from the chemical precipitation of lime from solution. The limestones of North Georgia are all of marine origin. They may be divided, for convenience of description, into five distinct types, namely: high-calcium limestones, magnesian limestones, argillaceous limestones, dolomites, and high-calcium .or dolomitic marbles. The differences in these calcium and magnesium carbonates are due sometimes to conditions of deposition depending on their origin, either from the accumulation of organic remains, deposition due to chemical 2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA precipitation, by the admixture of argillaceous sediments, or to sub- . sequent causes. PHYSICAL CHARACTER Limestones show wide differences in physical character. The physical character is usually a criterion of the chemical composition. Limestones vary in color from pure white to black, depending on differences in chemical composition. The amorphous and semicrystal- line limestones are usually light gray to bluish gray in color, or ? - ' variegated. In the highly crystalline limestones the impurities may be crystallized and segregated in bands or the coloring matter may be uniformly disseminated throughout or irregularly distributed. Limestones vary in texture from am?rphous and semi-crystalline to crystalline: Variation in density and absorption properties are due largely to differences in texture. Limestones vary in hardness, specific gravity and compactness from the unconsolidated shell marls to the crystalline marbles. Many va- rieties of limestone are named on the basis of chemical composition, as high-calcium, magnesian, dolomitic, etc. Special names are also given because of their structure or most abundant accessory con- stituent, as argillaceous, chalky, sillceous, bituminous, oOlitic, and pisolitic; and still othe~s a~e named from certain predominant fossils as crinoidal, coralline, and formaniferal. No. 1 passing through 14.,.inch ; No. 2, over %-inch ; and No. 3, over 1f2~inch ring. BUILDING STONES The most important calcareous rocks quarried in Georgia and used for building purposes are the white and vari-colored crysta'lline Cambrian marbles of Pickens County1 Marbles also occur in Fannin, Gilmer, arid Cherokee counties. The Cambrian limestones of the Appalachian Valley are seldom used for building on account of the clayey impurities present and the usual large amount o,f secondary calcite developed in stringers throughout the limestone. The Knox dolomite of Cambro-Ordovician age has not been used 1McCallie, S. w., The Marbles of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ga. No. 1, 19.07. LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES .AND SLATES 13 except for local purposes. The high cost of quarrying this heavy bedded and massive limestone will probably prevent its use as a building stone. The Chickamauga limestones of Ordovician age are the only limestones of the Appalachian Valley region of Georgia that have been widely used for building. At Chickamauga, Walker County, the limestones of the Chickamauga formation have been pretty extensively quarried for trimmings, door steps, foundations, curbing, construction of buildings, and by the United States Government in culvert construction on National roads in the vicinity of Chattanooga. All sizes of stone can be obtained in the same quarry, due to the variation in thickness of the bedding and the numerous joints developed perpendicular to stratification. The limestone splits parallel to the bedding and along these joint planes. The Silurian limestones (Rockwood formation) are always thin bedded and never available for building purposes. The Floyd and Bangor formations of Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) age contain the most important and promising building stone of northwest Georgia. The limestones of the Floyd formation seldom exceed 100 feet in thickness, while those of the Bangor formation sometimes reach a thickness of 800 or 900 feet. These limestones contain oolitic, crinoidal, and crystalline beds. The geologic conditions nearness to markets, railroad facilities, and general favorable conditions of quarrying are often such as to make these limestones of economic value. MORTARS .AND PLASTERS Both high-calcium and dolomitic limes are used in preparing mortars and plasters. The fact that slaked lime mixed with sand hardens when exposed to the atmosphere, together with the ease of preparation, plasticity and adhesive properties, makes it valuable for use, both in interior and exterior construction. The sand prevents shrinkage and indirectly causes a greater strength by aiding the mass in the absorption of carbon dioxide by the lime, forming the carbonate. Hydrated lime is now extensively used as a mixture with natural 14 .GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA and PortlaiJ.d cement for use as mortar. When lime is added up to 30 per cent. it adds strength to the cement and makes it more impervious. All limes used with sand for mortars and plasters should be thoroughly slaked. If the lime is not thoroughly slaked it will contain some quicklime and the absorption of moisture by the quicklime causes the mortar or plaster to expand and crack. AGRICULTURAL PuRPOSES High-calcium. and magnesium limes are preferable for agricultural purposes. High-calcium limes are used on soils containing considerable magnesia, while the magnesium limes are more suitable for soils free of this constituent. Argillaceous limes are only used when high-calcium and magnesium limes ar~ not available, for the agriculturi:st desires the greatest percentage of calcareous materials 1?0ssible in the stone to perform the chemical and physical functions in a soil already containing sufficient silica and alumina. Chemical function of time.-Phosphoric acid, potash, and lime are the principal constituents in the soil that need constant replacement. When lime is applied to the soil it un:ites with silica and alumina, which are the two most abundant soil constituents, and also with other soil substances. Lime makes potash available for plants, and it reacts with the inert compounds of iron and alumina, which may be combined with phosphoric acid and causes the phosphorus to become. available for plant food. It also -reacts with organic compounds and manures and liberates ammonia and neutralizes organic acids which result from organic decomposition. Physical effect.-The physical effect of lime on the soil which is largely due to chemical reactions that have taken place betwe~n lime and certain soil constituents, is often of as much value to the plant as the indirect effect of fertilization due to the liberation of plant food. The physical characteristics of soil.such as texture, porosity, character Of soil particles, which increases or decreases the capillarity, etc., are of considerable importance in determining the value of soils for agricultural purposes. LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES 15 Lime reduces the plasticity of clayey soils and makes the clay more porous and through a greater porosity it promotes nitrification. Lime furthermore on sandy soils, by chemical combination, forms silicates and performs the function of a cementing material, bringing the soil particles closer together, thus diminishing the porosity of the sandy soil. It is especially desired to emphasize the fact that residual soils derived from limestone are usually as much in need of lime as those derived from sandstones, shales, or crystalline rocks. This can best be brought to the attention of the agriculturist by the analyses of a calcareous rock and a soil derived from it, copies of which are here given: Analyses of Knox Dolo,mite1 and Soils in the Vicinity of Cave Springs, Georgia. Constituents determined. Knox dolomite. Soils. Calcium carbonate (CaCOa) _______________________ _ Magnesium carbonate (MgCOa)- ______ ------ ___ -- __ Alumina (AhOa)- _--- ___ ----- . ------- -----------Iron oxide (Fe20a)------ _--- ___ ---------------- __ Silica (Si02)-- __ -------------------------- -- ---- -- 52.05 36.32 2.68 2.10 6.47 } .01 to 2.00 } 6.00to 16.00 60.00 to 80.00 . In the process of rock disintegration, the calcareous matter is dissolved out of the rocks and is carried away in solution, thus forming soils by the accumulation of silica and alumina with a small percentage of other constituents. It is necessary to apply lime so that it will be uniformly distributed in th~ soil, in order to perform the physical and chemical functions above mentioned. Amount of lime to be used.-The number of bushels of lime to be used per acre and the frequency of application depend on the character of the soil. A number of interesting results were brought out at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station and presented in their Bulletin No. 110, p. 9. The results of their experimental work shows l.Spencer, J. W., Paleozoic Group of Georgia.: Geol. Survey of Ga., 1893. 16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA that, all things taken into- consideration, annual application of twenty bushels of lime to the acre is proportionally more effective than 50 to 60 bushels. LITHOGRA.Pmc STONE Lithographic stone is a fine grained, homogeneous limestone of uniform ' chemi-cal. composition. It may vary in color, which is not such an important factor as constant physical character. The litho- graphic stones in practical use contain a low percentage of magnesia. The effect of acid on calcium and magnesium is so different that if the stone contains any considerable amount o.f magnesia it can not be evenly etched. The following .chemical analyses show the variation in chemical character of some lithographic stones1 : AnalY'ses of Lithographic Stones. Constituents determined. ' Branden- Solenhofen Mitchell burg, Ky. Bavaria.. Co., Iowa. Insoluble in hydrochloric acidSilica (SiOz) _________________ ---------- Alumina and iron oxide (AlzOa +FezOa) Lime (CaO) ~ _________ ~ ____________ . _ . - Magnesia (MgO) _______________ . _. _____ Soluble iir:hydrochloric acid~ - Alumina (A1z0a)-~------------------Ferrous oxide (FeO) ____________ -------- Magnesia (Mgo) ______ '--- __ ...,- __________ Lime .(CaO)-----~--------------------Soda (NazO) ____ ---- __ -------- -- -- -- -Potash (K20) ___ ----'- --------- -~ -- ---Humus ____ -----------.-~-------'----- __ Hygroscopic water (HzO) _____ ------ ____ Water of composition (H20) _____________ Carbon anhydride (C02)-------- __ ---- __ Sulphuric anhydride (SOa) ____________ ._ 3.15 .45 .09 ----- .13 .31 6.75 44.76 .13 --- -- .41 .47 43.06 ----- 1.15 .22 tr. ----- .23 .26 .56 53.80 .07 __, ___ .23 .69 42.69 ----- '" .78 tr. ----- --. -- .12 ----- .07 I 54.91 .18 .11 ----- .35 43.16 tr. Total____ -'- ____ "__________________ . 99.71 99.90 99.68 Mechanical admixtures of silica and alumina are objectionable, as 1Hoen, A. B., Iowa Geological Survey; Vol. XITI, 1902; p. 846. LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES 17 they leave a roughened surface when the limestone is etched. Calcite in veins or distributed irregularly throughout the stone is also obj-ectionable. A cross section perpendicular to the plane of stratification shows the character of the texture. The hardness required to suit the engraver is best determined by the engraver himself. Absorption and specific gravity tests are important. Lithographic stone is not confined to any geologic formation, but may be found in any sedimentary rocks where the conditions of sedimentation were satisfied. PAPER MANUF.ACTURE Paper is largely manufactured from two types of material: (1) straw, rags, etc.; or (2) wood pulp. In the manufacture of paper from straw and rags, lime oxide is used to dissolve any fatty impurities which may be present. The lime oxide should be derived from a highcalcium limestone. In the manufacture of paper from wood pulp, there are two important methods of reducing the wood to pul.p: (1) the soda process; and (2) the sulphite process. High-calcium lime is used in the former process while dolomitic lime is used in the latter. LEATHER M.ANUF.ACTURE High-calcium lime, low in silica, alumina and iron, is preferable in the tanning process of hides and skins. Lime in solution as "milk of lime" is used to remove the flesh adhering to the skins, to loosen the hair, and to soften an4 swell the hides for the further processes to which they are subjected. SUG.AR M.ANUF.ACTURE Calcium oxide in solution in the form of "milk of lime," used in the manufacture of sugar, must be derived from a high-calcium lime- stone, low in silica, alumina, and iron, and especially low in magnesia. Magnesia forms a soluble compound with sugar, while calcium forms an insolU:~le tricalcium sucrate which may be separated by filtering and later when carbon dioxide gas is passed into solution it is broken down into calcium carbonate and a solution of sugar. 18 G~OLOGIC..AL SURVEY OF GEORGIA MANUFACTURE OI!' GLUE In the manufacture of glue, organic animal refuse is :treated with tinslaked or lime hydrate ill: the form of "milk of lime" to remove the oils, flesh, and blood, and to disintegrate the tissues and to soften the marrow.. SoAP .AND CANDLES ('_' .High-calcium limes with a small quantity~ ;of. magnesia are used with sodium carbonate to reduce it to caustic S.Qdfl. which is used with fats to form soap. By the addition of sulphur,ic p.cid the ~ree organic acids are separated and are used in the manufacture of candles. GROUND LIMESTONE Agricu. ltural p.urposes.-Gr.ound limestone is used to perform the same. functions in soils as; burnt lime. The chemical activity of the ground limestone will depend on the degree of fineness of the particles. For agricultural purposes they are usually ground to a fineness of 60 to 70 mesh. Ground limestone can be applied at any season of the year.. It can be equally disti-ibuted on or into the soil and the ."burning;'~ which may result from the excess of slaked lime due to the crude method of distributing it upon the surface; is not likely to occur. Lime is also used largely for many purposes which have not been mentioned above. Among the more important uses are: the manufacture of sand-lime brick, slag cement, pottery, hydrating agents, disinfecting compounds, etc. BURNING 0 LIMESTONES. The high-calcium, magnesium and dolomitic limes are all produced in the same general way, namely, by the decarbonation of limestone. The character of the resultant product depends largely on the chemical composition of the calcined rock. High-argillaceous limestones are seldom used for lirrie, but more especially in the manufacture of the complex ce~ents. The chemical reactions which take place in the bu~ing o1f each variety will be discussed under the classification of limes. In the manufacture of quicklime, the carbon dioxide must be driven from the limestone, the water in the limestone must be evaporated and the stone must be heated to its dissociation temperature. LIMESTONES, CL.AYS, SH.ALES .AND SL.ATES 19 The dissociation temperature varies ior each variety of limestone and also in two limestones of the same chemical composition, due to differences in texture, hardness, compactness, etc. Water is often added in the burning process forming when heated steam, which, in association with the carbon dioxide given off by the limestone, still further aids in the dissociation of the stone. The types of kilns most used today in burning limestone are the intermittent and the continuous kilns which are here described. INTERMITTENT KILNS Intermittent kilns are vertical with mixed feed. After the kiln is charged, burned, and cooled, the lime is drawn. While this method of manufacture is still in use in the rural districts in some localities, it is regarded today as distinctly primitive. ' CONTINUOUS KiLNS In all of the continuous kilns, the burnt lime is withdr~wn from below while the limestone is added at the top and there is no interruption in the production, unless so desire.d by the operator. These kilns are of four types: (1) vertical kilns with mixed feed; (2') vertical kilns with separate feed; (3) ring or chamber kilns; (4) rotary kilns. Vertical kilns with mixed feed.-These are of many types, and on account of their ease of construction they are usually made in the vicinity in which the lime is manufactured. They vary from square or bottle-shaped stone kilns to those made of iron or steel plates and lined in the interior with fire-brick. The feeding of the kiln takes place from the top where first a layer of coal and then a layer of limestone is added and so on alternately and continuously, or at regular intervals. A fire is started at the bottom and as it works its way up, the limestone is calcined and is drawn at the bottom. The manufacture of lime by this process has the following advantages: (1) construction is cheaper .than separate feed kilns or chambe_r or ring kilns; (2) less amount of fuel is necessa_ry to burn the lime; (3) the yield is larger for the same size of kiln. The lime is usually of lower grade however than that which is burnt in separate feed kilns, due to admixture of ash and clinker with lime. 20 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA V e1tical kilns with separate, feed.-In these kilns the hot fue! gasses, only, come in contact with the limestone, which is fed in at the top while the fuel which consists of coal or wood, is fed into fire boxes which are usually set into the walls of stone kilns, while in the more modern iron and steel kilns, the fuel is burnt in horizontal furnaces from two to four in number built out from the kiln above the drawing pan. Producer gas is also used. Ring or chamber kilns.-The Hoffman kiln1 is the best known type of the ring or chamber kiln, and while it has been used extensively in Germany for the manufacture of lime as well as Portland cement and brick, it has not come into use in this country. The fuel consumption is low in comparison with the vertical kiln; however, it requires skilled labor for each operation. Rotary kilns.-The New York li~e c~mpany at Natural Bridge, N. Y., was the first company in this country to carry on the successful manufacture of lime in the rotary, kiln. This method of manufacture results in a lime which is superior in many ways to lime burned in the vertical kiln and many difficulties of burning are done away with. The following references are cited for those interested in the manufacture of litne in the rotary kiln : Rock Products, V.ol. IV, No. 1, p. 35. Flrase-h, .Mineral Industry, Vol. VII, p. 491. Spa,c$.:man, Henry 0., Rock Pr:oduct's, Vol. TV, No. 21 p. 38. Rock Products, Vol. IV, No. 5, p. 45. FUEL USED IN LIME BURNING The two principal materials used in Georgia for lime burning are .wood and coal. Wood is best suited technically. With good wood, more lime, as a rule, can be produced than with coal; however, the cost of wood today is usually slightly greater per ton of lime produced. Coal is gradually replacing wood for the burning of limestone, due to the scarcity and high cost of wood in most localities. With the modern appliances for burning coal the many .objections to its use which formerly existed are done away with. The cost of burning depends on: (1) the chemical character of 1Frasch, Mineral Industry, Vol. VII, p. 491. LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES 21 the limestone, whether high-calcium, dolomitic, or argillaceous; (2) the physical character of the rock, nature of crystallinity, texture, degree of consolidation, etc. ; ( 3) the kind of fuel used, quality, and cost ; (4) the skill of. the burners. Few lime burners keep any accurate account of the amou~t of fuel consumed per ton of lime. Statistics are not available on the cost of production of lime in this State; however, for those interested in the character of fuels used in other states and the cost of production, the following references are cited : 1905--Grimsley, G. P., Clays, Limestones, Cements: W. Va. Geol. Snrvey, Vol. ill, 1905, pp. 360-368 'and 383-384. 1906-0rton, Edward., and Pepple, Samuel Vernon, Limestones, Lime and Sand-lime Brick: Geol. Survey of Ohio, 4th ser. Bulls. 4 and 5, 1906, pp. 291-293. 1907-Eckel, Edwin C., Cements, Limes and Plasters: 1907, pp. 98-112. 1907-Bueib.ler, H. A., The Lime and Cemen,t Resources of Missouri: Mo. Bureau of Geology & Mines, Vol. VI, 2nd ser., 1907, pp. 37-43. CLbSSil'IOATl!ON OF COMMON LIMES The common limes are classified, according to their chemical composition, as follows: high-calcium limes, magnesian limes, dolomitic limes, dolomites, and argillaceous limes. HIGH-CALCIUM LIMES When limestones contain less than 5 per cent. of magnesium carbonate and a small percentage of other impurities they produce, when decarbonated, a high-calcium lime. The chemical changes which take place in a theoretically pure limestone in the burning process are the following! Limestone (CaC03) +heat= quicklime (CaO) +carbon dioxide (C02 ). If the quicklime is exposed to the atmosphere it will absorb water and form hydrated calcium oxide (Ca(OH) 2 ). The same result can be had by the addition of water: CaO + H 20=Ca(OH) 2 After the lime has "slaked" and is further exposed to the atmosphere it takes up carbon dioxide (C02 ) and the chemical reaction may be expressed as follows : Calcium hydrate (Ca(OH) 2 ) +carbon dioxide (C02 ) =calcium 22 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA carbonate (CaC03 ) +water (H20), thus the calcium oxide by combination with the carbon dioxide of the air returns to the carbonate and the water evaporates into the air. High-calcium limes are known to the mixer as "strong limes," on account of the fact that they will carry more sand than other. limes. A theoretically pure limestone carries 56 parts by weight of calcium oxide (CaO) a,nd 44 parts by weight of carbGm dioxide (C02 ), and if we assume that decarbonation is complete we may express the result as follows: 100 pounds calcium carbonate (CaC03 ) +heat== 56 pounds of quicklime (CaO)+ 44 pounds of carbon dioxide (C02 ). MAGNESIAN UMES When a limestorte contains more than 5 per cent. and less than 30 per cent. of magnesium ~arbonate it produces, when burnt, a magnesian lime. The carbon dioxide is driven off precisely as in, a theotretically pure high-calcium lime; however, there are some differences in burning and usually less heat is required for decarbonation. DOLOMITIC LIMES AND DOLOMITES I . Most of the commercial limes carrying J:I:lagnesia approach the com- position of a dolomite. When a dolomite is calcined, the amount of calcium and magnesium oxides in 100 pounds of dolomite can be d.etermin. ed and expressed in a commercial formula as follows : . Calcium carbonate ,(CaC03 ) 54.3 per: cent.+ Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) 45.7 per cent.= a theoretical dolomite. Calcium carbonate is made up of 56 per cent. calcium oxide (CaO) and 44 per cent. carbon dioxide (C02 ). If we now assume that decarbonation is complete, the loss of carbon dioxide on calcination, due to the calcium carbonate, will be 54.3 X 44 = 23.9 per cent. carbon diox- ide (C02 ), and the residue of calcium oxide due to the calcium car- bonate will be 30.4 per cent. ' I Magnesium cC).rbonate contains 48.0 per cent. magnesium oxide (MgO) and 52. per cent. carbon dioxide (C02 ), hence 45.7 X .52= 23.7 carbon dioxide (C02 ) and the residue of Magnesium oxide (MgO), due to the magnesium carbonate, will be 22 per cent. The LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES 23 total composition of the original rock may be expressed as follows: The original. rock contains in 100 lbs._______ 30.4 lbs. CaO and -------------------------------- 22.0 " MgO making a total of______________________ 52.4 " CaO and MgO contained in 100 lbs. of dolomite. .ARGILLACEOUS LIMES Limestones high in silica and .alumina are seldom burned for common lime, but are extensively used in the manufacture of complex hydraulic cements. HYDRATED LIMES When quicklime is exposed to the atmosphere for any length of time or if water is added the lime combines with the water to form slaked or hydrated lime. The chemical reaction is as follows : Lime (CaO) +water (H20) =lime hydrate (Ca(OH2). It has been realized for many years that when quicklime (CaO) is slaked by the ordinary laborer, too much or too little water is added and an unsatisfactory product is likely to result. The quicklime generates heat on slaking, and if too little water is added "burning" is likely to occur, while too much water is equally as objectionable. It is almost impossible for the day laborer to mix the quicklime and water in the proper proportions. The results of a poorly mixed lime hydrate may cause "pitting" and cracking of the mortar. Lime hydrate can now be carefully manufactured and the unsatisfactory results mentioned above done away with. METHOD OF MANUFACTURE (1) The carbon dioxide must be driven from the limestone as in any ordinary process in the manufacture of quicklime (CaO). (2) The quicklime must be ground to a fairly uniform small size. In some plants it is crushed to about one inch while in others it is reduced to one-half inch size or to a fine powder. (3) The ground quicklime must be intimately mixed with sufficient water. There are a number of methods used for hydrating the quicklime; however, the principal object of them all is to thoroughly and intimately mix the quicklime 24 GEOLOGICAL SURV;EY OF GEORGIA and water. The amount of the water to be added depends on the chemical character of the quicklime. Different amounts are added to a high-calcium, a dolomitic or a high-magnesium lime, and the amount to be added in each case is determined by exp~rience. (4) Any unhydrated lumps or cores must be separated by screening from the fine slaked lime. The very fine hydrated lime is packed in bags and sold according to the standards adopted by ~he hydrated lime manufacturers of the United States1 The cost and equipment of a hydrated lime plant depends on the character of the stone and the method of manufacture. ADVANTAGES OF HYDRATED LIME Hydrated lime is characterized by the. foHowing advantages: (1) It will not. air slake, for it has taken up already the necessary amount of water of combination. It will 'therefore keep for a long time in barrels, sacks, or paper bags. As it does not absorb water, there is no danger of expansion which takes place in quicldime (Ca6), due to the absorption of water front the atmosphere. It can be shipped by water and there is no d<;~.nger of heat being generated and consequent fire. (2') It does not contain, grit or "core"-this is separated by screening. (3) "PoPping" and cracking of mortars made with hydrated lime are not so likely to occur as. from lime-hydrate roughly prepared. (4) It can be mixed uniformly with cement and is used for the purpose of water-proofing the latter or to ma:ke a more easily troweled mortar. USES OF HYDRATED LIME The more important uses of hydrated lime are : for purifying water, washing boilers, iron moulding, agricultural purposes, coM water p~ints, glass industry, a dry spray and in solution with sulphur for fruit trees, etc. Hydrated lii:ne mixed with natut:al cements and gypsum .makes a slow setting, but very hard, plaster. Hydrated lime added to and ground with natural cement rock adds greatly to the strength of the cement mortar2 By the addition of hydrated lime to Portland cement a.Engineering News, Sept. 8, 1904, Vol. 52, p. 220. 2Bleininger, .A;;- V., The Manufacture of Hydraulic' Cements: Geological Survey o:f Ohio, Bull. 8, 4th ser., 1904, p. 191. LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES 25 mortars, better working properties, a greater density, and waterproofing qualities are the result. Hydrated lime as a disinfectant is equally as good as the quicklime. It can be put up in small packages for sale and can be kept almost indefinitely. Hydrated lime is used for many other purposes. LITERATURE ON HYDRATED LIME 1903-Brig1ham, S. Y., The Manufa,cture and Properties of Hydrate of Lime; Engineering News, Vol. 50, Aug. 27, 1903, pp. 177-179. 1903~Warner, C., Hydrated Lime: Engineering News, Vol. 50, Oct. 8, 1903, pp. 320-321. 1903-Warner, C., Strength Tests of Mixtures of Hydrated lime arid Port1and Cement: Engineering News, Vol. 50, Dec. 17, 1903, p. 544. 1904-Peppel, S. V., Lime Experiments: Rock Products, Vol. 3, April- May, 1904, p. 17. 1904-Brigham, S. Y., Hydrated Lime: EngineeLring News, Vol. 50, June 9, 1904, p. 543. 1904-W,arner, C., Standards Adopted by Manufacturers of Hydrated Lime: Engineering News, Vol. 52, .Sept. 8, 1904, p. 220. . 1906-Drton; Edward, Jr., and Peppel, Samuel Vernon, The Limestone Re- soruces and the Lime Industry of Ohio: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ohio No. 4, 4th ser., July, 1906. 1910-Lazell, E. W., Comparative Tests of Lime Mortar, Both Tension .and Compression-Hydrated Lime and Sand-Cement Lime and Sand: Rock Products, Vol. X, No. 3, Sept. 22, 1910, pp. 48-51. 1910-Matthews, E. B., and Gr,asty, J. S., The Limestones of Maryland: Maryland Geo1. Survey, Vol. VIII, pt. 3, 1910, pp. 225-229. CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES CLAYS ' ORIGIN Clays consist of a heterogeneous mixture of rock constituents the nature of which depends upon the character of the material from which the clay is derived. Clays are all of secondary origin and are derived from either igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks, resulting from the disintegration of these rocks by the normal processes of weathering and erosion. Clays may be either residual or transported. Residual clays are those derived in situ from the underlying rocks. Transported clays consist of stream, glacial, lacustrian, marine, and estuarine deposits. .26 GEOLOGIC.AL SURVfEJ! OF. GEORGIA PHYSICA;L CHARA:CTER The residual clays, resulting from the decomposition of igneous, .metamorphic and sedimentary .rooks, are seldom uniform in their physi- cal charact~r and usually contain fragments of siliceous nodules, com- cretions, etc., which may be interspersed throughout the original rocks. The transported clays which consist of stream deposits vary from fine to coarse-grained clays, but are seldom uniform over a sufficient thick- ness for economic,use in the manufacture of cement. ' CHEMICAL'CHARACTER The residual and transported stream clays of North Georgia and the consolidated shales and slates may all be of similar'chemical char- acter. However, some chemical constituent usually :predominates and they may be classified as siliceous, aluminous, ferruginous, and car- bonaceous. SHALES AND SLATES ORIGIN Shales consist of fine muds or clays whi~h have been -at some time deposited in water and have been subsequently subjected to pressure and consolidated into r.ocks, possessing characteristic cleavage or other structures. The P.ressure was due either to the weight of the over- lying rock formed by subsequent deposition, to forces to which these rocks were subjected during mountain f01"ming periods of the earth's crust, or to both of these causes combined. Under further pressure and increased temperature the character and structure of the shale were altered, chemical changes took place, the rock underwent a re- crystallization, perfect cleavage and fissility developed and the shales were changed into slates. . PHYSICAL CHARACTER Shales vary in color from cream and white to black, depending on ' the presence or absence of carbonaceous matter and variations in chemi- cal composition. . In texture, the shales vary from fine-grained, close, compact; con- solidated clays to semi-crystalline and crystalline slates. Shales are characterized by their fissile nature which is usually parallel to the LIMESTONES, CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES 27 original bedding while the cleavage of a slate may be at any angle to the stratification. The weathering of shales is often a criterion of their chemical composition. Shales weather splintery, hacldy, pisolitic-like, etc. Argillaceous shales usually break down at once, on exposure; to clays, while the more siliceous varieties weather hackly or splintery, and when they are highly crystalline, as in commercial slates, they retain their fissile character when exposed to the weather for a long period of time. Slates are quite deficient in plasticity, while shales are usually somewhat deficient; however, shales which have been superficially disintegrated by weathering agencies often contain sufficient plasticity for the manufacture of brick of superior quality. CHEMICAL CHARACTER The chemical composition of shales varies between rather wide limits. Silica and alumina are the most abundant constituents present, while lime, magnesia, manganese, iron, titanium, and the alkalies are present in smaller amounts. The term shale signifies no specific chemical composition ; however, as a geologic term it. signifies fineness and uniformity of composition over a unit of uniform lithologic similarity. CLASSIFICATION OF SHALES Shales may be described as siliceous, aluminous, ferruginous, calcareous, and carbonaceous. Siliceous shales.-Distinctly siliceous shales of extremely fine grain are rare. They represent the transition stage between the formation of normal shales and sandstones. Aluminous shales.-Shales with a relatively high content of alumina in comparison to silica are referred to as aluminous shales. Ferruginous shales.-Unweathered shales usually contain iron in the form of ferrous carbonate which gives to the shale a dark gray to bluish gray color; the carbonate Lecomes oxidized in the weathered shale to the ferric oxide, which gives the shale a reddish or brownish appearance. Iron may occur as ferrous carbonate in the form of concretions. When the concretions occur in large quantity or in such a 28 GEOLOGIC.AL SUJJ,VEY OF GEORGI.A state that they can not be economically separated the shale becomes worthless. for most col'nmercial purposes. Iron is1liable to occur in the form of iron sulphide (iron pyrite) and it is _equally as objectionable as the concretions above mentioned. The iron sulphide is oxidized in the weathered shale to the svlg_lJ,ate and gives a somewhat mottled yellow color to the shales. Calcareous es,ha.Zes.-, Shal~s~a-rryirtg more than 5 p~r cent. of lime are usually referred to as calcareous. Shales wlikh rest coilformably upof! limestone and thin bedded shales interstratified with limestones are usually calcareou~. A shale may owe its content of lime both to organic and inorganic agencies. Carbonaceous shales.-These shales are char<+cteri4ed by the presence of carbonaceous matter which may vary from a trace to at least 14 per cent. The shale is dark brown to black in cqlor and where the content of iron' is high the color ~s often green. HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CE..MENTS THE . RELATION OF HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS Hydraulic limes, natural cement and Portland cement differ from one another in physical and ch~mical character. Their peculiar characteristics are due as much to their physical condition, resulting from a definite process of manufacture, as to their chemical composition. Matthews and Grasty1 comment as follows on the classification of these compounds: Nearly all formulas have supposed that cements and hyOO s 2 ~...._, :;:::!___. -< :;z 00. CD ~ -~ <'l '"0 _,b >=! ,-.,. .Q.!J,..~.-.... ~CD CD .Q lXl cq c:e 0 "" o o :><: ~ c:::> Cl) ;::::~ 'C""l)' '-" ~ Cl) ;.::1 ,....... 0 c:e ...c...:l-0--. >~g=3'! -:;-bg'lJ :;g g3 oC+'l =>5'.""_' _. ~ ~;=: z'-c":e ,..qQ "o8..o'-o" ~ 00 _:o...:. :_l_P_. ..CgQ3O~ Z' .." .. 0 ,...., ..., ,....... p,,..~o...qq,..x:s0Cil)...0.Oa$:; ~<.'l .0;o>=!PO'--oC"''l:.-.~.c2:,e "~.0."... - ---- -- --- -- Maryland_ Cumberland1 ___ 24.74 16.74 6.30 23.41 4.09 6.18 2.22 -- -- -- --- 22.90 -- -- '---v--" Maryland_ Hancock2 __ ---- 19.81 7.35 2.41 35.76 2.18 ---- -- -- ---- ----- 31.74 ~ Maryland_ Antietama______ 15.97 7.59 23.72 15.60 - - 0. 71 - - -- -- - 34.82 ~ Virginia___ Baleony Falls4 __ 17.30 6.18 1.62 29.54 13.05 ---- ---- ---- ---.- 34.17 1 ~~~~~o~85 W VirMginia 74 ..---'----.. Shepherdstown5 15.89 5.58 1.0052.74 19.06 4.92 0.31 0.12 ---- ... Cedar Cli:ff6 ____ 27.86 11.71 .72 40.74 13.95 1.30 ---- ---- ----- Kentucky_ Louisville7 ------ 9.69 2.77 1.95 29.09 15.69 ---- -- -- ---- -- --- 40.14 '---v--" Geo,gia___ Cement8 - ______ 5.28 Georgia___ Rossv:ille9 _ _ __ _ _ 6. 52 Georgia___1Rossville1 o_____ 122. 93 2.62 \30.6017.25~---. 0.02 0.04 3.83 --------- 0.96 47.98 1.25 ---- ---- tr. 2.58 40.71 4.16 33.80 0.45 ---- 0.03 0.02 10.43 28.18 1Eckel, E. C., Cements, Limes and Plasters, 1907, p. 206. 2Ibid. 3!bid, p. 218. 4lbid, p. 212. ~Grimsley, Geo. P., Clays, Limestones, Cements W. Va. Geol. Survey, VoL III, 1905, p. 500. 6!bid, p. 508. 7"Crown Brand," Hansdale Mill, New Albany Cement Co. Analysis by W. A. Noyes, quoted by Siebenthal, 25th Ann. Rept., Ind. Dept. Geol. & Nat. Res., pp. 880-386. 6From strata of dolomitic limestone used at the present time. 9Limestone. 10Argillaceous limestone locally known as "cement rock." 9 and 10 are burnt separately, then mixed and ground to produce a natural cement. In the following table are 1lresented analyses of the natural cements at the more important localities in the Southern states : 36 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OJJ' GEORGIA Analyses of Natural Cements in the Southern States Location. __... 0 CD '"0 -~ .'".C.0.D. . z ,..__ ra o Col .s .s 0 li!g g::s ~w. s2- ~'-" < 8 - - 00. ..---. OQ .'.tC.:.D.i ,..c_o_ ill:'C-l' ~ Maryland ____ Cumberland1 ___ 25.70 12.28 4.22 52.69 1.44 ----- ----- --------- r ~ Maryland____ Hancock2 ______ 28.02 10.20 8.80 44.48 l.OO 0.50 ----- 7.00 Maryland ____ Antietam3 ______ 33.50 10.44 3.25 29.38 13.37 --- -- 1.15 7.15 Virginia___ --- Balcony Falls4. __ 25.15 8.00 3.28 49.53 13.78 ----- - -- -- 0.26 ~ West Virginia Shepherdstown5 33.42 10.04 6.00 32.79 9.59 0.50 ----- ----- ---West Virginia Cedar Cliff6 ____ 27.86 11.71 2.72 40.74 13.95 1.30 -- --- ----- 0.85 ~ Kentucky ____ Louisville7 ------ 21.10 7.50 44.40 7.00 .80 ----- 11.18 1.16 ~ ~ Georgia ______ Cement8 _ ------ 22.58 7.23\ 335 48.18 15.00 ----- ----- 3.66 ~ ~ Georgia______ Cement9 _______ 19.60 11.60 48.96 18.14 ----- ----- ----- ---- ~ Georgia. ___ . _'Rossvillel o_____ 25.89 .6.201 1.99 34.09 1. 59~---- 0.50_~--- ---- IDaw, A. W., .Alnalyst, Mi-n. l!hd,, Vol. 6, p. 96. 2Cummings, Uriah, American, Cements, 1898, p. 36, Round Top hydraulic cement. BRichardson, C., An~Myst, Brickbuilder, Vol. 6, p. 229. 4Cummings, Uriah, American Cements, 1898, p. 36, James River hydraulic cement. 5Ibid, p. 35, Shepherdstown hydraulic cement. GAttix, J. C., Analyst, W. Va. 'Ge<>l. Survey, Vol. III, 1905, p. 503. 7Mineral Industry, Vol; I, -p. 50. scummings, Uriah, Americrun Cements, 1898, p. 35. DBowron, w. M., Analyst, Eckel, E. C., Cements; Limes & Plasters, 1907, p. 253. IClark, C. M., Analyst, Supplied by Chickamauga Cement Co. M.ANUFAC'I'URE Winning the raw materials.-The raw materials are quarried in open pits or mined. The majority of the materials. used in the manufacture of natural cements, with the exception of those in the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania and New ]ersey, occur in beds six to eight feet in thickness, and on account of the structural conditions and the usual considerable thickness of overlying rocks, are most economically secured by mining. The argillaceous limestone should be broken into pieces of ap- HYDRAULIC LIMES, N.ATUE.AL .AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 37 proximately the same dimensions. The more satisfactory method is to pass the rock through crushers. When the rock. is fed into the kiln in uniform sizes a better utiliz:ation of the kiln space is secured and a greater uniformity of burning results. When materials of different size are fed into the kiln the smaller masses will be overburned before the larger ones are thoroughly calcined. Types of kilns.-Argillaceous limestones used in the manufacture of natural cements can be burnt either in vertical continuous feed kilns or in rotary kilns similar to those used in the manufacture of Portland cement. The general type is the vertical continuous feed kiln much like the ordinary lime kiln, but usually larger. The average size consists of a vertical cylinder ten feet in diameter and 24 feet high, the lower seven feet is funnel shaped, tapering to three feet in diameter and narrowing to a neck through which the calcined rock is drawn. The coal, which consists of either an anthracite or a high grade bituminous variety, is either fed into the kilns with the argillaeous limestone or in alternate layers. This method of adding the fuel necessarily causes irregularity in burning, and the raw materials in close contact with the fuel will probably be overburnt before the Emestone that is not in direct contact with it .is thoroughly calcined. This difficulty could be overcome and the quality of the cement greatly improved by burning the fuel in furnac~s arranged at the bottom and around the vertical kilns. Burning.-The changes which take vlace in burning an argillaceous limestone consist first in the driving off of carbon dioxide from the calcium and magnesium carbonates and the combination of the resulting calcium and magnesium oxides with the argillaceous materials to form silicates. Magnesium carbonates decompose at a lower temperature 'than calcium carbonates. Investigations on the temperature of burning of raw materials for natural cements were carried on by Bleininger1 and he came to the following conclusions : The best temperature for burning calcareous Roman cements is 1,000 degrees C. Below this temperature hydr.aulicity is not fully developed, above ~Bleininger, Albert Victor, Manufacture of Hydraulic Cements: Geol. Survey of Ohio, 4th ser., Bull. 3, pp. 184, 185. 38 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA it a D:Oill-.hydxaulic compound is evidently produced; whether On goin:g still higher hyd,raulicity is r.esto.red has not been determined, but seems doubt- fuL**** . The proper burning temperature of dolomitic Roman cements is about 950 degrees C., and should be iower rather than higher. Natural cement rock in the Lehigh district is crushed to a pea size or smaller and burned in the rotary kiln. The length of burning is considerably shorter than the time required to burn the rock in the upright kiln. The clinker is burned unifor~ly and as a result there is no underburned or overburned rock, and after the clinker is crushed and pulverized it results in a superior quality of cement. Crushing and grinding.-The calcined "cement rock," as it comes from the vertical kilns, consists of hard and soft material. These materials are separated, and at some plants the hard calcined rock is discarded while at others the soft clinker is thrown away. The calcined rock. :first. .undergoes a preliminary grinding~ The vertical cracker known as the_ coffee mill is the type which has been most used in the past. The :finely ground dust passes through screens and is conveyed to the packing house while the coarser, material is carried to the mill _for :fine grinding. The buhrstone and the rock emery mills were the type in general use for :fine grinding until the last decade. The more progressive manu~acturers of natural cement today crush the calcined rock in a disintegrater or Kent mill and then pass it to a tube mill for the :fine gtinding. The advantages of the tube mill are: (1) :fineness of the product, usually 90 to 95 per cent. through a 100- mesh sieve; (2) its large capacity; (3) no screening necessary; (4) repair of mill and wear of pebbles very small; (5) eliminating the troublesome attention required in 'the dressing of stones which is nec- essary in the buhrstone and rock emery mills. Until the last decade the grinding of calcined cement rock was seldom carried further than 95 per cent. through a 5Q!-mesh sieve. The manufacturer now realizes that :fine grinding has the effect of increas- ing the sand-carrying capacity of the cem~nt, making its strength test greater in mortars and the cement more sound. 