A preliminary report on the underground waters of Georgia

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA
S. W. McCALLIE, Slate Geologist
BULLETIN No. 15
A PRELIMINARY REPORT
ON THE
UNDERGROUND WATERS
OF :i" .
"
GEORGIA
BY
S . W, McCALLIE
S tate Geologia, PREPARED IN COOPERATI ON WITH THE UNITED STATES
GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY
1908

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'THE ADVISORY BOARD

Geological Survey of Georgia
in the Year 1908

Ex-Officio) HIS EXCELLENCY, HOKE SMITH, Governor of Georgia
PRES!DENT OF THE BOARD

RON. T. G. HUDSON HON. J. M. POUND HON. R. E. PARK HON. W. A. WRIGHT HON. JOHN C_ HART

Commissioner of Agriculture Commissioner of Public Schools
State Treasurer Comptroller-General
- Attorney-General .

.l\.ll 12 ,gl)O
ATLANTA, GA.
THE FRANKLIN-TURNER COMPANY
PRINTERS, PUBI.ISHE;RS, BINDERS
1908

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA,
Atlanta, March 17, 1908. To His Excel/ellcy, HOKE SMITH, Governor and Preside"t of the
Advisory Board of the Geological S1trvey of Georgia. SIR: - I have the honor to transmit herewith my report on the 'underground waters of Georgia, to be published as Bulletin No. 15 of this Survey. It will be noticed, in the prefatory note on another page, that this report was submitted for publication in 1905; but, owing to the strenuous duties and ill health of my predecessor, it !has been delayed until the present. This delay, however, does not materially affect the usefulness of the report.
Very respectfully yours,
S. W. MCCALLIE,
State Geologist.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

P age

ADVISORY BOARD

3

LE'lTER OF T RANSM IT'tAt. .. . . . . . . .. . . . .

5

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . ..... ... . . . . .

II

PRtFA'J'ORY NOTE ......... . . ... ... . .. .. .. . ..

15

C H APTR I INTRODUCTORy ... . .. .. . .. .. .... ..... ......
General Conditions Governing the Amou nt of vVater taken up by Soils ........................................................ . Porosity of the Soils ..... . .... .. ................... . Effect of Surface Inclination .... . . .......................... . Rate of Precipitation ....... . ........ . .................. . ... . Surface Evaporation ...... . . ... . .... . ........ . ............. .
Distribution of the Rainfall Absorbed by the Soils ... . ...... .. ... .

I7-22
17-20
17-18 19 19
20 20-22

CHAPTER II PHYS IOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA .... . ..........
The Coastal Plain ... .. . . ...... . ................................ . The P iedmont P lateau .... . . .. ... ... ... . ...... . ........ . ........ . Th e Appalach ian Mountains .... .. ................. . . . .. .. ...... The Appalachian Valley . ...... .... ..... ..... . .... . ............. . The Cumberland Plateau ...... .. . .. . .. .... . . . ..... . .. . . .. ...... .

23-28
23- 24
24-25 25-26 26-2 7
27

CHAPTER I II GEOLOGy . . ....... .. . .. . . . .
Pleistocene ............. . ... ...... ... .. .......... ... .. . ........ Columbia .............. . . ............. . .......... . ... . . .
Pliocene .......... . ........ . .. . ... . . . .. . .. .. . ... .. ............ Lafayette . ..... . ....... .. ........... . ... . . ... . ... .. ... . . '"
Mioc~ne ...................................... . ... .. ........... The Altamaha Grit.... ...... ...... . ..... . .............. . ... . The Chattahoochee Formation . ............. . ... .. ....... .. . .
Eocene ...... . .. .. ............................ ... .... . .. .. .... The Vicksburg-J ackson Limestone ..... .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . ..... The Claiborne . . .. . .. .. ... .. . .. . . ... .. ... . . . .. . . .. . .. ... . The Midway-Sabine .... . ... . .. . ...... ... . .. .. . . . ... . ...
Cretaceous .. . .. . ....... .. .. . ...................... ... .. . .... The Ripley ... .... ... ... .. .. . .... . ..... " .... " .... .. ...... . The E utaw and the Tuscaloosa or Potomac . ... .. . . . .. . ...... .
Carboniferous ......... . ......... . ... . ...... . ... . ... . ..... Devonian

29-39
29-30
29-30
30-31 30-31 31-32 31-32
32 32-35
33 33-34 34-35 35-36
36 36 36-37 37

8

CONTENTS

Page

Silurian .... , ... . ..... . .... .. .. . . .. ...... . ... ... .. . .... .. .. 37-38

Cambrian .................. .. ....................... , ...... . . ,. 38

Crystalline ...... . .~') :". :'~. ~.... ::). :~j '..0 ~..-::, ; .~: ..... . . .

39

CRAP'l'ER IV GENERAl. NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE SEV-

ERAL GEOLOGICAL FORMA'l'I01nr OP THE STATE . .. ... . ..

The Columbia ..... . ...... ... .. .. .. .. .......... . . .. ..... .. ...... 40-42

."," The Lafayette . ...... . ........ . ... .. . . . . ......... . .... . . .. . j "

42

The Pliocene' : .. : ... :: . ~::.: ... : . : ... :: .: . ::::: .. :: . ... . ........ ~-43

1'1}e. Mi9c~I)t: . ; : ' : ' .. , .. ~ . . .. , . ~ ... ~ . . .. .... .. ! .. .. .. . . . ...... J , ' f' 143 The Eocene ............... .. . .. .... .. . .. . ..... ' ,' ..... . . ~ . ,_ . T." ,43.

The' C\"etac~olJs .. : : ... :::: :: . . ... : . . . ~ : .: : . : . . : : .... . . ,_ .. . . . . . 44-45

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~he Crys,talline Rocks .... " .. , ..... .. ...... . .... ...... '... : ', .": .. 'r 45-46 The Paleozoic Rocks . . . . . ... .. .. . .. . ......... . . .. ........ ....... .. 46-47

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CHAPTER V THE MINERAL CONS'tiTUl.:;NTS OF THE DEEP WELL W.ATER ~ OF

THE COASTAL PLAIN .. . .. . .. : . . . .' . ..' .... .. ; : . 48-49

CHAPTER VI DETAILED DESCRIP'l'ION OF THE UNDERGROUND . WATERS OF

, '

THE CoASTAL PLAIN BY COUNTIES. 1
Appling County ......... .. . .... : ... : .. : .. ... . . . .. .. . .......... .

Baker County . . .. .. ....... . .. ... : ............. .. . ... . . . . ..

Berrien County ...... .. . . .. . ............. . .. . . ... . . ...

Bibb County ............. . .... ......... . ... .. .... .. . .....

Brooks County ... ..... . ... . .. .. ....... . ...... . , ... . . . ....

Bryan County .. . ..... . ... ... . .. ...... . .. ...... . ... ... ...

Bulloch County ........ . ... . .. . .. .. . ... ...... .. ... . ... ' . . . .

Burke County .. . ..... . ..... ..... .. .. .. . .. . .............. .. .... . ,

Camden C.ounty . . . . . . I Calhoun County .. .... . . . ......... . .... ...... . .... . ......

Chatham County . ........... . ... . ... . .................... . . ..

Chattahoochee County : .. . .. . ; .... : .. .. . : .... ... , .. ........

Clay County .... .. .. . ... .. . ; . . ... .. : . .. . .. ......... .... .. .

Coffee County .......... , .... . .. . . . .... .. ..... ' . . .. .. ......... .

Colqu itt County ..................... ....................... .. ..

5<>-&5
50-51 51-53 53-56
56-58
51H5o 60-62 62- 63 63-66
67-7'
71-72 72-81
8,
81-82
82-&!
84-85

CRAP'I'ER VII DETAILED DESCRIPTION Q~ THE UNDERGROUND W A'I'ERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN BY COUNTn:s - CONTINUED . ... 86-120
Decatur County .. .... .. . . .. . ........ .. .. . .. . .... . .. . , ......... : 86-90 Dodge County ... . .. .. . . . ......... ..... . .. .. ..... ...... . ... ... . .. 90-91 Dooly County .... , . . ... . .. .... . ... . . , ..... ~ .. . . , .. . . : . .. 91-97 Dougherty County ... . ... . ..... ....... . .' ... .... .. . ...... 97-105 Early County ......... ................. . , .... . .... ..... .,;.: 105-107 Effingham . County . . . . . ... .... .. .. .. . . .. ... .. . .. . .. : . .. 107-110 E manu el County. ..... : .. ... . ...... ;. . ... . ... .. .. . .... . : .. . 110-111 Gly:nn County . .. ... ... , . . ... ... .. . ... ............ . . . ... ......... 111-120

(JONTENTS

CH AP'r ~R VIn

Page
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF' THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CoASTAL PLAIN BY CoUN'l'tts - CONTI NUED ... ... . 120-158

Houston County .... . ....... . .... . .. . .... ...... . . .... . ... . .. .... 120-122 Ir\vin County .. . ... , . . .. . . .. .. . ...... ... . . ... .. ... . ... ... . .. . .. 122- 124 J efferson County ... . . . .. . ... . .. .. . , ... . ....... . . .. . . ... .. . .. ... 124-131 Johnson County .. . .... . , . . . . . , " .. .. .. . . . .. . .... . , . . . " .. 131-132 Laurens County . .. . ... . .. .... .. .. . . : .. .. ... . . . .... ... .. ... 132-133 Lee County .. ... .. . . .. ...... . ....... . ... . . ...... . .. ...... . .. .. 133-137 Liberty County .. ... . .... . .. . .. .. ... .. . .... . ... .... .. ... .. 137-139 Lo\vndes County .. .. ........... .. . .. . . .. .. ......... . ........ .. . 139-142 Macon County .... : .. . . . . .. .... . ... ..... . .... ........ . 142- 146 Marion County . ... . .... . . . ... ...... ... .... I " 146--147 Mitchell County ... ... .. . ...... . . . . . .. . .. . ... . ... . . .... 147 McIntosh County ... .. . . . . ......................... . ........ . . 147- 150 Montgomery County ...... .... . ... .. . .. . ..... . .... . f 150-151 .Muscogee County . . ..... .. ...... .. . . . . . . .. . ..... . .. . ... . . . 151-152 P ierce County . . .:-. . .. .. . . .. ...... . . .... ... . . .. ... .. ... 152-153 Pu laski County ............. .. . .... ......... . ...... . ...... 153-155 Randolph County .. . . .. . ... .. .......... . .... .. ..... .. ........ . . . 155-156 Richmond County ..... . .. . .... . . .. . .... .. . ..... .. ... . .. . . . .. . .. 156-158

CHAPTER I X DETAILED D ESCRI PTION OF THE UNDERGROUND W ATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN BY COUNTIES - CONTINUED .. .. .... 159-197
Schley County...... . . ....... . . .. ... ... . .. ... . . ......... .. ... ... 159 Screven Co unty .. .. . . .. ..... . . . . . ...... .. .. ... . . . . . . .. . .... . . .. 159-164 Stewart County ..... . ........ . ... ......... . .. . ... .. ... . ... .. . 164-165 Sumter County ........ ... ... . . . . ... .... . ... . . . ..... ..... 165-170 Tattnall County . ... . . . .. ..... . ... . . ....... . ...... .. .. ....... . .. 170-171 Taylor County ...... .. .. .... . . . . .. . ... . . .. . .. . ...... 171- 172 Telfair County ...... . .. . .... ... .... .. ..... .. .. ... . .... 172-173 Terrell County ...... ... ... . ... .. .. .... , ... ............ 173- 176 Thomas County .............. . ....... . . . .. . ... .. ............ 176-181 T \viggs County .. . ..... . ... . ........ . ... ... .. ... .. . .. .... .. . 181 Ware County ... ... . ....... .. .. . . . .......... . .. . ... .. . ... . .... . 181-185 Washington County ... ... . . ... ... . .. . .. . ............ . 185-190 Wayne County ........ . . .. .. . . .. ... . . .. .. . . . .. . . 19(>-192 Webster County ........... . .. . ... .. . . . . . . .. . ... ..... .... 192 W ilcox County .. .. ... ... . .. . . .... . . . . . . .. . ... . ... . . . . ..... 193-194 W ilkinson County .. . . . . . . ... ...... . .......................... . .194-195 Worth County . ............ . .. . .. ... .. ... ..... .. .. . ... .. . . ...... 195- 197

CHAPTER X DlttAILED NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYS-
TALLINE AREA . . .. .. . .. .. . 198-252
Deep Wells .. . ..... . . . .. . . . . . ..... ... . .. . . ... . . . .. ... . 198-212 Fulton County. '" . . .. . . .. ....... . . . ... .... .. . . .. 1g8-203 Cobb County . . . . .. .. , .. ..... ... . ..... . .. . .. 203-209

10

CONTENTS

Page
Douglas County . .. .. . .. .. . .... . .. ~.~.~ . o p o r 209-2IQI Troup County .. . ... .. . . .... . ... .. . . . ... . . .. . .. .. .. . . ...... 2 10-211 11cDuffie County ..... . . . . . ...... . .. .. . . P O , 211-212" Shallow Wells ........ . ............... . . .. . .......... . . . . . . . ..... 212-217 Wells in Alluvial Clays ...... _. ... . . . .... or 213-21.6- O ' Wells in Resid ual Clays .. .... .... . .... . . .... . . . .. . . . . ....... 216-217 Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... . ..... . . . . . . . . p o 217-25Z' Common Springs .... . .. . ..... . ...... . .. 218-22Z po ' Mineral Springs .. ..... .. .. . ... .. ....... po 222-25Z

CHAPTER XI DETAn.ED NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE
PAUOZOIC AREA .. .......... ; ..... 253-z8z
Deep Wells ..... . .. . .... . .. . ....... .. ................. , ........ 253-z61 Shallow Wells ......... ... . . ....... . ...... . .... ... ..... . ...... . . 261-z6,3: Springs .. . . . .. . .... . .... . ..... . . ...... .. , . . . . . . . . .............. 263-28z
Common Springs .. ... ... . ...... ... ....... . ................ 264-Z71 Mineral Springs ........... . ..... ... ....... .. ....... . ... .. . .z~I-z8z
CHAPTER XII EXP.ERIMNT RELATING TO PROBLEMS OF WELL CONT.UlJNATION A'r QUITMAN . .. ........ .. ....'... . . . .......... 283-Z95:
Introductory ........... . . .. .. .. . ... . ........ , . ....... . . ....... 283-z85 Geography and Geology . ........ . .... . ....... .. ................. 285-287 Description of Experiment. ... . ......................... .... . ... .z87-zss: Description of Stations .. .. . ........ . ............................ z88-291 Samples of \Vater Taken....................... .... ..... .. ...... 291 Correlation of \Vater-bearing Strata ........ . ........... . ........ 291-29Z Results . . .....................................'.... ..'.. . ........ Z92-294Conclusions ................ . .......... .. ..................... . .Z94-295

CHAPTER XIII BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORG1IA . .. . ... . 296-305
The Grant Blowing Spring ...... ... .. . ................. , ....... .Zg6-299Blowing Cave of Decatur County ......... .. ......... . ... . .. ..... 299-300 The Boston \Vell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 0 300-301 The Lester Well ............... . ....... . . , .. . .. ,. ro. ' ... . 301-302" Forest Falls ........ . ......... . .. .. ... . .. . " . .. ,.. .... .... .... . . 30Z Bubbling Springs ............ ... ... . ......... .... ............ . .. 303 Cause of Blowing Springs and Wells.. . ............ . ............. 303-305

ApPENDIX A SOURCE Of WATER SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS . .... 307-3ZJ: ApPENDIX B MISc.ELLANEOU S SPRING RECORDS .. . .. .. . . ...... 325-33J: ApPENDIX C LIST OF FOSSILS FROM TH'E COASTAL PLAJN OF GIORGIA ...... 334-360

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES
OPPOS1'I'E PAGR
I Fountain at the City Water-Works Pumping Station, Savannah, Georgia, Frontispiece __ _
II Gullies at Andersonville, Sumter county, Georgia, Showing how Small Springs may Originate ____ __ ___ ________________ __ ______ - _ 24.
III A View Showing the Unconformity between a Mantle of Lafayette Sand and Fire-Clay Beds at Stevens Pottery, Baldwin County, Georgia_ 48:
IV A View on the Chattahoochee River, Opposite Columbus, Georgia, Showiug the Coutact of the Crystalline Rocks and the Overlying Cre taceous and Columbia Formations _______ __ 56.
V Providence Spring, Sumter County ___________ 72 VI Lime-Sink, Showing an Underground Stream,
near Millen, Burke County ____ __ ________ __ 80
VII Wade's Spring, near Quitman, Brooks County _ 96 VIn Artesian Well at Midville, Burke County, Used
to Operate a Small Electric PlanL ____ __ _c _ 104 IX Water-Works Plant at Albany _. __ ___________ 120
X Pntting Down a Deep Well in the Piney Woods, near Doualsonville, Decatur County __ __ . __ 136-
XI A Rice Mill at Tarboro, Camden County, Operated by Artesian Wells_ ___ __ ___ __ ___ ____ 152'
XII Blue Spring, Four Miles South of Albany, Dougherty County _____ .__________________ 160
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.2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

OPPOSITE PAGB
XIII Reservoir and Pumping Station Deep Well , Blakel y, Early County, GeorgiL _________ 168
I
XIV Artesian ,,yell, near Brunswick, Glynn County, Used for Irrigating Truck Garden __________ 176
XV Mr. H. W. Lloyd's Artesian 'Well, near Brunswick, Glynn County, Used for Irrigating Truck Farm ____ __ __ ___ ____ ____________ _
XVI A Flowing Artesian Well, at Wadley, Jefferson COlfnty - - - -- c --- - --- -- -- - - - - - - -- --- --- - 200
\
XVII The Reservoir at i\'lontezuma, Macon Connty, Showing Supply-Pipes from Artesian Wells_ 208
XVIII Mr. E . G. Wilson 's Artesian W ell at Montezuma, Macon County, Showing F low which Rises 60 Feet above the Surface_ __ ______ __ 216
XIX P ublic Artesian Well at Oglethorpe, Macon County __ __ ____ ______ __ ___ _.. .___. __ _ ___ 224
XX The T own of Ellijay, Gilmer County___ _____ 232
XX I Cut along the Louisville & Nashville R ailroad at Elli jay, Showing Alluvial Water-Bearing Deposits ___ __ _ ____ ___ __ ___ ____ ______ ___ 240
XXII Due's Mill Spri ng, near Cass, Bartow County __ 248
XXIII Crawfish Spring, near Chickamauga National Park, Walker County _____ .. ______________ 256
XXIV View of Sfteam formed by Crawfish Spring, Walker County _____ ____ _____ _c __ __ .___ __ 264
XXV View Showing ' how Salt was Introdnced into the Well during the Quitman Experiment.._ 272
XXVI Exposure of Miocene Marls and Clays, Porter's Landing, Effingham County ___c o_ __ ___ __ _ 280
XXVII Bluff at Doctorto:n'!', Wayne County', Showing the Contact of the Altam,aha, Grit and the Underlying Mioceue__ __ _______ __ ________ 288

US'!' OF ILL USTRATIONS

'3

OPPOSITE PAGE
XXVIII Blowing Cave, Decatnr Connty ____ ____ ___ ___ 29& XXIX Blowing Spring, Walker County __. _. ______ __

F,GURES
I Outline Map of Georgia , Showing area of Flowing Wells __ _- -. - _. - - - -------___________ __________
2 Section of Deep Wells, Showing the Depth and the Geological H orizons of the Main Water-bearing Strata __ ___ ___________ ______ ____ ___ ___________
3 Section of Deep Wells from Columbu s to Valdosta, Showing the Depth and the Geological Horizon of the Main W ater-bearing StratL ___ _. ____ ______
4 Section of Deep Wells from Fort Valley to S t. Mary's, Showing the Depth and the Geological Horizon of the Main Water-bearing Strata___ __ ___ __ ____ _____
5 Sketch Map, Showing Location of the Quitman Experiment_____ ____ ___ ___ __ __ ___ __ ___ ______ _____

PAGE
4' 77
102
184 285

MAP
I Preliminary Geological Map of Georgia___ __ _______ _ 32

PREFATORY NOTE
In submitting this report, the writer wishes to state, that much of the data, here included, on the deep wells of South Georgia, is to be found in his "Preliminary Report on the Artesian-Well System of Georgia," published by the Geologica! Survey of Georgia in r898. That part of the report, therefore, which pertains to these wells, may be considered an enlarged and revised edition of the report of r898.
Furthermore, the writer wishes to here acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan and to Dr. W. H. Dal1, of the United States Geological Survey, for the identification of fossils, and for valuable assistance rendered in working out the stratigraphy of the Coastal Plain. Like acknowledgment is also due Dr. R. M. Harper, who furnished important information concerning the distribution of the Altamaha grit and the Eocene limestones.
In addition to the assistance here credited, there wil1 be found throughout the report various acknowledgments of aid rendered by well-contractors and others, who, in most cases, took especial pains to furn ish the data desired.
In closing this prefatory note, the writer desires especially to express his gratitude to Mr. M. L. Ful1er, chief of the Eastern Section, Division of Hydrology of the United States Geological Survey, for assistance and advice rendered in getting up this report.
Atlanta, Ga., February, 1905.

THE UN DERGROUND WATERS OF GEORGIA
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY
The underground waters of a region, available to man, are derived directly or indirectly from the rainfall. Water, falling on the surface of the earth, whether in the form of rain, snow or hail, disappears by e vaporation, is carried off by surface drainage, or is taken up by the porous soils. Only that part of the rainfall, absorbed by the soils, has any direct bearing upon the question of underground waters. The amount of rain fall, which may be great or sma ll, taken up. depends upon the porosity of the soils, the surface inclination, the rate of precipitation, and the surface evapora-
tion.
CI!N(RAL CONDITIONS COVERNING THE AMOUNT OF WATER TAKEN UP, BY SOILS
POROSITY OF THE SOILS. - It is a well known fact, fam iliar to every observer, that sandy soils take up water much faster than clay soils. The clay soil may be able to retain a higher percentage of water than the sandy soi l; nevertheless, the rate of absorption is al\Va~'s much fa ster in the fanner than in the latter. Thi~ fact is well illustrated by an examination of clay and sandy soils after the passing of a hard shower. I n the one case, the surface w ill be found wet, and probably the small depressions still filled with water ; while in the ther. the surface of the soil may show but little evidence of a recent rain fall. The farmer is familiar with these different soil conditions, and he regulates the distribution and culti"ation of his crops accordingly. Experience has taught him, that his fields, having sandy soils, can be cultivated at times, when it
(17 )

INTRODUCTORY
would be rulllOUS to his crops to attempt to .cultivate his fie lds having clay soils. H e may not know, that a considerable portion of the rainfall, which is absorbed by the soils, is a perpetual sou rce of supply to ),i s spring ; yet he is aware of the fact, that there is a marked difference in soi ls for taking up \yater.
The rainfa ll, when it comes in contact with the surface of the earth, is still impelled downward by gravity. The force, which retards this downward tendency of the rainfall in a soil, is the friction of the water against the sides of the soil pore spaces, through which it descends. \ IVhen these pore spaces are large, as in sanely soils, friction is reduced; the rate of descent of the water is rapid; and, within a very short time, the water escapes beyond the effect of surface evaporation, and joins the permanent supply of underground water. On the other hanel, where the soil pore spaces are small, as in clay soils, friction becomes much greater, :md the water is retained for a longer time near the surface, thus permitting a correspondingly large proportion of the rainfall to be carried off by surface evaporation.
The law, governing the flow of water in soils of various degrees of porosity, has been quite extensively discussed by Prof. ehas. A. Slichter,t in hi s paper on the Illotion of underground waters. He finds, that, theoretically, water, when free to move in a vertical direction, as in the case of the rainfall being absorbed by a soil, has a velocity in medium fine sand nearly a hundred times as great as in silt or alluvial soils. In other words, a fine sand will take up, in a given time, much more rainfall than an alluvial soil. This being true, it is evident, that the supply of underground waters of any region must bear a very close relation to the porosity of the soils and the underlying rocks. This relation of porosity to the amotmt of supply of underground water is well illustrated in the case of comlllon shallow wells. In a district, where the clays are of a sandy nature, such wells, other things being equal, always furnish a more copious supply of water than wells in more compact clays.
I Water Supply Papcr No.6;, U. S. Gcol. SlIrv., 1902.

J.VTRODUCTORY

19

EFFECT OF S URFACE INCLINA'I'ION. - The effect of the inclination of the surface upon the amount of rainfall taken up by a soil, is a very important factor to be considered in the di scl1ssion .of un" derground waters. The amount of rainfall. absorbed by a soil, depends upon the length of time the water is in contact with the surface. \Vhen the surface is inclined, as in a hilly region, the water escapes by su rface drainage, before the pores of the soil can take it up; but, on the other hand, when the surface is level, and there is but little or no surface-flowage, a high percentage of the rainfall will be absorbed by a soi l. This accounts, in a large measure, for the streams in a mountainous district becoming rnuch more swollen after a hard rain than the streams of a more level region. The water, in the one case, owing to the inclination of the surface, esc?pes by surface-drainage; and, in the other, it is largely taken up by the soi l, to become a pali of the underground water-supply. The farmer terraces hi s field, primarily, to keep it from washing; but, at the same time, he increases the absorption of water by his soifs, by decreasing the general surface inclination. He thus turns a destructive agent into a constructive one, by retarding the surface fl ow of the rainfall, lIntil it can .be taken up by the soils.
RATE OF PRECIPITATION. - The rate of the rainfall regulates, to a greater or less extent, the amount of precipitation taken up by a soi l. If the rate of precipitation is quite slow. almost any soil, however fine grained, will take up a high percentage of rainfall. Yet, when the rain descends in hard showers, even the most open sandy soi ls may take up only a small propoliion of the total precipitation. Heavy showers overgorge the soil pores, and much of the rainfall escapes in rills, to swell the streams, before it can be taken up. Here, as in the case of soils having a highly inclined surface, the water does not remain sufficiently long in contact with "the surface to be absorbed. As a general rule, the minimum amount of rainfall is always taken up by the soils during heavy showers; and the maximum amount escapes by surface drainage. Each variety of soil has a definite rate of absorbing water, depending, as above stated) upon the size of the pore space. \Nhen the maximum rate of absorption is reached, the surplus rainfall mu st escape by surface drainage or evaporation.

20

INTRODUCTORr

SURFACE EVAPORATION. - A considerable proportion of the total precipitation of any region is taken up by surface evaporation, before it has had time.to be absorbed by the soils. It has been shown by Newell,' th at from one-fourth to one-half of the total rainfall of the Southern S tates is ca rried off by streams. Thi s would leave one-half to th ree-fourths to escape by sur face e\aporation. E vaporation, as here used, includes not only the amount of precipitation evaporated from the soi ls, but also that, evaporated from the surface of the streams and taken up by vegetation. It is not known, what propo rtion of evaporation takes place directly from the surface of the soi ls ; however, it must be relativel y large, owi ng to the compltrative areas of the streams and land surfaces.
There are several conditions, w hich modify the rate of surface evaporation, the most important of which are temperature, rate of the wind's motion, and the absence or the presence of vegetation. The capacity of the air, for taking up moisture, depends upon its temperature. H ot winds wi ll take up a much larger proportion than cold winds. The rate of evaporation is, therefore, much greater, in the temperate zones, in summer than in w inter. Surface evaporation is also accelerated or retarded by the motion of the air. When there is little or no wind, the air, in contact with the soil, becomes saturated with moisture, and evaporation can only take place by diffusion through the air. A strong wind is continuously changing the air in contact with the soils, and hence accelerates the .process of evaporation. Vegetation retards evaporation by decreasing the effect of the sun's rays upon the surface; and, at the same time, it interferes with the free circulation of the air. Other things being equal, a forest-covered area will, therefore, be more abundantly supplied with underground water, than a region destitute of vegetation.

DISTRIB U TION OF THE RAIN FALL ABSORBED BY '],HE SOILS
A part of the rainfall, taken up by the soils, is again returned to the atmosphere by evaporation; a part reaches the underground water, and forms a perpetual supply fo r wells and spri ngs; and a part
I u. s. Geo!. Survey, Ni neteenth Aunua l Report. l89i-98, p . 9-\.

IXTRODUCTORY

21

is taken up in the weathering of the rocks. T he relative proportion, which these different parts of the rainfall, abso rbed by the soils, bear to each other, is quite variable, depending on atmospheric conditions and the physical structure of the soils. King,' in discussing the percentage of precipitation , which penetrates the soil, says, that it may be laid down as a broad proposition, that nearly all the water of the ri vers and small lakes is that which has seeped through the soi ls. He further states, that in the more level portions of the United States, this run-off amounts to from one-fifth to onehalf of the entire precipitation. According to these statements, that part of the rainfall, absorbed by the soils, which reaches the underground waters, va ries from 20 to So per cent. of the total
precipitation. The water, taken up by the soil and having escaped beyond the
influence of surface evaporation, becomes a part of the permanent water-supply. It, here, below what is known as the permanent water-lc\'cI, occupies the interstices of porous rocks, like sandstone, and fills fis sures and crevices, which have been fo rmed by the folding of the st rata . o r fr0111 other causes. The total amount of underground water, within the crust of the earth, has' been estimated by Prof. Slichter' to be sufficient to cover the entire surface of the earth, to a uniform depth of more than 3,000 feet. This enormous amount of water is held in the pore spaces of the rock , like water in a sponge. Some rocks, such, for instance, as sandstone, will absorb morc than 25 per cent. of their own weight in water. Such rocks, when pierced by the drill, have the power of giving up a large supply of water, and arc, therefore, known as 'water- bearing, or permcable rocks; while those, which furni sh but little or no water, are designated as impermeable rocks.
The permeable rocks, or the main underground water carriers, are such clastics as the conglomerates, the sandstones, and the more porous limestones; and the impermeable rocks are the clays, the marls, the shales and the slates. These rocks 'usually form successive layers, one imposed upon the other, like the coating of an onion. It

I U. S. Ceo\. Sun.'" 19th Ann . Rept., 1897-'98, p. 95. a Water.Supply Pa~1" No. 67. U. S. Ceol. SUl"v. , ' 902. p . 15.