'HYDB.AULIC LIMES, N.ATUB.AL AND POBTL.AND CEM:ENTS 39 THE NATURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT In the beginning of the modern practice of the manufacture of cements it was observed that limestones containing argillaceous matter possessed hydraulic properties when calcined. The early makers of cement attributed the hydraulic properties to the presence of the clay. The French were the first to investigate extensively the nature of cements and while there were also many other works in Germany, England, Russia, United States, and elsewhere, it is only possible here to give a brief summary of a few of the more important investigations. Vical made known the results of his investigations in 1818 ; however, his experiments were confined chiefly to hydraulic lime and puzzola:n. Le Chatelier1 was the first to make a mineralogical (microscopic) examination into the nature of Portland cement. He considered tricalcium silicate (3CaO.Si02 ) the active element of cements, and found also what he considered to be tricalcium aluminate. Richardson in 1902 illustrated the crystalline character of Portland cement by means of micro~photographs and came to the conclusion that it is a solid solution. In 1904', after carrying on the most extensive microscopic investigation yet attempted, he arrived at the conclusion that cement clinker consists of two solid solutions, i. e., tricalcium aluminate (3Ca0.A120 3 ) dissolved in tricalcium silicate (3Ca0.Si02 ) and dicalcium aluminate (2CaO.Al20 3 ) dissolved in dicalcium silicate (2CaO.Si03 ). W. B. and S. B. Newberry3, making a study of synthetic compounds, agreed with Le Chatelier that tricalcium silicate (3CaO.Si02 ) was the active element in cements; however, they considered the alumina present as dicalcium aluminate (2CaO.A120 3 ). Day and Shepherdi of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute were the first to study the synthetic silicates both by the aid of petrologic and physico-chemical methods. They first carefully IAnnales des Mines, 1887. 2Papers, Ass'n Amer. Portland Cement M'f'rs, June 15, 1904. sThe Constitution of Hydraulic Cement: Jour. Soc. Chem. Inds., Vol. XVI, XL ~The Lime Silica Series of Minerals: Jour. Am. Chern. Soc., Vol. XXVIII. No. 9, Sept. 1906, pp. 1089-1114. 40 _ GEOJ:.,(J(}ICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA studied lime (Ca.O) and silica (Si02 ) separately. They observed that calcium oxide is so refractory that with the present pyrometers it is not possible to make a satisfactory determination of its melting point. They succeeded by direct experiment upon pure silica in establishing the fact that tridymite a'nd not quartz is the stable crystalline form of silica for all- temperatures above 1,000 degrees. The further study o silica established many important facts. Having. investigated the two component minerals of the lime-silica series they began the study of their relation to each other in mixtures of various proportions. After extensive chemical and microscopic work these investigators were able to reach a conclusion that tricalcium silicate (3CaO.Si02 ) does not exist. Their remarks concerning the former belief that 1t was the important constituent of Portland cement are as follows1 : A moment's c.onsideratioiJ- shou1d suggest t,hat th81re is no. real necessity for assuming the existen.ce of the tricalciu1ll silicate in order to explain the nature of Portla,nd cement.. It is a systein Of .at least three components with a great number of p'osstbilities. The real difficulty appears to have been. that crystalized lime is. reJ,atively inert and does not reaidily giv.e the reactions common to ordinary linie, consequently the tests which we-re thoU:ght to dem- onstrate the absence of free lime in these preparation.s have proved very mis leading. For example, we have found that crystals of lime a.re but very slowly attacked by water (See page 1,094). Another argument which is freely offered, that there ca,n be 'no free lime present ''because if free lime is added the cement dusts _spontaneously'' is obvious fallacy. Free ume does not cause the dusting and if it did the fa0t that the aCLdition of free lime caused dust- ing would be no proof that none was present. . In the microscopic sections studied, every preparation containing more than 65 per cent. CaO (orthosilicate composition) an excess of I free lime could always be positively identified. The tricalcium silicate composition was fused and cooled in various ways and free lime was always foutid present in quantity and further exa~ination of sections made by other workers always showed free ~ime pr~sent, so they were forced to the conclusion that no tricalcium silicate existed. Burchar9. says2 : "The most important p~ueiy scientific studies of the constitution of Port, lan.d c.ement clinker have been carried on during the last few year~ by Day, 1Ibid, .note 3, pp. 1106-110'7. 2The Cement Industry in the United St~tes in 1910: Advance Chapter from Mineral Resources of the United States, 1911. " HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 41.. Wright, Shepperd, and Rankin in the Carnegie Geophysical Laboratories,. Washington, D. C.1 In the more re.cent work it .has been found that a smaU addition of alumina brings out the tricalcic silicate, but it appears to have peculiar properties and limitations. For instance, the triealcic sil1cate has been found to be unstable at its melting temperature and for some degree below, so that a melt of this compound invariably cxystalizes on cooling to orthosilicate and lime. In the presence of alumina, or even alone, if held for a sufficient" time at temperatures in the vieinity of 1,8000 the orthosilicate and lime combine to form a new compound with new and independent properties, homogeneous within the limits above noted. As the result of about 800 observations, it has been concluded by these investigators that tric.alcic silicate belongs to that cla.ss of compounds which form by reaction between the solid components, but which de0ompose before the melting temperature is reached; that is, they axe wholly unstable in contact with the melt. The reaction is, + therefore, reversible and would be expcressed as follows: 3Ca0 . 8i02 ::;:::: 2Ua0 . Si02 Ca;O. PORTLAND CEMENT Portland cement is derived from an artificial mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials consisting essentially of lime, silica, alumina, and iron oxide, which, when brought together in certain definite proportions, finely ground, and burnt to incipient vitrification, result in a fused mass known as clinker, which when pulverized to a fine powder has the property of setting under water and attaining a high compressive and tensile strength. RAw MATERIALS The following raw materials are used in the manufacture of Port- land cement : Calcareous materials Argillaceous materials High-calcium limestones or mar- Clays, shales, or slates bles Clays High-calcium limestone with ar- Slags gillaceous limestone Marls Limestones lDay, A. L., Shepherd, E. S., and v'iTright, F. E., The lime-silica series of min- erals: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., Vol. 22, October, 1906, pp. 265-302. Shepherd, E. S., Rankin, G. A., and Wright, F. E., The binary systems of alumina with silica, lime, and magnesia: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., Vol. 28, October, 1909, pp. 293.333. Shepherd, E. S., and Ram.kin, G. A.., Preliminary report on the Ternary system Ca0Al203Si02. A study of the constitution of Portland cement clinker, with optical study by F. E. Wright: .Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chern., April, 1911, pp. 211-227. 42 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGLA The essential ingredients used in the manufacture of Portland cements are all found combined with one another and with other constituents in calcareous or argillaceous materials. While the essential constituents all occur in nature in the uncombined state, with the exception of lime, they are never used commercially in the u~combined form, except in small quantities when the raw materials are deficient to some slight extent in any one of the essential elements. The raw materials from which Portland cement may be made in . North Georgia are, chiefly: (1) High-calcium limestones or marble and clays, shales or slates; and (2) high-calcium limestone and argillaceous limestone. Calcium carbonate, whiGh is the source of the lime, is the predominating constituent in the calcareous materials, while silica and alumina form the chief constituents of the clays, shales ot slates. Iron oxide is always present in both the calcareous and argillaceous materials and greatly facilitate their fluxing in the kiln; how~ver, in the manufacture of a white Portland cement iron is not desirable and the alkalies are used to promote the iiuxing. CA.LC:A.REOUS MA.TERIALS The calcareous materials should satisfy the following physical and chemical conditions : 1. The lithologic character of the calcareous materials should be uniform over a unit of sufficient thickness for economic development. 2. Concretions of iron in any form ; uncombined silica in the form of chert, flint, quartz veins, or when combined in the minerals tremolite and diopside, is seriously objectionable. 3. It is always essential that the magnesia content be low, so that after the argillaceous material has been added the total quantity of magnesia does not exceed 5 per cent. The magnesia content of limestone varies from a fraction of one per cent. to the true dolomites. It is one of the most important factors to be taken into consideration in the location of the calcareous materials. 4. The argillaceous co~tent consisting of silica and alumina should HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND FOR1'LAND CEMENTS 43 not be in sufficient quantity to interfere with the desired silica-alumina ratio in the finished product. 5. To obtain a white Portland cement the percentage of ferric oxide in the calcareous material must not exceed 0.2 per cent. 6. The alkalies are usually contained in very small amount in the high-calcium and argillaceous limestones and need not be considered;. however, they are sometimes present in objectionable quantity in the marls. 7. The sulphur content should not exceed .5 per cent. 8. The phosphorus content seldom needs to be considered, except in the marls. It should not exceed .02 per cent. High-calcium limestones.--High-calcium limestones may be halocrystalline or crypto-crystalline in their physical character. The halocrystalline limestones contain a very high percentage of calcium carbonate and are usually low in impurities. The halo-crystalline limestones, or marbles are usually massive and often the recrystallization has been so complete that all traces of the original bedding have been obliterated. The crypto-crystalline limestones in places occur in massive beds and are usually extremely dense. They are most abundant in the Appalachian Valley region, and are an important source of_ lime for the manufacture of Portland cement. The content of calcium carbonate is usually lower than in the halo-crystalline limestones with a greater percentage of impurities, consisting chiefly of silica, alumina, and iron oxide, while they are frequently associated with beds containing much magnesi]lm carbonate. Argillaceous limestones.-The argillaceous limestones are usually dense, non-crystalline in physical character and high in clayey impurities. When the silica, alumina, and iron oxide consist of 20 to 25 per cent. and the calcium carbonate consists of about 75 per cent. of the rock, it is then known as an argillaceous limestone. The argillac~ ous limestones form the most important source of both the calcareous and argillaceous materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement in the United States. The argillaceous materials are supplied in these 44 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA . rocks and for this reason they are often classified with the argillaceous .rocks; however, the high content of calcium carbonate places them among the limestones. It is usually necessary to. add a small percentage of very high-calcium limestone to these argillaceous limestones in order to procure a suitable mix for Portland cement, although they are also the most important source of the calcareous materials. M arls.-The marls are extensively usecl in the manufacture of Portland cement. High..calcium marls and argillaceous marls are usually well suited for making cement and are generally characterized by a low content of magnesia. The marls are seldom consolidated and the first cost of crushing is unnecessary. As marls are not found in North Georgia they will not he further discussed. ARGILLACEOUS MATERIALS The argillaceous materials sh0ttld -safisf~ht1J:e 0il:lowing physical and chemical conditions : 1; Th:e lithologic "character of the argillaceous material should be uniform over a suffici:ent thickness 'for econ0rrlic development. 2. Concretions o_f iron in any form, un.combined silica in the forrn ' Ot[!fitil).t"'ancl~q_.gapt~;~~vi~in:~)ar~ s:~ti!ffi:S{& .idpje9ti~ri.a;'J;:R~~;'' . tct70 3. The silica cottitent .shoU:l'd, be iirG>m 60 per~ cent. Argill~ :ceousmater:i:a:ls clefici:ent-itr: sH.icacatlply. The fuel con= sumption represents one of the largest items in the cost of manufacture. Great water-power developments may furnish power for the operation of the machinery; however, it will be necessary to use coal as a fuel in the burning of the raw materials in the rotary kiln. While the highcarbon coals, that is, anthracites and semi-bituminous coals, give higher temperatures than the bituminous coals they are not as satisfactory as the bituminous coals for use in the rotary kiln. When the high-carbon coals are pulverized and blown into the kiln combustion takes place more slowly than when pulverized bituminous coal is used. The specifications for a coal to be used in the rotary kiln for the burning of the raw materials to incipient vitrification are as follows : 1. The volatile matter should be high, preferably between 30 and 40 per cent., so that the maximum temperature is 1_:>roduced in the 52 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Oli' Q-EORGIA rotary kiln about 10 feet from the lower end of the k:iln. When the maximum temperature occurs too far ,-from the lower end of th'e kiln it causes "ringing" and it makes .it difficult .fof the burner to watch the vitrification of the clin):Y"at:d ;a short distance into: northern Georgi~ and 1\,labg.:rp.a. It includes tlie'Sewa:riee b:a&in, which is a portion of the Cumberla,n,d Plateau, the Wald.en ba~in, separ.ated from the Cumbetl.and Plateau .on the west 'by Sequatchie "VIal}:Ky,, ftn~,.;th~- Look,qut basin; :w:hich occupies the northern portion of the . Lookout Mountain syncline. AnalyE;es of coa.ls .fr:om the, T.enness.ee portion of the Chattanooga d.rs.tr.1ct2 are g1 ven b.e1ow. iHayes, c. w., 22111d Ann. Rept. u. s. Geol. survey,. Pt. III, 1902, pp. 234,. 2Shiflett, R. A., Mineral Resources of Tennessee for 1909, pp. 35-36. HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 53 Chemical Analyses of Coals from Tennessee Portion of Chattanooga District County and Operating Name of Company Coal Cll 00 ,..:<;:.::l::) 0 :2 E-< ::::: 0 '""d .!;~:.I...; ~0 ~ (1) ~ ..~,_, s ~~ ~ p0.. ..0 <:':JJ =! 0 "g~ ~ <:.J s .~.........., $..<..:.a, ~ ~ ,.t:l ~ ~ E! ..Cl ,,..t.:el . :::! 00. Q. ~ Analyst or authority -- Suwanee1 Durham, Walker Gustave Bedell, County-- ____ ----- 79.100 16 ..030 4;810 (). 3600.. 007 Cha.ttanooga, Sewanee2 Durham, Walker A. s. Hewitt, ----- County______ 0.615 75.956 21.011 1.9400.470 New York. Tatuma __ ~ Rock Or eek N. P. Pratt Gulch, Walker Laboratory, ~County_~ ____ 1.02075.980 20.850 1.440 0.760 0.007 Atlanta. Rising Rising F a w n, A. s. :H~witt, Fawn4 __ Dade County_ 75.756 19.046 4.840 0.786 0.002 New York. R!'.l.ccoon5 Cole City, Dade N. P. Pratt County ______ 1.150 60.120 24.850 13.880 1.510 -. -.... Laboratory, Atlanta. lSpencer, :r. w., Geology of the Paleozoic Group of Georgia and Resources Geol. Survey of Ga., 1893, p. 258. 2Ibid, p. 258. sMcCallie, S w., Coal Deposits of Georgia: Geol. Survey of Ga. Bull. 12, 1904, p. 42. 'Average of three analyses, Spencer, J. W., Geology of the Paleozoic Group of Georgia and Resources: Geol. Survey of Ga., 1893, p. 259. 5McCallie, S. w., Coal Deposits of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Georgia No. 12, 1904, p. 90. HYDE.A.ULIC LIMES, NA.TUEA.~ .AND POETLA.ND CEMiENTS 55 Correlation of the coal beds of Georgia with one another and with the coal beds occuring in similar formations in Tennessee and Ala~ bama have been attempted on lithologic grounds by many workers; however, they have hardly been more than conjectures. Prof. S. W. McCallie, in speaking of the correlation of the Georgia coals aptly remarks1 : The only solution to the quesUon of correlating the coal seams of the upper coal measures of Lookout Mountain with the co.al seams elsewhere, seems to lie in the paleontological evidence furnished by the associated shales. Many of these shales teem with p}ant remains, which, if properly studied, would, no doubt, furnish valuable aid in conelating the various coal seams of Sand and Lookout mountains. Until such evidence is obtained no correlating, of any scientific value, is likely to be worked out. Analyses of Coals of Georgia by Dr. William Henry Emerson2 -- I II III IV v Carbon 1 85.75 86.97 79.41 85.07 84.32 Hydrogen Water 2 3 4.63 .88 4.44 1.06 4.60 .93 4.48 .77 4.72 1.21 Sulphur 4 .79 .62 .88 .88 .78 Nitrogen 5 1.44 1.25 1.39 1.50 1.66 Ash 6 3.17 2.00 9.05 3.42 4.20 -- I II III IV v Calculated heating value 7 8.366 8.351 7.821 8.234 8.292 Colorimeter 8 8.415 8.409 7.763 8.290 8.211 Difference 9 Difference Heating val- Fixed carbon, I per cent. ue per gram and moistof combust'n ure, free 10 11 12 -49 -.6 8.770 79.1 -58 +58 +- . 7 .7 8.675 8.624 78.4 75.3 + + -56 81 -.7 1.0 8.653 8.680 78.0 78.1 I. Lump coal, Durham Mine, Walker County. II. S. T. Carson's property, Walker County. Vein 120 feet below Durham. III. S. T. Carson's property, W.alker County. Vein 180 feet below Durham. IV. Washed coal, Durham Mine. V. Unwashed coal, Lookout Coal & C.oke Co., w,alker Coun.rty. T:he last two columns show that all these coals belong to the same class, t'he differences not being greater than those that might arise in coal from the 1coal Deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bull. No. 12, 1904, pp. 112-118. :eontained in report by S. W. McCallie, Geological Survey of Georgia, Bull. No. 12, 1904, pp. 116-117. 56 ' GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEOR-GI.A sam.e mine :flrom difference of sample combined with experimental errors. They fall,in th~ lower part of the semi~bituminous class, wh0se heati:ng value, ac- to coraing Prof. Wm. Kent, ranges from 8,666 to 8,888 caloTes, and whose fixed carhon r8!tJ..ges from 75 to 85 per cent.~ WINNING 'I'HE RAw MATERIALS The winning of the raw materials is om~ of the most important factors to be taken into consideration in the cost of cement manu- facture and one which has probably been most neglected. In North Georgia n in Virginia, all began o1?er,ations,. so that"'iTI. 1910- fifteen i~~lftlilf~r~01~~~~~~ttlii~r*~~~~~!!~ the Clinchfield Portland ..Cement C~rpor$;fiori. in 1:e,g1,i~~r;~~.the Pied.,, ,l mont P?rtland Cement Company in Georgia, and the Cho~taw Port- land~Cement Company in Oklahoma, were all completed during 1911. The total output for this year is not now available. The :present capacity of the Southern mills, together with the con- templated increase in capadty .during 1912, wil~ give the Southern mips ~ daily ca~acity 0f 44,SSO. barrel~, or an annual capacity of more tha~:lq,QQQ;~000 hp;rr~l&.: , - . ' ' . The Portland cement plants of the Southern States at present are as follows: -Maryland, .two plants; Virginia, two; W;e.st Virginia, one; Kentu.cky, one; Tennessee, two; G;eorgia, two; Alabama, three; Oklahoma, three; and Texas, four. Missouri has fo~r plants. The de- scription of these several plants in the different states are given below. HYDB.AULIC LIMES, NATURAL .AND POBTL.AND CEM':ENTS 61 v"" 75.000,000 70.000,000 . 65.000,000 60.ooo.ooo ..ss.aoo.ooo .Saooo..ooo 4500(7.()00 4'Jooaooo ,3Soooooo 30000000 '2..5oooooo caoooooo I I I I I ~~ l\ f ~~ ~ I I I I I ~I ~ c)vI"' ~ (f) / ~l/ ~ ~I ~ VJI ~ JIJ-,1 ~I IJ ~ aY t ~ _Aj ! ~ '-~ - f/(\\:. IC\Q/ ~ !;i ~ w ~ fJ 15000.000 10 ooo.ooo Ko~ ~ ~ i 6ooo.ooo p_z:6!- " 7i _;: ~ ;2P- (,.(~ L P-"- ......... / / ,/' ~~ ~ ~~ >'~&1 ' ~ r". -::Z~ iA:JC!::: / / ~~ , ,... ..... ..... -- ___, - - -~~ FIG. 1.-TABLE SHOWING PRODUCTION OF NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES; A.ND OF PORTLAND CEMENT IN THE SOUTHERN STATES; SINCE 1890. 62 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF. GEORGIA MARYLAND Security Cement and Lime Company1.-This plant is located at Security, Md. The plant was completed and put into operation with its present daily capacity of 800 barrels during the summer of 1908. It was constructed by the Maryland Portland Cement Company, which company combined in the fall of 1909 with the Berkley Li+ne Company of West Virginia to form the present corporation. This new company . is increasing the daily capacity of the plant to 2,400 barrels. The brarid is "Security." The raw materials consist of the limestones of the Conococheague formation of Cambrian age and the Martinsburg shale of Ordovician age. Analyses of the Raw Materials and Cement, SecuA'ityJ Maryland . Constituents Ll.mestone Shale Cement Silica (Si02)-----~-- ~- -- -- .. 7.06 ' 6.04 5.62 62. 60 63:91 59.74 21.72 Alumina (Ah03)----------- 1.08 1.96 1.21 21.25 18.73 22.63 7.66 Ferric oxide (Fe203)----- .. Lime (CaO) _______________ _ M~gnesia (MgQ) ___________ _ Sulplilir"~triidxide .csoa) ______ _ ______ . _. ___ - _- - ..,~'f"'''~"' ~~-:,: .~"~~-- _,o -t~"""'"-.<- IgDitiOn--~- 1.01 .62 .81 5.23 8.11 3.16 49 .14 48. 88 .49.78 . 36 none . 73 1.70 1. 74 L 58 ., .~-4 1. 83 2.43 < . ~~--. ' - - - _..;. ~-...;-~- .:.;; ; ..:.,_;,.,.~~- .,-...-;;;~ .:~~:~ ""~~'"!'"~~'-:~'--'~":: 40.02 39.30 40.96 7.41 7._73 2.50 62.91 2.30 1;48 -, -..--''~-----1----'i1----~-----1-----lr----- 100.01 98.54 99.96 90.38 99.99 96.42 98.57 Tidewater Portland Cement Company.--,The plant of ,this company is located at Union Bridge, Md., within 45 miles of tidewater. It was completed and put into operation during the fall Of 1911. It consists a of a mill with daily capacity of 2,400 barrels of gray Portland and 600' barrels of white Portland .cement. The lime' plant has a daily ra:pacity. ef 60 to~~ of_ com!Jlon lime and hydrated lime. The limestones used by this plant occur in the Loudon formation of Lower Cambrian age, while the argillaceous material is a slate which is an altered volcanic rock correlated with the Catacton schist. This volcanic slate shows a composition rather low in silica, so that 1Mathews, Edward, and Grasty, .J. s., The Limestones of Maryland, with spe- cial reference to their use in the manufacture of Lime and Cement: Md. Geol. 'survey, Special Pub., Vol. VIII, pt. 3, 1910. HYDRAULIC LIMES, NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENTS 63 the ratio of silica to alumina falls below 2 to 1. This deficiency of silica may be obviated by the utilization of the Newark shales of Triassic age which occur within a quarter of a mile of the plane. Analyses2 of Limestones, Union Bridge, Maryland Silica (Si02)---------------Alumina (AbOs) _______ --} Ferric oxide (Fe20s)-----Lime (CaO) ________ -------Magnesia (MgO) ____________ Ignition__ .. _________________ 4.46 1.40 6.40 1.73 0.28 1.261 1.08 .52 .24 .62 .56 .24 .36 .20 51.94 53.75 51.04 53.45 54.45 54.35 54.89 1.10 1.06 .65 1.08 1.34 .64 .46 42.03 43.41 40.84 43.19 44.27 43.41 43.63 100.05 99.86 99. 55100.00 100. 581100. oz, 100. 26 Calci umcarbonate(CaCOs) __ 92.75 95.98 91 .14 95.45 97.23 97.051 98.01 Analyses of Shales and Clinker, Union Bridge, Maryland Constituents Shale I --~- Silica (Si02)--- --- __ -- ------ 58.00 52.74 54.54 Alumina (AbOs) ______ -- "-- 22.28 23.44 24.24 Ferric oxide (Fe20s)-------- 8.40 11.30 9.80 Lime (CaO)_ ~ ------------ __ .42 .20 .85 Magnesia (MgO) ____________ 2.06 2.33 1.78 Sulphur trioxide (80s) _______ Ignition ____________________ ----- -- -- - ------- ----- -- --- Gray clinker 19.94 7.57 3.45 65.58 1.69 .26 .62 White clinker 22.12 7.56 .28 64.10 ' 1.03 .21 .74 I 91.16 90.011 91.211: 99.11 I 96.04 VIRGINIA Virginia Portland Cement Company3.-The plant of the Virginia Portland Cement Company is situated at Fordwick, Va. It was establjshed in June, 1900. The plant has a daily capacity of 3,000 barrels. The brand is "Old Dominion." The raw materials consist of the Lewistown limetsone and the Romney shale, both of Devonian age. ~Information concerning the geology furnished by Dr. :J. S. Grasty, Asst. State Geologist of Virginia. 2Mathews, E. B., and Grasty, :J. 8., The Limestones of Maryland, with special reference to their use in the manufacture of lime and cement: Md. Geol. Survey, Vol. VIII, Pt. 3, 1910. 3Data supplied by Virginia Portland Cement Company, R. :J. Hawn, Superintendent. 64 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OJJ' GEORGIA Analyses of Raw Materials and Cement) Ford~uick) Virginia Constituents Limestone Shale C-3395 C-3325 Cement I Silica (Si02)------ ---------------------- 4.40 } { Alumina (Al20a)----------------------- Ferric oxide (Fe20a)---------- ---------- .94 Pyrites (FeS2)------------------ ------ - ----- Lime (Cap.) ______ ------------ ____ ------ 51.20 M~gnesia,(MgO)----------------.---- --. _ 2.93 W~ter, a~lies, organic matter, etc____ --- 40.53 56.. 92 17.83 4.79 1.22 4.30 3.62 7.80 21.60 6.~5 2.53 --- - 62.18 2.90 3.94 I 100.00 Calcium carbonate (CaCOa)-.., --- ------- 91.44 96.48 7.82 100.00 --- -- .Norfolk Portland Cement Corporation1 .-.The plant of the Norfolk Portland Cement Corporation is located on the south branch of the ElizaBeth River opposite the United States Navy Yard near Norfolk. 'The plant is a subsidiary company of the American Cement Company, Philac~l'elphia, Penn., and was built during the. year 1910. The brand is "Giant." Tihe .raw material~ consist of marls and clays. The marls occur in -:~!:~A~~~~oiVV:U formation of Mioc._b:e:ag.~;'~Whilett1fe,i~~a,~j~f?tE>~::~ttater nary;,age. The raw materials are transported to the _plant. by 'har:g;.es from P'igeonCreek, a tributary of James River, 22 miles distant. The clay batik. is situated just above Smithfield, while the marl beds occur on the opposite side of the creek between Smithfield and Battery Park. . ~Aa,u;tlyses q:fRaw Materials.and Cement) Norfolk) Virginia Constituents Marl Clay Cement Silimt. (Si02)J.___ ----~---~----.: ______ ---- , Alumina .(AhOa)------ --------- -------Ferric oxide (Fe20a)---------- ---------Liln~ (Oa;!))_,_ -.----- ------------------ . Magnesia (;MgO)----~ ----------- __ -- ___ _ Sulphuri.trioxide (SOa) _____ -- _________ - __ Ignition."..: ___________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- 12;38'.o 3.31 3.81 44.00 .57 35.30 65.06 19.21 6.59 1.06 .82 7.14 24.36 4.98 5.42 62.81 .64 .51 99.37 99.88 98.72 1Data supplied by Dr. J. S. Grasty, Asst. State Geologist' of Virginia.' HYDEAVLIC LIMES, NATUEAL AND POETLAND CEMENTS 65 WE8T VIRGINIA Buckhorn Portland Cement Company.-The mill of the Buckhorn Portland Cement Company is located at Manheim, W.Va. Operations were begun in the year 1903 with an average daily capacity of 800 barrels. The Alpha Portland Cement Company secured this mill early in the year 1909 and has since increased the daily capacity of the mill to 1,500 barrels. The brand is "Alpha." The raw materials consist of the Greenbriar limestone of Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) age and shales of the same age. Quarternary clays are found along the river flats; however, these clays are not at present used in the mix. Analysel of Raw 1\t[a.terials and Cement, Manheim, West Virginria Constituents Limestone I Shale Silica (Si02)------------------- - 12.84 } Alumina (AbOs) _____ :_ ____ ------ Ferric oxide (Fe20s)----- -------- 4.34 Lime (CaO) _------------------- _ 44.60 M9gnesia (MgO) ____ -- --- ____ ---- 1.21 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ____ -------- ----Ignition_________________________ 3.7.01 54.22 29.36 .61 .97 ----- ----- 100.00 I 8o~ .16 Clay 60.42 19.30 2.10 2.00 --------- 83.82 Cement 22.82 9.14 61.24 1.80 1.56 ----- 96.56 KENTUCKY Kosmos Portla,nd Cement Company.-The mill of the Kosmos Portland Cement Company is located at Kosmosdale, Ky. The plant was established in the year 1904, and has an average daily capacity of 1,500 barrels. The company is now engaged in enlarging the plant to an average daily capacity of 3,000 barrels. The raw materials2 consist of the Genevieve limestone of Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) age and residual clays derived from the upper Waverly formation of the same age. 1Analyses furnished by G. S. Brown, 2nd Vice-President, Alpha Portland Cement Company. 2Data supplied by Prof. Arthur M. Miller, Lexington, Ky. 6'6 GEOLOGIC.AJL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Analyses1 of Raw Materials and Cement, Kosmosdale, Kentucky Constituents Lim:estone Clay - Ra;W.mix Cement Silica (Si02)--------------- ---- -- 1,50_ } Alumina (AbOa)-,..-------------- Ferric oxide (Fe20a)------------- .85 - Lime (CaO)--------------~-- -- "53.50 Magnesia (MgQ) ______ -------- ____ 1.00 Sulphur tdoxicl.e (SOa) ______ -. ___ ... -- -- Allffi.lies (Na20,_K20). ________ -- - Igriition__ ~------ ________________ 43.15 67.30 23.60 .60 .80 1..202 ----- 6.50 15.00 5.20 42.50 1.30 1.152 ----34.85 22.45 8.55 63.40 2.00 1.50 .60 1.50 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 'I'ENNESSEE Dixie Portland Cement Conipany.-Tb.e plant of the Dixie Portland Cement Compa11y Js located at Richard City, Tenn. The plant began operations Novemb~r 1, 19017. The brand is "Royal." . The ultimate daily tapacity of the plant is between 6,000 and 7,000 barrels, while the avera~e daily output at the present time is about 4,000 barrels. The raw ma:'i:erials consist of the Bangor limestones and Pennington shales, both of lower Carboniferous (Missis$ippian) age. Analyses3 of Raw Mater$als, Raw Mix and Cement, Richard City,_ ... Te11-ne'Ssee ConE)tituents Lime- Blue ' stone shale Red shale Raw CemiX ment Silica (Si02)---- ----------------- 2.70 } Alumina (AhOa)- --- -------- ---- Ferrid oXide '(Fei!03) ___ -------- -- .80 Lime (CaO)---------'-- ---------- 52.30 Magnesia (MgO)-.-"' ______________ 1.16 Stiiphur trioxide (SOa)------------ ----- Ignllion------~--------~--------- 42.75 52.78 28.16 2.56 3.32 ----11.38 67.02 13.78 20.46 1.41 2.;36' --- -- 8.85 5.70 42.18 1.99 ----35.69 22.00 9.92 63.16 .2.97 1.41 1.26 99.71 98.20 100.10 99.34 100.72 Clinchfield Portland Cement Corporation.-The plant of the Clinchfield Portland Cement Corporation is located at Kingsport, Tenn. The l.Analyses supplied by Mr. C. M. Dugan, Jr., Gen. Mgr., Kosmos Portland Ce- ment Co. 2By difference. aAnalyses furnished by Mr. J. H. Guenther, Chief Chemist, Dixie Portland Ce- ment Company. " HYDEAULIC LIMES, N:ATUEAL AND POETLAND CEM!ENTS 67 mill was completed and put into operation June 1, 1911, with an output of 1,200 barrels daily. This output will shortly be increased to 3,000 barrels ~er day. The brand is "Clinchfield." The raw materials1 consist of limestone and shale. The limestone is obtained from the Chickamauga formation and the shales from the Athens formation, both of which are of Ordovician age. Analyses2 of Raw Materials, Mix, and Cement, Kingsport, Tennessee Constituents Limestone Shale Uncalcined Cement mixture Silica (Si02)------------ -------- 0.58 } Alumina (AbOa) __ ---- __ ------- Ferric oxide (Fe20a)------------ .86 Lime (CaO) _______________ ----- 54.87 Magnesia (MgO) __________ - ____ .81 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ___________ none IgnitiOn_______________________ -~ 43.04 63.39 27.08 .26 1.87 none 6.20 100.16 I 98.80 14.40 6.98 42.56 .92 none 35.08 99.84 21.82 10.70 63.31 1.21 1.50 .66 99.20 GEORGIA Southern States Portland Cement Conq,pany.-The plant of the Southern States Portland Cement Company is located about 1~ miles directly north of Rockmart, Polk County, Ga. The company was organized by H. F. Vandeventer in 1903. The average daily capacity of the mill is 1,200 barrels. The brand is "Southern States." The materials used in the manufacture of cement are obtained from the Chickamauga limestone and the Rockmart shale and slate. Both formations are of Ordovician age. Analyses3 of Ra.w Materials and Cement, Rockmart, Georgia Constituents I Limestone I Sill.ca (Si02)--- _------ --------------- 1.62 } Alumina (AbOa)-------------------- Ferric oxide (Fe20a)----------------- 1.25 Lime (CaO) ______ ------- ------------ 53.22 Magnesia (MgO) ______ .- _____________ 1.30 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ________________ Ignition _____________________________ ----- 42.37 Shale 60.01 { 21.88} 3.85 2.32 1.36 ----6.53 Cement 21.21 11.24 61.82 2.73 1.66 1.21 99.76 95.95 99.87 1Data furnished by .Prof. C. H. Gordon, Tenn. Geol. Survey. 2Analyses furnished by Mr. S. Henry Harrison, Gen'l Mgr., Clinchfield Portland Cement Corporation. 3Analyses furnished by Mr. J. L. Mack, Chemist, Southern States Portland Cement Company. 68 GEOLOGICAL SU:RVEY OF GEORGIA Piedmont Port!and Cement Company.--The plant of the Piedmont _Portland Cement Company is located at Portland, Polk County, Ga. The compa~y began operations in the spring of 1911. The daily capacity of the mill is 500 barrels. . The brand is "Piedmont." The materials used in the manufacture of cement are obtained !rom the Chickamauga limestone and the RocK:mart shale and slate, both of Ordovician age. Analyses1 of Raw Materials and Cement, Portland, Georgia Constituents Limestone Silica (Si02) _______ -. _-- .. ----. _. _--- _ Alumina (AhOs)-------- -----------Ferric oxide (Fe20s)-- ______ --------Lime (CaO) ____ -~-- _________________ Magnesia (MgO) ___ -- __ - ------------Sul~hur trioxide (80s) ________________ Ignition_________ ---- ________ ~- __ ---_ 2.06 1.71 .33 51.71 1.82 . ----- 42.06 ' 99.69 Shale 59.26 21.38 ' 7.02 .42 2.30 ----- 6.19 96.57 Cement 23.92 9.94 --.--- 60.93 3.72 1.31 1.07 100.89 ALABAMA Southern Ce.ment Company.-The plant of the_ Southern Cement . . ' .-_ . . _., ._ . _,,. . ' '.' :<-,, _ . " .- . Coml'any is focated' at North .f.BirminglJ;am:, Ala.; and was esta:blishe<;l in the yeaf 1901. _-Th:e"raw materials2 consist of granulated furnace slag and hydrated lime. This company makes a Portland cement, "Alabama" brand, and also what they te~m a semi-~6ttland, "Magnolia" br~nd. Analyses of the Slag and Portland Cem-ent, North Birmingham, Alabama Constituents Slag Silica (:Si02). __ ---------------------- _-_ -- 32._40 Alumin:;t. (Al20s) __ .:_ _______ -- -------------- 14.60 Ferric oxide (Fe20s)--------------~------- ---------- ---- -- Lime (CaO)-------------------~---------- 50.37 Magnesia (MgO) ------------------------- 1.77 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) -------------------, - .86 Ignition. _______ -_---------------------~-- -----'----------- 100.00 Cement 30;0013.20 .15- 52.00 1.2.1'; 1.00 1.80 100.00 1Analyses furnished by Mr. w. S. Davis, Supt., Piedmont Portland Cement Company. .2Data supplied by Mr. Harold R. Sanson, Gen. Mgr., Southern Cement Co. HYDB.AVLIC LIMES, N.ATVB.AL .AND POBTL.AND CEMENTS 69 Standard Portland Cement Company.-The plant of the Standard Portland Cement Company, established in 1906, is located at Leeds, Ala. The daily capacity of the plant is 1,250 barrels. The brand is "Standard." The raw materials1 consist of the Trenton limestone of Ordovician ag-e and the lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) shales. Free sandstone is also added. Analyses2 of Raw 111aterials and Cement, Leeds, Alabama Constituents I Limestone Shale Sandstone Cement Silica (Si02) ------ ____ -- -------- __- 1.82 56.81 94.02 23.56 } { Alumina (Al20a) ----- __ ---- _- _- ____ - 1.10 Ferric Oxide (Fe20a)---------------- 21.94 8.13 3.08 .40 6.52 2.60 Lime (CaO) ________________________ 53.15 1.76 1.66 63.16 Magnest horizontal position. North Georgia has been subjected many times to horizontal comp!essi?ns, elevations, and the degrading effects of sub-areal erosion. PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 79 GEOLOGY The four physiographic provinces which comprise North Georgia all differ in the character of their rocks. The Piedmont Plateau contains the oldest rocks in the State and as we proceed westward crossing the Appalachian Mountains, the Appalachian Valley, and the Cumberland Plateau, we traverse strata that become successively younger in geologic age. PIEDMONT PLATEAU This plateau is made up largely of bolo-crystalline and semicrystalline rocks of both igneous and sedimentary origin and rocks so completely metamorphosed that all traces of their former origin have been obliterated. The bolo-crystalline igneous rocks consist primarily of granites, gneisses and schists cut by a series of younger basic eruptives made up largely of diabases and diorites. Belts of basic ferro-magnesian silicates are found traversing the State in a general northeast and southwest direction. They have been classed. as eruptive rocks by King.1 The rocks of undoubted sedimentary origin consist of conglomerates, quartzites, slates and limestones, while many of the schists associated with these sedimentary rocks are thought to be of the same origin. Dynamic and metamorphic agencies have been so great and have extended over such a long period of time in the Piedmont Plateau that the diorites and many of the granites have taken on a gneissoid structure; shales have changed into slates, which in turn have been metamorphosed into phyllites; sandstones have been consolidated into quartzites; and both igneous and sedimentary rocks have been changed into schists. The roGks have a prevailing dip to the southeast throughout the plateau and the dip varies usually from thirty to ninety degrees. The general direction of the strike is N. 20 to 30 E. 1King, Francis P., A Preliminary Report on the CoMllildum Deposits of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ga. No. 2, 1894, p. 71. Table of Geological Formations of the A~palachian Valley and Cumberland Plateau Areas of Georgia Era or System Period or Group ___.... _ ,. Foi'mation1 '. I_ Thficekent !lSS General character Carboruferous .. r Penneylvanian Mississipian Upper .. Walden sa~n~d.stone Lrom.inent in the east and southeastern portion of the belt, while the metamorphosed clastics prevail to the west. MURPHY MARBLE The Murphy marble Of Cambrian age is the only formation in the Appalachia~ Mountains of Georgi<:t containing calcareous ma- terials of commercial importance;' This formation is an .extension of the Murphy ma.roles dfNorth Carolina, so nimed by Keith.1 . Areal distribution.-These calcareous rocks e. nter the extreme northeast carrier of Fannin County in two almost parallel lines of outcrops separated l?Y a fault. ThE!y continue to the s0uthwest, traversing Gilmer, Pickens, and Cherokee .counties, sometimes .oc- cl.trrJ:n:g' along a:''single belt and again:, occupying:two belts. The ' exposure'S are often widely' sepa~ated, due to the fact that these rock~ are in places concealed by the over.fytng formations. Lithologic c.haracte1'.-The calcareous rocks differ both in physi- cal and chemical character. The physical character of the Murphy 'inarble is largely due to d' ifferences in degree of metamorphism, resulting from pressure, folding, faulting, .etc. The three pro- nounced types of stone are: high-calcium, halo-crystalline and coarsely crystalline marbles, fine crystalline magnesian marbles ; and fine-grained, largely crystafHne, blue limestones. The com- mercial pu' rities marbles are all high-calcium originally contained in these and holo-crystalline: T-he marbles have crystallized imout in -the form of graphite, hematite, mica, tremolite, and a few other minerals. ,The magn~sian marbles are all finely. crystalline. Trem- 1Keith, Arthur, Nantahala folio (N<>. 148), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Sur- vey,' 1907. ' PHYSIOGRAPHY, STIWCTUEE, ETC., OF NOETH GEORGIA 83 olite and talc have developed, especially along planes which appear to be identical with planes of stratification; and other impurities, as mica, pyrite, etc., are also contained iri the magnesian stone. Slipping has taken place, as shown by striations on the silicates. The blue limestones are partly crystalline and few secondary mmerals have been developed in them. Paleontology.-Prof. S. W. McCallie/ says: Some years ago when making a study of the marbles of the State, t.he writer discovered, in the marbles of Turniptown Creek valley, what appeared to be imperfectly pr.eserved fossils. The material was submitted to Prof. Charles D. W.alcott, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, who, upon: examinatlon, stated that the specimens appeared to contain organic Temains; but what they we~e he was unable to state, further than that they suggested sections of gastropod s'hells. APPALAOHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU CAMBRIAN The Cambrian rocks of Georgia consist of sandstones, quartzites, conglomerates, shales, slates, dolomites, limestones, and marbles. To the east of what Hayes terms the Cartersville fault, the Cambrian rocks have suffered far greater metamorphism, due to more intense diastraphic movements than those rocks of the same age lying to the west of this fault in the great Appalachian Valley. The lower Cambrian quartzites and conglomerates of the Appalachian Valley appear to be of continental origin. The transgression of the sea in early Cambrian time was gradual and the argillaceous beds contained in the Beaver limestone indicate comparatively shallow water conditions. The upper part of the lower Cambrian; consisting of the sandstones and shales of the Rome formation, contain ripple marks which are evidence of their shallow water origin. During Connasauga or middle Cambrian time in Georgia, the interior sea transgressed over a wide area, and while shallow 1McCallie, s. W., Marbles of Georgia, Bull. GeoL Survey of Ga. No. 1, 2nd edition, 1907, p. 34. 84 GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF GEOEGI.A. waters continued to ex~st they were deeper than the waters of lower Cambrian time. Limestones and argillaceous m:uds were deposited. The gradual submergence, which took place in the southern Appalachian region in the middle Cambrian, continued and became more pronounced in the upper Cambrian during which time the marine waters of the sout4ern Appalachian sea1 reached their greatest depth. The tipper Cambrian, consisting of the lower 600-700 feet of the Knox dolomite, lies apparently conformable upon the Connasa~ga formation. The th~ee divisions of the Cambrian are characterized by three~ genera of trilobites: the lower Cambrian, or Georgian, by Olonellus; the middle Cambtian, or Arcadian, by Paradoxides) in .the Atlantic basin, and by Oleonides in the Appalachian region south of the Champlain Valley; and the upper Camibrian, or Saratogan, by Dikelouphalus. SchucherP says: "In the lower Catl?-brian, or Georgian, from Labrador to Alabama the li.fe, representyd is essentially that of the 0 tortellus. thomsoni auna." WEISNER~' QUARTZITE The Weisner quartzite is of lower Cambrian age. The stratigraphic ,relatio~ of this formation to adjacent formations of known lower Cambrian age has furnished the evidence for placing it among the lower Cambrian rocks. A1'eal distribution.-The Weisner. quartzite is found in two im- portant areas in Georgia. It forms Indian Mountain, the north- east portion of which extends from Alabama into the northwestern portion of Polk County, _Ga. On account of the resistant nature of the quartzite, which largely composes this formation, it always gives rise to marked topographic f~atures, as in the case of Indian Mountain, which reaches an altitude of more than 1,950 feet. 1Schuchert, Chas., Discussion of Ccinttnental Seas: Bull. Geol. Soc. of' Amer., Vol. 20, 1910, pp. 447-464. 1Bull. Geol.. Soc. of Amer., Vol. 20, 1910, p. 517. PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 85 Just east of Cartersville, the Weisner quartzite extends in a general north and south direction for about :fifteen miles and in places reaches a maximum width of three miles. Lithologic cha~racter.