22

INTRODUCTORV

rarely happens, that the layers are perfectly horizontal. They usually slope, at greater or less angles, so that rocks, \\-hich. at one point. outcrop on the surface, may, at another point, probably only a few miles away, lie hundreds' of feet below the surface. The rai nfall. which is taken up by the soils, enters these porolls rocks at their outcropping. \Vhen they are overlain and also underlain by im pervious clays and shales, the water, which they have taken up from the surface, can only find its way to the surface again through breaks in the overlying strata. If this continuity is broken by fissures, or by the wearing away of the overlying rocks by erosion, the water escapes to the surface, in springs or by seepage ; but, if the imperViOllS stratum is pierced by the drill, the water may escape as a fl owing well.
In add ition to that part of the underground water, which reaches the surface as springs and flowing ,Yells , there is also a limi.ted amount of underground water, which reaches the surface through shallow wells. The amount of underground water. which reaches the surface through shallow wells, is comparatively small; nevertheless, this source of water-supply is of very great importance. The water, which supplies this class of wells. usually lies within 75 feet or less of the surface, and is generally reached, with but little expense, by mean s of the pick and shm-el. The water of these wells is obtained from the uppermost part of the available underground water-supply; and they, therefore, rarely extend over a few feet below what is known as the water-table, a plain, below which the soil is always saturated.

CHAPTER II
PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA
Physiographically considered, the State of Georgi a is divided into five well marked sub-divisions; namely, the Coastal Plain, the Piedmon t Plateau, the Appalachian Mountains, the Appalach ian Valley and the Cumberland Plateau. Each of these sulrdivisions is comparatively well defined; nevertheless, in some instances, the line of separation can not always be sharply drawn. Often, in places, one sub-division blends with another, so that it is frequently impossible to give any definite boundaries. In such cases, the boundaries of the sub-divisions can only be spoken of, as occurri ng within certain limits.
The physiographic sub-divisions of the State, above enumerated, are not peculiar to Georgia alone. They form a part of the main topographic provinces of the Eastern division of the Un ited States, which have been described under the names here given, by Hayes 1 and others. As a whole, these subdi visions may be spoken of as certain well marked land forms, composing belts or zones of variable width extending from New York to A labama. Each subdivision has its own topographic peculiari ties and constitutes a distinct physiograph ic type. They all have a southwesterly trend, and traverse the various States between the limits just giyen. The surface configuration of Georgia, as represented by the physiographic sub-divisions ahove enumerated, are here described in detail.
T HE COASTAL PLAIN . - The Coastal Plain comprises all that part of Georgia lying south of an irregular line, known as the fallli ne, connecting the cities of Augusta, Milledgeville, Macon and Columbus. The area here included embraces more than half of the entire State. Generally speaking, thi s sub-d ivision of the State may
I U. s. Ceo!. S\l rv~y . "inclC:Cllth Anu. Rept., '897-'<)8. pp. 9-SS.

PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA

be spoken of as a nearly level plain, having a gentle slope to the southward. The maximum elevation of the plain occurs along the fall-line, where, in places, it reaches a height of more than 600 feet above sea-level.
The surface configurations of this area are those, common to lands which have recently emerged from the sea. To the northward, there are slight elevations and depressions, conforming in direction to the course of the rivers. As the fall-line is approached, these surface irregularities become more pronounced; while, to the southward, they gradually decrease in prominence, until they are . finally lost in an almost featureless. sandy, pine-clad plain.
Besides the general surface irregularities, here referred to, there are also minor irregularities, which have resulted from local erosion. These surface irregularities, which are mo&t frequently met with, in the vicinity of the larger streams, give to the Coastal Plain, in certain sections, an appearance, not unlike the more hilly portions of the northern part of the State. Topography of this kind may be seen in Decatur, Thomas and other counties in the western part of the Coastal Plain, as well as in some of the counties lying along the fall-line.
The streams of the Coastal Plain are numerous, and are usually sluggish. Those rising north of the fall-line are navigable the greater part of the year, for steamboats of considerable size. The larger streams occasionally have, on either side, high bluffs; but, oftener, they traverse low palmetto swamps, or lands having the appearance of a partially filled ri ver-valley, cut by the stream, when the land stood at a higher level. The rivers which flow into the Atlantic enter. it by bays or sounds, protected seaward by a chain of low wave-built islands. The land near the coast is low, ftat and poorly drai ned, presenting quite a contrast with parts of the Coastal Plain, at places near the fall-line.

THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU. - The Piedmont Plateau is a wide

belt, or zone, of elevated land, stretching frorh the foot of the Appa-

Its lacllian Mounta ins to the Coastal Plain.

northern limit is an

ill-defined line, extending from the extreme northeastern corner of

the State to the Georgia-Alabama line, a few miles southwest

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PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA

of Cedartown. It traverses the State from the northeast to the southwest, with an average width of more than 100 miles, and <;omprises an area of something like one-third of the total area of the State. This physiographic sub-division consists of an old land form, which has been reduced by erosion to a pene-plain. Along its northern boundary, it has an average elevation of about 1,200 feet above sea-level; while, at its junction with the Coastal Plain, it is reduced to a little less than half of this elevation. It has, therefore, a slope to the southward of about 5 feet per mile, or about
twice the slope of the Coastal Plain. The Piedmont Plateau, when viewed from an elevated point, has
the appearance of a level plain, dotted here and there with isol"ted mountains and hills, such as Stone Mountain, Kennesaw Mountain and Pine i\[ountain, which rise from 500 to 800 feet above the general level of the Plateau, and which appear to be remnants of an older and somewhat different topography.
The minor inequalities of the surface of the Piedmont Plateall arc entirely overlooked. or minimized. by a view from an elevated point. The region. instead of bein a a level plain, has a broken surface. made up of low, well-rounded hills and ridges, separated by narrow fertile valleys. These minor hilts or ri dges, which usually have a southwesterly trend, have an elevation varying from 200 to 300 feet above the stream-level.
'rhe streams of the Piedmont Plateau are usually rapid, and are frequently marked by cataracts and water-falls. This feature of the streams is especially accentuated along the margin of the Coastal Plain . The river ,"alleys, which are being continually increased in depth by the erosive action of the streams. rarely ever exceed a width of more than a few hundred yards.

. THE. ApPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS. - This physiographic sub-di-

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alona the GeorCarte0rsville the
triangular form)

be11lg iImlted on the south by the Piedmont Plateau, and on the

west by the Appalachian Valley. The western boundary may be

said to correspond with what is known as the Cartersville Fault. a

26

PHVSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA

great displacement marking the boundary between the metamorphic and the sedimentary rocks in the northwestern part of the State. This division embraces all, or a part of the following counties: - Rabun. Towns, Lumpkin, Union, Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens and Bartow. It is one of the smallest of the five topographic sub-divisions of the State; nevertheless, it comprises an
area of more than :2,000 square miles.
This sub-division forms the southern terminus of the Appalachian :Mountains. It is preeminently a mountain region, noted for its pi~tllresi:lue scene ry and lofty mountains. The average elevation of the region is less than 2.000 feet; yet, there are numerous mountains within the area, attaining an altitude of more thantwlce this height. The larger mountains occur in groups or masses without definite arrangement. The higher peaks of these groups usually haye precipitous slopes. which. in places. become almost inaccessible. The lesser 11lol1l1tains, and the ridges of the region generally, have a southwesterly .trend, corresponding to the general course of the streams. The valleys are narrow, and are traversed by rapid streams, which, in places, form falls many feet in height. Between the main mountains and the ridges, there is a large area of broken country. with hills ri sing 400 or 500 'feet above the general streamb e!. This portion of the sub-di visi on resembles very closely the more hilly parts of the Piedmont Plateau.
THE ApPALACHIAN VALLEY. - The Appalachian Valley may be defined as a low land, lying between the Appalach ian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. This physiographic sub-division, which traverses the northeastei-n corner of the State in a south\vester] y direction, is about 35 miles w ide; and it has an average elevation of about 850 feet above sea-Ieve!. Its western boundary is an irregular line, following the eastern escarpments of Pigeon and L ookout mountains.
The region is made up of a number of minor va lleys, separated from each other by sharp or by well-rounded ridges. The former ridges, as in the case of Taylor 's Ridge and Chattoogata IV[ountain. often attain an altitude of 1,500 feet; while the latter rarely reaches a height of more than 1,200 feet. These ridges all ha ve a northeast-

PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA

27

"Southwest trend, and give to the region a corrugated appearance. The minor valleys are usually narrow, and are traversed by rather sl.uggi sh streams \vh ich in the northwestern part o f the area Aow north into the Tennessee River: ,,!hile those in the other parts of the area flow southward to the Gulf of Mexico.
THE CU"BERLAND PLATEAU. - The Cumberland Plateau occupies the extreme northwestern corner of Georgia, and embraces Pigeon lVlonntain and portions of Lookout and Sand mountains. This subdivision of the State constitutes the extreme eastern margin of the Cumberland Highlands, traversing Alabama and Tennessee further to the westward. Broadly speaking, the area is an elevated tableland, bisected longitudinally by a deep, narrow valley. That part of the area lying east of the valley constitutes Lookout and Pigeoll mountains, and that. to the west, Sand l\Iol1ntain. These mountains have broad, Rat tops, with an average elevation of about 1,800 feet above sea-level. The slopes of the mountains are always precipitous, and are often marked by bold sandstone cliffs, which, in some places, attain a height of 200 feet.
Lookout ~ I ountain. as it enters Georgia from Alabama. forms a broad. Rat-top mountain. about 10 miles in width., Some six or eight miles north of the State-line, the mountain sends off to the northward a spur. known as P igeon IVlountain, From th is point to its northern term inus in the vicinity of Chattanooga, it varies in width from two to four miles. Some of the small streams, which take their rise on Lookout, in their descent to the valley below have cut deep and precipitous chasms in the sandstone bluffs which form the brow of the mountain. Sand l\Iollntain, as represented in Georgia. differs from Lookout IVIountain, mainly, in being broader. and in having a more even surface, The valley, above referred to as bisecting the Cumberland Plateau region of Georgia: is the on.ly valley occurring in the physiographic sub-division, It has an average width of abou t three miles, and is traversed by Lookout Creek. a sluggish stream, of considerable size. flowing north into the Tennessee River. The surface of the valley is rolling, but, at the same time, it has a general slope to the northward.

CHAPTER I II
GI':OLOGY
Each of the great time divisions of geological history has representatives in the rocks of Georgia. The southern portion of the State, described under Physiographic Features of the State, as the Coastal Plain, is made up of rocks ranging in age from the Cretaceous to the most recent. To the north of this area, comprising both the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian Mountain regions, occur the Metamorphic, or the Crystalline rocks. Still further to thenorth and west, forming the Appalachian Valley and the Cumberland Plateau, are the unaltered Paleozoics. The line of demarkation, between these three major geologic divisions of the State, is not always sharply drawn. This is especially true of the second and third divisions, where the Crystalline and the unaltered Paleozoic rocks grade into each other, without any sudden or abrupt change. The line, separating the first division, or the recent clastics, from the Crystalline, on the other hand, is more distinct, being marked not only by a very striking unconformity, but also by great change in the lithological character of the rocks.
The sub-divisions of the rocks of the Coastal Plain, in descending order, are given in the following table : -
I Pleistocene Columbia Sands
2 Pl iocene LaFayette
3 lVliocene Altamaha Grit' Chattahoochee
I Recent s tudy of the Altamaha grit seems to indicate that it is p rob..1.bly a phase of tlleLafayette and is therefore Pliocene.

GEOLOGl"

29

4 Eocene Vicksburg-Jackson Claiborne Midway-Sabine
5 Cretaceous Ripley Eutaw Tuscaloosa or Potomac

PLEISTOCE"E
COLUMn!.\, - The Pleistocene rocks of Georgia are mainly represented by the Columbia sands, a superficial deposit covering the greater part of the Coastal Plain, The formation consists chiefly of white and yellow sands, rarely showing any distinct lines of stratification, In places, it contains water-worn pebbles, a quarter of an inch or more in diameter; but generall)' it consists of finegrained sand or loam, which, in the vicinity of the rivers or the coast, may pass into silts.
The Columbia sands sometim'es form hills rising 30 feet or more above the general level of the surrounding country. These hills, which are often spoken of as the "Sand Hills," are irregularly distributed throughout the Coastal Plain, from the fall-line to within a few miles of the Atlantic coast. In certain limited areas, known as the "Red Hills," the Columbia sands are entirely absent. a condition due either to the sands not having been originally deposited. or to their subsequent removal by erosion. The thickness of the formation in Georgia may be said to vary from a maximum of 40 feet to a few inches. Tlu-oughout the Piney-woods region, where the surface is practically level, the average thickness probably does not exceed two feet.
McGee, in his description of the Columbia formation in the southwestern part of the State, says : "The rivers are flanked by belts of loam with basal p~bble beds more or less closely approaching the fluvial deposit of the type locality. Here, as in the north, the loam is 11lare homogeneous and more closely simi lar not only in its differ"ent parts on the same ri ver but among the various rivers than the phase developed on the divides."

GEOLOGY
In general, he finds the deposits of Georgia, quite similar to the deposits along the Coastal Plain further north, with, however, one essential difference. In the north, he notes, that what he terms the fluvial phase of the deposit rises only to the level of the interfluvial, or the deposits between the streams: whereas. in Georgia, the fluvial deposits rise far aboye the interfluvial deposits.'
PLEOCENE
LAFAYETTE. - The Lafayette, whose exact position in the geologic time scale is still debated. like the Columbia formation, is a superficial deposit, covering most of the Coastal Plain. The formation consists of orange and vari-colored clays and sands, with local beds of gravel. The basal member of the formation along the fallline frequently becomes distinctly pebbly. These water-worn pebbles, which consist largely of quartz derived from the crystall ine rocks to the north, Occur irregularly distributed throughout the va ricolored sandy clays, but more often they are found in layers or pockets. They also occur in the basal member, at places, with fragments of white clay forming more or less continuous layers. Th ese phases of the lower di vision of the formation become less pronounced in the southern part of the State, where sandy loam and vari ~colored stratified clays predominate.
The upper member of the formation differs from the lower, in being' more uniform, both in physical structure and lithological character. Along the fall-line, at some points, it becomes quite pebbly; however, as a general rule, it is made up almost enti rely of massive reddish or motley sandy clays. Frequently, the massive clays of the upper division are hardened into a coinpact mass, having almost the consistency of sandstone. This indurated layer resists the erosive action of surface-waters; and, by being undermined by the washing away of the layers below, it often stands out in high. perpendicular walls. Excellent illustrations of this mode of erosion are frequently met with, in the vicinity of streams, which have lowered their channels into the underlying formations.
The thick ness of the Lafayette format ion is quite variable. At some places, near the northern margin, where it has been protected by the Columbia sands, it attains a maximum thickness of more
1 U. S. Geol. Survey. T,welfth AUIl. Rept. 18<)0-'91, p, 380].