-Hayes1 says: It consists chiefly of fine-grained vitreous quartzite, although it also contains some beds of :fine conglomerate and probably considerable beds of siliceous shales. The latter, however, are usually concealed by the abundant ''debris'' from the quartzite beds, whicll tend to break up into angular fragments when exposed to atmospheric. conditions. The thickness of this formation is probably 2,000 to 3,000 feet and may be considerably more; but it cannot be determined because of the intense folding w.hic'h its beds have undergone and the absence of satisfactory ex:posures.2 The Weisner formation occurs m the form of a massive lense varying greatly in thickness over a small area. The coarser elements of the formation occur in a series of lenses interbedded with the :finer grained rocks and vary considerably in thickness. The beds of conglomerate often contain numerous angular feldspar fragments showing that the material composing the conglomerate was derived in part from granite. The angular character of the fragments shows that they were not far removed from their original source. The above enumerated facts, together with the general absence of fossils, are evidence against the marine origin of the formation and point to delta deposits as suggested by Hayes. Paleontology.-Prof. S. W. McCallie found in this formation at a point near Cartersville what appeared to be the remains of brachiopods, corals, etc.; however, none have been found sufficiently preserved to be determined. BEAVER LIMESTONE The Beaver limestone lies stratigraphically immedia,tely above the Weisner quartzite and is of lower Cambrian age. Hayes3 esti-. mates the thickness of this formation at not less than 800 to 1,200 feet . . 1Hayes, C. W., Geological Relations of the Iron Ores in the Cartersville District, Georgia: Am. Ins. Min. Eng., Vol. XXX, 1901, p. 404. 2Ibid, p. 410. sop. cit., p. 406. 86 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Areal distributionc.-The Beaver limestone occupies a narrow belt to the west of the Weisner quartzite in the Cartersville dis- trict and extends from a. point about three miles south of Carters- ville to the northeast for about 18 miles. In addition to this belt it underlies a broad level valley extending southward from Grass- dale to the vic-inity of Ladds Mountain. - Another area extends along the southeast side of Indian Moun- tain from the Georgia-Alabama line to the vicinity of Oredell. Lithologic chMacter.-Wherever the formation is present in Geor- gia it is largely concealed and valley-forming.. The few exposures that occur show it to be. a semi-crystalline, gray, dolomitic limestone con- . taining in places considerable . cher. t, while again . ' it is somewhat argil- laceous in character.. The formation is usually overlain by a mantle of deep red resi:.. dual clay containing chert derived from the dolomitic limestone and quartzite fragments derived from the Weisner quartzite. Pateontology.-No fossils have been found in this formation to the writer's knowledge. .APISON SHALE The Apison shale succeeds the Beaver limestone in the geologic column and is overlain by the Rome forrr:-ation. Hayesl. estimates the thickness of this shale in Georgia at not less than 1,000 feet. On account of the rather intense folding and faulting it is impossi- ,ble to measure its exact thickness. Areal distribution.-The Apison shale enters Georgia from Ten- nessee 'at a point about two miles east of White Oak Mountain and covers a ~enticular-like belt extendirtg in a southwest direction to a .point two miles east of Ringgold. Another small lenticular shaped area is found in the southwestern portion of Whitfield County. Lithologic character.-The formation consists of argillaceous shales with alternating bands of red, purple, green and yellow. :t.Hayes, C. W., Ringgold folio (No. 2), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1894. PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NOETH GEORGIA 87 Paleontology.-As far as known no fossils have been found in this formation in Georgia. ROME FORMATION The Rome sandstones and shales occupy a position immediately above the Beaver limestone in the Cartersville district, while they lie above the Apison shale wherever these shales are found. Hayes1 estimates the thickness of this formation at from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Areal distribution.-The Rome sandstones and shales occupy three areas in the Appalachian Valley region of Georgia. The most northwestern area occupied by the Rome formation extends in a southwest direction from the Georgia-Tennessee line at a point about 2 miles east of White Oak Mountain .to a point about 1,% miles southwest of Villanow. A wedge-shaped area of Knox dolomite separates the Rome formation into two narrow belts m the northern part of this area The Rome formation is most typically exposed in the central area which extends in a general northeast direction from a point just north of the Floyd-Polk county line at the Georgia-Alabama line through Rome and into the Dalton area to the northeast. The eastern area occupies a belt intimately associated with the Connasauga formation to the north of Cartersville. Lithologic chamcter.-The Rome formation of the northwestern area consists of interbedded sandstones and shales in the lower portion, while the upper portion consists of argillaceous and sili, ceous shales. fThe sandstones are reddish, brown and purple in color, while the shales are brown, reddish and olive green. The formation of the central belt consists of interstratifi.ed thin beds of fine-grained sandstones and siliceous shales, and contains thin-bedded red sandstones at the base of the formation, while at the top there is a heavy bed of light-gray sandstone. In the area to the northeast of Rome, the formation is largely 1Hayes, C. W., Ringgold and Rome folios (Nos. 2 and 78), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1894 and 1902. 88, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEOlWIA made up of shales. The alte:r:nate bands o vari-colored sand-stones and shales and the usual brilliant coloring of these bands is a striking peculiarity of this formation. The sandstones interbedded with the shales cause tliis formation to be more resistant to erosion than the overlying Conmisauga, and as a consequence give rise to a series of hills both to the northeast and southwest of Rome which are cha-racteristic topographic features 0f the formation. Paleontology.-Lingula ( ?) were found in a glauconitic sandstone by Prof. S. W. McCallie in the Rome sandstone at a point about two and one-half miles east of Ringgold. CONN.A.sAUG.A. SHALES .A.ND LIMESTONES The Gonnasauga . formation. of middle Cambrian ' age vanes m 2,q_9p thic~-:q.ess p~t)Y~e,.:IJ.. ~rpOO an~ Jeet/ and consists :essentially of shales with inter-stratified limestones which in places reach a thick- . ness of 150 feet. \ Ar.~rz.Z disfribu.tion. -.The Connasauga formation extends across the State in the western portron of the great. Appalachian Valley, Y 11~1H'ill,~y .in:,lf~Cl;tt\Sh~.\ '?'reC!-fo, ,WcP,ite.in th;~; CoersCI. alJyy: .so~thwest of _:, -.:" ,.v:- 4 ::. /-',.."1. . . .,; .- : . ~- .-~" .-:~ _t :;_ ' -;. . ;_~ ' . _ Rome .and iii tne eastern portion of the Appa)achian V ~lley 1t oc- c-q,pie:s brGJad areas. The most western belt of the Connasauga enters the State just west of Graysville, formipg Peavine and Chattooga valleys arid ex- tends in a southwest direction across the State into Alabama. A narrow belt extends in a southwest direction from a point on Cane Creek north of Trio1_1 forming the valley trav~rsed by the Central of Georgia Railway and extending into A1abama. Irregu- lar l.~n~-~-like areas also occur in the vicinity of t~e Alabama line. Jn the Coosa Valley southwest of Rome the Connasauga forms a wide valley known as the "Flatwoods/' This formation extends both to the northeast and southwest of. Rome. It occupies a com- pCI.rati:vely broad valley to the northeast of Rom'e extending into liHayes, C. W., Ringgold folio (No. 2), Gaol. Atlas U . .S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1894. PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NOETH GEORGIA 89 the valley east of Dalton. The formation extends to the southwest of Rome into Alabama and forms irregular, long, narrow areas along the Georgia-Alabama line. A very narrow belt extends from the northwest corner of the Catoosa-Whitfield county line to the southwest through Tunnel Hill into East Armuchee Valley, reaching a point about four mile3 southwest of Villanow. In the Cartersville and Dalton areas the formation occupies broad valleys and is intimately associated with the sandstones and shales of the Rome formation. Lithologic character.-The shales of the Connasauga formation are always fine-grained extremely argillaceous rocks and olive g~een to yellowish-green in color. At the base of the formation thin bedded limestones interstratified with shales are usually present, succeeded by olive green to yellowish-green shales with limestones of considerable thickness at the top of the series. The limestones vary in physical and chemical character over wide limits. Some of the limestones have an oolitic-like structure. The oolitic limestones and those of the dark blue color are high in calcmm. The gray limestones usually contain intercalated clayey impurities which are conspicuous on the weathered surface of the rock. In places the gray rock is crystalline and resembles some- what the Knox dolomite, but lt never contains the chert so charac- teristic of the upper Knox. The limestones are nearly always characterized by secondary calcite veins. In the crushing to which these rocks were subjected by earth movements, the shales readily adjusted themselves by folding, while the limestones, being more rigid, were fractured. The openings thus produced were subsequently filled with calcite deposited by percolating waters containing lime in solution, derived from the same formation. In the Coosa Valley flat and rounded siliceous concretions are found which sometimes contain trilobites. vVhen the limestones reach their maximum thickness in this formation they form low ridges, while the general argillaceous and calcareous character of the formation causes it to be valley-forming. ~0 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Paleontology.-The Connas~uga f~rmation contains the most abundant fauna of the Cambrian rocks in Georgia. Spencer1 says: 'These shales of the Ooosa Valley eont:ain fossils W'.hieh from a point tlrree miles southwest of Rome, C. D. Waleott has determined as belonging to the genus Oleonides, and consequently belong to the middle Cambrian series. * * * * The shale ridges (whieh eontain some sandstone) to the east of the qasin below Rome apparently belong to .a positio;n beneath the shales to the west as well as to the east of t'hem, owing to the Oostanaula fault upon their Wj:lstern side, The shale rid. ges to which . Spencer refers as containing some sai1dstones are undoubtedly the sandstones and shales of the Rome formation. The fact that the genus Oleonides was found in the shales above the sandstones and in the Coosa Valley leaves little doubt tha.t the Oleonides came from the Cannasauga sl,lales. Spences again says :2 In the northern suburb of Rome, from arenaeeous shales .an-d elays .above the sandstones, fossils of the genus :B:athyuriscus were forind, and from the sarudstones A.nn-el:i.d .remains, * * * On the eastern side of and ab(}ve the san;dstmi.e ridges, seven miles south of Rome, a bed of limestone interCJrul:ated wit'h E!ha:les, eoniains Bathyuriseus and Ptyehoparia and speeies of Orthis all b~lon~Iig to middle Pambrian fauna. The sandstones to. which Spencer again refers are the sand- ~tdri~$' df the 'Rome for'tnat'ion "a.ndi ffofri his descri'ption there is some doubt as to whether Bq;thyu1'iscus was fourr9. in the upper sii~'ie{ of the Rome formation or in the Cannasauga; however, the farina ~hich he describes as coming from a bed of limestone inter- ca1ated with shales is undoubtedly Connasauga. Oleonides curticei (Walcott) occurs in the siliceous concretions in the Connasauga formation. ,The limestones of the Connasauga are in places made up largely of the remains of trilobites and' a small .fossil (concretion-like), which is thought to be GirvaneUaJ occurs in the Connasauga lime- stone near the base of Cedar Ridge east of Dalton. l.Sp~mcer, J. w., The Paleozoic Group of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey of Ga., 1893, p:. 38. 2lbid, p, 40. PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 91 CAMBRO-ORDOVICIAN KNOx DOLOMITE The Knox dolomite of Cambro-Ordovician age lies immediately above the shales and limestone of the Connasauga formation. It attains a thickness of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet and consists of heavy bedded and massive partially crystalline dolomite. Areal distribution.-The formation forms a broad area occupying Missionary Ridge and extending from the Georgia-Tennessee line clividing into narrower belts as it a1>proaches the Alabama line. The Knox dolomite forms narrow irregular areas between Taylor Ridge on the west and the series of mountains on the east known as Johns, Horn, and Chattoogata mountains. East and southeast of Rome the Knox dolomite forms a great valley a~ea with no well defined ridges, while long narrow ridges are characteristic of the formation in the western portion of the Appalachian Valley region. The formation extends to the southwest to the vicinity of the Alabama line and covers a broad area extending to the northeast. l t turns to the north in the vicinity of Cartersville and narrows out in the northern portion of Gordon County. In the northeastern portion of the great Appalachian Valley, the Knox dolomite extends from the Georgia-Tennessee line in four somewhat broad areas to the south, becoming wedge-shaped at their southern extremities. Lithologic character.-The formation is characterized by low narrow ridges and broad valleys, depending on the local structure and the physical character of the beds exposed. The lower 500 to 700 feet of this formation in Alabama, Georgia, c.nd Tennessee is known to be of upper Cambrian age and differs from the overlying portion of the Knox in the general absence of chert. In Alabama the lower 500-600 feet of the Knox dolomite has been separated from the upper portion of the formation by Butts1 and called 1BuTI. 400, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1910, p. 14. 92 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA the Ketona dolomite, on account of its great economic importance and its difference in lithologic character from the upper part of the forma- tion. In Tennessee and Georgia the lower 500 to 700 feet are practically . fre~ fro+n chert and might here also be termed the Ketona dolomite ;however, it could not be separated from the overlying Knox dolomite areally. No attempt has been made in Georgia tn recognize any of tlie subdivisions of this formation. According to Ulrich, the upper TiiJiit of the Cambrian is drawn at the top of the main cherty nidss ot'fheKnox dolomite as exhibited in "Copp'er rid~e." The base of the U']_)per Cambrian or Ozar~ic of Ulrich begins "with the lower non-'Cherty member of the Knox." The lower ']_)ortion of the formation is characterized by heavy and massive beds of gray largely crystalline dolomite without chert, while the upper beds are characterized by a considerable abundance of chert iii the fdr~ o layers and nodules. In the eastern portion ~f the area the 'dolomite contains some sandy beds in the upper part of the forma- tion. Paleontology.-In the lower portion of the Kn0x ddlorilite fossils have been found which show that it is of U:pper Cambrian age, while to ,- - .. ~ . in the upper portion the fauna shbws it be .of lO#~r O'idoviCian 'age. In._the railroad cut about one mile south of Cl~veland, Tenn., the . . ' lower portion of the Knox dolomite is exposed and carries Ptychoparia and. other Cambrian fossils1 ORDOVICIAN Therocks of the Ordovician. in Georgia consist df dolomites, lime- stones, and shales. Ai the beginning of' Ordovician time 'in Georgia the great rriar~ne transgression occurring in upper Cambrian time continued and the . \ Knox dolomite which was deposited represents the lower OrdoviCian in part. At the close of the lower Ordovician or Canadic (Ulrich) period a general regressive movement of the sea covering the Appalachian 1Spencer, J. w., Paleozoic Group of Georgia: Geol. Survey o"f Georgia, 1893, p. 41. PHYSIOGBAPHY, STBUCTUBE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 93 Valley region took place. The elevation of the continent and a hiatus of great extent is shown by the extensive unconformity between the Knox dolomite and the Chickamauga formation. Ulrich and Schu- chert, in their "Paleozoic Seas and Barriers" have advanced the idea that during Ordovician time the Appalachian Valley was divided longitudinally into several narrow basins which were more or less separated from one another, thus accounting for ,the observ--ed differences in sedimentation and life characterizing the several areas. The lower Ordovician or Canadic (Ulrich) period followed the upper Cambrian or Ozarkic (Ulrich) period in the Southern Appalachians with a gradual change in fauna. Little is known of the fauna of the upper Knox dolomite in the Southern Appalachian Valley. During middle Ordovician time the southern type of fauna was in general the Stones River typ~. The Atlantic fauna mingled in middle and later Chazy times, as shown by the occurrence of M aclurea magma) a well known species of the Atlantic Mid-Chazy period. The upper Ordovician is represented in part in the upper portion of the Chickamauga formation. CHICKAM.A.U GA FORMATION The Chickamauga formation, re-presenting both middle and, in part, upper Ordovician time in Georgia, consists of all the rocks lying between the Knox dolomite below and the Rockwood formation above. This formation consists of two distinct types of rocks differing both in lithologic and faunal character. These sediments were deposited in basins separated by a barrier of Knox dolomite, and the basins extended much farther than the limits of Georgia; however, they may be termed in Georgia the western and the eastern basins. The rocks of the Chickamauga formation to the west of the Oostanaula River were laid down in the western basin and several long narrow areas in the northeastern portion of the Appalachian Valley :-egion of Georgia also belong to this basin. The rocks of the western basin consist of interbedded limestones and shales and in places consist essentially of limestones. 94 GEOLOGICAL SVRVEY OF GEORGIA ' The eastern basin. was narrow and. probably extended some distance tc the southwest into ~abama. It covered fue area in the vicinity and to t1ie south of Cedartown, and in the RoCkmart region it covered the a.rea now' occupied by the Chickamauga limestone and the Rockmart shale, and in all probability extended some distance to the east. The formation reaches a thickne"ss of 1,800 feet in the western basin, and in the eastern basin the limestones reach a thickness of probably 200 feet, while the_ shales may be 2;5QO to 3,0{)0 ~eee in thickness. Areal distribution.-The Chickamauga formation forms long nar- . row areas when the dip of the rocks is inclined at a high angle, while it forms long broad valleys. when the crests of gently dipping anticlines ~re exposed. The mosi: western belt occupies the crest of a broad anticline and extends from the viCinity of Wildwood in~ sot1thwest di-rection along the valley of Lookout Creek to within two m:iles ,of the Alabama line. A small s'V"-shaped area extends from the Tennessee line in the vicinity of Chattanooga: to a point about four mi1es to i:he south. A long ~narrow area extends from a point about two miles south of the Ti:mnessee Ihte into i:h~;s~u:thetn eitferrilty of. McLamore Cove. It occupies both the e:ast and west sides O"f the valley of this cove and- to' extefi:ds down the valley of Chickamati~a tr~~k the ~~rth into Tenhessee. The formation follows around the 'northeft;St e-P,d of Pigeon Motih~a!n and octupies a narrow area in the valley :to. the east of Pigeon an1d t;&Oko-U.t mountains. AncHher area occupies the southeast and s6uth-vvest sides of Dirt- s'tiHer Mott~tain and extends to the north where it narrows to a point abotrt three niiles northwest of Trion. it occupies the westep,n :flanks of'TaJlo't a1+ct b:iy-lior ridges; Simms, Recith,--Ttiri-ITp: john, Horn, and Chattbogata mountains and some intermediate areas. f ' ' I ' In the northeastern portion o:f the A:ppa1achia.p y ~lley in Georgia ~1-lJ:"ee -'long n-arrow areas of the Chickamauga fott.hat~on are found. The first area underlies the valley at Dalton and extends several miles I 1Hayes, C. W., Rome folio (No. '78), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902. PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE; ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 95 to th~ north an' south of the town. The s' econd area enters the State from Tennessee at a point about one mile east of Red Ore and extends about eight miles to the southwest. The third area enters the State in the extreme northeastern portion of the Appalachian Valley and extends to the south to the vicinity of Loughbridge. The Chickamauga formation in the eastern basin has been divided by Hayes1 into the Chickamauga limestones and the Rockmart shales. Limestones occupy the valley in the vicinity of Cedartown and extend several miles to the south. The main belt of limestones and shales extends from the vicinity of Hightower Mill in Polk County to the northeast and occupy the broad valley to the north of Rockmart, becoming narrower to the northeast and extending to the vicinity of Stilesboro. Lithologic character.-The Chickamauga formation shows such wide differences in its lithologic character, both in a direction parallel to the strike and across the same in the western basin that it is found necessary to describe the outcrops in some detail. The formation in Lookout Valley consists of a hard, fiaggy, blue limestone, carrying an abundant fauna. The eastern base of Lookout and Pigeon mountains and in the Chickamauga Valley the formation consists largely of thin-bedded blue limestones with some beds of earthy, purple, and dove-colored limestone. The earthy beds are more numerous towards the east and the formation increases in thickness in that direction. In the area extending from the Georgia-Alabama line, both on the east and west sides of Dirtseller Mountain and extending in a northeast direction to a point several miles northwe~t of Summerville, the formation consists of mottled earthy limestones and interbedded variegated shales. The base of the formation in the southwestern portion of this belt contains a conglomerate consisting of cherty fragments which were derived from the Knox dolomite. The fragments are somewhat water worn and are imbedded in a calcareous mud. The western side of Taylor Ridge, Simms Ridge. Gaylor Ridge, 10p cit. 96 GEOLOGICAL SURVE~ OF GEORGIA Turnip: Horsleg, Chattoogata, Horn, and John mountains, the formation is largely of argillaceous character consisting of interbedded e"!-rthy limestones and variegated shales. The rocks of the Chickamauga formation to the ~ast. of the Oosta- naula River outcrop in the vicinity of Cedartown and RDckmart. The Chickamauga formation in the eastern basin consists of two disti~ct members. The lower 1?ortion has been termed the Chickamauga limestone by ;Hayes and th~ upp,.er portion the Rockmart shales and slates. CHICKAMAUGA LIMESTONE The Chickamauga limesto!).e is separated from the Knox dolomite below and from the Rockmart shale and slate above by unconformities. It consists of from 100 to 200 feet of thin and heavy bedded, 'fine grained, high-calcium limestone interbedded with _gray to grayishblue magnesium Hrnestone. . The dark .blue high~calcium beds predominate in the lower portion of the formation while the upper beds contain a greater number of magnesian beds. ROCKMART SHALES AND SLATES i}fl:e sha:le.s ;0~,~he. fiti.d~rha:rt fo'fhl~HBD.\,~f:~i~Bf"cgte~t'thitkness. The ~ormation ~onsish largely :of ._qark bht~. .:to' 'Ul~ck shales and .slates, ~eifll~ting o'fen to oli:V~' 'g~e~ri: a;;:d 'ye11~~. Th~ 'lo~~er porti~n of the fonnatipn is remarkably uniform in its lithologic ch~racter, while the upp~t:p~rtion is more variable; containing highly ferruginous sand- st6n,s, cherty limestones, and conglomerates. ' " . ' ~ . Paleon~ology.-The rocks of the Chickamauga formation of the western basin contain an abundant fauna. Below are given some of the more abundant fossils obs~rved by the writer. .....~ . \ :. Corals Peleycepods B,:r}jozoa , Gctstropods Brachiopods Cephalopods Camerotbechia sp. I Gonioceras anceps (Hall) I Plectambonites sericeous (Sowerby) Trilobites Rafinesquina alternata (Conrad) Ostracods PHYSIOGEAPHY, STRVCTVEE, ETC., OF NORTH GEOEGIA 97 The Chickamauga limestones of the eastern basin are practically barren of fossils. The Rockmart shales have never been carefully searched for fossils. SILURIAN At the close of the Ordovician time there was almost a complete emergence of the Appalachian Valley area which was followed by the Niagara transgression. The deposits of the Silurian in Georgia are mainly clastics consisting of shales and sandstones with an occasional bed of interstrati:fied limestone. These materials were derived from a rejuvinated Appalachian land area to the east. The Rockwood formation, which is delimited by the Chickamauga formation below and the Chattanooga black shales above, is separated from both of these formations by profound unconformaties. This formation constitutes all that remains of the Silurian deposits of Georgia. The eastern sandy phase of the Rockwood formation represents near shore deposits of shallow water origin which gradually .merge to the west into deeper water deposits, consisting of shales and some interstrati:fied limestones. As far east as Taylor Ridge the iron ore contains marine fossils in abundance. The deposits in the western part of the Appalachian Valley area were deposited in deeper waters than those to the east. The waters were all comparatively shallow during lower Silurian time m Georgia. ROCKWOOD FORMA'l'ION The Rockwood formation in Georgia attains a thickness of 600 to 1,600 feet and represents the Clinton of New York and possibly more. The formation consists of sandstones and shales with some conglomerates in the eastern area and some interstrati:fied limestones in the we.stern area. It contains the most important commercial iron ores of the Southern Appalachians. A1'eal distribution.-The Rockwood formation extends across the western portion of the Appalachian Valley in long narrow belts. The formation is characterized by differences both in its character of topography and lithology to the west of Taylor Ridge c.nd to the east of ::lnd inch1ding Taylor Ridge. The region to the west of Taylor 98 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Ridge has been termed the western area and the region including Taylor Ridge and the mountains to the east have been designated the eastern area. The western area contains five distinct belts. The :first belt extends from the Tennessee line in the valley of Lookout Creek in a southwest direction occup'ying the ridges on both sides of the valley, coalescing and terminating at a point about one mile southwest of the Alabama line. The second belt occupies the valley of. J0hnsons Crook, and forms ridges on both sides of the valley extending ~o the southwest into Alabama. The third belt borders a "V"-shaped area of, the Chickamauga formati'o)l extending from the Tennessee line south of Chattanooga forabout nine miles. The fourth, be1t occupies a narrow ridge along the eastern base of Loolmut Mounta!n and extends .parallel to the mountain into the southern portion of McLamore Cove, where. it turns to the northeast anci: follows the western base of Pigeon Mountain etidrding its northeast end. It extends to the southwest paralleling the,.eastern base of J?Jgec:Hi,,and ~.~~o11trfri.o,un;ains;la~to,;Adahab:Tct:~a1ong wha;f~is.~known as Shinbone .Ridge, i , The fifth belt occupies' Dirtsellet Mountain and. extends to the southwest into Alabama. 'f~he eastern area occupies the crest of high mountains in the great Appal~oh:ian Va:lley and .forms irregular areas on the ~astern side of these mountains. In the mountains forming the extreme eastern belt the sandstqnes are so prominent and cover so much of the formation that they have been mapp~d as a. separate member. by ayes. The formation occupies the crest of White Oak Moutttairi and Taylor Ridge and a considerable portion along the. eastern sides of these mountains. It occupies considerable portions o.f Simms Mountain, Gaylor Ridge, Heath Mountain, Turnip Mountain, Lavender Mountain, Horseleg Mount~in, Turkey Mounb.in, John Mountain, Horn Mountain. ami Chattoogata Mountain. PHYSIOGBAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NOETH GEOBGIA 99 Lithologic character.-The Rockwood formation consists of sand- stones and shales with some conglomerates in the eastern area and some interbedded limestones in the western area. It has a thickness of about 600 feet in the western area, while it attains a thickness of 1,600 in the eastern area. The formation to the west of Taylor Ridge consists essentially of olive green and yellowish-green shales with thin beds of interstrati:fied :fine grained brown sandstones, while in the valley of Lookout Creek some thin beds of interstrati:fied limestones occur. A heavy bed of sandstone usually forms the base of the formation. This sandstone is often absent in the western area and in places it is so unconsolidated that it does not result in an important topographic feature. The formation to the west of and including Taylor Ridge consists essentially of brown and red sandstones and interstrati:fied yellowish- green and olive green shales. To the east of the mountains which make up and extend parallel to the Chattoogata Mountain the formation has been divided by Hayes1 into three parts. The lower portion of the formation consists of thin bedded purple sandstones with some yellow sandy shales. The middle portion consists of heavy bedded sandstones with some interstratifi.ed shales and with coarse sandstone and conglomerate from 50 to 75 feet thick, forming the sharp crests of the ridges. The upper portion of the formation consists of yellow shales and coarse sandstones. Paleontology.-Below are given some of the more abundant fossile . ,observed by the writer. Corals- Pelecypods Brachiopods Gastropods \ emarotoechia sp. Trilobites Pentamerous sp. Crinoids Schizophoria sp. 'Hayes, C. W., Ringgold folio (No. 2), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. s. Geol. Survey, 1894. 100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA DEVONIAN The rocks which constitute the Devonian in Georgia are made up of cherts, sandstones and shales. During middle and upper Silurian time the Appalachian Valley region of Georgia was raised into a land surface and a great period of erosion followed. This widespread emergence continued into the Devonian and was more- or less oscilla:tory during early Devonian tiine; 'becoming m:ore pronounced in: late D~vonian. While the sea was oscillatory in Lower Devonian time sandstones and cherts with some shales, the remains of which now form the Armuchee chert, were deposited. During Upper Devonian time a gradual transgression of the Appalachian sea took place extending ,from the northeast to- the southwest. The ~hattanooga black shale was deposited unconformably uppn the Artrtt1chee chert irt Geor-gia wherever tll~t formation: was present, and when not, it was laid down upon the Rockwood formation o:f Silurian age. The waters were shallow, and clastic deposits alont were formed. The fauna contained in the Devonian rocks of Georgia is sparse. A!t:Mu6:EEmE1' cmRT T.h~ Armuchee chert .is thought by Hayes1 t~- be ;eq~:d:v;alent in age. to the Frog Mountain sandstone (Oriskany) which occurs in the southwest corner of the Rome quadrangle. Its greatest thickness in Georgia is 40 feet2. .. Areal distribution.-This formation occurs in a number of small areas in the northwestern portion.of the .A.ppalachian Valley. A small narrow area surrounds the northeastern and northwestern portions of Horseleg Mountain and extends to the northeast to the -vicinity of West Rome. A thi~d area occupies the center of Turkey Mountain, extending in a northwest d_irection to a point just west of Crystal Springs, where it turns to the west and extends to. Taylor Ridge, and then to the north paralleling the east side of this ridge. It also occurs 1Hayes, C. W., Rome folio (No. 78), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902. 2Ibid. PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 101 m John and Horn mountains and extends for 10 or 15 miles to the \ north of the southern terminus of John Mountain. Lithologic chamcter.-The formation consists primarily of bedded chert and at times is made up of reddish-brown sandstone. Paleontology.-The Armuchee chert contains fossils of Oriskany age, according to Hayes1 CHATTANOOGA BLACK SHALE The Chattanooga black shale is all that is left of the Upper Devonian deposits of Georgia. It seldom attains a thickness of more than 20 feet in this State. Areal distribtttion.~The black shale always occupies a long narrow area, wherever it occurs, and lies upon the Armuchee chert of Lower Devonian age; and when t-his -for!llation is absent, it lies upon the Rockwood formation of Silurian age. Two 'parallel belts extend down the valley of Lookout Creek into Alabama. It encircl~s the Rockwood formation in Johnson Crook and extends to the south in two parallel belts into Alabama. Another belt extends from a point about four miles south of Chattanooga east of Lookout Mountain to the southern extremity of McLamore Cove, where it turns to the northeast and extends around the northeast point of Pigeon Mountain and then parallels the eastern side of Pigeon and Lookout mountains to the southwest. In the southwestern corner of Chattooga County, an irregular, narrow, sinuous area extends from the Alabama line to the northeast along the southern portion of Gaylor Ridge. It surrounds the northeast extension of Horseleg Mountain and occupies small areas just west of Armuchee and in Turkey Mountain, and irregular and small areas to the east of Taylor Ridge along the northeast end of Simms Mountain, and in the southern portion of John and Horn mountains. Lithologic characte1'.-The Chattanooga shale contains at times a sandstone bed at the base of the formation which is of a dark gray color, fine grained, fetid, and contains Lingula sp. often in abundance. Above the sandstone occurs a jet black fissile, tough, bituminous shale which generally contains grains and nodules of pyrite scattered through- 10p cit. 102 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA out its mass and which occur at times in well defined layers. The upper portion of the forn1ation usually consists of a blue or greenish I clay-shale containing phosphatic concretions. Paleontology.-The Chattanooga black shale contains, in Georgia, Discina, Lingtda) Chonetes) G01iiatites? etc., and resembles very closely the type of fauna contained in the Gennessee of New Yark. It also shows occasionally fragmentary remains of plants. CARBONIFEROUS The Carboniferous has been divided by geologists into the lower and upper Carboniferous and these have been respectively termed the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian. " 11HSSISSIPPIAN During the early part o.f Mis""sissippian time the southern portion of the Appalachian Valley was marked.by a con~inuation of the southeaste.rn transgression of the sea that characterized the Up. per Devonian. The Chattanooga black shale of the Upper Devoni-an is overlain by the Fort Payne chert, above which lies th~ Bangor lil.pestone in t~e western portion of the Appalachian region; while in the Eastern area the Fort Payne chert is iminedi~tely succe~ded .by the Floyd shales and lime- stones. The Oxmoor sartdstone appears to li,e 1Unconfo;rmably upon the Floyd shale. FOR'r PAYNE CHERT The Fort Payne chert lies unconformably upon the Chattanooga, black shale when that formation is. present, and when it is absent it lies unconformably upon the Rockwood formation of Silurian age. It reaches a thickness of 200 feet. I Areal distribufion.-The formation occupies narrow belts in the western portion of the Appalachian Valley, while it covers wider areas along the eastern side of Horn, John, and Chattoogata mountains. It does not occur in the. eastern portion of the great Appalachian Valley of Geor&"ia. The formation occupies approximately two parallel belts on bqth the eastern and western sides of the valley of Lookout Creek and extends. to the south into Alabama. PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, ETC., OF NORTH GEORGIA 103 A narrow area parallels the eastern side of Lookout Mountain extending from the Tennessee line to the southern end of McLamore Cove, and thence to the northeast around Pigeon Mountain, paralleling the east side of Pigeon and Lookout mountains. On the east side of Taylor Ridge the formation occupies irregular narrow belts and in the vicinity of Subligna the formation extends to the northeast across the valley occupying a broad area. It continues south of Taylor Ridge around Simms Mountain and entirely encircles Lavender Mountain and the southern portion of Gaylor Ridge; and also occupies a small area in Heath Mountain. Another area extends from the vicinity of Huffmaker station in Floyd County southwest to within a short distance of the Coosa River. It completely surrounds Turkey Mountain and occupies both narrow and broad irregular areas to the east of John, Horn, and Chattoogata mountains. Lithologic character.-The Fort Payne chert consists essentially of siliceous limestone with layers and nodules of chert, which occur in such abundance in places as to make up almost entirely this formation. Along the extreme eastern outcrops, namely, to the east of Horseleg Mountain and the Chattoogata range, the formation consists of heavy bedded chert in a siliceous cement, while the upper portion of the formation' consists of a somewhat porous sandstone, originally calcareous. West of Taylor Ridge, the lower portion of the 'formation consists essentially of ch,ert, while the upper portion becomes more calcareous and gradually passes into the overlying Bangor limestone. The chert of this formation is distinguished from that of the Knox dolomite by th~ usual great abundance of crinoid stems it contains. Paleontology.-Crinoids, etc., often occnr in great abundance. l!'f .OYD FORMATION The Floyd formation lies stratigraphically immediately upon the Fort Payne chert. It attains a thickness of 1,200 to 2,000 feet!. A1'eal dt"stTibution.-The Floyd formation is not known to occur 1Hayes, C. w., Rome folio (No. 78'), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902. 104 GE~OLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA west of Taylor Ridge. The shales of the formation usually occupy broad valleys, while the limestones as a:- rule form long, narrow, low ridges. The .formation enters the State just east of White Oak Mountain and extends to the south to a point about three miles west of Tunnel Hill. A canoe-shaped area occupies Houston Valley, and another small area occurs in the vicinity of Gordon Spring. A broad area occupies west Armuchee Valley and is separated from the broad valley to the south by a belt of Fort Payne chert which extends across the valley to the northeast of Subligna and entirely encircles Little Sand Mountain. A broad area occupies both Big and Little Texas valleys and extends to the northeast occupying a great irregular-shaped valley and thence t0 the north on the east side of John and Horn mountains. It forms the great valley to the northwest of Rome. 1\. small valley area of the Floyd formation occurs on the west side of Gaylor Ridge and extends to the southwest into Alabama. Lithologic character.-'I'he Floyd formation consists of shales with some limestone; which attain a thickness of 100 to 150 feet. The shales are black, brown; yellow, and dark blue in color and are in places somewhat arenaceotis~ The limestones '~re heavy"-bedded and dark blue in coh;:,t, containing some chert in the lower part, while the 0 upper beds are somewhat siliceous with some pure limestones: The physicaLcharaeter of the limestone is so similar to those of the Bangor formation that they can not be distinguished lithologicaUy. Paleontology.-The limestones and some of_ the arenaceous shales are often highly fossiliferous. Both Bryozoans and B1'achiopo. oxida (Fe20s) --------- ____ -----------------------Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ------ ________________________ ~ ____ _ Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) _____________________________ _ Silica (Si02) ---------------------- _- ---"'---------------- -Loss on ignition--------- _________________________________ _ 41.42 9.66 1.44 .00 tr. 8.10 39.38 18 2 34.30 17.02 1. 96 3.20 tr. 3.43 40.09 100.00 100.00 Two miles northeast of Ja~per.-The Murphy marble is exposed ,. over a stratigraphic thickness of about 20 feet in an old quarry at a point about two miles northeast of Jasper, along the east side of the east fork of Longswamp Creek. The quarries were first opened .in 18$~. Tb.e strike is N. 5 E.,. and the gip 37~ SE.. The following analysis of sample represents the average content of t~j:e, ~n::t~te exposure with the exception of the up~er impure sandy layers: Analyses of Ma1'ble, Two Miles Northeast of Jasper (Sample No. 19) I.lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t FAelurmr i cin'oa x i(dAeI20(sF)~20.a.). .. .. .. . . . , : S SUlphur trioxide (803) . Plwsphorus pen.t~xide (P 02 5) Silica (S:i:02 ) Loss on ignition ................. .'. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.74 16.75 94 . .00 tr. 5.60 43.97 100.00 The Persevemnce quar1'y.-The Perseverance quarry is located about 1% miles east of Jasper on the east side of Longswamp Creek. The upper portion of the Murphy marble is exposed, while the LIMESTONES OF THE .APP.AL.ACHI.AN MOVN1'.AINS 125 middle and lower portions of the formation in the valley of Longswamp Creek are seldom seen. The stone is white, finely crystalline, thin- bedded, and highly magnesian. Brown mica (phlogopite) is the most abundant accessory impurity. In some of the beds leaching has taken place and lime and magnesia have been carried away in solution in underground waters leaving small caves. The stratigraphic thickness of the Murphy marble at this point is 225 feet. The strike is N. 20 E., and the dip 22 S.E. The following analysis represents an average sample taken over the entire exposure : Anal,ysis of .l\1arble from the Perseverance Q'uarry (Sample No. 20) Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.68 Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.10 Alumina (Al203) ... ..... { 1.56 Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ............ . ... . S Sulphul' tr~oxide (S03 ) .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tr. Silic:a (Si02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.05 Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.61 JOO.OO Georgia Jl!larble Company.