GEOLOGY

31

than 80 feet; at other points, it has been entirely removed by erosion. These eroded areas are quite irregular in outline, and may occur at any point throughout the Coastal Plain. They are more frequently met w ith, however, in the vicinity of the larger streams; yet, they are not enti,ely absent from the leyel piney-\yoods.
The marine Pliocene, according to Loughbridge,' occupies a narrow strip of the coast extending fro111 Sa\'annah to St. ::\Jary's. The western bounda ry of the formation appears never to have been accurately traced. However, it is supposed to be an irregular line corresponding with what Loughbridge calls the second terrace, 20 miles or more inland. Deposits. assigned to this formation, haye been found as far inland as the western part of Chatham county; near Jesup in \Vayne county; and at Burnt Fort in Camden county. The formation is also supposed to underlie Okefenokee Swamp, and to extend as far west, along the Georgia-Florida line as the Suwanee River. =! The lithological character of the format io n is varied. It consists mainly of uncon.solidated sands. clays and marl s. No data are at hand . by which to estimate the thickness of the formation. All of the deep wells along the coast, south of the Sa\annah River. penetrate the Pliocene beds; but, in only a few cases, ha\'e cOlilplete samples of the borings been preserved. These samples usually contain but few organic remains, so that it is often practically impossible to determine from them anything defini teo as to the exact depth to which the beds extend.

MIOCENE.
The ~liocene rocks of Georgia incl ude se\'eral sulxl ivisions. the most important of which are the A ltamaha grit and the Chattahoochee formation .
THE ALTAMATIA G IUTJ which is probably the eastern extension of the Grand Gul.! of yIississippi and A labama, covers a much larger area than any of the other subdivisions of the Post-Eocene. Its northwestern limit coincides with the eastern boundary of the Vicksburg-Jackson, except in vVashington and Jefferson counties. where it ~~ in contact with the Claiborne. It form s a belt with a l11axi-
l
I l'. S. Ceol. S\Ir\',. BUll, "Ko. B4, p. B4 .
2 tb Rettnt study seelns to indicate that th e marine Plioceue is confin ed to a narrow strip along
e Atlantle Coast nlld does not include or extend as far west as the Okefenokee Swamp.

,,2

r;EOLOGY

mum width .of more than 75 miles, and appears to reach its greatest development along the Oconee River in Laurens and Montgomery counties, where it attains a thickness of more than 200 feet.
The Altamaha grit, as the name suggests, is made up largely of heavy-bedded, indurated sands, with a clay and silica matrix. The particles of sand forming the grit are usually sharp; but, in the same beds, the sharp sand has intemlingled with it water-worn pebbles, some of which attain an inch or 1110re in diameter. The lower beds of the formation consist chiefly of clay, which, near the contact of the underlying limestones often become calcareolls. Owing to the absence of fossils in the Altamaha grit, its exact position in the geologic time-scale has never been definitely determined . It has been placed by Dall as early Miocene; while Dr. Eugene A. Smith, State Geologist of Alabama, who thinks it is the eastern extension of the Grand Gulf of Mississippi and Alabama, is of the opinion that it is much more recent, probably Pliocene, or even as late as the early Pleistocene.
THE CI-IA'I'TAHOOCHEE FORMATION, whose limits , so far. have not been defined, seems to be best developed along the Georgia-Florida line in Decatur, Grady and Thomas counties, where it has been examined by Langdon. Vaughan and others. The rocks of this formation, at the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee River at the New Chattahoochee landing. the type locality, consist of argillaceous and sandy limestone alternating with beds of purer character. In addition to the sub-division of the Miocene, above given, there is still another, known as the Jacksonboro limestone. I This subdivision. which has been studied by Lyell, Clarke and Vaughan, appears to be well developed in Screven county, near the confluence of Brier and Beaver Dam creeks. The extent of the iormation is unknown; but it is probably confined chiefly to Screven and the adjacent counties-
EOCENE
The Eocene rocks of Georgia may be divided into three subdivisions; viz., the Vicksburg-Jackson limestolle, the Claiborne and the Midway-Sabine.
1 The recent studies of Dr, 1', "rayland V:m; han show this to be approx imately the Tampa horizon,

GEOLOGY

33

THE V,CKSBURG-JACKSON LIMESTONE. - This sub-division of the Eocene rocks is well developed in Georgia . "Vith the exception of a small break, of only a few mi les, in \ iVashington and Jefferson munties, this limestone forms a continuous belt from the Chattahoochee River, south of Fort Gaines, to the Savannah River, 30 miles south of Augusta. This belt is quite yariable in w idth, due chiefly to the o\'erlapping of the Altamaha grit, which forms its southern boundary. In Dougherty, Terrell and Randolph counties. it attains a width of more than 60 miles. It also reaches a like width along the OCl1lulgee Ri\'er. where the overlying Altamaha grit has been removed by erosion. Besides the main body, or belt, of the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone. here noted, there are also isolated exposu res along the streams in Thomas and Brooks counties, near the Georgia-Flo ri da line, and in Crawford county, near the' contact of the Crystalline and Cretaceous rocks. The last exposure is interesting, as it sho\\'s that the Eocene sea, in which the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone was laid down, extended as fa r north as the Crystalline rocks. This northern extension of the formation also explains the absence of surface-exposures of the Claiborne, west of the OClllulgee Ri ver.
The Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, as the name suggests, cOl1sists chieAy of limestone. It has a maximum thickness of more than 400 feet. The upper memb"r of the formation is made up of hard and soft limestone. with more or less silica, in the form of cherty concretions, which are usually highly fossiliferous. The lower member contains !110re clay and sand, often in the form of comminuted shells, fragments of corals. and bryozoans, and the disklike tests of forminifera. The whole fon::=,.tiol1: throughout, is highly fossiliferous; and it is noted for its numerous limesinks and underground-streams.
TIIJ~ CLATBORKE. - The second subdivision of the Eocene rocks, which includes the Buhrstone series, occurs along the Chattahoochee Rh'er south of Fort Gaines, and also, according to Spencer,' along the Flint Ri "er south of Montezuma; but it reaches its g reatest development between the OCl11uIgee and Sa\'annah rivers, where it

I (~eol. ~ur.... , of Georgia, First Report of Progress, 1890"9t, P,51,

34

GEOLOGY

forms a belt, from IO to 30 miles in width. This part of the formation, which consists of clays, sands and marls, often indurated and occasionally highly fossiliferous, overlaps, in places, the Cretaceous beds, and comes in immediate contact with the Crystalline rocks. One of these overlaps occurs at Robert's station, a few miles east of Macon, and another, in the vicinity of Grovetown, 17 miles west
of Augusta. The most marked lithological characteristics of the Claiborne,
east of the Ocmulgee River, are the heavy beds of sands These sands, which are usually stained with iron oxide are frequently indurated, and form, in places, beds of ferruginous sandstone several feet in thickness. An excellent exposure of these sandstones, containing a large number of silicified shells, is to be seen along the Central of Georgia Railroad, near Hollywood station, about ten miles south of Augusta, and at Wren's mill in the northern part of Jefferson county. Other Claiborne rocks, of special interest on account of their containing beautifully preserved fossils, are the heavybedded silicified limestone capping Brown's ~Ioll11ta ill ill Twiggs county, ten miles southeast of Macon. These rocks are also well exposed in a deep ravine, two miles south of GriswoldviIle. Further to the south and west, they appear to pass into marls or impure limestones.
The Claiborne clays are usually laminated an;:: porous, partaking of the nature of fuller's ealih. Some of the beds are quite fossiliferous, the most abundant fossils being impressions of leaves. Occasionally, beds of these clays are highly lignitic; but such clays are mostly locally developed, and rarely form beds of more than ~. few feet in thickness. The Claiborne, along the Chattahoochee Rper, is placed by Langdon at 23.2 feet, which is probably much less th"n the maximum thickness attained at .points east of the Ocmulgel River.
MID\\Ay-SABI:;E. - This formation, which includes all of the rocks between the Claiborne and the Cretaceous, corresponds to what is often designated as the lower member of the Eocene. It is confined to a narrow belt extending from a point in Macon county east of the Flint River, near Montezuma, to the Chattahoochee River

GEOLOGY

35

in the ,-icinity of F ort Gaines. This belt has an average width of about seven miles; but. along the Chattahoochee River, it attairis a width of Jnore than twice this distance. Its northern and southern boundaries are usually quite sinuous, owing to the irregular SUfface erosion and to the overlapping of the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone. The :-lidway-Sabine rocks consist of impure limestone, clays and sands. These sands are often glauconitic; and, in places, they become cemented by iron oxide into ferruginous sandstones. These sandstones, which frequently contain well preserved casts of gastropods, are well developed near the base of the formation. Some of the best exposures of these ferruginated fossiliferous sandstones occur on the Carter plantation, near Quebec, in the southeast corner of Schley county, and in Stewart county, about six miles northeast of Lumpkin. The clays are usually sandy; but they frequently contain much lime., thus passing into maris. Many of the beds are lignitic, and occasionally contain well preserved plant remains. The limestones are argillaceous, and often highly fossiliferous. In some places in the northern part of Randolph county, these limestones become cavernous, and are traversed by subterranean streams.
The :Midway-Sabine rocks are best developed along the Chattahoochee River, where, according to Spencer,' they attain a thickne's of about 600 feet. East of the Chattahoochee, they appear to decrease in thickness going eastward, and finally disappea r, or are buried beneath the Vicksburg-Jackson east of the Flint R iver.

THE CRETACEOUS

The Cretaceous rocks of Georgia form the northern margin of

the Coa'tal Plain, where they constitute a belt of variable width ex-

tending from the Chattahoochee to the Savannah river. T he maxi-

mum width of the belt, which OCCUI"S alonO' the Chattahoochee is

bout



,0

Ill''1es.

Between the Chattahoocb hee and the O, cmul"ee

nvers, the "1dth dDes not average more than 20 mi.les; while, ebast

f the OClllulgee. the width is reduced to less than ten miles.

Langdon, Smith and others recognize three horizons in the Cre-

I ~Ilrv. of G;.t , Report or Pro~r~ss, 18So-'91, p. 42.

GEOLOGY
taceous rocks along the Chattahoochee River, yiz., the Ripley, the Eutaw and the Tuscaloosa or Potomac.
THE RIPLEY. - The Ripley, which seems to be confined entirely to that part of the Cretaceous belt between the Chattahoochee and the Ocmulgee ri \'ers, consists of a great thickness of sand, clay and marl, with a few thin beds of soft. impure fossiliferous limestone. The sands often show cross-beddings, and contain more or less glauconite. They are generally incoherent, and are readily washed into deep gullies by surface waters. The clays are mostly impure kaolins, varying from yellow and gray to almost black. The darker clays are often highly lignitic, and contain more or less pyrite, frequently in the form of nodular concretions. The marls are mostly of a dark-gray or greenish color. They often become indurated. forming conspicuous projecting ledges along the banks of the streams. Some of the marl-beds are made up largely of shells, often beautifully preserv'ed. Shark's teeth, fragments of bones and coprolites are also common in the ITlarl-beds.
THE EUTAW AND THE TUSCALOOSA OR POTOMAC. - These two formations differ from the Ripley, mainly in the less frequent occurrence of limestone and marls. They consist chiefly of sands with more or less clay. The clays, which seem to be b(,t developed in the lower division, are well exposed in Taylor county. and also at numerous points between Macon and Augusta. These clays are usually quite pure kaolin1 well suited to the lilanllfactllre 0; crockery. They occur as locally developed beds associated with crossbedded sands. Neither of these clays' or sands are fossil-bearing, east of the OCl11ulgee Ri ver; and, as a consequence, that part of the Cretaceous was mapped solely on its lithological characteristics. It is quite probable, that a part, or possibly all, of these sands and clays, mapped by the writer as Cretaceous east of Macon, may prove, upon further study, to be Claiborne.'
THE CARBONIFEROUS
The Carboniferous rocks reach their greatest development on the
I Since the abo,c was written fossil Jea\"es have; been found by the writer in the clay pit at CUrT'S Station in Hancock County.
2 For a list of fossils of th e Cretaceous and the Tertiary formations see chapter XI.

GE OLOGY

37

Cumberland Plateau. They occur also in the Appalachian Valley region, but only a s the lowest members of the series. This system of rocks is ca lca reous below and siliceous above. The calcareous rocks consist of F ort PaYlle ch ert, the Ball gor lim estolle and the FlOI'd shale. T he fi rst two members of this di,ision are made up mainly of limestone; but the Fort P ayne chert contains also a large amount of siliceous material in the fo rm of chert. The Floyd shale is usually quite calcareous : and, in places, it passes into th in-bedded limestones. T he aggrega~e th ickness of the calca reous member of the Carboniferous rocks is more than 2,000 feet.
The upper member of the Carboniferous rocks, which are confined almost entirely to Sand, P igeon and Lookout mounta ins, consists of cong lomerates, sandstones and shales, wi th a number of workable seams of coal. Thi s member of the Carboniferous .is diyided into two di visions; viz., the L oolw ll t sOlldsto ll e and the TValdea salldsto lle. The Lookout sandstone has a thickness of about 500 feet, and is made up of conglomerates, sandstones, and thinbedded shales and coal. The "Vaiden sandstone is similar to the Lookout sandstone; but it attains a thickness of nearly 1,000 feet. The upper member of the Carboniferous rocks, or what is generally designated as the Coal Measures, differs from the other division s of the Paleozoic rocks in being almost horizontal.

THE DEVONIAN
This system of the Paleozoic rocks is poorly represented in Georgia. Until recently, the only rocks assigned to the Devonian series in the State was a thin stratum of black shale, with a maximum thickness of only about40 feet. Hayes recently noted, in the Rome folio of the United States Geological Survey, the occurrence of other rocks which he classifies as Devonian. These recently discovered Devonians occur at various points northwest of Rome. They consist o[ shale and sandstones, of limited thickness, and are apparently of local distribution.

THE SILURIAN
The Silurian rocks are highly calcareous. "Vith the exception of the uppermost member of the system, they consist almost entirely

38

GEOLOGY

of limestones. The rocks of this division of the Paleozoic are divided into three series; yiz., the Knox dolomite, the Chickamau&,a limestone, and the Rockwood formation.
The KI/ox do/a Illite, the oldest of the series, is a cherty, heavybedded magnesian limestone, having a maximum thickness of about 5,000 feet. The series forms broad, fiat chert ridges, traversing the Appalachian Valley in a northeasterly-southwesterly direction.
The Chickamauga /i1l1eslol1e, the other Calcereous member of the Silurian series, is made up of blue and mottled limestones. In.places, some of these beds become shaley; but they always carry a high percentage of lime; and, as a consequence, they are readily soluble by atmospheric waters. The Chickamauga limestone varies from 600 to 1,800 feet in thickness, and is the main valley-forming rock of the Silurian system.
The uppermost member of the Silurian rocks, the Rochwood foymation, consists of sandstones and shales. These sandstones frequently become heavy-bedded, and form sharp-crested ridges, of considerable eminence. The thickness of the formation varies from 600 to I,5 feet, the maximum thickness being attained in Chattoogata Mountain, a yery prominent ridge in the northern-cenh\1.1 half of the Appalachian Valley region.

THE CAMBRIAN
The Cambrian rocks are best developed along the eastern side of the Appalachian Valley. They consist of quartzites, shales and limestones. The quartzites are often heavy-bedded, and give rise to some very conspicuous ridges. 1\1ountains and ridges of these quartzites are to be seen in the vicinity of Cartersville, and also along the Georgia-Alabama line west of Etna. The shales are usually calcareous; but, locally, they become siliceous or sandy. They attain a great thickness, and are always valley-forming. Intercalated \vith the shales, and often forming strata many feet in thickness, occur also beds of blue siliceous limestones. The Cambrian rocks of Georgia all have the appearance of having been deposited in muddy seas near the shore.

GEOLOGY

39

THE CRYSTALLINE

The Crystalline rocks of Georgia form a belt, more than roo miles in width, tra versing the nor thwestern part of the State in a southwesterly direction. They constitute both the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian IVIountain physiographic sub-divisions. These rocks were formerly regarded as pre-Cambrian; but more recent study seems to indicate, that they vary in age from Archean to Carboniferous. Van Hise, in speaking of the age of the rocks, says: "In Ollr present very imperfect state of knowledge, to call the whole A lgonkian or A rchean, or even pre-Cambrian, is wholly 1..111warranted. l1
These rocks are wholly or partially crystalline. The former includes the granites, the gneisses, the schi sts, the diori tes and the diabases; and the latter, the limesto nes, the quartzites and the conglomerates. The partially crystalline rocks are found in greatest abundance along the eastern margin o f the area; but they also occur as far to the east as the quartzi te ridges of IvIeriwether, McDuffie and Lincoln counties, those occu rring in IVIeriwether county are known as Pine :'Iountain, and those in McDuffie and Lincoln counties as Gra\-es )'Iountail1. The most abundant rocks are the gneisses and sch ists. I ntimately associated w ith and often cutting these rocks as dikes, occur the granites and diabases. The granites "ar), in texture from coarse-grained pegmatite to fine-grained monumental stone. They frequentl y cover areas of considerable extent, and occasionally form mountains or hills; as, for instance, Stone :\[ountain, wh ich rises 686 feet above the general level of the surrounding country, These acid intrusives seem to be of different ages: however, they all appear to be 111uch older than the diabases, which always occur in the form of dikes. One of the most persistent and cOl1stant characteristics of the rocks of the Crystalline area is their schistose structure. \ Vith the exception of the granites, and the diabases. this physical structure is COm111011 to nearly all the rocks of the area In addition to the schistose structure. the rocks are usually mllch folded and contorted, showing e\'ery e~'idence of ha\-mg been subjected to intense dynamic force. The trend of the rocks throug-hout the region is to the southwest, \yhile the preyailing dip I to the soulheast.

CHAPTER IV
GENERAL )JOTES ON THE UNDERGROU)JD WATERS OF THE SEVER,-\L GEOLOGICAL FORe-lATIONS OF THE STATE
THE COLU'IBL\. - The Columbia sand . by reason of its loose texture takes up a high percentage of the total rainfall. It would indeed be a difficult matter to conceive of a formation more suitable for the absorption of rainfall, than the Columbia sand . In addition to absorbing a large amount of rainfall, the sand also becomes at the same time a perfect filter; and thus it retains near the surface much or all of the organic impurities, which would otherwi se 11taminate the water below. 'While the Columbia sand no doubt i" general forms a very perfect filter, there are instances, however, \yhich ha,"e come under the writer's observation, in which it seemed to produce the opposite effect. These instances were observed only in towns, where the sand formed a thin layer and the surrounding conditions were extremely favorable for surface contamination.
One of the cases, here referred to, was a well at a public boardinghouse or small hotel in a town of about 200 inhabitants. The well was situated in the back-yard of the hotel, where the slops from the kitchen were thrown and the cow was penned dl1ring the night. Near-by, scarcely three rods away, were the Ctss-pool and stable, each of which was constantly adding its fetid matter to the thin surficial layer of Columbia sand. An examination of the well showed the following section in the descending order:-
I Rather coarse sand stained by carbonaceous material .... 5 feet 2 Imperviol1s clay ................................. . 3 " 3 Sandy clay .......... . .......................... . 8 " 4 Sand ......................................... . ( ?)
The most rea sonable deduction from these conditions may be summed up as follows:

GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS
The rain falls UpOI1 the sandy soils, where it is contaminated by surface impurities; the water, thus loaded with organic materiall is rapidly taken up by the porous sands and carried to the impervious beels of clay below. along- which it fl ows to the \\'ell. which it finally
FtG . I.-Outline Map of Georgia Sho wing- the Areas of Flowlllg Wells. Shaded Arl!ns Repiesent Sections in Which Flowing We lls May be Obtained.
e. nters. , t0 111.ll1gIe W.ItI1 the purer water at a greater depth. That this IS the trlle explanation of the conditions here exhibited, was oclllarly dthemonstrated by seem. g the 'Impure water tnc.khn.O" down the si.des of
e well along strongly-marked colored li nes. b

42

GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS

It is no uncommon thing, during the wet season, for the wells penetrating the Columbia to overflow, or for the water to rise within a foot or so of the surface. In some instances, where these sands form heavy deposi ts, se"eral feet in thickness, they give rise to small springs flO\:ving part of the year.
THE LAFAYETTE. - This formation. by reason of its greater thickness, is a far more important water-carrier than the Columbia sand. The lower layers, when consisting largely of sand, carry large quantities of water, and may give rise to springs of considerable size fl owing throughout the year.
A noted spring, of historic interest, flowing fro111 this form~~on, _ is the Providence spring at Andersonville, Sumter county. \fhe water supplying this spring comes from the lower beds of the hafayette, which, at this point, consists largely of coarse sand. \iVhere the Lafayette formation consists largely of impervious clays, it ceases to become a satisfactory. source of water for shallow wells. In this case, it protects, no doubt to some extent, the eroded surfaces of the porous strata below, and thereby lessens, to some degree, the total intake area of the deep-seated waters for the entire Coastal Plain.
THE PLIOCEKE. - The Pliocene deposits probably furnish considerable water for shallow wells along the Atlantic Coast, where the Columbia and Lafayette formations are absent. They are also, no doubt, the source of supply of the small springs, often met with along the larger streams and swamps. Their chief interest, howeyer, as water-carriers is confined mainly to the deep-seated waterbearing horizons, which have been quite extensively explored from Savannah to St. TVlary"s.
By an examination of the "arious drill records of the wells along the Atlan ti c Coast, given in this repo rt, it w ill be observed, that there occurs throughout that pprtion of the Coastal Plain two continuous water-bearing strata. These water-bearing strata, which consist chiefly of sand. occur from roo to 200 feet apart, and have a low dip to the south and east. The first stratum, in the vicinity of Brunswick, is encountered at a depth of about 350 feet, and the

GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS

43

second, at about 450 feet. At Tarboro, 25 miles southwest of Brunswick, the first stratum is 175 feet below the surface, and the second stratum is 375 feet; while, at St. Mary's, 35 miles south of Brunswick, the depths of these strata vary from 300 to 500 feet.' This would indicate a dip to the southeast, of something less than 10 feet per mile. Should this dip remain constant, the outcl"OP of these water-bearing strata would come to the surface at some point east of Waycross.
In addition to the water-bearing strata, here noted, there is also a third water-bearing stratum reported in some of the wells in Camden county. This stratum is reported to occur in the wells in the vicinity of Satilla Bluff, at a depth of only 60 or 70 feet below the surface. It seems to be of local distribution, and is of little economic importance.
THE MIOCENE. - The Miocene, like the Pliocene, is largely overlain by the Columbia and Lafayette formations; and, as a consequence, it is probably only occasionally penetrated by shallow wells. The springs of the Miocene area are usually small; but, in some instances, as in the case of Gaskin's Spring in Coffee county, near Douglas, they furnish a considerable amount of water. But little seems to be known, at present, of the water-supply of the deep wells of this formation. The upper water-bearing strata of the Savannah, the Jesup and the \'Vaycross wells are probably Miocene; but, so far, the water from these strata seems not to have been used to any extent.
It is also possible, that SOme of the wells of Effingham and Liberty counties receive their water-supply from Miocene beds. However, the records of these wells are so meagre, that nothing can be definitely slated as to their exact horizon.
TnE EOCENE. - The Eocene is the most important water-bearing formation of the Coastal Plain. This is especially true of its upper member, the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, which is the source of suPty of numerous large springs and a large number of deep wells.
~omc of the spnngs, Stich as Blue Spring In Dougherty county near Albany, compare favorably in size and in the transparency of
I k~l1t lud~' ~C:1US to indicate that th ese water-bearing strata are probably :Miocene.

44

GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS

their water with the famous Silver Spring of Florida. These springs are commonly met with, in what is known as the lime-sink region, which usually marks the outcropping of some of the more porous and permeable limestones. In these regions, it is no uncommon thing to see the surface stream disappear underground to reappear again, probably only a few hundred yards away. SU~,regions are !loted for their numerous lime-sinks and small lake or ponds, WhlCh mark the course of subterranean streams. The fl 'w of the large springs. here referred to, is frequently affected by droughts. In some instances. springs, which ordinarily flow several millions of gallons per clay, may, occasionally, during a long drought, entirely cease to flow.
In addition to the large springs, here referred to, there are also a gEeat number of smaller springs throughout the Eocene area, which furnish ample and continuous water-supply for domestic purposes.
The shallow wells of the E ocene area are confined chiefly to the superficial deposits, Columbia and Lafayette; but, in some localities where these deposits have been removed by erosion, the wells obtain their water-supply from the Eocene beds. The water of shallow wC;lls, when obtained from limestones, is usually considered unwholesome; but, on the other hand, if the source is the sands, it is considered quite wholesome.
The Eocene beds, whenever pierced by the drill to any considerable depth, are found to furnish an abundant supply of water. The wells at Savannah, \ iVaycross, Valdosta, Bainbridge and a large number of the smaller towns throughout th~ southeastern part of the Coastal Plain north of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, obtain their water-supply from the Eocene beds. The water-bearing beds consist of porous limestones and sands. In the deeper wells, two of these water-bearing strata, and sometimes three, are encountered. They are ,usually several feet in thickness, and continue apparently with but little change in dip or lithological character, for a long distance.
THE CRETACEOUS. - The Cretaceous rocks, as previously noted, occupy only a comparatively small area along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain. These rocks, however, on account of their loose

GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS

45

texture and gentle slope to the southwa rd are water-carriers, of collsic;lerable economic importance. The shallow wells of the Cretaceous area obtain their water-supply chieRy fro111 the Lafayette formation. These wells, in some instances, no doubt penetrate the Cretaceous beds: bnt such wells are probably confined largely to places. where the superficial deposits ha\'e been removed. The springs of the Cretaceous area are usually small, and are rarely met with, except along :streams where they mostly occur as seepage rol11 the adjacent hills. There are probably but few springs ill the area that furnish as much as roo gallons per minute.
The chief interest in the Cretaceous beds as water-carriers lies in their deep-seated water-bearing strata. These strata seem to be several in number ; but, as a general rule, they are not so continuous o r so reliable as the Eocene strata. Some of the wells, which may be mentioned as obtaining their water-supply from the Cretaceous beds, are the Sandersville well, the Perry well, the Marshallville well, the Dawsonville well, the Fort Gaines well and the Montezuma wells. The lowest "'ater-bearing stratum of the Albany deep well also belongs to the Cretaceous rocks: as well as the lowest waterbearing stratum in the Blakely well. The water from the. deep wells of the Cretaceous deposits is generally soft, and is well suited for domestic and technical purposes.
THE CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. - The Piedmont Plateau, ~ncluding the Appa lachian lI.[ountain division, which consists of the Crystalline rocks, is a region noted for its great number of springs and shallow wells. Nearly every ravine and 11011owJ throughout the entire area, is supplied by never-ceasing springs, which, though usually small, furnish ample water for domestic purposes. In addition to these small springs, there a159 occur, in some localities, springs which furnish large volumes of water. The latter are usually found in quartzite and limestone, or other undoubted clastics. Some of the most noted of these large springs occur along Pine lVIolll1tain in ~leri\\'ether and Harris counties, and in Hall county, near Gainesville. Cold Spring, in Meriwether county, furnishes more than 2.000 gallons per minute, and \iVarm Springs, near by, has nearly an equal capacity. These large springs, like the small ones, are but

46

GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS

little affected by the drought, and can always be relied upon to furnish a constant supply of water.
Tbe abundance of the springs of tbe Crystalline area seems to be due chiefly tq tbe structural geology of tbe region. Tbe rocks, besides being largely of a complex and heterogeneous character, are much folded, contorted, fissured and sbeared. Such rocks absorb a comparatively high percentage of rainfall, whicb, after a short course underground, is again brought to the surface, by folds or fissures of the strata, to form spri~gs. As none of the rocks of tbe area are, strictly speaking, pervious or imperviolls, all may be said to be water-carriers, to a greater or less extent. Springs, therefore, haye no regular distribution, but are pretty evenly distributed throughout the region-
The conditions for shallow wells in the Piedmont Plateau are quite favorable. The enti re area is usually covered, to a depth of many feet, with a mantle of somewhat sandy clays, which have resulted from the weathering of the underlying granites, gneisses, schists, etc. These lower layers of the residual clays are almost invariably saturated with water, which is a continuous source of supply to shallow wells of the region, except during long continued droughts. This class of wells has an extensive use throughout the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian Mountain divisions of the State. They are the main source of domestic water-supply for the rural districts, as well as for the small towns. The deep wells of the Crystalline rocks have not, as a general rule, been successful. In the majority of cases, the amount of water secured has been inadequate to supply the demand, for which sucb wells are constructed. In a few instances, however, as in the case of some of the Atlanta and Augusta wells, this class of wells furnish ample water to supply large manufacturing plants.
THE PALEOZOIC ROCKS. - Tbe main water-bearing strata of the Paleozoic rocks are the limestones and the sandstones. The Paleozoic limestones and sandstones, together with their associated shales, have been thrown by lateral pressure into a number of long anticlinal and synclinal folds. The anticlinal folds, in most cases, have been decapitated, and are now replaced by valleys of erosion, while

GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS

47

the synclinal form the intervening ridges. These structural condi-

tions are usually unfayorable for flowing-wells: but, at the same

time, they materially affect the underground water-supply by per-

mitting the rainfall to be freely taken up by the upturned edges of

the strata . These structural conditions also account for the nu-

merous springs of the region, as \Yell as for their local distribution.

The limestones, which are the main source of underground water-

supply of the region, are the Chickamauga limestone and the Kn ox

dolomite. The former has been quite extensiyely prospected for

water by deep borings in the vicinity of Chickamauga Park. The

majority of these wells, together with the deep wells in the same

formation at Cedartown and Rockmart, furnish considerable water;

but. in most instances, the water is obtained from fissures or cavities,

and not from any special water-bearing bed. The same conditions,

met with in the Chickamauga limestone, seem to occur in the Knox

dolomite. at such places as have been prospected with the drill.