-The quarnes of the Georgia Marble Company are located along the valley of Longswamp Creek in the vicinity of Tate post office. Quarries are also operated by this company along the south bluff paralleling the east branch of Longswamp Creek at a point about one-half mile west of Marble Hill_ post office. The J\1urphy marble occupies a broad valley in the vicinity of Tate post office, narrowing immediately to the south. Along the west side of the valley the marbles are standing on end, that is, dipping at 90. Crystallization and recrystallization of the marbles in this vicinity have removed all traces of bedding: however, the bedding can be determined from the relation of the marble to the adjacent schist. The impurities originally. contained in the formation have crystallized out in the form of graphite, hematite, mica, etc. The graphite interspersed throughout the white marble produces the "Creole," while the finely divided hematite results in the various shades of pink, known 126 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA to t~1e trade as "Etowah." The marbles which occur along the valley of the. east branch of. Longswan'lp Creek are white. One-half mile south of Tate post office the strike is N. 45 W,., and the dip 72 SW. The marbl~ in addition to use as a building _and monumental stone, are chemkally suitable for use in the manufacture of both white and gray Portland cement; in the manufacture of lime, both for structural and agricultural purposes; fo.r fluxing, etc. The following analyses show the composition of two samples which were taken for an average of the quarries u.f this company: Analyses of JYJa.rble f1'01J1 Geo1gia ll..fa;rble Company Sample No, ______ :.. __________ --- _____ ------ _______________ _ 21 22 Lime (CaO) ----- _------ ----- ___ - --------"--------- ~ --- --- 53.96 Magnesia (MgO)- ________________ --- ~- _- ________________ _ 1.00 Alumina (AbO a}- __ --------- ___ -- -;--- --------------------- } Ferric oxide (Fe203) -------- ---------------,------------Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ______________ -----~--------------~~ Phosphorus pentoxide (P205)------ ________ -----------~---- 1. 76 .00 .02 Silica (Si02). ______ ------ ___ _:_ --------------------------- 1. 25 Loss on ignition___________ --:-- ___________________________ _ 42.01 54.00 .89 1. 38 .00 tr. 1. 84 41.89 100.00 I 1 100.00 Southern Marble Company.-The quarries of the Southern Marble Company are located in the immediate vicinity of Marble Hill post office along the bluffs which parallel the south side of the east branch of Longswamp Creek. The Murphy marble occupies,the valley along the s~uth side of the creek and extends often more thanlOO feet up the bluff. It is a white, coarsely crystalline and mCJ.ssive stone, containing few accessory im- . I purities. The formation attains a thickness of at least 200 stratigraphic feet. The strike is N. 80 E., and the dip 20.o SE. The following analysis represents the composition of an average sample of the Mur.phy marble taken over the entire exposure at Marble Hil1: LIMESTONES OF THE .APP.AL.ACHI.AN MOUNTAINS 127 Analysis of J.11arble from Southern J."tiarble Company (Sample No. 23) Lime (CaO) Magnesia (MgO) .... ............................. . Alumina (Al20a) ......... .... . l Fer.ric oxide (Fe20s) .............................. J Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ; Silica (.Si02) ..................................... . Loss on ignition 53.04 1.00 1.32 .00 .02 1.41 43.21 100.00 Amicalola Marble Quarries.-The quarries of the Amicalola Marble Company are located one mile south of Marble Hill post office in the valley of a small tributary to the east fork of Longswamp Creek. The marble is usually concealed by an overburden of material derived from the adjacent formations. The stone is extremely white. The following accessory minerals are fo.und in certain portions of the formation : tremolite, mica, and graphite, with some intrusive hornblende. The dip is 15 SE. Besides the use of this stone for commercial marble, it is of suitable composition for use in the manufacture of both gray and white Portland cement, for fluxing purposes, lime, and many crushed stone products. The following analysis shows the average composition of this marble: Analysis of 1~1arble fJ'Om the An1icalola Quarries (Sample No. 24) Lime (CaO) ...................................... . Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . l Alumina (Al20s) .... . f Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ......... . Sulphur trioxide (S03) : Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) . Silica (Si02) ..................................... . Loss on ignition 52.13 2.3;? .86 .00 tr. 1.00 43.61 . 100.00 128 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA CHEROKEE COUNTY GEOLOGY Occasional outcrops of Murphy marble have been observed in Cherokee County along the valley of Longswanrp Creek immediately south of the Pickens-Cherokee county line. Outcrops also occur along the continuation of this belt between Ballground and Canton. Several miles west of Ballground and along Sharp Mountain Creek marble is again exposed. It extends to the southwest and outcrops along Hickory Log Creek; The chemical and physical ~haracter of the formation varies not only in a direction parallel to the strike of the rocks, but also from the bottom to the top of the formation. The marbles are in places white . and pin:k, coarsely crystalline, high-calcium stones; again they are dark c:olor~,q.;~,P:i~11~Y s:ilk~otc1~ ~n:d -iOJJka:~eo;t;u~ 01,; high;-m~~ne,s:i~q."n. They are seldom eN'posed over a thickn!=SS of more than fifteen stratigraphic feet. ':phe thi6kitess o.f the--formation. probably never e;x;ceed:s 150 feet and in certair(localities the fortn?,tion thins down. to only a few feet. I DESCRIPTION oF lNDIVIDUAIJ LocALITIES Seve.n111:.iMs 1~:6'rJtHZgjeS,t .ifj/~@~1J,:t~;,i11_ :W:'hi~~)iJ1~ef:v+;tr~y~ta:lline, mag- nesiari. m;ar,ble ITIONS .A.FFECTNG: DEVELOPMENT The limestone outcrops in the valley where the dip is gentle. To the east of the plant the limestone is exposed in a small hill due to a local fold. The shale occupies ahighe'r position, topographically, than the limestone and caps this small hill. Quarr.ies Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are all located along this hill, which runs in the same direction as the strike of the rock. The hill is about 875 feet long and about 250 feet wide at the base. The quarries were starte~ some little distance above the general level of the valley and followed the strike of the rock. The. drainage is natural and flows away from this hill in all directions, consequently no trouble is met in keeping the quarries dry. There is in reality no overburden in these quarries, for the shale, which lies immediately above the limestone, is used in the manufacture of Portland cement. Some of the beds of shale are too low in silica 1Analy~is made by Clarence N. Wiley, chief chemist, Southern States Portland Cement Company, 1909. APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 137 to be used alone, but when mixed with shales of other beds or with free silica they can be used satisfactorily. The quantity of limestone available on this property outside of that in this hill can only be ascertained by drilling to determine its thickness and lithologic character below the general level of the valley. The amount of shale suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement is in sufficient quantity to supply the plant almost indefinitely. The fuel used is bituminous coal, which is secured from Tennessee. An average analysis1 of coal used in the rotary kilns is as follows: Analysis of Coal Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatile matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 1.36 28.24 61.38 9.02 100.00 Sulp'hur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 The following analyses2 will show the <;:hemical composition of the limestones and shales from the Southern States Portland Cement Company's quarries : Analyses of Limestones and Shales) Southern States Portland Cement Company sample No. _____________ Limestones I ~I 35 37 Shales 38 39 40 L ime (CaO) _----------M agnesia CMgO) -------AIumina (AbOs) -------Ferric oxide (Fe20s)----- silica (Si0 2) ______ -"' __ -- L oss on ignition _________ 53.04 2.02 .26 1.00 .52 42.86 52.67 .90 } 1.82 3.10 41.62 53.96 1. 00 .94 1.24 42.64 4.85 2.00 { 21.18 3.77 f)7.35 7.10 .66 2.00 }27.30 62.60 5.90 1. 52 .80 { 22.58 3.94 60.10 6.60 99.70 100.11 99. 78 96.25 97.75 95.54 1Analysis by Clarence N. WileY, formerly chief chemist, Southern States Portland Cement Company. 2Analyses by J. L. Mack, chemist, Southern States Portland Cement Company. 138 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, OF GEORGIA The following section of the Chickamauga limestone, exposed in quarry No. 1, gives a general idea of the character of the calcareous. rocks at that point. The section begins at the eastetfimost exposure of the limestone at the contact of the Chickamauga limestone and the Rockmart shale. Section, Q1,tarry No. 1, So%thern States Portland Cement Company Unit No. Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet 8 Dark-blue limestone (used in making cement) 7 Light-blue, heavy bedded and massive magne- sian. limestone. (Not used in making cement) 6 Dark-blue limestone, (used in making cement) __ _ 5 Hea\ry bedded and massive magnesian, bluish;- gray limestone with veins of calcite and thin seams of dark-blue, high calcium lime, (only the dark blue, high-calcium lime used in makihg cement) _______________________________ _ 4 Dark-blue, apparently massive, somewhat argillaceous limestone, (used in making cement). __ _ 3 Lighto:gr&y; heavy-bedded, magnesian Iinestone, (not used in making cement) .. ----------~--- Center of local anticline----------------------2 Light and dark blue, massive limestone with a greenj,sh cast; rather high in magnesia, but can be used ill making cement by mixing with a limestone and shale running very low in magnesia___________________ :.~ ____________ _ 1 Light..:hlue limestone and ihterbedded gray limestone_________________________________ _ 32 27.4 4 10.5 4.6 6.0 14.6 20.9 120 88 60.6 56.6 46.1 41.5 35.5 20.9 At the base of this section the rocks dip to the west for a distance of 150 feet, and thence dip to the east. Quarry No. 2 consists of the same strata as individual unit No. 8 in the. section exposed in quarry No.1, while in quarry No.3 the total stratigraphic .thickness (90 feet) of the dark blue limesto~e is available for use in the manufacture of cement. The limestone dips at an angle of 80 E., and is overlain by shale. The following observations indicate an erosional unconformity be- APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 13!) tween the Chickamauga limestone and the Rockmart shale at this point: 1. The shale does not dip at the same angle as the limestone. 2. A band of red clay in places separates the Chickamauga lime- stone from the Rockmart shales. 3. Limestone horses are overlain by stratified shale. WINNING AND PREPARATION OF THE LIMESTONES The limestone is first blasted from place by means of dynamite. The larger, more massive rock is then broken by means of sledge hammers into pieces convenient to be handled by the quarryman. It is loaded by hand on cars of a narrow gauge steam tram and carried to the stone house, where it is dumped by end tipple into a No. 7;/z Gates gyratory crusher. The limestone is crushed to a size of two inches by three inches in diameter, and passes out of the crusher into a bucket elevator which carries the limestone above the cru~her into a two-inch screen, allowing the two-inch and smaller material to pass through; the coarser material being returned to the crusher by means of a chute. The limestone passes from the two-inch screen to a belt conveyor which carries it to bins holding in r~serve for the mill a 10 days capacity. The limestone passes out of the bins on a belt conveyor into open rotary driers, two of which are used for the limestone. The driers are cylindrical in shape, about four feet in diameter ,and 40 feet in length. These driers have bolted on the interior Z-irons which act as shelves~ carrying the rock to the top of the drier as the cylinder rotates, exposing it to the hot gasses emanating from the burning coal at the end of the drier. Most any coal can be used for this purpose and only a comparatively small quantity of heat is required to dry the limestone. The limestone now passes out of the rotary driers into pan conveyors and from the pan conveyors to elevator buckets, thence to storage bins, which have a 10 hour capacity. The limestone then passes to the ball mills. There are four ball mills for the preliminary grinding of the limestone, two Schmidt and two Krupp ball mills. The iron balls which are carried around on the interior of the drum fall from the top of the drum and literally pound: 14(] GEOLOGICAL SVRVEY OF GEORGIA. the limestone into small particles, which pass through small openings into the screens surrounding the drum. The coarser material is separated from the finer material, the coarser being carried back to the interior of the drum while the finer passes on to another set q.f screens made of woven wire cloth and here again the .finer material passes through into the dust proof casing, while the coarser material passes back again into interior of the drum, to be pounded fine enough to fina1iy pas~ into the dust-proof casing. TJ:te ball mills are provided with hubs through which the limestone is fed into the drum and the hubs have feeders attached which regulate the amount of limestone passing into the ball mills. The finely' ground limestone is conveyed from the ball mills by bucket elevators to bins, two of which hold the limestohe. The lime- stori~' is riow re~af to 'o~ a-awn tom tli~~e ;biils to be weighed and mixed with the shale. WINNING AND PREPARATION .O'F THE SHALE The shales which are available Jor mixing with the limestone for the manufacture of Pontla:l1d.'cemen~; aredoun:a -in the sawe quarry as the limestone, overlying the limestone both stratigraphically and topographically. The shales" whiCh afe easily procured 'by pick and shovel, are loaded on cars of narrow gauge steam tram and taken to the stone house. The shales are dumped from the cars by end tip.ple into a No. 3 Gates gyratory crusher. The shale passes from the crusher into a bucket elevator, thence to a twelve-inch screw conveyor, from which it is. dumped into emergency storage bins. The shale .is carrit~d from the storage bins by belt conveyors to I bucket elevators :which 'lift the sliale 'to a dosed rotary drier, one of which handles all the shale. The rotary drier is enclosed so that hot gasses circulate freely both on the inside and outside of tlie drier. More heat is required to dry the shales, as they carry more water than the limestone. The shale is carried from the drier by a bucket elevator intostotage bins and is fed from the storage bins to the'ball milt One ball mill does all the necessary grinding of the shale. The shale is .APP.ALACHI.AN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 141 elevated from the ball mill to storage bins and is now ready for mixing with the limestone. MIXING LIMESTONE AND SEALE At this point in the process the limestone is allowed to pass, from the storage bins to the scales where one-half the limestone to be used is weighed. The scales are set mechanically and the amount of shale to be mixed with the limestone is weighed and dumped upon the limestone after which the remaining amount of the limestone necessary for the mix is weighed and dumped on the shale. This method of weighing aids the mixing of these two raw materials. The scales are kept locked, being set by the chemist who determines daily, or even more frequently, the amount by weight of the mix. The job of the weigher is purely a mechanical one. From this point in the process of preparation of the raw materials the limestone and shale are treated as a unit. The mix of limestone and shale now passes from the weigh scales through a chute into a screw conveyor, which facilitates the mixing of these materials. The screw conveyor carries the raw materials to a rotary mixer, where the limestone and shale become intimately mixed. Elevator buckets carry the mix to bins which feed to a screw conveyor, carrying the raw materials into hoppers and then to the tube mills. The plant has five tube mills, four Krupp and one Schmidt. The tube mills are cylindrical in shape, 20 to 22 feet long, and 60 to 66 inches in diameter and usually a little more than half filled with :flint pebbles which are imported from Europe. The cylinder makes 28 revolutions a minute. The material passes into the cylinder through a hollow shaft and leaves the mill in the same way at the opposite end. There are numerous ways by yvhich the feed is regulated. The Krupp mill is divided into compartments such that the material is forced to travel in a zig-zag motion. The :flint pebbles pound the material in the tube mill to an impalpable powder. The impalpable powder is now ready for the kiln. There are eight rotary. kilns 6 feet by 60 feet with a capacity of 250 barrels each in 24 hours. The kilns make one revolution in 80 seconds, 142 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY .OF. GEORGIA \ the regulation of the revolutions of the kilns regulating the output. Powdered coal is conveyed into the kiln through an injector into which air is forced by a fan. The main object is to carry the coal into the kiln and get a good mixture of powdered coal-dust and air, which is a very explosive mixture. The mixture in the kiln is thus raised to a very high temperature, so that the raw materials reach the point of incipient vitrification, and the clinker which forms passes out of the kiln into ~ McCaslin bucket conveyor and is carried to the clinker storage bins. The heat from the clinker is not utilized, but the clinker is allowed to cool and season in the storage clinker bins. The clinker remains in the bins at least two weeks and then is conveyed to the ball mills, where it is pounded to pieces, and as it passes through con- veyors from the ball mills a small amount (2 per cent.) of gypsum is added. The ground clinker and gypsum now go to the tube mills. The product of the tube mills passes to the stock house where it is stored . F in 19 bins with 4,000 barrels capacity each. The finished product now passes from~ the bins by chutes to and through a screw conveyor, and ~s lifted by elevators to hoppers. It passes from hoppers into bins which lead to the Bates packing machines. The Bates packing machines feed the finished product into valve cotton sacks which hold 95 pounds of cement. The cement is usually packed in cotton sacks, but some is packed ip_ paper bags and barrels. The brand and trade name is "Southern States." The greatest capacity of the mill is 1,200 .barrels per day. Analysis of the aSouther11, States'' Cement1 Lime (OaO) ...................................... . 61.82 Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . 2.73 Alumina (Al20s) .............. . . } Ferric Oxide 8 (F~0 ) ~ Sulp-hur trioxide (SOa) ............................ . Silic.a (Si02) .................................... Loss on igniti?n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.24 1_66 21.21 1.21 99.87 APPALACHIAN Y ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 143 The following test1 shows the physical character of the cement: Physical Tests of {(Southern Sta:tes" Cement Tensile strength Age Neat 24 hrs. 493 7 days 829 28 days 973 Initial set 3 hrs. 10 min. Final set 6 hrs. 5 min,- Fineness 100 200 97.4 81.6 Boiling 0. K. Piedmont Portland Cement Company (Map location 13 P) .-The plant of the Piedmont Portland Cement Company is located at Portland, Polk County, directly on the Seaboard i\.ir Line Railroad. The company was organized in the spring of 1909 with Dr. Edgar Everhart, of Atlanta, as President. The property was purchased from the Davitte Lime Company. In the fall of 1909, while the plant was under construction, Dr. Everhart resigned as President and was succeeded by J. C. Bass. 04 -~----- GJ4 .3ACR.S GOSScST/ITE I .Sc.:;/e. FIG. 5.-MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE PROPERTY, MILL ANJ:! QUARRY (1) OF THE PIEDiYIONT PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY, PORTLAND, GEORGIA. CEMENT MILL; (2) LIME KILNS; (3) QUARRY; (4) HOUSES; (5) CONTOUR LINES. GEOLOGIC RELATIONS The raw materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement consist of the Chickamauga limestones and Rockmart shales and slates. 1Data furnished by Clarence N. Wiley, chief chemist, 1909. 144 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA The litpologic character of the limestone can best be seen from the section. It is not known just what the total thickness of the Chicka- mauga limestone is at this point, as the und~rlying Knox dolomite is not exposed in this vicinity; however, the lower heavy-bedded c;lark blue limestone of the Chickamauga formation is exposed and wherever exposures of the contact of the Chickamauga limestone and the under- lying Knox dolomite are seen elsewhere the dolomite was found to lie only a few feet below these heavy beds. The Knox dolomite occurs at a comparatively short depth beneath the surface to the west of the plant, while to the east of the plant it would be found at some considerable depth, .due to the dip of the rocks. The shales of the Rockmart fo-rmation immediately overlie the Chickamauga limestone, and are only exposed in the lower portion of . the formation. . These shales are uniform in their litholo-gic chara. cter, dark blue to black in color, weathering to a yellowish-green and yellow and are entirely suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The rocks dip froni' 5 to 10 degrees southeast. The limestones are heavy bedded, 'while the shales are characteristically fissile. The exposure at this point is on the eastern limb of a broad anti- cline, the d!p of the rocks becoming steeper towards the east and flat- tening out to a small angle towards the crest of the anticline. The strike is N. 30 E. CONDITIONS AFFID'CTING DEVELOPMENT The limestone is exposed from the valley floor to a height of about 113 feet. From the section given below it is seen that units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 constituting 57.2 feet, or about 50 per cent. of the limestone) is entirely suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland ' . cement. The upper units 11, 12 and 13 contain an average of 12 per cent. of magnesia; however, by the most careful separation of the dark . blue high-calcium stone from the gray magnesian stone it is thought that probably 48 per cent. of this upper 51.7 feet may beco}Tie available for cement manUfacture. The shale lies immediately above the limestone and is present in more than sufficient quantity to supply the available .APP.AL.ACHI.AN V.ALLEY .AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 145 limestone. The base of the quarry is on a level with the valley iioor, so that as long as the quarry is worked above water level the drainage will be complete and there should be no trouble in keeping the quarry dry. The shale which overlies the limestone can not be considered as overburden as long as the quarrying of it precedes that of the under- lying limestone with which it is used in. the manufacture of cement. The quarry can be worked in a north and south direction for about 1,000 feet or more, while the length towards the east will depend on the removal of the overlying shale. A high grade bituminous coal is used for burning the clinker. The coal used at this plant is known as the Straight Creek Kentucky coal. An average analysis of the coal used in the burning of the clinker is as follows: Analysis of Coal M'oisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatile matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.20 36.15 55.04 5.61 Sulphur. No determination made. 100.00 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIE;~rftf:bafried,;from the :oins to . ' . a F. ,:u,. lle.r.-Lc;high throiigli a twent mill w . y-mesh ,,here it .scree. .~. is ...g:,r.o un ... d to ' Tlie finely a . f.inen..es:s. of .... : 90 per cent. grourid clinker now passes into an Allis Chalmers 6 by 22-foot tube mill where it is finally ground s~that' about 9.5 per cent. passes through a 100-mesh and about 80 to 84 per cent. through a 200'-mesh sieve. It is then weighed by Richard- son automatic scales and sacked. The brand and trade name is "Piedmont,'' and the analysis is as follows: Analysis1 of the uPiedmontn Cement Lime (CaO) ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mag;uesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Aiumina (Al20s) ... .. .. ...... Feu1c oxide (F~Os) ... S .Sulphur trioxide (.SO.) , .. l}. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silica (Si02 ) Loss on ig;uition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.93 3.72 9.94 1.31 23.92 1.07 100.89 !Lknalysis fn:tmished by Mr. W. S. Davis, Supt. APP.AL.ACHI.AN V.ALLEY AND CUMBEEL.AND PLATEAU ABE.AS 149 Physical Tests1 of ((Piedmont'' Cement Tensile strength Age Neat 24 hrs. 460 7 days 700 ...... 325 28 days 850 ...... 515 Sand Initial set 1 hr. 45 min. Fin.al set 5 to 6 hrs. Fineness 100 200 95 80-84 Boiling 0. K. Georgia Portland Cement and Slate Company (Map location 8 P). -The property of the Georgia Portland Cement and Slate Company is situated on the main road between Roclanart and Cartersville about 4 miles northeast of Rockmart, 1% miles distant from the Seaboard Railroad, and 2,% miles from the Southern Railway. The raw materials are found in the immediate vicinity of Hayes mill and to the south on three contiguous lots, known as the Hayes, Wilson, and Scott lots respectively. GEOLOGIC ItELATIONS The raw materials consist of the Chickamauga limestone and the Rockmart shales and slates. The limestone is grayish-blue to gray and heavy bedded, with some. thin and heavy beds of a dark blue limestone interstratified. The limestone is somewhat argillaceous at the top and Section of Georgia Portland Cement and Slate Company I Sample Unit \ No. No. Description of Units I TotalQQ Thickness \'Thickness feet feet Rockmart shale. 43 7 Bluish-gray, somewhat shaly limestone with some dark blue limestone ______ _ 21 74.9 44 6 Gray limestone, massive and heavy- bedded___________________________ _ 28 53.9 45 l; Bluish-gray limestone with some thin beds of blue limestone-dark beds at the bottom ____ ~ ________________ Gray, heavy-bedded limestone _________ ,1 13.6 2.8 25.9 12.3 Gray, massive limestone______________ _ 6 9.5 4"6 2 Dark-blue limestone_________________ _ 1.5 3.5 47 1 Gray limestone with occasional cal- cite stringers______________________ _ 2 2 1Data furnished by W. S. Davis, Supt. 150 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA the content of lime is highest in the t+pper 21 feet of the exposure. The shales are in the lower portion of the Rockmart formation. They satisfy all the conditions for use as a mix with a high-calcium limestone in the manufacture of Portland cement. The rocks strike N. 25 E, and di'P from 25 to 45 SE. The section exposed on the east side of the Rockmart-Cartersville road, from top to bottom, is given above. The following analyses show the chemical contents of the units above described : Analyses of Limestone and Shale f1'0m Georgia Po1'tland Cement and Slate Company Sample No._~_~ __ ----~-- 43 Unit No. ________________ 7 44 45 6 ; 5;4;,3 46 '47 48 2 1 Shale Lime (CaO) ________ _: ____ 50.12 43.40 36.68 55.20 35.76 .32 Magnesia (MgO)_________ 2.28 7.54 12.94 .46 13.48 2.08 Alumina (AbOa)-------- -------- -------- -------- Ferric oxide (Fe203) ______ .80 1.12 1.08 .50 -------- 18.97 .20 1.50 5.85 Potash (K20)--- --- --..,-- .20 .19 -------- tr. .22 3.80 Soda (Na20)- ----------- PJ:fa (Na.O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Clay bas,es ................................. ~ . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.44 11.62 4.36 .30 .02 6.51 1.35 .37 4.50 . 38.53 100.00 Southwest Rome (Map location 3 F) .-The limestones of the Connasauga formation are exposed at a pDint about 3,000 feet south of the EtowahRiver bridge just west of Rome. These dark-blue limestones ave exposed over ?-bout 70 stratigraphic feet. They are somewhat argillaceous and intimately veined with secondary calcite. The composition is similar to the limestones described immediately above on the Bass property. The strike is N. 35o E., and the dip 45 SE. APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 165 No1'theast Rome (Map location 4 F) .-At a point 480 feet southwest of the Southern Railway culvert north of the W. & A. Railroad, a thin and somewhat heavy-bedded dark blue limestone of the Connasauga formation is exposed over 63 strat~graphic feet. The limestones contain a considerable number of laminre of clayey impurities, and while secondary calcite occurs it is not quite so abundant as in the limestones southwest of Rome. The following section shows the physical character of the exposure from top to bottom : . Section of Limestone Exposure Northeast of Rome Sample Unit No. No. -~r I Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet Dark-blue limestone with some interbedded, a.rgillaceous shale______ . _____ Interstratified, thin and heavy beds of gray and dark-blue limestone, with considerable secondary calcite and intercala,ted clayey impurities. 11.9 51.3 63.2 51.3 The following analysis shows the composition of the units exposed: Analyses of Limestone Northeast of Rome Sample No.______________________________________________ 73 741 Unit No. _________________________________________________ 1 & 2 Lime (CaO) ______ - _______ -- __________ -- _-- _______________ Magnesia (MgO) ____________ ..: __ _________________________ Ferric oxide (FezOs) __ __ ____ ______ ____ _____ ___ _____ ___ ____ Sulphur trioxide (SO 3) ______________ ____________ __________ 45. 94 I 50. 40 1. 00 2. 05 2. 68 1. 04 tr. . 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (PzOs) -------------------------- __ __ .00 Silica (SiOz) _____________________________ ~ ______ ______ ___ _ 6. 32 --------I _Potash (K20) ____________ - ___________ ------ ______ ---- __ -- Soda (Na 2 0) _________ . ___________________________________ . _ . _____ I Clay bases _____________________________________ . _________ 4. 95 Loss on ignition_ _________________ ________________________ 39 . 11 .00 2. 35 .12 . 09 1. 51 42 .44 100.00 1100.00 1Number 74 was taken over i.he exposure of the limestone along the river bank beneath the section described above. 166 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Six-Mile Station (Map location 5 F) .~The limestone of the Con. nasauga formation is exposed for about ten stratigraphic feet at a point one.mile west of Six-M~le Station along the south side: of Hie Alabama division of th~ Southern Railway. The limestone outcrops in a low hill where it is overlain by shales of the same formation. The limestone is dark-blue in color, fine grained, and appears somewhat heavy bedded. Some earthy impurities are present which increase toward the top of the exposure. The following analysis will show the average chemical composition of the limestone over the entire exposure : Analysis of Limestone from Six-Mile Station (Sample No. 75) Lime (C:ruO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) ........................ :. : . . . . . . . . Femic oxide (Fe,08) :. Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5 ) Siliea (S:i02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potash (K20) ......... .. :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (Na.O) ................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay b'ases ........... ~ ............... , . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition .................. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.00 3.00 1. 74 .10 .01 3.63 .25 .12 2.5-8 41.57 100.00 Big Cedar Creek exposure (Map location 6 F) .-The limestone of the Connasauga formation is exposed over a thickness of about 30 .feet about one mile northwest of Vans Valley, along the north side of Big Cedar Creek. The lower ten feet of the exposure consists of light bluish-gray limestone, resembling in lithologic character the Knox dolomite, over which sample No. 76 was take~. Immediately above this unit lies ten feet of shaly limestone which in places might be termed a calcareous shale. Sample Np. 77 was taken over this unit. At the top of the exposure the rock is a dolomitic limestone and is in all probability a part o.f the Knox dolomite. The cherty limestone was omitted i~1 No. 78. The strike is N. 45 E., and the dip 15 SE. The following analyses show the chemical composition of the limestone over the units described .above : APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 167 Anal)!Ses of Limestone from Big Cedar Creek Ex_posu1'e I - Lime (CaO) ______________________________________ Magnesia (MgO) ___ ---- __ -- _-- _____ ---------- - __ .: Ferric oxide (FezOs)-----------------------------Sulphur trioxide (8203)---------------------------Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) ___ - ____ - ~-- __ - ___ - ___ Silica (SiOz) _____________________________________ Potash (l{zO) ____________________________________ Soda (~a20)--------~---------------------------Clay bases _______ . ___ . _____ - _- _- ___ -. --- _- _- _-- _Loss on ignition __ . _. _____________________________ 76 15.40 ~0.96 1.76 tr. .02 30.24 3.41 .31 10.73 27.17 77 14.18 3.20 4.18 tr. .04 31.95 4.48 .35 12.68 28.94 78 48.30 20.00 2.44 .00 .02 1. 97 .15 .06 .39 26.67 I 100.00 100.00 100.00 Exposure near Pinson (Map location 7 F) .-The somewhat heavybedded, dark-blue limestones of the lower portion of the Connasauga formation are exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of about _57 feet at a point about 850 feet east of Woodward Creek one-half mile west of Pinson. The limestones form a low ridge and are overlain by yellow and green shales of the same formation. The following analyses sho-vv the chemical composition of the limestones and shales at this point: Analyses of Limsetone and Shale Near Pi11son ~--.- Lim;~tone s~~~_ Sample N0 ----------------------------:------- I Lime (CaO) ____________________________________________ 51 .00 Magnesia (MgO)_____ ___ ___ ___ __ _____ ___________ ________ 2. 20 Alumina (AlzOs) ______________ - ------------ ~- ----------- ---------- Ferric oxide (FezOs) ---------------------------- __ ______ 1.54 Sulphur trioxide (80s)---------------------------------- tr. Manganese (MnO) ________________________ . _- _______________ . _. _. _ Titanium dioxide (TiOz) -------------------------------------- - . Silica (Si0 2)__________________________________ . _ __ __ ____ 2. 90 Loss on ignition ____________________ . _ __________________ 42 .36 Moisture at 100 C.----------------------------------- ___________ _ .31 .40 25.40 6.12 tr. tr. 55.39 4.61 1.50 1oo. oo I 93.73 168 GEOLOGICAL 8URVEY OF GEORGIA Expo'Sure newr N annie (Map l0cation 8 F) .-The heavy-bedded, dark-blue limestones of the Connasauga formation are exposed from the valley floor to a vertical height of about 55 feet, about llj2 miles northeast of Nannie on the east side of the road which parallels Armstrong Mountain. The limestones carry numerous veins of secondary calcite in the lower portion of the exposure. Yellow and yellowishgreen. argillaceous shales overlie the limestones. At the top of the shale an exposure of the Connasauga-Knox contact can be seen. The following analyses show the chemical character of the limestones and shales at this point: Analyses of Limestone and Shale from Near N annie Shale Limestone Sample ~o. __________ -- __ - ________ -- ___ -- ---- _____ ___ __ 81 82 Lime (CaO) .:_ ___ ~ ___ ..: --- __ -- __ -- ------------ _- __________ 1. 61 49.76 Magnesia (MgQ) _____ --- __ -- __ - ___ - ---- _--- __ - -- ________ 2.14 . 64 Alumina (AbOa) _______ - _._.- -----,---------------- _-- ____ 19.78 _________ _ Ferric oxide (FE20a) ____ -- ___ ---- _- --- ___ -: __ -- ______ -.- _ 6 .46 1. 62 Sulphur trioxide (So a) -- _,..--. _- _~- _- --- _--- _""- --,. _. ___ . _ __ __ __ __ tr. Phosphor:tis pentoxide (P20 s) _______ --- ___ - ___ - ________________ ~ __________ _ Silica (Si02)----- ___ ----------------- ----- --------- _____ 57.35 6. 73 Manganese (MnO) ______________ -- _______ -~ ___ --~- ______ .08 _________ _ Titanium dioxide (Ti02) -------------------------------- Loss on ignition _____ ------- __ -------------- _____ ---____ JMojsture at 100 C ___________ ---- ____ ------ __ __ ________ .54 _________ _ 5 .40_ 41.25 1. 46 _________ _ 94.82 100.00 Ooslanaula River expos~tre (Map location 9 F) .-The limestones of the Floyd formation are exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of about 80 feet at a po1nt.one-half mile north of Margie on the west side of the. Oostanaula River east of Turkey Mountain. The limestone which is heavy-bedded and nearly horizontal, varies in color from darkblue to light-blue. The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the limestone over the entire exposure at this point : APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 169 Analysis of Limestone from Oostanaula Creek (Sample No. 83) Lime (Oa;O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20 3) Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pento.xide (P:,05) Silica (Si02) Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.20 .52 .68 t:r. 2.71 42.89 100.00 J. Scott Da.vis property, Va.ns Valley (Ma:P location 10 F) .-Occa- sional exposures of limestone occur on the property of J. Scott Davis along the west side of the hill to the northwest of the Davis residence. This limestone has been mapped by Hayes1 as part of the Connasauga formation. The dolomitic character of the limestone, with the chert which it contains, however, suggests that it is a part of the Knox dolomite formation. The dolomite is partly crystalline, bluish-gray to light-gray in color and fairly uniform in its lithologic character. Chert nodules are most abundant in the upper portion of the exposure. The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the entire exposure : Analysis of Limestone from ]. Scott Davis Property (Sample No. 84) Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lYiagn,esia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fenic oxide (Fe20a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphur trioxide (S03) :. Phosphorus pentoxide (P20") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silica ('Si02) . Potash (K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (Na20) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.24 19.46 1.60 .00 tr. 4.22 .16 .08 . 71 44.53 100.00 West side of Lavender Jvfountain (Map location 11 F) .-Some exposures of the limestone of the Chickamauga formation outcrop on the 1Hayes, C. W., Rome folio (No. 78), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902- 170 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA west side of Lavender Mountain at a point one mik north of the Central of Georgia Railway and about 2,000 feet east of the valley public road between Sims and Lavender mountains. The limestones are thin bedded, grayish white, pink and light blue, semi-crystalline, and are interbedded in variegated shales. In the lower portion of the formation a conglomerate is exposed consisting of pebbles of chert . ~ imbedded in a limy clay matrix. The following section of the limestone from the top to the bottom of the exposure shows its physical character : Section on liVest Side of Lavender Mo1mtain. ' Sample No. 85. 86 Unit. No. 5 1 4 3 2 1 Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness \ feet feet Thin and heavy beds of pink. and gray , limestone interstratified _____________ 22 113 Pinkish, massive limestone_____________ 11 91 Grayish-white, fine-grained limestone with much crystalline calcite, the cleavage faces of which give a bright silvery metallic lustre _____________ .,_ 23 80 Concealed.:_.:.~- ________.______________ 57 57 Cong;"Io' m' era;it-e____.____________________ Above unit 5 of the section the rocks are largely concealed. Occa- sional outcroppings of shale were observed between unit 5 and the lower heavy-bedded sandstone of the Rockwood formation. The following analyses. show the chemical composition of the limestones : Analyse~ of Limestone from West Side of Lavender M o~mtain --1 Sample No. ___ -~----------------------_--.-----_----_--- Unit No----------------------------~-------------------- Lime (CaO) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - __ - ______________ Magnesia. (MgO) __________________ ~ ___ ___ __ _________ ____ __ 85 4&5 47 .28 . 60 86 3 54 . 64 . 20 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) -------------------------------------- .96. Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ------------------------------------ ________ Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s)------------------------------ .03 Silica (Si02)----'-- _____ ___ __ __ ___ _______________________ __ 9. 90 Potash (K20) ________________________ ~ __ ______________ ____ .26 Soda (Na20) _- ___ --- _- ______ - ____________________________ . 14 Clay bases _____ - _______________________ . _ . _______________ 2. 64 Loss on ignition __________ "_____________________________ . _ 38 . 19 .32 .20 tr. . 90 tr. tr. .41 43 . 33 . l1oo.oo l1oo.oo APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 171 Beach C1'cek e.xpos~we (Map location 12 F) .-The limestone of the Floyd formation is exposed on the south side of Beach Creek at its intersection with the road between Horseleg Mountain and Oreburg. These rocks consist of a dark-blue to light-bbe crinoidal limeston~ quite uniform from top to bottom. There are no visible impurities in the limestones; however, they are capped by a thin layer of chert. The strike is north and south and the dip 15 o W. On the southwest side of the road the limestone is exposed over a thickness of 10 feet, a section of which is here given: Section on Beach Creek Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet .feet --;;--~--2-~~ Grayish-blue, heavy-bedded limestone 4 10 --~~----1_ _J2ark-blue heavy-bedded limestome____ _ 6 6 On the east side of the road at this point in the upper few feet of very cherty limestone sample, No. 89, was taken. Below the cherty limestone there is an exposure of about fifteen feet of heavy-bedded, high-calcium stone, from the average of which sample No. 90 was taken. The following analyses show the chemical character of these limestones: Analyses of Limestones from Beach Creek Sample No. ______________________________ Unit No. ________________________________ -- Lime (CaO) ______________________________ Magnesia (Mgo) __________________________ Ferric oxide (Fe203) --------------------- Sulpher trioxide (S03) -------------------- Phosphorus pentoxide (P205L----~ __ -----Silica (SiO 2) _____________________________ SPoodtaash(N(aK202)0_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_Clay bases _______________________________ Loss on ignition_______________________ -,... _ 87 2 53.40 .42 .80 tr. tr. 2.66 .07 .08 .74 41.83 88 1 53.48 .84 .26 tr. tr. 1.53 .04 .05 .64 43.16 89 44.76 .64 .72 tr. .01 15.62 .10 .04 .72 37.39 90 52.44 .74 1.04 tr. tr. 3.58 .10 .11 .83 41.16 100.00 ' 100.00 I 100.00 100.00 172 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA. Lavender Station (Map location 13 F) .-The .dark-blue, high calcium limestones of the Floyd formation are exposed for only about 10 stratigra.phic feet at a point about 100 feet southwest of Lavender Station on the property of Karr Berryhill. The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the whole exposure at this point: Analysis of Limestone at Lavender Station (Sample No~ 91) Lime (0310) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . . Ferrie oxide (Fe20a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphur trioxide (SOa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphorus pentoxide (P~O~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sii.liea (Si02 ) : Potash (K20) ........................... ..... . .. . .. . Soda (N:a20) , .............................. ' . . . . . . . . 0'1ay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.72 .80 .24 .00 .00 .72 .09 .07 .36 43.00 10,0.00 Halls Mountain (Map location 14 F) .-Halls Mountain is situated near the northwest corner of Floyd County only about one-fourth mile Section from Top to Bottom on Halls J.l1ountain ' ' Sample Unit No. No. - 92 7 93 6 94 5 95 4 96 3 97 2 98 1 Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet Argilaceous shalle with some thin beds of sandstone _______________ ------~- 30 Th:iri.-bedded dark-blue limestone _______ 17 Dark-blue arenaceous shale____________ 6.5 Dark-blue limestone __________________ 5.6 Somewhat arenaceous limestone with many beds of shaly limestone ________ 18 Heavy-bedded, dark-blue limestone_____ 5 Dark-brown and black arenaceous shale ___ 10 92.1 62.1 45.1. 