The sandstones, which are above refe rred to as water-carriers)

arc confined chiefly to Sand and Lookout mountains. At seyera!

points on these mountains~ bore-holes, put down in prospecting for

coal. have fU111ished considerable supplies of water. The various

COrti mines, located on these mountains, also show that the sandstones

arc water-carriers of importance. In addition to the deep wells,

here referred to, there are also present throughout the Paleozoic area

"cry favorable conditions for successful shallow wells. The resi dual

days of the region. which usually ta ke up a comparatively high

percentage of the rainfall. are generally of such thickness, as to re-

tain sufficient water to furnish ample supply for all ordinary do-

me,tic purposes. The Paleozoic, like the Crystalline area, is noted

for its numerous springs. These springs, SOme of which furnish

murmous quantities of water, are found most abundant in the 1ime-

stone belts. or near the contact of the limestones and sandstones

\\ ith the shales. Faults. also. to some extent, often govern the dis-

tnbution of springs. The waters of the large springs frequently

become

muddy ~

after

a

heavy

rainfall',

and

occasiona lly I

duril1Ob '

a

long drought. they become much reduced in volume. The smaller

prings. On the other hand, seem to be but little affected by the

CHAPTER V
THE MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE DEEP-WELL WA'rERS OF THE COASTAL PLAt'\".
The mineral constituents of the deep-,,ell waters of the Coastal Pla in vary from 70 to 1,160 parts per million. The total amount o f these constituents present, and the ratio they bear to each other, depend largely upon the character of the water-bearing strata. fro111 which the water is obtained . Thus, waters from highly calcareous rocks, such as the E ocene limestone, will carry a higher percentage of mineral matter than waters from the Cretaceous sands. In the -one case, the ch ief mineral constituent is carbonate of lime, and in the other, si lica . Another' element, which governs, to a greater or less extent, the total amount of mineral matter held in solution in
the deep-well waters of the Coasta,l Plain, is the depth of the water-
bearing strata below the surface. Other things being equal, the -greater the depth, the greater w ill be the amount o f miner,,-l matter l,eld in solution. The water-be",ring strata of the Cretaceous rocks me usually sands; and they therefore almost invariably yield soft waters. This is especially true of that part of the formation west of the Flint Ri ver, as is shown by the analysis of the water from the lower water-bearing stratum of the Albany well, and also by the analyses of the waters from the deep wells at Montezuma, F ort Gaines and Blakeley. all of which get their water-supply from the 'Cretaceous sands,. These soft Cretaceous waters, \yhich are well .adapted for technical purposes, can be had, oyer a large area west of
the Flint Ri\'cr, by sinking we lls to a depth varying fr0111 400 to
1,200 feet. In contrast with these soft Cretaceous waters, are the almost uni-
versally hard E ocene waters. These hard waters supply the deep wells of a g reater part of the Coastal Plain . They are encountered in the Savannah and \Vaycross wells at depths varying from 400 to
(48 )

;. " ;. /.
"/.

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF DEEP-WELL WATERS

49

500 feet, and are the main source of the deer>-well supply, as far 110rth as Dublin and Hawkinsville. These waters usually carry from 50 to 175 parts per million of calcium carbonate, besides a considerable amount of magnesium carbonate. The Miocene and Pliocene deep-well waters usually differ but little from the Eocene waters. They all carry more or less calcium carbonate, and are generally unsatisfactory for boiler use.
One rather interesting feature of the deer>-well ' waters of the Coastal Plain, shown by the chemical analyses, is the remarkably high percentage of phosphoric acid present in some of these waters. This peculiarity is ,,'ell illustrated by the analysis of the Baxley deepwell water, \\-hich carries 4 parts per million of phosphoric acid. These waters, with high phosphoric acid contents, appear to be confined to no special geological horizon. They are found in the Cretaceous and Eocene, as '\\,ell as in the Pliocene. It has been suggested, that. if these phosphatic waters were used for irrigation purposes, commercial fertilizers might, in a large measure, be dispensed with; as J 2 inches of water. used in irrigation, would be equal to nearly 200 pounds of commercial fertilizer per acre.

C HAPTE R VI
DETAILED DE SCRIPTION OF THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAII BY COUNTIES
APPLING COUKTY
The main sources of the domestic water-supply in Appling county, at present, are the shallow wells. These wells usually vary from 15 to 30 feet in depth, and furni sh an abundant supply of soft water. The source of supply of these wells appears to be mainly the Columbia and Lafayette sands and clays. However, in some instances, it is more than likely, that they penetrate the underlying }Iiocene bed s.
BAXLEY. - ( Elevation, 205 feet above sca-Ievel.) The only deep wells in the coun ty are at Baxley, the county seat. One of these wells has a depth of 525 feet, and the other, a depth of 461 feet. The former, which is located about 100 feet from the latter, met with an accident before its completion; and it was finally abandoned. The well, having a depth of 461 feet, is 8 inches in diameter and is cased to 206 feet. The water-supply of this well, at present, is said to come from a water-bearing stratum at 210 feet from the surface. A second water-bearing stratum is reported at 408 feet; but no information was obtained as to the lithological character. or the thickness of these beels. Th e water r0111 the first stratul11 rises to within 90 feet of the surface. It is soft, clear, and well suited for domestic and manufacturing purposes, as is shown by the follow ing analysis. made by Dr. Edgar Everhart. Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia:-
(So)

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 5'

COllstituents DetermiHcd

Parts per :\lillion

Sili~ ...................... . . .. .. . . 97. 10
Sulphur Trioxide .................... . l. 34 Ca rbon Dtoxide ............. .. .... . . . 50 . 20
Phosphorus pentoxide ............... . +. 00
Chlorine .. . ....................... . 12.20
Iroll Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . ....... . 16.56
Lime ... . 5.50 ~Iagnes: a ...................... . ... . I. 19 Potash .............. . ..... . .... .... . 533 Soda ..... . ............... . ........ . 1779
Total Hardness ........ . .... .. ..... . 84.70

Probable COll/billalion
Potassium Chloride ............... . .. 8.76 Soelium Chloriele ...... . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . 13. 22 Sodium Sulphate .. . ............... . . . .,.14 Sod ium Phosphate .... . .............. . 8.00 Sodium Carbonate ................. .. . 10.14 :\[agnesium Carbonate .. . ............ . 2.50 Calcium Carbonate . .......... .. ..... . 982

Total Solids ........... . ... .. .. . .. . .. 169.24

Grains per U. S. Gallon
5. 662
.080 2.930
~33
.7 11 97 I
.3 21
.06) . 311 1. 0 37
4939
.,SII
77 I . 183
.466 .59 1
.q.6 .57 2

Free Carbon Dioxiele. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40.36

2353

Sandstone, marl and shell rock a re said to have l,1een penetrated in the Baxley wells: but the thickness and oreler of succession of these beds could not be ascertained. The water-bearing strata of these wells are probably upper Eocene or lower Miocene.

BAKER CO ~TY
Baker county has numerous spr ings: but the chief sources of water-supply for domestic purposes are surface wells. which yary ir'llll 30 to 50 feet in depth. )'lan)" of the springs of the county itlrnish large \'o!umes of water : but they are usually located near the banks of the larger streams , and are subject to o\'erRow dur ing the wet season ,
Lc:'.ter's Spring on the Flint River, eight miles northeast of KewIon. and the so-called Blue Spring. within the corporate limits of

52

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Newton, are good examples of the larger springs o ften met with in Baker county. The shallow \\"ells are confined ch ieA y to the Columbia and Lafayette forma tions : thoug h. in some cases, these w ells enter the underly ing Eocene li mestones. The water obtaIned f r0111 the latter deposits is llsually quite ha rel, and is generally regarded as l 111 healthful.
NEWTON . ~ T he artesian well at N ewtoll, wh ich was completed 'in October, 1902, is the only deep \\"ell in the coun ty. Thi s well is 't,yO inches in diameter and 825 feet 'deep, and has a constant flo\\- of J 5 gallons per minute. The water ri ses 35 feet above the surface.
~I r. ]. B. Perry gi\'es the following yery meagre and imperfect record of the 1\ewton \\"ell: -

1 Sands and clays ........ ... .... ... . .... ... to 80 feet
2 Rock ... . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '~380 "
3 Qu icksand and rock ..... . ............ . .... a 580
4 Ma rl. sanel and rock ........... . ...... . . . .. " 680 " J ,la r! ......... . ........... . . . ........... " 800 " 6 \ Vhite honeycombed rock ................... II 82 5 "

The reco rd o f the well. here gi ven, seems to co rrespond fa irly well

with the recorel of the Albany wells ; and the \Yater-supply is, there-

fore, thought to come from the upper beds o f the Cretaceous.

T he analysis of the water from the N ewton well, made by Dr.

Edgar E verhart, Chemi st of the Geological Sun'ey o f Georgi a, is

as follo ws : -

Parts per Gra ins per

COllstitl/ellts Determin ed

Million U. S. Gallon

Silica . . .... . ... . ...... . ... .. .. . . .... 19. 80 Sulphur Trioxide .... . . . . ........ . . .. . 775 Carbon Dioxiele . ... .. ................. 190 . 80 Chlorine .. . ..... . ..... . . . ..... . ..... 7 . 00 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. . . .. ... 3.56 Lime.. . .. ........ . . . ..... .. . . .. .... 6.3 1 Magnesia . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 25 Potash ... . ... . ..... .. . .. ... . . .. ..... '2 . 32 Soda ................. . ... . 78 . 83 Total Hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.60 Permanent Hardness ...... .. . ... .. ... 22 .80

I.ISS
.45 2
II.IIi
. 408 .208
. 368 . 306 . 106 4. 656 1.55 1
1.32 9

UNDERGROUND W A TERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Parts per

Probable COIl/billation

Milli o n

Potass'um Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.68

Sodium Chloride.. .......... .. . .. .. .. 8.65

Sodium Sulphate .... ....... ..... ..... 13.75

Sodium Phosphate .. . ...... . . . ....... trace

Sodium Carbonate ............ .. ...... 1I 8 . 39 ~[agllesit1I11 Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I 1.02

Calci um Carbonate ... _. . . .. . . . .. ..... I I .27

Total Solids ........... . ...... . ...... 190.12

Free Carbon Dioxide .............. . ... 130. 92

Grain s per U . S. Gallon
. 21 5 .50 4 .802
trace
6. 90 4 . 643 .65 7
11. 087
7. 635

BERRIEN COUNTY

Shallow well s are the chief source of the domestic water-supply in Berrien county. No springs of importance are reported. Successful deep \\'ells have been completed at A del, Tifton and Mill-
town.
: \OEL. - ( Elevatioll, 246 feet above sea-level.) The Adel well,
completed in 1893. is 40 inches in diameter and 280 feet deep. The
\\'ater ri ses to within r 54 feet of the surface. Mr. J. B. Spencer
iurnishes the following record:-

Sandy soi l ........ . ........ .. . . . . . . . ... ... . 2 feet

2 Red clay ............. ... ............. . ... . 10 "

3 \\' hite sand

... ................ . ...... 10 "

4- Bille clay w ith sandstone bowlders . .. " ......... . 125 "

,; Fine white sand .... . ...................... . 25 "

6 Limestone with thin layers of flint, .. .......... . 100 "

The main water-supply in this \Yell is said to come from the lime-
stone. 229 feet from the surface.
TIFTON. - ( Elevatioll, 3-13 feet ab ove sea-level.) Cal'!. H. H. Tift's \\'el l. at Tifton , was completed in r 896, at a depth of 360 fee!. It is 8 inches in diameter. \Vater rises to within 80 feet of the surface. Two or three water-bearing strata are reported; but their
depths were not given. Limestone is said to have been struck at
260 feet.

54

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

The following analysis of the water from the Tift well was made by Dr. H. C. White. of the University of Georgia:-

Sohds Dissolved

Grains per Gallon

Carbonate of Lime... .... . ...... . .......... 10.642

Carbonate of Soda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbonate of Iron ...... .. . . .. .... . . ... .. ... .

0.579 0.013

Carbonate of Magnesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphate of Potash.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.149 0.536

Sulphate of Soda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride. . . .. . ...... . . . .. .. . . . . . ... .

0.64 I 0.065

Alumina .............. . ...... . .. . ........

0.614

Silica . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . ....... ... .. . . .. ... . ..

.932

Organic lVIatter . .. . . . . ..... . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . ..

.4II

Parts per Million

Free A lnnlonia ......... . . . . . . ... . .. .. ..... . Albuminoid Ammonia ...... . . . ... .. .... .. . . .

none 0.020

Color ................... .. . . . . . .... ... . . . . Odor ...... . . ..... . . . ...... ............. Sediment ........ . .... . . . ..... ... . .. .. . . .. .

clear none none

The following notes, made by Mr. "V. "V. Bumham on the Tifton Ice and Power Company's well, have been fumished by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Ch,ef of the Division of Hydro-Economics. U . S. Geological Survey:-

" The well is located near the station, about 10 ieet abo" e the railroad track. It is 6 inches in diameter, 572;1, feet deep, and is used
chiefly to supply an ice factory. The water rises to within II5 feet of the surface. It is rai sed with an air lift having a maximum ca-
pacity of '135 gallons per minute. The well cost $2,090, and the
pumping plant, $1,000. The section of the well is as follows : -
I Surface soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . feet 2 Clay and sand ... .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 " 3 Sand rock ..... . ............ . . .. .... . .. . .. 20 " 4 Rock and clay (20-foot layers ) .. .. ..... . ...... ioo " 5 Qu icksand ........................ . ...... . . 25 It 6 From 270 to 3QO, hard flint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 "
, 7 From 300 to 512, porous limestone .. . .. . ... . .. . 212 "
\i\Tater in caverns at 340 and 512 feet."

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTIIL PLAIN

SS

The following field analysis of water from the Tifton Ice and Power Company's well was made bl' Mr. \ V. ' V. Burnham'

emlstill/ellts Determined

Parts per Million

Chlorine . . ..... . .................... . Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate ........ . Scale-fanning Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .. Alkali Carbonates as Sodium Carbonate . . . .. ... . Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate . ........ . Sulphur Triox ide ...... . .. . ... . .. . .... . .... . Iron ........ . .... .. ... . ..... . .. . .. . .. . . . . .

4 0 It6.0
38 . 0 82.6
none
05

Odor (air-lift) Hydrogen Sulphide . . . . . .. . .. . . .
Color ...... .. ... . .. . ... . . . Turbidity . . ... . ..... .. .......... . .. .. . . ... .
Temperature ... . ...... . . .. ............ .

1.0
none
none

Analysis of the same water by Boiler Compound Company IS as follows:

COl/slill/wls Deterll/il/ed

Grains per Gallon

Sodium Chloride .......... . ....... .. ....... Calcium Sulphate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :llagnesium Ca rbonate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calcium Carbonate . . ........ . . .. .. ...... . . . . Silica ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . ... ... . .. .... Iron Oxide and Alumina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 . 18 4. II
.99
2. I I
. 92
.22

Total .. . ... .. ................ . . .. . .. . . . .