38.6 33 15 10 APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 173 south of the Floyd-Chattooga County line and about two miles north of the North Rome and Attalla Railroad. This mountain consists of shale at the base, above which occurs 60 feet of limestone capped by 30 feet of shale. The shale and limestone are in the upper half of the Floyd formation. The shales are carbonaceous and :fissile, while the associated limestones are usually heavy-bedded, dark-blue to light-blue in color with some argillaceous and arenaceous beds. The whole exposure is characterized by a very low percentage of magnesia. The rocks strike N. 50 W., and dip 5 SE. The following analyses show the chemical character of the units described in the above section : Analyses of Limestone from Halls _Mo-vmtain Sample No. ___________________ 92 93 94 95 96 97 Unit No. ______________________ 7 6 5 4 3 2 - Lime (CaO) ___________________ 12.36 41.56 21.42 48.26 46.52152.36 98 1 5.04 Magnesia (MgO) ____________ --- .54 1.00 .18 1. 82 .46 .00 .27 Fenic oxide (FezOs) ----------- 3.40 2.40 3.76 1.22 2.72 1.56 5.04 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ----- - __ .20 .10 .04 ------ .00 .00 .00 Phos. pentoxide (P 20 5) ________ . ----- .00 .00 .01 .02 .00 .02 Silica (SiO 2)_ ___ - _---- _------- 62.78 16.69 39.12 7.00 9.04 1.11 63.18 Potash (K20) _________________ 1.02 .23 1.60 .14 . .24i .09 ----- Soda (Na20J---- -------------- .42 .25 .72 .12 .201 .07----Clay bases____________________ 7. 50 2. 68 12. 34 1. 33 2. 921 .87 17. 50 Undertermined ____ -- __________ 11.78 35.09 20.82 40.10 37.88' 43.94 8.95 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. -oo 100. oo:wo. ool10o. o 0 - The analyses of limestones and shales above given were of samples taken from the property of Lou Hall. Huffaker limestone quarry (Map location 15 F) .-The Huffaker quarry is located on the North Rome and Attalla Railroad at Huffaker Station. Limestone of the Floyd formation is exposed over a thick- ness of 19 stratigraphic feet. The limestone is crinoidal, of a dark- blue color near the bottom of the exposure, becoming a light-blue to grayish-blue at the top. The quarry is an open pit. The overburden consists of about :five feet of residual red clay. The total thickness of 174 GEOLOGICAL SUR,VEY OF GEORGIA the limestone at this point is not known; however, it is probably not more. than 50 feet. The dip is 10 W. The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the lilT!-estone over the entire exposure: Analysis of Limestone from Huffaker Quany (Sample No. 99) Lime (Ga;Q) ..... '...... , ........ :~................. 54.38 Magnesia (MgO) .......................... : ...... ; . , .25 Fexric oxide (Fe20 8 ) .24 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00 Piho.sphoxus pentox:Fde (P20 8) Silica (Si02) Clay bases ......................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tr. 1.75 .30 Undetermined ..................................... 43.08 100.00 J.Attle Dry C1-eek (Map location 16 F) .-Limestone of the Floyd for~tion is .exposed over .a thickness pf about 20 feet at a {loint 31f2 miles north of Rome. The .exposure is immediately beneath the bridge on th~ Rome-Summ~rville road which crosses Little Dry Creek. Thelimestone is heavy bedded, dark-blue to light-blue in col0t, and fairly iinifottn over the entire expbsure. Chert 1s rather 'abtirldant seven. feet above the base ofJhe e~q;sur~.. TJi,e: following analysis slYows the average chemical composifioll. of the limestone at this point: Analysis of Li11ttestone from Little Dry Creek (Sample No. 100) Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) ......... , . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphm trioxide (S03) :. Phosphorus pentoxiile (P20 5) Silica (Si02 ) , Clay ba:ses .......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Un'determin.ed ..................................... .' 50.84 1.53 .96 .06 tr. 3.50 . 70 42.47 100.00 Floyd County quarr'J' (Map location 17 F) .-The limestones of theFloyd formation are exposed in a quarry which has a vertical height .APP.ALACHI.AN V.ALLEY .AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU ARE.AS 175 of from 20 to 30 feet in the city limits of Rome at the intersection of the North Rome and Attalla Railroad and the Rome-Summerville public road. The limestones have been worked extensively for road material. The Floyd formation at this point is very argillaceous and some portions of these rocks might be termed a calcareous shale. The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of these rocks over the entire exposure : Cemical Analysis of Limestone from Floyd County Quarry (Sample No. 101) Lime (C.aO) .............................. : . ...... . 15.16 . I Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . 1.72 Ferrie oxide (Fe20 3) 4.04 Sulplnrr trioxide ('803) .80 r Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) Silica (Si02) ~ .00 50.48 Clay bases ....................................... . 11.68 Loss on ignition 16.12 100.00 D. B. F. Sellman prope1'f)! (Map location 18 F).-Two hundred feet east of the intersection of Heath Creek and tne road leading ffom Crystal Springs to Little Texas Valley, an exposure of the Floyd limestone occupies the hill on the south side of the creek and extends over a stratigraphic thickness of 38 feet. The rocks strike N. 20 E. and dip 10 SE. Section from Top to Bottom on Sellm.an Property Sample Unit No. No. -- 3 102 2 I 1 Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet Cherty, dark-blue limestone and chert 11 38 Floyd formation Gray to grayish-blue, crinoidal lime- stone______________________________ 27 27 Shale ________________________________ The following analyses show the chemical composition of the limestone in the above section : 176 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Analyses of Limestone from the Sellman Property Sample No. ___ -----------------__________________________ 102 1031 Unit No. _______________________ --.--~ ___________________ -:_ 2 Lime (CaO) _______________________________________ ~ ______ 49. 32 Magnesia (MgO)__________________________________ ________ .82 Ferric oxide (Fe20s)------- ____ __ ____ __ ___ ______ ________ ___ 1. 36 Sulphur trioxide (SOs)------------------------------------- .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P205)-'-----~----------------------- .00 Silica (Si02)----------- ______________ ----------- __ ____ ___ _ 5. 20 Potash (K20) ____________________ ---;---------- __ ___ ______ _____ ___ Soda (Na20)----------------------------------------------------Clay bases--------------~-------------------------------- 3.52 Loss on ignition __________________________________________ 39. 78 50. 56 1.20 . 94 .00 .02 4.20 .18 .06 1.18 41. 66 100.00 100.00 Heath Creek exposure) Big Texas Valley (Map location 19 F).The shales 0f the Floyd formation are exposed for about 15 stratigraphic feet at a point several hundred feet west of Heath Creek along the road leading from Orsman into Big Texas Valley. Some laminre of limonite occur in the shale and were omitted in sampling. The following analysis shows the chemical composition of the shales at this point : Anal'J1sis of Shale from Heath Creek E."Cposure (Sample No. 10'4) Lime (Oa.O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnes:i!a (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (A1Pa) ............... : ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferri.c 0 oxide (Fe2 8 ) Mang;anese (MnO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Titanium dioxidre (Ti02) . .S.ilica (rS!i!02 ) : , Los~ on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moisture at 100 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 .08 14.18 4.~5 .08 .63 73.65 4.04 1.20 98.73 Orsman (Map location: 20 F) .-The limestone of the Bangor formation .is exposed for a thickness of 12 stratigraphic feet in the lower portion of the formation at a point just east of the intersection of the 01.Sample No. 103 was taken from a small exposure cm the south side of the road near the bridge which crosses Heath Creek. APPALACHIAN V.ALLEY .AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU .AREAS 177 roads at Orsman leading into Big and Little Texas valleys respectively. The limestone is heavy-bedded and practically horizontal. The follow- ing section from the top of the exposure to the bottom shows its litho- logic character : Section at Orstnan , I I Sample Unit I' No. 1 No. Description of Units 1 Total i Thickness Thickness I feet feet I Dark-blue limestone with numerous I layers of chert. (Not sampled on I account of the abundance of chert I it contained) _______________________ j 3.0 12.8 Dark-blue limestone with four thin layers of chert. (The chert was 105 omitted in sample for analysis) ___ .. __ 4.2 9.8 Dark-blue crinoidallimestone _________ _ 4.6 5.6 Dark-blue fine-grained lime&tone ______ _ 1.0 1.0 The following analysis shows the chemical composition of the limestone taken from the un_its 1, 2, and 3 of the section: Analysis of Limestone from Orsman (Sample No. 105) Lime ('CaO) Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe 02 3) Sulphur trroxide (S03 ) Phosphorus pentoxide (P~05 ) Silica (Si02) Potash (K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (Na,O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.00 .40 1.20 .08 .03 6.28 .14 .12 4.94 38.81 100.00 One and one-half 1nilcs south'wcst of 01'Sman (Map location 21 F). -The heavy-bedded, fine-grained, dark-blue, crinoidal limestones of the Bangor formation are exposed at a point about 11/) miles southwest of Orsman. The.limestone is to be seen over a thickness of about 178 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA 10 feet in the lower portion o.f the formation. A layer of chert about 3 inches thick occurs at the top of the exposure. The following analysis shows the composition of the entire ex- posure: Analysis of Limestones 11/2 .Lrvliles Southwest of 01'Sm,an (Sample No. 106) Lime (GaO) ...... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferrie oxide (Fe 02 3 ) Sulplim trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) Silica (Si02) ... Loss on. ignition ....................... : . . . . . . . . . . . 53.80 .25 1.16 .07 .00 2.70 42.02 100.00 Two miles sMtthwest of Orsman (Map location 22 F) .-The heavybedded, fine-grai1_1ed, semi-crystalline, blue limestone o.f the Bangor formation occupies an exposure from the valley floor to a vertical height of 35 feet along the s'Outheast side of Rocky Mountain on the property of J. B. Reaves. The limestone forms an extensive outcror: along the strike which is parallel to the mountain; The exposure is found iri the lower portion of the fo:rmation and the beds dip from 5 to 10r0 NW. The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the limestone from the entire exposure : Analysis of Limestone 2 JV[iles Southwest of 01'sman (Sample No. 107) Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.13 :rt!Eagnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 0 Ferric oxide (Fe2 3 ) : , .'. 1.42 Snlphur trioxide (S03) .02 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) .00 Silica (Si02 ) 1.83 Loss on ignition ................................... 43.00 100.00 Willingham-Ha1'vey-Lipscomb prope1'ty (Map location 23 F).The limestone of the Bango'r formation is exposed for about 40 strati- APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU .AREAS 179 graphic feet at a point about three-fourths mile west of Orsman on the northeast end of Rocky Mountain on the property of Willingham, Harvey and Lipscomb. Above this 40 feet of limestone, residual material and sandstone float from the overlying Lookout formation conceal the underlying rocks, which are probably shales. The exposure of limestone occupies a large area along the northeast end of the mountain.. It is a dark-blue, somewhat fine-grained and partly crystalline, heavy-bedded, crinoidal limestone. The stone is very uniform in physical character over the entire exposure, with the exception of three or four cherty layers which are not more than one or two feet in thickness. The beds lie practically horizontal. The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the dark-blue limestone from the bottom of the exposure to the top, with the exception of the chert which was rejected in sampling: Analysis of Limestone from the Vf/illingham-Harvey-Lipscomb Property (Sample No. 108) Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20 3) Sulphucr trioxide (803) Phosphnrus pentocx:ide (P20 3 ) . Silica (Si02 ) Potash (K,O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (NazO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay bases......................................... Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.84 .95 ,. 78 .10 .00 2.18 .10 .11 1.79 42.15 100.00 CHATTOOGA COUNTY GEOLrOGY CONNASAUGA SHALES AND LIMESTONES The Connasauga formation is made up essentially of fine-grained, argillaceous shales with interbedded limestones. The most western belt of this formation in Chattooga County occupies a narrow area in the valley paralleling the east front of Lookout Mountain. It contains considerable limestone. The silica-alumina ratio of the Conna- 180 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA sauga shales is low, so that unless silica is added it cannot be used in the manufacture of Portland cement. The limestones in this formation in Chattooga County are always valley forming and as a considerable quantity of limestone occurs above water level nearby in the Bangor formation, it is hardly probable that the limestones of the Connasauga will ever become of any great economic importance. K.No:x: DOLOMITE The Knox dolomite is only exposed in the upper portion of tht. formation. It consists of finely crystalline, gray dolomite with chert nodules and bedded chert. On account of the dolomitic character of this formation it is not suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The chert in the upper portion of the formation has been quarried extensively at Summerville for use as a road material and has be~n shipped throughout the South. When th~ dolomite occurs without chert i~ may be used commercially for the manufacture of lime and crushed-stone products. CHICKAMAUGA FORMATiON The Chickamauga formation is characteriz;ed by ~o types of materials. In the eastern and central portions o~f the county it is made up largely of vari-colored, argillaceous shales with interbedded, mottled, earthy limestones, while in the western portion of- the county the limestones are of greater thickness with few shales. The shales of this formation are usually too variable in chemical character and' the silica-alumina ratio is too low for -their use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The percentage of magnesia in the limestone is usually low and some beds of high-calcium stone occur interbedded with the argillaceous limestone. - On account of the variable character of 'the limestones consi<;lerable care must be takeri in the location of a quarry site, so that the stone will be of a uniform character over a sufficient thickness for economic development. The limestones usually carry too hi~h a percentage of argillaceous material in this county to make a good commen.::~a.1 lime. APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 181 ROCKWOOD FORMATION The Rockwood formation is made up of sandstones and shales with some conglomerates in the eastern portion of the county, while to the west of Taylor Ridge the formation consists of shales with thin beds of interstrati:fied sandstones. The shales of this formation, whenever found over a sufficient stra6graphic thickness to be quarried commercially, fill all the requirements for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. To the east of Taylor Ridge the formation contains so much interbedded sandstone that the shales cannot be commercially won. In the valley paralleling the east side of Lookout Mountain in what is known as Shinbone Ridge the sandstones are often absent for more than 200 stratigraphic feet, and as the shales dip at a considerable angle they can be easily quarried. FLO'YD FORMATION The Floyd formation consists chiefly of dark-colored, carbonaceous shales with some prominent dark-blue, heavy-bedded limestones which in many places are largely made up of the remains of crinoids. The limestones attain a thickness at some points of 100 feet. The silicaalumina ratio of the shales is usually slightly low for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The high-calcium limestones are suitable at certain localities, chemically, for use in the manufacture of Portland cement; however, the conditions affecting development, such as the total thickness of the limestone at any one point, the amount of overburden to be removed, the chert contained in the formation, etc. must always be taken into consideration in the location of cement mills. The limestones of this formation are second only in importance to those of the Bangor formation. They are high grade, high-calcium stones, usually containing less than one-half of one per cent. o.f mag- nesia, while they contain some chert it is usually not in sufficient abund- ance to be oi any very great objection. BANGOR FORMATION The Bangor formation consists of both limestones and shales. The shales are dark brown or black, carbonaceous, and contain numerous interbedded sandstones in the upper portion of the formation. The 182 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA shales are very uniform in the lower portion of the formation over a considerable thickness, and at many localities they satisfy all the condi- tions necessary for the manufacture of Portland cement. The lime"'" stone of the Bangor formation is always heavy bedded to massive, light grayish-blue or dark blue, In physical character the beds are amor- phous to crystalline and o.ften crinoidal or oolitic. The Bangor lime- stone contains very few magnesian beds east of Lookout Mountain, while along the base of certain portions of the mountain and to the west the magnesian beds are frequently interstratified with the high- calcium beds. The Bangor limestone makes an excellent commercial lime, both for building and agricultural purposes, road material, and ballast, while the high-calcium beds are well suited for fluxing purposes. ... DESCRIPTION OF INDTVIDUAL LOC'ALITIES Buckles ltmestone quarry (Map location 1 C) .-The Buckels lime- stone quarry is located 11,6 miles southeast of Chelsea on the east side of the State Road and on the property of R. M. Fenster. Lime was manufactured for local use during 1909 by Wil'liam Buckles, who erected at this point a small bottle-;sbaped k~ln~ The raw' rriaeria:I consists o{theConnasa,th.ga lim~stone; which is of dark-blue .color and fa,irly uniform in, lithGlogic character over the - .. .. ' . . ., ;, : whole exposure. The l~tnestone is valley forming 'and differs from the C~nnasa~ga limestone to the east in being almost free o.f secondary . calcite and clayey intercalations. The quarry is about 10 feet deep and extends 40 feet across the strike and about 15 feet in a direction par- allel to the strike. The strike is N. 12 E., and the dip 42 SE. The following analysis shows the average chemical composition of the exposure at this point : Analysis of Limestone from Buckels Quarry (Sample No. 109) Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ............................. .- . Silica (Si02) : Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.44 3.44 .52 .85 .41 44.34 100.00 APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 183 Two and one-half miles southeast of Trion (Map location 2 C).The grayish-blue, fine-grained limestone of the upper portion of the Cannasauga formation is occasionally exposed at a point 2% miles southeast of Trion on the property of William H. Penn. The ex:... posure extends from the valley floor to a vertical height of more than 100 feet. The strike is N. 30 E., and the dip 40 SE. The following analysis is an average of the entire exposure of the Connasauga limestone at this point: Analysis of Limestone from the Penn Property (Sample N oo 110) Lime ('OaO) 00000000.......... 00................ 50.48 Magr,esia (MgO) ................................ 0 .25 Ferrie oxide (Fe20 3) .92 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tr. Silie.a (Si0 5.67 2 ) L,oss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.68 100.00 One and one-half miles north of Trion (Map location 3 C) .-The rocks of the Knox dolomite occupy an exposure of about 52 stratigraphic feet at a point 11/2 miles north of Trion. These rocks are heavy bedded and massive, although they often appear somewhat thin bedded, due to intercalated layers of argillaeeous impurities. These calcareous rocks are fine grained and semi-crystalline. The beds vary in color, and a rather large quantity of chert is found in the upper portion of the exposure. The strike is N. 34 E., and the dip 25 SE. 184 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Section 1 1j2 Miles North of Trion Total Sample Unit Description of Units Thickness Thickness No. No. feet feet -----~------1--------~~---------------------l--------~------- 13 Weathered limestone with considerable chert ________________________ _ 10 52.6 12 Pink lii:nestone 1 to 1 ;\1 feet thick, with considerable pink-colored chert in layers_____________________________ 7 42.6 11 Fine-grained, heavy and thin-bedded limestone with slight pinkish cast ____ _ 5.5 35.6 10 Pinkish and green, fine grained, heavy- bedded limestone~~~-~~----------~ __ 5.5 g Heavy-bedded. olive and gray lime- 30.1 stone with .pinkish cast containing some thin layers of impurities _______ _ 8.4 24.6 8 Thin-bedded, .gray limestone with pinkish and greenish argillaceous impurities between these heavy beds______________________________ _ 1.2 16.2 7 Light-gray limestone__________ -----~-- 1 15 6 Thin-bedded, pink and gray ljmestone with in.tercal~ted argillaceous ii:n- plll'ities.:: ~ _____ ~--- -- ~---- ---------- 1 14 5 Dull-gra:y limestone with pinkish layers 2.5 13 4 Heavy and thin-bedded pinkish lime- - stone------~----------------------- 8 10.5 3 Greenish impure limestone (fault zone) the -matrix consisting of argi:llaceous and siliceous limestone containing angular quartz ____________________ _ 1 2.5 1 GrrE.;:~~:~r:~~~~~~:~::: 2 Greenish impure limestone with much I 0.3 1.2 1.5 1.2 Bald M o1mtain ( Ma.p location 4 C) .--Bald Mountain is located 2lj2 miles due west of Summerville. The mountain extends in a northeastso~thwest direction for about 1% miles. It is made up of the Chickamauga formation which at this point consists of red and green calcareous shales interstrati:fied with some thin-bedded dark-blue high-calcium limestone. Dark-blue limestones predominate in the upper 100 feet o.f the mountain. APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 185 About one-fourth mile northeast of the southwestern end of the mountain in the upper 100 feet of the exposure the dark blue limestone was sampled. The following analysis shows the chemical character of the thin bedded dark blue limestone: Analysis of Limestone fron,z Bald Mountain (Sample No. 111) Lime (GaO) ........................ :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe203) . Sulphur trioxide (803) Phosphorus pentoxide (P00s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble (Si02, A120s, K 20, Na~O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.18 .35 1.10 tr. .00 7.17 41.20 100.00 Menlo (Map location 5 C).-Immediately west of the town of Menlo, on the road leading from Menlo to and across Sand Mountain, the Rockwood formation is largely exposed. A heavy-bedded, brown, somewhat unconsolidated sandstone occurs at the base of the formaton, above which occur yellowish-green and olive-green, arenaceous shales with many thin beds of fiaggy sandstone. Section from Top to Bottom, Exposure Near Menlo Sample Unit No. No. --- 23 22 21 20 112 19 113 18 17 Description of Units I Total Thickness Thickness feet -feet 1 Devonian black shale _________________ Concealed ____._______________________ Brown sandstone with some calcareous sandstone and interstratified, pale- I green arenaceous shale _____________ -, Yellowish-green and olive-green shale, interbedded with sandstone often calcareous _________________________ Yellowish-green and olive-green shales with an occasional thin bed of sandstone _____________________________ Yellowish-green shale with a few thin beds of sandstone___________________ Reddish-brown somewhat hackly shale. __ I 1.5 56.6 870.8 I I 33.5 814.2 I I ~1.8 I 780.7 I 76 718.9 98.5 642.9 12.2 544.4 186 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Seciitm from Top to Bottom, Exposure Near Menlo-Continued Sample Unit, No. No. Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet 16 Yellowish-green shale ________________ _ 18 532.2 15 Large Pentamerous sp. occur in argillaceous saJ].stone__________________ _ 18 T 512.4 14 Olive-green arenaceous shale containing an occasional thin bed of grayishbrown sandstone __________________ _ 12.2 496.2 114 13 Olive-green arenaceous shale contain- ing an occasional thin bed of grayish brown sandstone, also two thin seams of red hematite____________________ _ 61.7 484 12 Concealed; few fragments of fl.aggy- sandstone on the surface ___________ _ 26.4 422.3 11 Light-'green to olive..:green shale weath- ering so'mewhat b:ackly _-' _'"" _________ _ 33 395.9' 10 Concealed; principal ore bed ol'the for- mation in this unit_--..:------------- 362.9 9 Largely concealed; sandstone frag- ments are abundant on the surface; contains an a(bundant fauna-Cam- arotoech:ia Jlp:, T-rilobit.et~, Coxals, etc, 9.7 320.5- 8 Yellovnsh"'green shaies.'~trd:tliiri-"bedded ~~' brown sandstone ___ --~- ____ '""------- 9.7 310.8- .. 7 Yellowish-green shale and tb;in-hedded green and brown sandstone; at the top of this unit, in thin brown sand- stone, corals, Camarotoechia, and other brachiapods occur _____________ ' 9.7 301.1 6 Thin-bedded; brown, fl.aggy sandstone largely concealed; at the top in fl.aggy sandstone were found Camarotoechia &p., coral.;, etc----'""-- __________ -~ __ 6.9 291.4 5 Olive-green and yellowish-green. shale with interbedded thin beds of brown fl.aggy sandstone; Camarotoechia sp. was found 22 feet below top ________ _ 160.7 281.5 4 Yellowish-green shale with some arenacceous shale ___________________"'_ ___ _ 56.9 120.8 115 3 Yellowish-green and olive-green shales__ _ 27.1 63.9 2 Thin and h~avy-bedded sandstone _____ _ 29.5 36.8 1 Thin-bedded ferruginous sandstone:. ___ _ 7.3 7.3 Chickamauga formation, thin-bedded dark-blue limestone: ______________ _ 0.0 0.0 .til:'PALACHIAN VALLEY .AND CVMBE.RL.AND PL..d.1'E..d.V ..d.BE.AS 187 Analyses of Shales from Near Menlo ---------------------;----;-------,------------------ Sample No. ________________________ ~ ____ _ 112 113 114 115 Unit No. _______________________________ _ 19 18 13 3 -----------------1,----1----1------- Moisture at 100 c ________________________ l .51 .45 .70 I .72 Loss on ignition __________________________ 8 .05 II 5 .50 6. 30 ! Soda (Na 2 0) _____________________________ ________ ________ _28 I 1 -I Potash (K20)---------------------------- !________ ________ .42 Lime (CaO) _______________________ - - - - - - tr. j' tr. - - - - - - - - 7.95 1.42 3.29 tr. Magnesia (Mg0)--------------~----------1 1.02 _ .53 1.30 1.26 Alumina (AbOs)_________________________ 13.93 15.40 21.86 21.26 Ferric axide (Fe20s) --------------------- 5.71 5.71 7.48 9.07 Titan Silica iu(Smi0d2i)o-x-i-d-e-(-T--i0-2-)-------------------------------------~~ .82 71.49 I .82 69.35 .92 1.08 60.781 54.85 I 101.53 I 97.76 l1oo. o4 -l-1-oo-.9-o Shackleton (Map location 6 C) .-The heavy-bedded, dark-blue limestones of the Floyd formation are exposed on the north side of a small creek just southeast of the town of Shackleton. The limestones are exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of 92 feet above which occur the carbonaceous dark-brown shales of the same formation. Section from Top to Bottom) Exposure Near Shackleton S- ample I -Unit No. No. Description of Units I Total I Thickness Thickness feet feet 3 Heavy and thin-bedded dark-blue siliceous crinoidallimestone_ _________ 53 . 4 92.3 116 2 Dark-blue limestone, containing chert scattered throughout, at the top oc- curs a layer of chert 8 inches thick____ 14 38.9 1 Heavy-bedded, dark-blue crinoidal limestone; somewhat massive near the top_~---------------~------------- 24.9 24.9 The following analysis shows the average composition of the limestone over the entire exposure : 188 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Analysis of Limestone N ea.1' Shackleton . (Sample No. 116) . Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Alumin-a (A1.08) F.exric oxide (Fe20 3 ) ) Sulphur trioxide (808) Silica (Si02) , Loss on .ignition 49.50 .25 1.18 .04 10.39 38.64 100.00 Immediately opposite the exposure described above and on the south side of the creek the floyd limestone is exposed over a thickness of about 100 feet. The following analysis shows the average composition of this limestone over the entire exposure: Analysis of Limestone f1'om South Side of Creel~ Near Shackel~on (Sample No. 117) I Lime (:CaO) , ................... , ................. . 52.68 Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . .20 l Alumina (A1z0a) .................. ' 1.40 5 Ferri0 oxid:e (Fe20a) ............... . . . SulphUJ.' trioxide (803) tr. Silica (SiOz) .............................. , ...... . 4.18 Loss on ignit1on .................................. . 41.54 100.00 Go1'e (Map location 7 C) .-About o~1e-fourth r'nile east of Gore on the south side of the Gore-Kartah public road the dark-blue limestone of the Floyd formation is exposed in places from the base of the ridge to the top. The surface of the ridge is covered with a mantle of brown sandstone and loose chert. The exposure of limestone was not sampled at this point. Two miles n01'theast of Gore (11ap location 8 C) .-The limestones and shales of the Floyd formatiiif. af t~~st- .3 1:6 1: Tn~j. ~re somewhat variable in their chemical composition, but are. entirely suitable at cer- tain lOcalities for use as a mix in the ma~~tfacture of P~;tland cement. LooKOUT FoRMATION The Lookout fo-rmation contains siliceous brown carbonaoeous shales with some interbedded sandstone ; a massive sandstone occurs at the base and conglomeratic sandstone at the top of the formation. The silica-alumina ratio in these shales is high, often approaching b to 1. The shale~ of the Lookout formation, as well as the Pennington shal~s, both overlie the Bangor limestone, so that at certain localities where the limestones are commercially available and chemically suitable for the .me (Fe.~Oa) .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Titanium dioxide (T'i02) Silic.a (Si02 ) .64 6.42 tr. 1.25 19.37 8.40 .99 59.42 ~ 96.49 Southern Iron and Steel Com,pany (Map loc'!tion 6 .D) .-The lime- stone quarries of the Southern Iron and Steel Company are located one mile 'nGrthea!s'hof'R:ising'Fawri':at tHe'seutliern'encl ofa spur of Look- out Mountain. The lower quarry exte,nds from the base .of the moun._ tain to a height of about 53 feet. .This quarry w2:s long ago abandoned on account of the great quantity of chert contained in the limesto:ne. 'I'he limestone in the upper quarry is exposed over a vertical height of about 120 :feet. The section made at this point begins at the top and on the point of the mountain. The sandstone and conglomerate of the Lookotlt formation is Vl!'ell exposed at the top of the mountain, while the shales of the same formation are largely concealed by the float from the over- lying sandstone. Below the Lookout formation the shales and lime- stones of the Bangor formation are exposed and extend to the bottom of the mountain. The limestones are grayish blue and dark blue, heavy beddesl and massive, and contain $Ome argillaceous and cherty beds. The strike and dip at the top of the upper quarry were found to be N. 55 E. and 10 NW., respectively. The section from the top to the 'bottom of the mountain is as follows: APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 205 Section .at the Quarries of the Southern Iron and Steel Company Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet 38 Sandstone and Conglomerate__________ _ 49 955.2 37 Shale concealed largely by thin covering of residual soiL ________________ _ 316 906.2 36 Argillaceous lime"'tones with some beds of bluish-gray, high-calcium limestone 75 148 35 Blue limestone _____________________ _ 35 590.2 515.2 149 34 Blue lime"'tone, some chert at the bot- tom______________________________ _ 90 480.2 150 33 Limestone, argillaceous at the bottom__ _ 100 32 Concealed cherty limestone___________ _ 10 390.2 290.2 151 31 Somewhat argillaceous and impure limestone_________________________ _ 60 280.2 152 30 Heavy-bedded, grayish-blue lime- stone containing some crinoidallime- stone and breaking with an uneven fracture; one foot of earthy blue limestone 6 feet below the top _______ _ 11 220.2 153 29 Argillaceous, fine-grained, blue lime- stone ____________________________ _ 2.7 209.2 154 28 Bluish-gray, heavy-bedded, fine-grained limestone_________________________ _ 3.5 206.5 27 Dark-blue, fine-grained, heavy..:bedded and m8,ssive limestone______________ _ 9.6 203 155 26 Dark-blue, heavy-bedded limestone somewhat oolitic, being the topmost ledge quarried in-the extreme north- east end of the quarry _____________ _ 8 193.4 156 25 Impure limestone containing brachi- apods, Spirijer, sp. etc., and layers of hard argillaceous grayish-blue limestone ____________________________ _ .7 185.4 157 24 Heavy-bedded and massive grayish- blue limestone containing corals and brachiapods_______________________ _ 14.1 184.7 158 23 Grayish-blue, heavy-bedded limestone one foot of earthy limestone at the top __ 4 170.6 159 22 Semi-crystalline, heavy-bedded, gray, limestone; the lower portion some- what oolitic and the whole unit con- taining layers and lenses of clayey impurities ________________________ _ 3.8 166.6 160 21 Grayish-blue to dark-blue, heavy- 206 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Section at the Quar!ies of the Southern Iron and Steel Co.-Continued Total Sample Unit Description of Units Thickness Thickness No. No. feet feet ------~---r----------------------------1--------l-------- bedded and massive, often crinoidal, limestone; some layers of flint a foot a.bove the bottom of the unit ___ . _. __ _ 10.8 162.8 161 20 Grayish-blue, massive semi-crysbal.l.iile limestone with some chert near the bottom___________________________ _ 5 152 162 19 Heavy-bedded argillaceous limestone with a greenish cast________________ _ 6 147 163 18 Fine-grained dark grayish-blue, heavy- bedded and massive limestone __ . _ 7 141 164 17 Grayish-blue, largelY. crystaJJi:tle, heavy-:bedded and massive limestone containing considerable amount of chert inthe upper two !eet ___ . _____ _ 4 134 16 ' Green shale containing a great abun.:. dance of. che-rt scaJttered thro- ugho- ut the lower four feet; not sampled_____ _ 8.4 130 165 15 Grayish-blue, _he11vy..:b-edded and mas- sivnrrnestone:__ __ --------------- _._-- 7.6 121.6 166 14 Fine-grained, grayish blue, heavy- b~d1~4~PA ?;~~~iYE)Jitiie~tql;le~_;.- __ _ 16.8 114.0 167 13 Fine.:grained, grayish-blue, heavy- bedded a;o.d mass~-ye li:rriesto_ne.,. ______ _ 4.7 97.2 12 Fine-gra:lned~ bluish-gray, heavy- bedded and rnassfve limestone filled with chert; not sampled ___ ---------- 5.5 92.5 168 11 Massive, somewhat fine-grained, dark grayish-blue limestone _____________ _ 9 87 169 10 Bluish-gray, somewhat fine-grained limestone _____________ ~ __________ _ 4.8 78 9 Cherty limestone from quarry level of upper quarry to top ofquarry be- low; notsarnpled_______ ------------ 20 8 Cherty lim~stone; not sampled________ _ 17 73.2 53.2 7 Dark grayish-blue, fine-grained lime- sstteornnes _w__it_h__s_o_m__e__l_a_y_e_rs___o_f__c_ri_n_o_i_d_ _ 4 36.2 6 Heavy-bedded, fine-grained gray lime- 170 stone with a conchoidal fracture and weathering much like a lithogra- phic stone ________________________ _ 3.7 32.2 Heavy-bedded, light grayish-blue, fine- grained limestone becoming thin- bedded near the top _______________ _ 6.8 28.5 APPALACHIAN VALLEr AND CUMBERLA~ND PLATEAU AREAS 207 Sect-ion at the Quarries of the Southem hon and Steel Co.-Contimted Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units Total Thickness / Thickness feet feet 4 Fine-grained gray and grayish-blue, massive and heavy-bedded limestone the lower portion being thin-bedded and the whole unit containing chert; not sampled______________________ _ 7.1 I 21.7 171 3 Dark-blue to grayish-blue, fine-grained I massive limestone _________________ _ 6.6 14.6 172 2 Fine-grained, gray, massive limestone, breaking with a smooth somewhat I conchoidal fracture_ ---------------- 7 Dark-blue, semi-crystalline limestone; no sample taken___________________ _ 1 8 I I I 1 The following analyses show the chemical composition of the ,individual units described in the above section : Anal'}'Ses of Limestone, Sou.the1'n Iron and Steel Company's Quarries I Sample Unit Clay Loss on No. No. CaO MgO Fe203 so3 P205 Si02 bases ignition Total - -- - 148 35 54.281 . 50 .28 ------ ------ 1.051 .42 43.47 100.00 149 150 151 34 33 31 53.981 53.46 53.08 .74021 .82 . 321_----- ------ . 911 .371 44.02 100.00 . 50-----. 60------ 1. 57 .50 43.25 100.00 2.17[ 1. 32 42.o1 I 100.00 152 30 51.58 1.10 .82 ------ ------ 3. 721 .92 41.86 100.00 153 29 37.98 3.08 4.86 ------ ------ 14.88 3.19 36.01 100.00 154 28 51.50 .40 1.22 ------ ------ 4.501 . 98 41.40 100.00 155 26 53.46 .46 .64 ------ ------ 2.33 . 41 42.70 100.00 156 25 51.60 .67 .84 ------ ------ 4.27 .95 41.67 100.00 157 24 53.06 1. 00 .66 ------ ------ 1. 70 . 73 42.85 100.00 158 23 54.30 .22 .30 ------ ------ 1. 77 .43 42.98 100.00 159 22 53.84 . 40 .32 ------ ------ '1.55 .45 43.44 100.00 160 21 53.70 .72 .58 ------ ------ 1.20 .40 43.40 100.00 161 20 54.04 .30 .82 ------ ------ L46 .37 43.01 100.00 162 19 46.92 .28 2.32 ------ ------ 10.01 1. 77 38.70 100.00 163 18 52.90 .24 .92 .00 . 01 3.001 1. 21 41.72 100.00 164 17 52.46 .54 1. 00 .00 tr. 3.40 1. 20 41.40 100.00 81 165 15 52.901 . 52 . 46 . 00/ tr. 1.12 42.20 100.00 166 14 53.921 .44 1.40 .001 .01 21.20 .90 42.13 100.00 167 13 53.32 .321 1. 721 tr. tr. 1.40 .92 42.32 100.00 208 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Analyses of Limestone, Southern Iron and Steel Company's Quarries-Continued Sample No. 168 169 170 171 172 Unit No. 11 10 {:} 3 2 Clay Loss on CaO MgO Fe20a SOa P205 Si02 bases ignition 54.38 .12 .90 .00 tr. 1.20 .64 42.76 53.82 .35 . 24 ------ ------ 1. 70 .50 43.39 52.44 .56 52.88 1.10 33.06 13.90 .88 ------ ' .86 ------ ------ 2.22--~--- ------ 2A8 1;80 4.22 . 80 .58 1. 59 42.84 42.78 45.01 Total . 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 The shales on this property are contained in the Rockwood forma- tion. It is not always easy to tell at just what stratig-raphic point the exposures occur on account of the folding of the rocks and the poor exposures. Sorrie heavy-bedd~cl yeii~~ish..:bf~wn s~nd$tones a~e found near the base of the formation, together with a number of thin beds of limestone interstratified with the shales. The following anal~ses show the composition of the Rockwood shales in Johnson's Crook: Analy~es of Sl~dlesT Souther-n .Jr,o.n .and .$teet Com:pa"n,yjs Property Sample No,______________________ 1731 1742 175~: )' --176. 177 Moisture at 100 c _______________ . - 1 - - - - -----,-~ - - - - - - - 62 . 52 _______________________ _ Losson ignition__________________ 10. 40 9.16 _______________________ _ ~:in:l.e(CaO) ______________________ tr. .10 2.00 1.66 1.34 Magnesia (MgO)_________________ 1. 70 2.00 ________ -------- _______ _ Alliniina (.A]20a)_________________ 19.88 20.50 21.63 21.50 22.00 Fe:tTic oxide (Fe20a) ------~------ 8.74 8.40 6.77 7.50 7.80 Titanium dioxide (Ti02)---------- .92 ------------------------ -------- Silica (Si02) ___ _______ ___ __ ____ __ 55.69 55.42 62. 80 62.40 64.20 . - .-----------~----1--- 97.95 96.10 93.20. 93.0.6 95.34 :lTaken over 12 feet cif olive green shale exposed oli the north side of the tram road between the crusher and Mine No. 2. 2Taken immediately above' the opening of Mine No. 2, and consists of olive green .shale. The exposure contains some interbedded sandstones and limestones, but th'ese were mot sampled. :s:. s.satnples Nos. 175, 176 and 177 were faken by S. Geis\lller, at that time mamager -of the Southern Steel Company, in the Chattanooga district. No. 175 was obtained from the upper shales of Rising Fawn mine No. 1, No-. 176 from the middle shale of the ore, and No. 177 from the lower layer of shale in the ore bed.- These shales can be used as a mix with limestone in the manufacture of Portland cement. APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 209 Four miles no?'theast of Rising Fawn (Map location 7 D) .-Four miles northeast of Rising Fawn along the Johnsons Crook road on the west side of Lookout Mountain, the upper heavy-bedded and massive brown sandstone of the Lookout formation forms the crest of the mountain, beneath which occur brown, red, and green shales with some interbedded thin and heavy-bedded sandstones at the base of the formation. The Bangor formation contains some vari-colored shales (Pennington) at the top, beneath which occur grayish-blue, heavey-bedded limestones which are largely concealed by the float from the overlying formation. The following section begins at the fork of the road at the top of the mountain and extends to the bottom of the mountain: Section, Johnsons C1-ook Road, West Side of Lookout JJ,founta:in 1 Sample Unit 1 Description of Units ~Thickness Total Thickness No. No. feet feet 1--------------~-------------j--------1-~----- 7 Heavy-bedded brown sandstone________ 7 892 178 6 Greenish-brown shales; red and green a.rgillaceous sha.le at the bottom______ 65 8-85 .5 Argillaceous red and green sh8les _______ 60 820 4 Greenish-brown shale with some heavy beds of sandstone at the top and bottom____________________________ 50 760 179 3 Argillaceous red and green shale; par- tially conce~.led______ _______________ 60 710 2 Concealed __ --------_________________ 30 650 1 Blue limestone; largely concealed_______ 620 620 Bottom of mountain________________ 0 0 The following analyses show the composition of the shales overlying the Bangor limestone: 210 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA - Analyses of Shale) Jo~nsons Crook Road) vVest Side Lookout M ou.ntain Sample _________________________________________________ _ Unit No. _______________ __, ________________________________ -,. 178 6 179 3 0 ... J LMoosisstounre1. gamt.t1m.00n__C_._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-,_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-~-jI Soda (~a20).--------------------------------------------~} Potash (~20)------------------------------------------- Lirue (Ca;O) --------- _----- -- _----_------ -------- _- _-- _-- __! Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________________ _ .56 I: .52 4.28 ! 5.80 2. 53 I,_______ _ . 09 ! 1. 60 1.14: 1.24 Alumina (Al.i!O s) " - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13.33 ' 15.51 Ferric oxide (Fe20s) _______________ - __________ - __________ _ I 6.05 1 6. 72 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) -------------------------- -'------ 1.00 \' .81 Silica (Si02)------ --- __ -------- ___ -------------- ________ -- 71.02 ' 65.23 I 100.00 i 97.43 Sitton Gu.lf (Map location 8 D) .-Heavy-'-bedded, grayish-blue Bangor limestone is exposed in Sitton Gulf where it extends from the base- of the mountain to a vertical height of 525 feet. The following analysis shows the compositioii of an average sample taken over the entire exposure : Analysis of Limestryn'(}) Sitton Gulf (Sample No. 180) Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magn.lil'sia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20 8) : Sulphur trimdde (808) Phosphorus pentoxide (P206) Silic.a (Si02 ) rown sandstone of the Lookout formation forms the crest of the mountain, beneath which are the interbedded sandstones and shales of the same formation. The Bangor limestones underlie the Lookout shales, but are poorly exposed. A large number of argillaceous and dark blue amorphous limestones somewhat high in magnesia are inter- bedded with the high-calcium stone. There is an extensive overburden I of sandstone and shale scattered over the mountain side from the top to the bottom. The argillaceous beds and those high in magnesia are usually concealed. The strike is N. 27 6 E., and the dip 10 SE. The section begins at the top of the mountain and extends to the top of the Fort Payne chert. APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 215 Section 1 1/2 Miles Northwest of Trenton Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet 10 Heavy-bedded and massive brown sandstone_________________________ _ 9 Sandy grayish-brovvn shale with laminae of limonite ____________________ _ 8 Coal and shale ______________________ _ 216 ! 37.4 4.9 743.5 721.9 684.5 7 Shales with interstratified sandstones m the upper portion of the unit; largely concealed__________________ _ 315.2 679.6 6 Blue limestone, almost entirely con- cealed-------------------~--------- 19.7 364.4 193 5 Dark-blue, fine-grained limestone with a two-foot bed of earthy limestone near the top _____________________ _ 44.3 344.7 194 4 Dark-blue, fine-grained limestone_____ _ 64 300.4 3 Argillaceous and cherty limestone_____ _ 19.7 236.4 2 Argillaceous limestone; largely concealed____________________________ _ 216.7 1 1 1 Fort Payne chert____________________ _ 216.7 The following analyses show the composition of the units described in the above section: Analyses of Limestone 1 1/2 Miles North-west of Trenton I Sample No.- - - ------- -------------------- -- - - . ------- --- - -II 193 194 Unit No. ________________________________________________ _ 5 4 Lime (CaO) ______________ ,. ______________________________ _ Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________________ _ Ferric oxide (Fe203) ____ ----- __ ----- ____________ ---- _____ _ Silica (Si02) _____________________________________________ _ Clay bases ______________________________________________ _ Loss on ignition _________________________________________ _ 54.62 .36 .40 .861 .34 43.42 52.90 . 82 . 90 1. 80 .54 43.04 100.00 j 100.00 Two miles west of Rising Fa.wn (Map location 14 D) .-The heavybedded, grayish-blue limestones of the Bangor formation are exposed at intervals on the west side of Fox Mountain from its base to a vertical height of 375 feet, two miles west of Rising Fawn. Many beds of 216 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA this formation are concealed, so that it is impossible to determine from a sample anything more than their general physical and chemical character. Section from Top to Bottom) 2 lvfiles West of Rising Fawn Sample Unit No. No. 3 2 195 1 Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet Base of h-eavy.bedded sandstone__ ~----Concealed ___________________________ ---------- 400.9 ----------- 775.9 Bangor limeston.:.; upper beds some- what argillac 3ous with: some chert; lower portion largely concealed_______ 375 375 Analysis of Limestone 2 Miles West of Rising Fawn (SAMPLE NO. 195; UNIT NO. 1) Liine (CruO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. Ferric oxide (Fe20 8 ) Silica (Si02) Clay bases ....................... ; ........ : . . . . . . . Loss on ignition .......... ........................ . 54.44 .12 .56 1.38 .57 42.93 100.00 P1'octors Bluff (Map location 15 D).-Proctors Bluff is located about one mile south of Rising Fawn on the west side of the Rising Fawn-Sulphur Springs road about three-fourths mile west of the Alabama Great Southern Railroad. The limestones of the Bangor formation are exposed over a thickness of about 100 feet. The lower portion of the exposure consists of limestones of light-blue to gray and dark-blue color and of variable physical character, while the upper portion is a more uniform massive, grayish-blue limestone. The strata lie practically level at this point. APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 217 Section from Top to Bottom) Proctors Bluff Sample Unit No. No. Description of r:nits Total Thickness Thickness feet feet Top of bluff 196 8 Grayish-blue and dark-blue, hf'avy- bedded and massive limestone_______ _ 41.6 102.7 197 7 Grayish-blue to dark-blue heavy-bedded and massive limestone______________ _ 40 61.1 198 6 Gray to grayish-blue, heavy-bedded amorphous limestone_______________ _ 5.1 21.1 5 Fina-grained, dark-blue, heavy-bedded and massive limestone, containing some scattered chert m the lower I hall ______________________________ _ 2 16 199 4 Coralline limestone __________________ _ 2.7 14 3 Heavy-bedded and mass1ve grayish- blue somewhat semi crystalline lime- stone_____________________________ _ 2.2 11.3 200 2 Fine-grained, dark-blue, heavy-bedded and massive limestone; c.cinoids, spirijer sp., and other brachiapods are found _________________________ _ 3.4 9.1 201 1 Dark-blue, fine-grained massive and heavy-bedded limestone with some crinoids and cup corals_____________ _ 5.7 5.7 Base of blufi ________________________! 0 0 The following analyses show the composition of the units described in the above section : Analyses of Limestone) P1'octprs Bluff Sa~ple No...,-------------1 196 / I 197 198 199 I 200 201 Umt No. ___ ------:..------ 8 [_ _7_1--6--1-3-3,_48,_.52_'6-1,1-_3_8_._42_0_,__5_3_.31_2_ Lime (CaO) ______ :_______ 52.181 53.921 52.56 Magnesia (MgO)_________ Ferric oxide (FezOs)_____ _ 11..012811I .44 1.40 .86 . 74 Sulphur trioxide (80s) ___ ________ ________ . 01 Phos. pentoxide (Pz05) ___ --------~-------- .02 Silica (SiOz)_____________ 1.98 1.20 3.02 42 Clay bases______________ .821 I :i~ 1 1.06 Lossonignition ___ -: ______ _42.82 ~ 41.73 7.60 / . 82 i . 01 I .01 I 11.51 i 3.10 i 38.69: 6.52/ 1. 66 . 03 .02 8.71 4.83 39.83 1.05 . 34 . 00 .01 1.62 .43 43.23 100.00 1100.00 !_1_0_0_0. -0--1-1-0-0-.0-0-; 100.00 1100.00 218 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Four miles southwest of Trenton (Map location 16 D) .-Four miles southwest of Trenton and about 1~ miles east of the Georgia-Alabama line the Bangor limestone is well exposed. The massive sandstone of the Lookout formation forms the crest of the mountain, beneath which occurs the thin-bedded sandstones and shales of the same formation. The Bangor limestones are exposed for a vertical height of 330' feet. The upper portion of the formation contains many beds of argillaceous impure limestones, while the lower portion is a high-calcium stone. Section from Top to Bottom) 4 ilfiles Southwest of Trenton Sample Unit Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness No. No. feet feet ------------~--------~---------------------1-------~-------- 6 Shales_________ -.- ___________________ _ 5 Argillac~ouslimestone ________________ _ 10 330.2 4 Arenaceqtis brown shales_.:. ___________ _ 10 320.2 202 3 High~calcium limestone, (six feet of hard siliceous earthy limest.Jne at the bottoiQ.. of this uni~ ,nqt .sampled)..: 52.2 310.2 203 2 Blue lil:nestone __________________ ""'--- _ 228 258 1 Occasional exposures of blue lime- stone_____________________________ _ 30 30 The foilowing analyses show the chemical character of units 2 and 3 in the above section: Analyses of Limestone 4 lv.Iiles Southwest of_ Trenton Sample No. _____________________________________________ _ 202 Unit ______ No._~-----_~""'-------_- -~ _____________________ _ 3 Lime (CaO) _____________________________________________ _ Magnesia (MgO) ____________ J _________________________ --'-- Ferric oxide (Fe203) -----------------------------------~-Silica (Si02)----- ----------------- _______________________ _ Clay- bases _______________________________ ~ ______________ _ Loss on ignition ________________________________________ "' _ 47.24 3.90 2.12 1.42 2.66 42.66 203. 2 53.66 .80 .44 1.20 .44 43.46 100.00 100.00 APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAKD PLATEAU AREAS 219 WALKER COUNTY GEOLOGY CONNASAUG.A SHALES .AND LIMESTONES The shales of this formation are yellowish-green or yellow and always argillaceous. The silica-alumina ratio is too low in the shales for their use in the manufacture of Portland cement. Limestones are interstratified with the shales. The argillaceous character of these limestones, together with their occurrence in thin beds, makes them unattractive for commercial use. KNOX DOLOMITE The Knox dolorr;:ite is exposed only in the upper portion of the formation and the abundance of chert which is always .present usually prevents the quarrying of it for any use, other .than road metal and ballast. The high content of magnesia prevents its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. CHICKAMAUGA fORMATION The Chickamauga formation in Taylor Ridge and to the east of this ridge consists essentially of vari-colored shales with interbedded argillaceous limestones, while to the west of Taylor Ridge the formation consists essentially of thin bedded, blue, argillaceous limestones with many beds of high-calcium stone. The limestones to the west of Taylor Ridge are suitable in many localities for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. These limestones are at present extensively quarried for use as a building stone. On account of the general argillaceous character of the limestones they are not attractive for the manufacture of lime. ROCKWOOD fORMATION The Rockwood formation in Taylor Ridge and to the east of Taylor Ridge consists of sandstones and interbedded shales. The shales are so intimately interstrati:fied with the sandstones that their commercial development for use in the manufacture of Portland cement is not possible. The sandstones are not so numerous to the west of Taylor Ridge and when they are absent over any considerable stratigraphic thickness the shales fulfill all the requirements for use in the manufac.ture of cement. 220 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA FLoYD FoRMATION The Floyd formation occupies only a small area in West Armuchee Valley. The beds lie almost level and are exposed at only a few places. The limestone is a high-calcium stone and can be used locally for the burning of lime or for road material; however, the conditions affecting development are l~kely to prevent the use of this limestone in the manufacture of cement in this county. BANGOR FoRMATION The Bangor .formation consists of both limestones and shales. The shales which lie immediately above the limestones are yellowish-green, yellow, and red, and somewhat argillaceous. They vary in thickness from a few feet to several hundred feet. The limestones of the formation attain their greatest thickness in Pigeon Mountain where they are exposed for more than 800 stratigraphic feet. Where the general conditions which affeCt their development are ~atisfactory these liniestones can be won for commercial lime, road metal, ballast, concrete, fluxing stone, cement, etc., and the highJy crYJstalline beds for a building stone; DESORIP'TION OF INDIVIDUAL -LOOALITI:IDS The~ Chickamauga Cement Company (Ma1> location 1 W) .-The plant and quarries of the Chickamauga Cement Company are located at Rossville, three-fourths mile south of the Georgia-Tennessee line, directly on the Central of Georgia Railway. In 1900 W. P. D. Moross found at this point several strata- of red argillaceous limestone above and beneath which occur. blue and bluishgray limestone. When the reddish-brown argillaceous limestone is mixed with the blue and bluish-gray limestone in the proper proportions and subsequently burned and ground it results in a Natural cement. Mr. Moross interested Uriah Cummings, of New York, in this property, who organized the Chickamauga Cement Company in 1901, incorporating it under the laws of Connecticut with W. P. D. Moross, President and Treasurer. APPALACHIAN F ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 221 FIG. 6.-MAP. SHOWING THE NAT"URAL CEMENT OUTCROP IN THE VICINITY OF ROSSVILLE, GA. GEOLOGIC RELATIONS The calcareous materials used at this point m the manufacture of natural cement and hydrated lime occur in the Chickamauga formation. The calcareous materials are of two kinds : a reddish-brown argillaceous limestone, "cement rock," and blue to gray, hard, thinbedded limestones containing as much as 10 per cent. of silica, alumina and alkalies, with a very low content of iron oxide. The Chickamauga formation in this vicinity forms a V-shaped valley with the a:})ex of the "V" pointing southward. It is underlain at 222 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA this point by' the Knox dolomite. The reddish-brown argillaceous rock is won by underground mining, while the blue and bluish-gray lime- stone is quarried in open pit. The strike is N. 14o E., and the dip is 10 SE. CONDITIONS .AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT The outcrops in the valley are, sQmewhat numerous and extend in the gener~l direc~ion of the strike of the rock. Differences in the chemical _composition and physical character of the rock cause slight variations in the topography of this valley-making formation. The exposures above water level seldom reach a height of more than fif- teen feet so that in any extensive development quarries would. neces- sarily extend to a considerable depth belqw water level. The forma- tion :varies in its lithologic character across the. bedding, that is, from east to west and is more argillaceous to the east of the main stratum of "cement rock" and more calcareous to the west of this stratum. In order to quarry material of similar lithologic and chemical character . the development - of quarries must be in a 'northea..s. t and southwest direction:,' The ,overburdep. consists of a thin residual clay soil derived from the underlying limestone. The property is made accessible by the Central of Georgia Railway and is only .about fifteen miles from the coal fields of northwest Georgia. The following ~ection froni top to bc>ttoin shows the variations of the several beds of stone exposed at the quarries : Section Chickamauga Cement Quarries Sample No. ~ Unit No. 18 17 Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet Earthy, drab-colored, thin-bedded, argillaceous limestone _______________ 1.4 57.5 Soft y ellowish-green fire clay___________ .2 56.1 APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CVMBEBL.AND PLATEAU ABEAS 223 Section Chickama.uga Cement Quarries-Continued Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units Total jThickness Thickness feet feet 16 Earthy drab-colored limestone grading into a reddish-brown argillaceous .I limestone_________________________ _ 1 I 55.9 203 15 Reddish-brown argillaceous limestone L 8 I 54.9 14 Reddish-brown argillaceous limestone . with seams of interbedded gray to green argillaceous rock _____________ _ I 1.1 53.1 13 Hard gray limestone containing con- siderable crystalized calcite. (This unit is discarded in cement manu- facture and is not included in the sample taken for analysis) __________ _ . 5 52.1 12 Reddish-brown argillaceous limestone with occasional interbeddt>d thin la.y-.rs of green argillaceous rock. (A thin seam of gray limestone forms rock") the base of the "cement ___________________________ _I 2.3 51.6 11 Thin-bedded, impure argillaceous 1 limestone with a bed of fire clay about two inches thick _____________ _ 12.7 49.3 10 Brown clay becoming more cJ.lcareous towards the top _________________ _ 3 36.6 9 Grayish-blue argillaceous limestone__ _ 1.2 33.6 8 Brown to dove colored argillaceous limestone_________________________ _ 1 32.4 204 7 Brovv-n calcareous clay________________ _ 2.1 31.4 6 Drab-colored clay with thin beds of drab-coloroad limestone s.t the top and bottom _______________________ _ 1.5 29.3 204 5 Brown calcareous clay________________ _ 1.3 27.8 4 Brown clay with thin drab-colored I 204 3 -I argillaceous limestone z.t the top ____ -, Brown tngillaceous limestone __________ 1 2 26.5 25.5 2 Green ciay----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I 3.5 2'3. 5 205 1 Dark-blue to grayish-blue heavy-bed- I ded limestone with many thin beds I of limestone interbedded. This unit covers the entire str?tigraphic thick- I ness of the limestone exposed in the quarry. The whole exposure is I r int~ately veined with secondary j ca.lcite_____________________________! 20 20 1Units 12-18 constitute the natural cement bed which is mined on this property. 224 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GE0R.GIA The following analyses show the chemical ce>fuposition of the raw materials used in the manufacture of the lime and natural c~nient : - Analyses of Raw Materials, Chickamauga Cement' ComP.._any Sample No. ______________ 2031 204 205 . : 2062 . . . 2073 2084 Unit No. ________________ 12-16 ;3,5,7 1 Lime (CaO) _____________ 33,80 25.56 47.98 41.70 42.70' 42.85 Magnesia (MgO) _________ .45 1.02 1.25. 1.80 1.40 1.41 { } Alumina (AbOa) ________,_ Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ----- -------- 4.16 -------- 3.10 -------- .96 } _2.53 2.43 .33 4.17 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ___ .03 Phos. pentoxiulley along an incline. The limestone and "cement rock" are burned in separate kilns. There are four upright mixed feed kilns. which have a: daily capacity '"Cement 'rock." 12Bottom ledge of quarry. BMiddle ledge of quarry. 4Upper ledge of quarry. Analyses furnished by W. P. D. Moross. APPALACHIAN vALLEY At:D CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 225 of 125 barrels each. Two kilns are used for burning the "cement rock" and two for burning the limestone. MANUFACTURE OF HYDRATED LIME The company began the manufacture of hydrated lime in 1906. The process of charging the kilns consisted in feeding alternately a carload of coal, then a carload of limestone. The gray limestone is calcined at a high temperature and is then drawn at the bottom of .the kiln into wheelbarrows. A portion of water necessary for hydration is added and after the lime has been dumped more water is added to insure evenness of hydration. It usually takes about three days for the excess of lime to thoroughly hydrate; however, it depends largely on the weather conditions. The hydrated lime is pulverized in a tube mill to an impalpable powder, and then packed in bags for shipping. The trade name is "Hydrated Portland Lime." Analyses1 of ({Hydrated Portla.nd Lime" I I II Calcium carbonate (CaC03) ----- _____ -- __ - ___ - _---------- __ 1 Magnesium carbonate (MgC03) ---------------------------Alumina (Ab03)------------------------------------------ 1} Ferric oxide (Fe203) --------------------------------------~1 Silica (SiO 2) ________ - __ - __ - _- _- __ - __ ~- __ - ___ - _____________ 80. 77 4.83 4 41 I I 6. 32 81.87 3.09 4.44 6.74 I 96.33 1-96-.-14- MANUFACTURE OF NATURAL CEMENT The reddish-b:r:own argillaceous limestone is burned to a temperature of 900-1,000 degrees C., so that the carbon dioxide is completely expelled and there is some combination of the argillaceous and calcareous materials. The ca:lcined "cement rock" is drawn at the bottom of the kiln and mixed with the calcined limestone and hydraulic lime as follows: 2 car loads of calcined "cement rock." 2 car loads of calcined limestone. 1 car load of hydrated lime. 1Analyses by C. M. Clark, Chattanooga, Tenn., supplied by W. P. D. Moross. 226 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA This mixture is dtitn]?'etl intb a Williams mill and crushed ; then passes to a Krupp patent tube mill with a daily capacity of 500 barrels, whe-re it is ground to such a fineness that 80 per cent. passes through a 100-r:nesh seive. It is then packed into bags or barrels and is ready for shipment. The trade name is "Dixie Rock." Ana.lysis1 of ({Di.x-ie Rock)) Cement Calcium carbonate (GaCOa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesium carbonate (MgOOs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (A1 02 3 ) Ferric oxide (F'e20 8) Sulphu;r trioxide (S03 ) . Silic-a (Si02) ..................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.89 3.35 6.20 1.99 .50 25.89 98.82 FINErN'ESS Fineness on No. 50 sieve. '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gg,96% " " " 100 '' .......................... 93.g5 " " " 200 " g9,51 Time of set Tensile strength2 Initial set 40 F. 1 'hr.- 30 min. Age Neat Final set 40 F. 3 to 4 hrs. 24 hrs. 97 lbs. 7 days. 1go lbs. Initial set goo F. 0 hr. 55 min. 2g days. 327 lbs. Final set goo F. 1 hr. 30 min. Trauth and Cotnpany's quar1'ies (Map location 2 W) .-The limestone quarries of Trouth and Company are located one-half mile southeast of Chickamauga station on the. Central of Georgia Railway. The limestone is a part of the Chickamauga formation. It is both thin and heavy-bedded, which greatly facilitates procuring the stone of variable siz~s for building purposes. The stone varies in color from a gray to dark blue and is fine-grained and crypto-crystalline throughout. It is quarried for btii'lcling purposes only, and is used largely in the vicinity of Chattanooga for foundations, curbing, etc. Unit No. 3 in the following section has been used for fluxing purposes. A number of small quarries have been opened on the property. The strike is N. 15 o E., and the dip is 8 SE. 1Analysis furnished by w. P. D. Moross. 2By Adam Wirth, chemist, City of New Orleans Testing Laboratory. APPALACHIAN VALLET AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 221 The following section was made in Quarry No. 1, known as the old quarry, to which runs switch No. 3 of the Central of Georgia Railway: Section from Top to Bottom, Quarry No.1, Trauth and Company Quarries Sample No. -- 209 210 211 212 I I Unit No. Description of Units I Total Thicknees Thickness feet feet 5 Somewhat argillaceous badly weather- ed limestone, having the appearance I I of most of the exposed limestone of the Chickamauga; thin-bedded and I somewhat earthy___________________ 4 Gray, somewhat heavy-bedded, finegrained limestone___________________ 3 Dark-blue, fine-grained, somewhat heavy-bedded limestone; (has been used for fluxing) ____________________ 2 Gray, fine-grained heavy-bedded argillaceous limestone becoming impure towards the bottom, attaining a shaly character and greenish color_ __ 1 Fine-grained gray to grayish-blue, heavy-bedded limestone ____________ 6 1.6 6.5 5.1 15.-6 - 34.8 28.8 27.2 20.7 15.6 The following analyses show the composition of the individual beds described in the above section : Analyses of Limestone, Quarry N a. 1, T1'outh and Company I . I Sample No. ____________________________ --~ 209 210 211 212 Unit No. _______________________________ _ 4 3 2 1 ----------------------------I-------1------I------~------ Lime (CaO) ______________________________ 52.38 51.60 42.56 50.86 Magnesia(MgO) _________________________ 1.32 .72 4.JO .90 Ferricoxide(Fe20s)--------------------- .56 .88 1.74 .80 Sulphur trioxide (S02) -----------------------------------Phosphorus pentoxide (P20.5 ) -------------- ________ ________ .02~-------- tr. _______ _ Silica (Si02)-----------------------------I 1.88 4.28 9.40 I 2.58 Claybases ______________________________ _l 1.32[ 1.40 4.10 I 1.44 Loss on ignition ________________________ __! 42.54 l 41.12 38.08. 43.42 ! !----1----~------ 100.00 i 100. _00 : 100.00 i 1_9_2- QQ_ 228 GEOLOGICAL SVIlVEY (JF GEORGI:A Catlett Gap road (Map location 3 W) .-The limestones of the Chickamauga formation 'are exposed at a point several hundred feet east of Dlry Creek, about 3 miles northwest of Lafayette. The lower portion of the formation consists essentially of thin-bedded argillaceous limestone. These beds were not sampled on account of their variable character~ The upper 129 feet of the limestone, covering a horizontal d~stance of 3QO feet along the road, is made up of thin-bedded, blue, fine-grained, high-calcium stone. The section from top to bottom is as follows: Section) Catlett Gap Road Sample Unit No. No. { 8 21~ 7 6 5 4 , . 3 2 1 Total Description of Units Thickness Thickness feet feet . Blue to dark-blue, fine-grained lime- stone--~-~-------------~~--~------- 108 32304 Dark grayish:..blue to dark-blue limestone______ ~ _.__ ~ ______ .- ~ ___________ 21.6 21504 Largely concealed; and occasional out- . crop of argillaceous blue limestone_____ Concealed_~- _____ --~ ____ '"' ___________ 7603 2305 19303 1170 5 Thin-bedd~d a;rgi,llt=Lcepus blue, .gray, and pink Iimesi&ne, varying greatly in lithologic character, some chert _____ Concealed ___________________________ Light bluish-gray limestone____________ Concealed ___________________________ 47 1808 4o7 2305 ~4 47 2802 2305 Knox dolomite (Horizontal distance from unit to the intersection of Catlett Gap and Dry Creek roads 800 feet) ___ 0 o' The following analysis shows the chemical character of units 7 and 8: Analysis of Limestone) Catlett Gap Road (Sample No. 213) Lime (CaO) ooo ooooo 0. o. oo. oooooo 0000.. Magnesia (MgO) o. ooo o. oooo. 000oo o: 0 0 0 Ferric oxide (Fe20 8) ooo0ooooo0o...... o. o' 0 o0. o Si1i0a (Si02) o0.. 0oo.. ooo..... o.... o oo o Loss on ignition ..... o. 0 0o00. o... 00. 0. o0.. 0 0 52.04 .30 .50 5.63 41.53 100.00 .APP.AL.ACHI.AN Y ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU .AREAS 229 M cLarnorc Cove (Map location 4 W) .-The limestones of the Chickamauga formation are exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of about 50 feet at a point 3:Y2 miles south of Cedar Grove post office on the east side of the :Public road. The limestones are thin-bedded, grayish-blue to dark-blue in color and usually much weathered on the exposed surfaces. The limestone carries clayey impurities which are very pronounced on the weathered rock. Bryozoa) brachiapods) gas- tropods and other fossils are numerous. The following analysis shows the composition of the limestone at this point: Analysis of .Limestone from McLamore Cove (Sample No. 214) Lime (CaO) ...................................... . Magnesia (MgO) ................................. . Ferric oxi,de (Fe20s) .............................. . Silica (Si02) Clay bases ....................................... . Loss on ignition 49.50 .50 .48 6.91 3.09 39.52 100.00 Horine Development Company (Map location 5 \V) .-The property of the Horine Development Company consists of about 6,000 acres of valley and mountain land located about 25 miles south of Chattanooga, directly on the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad and within two miles of the Central of Georgia Railway. GEOLOGIC RELATIONS The limestones on this property extend for more than a mile in length. They form a mountain with an average height of about 500 feet; however, near the southern end of the property, the limestones extend from the base of the mountain to a height of 800 feet. The limestone is the Bangor of upper Mississippian (lower Carboniferous) age. The sandstones of the Lookout formation cap the mountain immediately south of this property. The mountain is a gentle syncline and the rocks lie almost horizontal along the east side of the mountain. 230' GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA The following section shows the physical character of the lime- stbne over the entire- exposure: Section Horine Development Company} Pigeon,_ Mountain 1 Sample Unit No. No. Deecr-iption of Units Tota,l Thickness Thickness feet feet 215 15 Bluish-gray, light and dark-blu~, heavy bedded and massive limestone; the upper beds oolitic __ ---------------- 100 770 216 14 Same as above_---------------'------- 20 670 217 13 Oolitic and coarsely cry'stalline, heavy- bedded gray limeS't?one _____________ _ 100 650 12 Largely co,ncealed; 2Meetabove the base - considerable chert _____________ ~~ __ _ 50 550 218 11 Gr~.y, heavy-bedded semi-crystalline limestone_________________________ _ 30 500 219 10 Semi-crystalline gray and grayish-blue heavy-bedded limestone; apex Blue Bird gap ________________ - ~ _____ ~ ~ _ 30 470 220 9 Grayish-blue to gray somewhat crys- talline heavy-bedded limestone; loose nodUles of chert scattered over surface___________________________ _ 40 440 221 8 Heavy~hedded gray to grayish-blue semi-:crystalliri.e limestone; in places crin.oidaL ___ _: ____________________ ,-- 20 400 222 7 C";ritioidi:tl grafisli.::lJlue hEiavyi..fiedued limestone; largely crystalLine with some oolitic limestone at the b9se__ _ 50 380 6 Largely concealed; argillaceous liine- stone with some interbedded< aren- aceous shale; Bryozoa and brach- iapods in abundance_____________ _ 90 330 223 Gray heavy-beddecL massive limestone, often oolitic_----------------------- 40 240 224 4' Semi..:crystalline gra,y and grayish-blue limestone_________________________ _ 90 200 225 3 Almost entirely concealed, with some argillaceous limestone; chert on the surface __________________ ~_H ______ _ 40 110 226 2 Dark:blue, heavy-bedded limestone with some crinoidal limestone____ _ 20 70 227 1 Gray to grayish-blue fine-grained heavy bedded limestone; some chert at the base---------------------------~-- 50 50 Base of the limestone ________________ _ 0 0 APPALACHIAN VALLEY,AND CUMBEB.LA.li'V PLATEAU AREAS 231 The following analyses show the chemical character of the individual units described in the above section: Analysis of Limestone) Horine Development Company's Prope1't}' - ~.,o, ~I Sample Unit No. No. CaO MgO Iso, P,O, Cle.y Loss on , bases! ignition Total .;oj 215 15 53.44 .201I tr. .02 2.00______ 43.64 100.00 216 14 52.30 .25 1. 041 . 04 .01 1.58 ------ 44. 78 100.00 217 13 54.78 .42 .44 .00 .01 1.20 .581 42.57 100.00 218 11 52.18 2.60 . 78 tr. . 01 1. 04 1. 001 42.39 100.00 219 220 10 9 53.64 53.50 ..01801 .18 .00 .01 1.101 .28 tr. tr. 1.26i .401 44.59 100.00 . 50' 44:36 100.00 221 8 55.04 . 12, .14 .00 tr. .361 . 50 43.84 100.00 222 7 54.84 .101 .44 .00 tr. .90: .46 43.26 100.00 223 5 54.421 .50, .24 .00 tr. . 881 .62 43.34 100.00 224 4 52.761 I .401 .32 .01 .02 2. 561 . 78 43.15 100.00 225 3 29.60 2.001 4.54 .02 .03 29.441 6.28 28.11 100.00 226 2 52.721 1.221 1. 02 tr. .02 2.481 1. 24 41.30 100.00 2271 1 I It will be observed in the above section that the stratigraphic units are large. It was recognized, of course, that 1t is absolutely necessary to confine the thickness over w_hich the sample is taken to a few feet when the lithology of the limestone is variable. It was not deemed necessary at this point, because a study of the relation of lithology and chemical composition had already been made. The magnesian beds which are found in some localities in this formation could always be told by their conchoidal fracture and fine-grained amorphous char- acter. The formation was divided into separate units whenever there was any noticeable change in the physical character of the limestone and the samples which correspond to these units were carefully taken from each foot of the rock exposed. The limestone is so uniform from the top to the bottom of the exposure tha't it is almo~;t impossible to differentiate the beds except by their contained fossils, grade of crystallinity, and oolitic character. CHEMICAL INTERPRETATION Twelve of the thirteen samples show a very high content of lime, (CaO) averaging 53.56 per cent.; the magnesia (MgO) content is very 1Analysis misplaced. 232 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 'OF GEORGIA low in all of the samples, being usually less than 1 per cent. ; the ferric oxide J (Fe20 1 is less than 1 per cent. in ten of the samples; silica ( Si02 ) is. usually less than 1.5 per cent. ; sulphur trioxide ( 803 ) and phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5 ) are present in such small quantities that they do not.need to be considered. CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT The limestones on this property extend for more ,than a mile in a northeast and southwest direction, being largely exposed from the base to the top of the mountain. There is no overburden except residual soil. The .mountain has been terraced somewhat by erosion and the limestone is well exposed between these semi-level terraces paralleling its greatest length! which greatly facilitates the quarrying of the stone. Any number of qUarries can be lotated on the mountain and worked parallel to its length as well as at right angles to this direction. The shale on the Horine Development Company's property is de- scribed below in the section across Shinbone Ridge ; the shale occurs in great quantity and is well suited for the martu'facture of Portland cement; Siilnbo.ne Ridge' (Map location ) W)..-.A settiori was tnade along the Blue B,ird Gap road. The Rockwoc>d formation at this point is made rtp of yellowish and cilive.::green -~:m~riaceous sHa-f~s and thin-bedded sandstones. The sandstones are abundant in the upp~r portion -of the formation while they ate almost entirely absent in the lower portion. The object of this ~ection is to show primarily the physical an'd chemi- cal character of the whole exposure in order to ascertain just what portions rrtight become available for use in the manufacture of Port- land cement. On acc?unt of the complex folding of the rocks it was thought ad- visable to present the horizontal extent of each unit and its equivalent stratigraphic thickness. . i The section begins at the intersection of a spur track from the Alabama, Ten,nessee and Georgia Railroad and the Blue Bird Gap pub- lic road and geologically at the contact of the Devonian black shale and the Rockwood formation. .APP.AL.ACHI.AN V .ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 233 Section on Shinbone Ridge --------,----~-------- --------.---------.-------- Sample Unit No. No. ))escription of Units Horizontal distance Thickness feet feet 20 Concealed __________________________ _ 400 19 Olive-green shales with many beds of green and some soft brown sand- stone_____________________________ _ 70 18 Yellowish-green and red argillaceous shales with some thin bedded sand- stones; light-brown fossiliferous sand stone at thE> bottom; pentamerous sp. abunda.nt ______ ~ __________________ _ 170 17 Concealed __________________________ _ 370 16 Shales, largely concealed ______________ _ 40 15 Brown sandstone and arenaceous shale __ 40 14 Shallow syncline of sandstone _________ _ 60 13 Yellowish-green shal~s, larg'--'ly concealed____________________________ _ 300 228 12 Olive-green and yellowish-green shale with som,e arenaceous splintery shale_____________________________ _ 200 11 Concealed __________________________ _ 210 10 Shales, largely concealed_____________ _ 80 229 9 Olive-green and yellowish green shale__ _ 125 8 Yellowish-green shale with some flaggy sandstones. Iron ore bed 16 inches thick at top....... ___________________ _ 50 7 Y ellowish-grE>en shales with some flaggy sandstones______________________ _ 70 6 Concealed __________________________ _ 230 5 Yellowish- green shale and thin bedded :flaggy sandstone. Shale somewhat red and brown on the weathered sur-- face ______________________________ _ 70 230 4 Yellowish-green fissile som_,what aren- :?ceous shale _________________ ------ 100 3 Conce~ed __________________________ _ 250 2 Arenaceou.5 yellowish-green and olive- green shale _______________________ _ 50 231 1 ---I Y dlowish-green and olive -green :?renaceous somewhat hackly shale 100 Rockwood-Chickamauga contact ______ _ 30.&. 43.8 115.4 12.7 10.9 3.5 7.9 91.2 147.8 47.2 70.2 49.3 56.7 179.9 68.2 72 93.5 39.3 97.8 2M GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA The following analyses show the chemical character of the beds sampled in the above section : . .Analyses of Shale from Shinbone Ridge Sample No. ______________________________ Unit No. ___ ----------- __________________ - Moisture at 100 C ___ ------------ ________ Loss on ignition_______________________ .,_ __ Lime (OaO) ______ ---------- __________ - _-Magnesia (MgO) __ - - _- _________________ - - Alumina (Al20a)-- ----------------------Ferric oxide (Fe203) ---------- ~----------Titanium dioxide (Ti02) --'-~-----------:_ __ Silica (Si02)----------------------------- - 228 12 .62 7.40 tr. .6'5 20.59 8.74 .93 56.80 95.73 229 9 .71 6.41 tr. 1.13 23.00 8.06 .90 58.53 98.74 230 I 231 4 1 .42 5.05 tr. .91 17.95 7.39 1. 08 64.48 .47 7.20 tr. 1.37 18.82 8.40 .68 / 60.17 97.28 97.11 West side of Pigeon 1\1ountain (Map location 7 W) .-The Chattanooga and Rockwood shales are well exposed on the west side of Pigeon Mountain. The section described below begins at a point 255 feet above the intersection of the tram ore road and the Blue Bir:d Gap trail. The Chattanooga black shales 'have a thickness of 15 feet. The shales of the Rockwood formation contain many interstratified sandstones. The section begihs at the top of the Devonian black shale and from top to bottom is as follows : Section West Side Pigeon JJ1ountain -- Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet 232 7 Chattanooga black shales______________ 15 255 6 Rockwood shaL s; concealed___________ 60 240 5 Olive-green hackly arenaceous shale with ma.ny sandy layers. Halysites sp. occurs B.bout 15 feet below the top of this unit________ -------------- 25 180 233 4 Olive-green 9,nd yellowish-green some- . what hackly arenaceous shale_________ 15 3 Thin-bedded gray and brown sandstones 155 and interbedded hackly and fissile APPALACHIAN Y ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 235 Section West Side Pigeon Mountain-Continued Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units I I Total IThickness Thickness feet feet olive-green shales. About 10 feet below the top of this unit the sand- stones are heavy-bedded ____________ 30 140 234 2 I Olive-green, fissile shales practically free from sandstone_________________ 80 110 1 Yellowish-green, interbedded shales and sandstones. At the bottom of this unit occurs heavy-bedded brown sandstones above which there is a bed of red ore; at the top of the unit there is a thin bed of red ore _________ 30 30 Intersection of Blue Bird Gap road. The section ends with the base of the Rockwood formation; however, I the contact of the Rockwood and the underlying Chickamauga lime- stone is some distance to the west, due to the gtlntle dip of the rocks ____ The following anal)rses show the chemical character of the units described in the above section : Analyses of Shale, [,Vest Side of Pigeon Mountain Sample No. ___________________________ _, _________ _ 232 233 Unit No. ________________________________________ _ 7 4 Moisture a.t 100 C _______________________________ _ Loss on ignition _________________________________ _ Lime (CaO) _____________________ ------- ---------Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________ _ Alumina (Ah03) _____ -------------------- __: __ ---Ferric oxide (Fe203)-----------------------------Titanium dioxjde (Ti02) -------------------------Silica (Si02) ___________ -------------------------- 1.20 9.21 .04 .57. 17.13 5.04 .79 61.27 .42 4.24 tr. . 90 18.20 6.38 1.10 69.26 234 2 I .46 3.95 tr . 1.20 26.36 7.39 1. 01 59.40 95.25 100.50 99.77 Two and one-half miles southwest of Copeland (Map location 8 \V) .-The yellowish and olive-green shales of the Rockwood forma- 236 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEOEGI.tl tion occur at a point about one mile northeast of the Catlett Gap road, on the south side of a small tributary of Dry Creek. The shales con- tain a few beds of thin-bedded sandstone. They are exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of 30 to 40 feet and chemically satisfy all the requirements for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The following analysis shows the composition of the shales over the entire exposure : Analysis of Shaie 2 1/2 Miles Southwest of Copeland (Sample No. 235) Loss on ignition . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime (CaO) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesi:a (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (A1 02 8) . Ferric oxide (Fe20 3 ) _-. Manganese (MnO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ...... - ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Silica (Si02) 5.44 1.60 1.50 18.29 6.63 .10 .92 61.23 95.71 Jackson property (Map location 9 W) .-Limestone of the Floyd formation is found on the P. Jackson prop~rty about one mile south- east. of G-feenbtfsh,pqst of.fi.oe in West: Armuchee. Valley, c The ex- posure occu~i~s a v~rticai. ~nd. stratigtaph'i'e thidkrtess of about 40 feet and consists, of, dark-bl'i!i~, b;eav"'hed:d~d l'irp.estoNe, containing many brachiapods. The rocks -lie practically level. The following analysis. shows the composition of the limestone at this point: Analysis o~ Limestone {1'0m Jackson Property (Sample No. 236) Lime (O.aO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feriie oxid,e (Fez03 ) :. Sulphm trioxide (803) Phosphorus pentoxid'e (P20 5) . Silica (SiOz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potash (K20) ................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda (N.azO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition 0 0. 0 0 --0 0. . 0 53.66 .30 1.10 tr. tr. .87 .08 .19 43.80 100.00 APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 237 Brwm property (Map location 10 W) .-The limestones of the Bangor format~on are found along the northern portion of Pigeon Mountain in the rear of the house of VVilliam Tatum. The stone is heavybedded and massive, gray to grayish-blue in color and contains a large amount of chert in the upper 80 feet of the exposure. Section from Top to Bottom on Brum Property Sample Unit No. No. Description of Unit I Total Thickness Thickness feet feet 237 3 Heavy-bedded, grayish-blue limestone containing chert; chert omitted m sampling __________________________ 80 194 238 2 Fine-grained, grayish-blue, heavy- bedded limestone; some cream col- I ored fine-grained limestone inter- I b e d d e d ____________________________ 100 114 239 1 Gray somewhat fine-grained heavy- bedded limestone; crinoidal at base ____ 14 14 The following analyses show the chemical composition of the units described above: Analyses of Limestone from Brum Property I -------,---- t:~P~o~~~~====================================~I 2~7 238 2 i ~---+~-- Lime (CaO) ______________________________________ 54. 60 30.881 Magnesia (MgO)-------------'------------------,--- .08 i 11.90 I Ferric oxide (Fe203)------------------------------ . 26 2.72 Silica (Si02)-------------------------------------Clay bases_____________________________________ --1 1 . . 2088 13.24 2.88 Loss on ignit.ion----------------------------------1 43.70 I 38.38 1 I 239 1 52.56 .10 .76 2.86 1.40 42.32 \ 100. oo I 100. oo I 100.00 Nickajack Gap road) east side of Lookout Mountain (Map location 11 W) .-The Lookout formation is exposed on the Nickajack Gap road on the east side of Lookout Mountain. It is underlain by yellowish-green and dark-brown shales (Pennington) of the Bangor formation. The dark-blue limestone of the Bangor formation l.s almost en- 238 GEOLOGICAL SUR.VEY OF GEORGIA tirely concealed. The Fort Payne chert forms the base of the moun. tain and underlies the Bangor limestone. The section from top to bottom is as follows : Section Nickajack Gap Road) East Side of Lookout Mountain Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units Total 1rhickness Thicklless feet feet Base of massive sandstone of the Lookout formation_________________ _ 11 Largely concealed ___________________ _ 18.1 597.5 240 10 Somewh~t arenaceous and hackly brownish-green shale with a small amount of concretionary iron oxide ___ _ 9 579.4 9 Greenish-brown sandstone and inter- bedded green :Shale; only about 15 feetof rock exposed,. _______________ _ 45.3 570.4 8 .Arenaceous green shales with sand- eo stone beds which are often heavy bedded and massive________________ _ ,,126.8 525.1 241 7 Yellowish-green shales_______ ---------- 9 398.3 242 6 Dark-green to greenish-black splitery . shale, weathering to a somewhat fine hackly shale______________________ _ 15 389.3 5 Yellowish-green shales with a bed of sandstone hear the toP-------~------ 30 374.3 243 4 Reddish shale ____________________ --~_ ~0 344.3 244 3 Yellowish-green shale ________________ _ 45 334.3 2 Largely concealed ___________________ ~ 45.3 1 Concealed __________________________ _ 244 289.3 244 IThe following analyses show the chemical composition of the units described in the above section : Analyses of Shale) Nickajack Gap Road) East Side of Lookout Mountain S'ample No. ______________________ 240 241 Unit No. ________ ~- ____________ .. _ 10 7 Moisture at 100 c_______________ .54 .41 Loss on ignition__________________ 8.50 9.10 'Soda and potash (NazO, K20) _____ -------- -------- Lim:e. (CaO) ____ ... _________________ .00 tr, Magnesia (MgO) ---~--------~-.,.