10.26

~IJUTOIVN. - The G. V. Gress Lumber Company's well, located :.1 :llilltown. was completed October 25th, 1903. T he well is 6 inches in diameter and 260 feet deep ; and it furnishes a good supply of slliphureted water, rising to within 80 feet of the surface. The

I F.XI'LASATOR\' :s'OTR -Total carbonates are detennilled by ascertai ni ng :11l10unt of acid

1lRd rily

lip lot"

b~' the:! aklnll11ity wholly calciulIl

of the water. It t."arhollnte. The

is expressed in scale fOfming

terms of en CO3, bllt may 1I0t necessa carbonates. as determined ill this se.

rift, of te'ts, .~h "l\Ild be looked upon rather with suspicion. AS a field method it was a IU'W one

aDd had not been sufficiently tried. III the determination of sca le-forming carbonates. the sam.

pic wa. boiled, titmted with acid, and calculated as Ca CO. This subtracted from total carbonabolan.RIl\'e the carbo IIUt es preCIp.itatedonbOI' l.ing, win,ch hav~ e been. deSignated as scale-rorul.lugcar
I~,. U the :11110 1l1lt o f thes e is correct it prob.."lbly gh'es a fair idea of th e calcium carbona te

coaletlt of. the water Total hardness as Ca COs was determined by titrating with a standard
:r~lnt\oll and is merely expressed as calcium carbonate in o rder to have some con\'eniellt
':'tIII eo reference, The total h'lrdnes.~. as will probnblv be noticed seeUlS to be dependent UPOIl .ul.llhnle~ ill the water, So that. outside of beil~ g il1 dicnti\'~ of tlte industrial va lue of the

Itt, It merely 5en'('s as a check upon the carbonates and sulphates.

56

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CO A STA L PLAIN

main water-supply is said to come from sancl, 100 feet from the surface. The water is used fo r drinking and other purposes.
The water-bearing strata of the Adel and Tifton wells is Vicksburg-Jackson limestone; but the Milltown welI probably obta ins its supply from the Miocene sands.

BIBB COUNTY
The fall-line, separating the Coastal Plain from the Crystalline area, divides Bibb county in to two nearly equal divisions. The northern portion, whi ch consists of the Crystalline rocks. is wel! supplied with small springs; but the main reliance for domestic water-supply is shallow welIs. South of the fall-line . or within the Coastal Plain area, in addition to springs and shallow wells. there is also a number of cleep wells.
MACON. - (Elevatioll,1333 feet above sea-level.) One of the first attempts to obtain water in Bibb county, by means of deep boring, was made by the Acme Brewing Company in the city of Macon in 1890. This well, which is located less than a mile south of the contact of the CrystalIine rocks with the Cretaceous, is said to attain a depth of 955 feet. With the exception of the first one or two hund red feet, which consist of the Columbia and Lafayette and Cretaceous sands and clays, the well penetrated the Crystalline rocks. These last, and al so the overlying clastics at this poi nt, were found to be practically barren of water. and the well was therefore unsucessfuI. South of Macon, the condition for successful deep wells seem to be more promi sing. However, e\'en in that portion of the county, these wells have not met with success, in all cases. In most instances, water-bearing strata \yere penetrated; but quicksands were often difficult to control, 2.nd, at any time, likely to shut off or decrease the water supply.
1IIr. H. R. Teal, a weII contractor, who has had considerable experience in constructing wells in the southern pa rt of Bibb county, informs the writer, that the water-bearing beds o f the region are very variable, and that, in some places, they appear to be entirely wanting, or furni sh only a meagre supply.

>

~ g
;.: ~
r: .::: ::: :::
~ .i
r. a o::: ='1
0
; ~

~ ~

= ~ -;
~

~ ~

g ::

.:::
~ _

:-,:i;

=;,;

:~:
~

/

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

5i

The J. D . Whiteside well is located on the Macon-Perry public
road, seven miles south of Macon. It was completed in 1899; and it has a depth of 190 feet, and is three inches in diameter. No data were secured concen1ing the various strata penetrated in its construction. The water, at present, is reported to stand within 90 feet of the surface, and to come from gravel beds at some point near the bottom of the well.
WALDEN. - Mr. J. B. Willis's well, near Walden, is reported to
have a depth of 260 feet, and to yield two gallons per minute. The water rises to within 80 feet of the surface, and is remarkably pure, as is shown by the following analysis, made by Mr. A. M. Lloyd, of
Atlanta: -

Co"s!i!"e,, !s De!er1llined

Grains per U. S. Gallon

Carbonate of Lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbonate of Magnesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sesqui-oxide of Iron and Alumina . . . . . . .. .. . . .. Sodium Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.2436 o. I 136 0.1456 o. 1654

Potassium Sulphate ............. . ... .. ...... Silica ......... ... ......................... Sodium Silicate..... ....... ..... .. . . . .... ... Organic and Volatile lIlatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.1306 0.4785 0.0727 0 .0330

Total Solids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I .3830

In addition to the deep well. just described, there are two others located in the vicinity of \.valden, from which partial reports have heen secured. One of these wells, owned by Mr. B. F. Vinson. is iour inches in diameter, and has a depth of 185 feet. The water, which rises within 80 feet of the surface. is reported to come from sand near the bottom of the well. A water-bearing stratum is also ...aid to occur, 75 feet below the surface. The other well , above re-
ferred to. owned by Mr. \.v. J. \Villis, has the same diameter as the
\'inson well; but it is only 165 feet deep. The water in this well rises to within 60 feet of the surface, and is reported to come from a bed of coarse sand and gravel at the bottom. lI1r. \.villis notes the OCcurrence of flint (?) rock, 20 feet thick, in this well, at a depth of 115 feet, and also, a soft rock, about the same thickness, only a few reet above the water-bearing stratum.

58

U.vDERGROU.VD WATERS OF THE COASTA L PLAIN

The water-supply of all the deep well s in Bibb county appears to come from the basal member of the Cretaceous deposits, or the Potomac formation. Ho\yever, the records of the wells are too meagre, t o give any detai led description of these beds.

BROOKS COUNTY
\Vith the exception of the town of Quitman, the entire domestic water-suppl y of Brooks county is practically obta ined from the s hallow wells, which penetrate the Lafayette sandy clays, or the underlyi ng I\1iocene beds. There are a few large springs in the county; but they are always located in more or less inaccessible -places; and, as a result, they are only occasionally used for domestic, o r other purposes. There is, however, in the case of the so-called Bl ue or \VacIe IVli neral-spring, a rather marked exception to thi s general rule. This spring, which is located ~ear the right bank of the \ Vith lacoochee RiYer, se,-en miles east o f Quitman. has, in recent years, become quite a local pleasure resort. The improvements consist o f a small hotel, Of boa rding-house, and a number of cottages, for the accommodation of guests. The spring is a typical so-called blue spring, of the limestone region of South Georgia. It seems to be the outlet of a large subterranean stream, which ascends, with considerable force, through a large opening. A t the time of the -writer's visit to the spring, in November, 1903, a rough estimate showed, that it was then flowing about IS million gallons per day. It was learned, however, tha t, during an extremely dry season, some years ago, the spring went dry. A nother of these large springs, kn own as the ).[CIntyre Spring, having probably tw ice the capacity of the Blue Spring. is to be seen in \Vithlacoochee River, near the Georgia-Florida line, 15 miles southeast o f Quitman.
QUITMA N. - (Eleva/ ioll, I8I feet above sea-level.) The deep wells of Brooks county are confined to Qu itman and vicinity. The first of these wells. \\"hich is said io ha,e attained a depth of JOO feet, was constructed by the town of Quitman, at a cost of about $3,000, in ,884.

UNDERGROUN D WATERS OF THE COASTA L PL.4f.V

59

Dr. J. \\T. Spencer, formerl), State Geologi st of Georgia, giyes the
following record o f the \,"ell : - !

Cia), and sand to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70 feet 2 Soft rock in seams to . ......... .. .......... . . roo H
Rock 3 ft.. after which the drill fell 6 ft. into a
stream of water to .. . .. ....... .. . .. . .. .. ... 109 "
3 Soft rock and sand to ...... . .............. .. . 186 " -I Hard flint rock ... . ......... . ................ thin la)'er
5 Quicksand and hard rock in beds, 1 to 3 ft. thick to . 300 feet 6 Sand and cia)' to ....... , ... . .... . ...... '.. .. . 340 " 7 Sand to ...... .. . ... .... . ...... . .. . ..... . . 385 "

Since the completion of the well, here described, three other deep wells have been put down , within the corporate limits of Quitman. One of these wells, which is located at the pumping-station, and now supplies the town with water, has a depth of 32 1 feet. It penetrates water-bearing strata at depth s of 123 and 310 feet. Both of these water-bearing strata funli sh a large supply of \vater.
The analysis of the water from the second water-bearing stratum, made by Dr. Edgar E verhart, Chemi st of the Geological Sun'e), of Ceorg ia. is as follo\\"s : -

Parts per

CO llslilll Cllts Determin ed

Million

~ilica ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28.10

Sulphur Trioxide ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace

Carbon Dioxide ........ . .. . . .. ....... 176 . 00

Phn' phorlls Pentoxide .. . ... .......... trace

Chlorine .............. . ..... ....... 5. 80

Alumina ., ... ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .00

Iron Sesqui-oxide .... .. ..... . . .. .. .. '. 18 . 80

Linlc ... . ........... . ....... . ....... 32 .50

lfagnesia . . .... . . ... . .... . . ," , . ,",. 15,10

POla,h . ...... . .. . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 80

I. ............. . ....... . ......... 5.50

I CeQI Slln'. o f G.~...v..r81.3 , F' l' rst Report of Progre ss, 1891, p. i4 .

Grains per U. S. Gallon
1.639 trace 10 . 26 3 trace
.338
.291 1. 0 95 1.92 4
.880 .046 .3 21


60

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Parts per

Probable COII/billation

MiJ1ion

Potassium Chloride .. . ............ .. . 1.30 Sodium Chloride ........... ......... 8.60

Sodium Phosphate ... . . . .. .. .. ... . ... trace

Sodium Carbonate ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.80 Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58.00 ).Jagnesium Carbonate . .......... ..... 31.70

Total Solids ............ . ... . . . ..... 153.30

Free Carbon Dioxide . ............... . 133.13

Grai ns per U. S. Gal10n
.075
.501
trace .105 3,82 1.848
8.9+0
8764

The two other wel1s . above referred to. within the city limits of Quitman. attain depths of 120 and 310 feet, respecti vely. The shal-
lower well shows the following record: -
T Surface sands .. . ................ . ....... to 2 feet
2 Vari-colored clay . .......... . .. . .... .. .. . . " 62 "
3 Yellow sand .......... . .................. " 77 "
4 Gray, sandy clay . . . . ..................... " 120 " 5 Porous limestone (water-beari ng). . ...... ... (?)

The first water-bearing stratum, in all the deep wells of Quitman , appears to be a cavernous limestone, which is always readily recognized, by the dropping of the dril1 from 2 to 9 feet, when it is first encountered. The deep \\'el1 at the Oglesby Mil1, three-quarters of a mile northwest of Quitman, and also the Quitman Power Company's well, about t\\'o miles northeast of Quitman, each penetrateand receive their water-supply from this cayernOlts limestone.
The water-bearing strata in the Quitman \\'ells appear to belong to the Cpper Vicksburg-Jackson rocks.

BRYA::\ COUNTY
The domestic water-supply of Bryan county is derived almost entirely either from dug or driven welis, which vary from r5 to 30 feet in depth.
No springs of any importance are reported in the county. Theonly deep wel1s are located at or near \,yay's station in the eastern part q,f the county, a short distance west of the Ogeechee River.

UXDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAI.V

O!

There are four of these wells, the first of which was put down by the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad, now the Seaboard A;r Line Railway, in 1895. This well, located about half-a-mile west of the river. is three inches in diameter, and 460 feet deep, and furnishes a flow , 20 feet above the su rface. \Vater-beari llg strata are reported at 340 and 440 feet, respectively. The water is used to supply the water-tank of the railroad; and it is also used by the people living near by. for drinking and general domestic pllrposes.
The following fi eld-analvsis of ,,'ater fro m this "'ell , made by 11'[r. \\'. \\'. Burnham. was furnished by :\1. O. Leighton. Chief of the Di\'ision of H ydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Sur vey : -

Cons/1"'ltCll/S Determined

Parts per Million

~I~ine. . .

. .... .... .

Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .... . .. . .

Scale-forming Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate . .

.-\Ikali Ca rbonates as Sodium Carbonate ..... , .. .

Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate ......... . .

Sulphur Trioxide ........ . ......... .. . ..... .

Iron ................ . ........ .. , .... . . ... .

Odor. Hydrogen Sulphide .... . . . .... ... . .... .

Color ....... .. . .. .............. . ........ . .

6. 5
10-1- . 0
21.0
88.0 124. 0
trace
05
2.0
non e

Turbidity .................. . .. . .. . .. .... .. .

none

Temperature, F . (estimated ) .. . .. . .. . ..... 72

Mr. Burnham secured the following notes from Mr. Bailey Carpenter, on his well located at Way's station: Depth, 345 feet: di-
ameter, 10 inches; flow, 2S feet above the surface. The water is
used for domestic purposes. The field-analysis of the water from the Carpenter well, by Mr.
Burnham, is as follows : -

COllstituents Determined

Parts per Million

Ch lorine .. . ....... .... ...... . ..... .. ..... . Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .... .. .. .
cale-forming Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .. Alkali Carbonates as Sodium Carbonate ...... .. . Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate .. . ....... . Sulphur Trioxide .... . .... .. .... . .... .. . . .. . Iron ....... . . . . .. . . .. .. ............ . . . . :.

40
I I 1.0
8.0
109 . 0
110 . 0
trace trace

62

UJYDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Parts per Million

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide. . .. ... ... . .. ... .. ..

3.0 '

Color ....... . .. . .. . ......... .... . ... . .. . ..

none

Turbidity ... .. .... ........ . .. . . . .. .. ... . .

none

Temperature, F. (estimated) ... .. . .. .... . 70

BULLOCH COU:-<TY

The only rleep wells, reported in Bulloch coun ty, are located at Statesboro, the county-seat. There are three of these wells; but no report has been received frol11 any of them. except the one owned by :-1r. W. D. Davis. This "'ell has a depth of 320 feet, and furnishes an abundance of excellent water, the analysis of which, made by Dr. Edgar EYerhart, Chemist of the Geological Sun'er of Geo(-gia, is as fol1ows:-

Parts per

CO'llslilllCIl/s DcferJll';lIed

Million

Silica .. .. .. . . .. .... . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . 43 . 10 Sulphur Trioxide .. ..... . .......... . 2.86

Carbon Dioxide .. . .. ............... Phosphorus Pentoxide ... .. .. .. . .. .. . Chlorine ....... .. . .. . ... . ... . . .. ... .

5.42 trace
6.80

Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ...... . . Lme. ....... .. . ... .. . .. . . . :Magnesia .......... . .......... ... . . Potash .. ... . ..................... .
Soda .................... . . .......

5. 00
2 . 12
1. 28
3.32
395

Grains per
U. S. Gallon
2..517' 03 3,6
trace
397
.292
. 124 .075 . '94 .230

Probable Colllbination
Potassium Chloride ........ . . . .. . .. . . Sodium Chloride ......... .. ... ... . . . Sodium Sulphate ........ .... ....... . Sodium Phosphate ..... ....... .. . .. . )'Iagnesiul1l Sulphate ............... . Calcium Sulphate ...... . .. .. . . . .. . . Calcium Carbonate . . . . . ....... . .. .