-- 1. 53 Alumina (AlzOs) ______ ----------- 21.80 Ferric oxide (FezOs) _____________ 8.40 .66 21.86 6.72 Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) ________ .. _ .90 .80 Silica (SiOz) ___ - _- _--- _--- __ - ---- 54.83 57.68 242 243 244 6 4 3 1.85 . 51 .40 7.71 7.28 6.40 2.49 -------- ------- .32 .00 tr. 1.38 1. 50 1. 38 20.90 18.50 18.15 7.56 9.60 6.05 . 96 .92 .82 56.83 59.60 63.49 96.50 97.23 100.00 97.91 96.69 APPALACHIAN 77ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 239 M cLamore Cove (Map location 12 W) .-The grayish-blue limestones of the Bangor formation are found 41!:z miles south of Cedar Grove post office, on the west side of McLamore Cove. The lower 230 feet of the exposure contains a large amount of chert, while the upper 120 feet contains little chert. Analyses of Limestones from M cLamore Cave Sample No. ___ - __ ----- _----------- _----------- _---- - _____ 245 246 Lime (CaO) __ - ---.----- ____ ---- ________ - -- __ ----- ________ _ Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________________ _ Ferric oxide (Fe20a)--- ___ ---- ___ ---- __ ---- ___ ------ _____ _ SCillaicy2 b(aSseis0_2_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_ Loss on ignition _________________________________________ _ 53. 281 1.62 .40 i 1. 62 1 . 321 42.76 51. 36 2.95 . 32 1.12 . 34 43.31 - I 100.00 1100.00 Dougherty Gap (Map location 13 w-) .-The sandstones and shales of the Lookout formation are well exposed along the roadside at the southern end of McLamore Cove in the Dougherty Gap. The shales of the Bangor formation are partly exposed, while the underlying Bangor limestortes are largely concealed by the float derived from the overlying. formations. The following general section was made along the road from the top to the bottom of the mountain: Section Dougherty Gap Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units I I Total Thickness Thickness feet feet 6 Interbedded sandstones and shales __ 170 574 5 Dark-blue carbonaceous shales _________ 80 404 4 Concealed ___________ . _______________ 40 324 3 Olive-green and yellowish-brown shales __ 170 284 247 2 Grayish-blue limestone________________ 50 114 1 Largely C'Oncealed limestone____________ 64 64 240 "GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Analysis of Limestone from Dougherty Gap (Sample No. 248) Lime (CaO) ..............:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) .... -............................ Ferric oxide (Fe 02 3) Silica (Si02) ' Clay hases ............. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition .......... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.78 1.02 .42 .96 .21 43.61 100.00 Coulter property (Map location 14 W) .-,The property of T. S. Coulter is located on the west side of Pigeon Mountain in the extreme southeastern portion of McLamore Cove. The Bangor limestone is exposed over about 40 feet at a point about 200 feet southwest of the Coulter residence and consists of heavy-bedded, dark-blue limestone with some ctinoidal limestone. Analysis of Limestone on the Coulter Prop-erty (Sample No. 249) 'Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferrie. oxide (Fa~08) ... , ................ , .. , . . . . . . S.ilica ('Si02) .......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,':.' _.,.. ' '' Clay ha,ses .......... :. , .......................... . Loss on ignition ............. , ............... , . . . . . 49.80 3.26 . 7 4 1.00 .6S 44.52 100.00 One mile so.uthwest of Cecf,a/r Grove post office (Map location 15 W) .-The Bangor limestone is exposed/ over a thickness of 57 strati- graphic feet at a point about one mile southwest of Cedar Grove post office, on the east side of Lookout Mountain. Many of the beds con- cain chert a:nd on the surface are found excrescent quartz. The strike i~ N. 28 E., and the dip 15 NW. T~e following analysis shows the composition of the limestone over the entire exposure : Analysis of Limestone) One Mile Southwest of Cedar Grove (Sample No. 250) Liime (CaO) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M:agnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .Ferric oxide (Fe2 8) Silica (Si02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay b!ases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.00 1.92 .36 2.37 .57 '41. 78 lOO.OO APPALACHIAN I"ALLl,T AXD CCMBEHLAJ.'D PLATEAU AREAS :241 B ovHrs Gap ( JVIap location 16 W) .-The Bangor limestone is exposed at a point about 1V2 miles due west of Cassandra on the mountain side just south of the Bowers Gap road. The limestone extends from the base of the mountain to a height of 316 feet, above which the rock is concealed .:for 311 feet. The Lookout sandstone is exposed over a thickness of 87 feet and forms the top of the mountain. Sample Unit No. No. Section at Bowers Gap . Description of Units ----- Thickness feet --- Total Thickness feet 8 Sandstone and shales__________________ 87.6 7 Concealed ___________________________ 311.6 715.5 627.9 6 Largely concealed; an occasional out- 251 5 crop of limestone ___________________ Fine-grained, heavy-bedded lim'stone 48.7 I 316.3 with an occasional bed of semi- crystalline limestone ____ ~ ___________ 58.4 267.6 252 4 Inter-beddl d, fine-grained and semi- crystalline heavy-bedded, grayish- blue and da.rk-blue limestone ______ 58.4 209.2 253 3 Grayish-blue and dark-blue heavy- bedded limestoDe; some portions concealed__________________________ 73 150.8 254 2 Dark-blue, somewh2.t fine-grained lime- stone______________________________ 38.9 77.8 255 1 I Heavy-beddt d and massive, dull gray- ish-blue to dark-blue limestont, m places oolitic and containing an occa- siona.l bed of fine--gra.inerl. limestone__ Base of mountain ____________ ~ _____ I 38.9 38.9 0I 0 The following analyses show the composition of the units described in the above section : Analyses of Limestone from Bowers Gap Sample No----------------------1 251 Unit No.________________________ 5 Lime (CaO)______________________ 52.24 252 253 4I 3 54.26 54.50 254. 2 55.48 255 1 54.94 Magnesis (MgO)_________________ .87 .12 .08 .06 .08 Ferric oxide (Fe20;;)------------- .70 .42 . 80 . 62 .44 Sulphur trioxide (SO s) __________ -:- ___ - _-- .00 i-------- -------- -1 P~?spho:rus pentoxid..; (P;;O 5) _____ -~'- ______ I Sihc? (S102)-----~--------- ______ 1.82. tr. .74 I ------- 1. 04 ---i~oi-1 Clay bases _____________________ _j .68 I .36 .40 .60 Loss on I.gm.ti.on__________________i1 43 _6.9 I 1 44_ 10 1 43.18 42.23 .00 tr. .72 .22 43.60 ! ! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' -10-0-.0-0 -! 10-0-.0-0 -i 1-0-0.-00- -1-0-0.-00' -1-0-0.-00- 242 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA One-half mile west of Ca:ssamd1'a (Map location 17 W) .-The Rockwood sh'ales are exposed from the top of the formation to the bottom at a point about one-half mile west of Cassandra along the CassandraStevens Gap public road. The formation consists essentially of yellow and olive-green shale with many thin beds of sandstone. The strike .is N. 20 E., and the dip 37 NW. The section is here given. Section One-Half Mile T17est of Cassandr-a Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet 14 Concealed; Silurian-Devoni~n contact __ _ 13 Olive-g;reen fissile argillaceous shale with an occasional bed of sandstone__ _ 12 Concealed __________________________ _ 11 Olive-green shale w!t:Q. an occasional thin bed of sandstone ______________ _ 10 Olive-g;reen shale ____________________ _ 9 Concealed__________________________ _ 8 Concealed _________________.____ ~- ___ _ 7 Olive.,green shale_ with -inter'-bedded brown and green fl.aggy sandstone ____ _ 6 Olive-green shale. This unit contains several thin beds of soft red ore and and a bed of greenish-brown Elandstone 6 inches thick at the top ______ _ 5 Olive-green fissile argillaceous sha.le containing thin beds of fl.aggy brown and green sandstone. The sandstone is not very abundant. Severn.l thin beds of soft red ore 3 to 4 inches thick occur near the top____________ _ 4 Olive-green fissile argillaceous shale. About one foot below the top of this unit fl, thin bed of fossiliferous limestone occurs_______________________ _ 3 Olive-green fissile aFgilhl.ceous shale containing a thin bed of fossilferous light-brown sandstone near the top __ 2 Concea,led __________________________ _ 1 Concealed, Silurian-Ordovician contact in this unit_ ________ ~ _____________ _ . - - - - - ----'--------'~-------- .. ..... 59.2 41.4 10.8 27.2 27 54.4 32.6 27.2 59.4 51.8 49.9 21.2 12.7 66.2 541.2 482 440.6 429.8 402.6 375.4 321 288.4 261.2 201.8 150 100.1 78.9 66.2 .APP.ALA CHI.AN VALLEY A.NIJ CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS :243 One and one-half miles northzvest of Cassandra (Map location 18 W) .-The Bangor limestone is exposed over a vertical thickness of 175 feet at a point 1J;2 miles northwest of Cassandra. The upper portion of the exposure is oolitic in places and contains some chert. The lower portion of the exposure is more uniform in physical character. The section from top to bottom is as follows : Section 11/2 lv1iles Northwest of Cassandra Sample Unit No. No. 256 4 3 257 2 1 Description of Units I I i Total Thickness I Thickness feet ! feet I Heavy- bedded, dark-blue somewhat fine-grained limestone with interbedded gray oolitic and bluish-gray limestone __________________________ Largely concealed, containing fragments of chert on the surface. Chert layer concealed_____________________ Bluish-gra.y, heavy-bedded limestone, in places exposed ___________________ Somewhat fine-grained interbedded dark-blue and grayish-blue limestone __ I ! 40 195 25 155 70 130 60 60 The_ following analyses show the composition of units 2 and 4 described in the above section : Analyses of Limestone 1 1/2 Miles Northwest of Cassandra Sample No. _______________________________________________ I 256 257 Unit No. ________________________________________________ _ 4 2 -----------------------------------------l------1------- Lime (CaO) __________________ ----- ______________________ _ 54.53 53.20 Magnesia (MgO) _________________________________________ _ .10 .40 Ferrie oxide (Fe20s) ___ ------- ________________________ --- _ .92 .68 Silica (Si02)------- ______________________________________ _ .96 2.42 Clay bases----------------------------------------------- .40 .66. Loss on ignition _________________________________________ _ 43.09 42.64 1100.00 100.00 Southern Iron and Steel Compan)' (Map location 19 W) .-The property of the Southern Iron and Steel Company is located about 244 G:_EOLOGICAL .SCRVEY .OF GEORGIA one mile east. of High Point on the ea~t side of Lookout Mountain. A portion of the Rockmart formation and the Chattanooga black shale are exposed at the base of the mountain. The Fort Payne chert immediately overlies the Chatanooga black shale and is succeeded by the Bangor limestone. Section Northeast of High Point) Southern Iron and Steel Company Sample Unit No. No. Desc-ription of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet Top of limestone quarry 258 8 Light-gray, fine-grained limestone_____ _ 1.4 43.9 259 7 Heavy-bedded, fine-graine<;l, grayish- blue limestone______________ _____ _ 14.1 42.5 260 6 Fine-grained, grayish-biue to dark blue limestone not so massive as the above unit; coiitafus an occasidllal chert nodule ______________________ _ 3.3 28.4 5 Heavy..;bedded to massive, bluish-gray limestone containing several beds of amorphous .gray limestone inti- mately interbedded _______________ _ 25.1 261 4 Dark.,Blue,.. hea;v;y-}Jeflded .limestone; l::n:gely:mystaHme; ih?lighnot.notiGe'-. ably so JllegascopicaJly . __ ~ ______ _ 1.2 11.3 262 3 Fine-grairied, heavy~Bedded grayish- blue liinestone ____________________ _ 3.3 10.1 2 Cherty and arenacequs grayish-blue limestone, in places approaching a sandstone in lithologic character and again becoming more calcareous______ _ 1 6.8 1 Fine-grain~d, d1:1,rk-blue. and bluish- gray massive limestone containing chert nodules interspersed from top to bottom. In the 1( wer portion of the unit the chert is in fairly distinct layers, while in the upper portion it is scattered throughout. Fourteen inches below the top of this unit occurs a two-inch ls.yer of corals (cup corals). Below th<:" massive cherty I . limestone a few teet of dark-blue limestone are exposed _____________ _ 5.8 5.8 Base of quarry______________________ _ 0 0 1 APPALACHIAN Y ALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 245 The Chattanooga black shale and a portion of the underlying Rockwood shale are exposed at the base of the mountain. The shale ex- posed in the quarry consists of- Thickness feet Sample No. 263 Ohattanooga black shale ................... . 10.4 Rockwood shale; gray to green clay shale .. . 15 The following analyses show the chemical composition of the individual units described in the above sections : Analyses of Limestones and Shale, Southern Iron and Steel Company I - - - - - ---~~- Sample No. ______________ 258 Unit No. ________________ 8 259 7 I I I 260 ! 6 i I I 261 4 I 262 i 263 3 I Shale --------I-------- Moisture at 100 c ______ -------- -------- _______ _!I .56 Loss on ignition _________ 40.82 42.82 43.54 I 43.06 39.53 1 23.60 Lime (CaO) _____________ 29.46 54.50 sr. 18 1 54. 8o 49.081 .00 Magnesia (MgO) _________ 15.92 .20 .40 i .04 .56 1.26 . I Alumina (Al20a)-------- -------- -------- ----'----1I -------- -------- 10.91 Ferric oxide (Fe20s)----- 1. 06 .66 . 88: .48 . 66 9. 74 Silica (Si02) _____________ 9.86 1. 20 3. 38 ; 1. 08 8.02 48.73 Titanium dioxide (Ti02)-- -------- -------- ' ------- -!-------- -------- .77 Clay bases-------------- 2.88 .62 .62! .54 2.15 -------- I 1oo. oo I 100.00 I 100.00 i 100.00 I 100.00 95.57 CATOOSA COUNTY GEOLOGY ROME FORMATION The lower and middle portions of the Rome formation are largely composed of interstratified sandstones and shales. The abundance of these sandstones hinder the economic winning of the shales for use in the manufacture of cement. The upper portion of the formation consists essentially of shales with only a few interbedded sandstones. The shales will be found suitable at certain localities for use in the manufacture of cement; however, they are usually too high in alumina to be used without the admixture of free silica in the form of sand or with some other more highly siliceous shale or clay. 246 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA CoNNASA.UGA SHALES AND LIMESTONES The limestones of this formation are thin-bedded and seldom reach a thickness of more than 100 feet. They are nearly always valleyforming and have only a small stratigraphic thickness, so that they are not attractive commercially for the manufacture of cement. The shales are high in alumina and low in silica and can not be used alone for the manufetcture of Portland cement. KNOX DOLOMI'il'E The Knox dolomite is exposed only in the upper portion of the formation. It consists of heavy and massive beds of gray, partly crystalline dolomite with many layers and nodules of chert. The high percentage of magnesia characterizing the dolomite prevents its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The stone is being burnt into commercial lime at Haies quarry near Graysville. It is also suitable for ballast, concrete and many other crushed stone products. '~ CmcKAMAUGA FoRMATION The Chickamauga formation is made up of interstrati:fied, varicolored argillaceous shales and limestones in White Oak Mountain and Taylor Ridge. !The formation consists a1most. entirely of thin-'bedded .blue limestones in the valley of Chickamauga Creek. These. blue limestones usually carry a low percentage of magnesia and are at many places chemically suitable for use in the manuf'acture of cement. They are extensively quarried both in Georgia and Tennessee for use as a building stone. RocKWOO'D FoRMATION . The Rockwood formation in this county consists essentially of interbedded sandstones and shales. The sha1es are so intimately interstratified with the sandstones that they are seldom commercially available for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. BANGOR FoRMATION The limestones of the B_angor formation immediately overlie the Fort Payne chert in Catoosa Ridge, just east of White Oak Mountain. They are heavy-bedded, grayish-blue to clark-blue high-calcium limestones and are chemically suitable for use in the manufacture of Port- APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 247 land cement. They will make a good lime, both for building and agricultural purposes and are also suitable for road metal, ballast, and other crushed stone products. DESORIP'TJ!ON OF INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIES Fort 0 glethorpe well No. 5 (Map location 1 Ca) .-The following section of a deep well at Fort Oglethorpe, Chickamauga Park, shows the lithologic character of the Chickamauga limestone and a portion of the Knox dolomite at that point: Section from Top to Bottom Well No. 5, Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga. Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units Vertical feet Total Vertical feet 264 29 Dark-grayish-blue limestone __________ _ 50 50 265 28 Light-gray to grayish-blue limestone___ _ 50 100 266 27 { 26 Gray to grayish-blue limestone_____ ___ 400 Dark-grsy limestone _________________ _ 30 500 530 267 25 Dark-gray to grayish-black limestone __ _ 20 550 268 24 Grayish-black limestone, apparently sorp.ewhat sil,iceous _________________ _ 40 590 269 23 Ten feet of l,ight-grayish-blue lime- stone, below which occurs ten feet of dsrk-grayish-blue limestone. The lower 20 feet .is made up of dark- gray to black limestone _________ _ 40 630 22 Light-grayish-blue limestone __________ _ 40 670 21 Ten feet of grayish-black limestone, v~ 270 Light-grayish-blue limestone. _________ _ Ten feet of grayish-black limestone, beneath which occurs 20 feet of blue- 40 670 ish-gray limestone. The lower 120 l feet is made up of dark-gray to gray- ish-blue limestone __ ---------------- 150 820 271 20 Dove-colored and gray limestone ______ _ 30 850 272 19 Gray to grayish-blue argillaceous limestone_____________________________ _ 10 860 18 Pinkish argillaceous limestone ______ _ 10 870 17 Grayish-blue argillaceous limestone ____ _ 30 900 16 .Ten feet of dark-gray limestone, be- 273 neath which occurs 20 feet of light- gray limestone, becoming very light light in color in the lower 10 fePt . ___ _ 30 930 15 Gray to grayish-blue argillaceous lime- stone _____________________________ _ 60 990 248 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Se.ction {1om Top to Bottom Well No.. 5J Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga.-Cont'd Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units 17ertical feet Total 17erticaJ feet 14 Graylhnestone----------------------- 80 274 { 13 Gray limestone with some dove-colored limestone_____________________ _ 20 275 12 Gray lhnestone___________________ -~ __ 20 Knox dolomite 276 11 Gray dolomite_ ______________________ 30 277 10 Gray dolomite--------------,--------- 90 278 9 Gray somewhat cherty dolomite________ 40 8 White sandy dolomite_________________ 10 279 ' 7 Gray dolomite somewhat siliceous in the upper 10 fe!'lt___________________ 80 6 Gray dolomite, somewhat siliceous in 280 the upper 4(Heet:.__________________ 90 5 . Gray dolomite_______________________ 70 281 4 Bluish-gray doloi:nite___ _______________ 30 282 3 -Gray somewhat siliceous dolomite______ 100 283 2 Gra.y siliceous dolomite____ ~ ___________ 100 284 1 Gray and white fine siliceous dolomite___ 110 Bottom of well______________________ _ 1,070 1,090 1,110 1,140 1,230 1,270 1,280 1,360 1,450 1,520 1,550 1,650 1,750 1,860 The following analyses show the ccimp6sition o"f the unit's described in the above section : Analysis of Limestone and Dolomite {1'0m Well No. 5, Ft. OglethorpeJ Ga. Sample Unit Clay Loss on No. - - No. -Ca-O -M-g-O-Fe2-03 so3 P205 Si02 bases i~!!ition 264 2.9 42.00 2.85 3.16 .24 .03 11.20 5.10 35.42 265 28 30.60 .404 2.10 {;~} 266 47.46 3.20 .48 .10 .02 22.12 12.66 28.36 .02 tr~ 6.13 2.13 40.58 267 25 48.42 3.80 .52 268 24 49.86 5.28 .30 269 23 29.04 19.57 :4o {;~} 270 40.64 3.50 1.86 .00 tr. 3.44 1.88 41.94 .03 .01 4;26 2.59 37.67 .04 tr. 3.94 3.04 43.97 .04 .01 17.73 ------ 36.22 271 20 32.90 7.00 1.60 .10 .03 15.11 8.61 34.65 { 272 19} 18 22.04 3.32 3.58 tr. tr. 24.28 10.48 36.30 Total 100 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 249 Analysis of Limestone and Dolomite from W-ell No. 5 Ft. Ogle1 thorpe) Ca.-Continued i" ------,----,-------~;-,---;~------- - ------1 ('0' [ Sample Unit ] No. No CaO MgO Fe20s SOs i Clay Loss on\ SiO, Ib,.es ;gnition Total 273 i~} 40.48rI 7.02 1. o2I tr. I I 15 1 fi~} 274 I 26. 68! 11. 00 I 2. 221 I . 0211 . o11' 8. 20, 3. 52 39.75 : r . 03] 26. 871_ - - - -- 33. 18 275 12 29.16 10.02 1. 201 tr. . 01121. 20] . 93 37. 48 276 11 35.76 14.80 . 761 . . 02: . 01, 2. 471 1. 42 44.76 277 10 37.76 13.10 .861 .02i tr. I 3.121 1.51 43.43 278 9 28.781 7.02 1.121 . 02i tr. ]12. 34j 1.12 49.60 {~ } 279 34.82 11.751 .88,I .081I .04;I 10.70,I______ 41.73 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 { ~} 280 38.64 11. ool .931 I 281 4 35.22 1. 6d 4.441 282 3 24.121 19.00 . 98 283 2 29. 34,15. 90 1.06 284 1 26.80 10.46 1.50, .041 .0217.081 2.82 39.49 1 .o8l .o2 18.37 9.20 . 0~ . 02 1.5. 98-----.02 tr. 16.781 1.26 .02 .021 28.01/______ j 31.07 39. 86 35.64 33.19 100.00 100.00 1:00.00 100.00 10.00 Graysville Mining and 1\!Ianufacturing Company (Map location 2 Ca) .-The quarries of the Graysville Mining and Manufacturing Company are located in the western portion of the town of Graysville and directly on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. John D. Gray, of Graysville, constructed a "ground hog" kiln at this point in 1869 to burn this stone in order to ascertain just what sort of lime it would produce. The lime was apparentlY. satisfactory, for four kilns made of stone were immediately constructed. Mr. Gray sold the property in 1886 to a newly formed company organized by Alabama people, known as the Graysville Mining and Manufacturing Company. This company continued operations at this point until 1901, when they abandoned their workings and opened up quarries at a point one-half mile east of Graysville. During the same year M. M. Church, of Graysville, leased these new quarries and manufactured lime until 1910. The plant at present consists of two upright separate feed kilns with a daily capacity of 250 barrels. The lime was shipped both in bulk and in barrels, and was known as "pure white Catoosa lime." The 250 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA stone used consists of both the Knox dolomite at1d the Connasauga limestone. The Knox dolomite contains many beds of chert in the form of nodules and also ~n layers. The dolomite is heavy-bedded and massive, somewhat finely crystalline and of dark blue and light gray color. The Connasauga limestone contains no chert, nor does it have the same massive appearance as the dolomite, both the color and lithologic character being pretty uniform throughout. It is a fine-grained amorphous limestone containing fragmentary remains of fossils, which in places are in considerable abundance, together with some few calcite stringers and thin lense-like argillaceous intercalations. The Conrtasauga limestone was at one time used a's a :fluxing stone. The lime resulting from the burning of this stone is of a darker color than lime produced from the Knox dolomite, and is also a quicker setting lime. The most northern quarry consisting of the Knox dolomite is designated quarry No. 1. The quarry located immediately north of tWe'mainpublic road and west 6: GfoaysviHe is ni:axte up of the Connasauga limestone and hasbeen designated as quarry No. 2. The rocks are exposed over a vertical height of more than 100 feet in quarry No. 1, while its horizontal extent i's not more than 20 feet. Quarry No. 2 has an average height of about 40 feet and extends along a horizontal distance of 450 {eet. The following se~tions show the physical character of the stone from top to bottom in these quarries : .APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBRBLAND PLATEAU .AREAS 251 Section Quarry No.1, Graysville Mining and 1'v.fanufacturing Company Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units T tal Thickness Thickness feet feet 30 Somewhat shaley gray thin-bedded dolomite___________ --_------------- .6 458.8 29 Grayish-white, heavy-bedded dolomite __ 4.5 458.2 28 Thin-bedded gray dolomite ___________ _ 1 453.7 27 Thin and heavy-bedded bluish-gray dolomite__________________________ _ 5.5 452.7 26 Arenaceous cherty gray dolomite (not sanlpled)--------------------~---- 10 447.2 25 White arenaceous dolomite (not sam- pled) _____ - __ --------------------- 1 437.2 285 24 Arenaceous dolomite (not sampled) ____ _ 1.7 436.2 23 Dark-blue comparatively thin-bedded dolomite__________________________ _ 1.4 434.5 22 Cherty nodular grayish-blue dolomite ___ _ 2 433.1 21 Grayish-blue . to gray heavy-bedded dolomite__________________________ _ 5 431:.1 20 Gray dolomite, cherty at bottom ______ _ 2.6 19 Thin-bedded gray dolomite ___________ _ 1.7 426.1 423.5 18 Chetty arenaceous gray heavy-bedded to massive dolomite________________ _ 9.5 421.8 17 Gray dolomite heavy-bedded at the top, massive at the bottom _________ _ 11 16 Gray dolomite ______________________ _ 6 412.3 401.3 15 Cherty gray dolomitec---------------- 10.6 '395.3 286 14 Massive gray to bluish-gray dolomite __ _ 5.4 13 Gray massive dolomite_______________ _ 4.4 384.7 379.3 12 Massive gray to bluish gray dolomite __ _ 9 374.9 11 Dark-blue massive dolomite________ _ 2.4 365.9 10 Heavy-bedded, grayish-blue dolomite_ 7 363.5 9 Concealed. (Direction of traverse S. 40 W; horizontal distance 170 feet) _____________________________ _ 13 356.5 Section quarry No.2._ 287 288 289 290 8 7 6 5 l ~assive Heavy-bed?ed and dark-blue and grayish-blue limestone________ _ 36.7 76.7 51.1 343.5 260.1 183.4 291 4 Massive and heavy-bedded dark-blue and grayish-blue limestone. Fossils collected near the bottom in loose bowlders _______________________ _ 20.4 132.3 292 3 I Dark-blue and grayish-blue, massive 252 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OJ!' GEORGIA Section Qua.rry No. 1, Graysville Mining and Mfg. Co.-Conti11.ued Sample Units No. No. Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet and heavy-bedded l~estone with some pyrite. Small arnount of clay- ey intarcalations and smo.e small vained calcite near the top. The rock is somewhat honeycombed due to leaching_______ ---'--- ___________ _ 33.6 111.9 2 Massive and heayy.:.bedded dark-blue fossiliferous limestone with small amount of pyrite _____ "------------- 33.6 78.3 293 1 Massive and herwy-bedded dark-blue fossiliferouf;l limestone made up largely of the remains of brachia- , pods and. trilo.Q~tes_~-~~'"----'------- 44.7 44.7 ':(he following analyses show the chemical character of the various units of the above sections : Anal:yses of Limeston.e and Dolo1nite, Quarrries. of the Graysville Min- .ing a1td Manufacturing Company, . ... ',:~ < , '. ;,_ <. ' . ' Sampl N0. - 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 Unit .. Olll.IY Loss on No. OaG> MgO Fe20a SO a .P205 SjO:z ba.Ses ignition 19-30 31.02 16.00 1.52 .01 .02 5.86 3.0 42.57 10-18, 25.60 16.00 2.60 .00 . 0:1 15.40 2.86 37.53 8 \ 47.16 3.82. .64 .02 .01 4.09 2.52 41.74 7 42.52 4.71 1. 7'0 ' .01 .02 6.17 6.35 38.52 6 48.80 1. 20 .92 .01 .01 6.20 1. 87 40.99 5 50.58 1. 30 1. 00 .00 .01 2.82 2.72 .41. q7 4 49.00 2.10 .80 .00 .05 4.80 1. 91 41.34 3 49.76 2.95 .62 .00 tr. 2.46 2.30 41.91 1-2 ' 44.68 2.75 1.08 .00 .01 6.58 3.30 41.60 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Both the Connasauga limestone and the .Knox dolomite can be used in the manufacture of lime, for ballast, or for road metal. The percentage of lime is lower than desired and the percentage of magnesia is higher than desired in the Connasauga limestone at this point for use in the manufacture of cement. Dolomites contain too much magnesia for use in the manufacture of cements. APPALACHIAN YALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 253 Another quarry of the Graysville Mining and Manufacturing Company is located one-half mile east of Graysville (map location 3 Ca). The following section from top to bottom begins at the most eastern exposure of the quarry. The strike is N. 15 E., and the dip 30 E. Section One-Half Mne East of Graysville) Gravsville Mining and 111anufacturing Company's Quarry. I Somhle Unit No. No. 1 Description of Units Total ThickJless ThickJless feet feet 10 Dark-bluish-gray somewhat cherty dolomite__________________________ _ 5 9 Grayish-blue to dark-blue dolomite almost free of chert_ _______________ _ 5 8 Light-blue dolomite at the top be- coming dark-blue towards the bot- 294 tom. Chert layers abundant and parallel to the bedding _____________ _ 4. 5 7 Me.ssive grayish-blue and dark-blue dolomite, almost free of chert _____ ~ __ 9.5 6 Massive dolomite, upper portion light bluish-gray, free from chert; lower portion dark-bluish-gray; some chert_ 11 5 Concealed _________________________ _ 35 30 25 20.5 11 Section 400 feet west of above in same quarry. Dark-blue, somewhat cherty dolomite, heavy-bedded at the top and thin- bedded at the bottom ______________ _ 7.5 24.4 3 Thin-bedded, fine-grained dark-blue 295 dolomite_________________________ _ 10.3 16.9 i 2 Dark-blue massive dolomite with secondary calcite__________________ 3.6 6.6 _,__1__ Gray dolomite ________ :.~. :...:_-_-:.:::_-.~_:. _-_:_: .. ______3_ _ _ _3 Several other exposures are found 111 the western portion of the quarry, but these were not sampled as they were not continuous over any considerable thickness. The following analyses show the chemical composition of the units described above : GEOLOGICAL SURV,EY OF GEORGIA Analyses of Dolomite} One-Half lv.Iile East of Graysville Sample No. ________________ ------- ______________________ _ 294 295 Unit No. __ ;_ _____________________________________________ _ 6-lC 1-4 LMhangene(sCiaa(OM)g-O--)-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-~-----_-_---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_----_-_ Ferric oxide (Fe203) _____________'_______ -- ---- __ ------- _-Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ____________ "" _____________ --,- ______ _ Phosphorus pento:xide CP205) _____________________________ _ Silica (Si02)---------------------------------------------- LColassy obnasiegsn-i-ti-o-n-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_~_--_ 30.26 18.64 .94 .00 tr. 3.25 1.68 45.23 28.56 20.98 1.08 .00-.01 1.85 .51 47.01 100.00 100.00 Hale property (Map location 4 Ca).-The Hale quarries are situated directly on the Western and Atlantic Railroad about 11j2 miles southeast of Graysville. W. F. Hale, the owner of the property, first began the manufacture o.f lime at this point in the year 1901. The stone quarried at this point is the upper Knox dolomite. It is a gray, heavy-bedded and massive, fine-grained, somewhat crystalline rock with chert scatterect thto:ttg{tout many of the beds. The strike is N. go E., and" tne dfp )_7:0 sit:' The rock is drilled and blasted from the quarry face to quarry level. It is loaded by hand to. tram conveyor which is drawn by pulley to the top of the kilns. Two vertical steel continuous. feed kilns have a total daily capacity of about 2.25 barrels. The lime is sold in barrels and bulk. It is used chiefly for mortars in construction work, but has also been used to a limited extent for agricultural purposes. The cherty limestone and chert are separated in the quarry from the dolomite, conveyed to a jaw-crusher where they are crushed and sold for ballast, etc. The unit designated No. 9 in the section contains chert associated with pyrite, calcite, galena, fluorite, barite, and a sample of this unit was found to _contain some gold and silver, as shown by the following assay by Dr. Edgar Everhart: Assay of 01'e from the Hale Quarries Onnces per ton Gold ... _....................... _................. 3/100 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/5 Lead . . ..... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 54 % APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 255 The following section from top to bottom shows the physical character of the stone : Section, Hale Quarries, 11/2 Miles Southeast of Graysville Sample No. 296 297 298 299 300 301 I Unit [ No. Description of Units I I Total I Thickness I Thickness feet feet 23 Heavy-bedded and massive gray dolomite, containing in the upper portion several thin layers of chert_ ____ _ 22 Heavy-bedded gray dolomite, somewhat arenaceous, containing numerous thin beds of chert ___________ _ 21 Heavy-bedded and massive dolomite_.,_ __ 20 Massive dolomite containing several layers of chert at the top. The lower 6 feet contains calcite of circular form interspersed throughout __ _ 19 Massive gray nodular dolomite with rounded nodules of chert_ ___________ _ 18 Bluish-gray heavy-bedde<;l. dolomite ___ _ 17 Cherty dolomite_____________________ _ 16 Dark-blue massive dolomite ___________ _ 15 Bluish-gray massive dolomite, speck- led throughout with secondc,ry ct?Jcite and some few chert nodules _____ _ 14 Dark grayish-blue hecwy-bedded and massive dolomite; some chert m the upper part ____________________ _ 13 Massive gray cherty dolomite; chert parallel to the bedding more abun- dant neD.r the top and bottom _______ _ [12 I Massive and heavy-bedded dolomite, dark-blue at the top, grayish-blue towards thde middle >vith consid- erable chert; lower portion gr<>,yish- l blue and dark blue________________ _ 11 Gray heavy-bedded and massive dol- omite ___________________________ _ 10 Grayish-blue, heavy-bedded and massive dolomite; slightly Impure near top __________________________ _ Bottom oj quarry; section is continued along the W. and A. Railroad. I 9 White and bl~ish-fiint w~th dolomite, galena, fiounte, and bante ___________ -I 18.5 10 8 7 4.5 5 2 9 3.8 11 13.5 9 10 .5 5 202.1 183.6 173.6 165.6 158.6 154.1 149.1 147.1 138.1 134.3 123.3 109.8 100.8 90.8 85.8 256 .GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA SectionJHale Quarries, 11/2 Miles Southeast of Graysville-Continued Sample Units No. No. 8 7 6 5 4 2 1 Description of Units Total Thickness Thiclmess feet feet Gray dolomite ___ -------------------Chert containing galena ______________ _ Fine-grained massive gray dolomite____ _ Interbedded dolomite with chert ___ ~ __ _ Massive gray heavy-bedded dolomite with considerable chert throughout __ _ Massive gray fine-grained dolomite with considerable chert__________ .:_ __ _ White and blue chert_________________ _ Heavy-bedded gray dolomite with some thin. beds. k large amount of chert m thin layert:; parallel to the beddin,g wi~l;hsO~ElJ:;tQQ.:rilar chert__ _ 4.7 1.5 5.5 11.3 18.8 4 35 80.8 76.1 74.6 69.1 57.8 39 35 The following analyses show the. composition of the individual beds described in the above Section : Analyses of Dolomite from Hale Quarries Sample No. ______________ 296 297 Unit No. ________________ 22"'"-23 .. ' .'2t Lime (GaO) _____________ Magnesia (MgO) _________ Ferric oxide (Fe20a) _____ Sulphur trioxide (SOa) --Phos. pentoxide (P205) -- Silica .(Si02)---- _________ Clay bases ______________ Loss on ignition ____ ~ ____ '''' .. 28r'P2;: "31:50 16.60 18.30 1.28 .90 .03 .01 .02 .02 8..54 3.60 4.10 1.37 40.81. 44.30 . 298 299 20 124~ :Zl:c20 .: .33.12' 17.80 16.60 1.32 .92 .01 tr. .02 .02 3.40 3.43 1. 70 1.46 44~ 97 44.05 300, , 301 111 10 27.28 17.60 .90 .02 .02 11.76 .82 41.58 30.16 18.70 .68 .02 .02 4.64 1.23 44.55 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 5 Cedar Bluff (Map location Ca) .-Cegar Bluff is located on Ca- toosa Ridge at a point about three-fourths mile south of the GeorgiaTennessee line. The Bangor limestone is largely exposed from the bottom of the ridge to within 25 feet of the' .top, this upper 25 feet being Lookout sandstone. The limestone is heavy-bedded, light-blue in color, and varies so111ewhat in lithologic character. Some beds are semi-crystalline, others almost holo-crystalline, or fossiliferous. APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 257 Section f1'0m Top to Bottom> Cedar Bluff I , Total Sample Units Description of Units Thickn ss I Thickness No. No. feet feet -------l-----l---------------------------------1-------- . 302 8 7 6 Sandstone __________________________ _ Semi-crystalline gray to grayish-blue heavy-bedded and massive limestone containing archimedes sp. at the bottom _______________________ _ Concealed __________________________ _ ;;~ I ; ; ~ .303 5 Somewhat fine semi-crystalline heavy- bedded limestone; partly concealed___ _ 45 159.2 4 Cherty nodular limestone_____________ _ 8 114.2 .304 3 Gray to bluish-gray, heavy-bedded, semi-crystalline limestone; some beds fine grained near top _______ - _ 19.2 106.2 305 2 Gray to grayish-blue, heavy-bedded 1 semi-crystalline limestone ___________ _ 46.4 87 306 1 Heavy-bedded limestone somewhat variable in lithologic character; semi-crystalline at and near the bottom, above which occur fine- grained limestone succeeded by fossiliferous limestone, largely crin- oidal and semi-crystalline___________ -J 40.6 40.6 The following analyses shovv the composition of the units described 1n the above section : Analyses of Limestone f1'0n1 CedM Bluff Sample No---- ------------------ i Unit No. __ ---------------------- \ I Lime (CaO) ______________________ ! 302 I 7 I 51.10 303 I 5 53.30 .304 3 . 53.00 Magnesia (.~gO)-------~--------- 1. 95 Ferric oxide (FezOs) _____________ i .48 1. 00 .20 1.00 .66 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ----------- .00 .02 tr. Phosp Silics. horus (SiOz )p_e_n_t_o_x_i_d_e__(_P_2_0__5_)_--_-_-_-_-!\ .00 1. 76 .03 1. 80 .02 2.80 Clay Loss boanseigsn-i-ti-o-n-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_!! 2.55 42.16 .70 42.95 .64 41.88 I I ' 100.00 I 100.00 I 100.00 305 i i 306 2 1 54.44 .10 .72 .00 tr. 1.26 .62 42.86 53.95 .20 .62 .02 .03 2.24 .98 41.96 100.00 100.00 258 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA WHITFIELD COUNTY GEOLOGY CONNASAUGA SHALES AND LIMESTONES The Connasauga formation is made up largely of yellowish-green argiUaceous shales with some limestones, which reach a thickness of about 200 feet along Cedar Ridge. The ratio of silica to alumina in the sha1es is too low to make them attractive for use in the manufac;ture of Portland cement. The limestones are characterized by argillaceous intercalations and fine grain. Some of the beds contain such a high percentage of carbonaceous matter that they are blac~ in color. The content of magnesia seldom exceeds 4 per cent. 'They are 'in places chemically suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The conditions, however, which affect their commerciat 'use for this purpose, such as nearness of a suitable. shale, transportation, etc., are not favorable. This limestone will prove to be the most i~nportant commercial stone in the county for the burning 'of li~e, road metal, ballast, etc. CHICKAMAUGA FOiRMA'riON The formation to the west o:f GhattoOgata .M:ountain is made up essentially of vari-colored argillaceous shales with some few interbedded argillaceous 'limestones. The limestones are almost entirely absent to the east of this mountain, and are never of sufficient thickness to become of value for economic use. The shales are too variable in their physical character for use in the manufacture of cement. RocKWOOD FoRMATION The shales of this formation are usually interbedded with the sandstones. They' occur in great abundance to the west of Chattoo_gata Mountain, while the sandstones predominate to the east. Yellow sandy shales alie found in. the lower portion of the formation, with very few shale~ in the middle, while yellowish argillaceous shales are occasion-ally interbedded with sandstones in the ?-pper portion. The silica-alttmina ratio is either too high or too low and the sandstones are in such great abundance that the shales are seldom commercially available for use in the manufacture of cement. APPA:LACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 259 DESCRIPT:VON OF INDIVIDD AL LOCALITIES Ducketts Mill (Map location 1 Wh) .-The Connasauga limestone is exposed east of Ducketts Mill on the property of I. S. Duckett, along the south side of the Dalton-Spring Place road. The limestones are grayish-blue and dark-blue in color and thin-bedded. They are ex- posed over a horizontal distance of 360 feet. The strike is N. 11 o E., and the dip, 25 SE. The following section begins at the uppermost exposure of the limestone: Section at Ducketts J.11ill I Total Sample Unit Description of Units Thickness 1 Thickness No. No. feet feet 307 ---4--i--T-h-i_n _s_h_a-ly--an__d _h_e-avy----b-ed_d_e_d_,_d_a-rk-----l--------~~1 blue and black limestone. Shaly limestome omitted in sample_________ 12 61.5 3 Concealed___________________________ 10.2 49.5 307 2 Thin and heavy-bedded dark-blue limestone with some chert __________ _ 22.2 39.3 1 Dark-blue .and grayish-blue thin- bedded shaly limestone, approach- ing a cslcareous sh31e in places ______ _ 17.1 17.1 The following analysis shows the composition of units 2 and 4 in the above section: Analysis of Limestone {1'0111 D11r,cketts Mill (Sample No. 307) Lime (CaO) . " .................................. . MagJ:.tesia (MgO) ................................. . Fenic oxide (Fe20s) ................... ....... Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P,05) Silica (Si02) ....................... .. . Clay bases ....................................... Loss on ignition 38.78 9.40 1.46 .02 .03 6.02 2.78 41.51 100.00 260 GEOLOGICAL ~URVEY OF GEORGIA One mile 1~01-th of Ducketts 111ill (Map location 2 Wh) .-One mile north of Ducketts mill on the west side of Cedar Ridge, the dark-blue and black limestones of -the Connasauga formation are ex.posed over a vertical thickness of 110. feet. Two openings were made at this point o.n the hillside some years ago in the search for a black marble. . The limestone has been burned and used for agricultural purposes. Section from Top to Bottom} one JJffile No7'th of Ducketts Mill Sample Unit No. No. 308 2 1 Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet Thin-bedded, bluish-gray and dark- blue limestone, largely concealed; chert scatteretl. over the surface ______ _ Heavy~bedded, dark-bluish-gray and black limesbone____________________ _ 75.4 34.8 110.2 34.8 The following analysis shows the composition of unit 2 in the above section : Analysis of Lirnestmte On,e iVlile N 01'th of Dttckett.S iVIill (Sample No: ;308) Lime (OaO) ........... .................. :.. .. .. . .. . J\!Lagnesia. (MgO) ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide (Fe20 8) Sulphur trioxide (808)............................... Phosphorus pentoxide (P20") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Siliea (Si02) Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.06 5.40 .70 .01 tr. 6.40 2.89 40.54 100.00 Jet Black lV!arble Company (Map location 3 ffi\iVh).-The property of the J~t Black Marble Company is located on the west side of Cedar Ridge 11/2 miles north of Ducketts Mill. The limestone exposed at this point occurs in the Connasauga forp1ation. Several quariies were at one time prospected with the hope of locating commercial mq.rble. The limestones are somewhat massive in appearance and contain thin argillaceous intercallations. The stt'ike is N. 2 E., and the dip 15 SE. .APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 261 Section fronz Top to Bottom, Jet Black _Marble Company I I I Total Sample Unit Description of Units Thickness I Thickness No. I No. feet I fe t 1 ~~-S_o_m_e_e-xp_o_s_u-re_s_o--f_b_l_u-is-h--g-r-ay--,-fi-n-e--l----~ 309 grained limestone with chert_________ 3 ,1 Heavy-bedded ahd massi~e, bluish- 95. 2 223. 9 gray limestone, in places somewhat argillaceous_______________________ _ 69.8 128.7 310 2 Massive bluish-gray, fine-grained limestone_________________________ _ 44.8 59.8 1 Bluish-gray shale ______ ~ _____________ _ 15 15 ---------- The following analyses show the composition of the limestone m the above section : Analyses of Lim,estone, Jet Black lJJarble Company ------1--3-40_9_1',~--3-1 USamn-i-tpl_Nwo_N.:._.o___.-__-___-__-__--_-___-__-__--__-___-__-__--__-___-__-__-__--___-__-__--_-_-__-__-__-__-_-_-__-__-__-_-_-__-__-__-__-__-___ 2 - 30 - Lime (CaO) ______________________________________________ Magnesia (MgO) _________________ --- _--------------------Ferric oxide (Fez03) -------------------------------------Sulphur trioxide (S03) -----------------------------------PhosphOlllS pentoxide (Pz05)--------------------...:----~---Silica (SiOz)_______ ___ ___ __ __ ________ _____ __ _____ ___ ___ ___ Claybases--------------------------~--------------------1 Loss on ignition__________________________________________ 44. 32 j 4.40 j 1.14 I .00 1 tr. ~6. 52 3.88 39.74 42.52 4.70 1. 70 .06 tr. 6.17 6.35 38.50 1_1_0_0_0. _0_1_1_0_0_0. -0- Cedar Ridge, north of the Dalton-Dawnville 1'0ad (Map location 4 Wh) .-The limestones of the Connasauga formation are exposed at a point about one mile north of the Dalton-Dawnville road, on the west side of Cedar Ridge. The limestone appears somewhat massive, but is thin-bedded and fine grained. Certain strata are fossiliferous, containing fragments of trilobites and a specie of Girvanella m abundance. The section from top to bottom is as follows : 262 GEOLOGICAL SUR.VEY OF GEOR-GIA Section, Ceda1' Ridge, North of Dalton-Dawnville Road. Sample Unit No. No. Description of Units Total Thickness Thickness feet feet 311 3 Bluish-bla<:k, thin-bedded, fine-grained limestone. A fossiliferous zone was observed 20 feet below the top ____ 46.4 158.8 312 2 Grayish-blue, fine grained limestone thin-bedded at top and h'ottom, and heavy-bedded near the middle________ 54.4 112.4 313 1 Heavy-bedded, dark-grayish-blue and dark-blue, fine grained limestone Trilobites and Girvanella sp. found 20 feet from bottom_________________ 58 58 Yellowish-green fissile argillaceous s h a l e ______________________________ 0 0 The following analyses show the composition of the individual units described in the above section: Analyses of Limestone from Ced(JJI' Ridge. Sample No._____:--------------------------------1 311 312 313 Unit. No----------~------------------.------------ 3 2 1 . Lime (CaO)----------------~--------------------- 39.64 Magnesia (MgO) ______ ___________ ______ ___ __ ____ __ 4. 40 Ferric oxide (Fe203) ____________________ ~- ____ __ __ 1. 34 50.14 2. 20 1. 06 46.90 3.. 10 1.46 Sulphur trioxide (S03) -----------------------------------Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s)---------------------- ________ Silica (Si02)------- ____________ -~ ______ __ _________ 7. 28 Clay bases _____________________________ ---- - ___ - 3. 641 Loss on ignition_____________ _____________________ -4:3. 70 .00 tr 3. 62 1. 36 41. 62 .01 .02 6.22 2.03 40.26 ----1---- 100. oo l1oo. oo 100.00 FMw miles nMtheast of Dalton (Map location 5 Wh) .-The argillaceous yellow and green shales of the Connasauga formation are exposed at a point about four miles northeast of Dalton along the road which parallels Cedar Ridge and about l:Y2 miles east .of the. ridge. The silica-alumina ratio is low, so they cannot be 'used alone in the manufacture of cement. The strike is N. 3 E., and the dip 80 SE. .APPALACHIAK T"ALLEY AXD CUMBERLAKD PLATEAU AREAS 263 The following analysis sho1~s the composition of an average sample taken over the entire exposure of 1,000 feet along the roadside: Analyses of Shales) 4 .lvhles Northeast of Dalton (Sample No. 3.14) Moisture at 100 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina (A1,03) Ferric oxide (Fe203) Titanium dioxide (TiOJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . Silica (Si02) .67 9.82 .10 1.74 20.79 7.39 .92 56.20 97.63 Two miles due north of Dalton (Map location 6 vVh) .-Limestones of the Connasauga formation are exposed on the property of D. Puryear at a point 2 miles due north of Dalton, and only a few hundred feet east of the public road. The exposure extends over a thickness of 10 stratigraphic feet and parallels the strike for about 100 feet. The limestone will make a good road material and can be used also for the burning of an agricultural-lime. The conditions which affect development prevent its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The strike is due east and west, and the dip is to the north at a low angle. The follo,ving analysis shows the composition of an average sample taken over the entire ex.posure : Anal:;r'sis of Limestone from. D. Pu,1'year Prope1'ty (Sample No. 315) Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mag:.;.esia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fenic.: oxide (Fe20 3 ) Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 0 ) SilJca (Si02) Cl:;,y bases ..................................... : . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.14 2.20 1.06 .00 tr. 3.62 1.36. 41.62 100.00 264 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Th1'ee and one-half miles east of ~Vm-ing (Map location 7 Wh) . - Three and one-half miles ea.st of Waring and about three-fourths mile east of Coahuila Creek, the yellowish-green argillaceous shales of the Connasauga formation are exposed just west of the public road for a thickness of about 1,000 feet. The percentage of alum.ina is too high and the silica too low fortheir use in the manufacture of cement. The following analysis shows the composition of the shales at this point: Analysis iof Shales 3 1/2 111iles East of Tm-ing (Sample No. 316) Moistu.re at 100 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Lime (GaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumin-a 0 (A12 8) Ferrie oxide (F~20 3) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Titanium dioxide (Tr02) Silica (Si'O;.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 7.02 .00 1.44 21.21 7.39 1.28 60.26 99.50 Dantzler P1'operty (Map loca~ion 8 \iVh) .-The Connasauga limestone outcrops on, the propertJ of Mr. Dantzler, about one-half mile east of Praters Mill. The limest011e occupies the hill from the base to~ the top, but the exposure is not .continuous. The rather high. content of magnesia and absence of available shales will 'Prevent its use in the n.1anufacture 'of Portland cement. The stone is suitable for road metal, ballast, co~1crete, and for the manufacture of lime. The following analysis shows the average composition of the limestone at this point: Analj1sis of Limestone f1'0m Dantzle1' P1-ope1'ty (Sample No. 317) Lime (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ma.gnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferrie oxide (FezOs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphur trioxide (S03) Phosphorus pentoxide (P,OG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silica (Si:02) ...................... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.28 4.20 1.20 .02 tr. 6.40 2.45 40.45 100.00 ..APPAL.A.CHIAN VALLEY ..Al\D CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 265 MURRAY COUNTY GEOLOGY CONNASAUGA SI-L~ES AND LIMESTONES The Connasauga formation consists essentially of argillaceous shales and interbedded limestones. The limestones sometimes attain a thickness of more than 100 feet, but usually they are only a few feet in. thickness. They are fine grained, thin-bedded, grayish-blue in color, and contain many argillaceous impurities. The percentage of magnesia is usually below 5 per cent.; however, the conditions which affect their development, such as association of shales of suitable composition, fuel supply, transportation facilities, quarry openings, etc., will in all probability prevent their use in the manufacture of Portland cement in this county. The ratio of silica to alumina in the Connasauga shales is too low to make them of any value for use in the manufacture of cement. KNOX DOLOMITE The Knox dolomite occupies a large valley area extending in a general north and south direction from the Georgia-Tennessee line to a point several miles south of S.pring Place. The dolomite is in many places concealed by a thick residual soil. On account of its usual occurrence below water level it is not an easy matter to procure it for the manufacture of lime. The high percentage of magnesia is objectionable for its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. CHICKAMAUGA FoRMATION The Chickamauga formation in this county is made up of vancolored argillaceous shales and sandstones, while limestones are almost entirely absent. The variable character of the shales renders them unattractive for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. The limestones and shales occur only in the western portion of Murray County in the Great Appalachian Valley area. The shales do not fulfill the requirements for the manufacture of Portland cement, while the limestones are so seldom exposed over a thickness sufficient for economic development that it was not thought advisable to sample any individual localities. 266 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA GORDON COUNTY GEOLOGY CoNN.As.AUGA SHALES AND LIMESTONEs The Connasauga formation in Gordon County is essentially the same as in Murray County described above. The most important calcareous and argillaceous materials found in this county, and those which will prove to be of the greatest commercial importance, are found in the Connasauga formation. They are of value for use as road' metal, ballast, and for the local manufacture of lime for agricultural pur~oses. They carry a content of magnesia well within the limits prescribed for use in the manufacture of Portland cement, ye~ the. cpn,qitions which affect their development, such as available shales, fuel supply, etc., will prevent their use .for this purpose i~ the immediate future. The ratio of the silica to the alumina in the shales is too low to make them of value for use in the manufacture of cement. KNOX DOLOMITE The high percentage of niagnesia contained in the Knox dolomite 1s objectionable for its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. This rock can be best used for road material. DESORIPTrGN OF INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIES 01ie mile southeast of Fairmount (Map location 1 G) .-One mile or s:outheast of Fairmount on the north side the Tennessee road and immediately north of the -bridge over Sallocoa Creek, the limestones and shales of the Connasauga formation are exposed. The limestones at thi~ point have a thickness of more than 100 feet. They are dark - grayish-blue, fine-grained and often semi-crystalline and contain many argillaceous intercalations with some seco~dary calcite in veins. The strike is N. 10 W., and the dip 20.0 NE. The following analysis shows the composition of al?- average sam- ple taken over the entire ex~osure at this point: A1~alysis of Limestone One Mile Southeast of Farirwwunt (Sample No. 318) Lil.ne (OaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.20 lV.ragnesia (MgO) . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.46 .APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 267 F01rie oxide (Fe20 3) ._. Sulphur trioxide (803) __ __ Phosphorus pentoxide (P 02 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sil~ca (SiO,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cls.y bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 .00 tr. 2.76 3.14 43.04 100.00 One mfle southwest of Fainnount (Map location 2 G) .-One mile southwest of Fairmount and on the north side of the Fairmount-Adairs- ville public road, limestones of the Connasauga formation are exposed over about 30 stratigraphic feet. These limestones are interbedded with some few argillaceous shales. They are thin-bedded with a some- what massive appearance, dark-blue in color, fine-grained with some laminae o.f clayey impurities. One mile northeast of Pine Log Creel:r- (Map location 3 G) .-Lime- stones and shales of the Connasauga formation outcrop about one mile northeast of Pine Log Creek, on the Fairmount-Adairsville public road. The limestones are poorly exposed so that it is difficult to get an average sample over their entire thickness. They resemble in lithologic character the limestones which occur elsewhere in this forma- tion in this vicinity. BARTOW COUNTY GEOLOGY BEAVER LIMESTONE The Beaver limestone in Bartow County is largely concealed and is usually valley-forming. In the few exposures which occur the lime- stone is grayish-blue, semi-crystalline and massive. It can be best used in the focal construction of roads. On account of the conditions which affect its development it will seldom be commercially available for lime while the high percentage of magnesia makes it objectionable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. RoME FoRMATION The Rome formation is made up essentially of vari-colored argillaceous shades with some sandstones. The variable character of the shales and their low, silica-alumina ratio make them unattractive for use in the manufacture of Portland cement. ~68 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA CONNASAUGA SHALES AND LIMESTONES The Connasauga formation consists essentially of argillaceous shales with some interb~dded lhnestones. The limestones. can be used for road metal, ballast, concret.e, and lime. The content of Magnesia is usually below 4 per cent., and in some 'Places there is no serious objection chemically against its use in the manufacture of Portland cement. However, the fact that not only the shales of this formation, but also those in adjacent formations, have a silica-alumina ratio considerably below 3 to 1 make the conditions unfavorable for the successful operation of a cement plant. KNox DoLOMITE The Knox dolomite in Bartow County is usually exposed only in the upper portion of the formation. This portion Qf the formation contains much chert which is found both as layers and as nodules. The crushed dolomite can be used for road metal, ballast, concrete, fluxing, etc. The burned stone makes a: highgrade lime. The high percentage of n1agnesia prohibits its use in the manufacture of Portland cement, but at the same time there ;;tre certain beds which will make an excell:ent na:tura:l' :ce1nent~' CHICKAMAUGA LIMESTONES .A.ND RocKMART SHALES In the extreme southwest ,.p.orfioi1 of the country there are some exposures of the. Chicamauga limestone and the Rockmart shales. The limestone is valley forming and the conditions whic~ affect its development prevent its use in this county in the manufacture of Portland cement. The Rockmart shales are eminently suitable 111 every way as a mix in the manufacture of Portland cement. DESORIPTI:ON OF INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIE8 Two miles so,uth of Sophia (Ma'P location 1 B) .-The Beaver limestone is exposed at a point about two miles south of Sophia, on the east side .of the road between Sophia and Grassdale. The limestone outcrops over a stratigraphic thickness of about 30 feet and is overla~n by shales of the Rome formation. The limestone is heavy-bedded and massive, semi-crystalline, and of a gray-blue to dark-blue color. The shales which overlie the APPALACHIAN VALLEY AND CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AREAS 269 limestone are considerably metamorphosed and contain much secondary amorphous quartz in the form of stringers. The shales are characteristically fissile and of variegated color. The rocks strike N. 78 E., and dip 20 NW. The following analyses show the .chemical composition of this limestone and shale: Anal)'Ses of Limestone and Shale} 2 J}1iles South of Sophia I I . Limestone I Shale Sample No.____________________________________________ 319 320 ------------------------------------------4--------,1 ------ Moisture at 100 C _____________________________________ ----------1I .80 L oss on 1. gmt10n ___________ -. ______________________________________ I ~1 . 70 Lime (CaO)____________________________________________ 30.30 .44 Magnesia (MgO)______ __ ___ ___ ___ ____ ____ _______________ 19.56 2. 90 Alumina (AlzOs) ______ --- ___________ - _-- _------ __ -- _~- __ -- __ -_----I1 29. 44 Ferric oxide (Fe:.aOs)---'----------------------------------1 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ___________________ --- ____ - ------ ~~ Phosphorus pentoxide (P205)---------------------------Silica (Si02)-------------------------------------------Soda (Na20) ______________________________ - ____ ____ ____ 1.26 I 6.80 1-------- .00 I_------- .02 1. 76 1 48.64 . 08 1 1. 22 i Potash (K20)------------------------------------------ .10 1 1.48 Manganese (MnO) _____________________________ --- _-- __ - _----- - -- tr. 1-------- Titanium dioxide (Ti02) _________________________________________ -I .82 Clay bases_____________ -------------------------------- . 78 Loss on ignition--------~-------------------------------- 46.14 _______ _ 1 I 1 100. oo Iroo. oo Folsom (Map location 2 B) .--At a point several hundred feet west of Cedar .Creek and just north of the Adairsville-Fairmount public road a dark-blue, heavy-bedded somewhat fine-grained limestone of the Connasauga formation is exposed over a stratigraphic thickness of from 50 to 75 feet. The limestone occupies a small hill and extends from the base to the t~p of the hill, a verti Lada Lt111;e Co4Ytp7lny Sample N and the rest of the time in water, shall develop tensile strength per square inch as follows: Pounds. t After days-------------------,----------------------- 500 After 28 days______ ----------------------------------- 600 8. Briquets made up of 1 part cement and 3 parts standard Ottawa sand, by weight, shall develop tensile .strength per square inch as follows: Pounds. After 7 days__________________________________________ 200 After 28 days----------------------------------------- 275 9. The average of the tensile strength developed at each age by the briquets in any set made from one sample is to be considered the strength of the sample at that age, excluding any results that are manifestly faulty. ' 1United States Government specification for Portland Cement: Cir. Bur. Standards No. 33, U. S. Dept. Com. and Labor, M-ay 1, 1912. APPENDIX 281 10. The average strength of the sand-mortar briquets at 28 days shall show an increase over the average strength at 7 days. Brand.-11. Bids for furnishing cement or for doing work in which cement is to be-used shall state the brand of cement proposed to be furnished and the mill at which made. The right is reserved to reject any cement which has not establis'hed itself as a high-grade Po.rtland cewent and has not been made by the same mill for two years and given satisfaction in use for at least one year under climatic and other conditions at least eq11al in severity to those of the work proposed. Packages.-12.. The cement shall be delivered in sacks, barrels, or ethel' suitable packages (to be speci:fied by the engineer), and shall be dry and free from lumps. Each package shall be plainly labelt=ld with the name of the brand and of the manufacturer. 13. A sack of cement shall contain 94 pounds net. A barrel sl1all contain 376 pounds net. Any package that is short weight or broken or that contains damaged cement may be rejected, or accepted as a fractional package, at the 'Option of the engineer. Inspection.-14. The cement shall be tested in accol'dance with the standard methods hereinafter prescribed . In general the cement wiH be inspected and tested after deliYery, but partial or complete inspection at the mill may be ca1led for in the speci:fications or contract. Tests may be ma.de to, determine the chemical composition, specific gravity, :fineness, soundness, time of setting, and tensile strength, and a cement may be rejected in case it fails to meet any Qf tbe specified requirements. i1.n agent of the contractor may be present at the making of the tests or they may be repeated in his rresence, 15. In case of failure of any of the tests, and if the contractor so desires, the engineer may, :if l1e deem it to the interest of the United States, have any or all of the tests made or repeated by the Bureau of Standards, United States Department of Commerce and Lal)or, in the manner hereinafter specified, all expenses of such tests to be paid by the contractor. .:\11 such tests shall be made on samples furnished by the engineer. After these articles of specification the subject is continued in detail in the Bureau of Standards circular under the heads. "Standard methods of testing," "Methods of chemical analysis." "Interpretation of results," and "Auxiliary specifications," the last being mainly Bureau of Standards specifications for certain apparatus to be used in making tests. Under "Interpretation of results" a number of points are discussed that are of great importance 111 connection with the specifications quoted above. INTERPRETA'rJON OF RESDLTS.1 CHEMICAL. The composition of norma) Portland cement has been the subject of a great deal of investigation, and it can be said that the quantities of silica, alumina, 1Circ. Bur. Standards No, 33, U. S. Dept. Commerce and Labor, May 1, 1912. 282 APPENDIX oxide of iron, lime, magnesia, and sulphuric anhydride can vary within fairly wide limits without materially affecting the quality of the material. A normal American Po.rtland cement which meets the standard specifications for soundness, setting time, and tensile strength has an approximate composition within the following limits: Per cent. Silica (Si02) ----------------'-------------------- 19-25 Alumina (Al 02 3 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' - - 5-9 Iron oxide (Fe 02 8 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lime (CaO) ~------------------------~---~------Magnesia (MgO) ______________________.:_________ 2--4 60-64 1--4 Sulphur trioxide (803) -------------.,-------------- 1-1.75 Loss on ignition_________________________________ 0.5-3.00 Insoluble residue --'-~--------------------------- 0.1-1.00 It is also true that a number of cements have been made both here and abroad which have passed all standard physical tests in which these limits have been exceeded in one or more particulars, and it is equally true that a sound and satisfa.ctory cement does not necessarily result from th~ above composition. It is probable that further investigation will give a clearer understanding of t'he constitution of Portland cement, but at pre-sent chemical analysis furnishes but little indication of the quality of the material. Defective cement usually results from imperfect m::mufadure, not from faulty composition. Cement made from \rery :finely ground material, thoroughly mixed and properly burned, may be perfectly sound when containing more than the usual quantity of lime, while a cement low in lime may be entirely unsound due to carelEiss manufactur-e. 'Fh'e ana;lysis of a cement will show the unirorniity in com-position of the produ.ct from individual m:ills, but will furnish little or no indication of the qualit;y of the material. Occasio'llal analysis slibuld, however, be made for record and to determine the quantity of su-lp'huric anhydride and magnesia present. The ground clinker as it comes from the mill is usually quick setting which requires correction. This is usually accomplished by the. addition of a small quantity of mor.e or less hydrated calcium sulphate, either gypsum or plaster of Paris. Experiep.ce and practice have. shown that an addition of 3 per cent. or less is sufficient for the purpose. Three per cent. of calcium sulphate (CaS04) contain& about 1.75 per cent. sulphuric anhydride (SOa), and as this has been considered the maximum quantity necessary to control time of s~t, the specification limits the 803 content to 1.75 per cent. The specification prohibits the addition of any material subsequent to calcination except the 3 per cent. of calcium sulphate permitted to regulate time of set. Other additions may be d.i:fficult or impossible to detect even by a careful mill inspection during the process of manufacture, but as the normal adulterant would be ground raw material, an excess of "insolubie residne" would reveal the addition of siliceous material, and an excess in "lo-ss on ignition'' would point to the addition of calcareous material when either is p.dded in sufficient quantity to make the adulteration profitable. APPENDIX 283 The effect of relatively small quantities of magnesia (MgO) in normal Portland cement, while still under investigation, can be considered harmless. Earlier investigators believed that as magnesia had a slower rate of hydration than lime, the hydration of any free magnesia (MgO) present would occur after the -cement had set and cause disintegration. The effect of magnesia was considered especially injurious when the cement was exposed to the action of sea water. More recent investigation has shown that cement can be made which is perfectly sound undet all conditions when containing 5 per cent. of magnesia and it has also been found that the lime in Portland cement exposed to sea water is replaced by magnesia. The maximum limit for magne8ia has been set at 4 per cent., as it has been established that this quantity is not injurious and it is high enough to permit the use of large quantities of raw material available in most sections of the Country. PHYSICAL. Specific gTavity.-The specific gravity is obtained from the formula: Weight of cement in grams. Specific gravity= Displaced volume in cubic centimeters. The specific gra.-ity of a Portland cement is not an indication of its cementing value. It will vary with the constituents of the cement, especially with the content of iron oxide. Thus the white or very li~ht Portland cements, containing only a fraction of a per cent. of iron oxide, usually have a comparatively low specific gravity ranging from 3.05 to 3.15, while a cement cont'llining. 3 to 4 per cent. or more of iron oxide may :n::,ve a specific gravity of 3.20 or even higher. It is materially affected by the temperature and duration of burning the cement, the hard-hurned cemeUL having the higher specific gravity. A comparatively low specific gravity does not necessarily indicate that a cement is underburned or adulterated, as large percentages of raw materials could be added to a cement with a normally high specific gra-vity befo.re the gravity would be xed11Ced below 3.10. If a Portland cement fresh Tom the mill normally has a comparativeJy low specific gravity, upon aging it may absorb sufficient moisture and carbon dioxide to reduce the gnvit:y below 3.10. It has been found that this does not appreciably affect the .cementing value of the material; in fact, many cements are unsound until they have been aged. Thus a redetermin:ttion is permitted upon a sample heated to a temperature sufficient to drive off any moisture >vhicb might be absorbed by the cement subsequent to manufacturing, but would not drive off any carbon dioxide nor correct underburning i:J. the process of manufacturing the cement. The value of the specific gravity determination lies in the fact that jt is easily made in the :field or laboratory, and when the normal specific gravity of the cement is known, any considerable variation in quality due to unde.rburning or the addition of foreign materials may be detected. Fineness.-Only the extremely :fine powder of cement called flour possesses appreciable cementing qualities and the coarser particles are practically :inert. No sieve is fine enough to determine the flour in a cement, nor is there any 0ther means of accurately and practically measuri1Jg the :flour. Some cements 284 APPENDIX grind ea-sier than others; thus, although a larger percentage of one cement may pass'the 200-mesh sieve than another, the former may have a smaller percentage of actual :flour due to the difference in the hardness and the character of the clinker and the method used in grinding. Thus the cementing value of different cements can not be compared directly upon their apparent fineness through a 200-mesh sieve. With cement from the same mill, with similar clinker and grinding machinery, however, it is propable that the greater the percentage which passes the 200-mesh sieve the greater the percentage of flour in that particular cement. No1mal consistency.-The quantity of water used in making the paste from which the pats for SO'\.mdness, tests of setting, and the briquets. are made is very important and may vitally affect the results obtain:Jd. The determination consists in measuring the quantity of water required to bring a cement to a certain state of plasticity. In determining the noxma;t consistency by the ball method, aftex mixing the paste it should be for:tned into a ball with as little worldng as possible and a new batch of cement should be mixed for each trial paste. .In orde.r to obtain just the requisite quantity of paste .to for:tn a ball 2 inches in diameter, a measure made from a pipe with a 2-inch inside diameter cut Ph inches long would be found convenient. The sectioR of pipe should be open at bot'h ends, so that it can be pushed down into the paste on the mixing. table and the excess paste cut off wit"h a trowel. The appearance of the ball, using the correct percentage of water for normal consistency as compa1ed with a less and g.reaier quantity of water, is. [illustrated in the Bureau of Standards circular]. Mixin'fj'::;;--The homogeneity of the cement paste is dependent upon the thoro1ig{I.Jiess of the 'mbdng, and this may. have considerable infl.nence upon the time of SE;Jtting and the strength Of the briq1.1ets. Soiina1ie.sis;__:Th:e pul'p6Se bf' th:1s test is to detect those qualities in a cement which tend to destroy the strength and durability. Ur.soundness is usually manifested by a change in volume, w'hic'h causes cracking, swelling, or disintegration. If the pat is not properly made, or if it is p}aced where it w~ll be subject to any drying during the fir.st .24 hours, it may develop what are known as shrinkage cracks, which are. not an indication of unsoundness. and Should not be confused with disintegration cracks. * * * No shrinkage cracks should develop after the first 24 or 28 hours. The .failure of the pats to remain on the glass nor the cracking of the glass to which t'he pat is attached does not necessarily indicate unsoundness. In molding the pats the. cement paste should first be :flattened on the glass. and the pat formed by drawing the trowel from the outer edge toward the center. * * * Time of setting.-The purpose of this test is to determine the time which elapses from t'he moment water is added until the paste ceases to be plastic and the time required for it to obtain a certain degree of hardness. The determination of the "initial set," or when plasticity ceases, is. t.he more important, as a disturbance of the material after this time may eause a loss of strength, and thus jt is important that the mi:x:ing and molding o-r the incorporating of the material into tlie work be accomplis.hed within this time. The time of setting is usually determined upon one of the pats which is to be used for the APPENDIX 285 soundness test, the top surface being flattened somevvhat. * * * In using the Gillmore needies care should be taken to apply the needles in a vertical position and perpendicular to the surface of the pat. An arrangment [has been perfected] for mounting the Gillmore needles so that they are always perpendicular to the surface of the pat. 'fhe rate of r:;etting and hardeni.,., g may be materially affected by slight changes in temperature. The percentage of water used in gaging and the humidity of the moigt closet in which the test pieces are _.stored may also affect the setting somewhat. Tensile tests.-Consistent results can only be obtained by exercising great care in molding and testing the briquets. The correct method of filling the mold [is illustrated in the circular]. In testing, the sides of the briquet and the clips should be thoroughly cleaned and free from grains of sand or dirt, which would prevent a good bearing, and the briquet should be carefully centered in the clips so as to avoid cross strains. It 'may be considered good laboratory practice if the individual briquets of any set do not show a greater .-ariation from the mean Yalue than 8 per cent. for sanJ mixtures and 12 per eedt. for neat mixtures. INDEX Page A Ada, Oklahoma, analyses of raw materials and cement from___________________ 71 Advantages of hydrated lime_______________ 24 Akin, Paul F., property oL---------~---277-278 Analysis of dolomite from______________ 278 Section of exposure_____________________ 278 Alabama, cement development in__________.68-70 Alabama Portland Cement Company________ 70 Alamo Cement Company-------------------- 72 Analysis of cement from________________ 72 AAlmuimcainlooluas Mshaarlbelse --q-u-a-r-r-ie--s_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 12277 . Analysis of marble from----------------, 12Z Ap1son shale -------------------------------~6-81 General distribution of__________________ 86 Lithologic character oL________________ 86 Paleontology of ------------------------ 87 Appalachian mountains, geology of- _______82-83 Limestones and cement materials oL-115128 Physiography of ------------------------ 75 Structure of ----------------------------77-78 Appalachian valley and Cumberland plateau, geology of ------------------------83-108 Limestones and cement materials oL-1'29278 Physiography of -----------------------7577 Structure of ---------------------------- 78 Appendix --------------------------------279-285 Aragon Springs --------------------------154155 Analysis of limestone from______________ 155 AragAonnalsytsaitsioonf l-i-m-e-s-t-o-n--e--f-ro--m--__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 115544 Argillaceous limes ------------------------- 23 Armuchee chert -------------------------100101 Areal distribution oL ________________l00-101 Lithologic character oL ________________ 101 Paleontology of ----~------------------- 101 Aspdin, John -----------------------------32, 33 AtLanta Steel Company, analyses of dolo- mites and limestones used by______ 6 Atlantic and Gulf Portland Cement Qo___6970 Analyses of raw materials and cement from -------------------------------- 69 Attix, J. C., cited-------------------------- 36 B BaldAnMaloyusnistaionf -l-im--e-"st-o--n-e--f-r-o--m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_8_4__-118855 Bald Mountain Portland Cement Co_____15G157 Analyses of limestone from_____________ 157 BaldSuesc, tiConharolnes, --d-a-t-a--f-u-r-n-i-s-h-e-d---b-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 15772 Ballast ------------------------- __ ---- -----1112 Bangor formation -----105-107, 181-182, 199200, Areal distribution of- ____________2_2_0_,__2_4_6-214075 Lithologic character oL--------------105-106 Paleontology of ---------------------106-107 Bartow County --------------------------267278 Description of individual localities in '268-278 BassG, eHoleongryy, ofpr-o-p-e--r-ty---o--f--_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_2_6_7__-216684 Analysis of limestone from ______________ 164 Page BeacAhnaClyreseeks -o-f --li-m--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro--m--__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 117711 Section on ----------------------------- 171 Beaver limestone _____________85-86, 129, 159, 267 Areal .distribution of____________________ 86 Lithologic character of-________________ 86 Big PCaleedoanrtoCloregeyk -e-x-p--o-s-u-r-e-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-1-6-6-16867 Analyses of limestone from _____________ 167 Big Texas Valley---------------------------- 176 "Billy Walker" quarry-------------------111-112 Analysis of dolomite from_______________ 112 Section of ------------------------------ 111 Binford, 0. J., data furnished by___________ 74 Blast furnace flux___________________________ 34 Blast furnace slag, specifications for_______ 58 Bleininger, Albert Victor, quoted__________37-38 BowAernsalygsaeps -o-f--li-m--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro--m--_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 224411 Section at ------------------------------ 241 Bowron, W. M., cited--------------------36, 275 Brandenburg, Ky., analysis of lithographic stone from ------------------------- 16 Brigham, S. Y., cited----------------------- o5 Brown, G. S., analyses furnished by________ 65 Brum property ----------------------------- 237 ~na~yses of limestone from ____________ ~ 2~Z ..,ectlon on ----------------------------- 2;,1 Buckhorn Portland Cement Company_______ 65 Analyses of raw materials and cement from ------------------------------- 65 Buckles limestone quarry------------------- 182 Analysis of limestone from______________ 182 Buehler, H. A., cited_______________________ '21 BBuurilcdhianrgd, stEo.nesF.,--q--u-o-t-e-d-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-9-,-4-0-4112 Butts, Charles, cited ----------------------- 91 c Calcareous cement materials---------------42-44 Calcareous shales --------------------------- 28 Calcium carbide --------------------------- 10 Calcium chloride --------------------------- 10 Calculation of cement mixtures___________ -47-49 Cambrian ----------------------------------83-90 Cambro-Ordovician ------------------------9192 Carbonaceous shales ------------------------ 28 Carbonic acid gas -------------------------10-11 Carboniferous ---------------------------102-108 Carmichael-Bradford process --------------- 8 Carpenter, Franklin P., quoted_____________ 7 Cassandra, one-half mile west oL ___________ 242 Section of exposure_____________________ 242 Cassandra, 1~ miles northwest of_ _________ 243 Analyses of limestone from______:_______ 243 Section of exposure_____________________ 243 CatlAetntalyGsaisp orfoalidm--e-s-to--n-e--f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- '222288 Section along -------------------------- 228 Catoosa County -------------------------245-257 Description of individual localities in :247-257 Geology of --------------------------245-247 Cave Spring, analyses of dolomite and soil in vicinity oL_______________________ 15 "288 INDEX Page "CedaArnaBllyusfefs -o--f--l-im---e-s-t-o-n-e---f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_2__5_6_-_'225577 "CedSarecGtiroonve,of2 -m--i-l-e-s--s-o-u-t-h-w--e-s-t--o-f---__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 225470 Analysis of limestone from ______________ 240 "CedaArnaPloysienst o-f---l-im--e--s-to--n-e---f-ro--m--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_1_9_6__-119977 Section at ----------------------------- 197 "CedaArnaRly.isdegs(l o-f--l-i-m--e-s-t-o-n-e---f-r-o-m--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_'_2_6__1_-226622 ..CedaSretcotwionn, ovnici-n-i-t-y---o-f_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 1256S2 Analysis of limestone from______________ 158 Cement development in the Southern SLates59-74 Cemen:ts, .evolution oL---------------------32-33 ~Gartauprpalle r - --------------------~-----------------------------------------33 - 31 38 Oxychloride ---------------------------~ 59 Portland -------------------------------41-58 Puzzolan ------------------------------- 58 Cement materials, argillaceoUS-------~~----44-45 Calcareous -----------------------------42-44 Determination of quality of_ __________ -49-50 Determination of quantity of- _________50-51 Cement mixtures, calculation of_ ________-47-49 Chamberlain, R.. P., analysis bY----~------ 71 Chattanooga black shale-------------~~--101-102 Areal distribution oL-----------------~- 101 Lithologic character of_ ______________lDl-102 C h aPt taaln' eooongt oal odgiys t r i-c-t-, --c-o-a-l-s--o--f-- -_-_-_-__-_~_-_-_-_-_-_--521-5032 Analyses of coal from----------------~- 53 Chattooga County -------------------~---179-199 Description of individual localities in.182-199 Geology of ---------------------"----179-182 ,Cherbkee County --------------------------- 128 Description of individual localitieS' in__ 1'28 'ChicGkeaomloaguyga ofCe-m--e-n-t---C-o-m~-p-a-n--y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-2-2-0-212268 Analyses of "hydrated portland lime" maae Ana4yses by of ------~~-:-~'------------------raw,.nlaterhils 'from_~-'-'---- 225. 324.- Conditions affecting development 6L_222-224 Geologic relations ----------------~--2'21-222 Hydrated lime manufactured bY----~--- 225 N.atura'l cement manufactured by____225;226 Section of quarries oL---------------222-223 Winning and preparation of raw mate- rials -----------------------------224-225 'Chickaniaug,a fonnation ---------93-97, 130-131; 161-162, 180, 199, 219, 24p, 258, 265 Areal distribution oL------------------94-95 JJithologic character of- _______________95-96 Paleo~tology of --------------'---------96-97 -chickamauga limestone -------------------96-130 Chickamauga limestone and Rockmart shaleS' 2~1! Choctaw Portland Cement Works__________ 71 Analyses of raw materials and cement Clark, Cfr.anM" ., -a-n-a--ly-s-e-s---b-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-3-6-, 22752 '()lays _-------------------------------------25-26 Chemical character , of-_________________ 26 POhriygsiincaol f c-h-a-r-a-c-t-e-r---o-f_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 25 Z6 Uses of in manufacture of Portland ce- {Jlifford nLleimnte a-n--d--S-t-o-n-e---C-o-m--p-a-n--y-~--------------2-7-6--27475 Analyses of dolomite from_____________ 277 Development of ------------------------ 277 Geologic relations oL-----------------'-- 276 Clinchfield Port1and Cement Corporation__66-67 Analyses of raw materialS' and cement . Coals acfrcoemssib-l-e- -t-o- - ------ ~orth - -G-e--o-r-g-ia--_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-5-2-5637 Coals; analyses cf----------------------53, 54, 55 Common limes, classification of- __________21-23 Concrete ------------------------------------ 12 Page Connasauga shales and limestones_SS-90, 159-160, 179-180, 219, 246, 258, 266, '268 Areal distribution oL~-----------------88-89 Lithologic character of_________________ 89 Paleontology of ------------------------ 90 Continuous kilns -------------------------- 19 Copeland, 2% miles southwest of_______235-236 Analysis of shale from_________________ 23G Copla~' Cement Company___________________ 33 Copper smelting ------------------------- 6-8 CouAltenralypsrisopoefrtlyime-s-t-o-n--e--f-ro--m-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 224400 Crushed limestone -------------------------11-12 CrysAtanlalMysaersbl6ef OmoamrpbalenYfr-o-r-i-:L--_-_---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_1__2_3_-11224 Section in quarry of_ ___________________ 123 Crystal Spring, 1% mile northwest oL ___190-191 Analyses of limestone and shale from__ 191 Cumberland Plateau, Geology oL _________83-108 Physiography of ------------------------ 77 Structure of ---------------------------- 78 Cummings, Uriah, cited -----------------36, 275 Q.uoted ---------------------------------- 32 Cyan amid ---------------------------------- 10 D Dade County ----~------------------------199-218 Description of individual 'localities in_201-218 Geology of ---------~-----------------199-200 ballas, Texas, analyses of raw materials and Daltcoenm, e4ntmfirloesm n-o-r-th--e-a-s-t--o-f-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-2-5-2-26733 Analysis of shale from __ ~-------------- 263 'I'wo miles due north oL _______________ 263 Analysis of limestone from_____________ 263 DanAtznlearlypsirsopoefrtylim-e-s-t-o-n-e---f-ro--m--_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 226644 Davis, J. Scott, property .oL_______________ 16fl Analysis. of limestone ofrbm_____________ 169 Davis; ..'vV.-...s., .ana1yses ,fV.rnished by______68, 148 Data supplied by ---------------------- 149 Davitte property ----~----------~-------155-156 Anal:)'ses of limestone from----~-~------ 156 Section on -~~------~-~----------------- 155 Daw, A. W., cited--------------------------- 36 Day, A. L., and Shepherd, E. S., cited___39, 41 DealQ, uCot.edL.-,--M--a-n-u-f-a-c--tu--ri-n-g---C-o--m-p--a-n-y-_-_-_-_-l~t2--11440 Analysis of limestone from______________ 114 Conditions affecting development_ ______ 113 Development ---------------------------- 113 Section of guarries-------------------112-113 Deatons iron ore pit---------------------157-158 Analysis of limestone from______________ 158 Detroit Marble Company__________________120-121 Analysis of marble from______________100-102 Dewey, OkLa., analyses of raw materials and cement from --------------------------- 71 Dewey Portland Cement CompanY-~------70-71 Analyses of raw materials a1id cenient DickAenyafplryrosonip