5. 26 7. 08 0 -15
trace
3 .8-1 1.17
293

.307 .4 13 .026
t rac e
.224
.068 .1 71

T otal ..... .

68.83

4. 01 4

Free Carbon Dioxide ... .. . .......... . 4 13

.24

'

UNDERGROU.YD WriTERS OF THE COriSTAL PL ,ll.V

63

The Statesboro \\"ells are all non-flowi ng. They probably recei"e their water-supply from the Upper Eocene beels. There arc few springs in Bulloch county. The chief water-slIpply is obtained frOIll shallow wells.

BURKE COUKTY

Successful deep \\"ells have been constructed 111 Burke county at Waynesboro, Herndon, Rogers and Midville.
\ \ .AYNESBORO. - (Elevatioll, 286 fect abo, 'e sea-level.) There are two deep wells at \Va ynesboro, one owned by Mr. VV. A. vVilkins and the other by the Southern Cotton Seed Oil Company. The fanner well. which was put down in 1888. is reported to have a depth of 889 feet. \Vater-bearing sirata are said to occu r in . this well at depths of 250, 300 and 889 feet. The water-supply, at present, is obtained from the upper stratum. The water ri ses to within 14 fee t of the surface, and is said to be of good quality.
11r. R. G. Edenfield, of Augusta, Ga., has furnished the writer with a number of samples of borings from this \Yel1, on which the following no tes haye been made: -
Fine. red sand ... . ..................... . . to 60 feet 2 Yellow sand .. ........................... " ISO " 3 Coarse. white sand with fragments of shells . ... " 230 "
4 Rather coarse, gray sand . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . ... " 240 "
5 Sandy marl . ..................... . ... . .. " 2<)0 " 6 Fine. yellow sand ........................ ,I 3 10 " 7 Very coarse sand with dark-colored pebbles. nu-
merous minute crystals of gypsum, and fragments of tough gray clay . ..... ...... .. . .. " 340 " 8 Coarse sand ........ . .. . .......... .. ..... " 360 "
9 Dark sandy clay with sharks' teeth . ..... . .... H 380 " 10 Coa rse sand .. . . . .. .. ................... . " 410 "
II The same as above . ....................... " 500 "
12 Coarse sand, mixed with red lnicaceous clay . .. " 700 "
Considerable limestone and flint are reported to occur in the vVilkins well; but their depth from the surface, and the thickness could not be asce rtained'.

64

UXDERGROU,YD WA TERS OF T H E COAS TA L Pl. A I N

'f he Southern Cotton Seed O il Company's well has a depth of about 200 feet. It is 6 inches in dia meter. and furnishes daily, by pumping, 1, 200 gallons o f \Yater, which supplies the oil mi ll and a number o f residences in the town. The water rises to w ithin 19 feet of the surface, and is of good quality, as is sho wn by the following anal ys is, made by D r. E dga r E,-erhart. Chem ist o f the Geo logical Sun'ey of Georgia: -

P ar ts per

COll stitueuts Determined

ilI il lion

Silica ..... .. ..... . ...

. . . ... . . 15.50

Sulphur Tri oxide .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . 3. 0 6

Ca rbon Dioxide . ............ .. .

152 . 00

Phosphorus Pentoxide ... .. . . .. .. . ... . trace

Chlorine ..... .... .. . ... .... .. .. ... . . 7. 00

I ron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. . . . ... . 6 . 06

Li= ......... . ..... . . . .. . . . . ... .. . 87. 12

11Iagnesia . .... . . , . . . ., . . . ... .. . .. . . 3 . 31

Potash .. ...... .. .... . . . . .... .. . . . . 2 . 12

Soda ..... . ... . .... . ..... . .. . . ... . . 4. 84

Grains per U. S. Gallon
. 878 . 178 10. 864
trace
. 40 8
3 53 5. 08 1
.1 93
. 12 4
.282

Probable COlllbillatioll

Potassium Chloride .. . .. . ... . . . ... . . 3 . 36 Sodium Chloride ... . .. . .... . ... . . .. . 8. 90

Sodi um Sulphate .. . .. . . . ... . .... . . . . Sodi um Phosphate .... . . . ..... .. . . . . Magnesium Sulphate ... . ....... . ...

0 .30 trace
4 .76

lvl agnes ium Ca rlxmate . .. . . . . . . ... . .. 3 90
Calcium Carbonate ... .. .... . ... .. ... . 15557

.196 . 519 . 01 5
trace
.278
. 221
9 .0 73

T otal Solids ..... . ........ . .. . . . . . . . 198 .35 Free Carbon Dioxide . .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . 81. 51

11.567 4753

H ERNDON. - ( Elevation, I89 t ee t above sea-level.) The H erndon well is two inches in diameter and 300 feet deep, and furnishes 30 gallons of water per minu te. The water is hard, but wholesome ; and it ri ses 14 feet above the surface. Qui cksand, marl and honey-combed limestone are said to have been penetrated, in si nking the Herndon well ; but "neither th eir order of occurrence nor their thickness were ascerta ined. The water-supply is reported to come from a porous limestone near the bottom of the well.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

65

ROGERS. - (Elevation, 20I teet above sea-level.) The well at
Rogers is 5' feet deeper than the Herndon well; it is four inches
in diameter, and furnishes a flow of 80 gallons per minute. The water rises 24 feet above the surface. Two water-bearing strata' are reported in the Rogers well, one at a depth of 180 feet and the other at 330 feet. Mr. H. i\ll. Lloyd, well contractor, gives the following record : -

I Blue clay .. .. ... . . . " .... . ............. to 5 feet
2 Fine, white sand ............ .. . . .. . ...... " 60 "
3 Blue marl ...... .. ..... . .... .. ... ......... " 180 " 4 Black sand (water-bearing) ......... . .. . ... . " , 82 " 5 Blue marl and rock; last 50 feet, soft rock .... . " 35 I "

MIDVILLE. - Midville has 10 flowing wells, varying in depth from 157 to 305 feet. The deeper wells are reported to have penetrated water-bearing strata at 50, 'SO, '90 and 295 feet, respectively. The static head of the water from the third stratum is said to be 40 feet above the surface, and from the second stratum, 27 feet.
Mr. Allen W. J ones, the owner of three of the Midville wells, attempted to utilize his wells in operating a small electric-light plant; but the power was found to be insufficient to execute the work.
Mr. YV. H. Boston gives the following meagre record of the public well at lvIidville, from memory : -

I Surface .. . ................. ... ... .. . .... to 10 feet

2
3

White sand .. ... .... .. ..... . ..... .. .. . ... " Limestone, underground stream ............. "

35 55

"
"

4
5 6

Limestone, pebbles with shells and sharks' teeth. "
Limestone, underground stream ............. ~,

105 III

Honey-combed water-bearing rock ........... " '57

" " "

The following field-analyses of the waters from the Midville wells, made by Mr. W. W. Burnham, were furnished by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division Hydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Survey : -

66

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

No. I

Parts per

COllstituCllts Determined

i\Iillion

Chlorine ........... .. .. . .............. . 4. 0 Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonates . ... . 100.0
Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . .......................... . ... . . . 6.2

Alkali Carbonates. as Sodium Carbonate .... . 995 Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate . . .. . . . 125. 0 Sulphur Trioxide . . .. . ..... . ........... . 10.0
Iron . ... .. .. . ...... . ..... ... . .. .. . .. .. . 05 Odor, Hydrogen-Sulphide .. . . .. ...... . . . . . 3. 0 Color . ................................ . none
Turbidity ......... . .. . ...... . .. .. . .... . nOlle

Temperature, F. (estimated) ..... " . . . .. 700

No.2 Parts per Million
40
150 . 0
14. 0
1440
167 . 0 5. 0 05 3. 0
none none

In addition ' to the deep wells, here described, there are others in Burke county; but no definite data have been received, which would give any additional information concerning the character of the formations penetrated. Nothing definite can be slated, as to the geological horizon of the different water-bearing strata of Burke county, further than that they are all probably Eocene, except possibly the third ,,"ater-bearing stratum in the VVilkins well at \ iVayneshoro, which may be Cretaceous.
The only large spring, visited in Burke county, is located about seven miles north of :tvIillen. This spring, which flows several million gallons daily, seems to be the outlet of an undergrounct stream, which can be followed for some distance by a chain of limesinks. The water from this spring was formerly used to operate a grist mill, ginnery etc.; but some time ago a sink suddenly appeared in the storage basin, and the water disappeared underground. An effort was made to fill the sink with brush, rock etc.; but it was unsuccessful; and, as a result the mill had to be abandoned .
The main supply of water for domestic purposes is obtained from shallow wells. These wells, which vary from 20 to 50 feet in depth, are confined chiefly to the Lafayette; though, in some cases, they no doubt penetrate the underlying lvli ocene, or the E ocene.

U,VDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN . 67
CAMDEN COUNTY
Camden county seems to have 110 springs of importance, except a few small nuneral springs, which are only of local interest. Shallow \\"ells are the chief source of the domestic water-supply in the rural districts; but, in the smal l towns and 011 many of the large plantations, deep \yells are in 'general use.
ST. 1IARY's. - The deep well at St. Mary's, the county-seat, is four inches in diameter, and has a depth of 522 feet. Two waterbearing strata occur in this well, one at 300 feet, and the other, at 500 feet. The present water-supply is obtained from the lower stratum, the upper stratum being cased off. The water from the former stratum ri ses 50 feet above the surface, or about 40 feet above high tide. It is said to be quite wholesome, and is generally used by the people of the town for domestic purposes. The water
is yather heavily charged with hydrogen sulphide, and forms a while precipitate about the overflow pipes.
The following chemical analysis was made by Dr. Geo. F. Payne, former State Chemist: -
Total Solids per U. S. Gallon .. . .. . . . . .. . .... . 29.58 grains Chlorine ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... . . ... . ... . 2 .49 Ii Free Anullonia per Ivlillion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 parts Albuminoid Ammonia per Th,lillion. . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.60 II
The water also contains iron, alumina, lime, magnesia, sulphuric acid, soda and potash. It is regarded, among the inhabitants of St. ~Iary's, as having marked medicinal propert.ies.
CU]o.IBERLAND ISLAND. - ::\Irs. Lucy Carnegie's well, located on the beach at Dungeness near the southern end of Cumberland Island, is 680 feet deep and six inches in diameter. The water is sulphureled: and it rises 5I feet above the surface. The daily capacity of the well is estimated at 800,000 gallons. The number of waterbearing strata is not given: however, the notes furnished by Nlr. O. H . "ade. the well contractor, show that the first flow was obtained at 400 feet in a white, chalky limestone. Four other flowing

68

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

wells are reported on Cumberland Island, ranging in depth from 400 to 700 feet. Two of these wells are located at the famous resort on the north end of the island. They furnish an abundant supply of water, which is said to be excellent for dyspeptic troubles. The water from these wells rises only 12 feet above the surface.
KINGSLAKD. - (Elevation, 75 tilet (?) above sea-level.) Mr. VV. H. King's well, which supplies the water-tanks of the Seaboard Air Line railroad at Kingsland with water, has a depth of 500 feet. It is two inches in diameter, and furnishes about 800 gallons per minute. The water rises 25 feet above the surface. \ ater-bearing strata are reported at 350 and 450 feet. Clay, sand, marl, beds of shell, and hard rock were penetrated in this \\ell. Hard rock is said to have been first struck in this well at 300 feet. Two other deep wells ha\e been put down at Kingsland; but no satisfactory records of these wells have been obtained.
"VOODBINE. - Two deep wells have been bored at Woodbine, both of which are two inches in diameter and 350 feet deep. Each well penetrated water-bearing strata at 250 feet and 350 feet. The water from the first stratum rises just to the surface; and, from the second stratum, it rises 40 or 50 feet above.
"VRITE OAK. - (Elevation, five teet above sea-level.) The well of Mr. L. T. McKinnon was constructed in 1894, to obtain water for domestic purposes and to supply a turpentine distillery. It is four inches in diameter and 450 feet deep. The water is hard and sulphureted, and rises 50 feet above the surface. Two flows wt!re struck in the well, one at 130 and the other at 450 feet. Limestone is reported to occur at 200 feet . Above the limestone, the drill is said to have penetrated sand, marl and clay with beds of oyster shells.
TARBORO. - The Safford Brothers own four wells at Tarboro, three, 8 inches in diameter, and one, I inch. These wells all attain a depth of 375 feet, and penetrate water-bearing strata at 175 and 375 feet. Water from the first water-bearing stratum rises six feet above the surface, and from the second stratum, So feet. The water, which is heavily charged with hydrogen sulphide, is used

U.VDERGROUND IVrlTERS OF THE COrlSTAL PLAIN

69

for genera l domestic purposes, and also to operate a small rice mill, planer etc. Y1r. Safford, one of the brothers, gives the follow ing very meagre record of the wells : -
I Dark colored clays . . . .. ... . . . ............. to 100 feet 2 Blue clay and marl interstratified with layers of
limestone, from 2 to 10 feet. Bed of sand at
175 feet, first water-bearing stratum .. ...... H 340 " 3 Porolls limestone with thin hard layers . ... . .. " 375 "
-t Sanci, second water-bearing stratum . . ... . . ... "
The well of J. S. Bruce, located one and a half miles northeast
of Tarboro, reaches a depth of 414 feet, and furnishes a flow, 50 feet above the surface. It is two inches in diameter, and supplies an abundance of harel. s111phureted water. which is lIsed only for domestic purposes. The first flow is said to come fr0111 quicksand at 150 feet, and the second flow, from cavernous limestone near the bottom of the welL
A partial record of the well, furnished by :V1r. Bruce, is as fol lows: -
Surface sand . ... ....................... to 12 feet
2 Clay .. . ... . .. ..... . ..... .. . .. . .. ...... . H 24 " 3 Shell marl .. . ... . ............ . .. . .. . . . ... " 29 " 4 Sand and clay ............................ " 204 "

~1r. \\'. C. Langs well near Tarboro is sa id to be 345 feet deep. Its diameter is two inches, and the ,Yater rises 50 feet aboye the surface . \\ater-bearing strata a re reported at 250 and 300 feet. A tough blue clay is said to have been penetrated in this well to a depth of 100 feet, below which limestone occurs. Between 200 and 300 feet from the su rface, the drill is said to have dropped into two different caYities in the limestone, each having a depth of two or three feet.
~Ir. J B. Gadley's well at Tarboro, completed in 1902, has a
depth of 350 feet. It is two inches in diameter and furnishes a fl ow ha,-ing a static head of about 40 feet above the surface. A small flow was struck in this well at about 200 feet; but the main water-

70

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

supply comes from a porous limestone near the bottom of the well. T he water is hard and sulphureted. and is used for general domestic purposes.
SATILLA BLUFF. - (Elevatioll, 20 feet above sea-level.) Two wells are reported at Satilla Bluff, one of wh ich is owned by the
H ilton and D odge Lumber Company, and the other by J. F. F oster.
T hese well s {ire two inches in diameter, and yary frol11 340 to 350 feet in depth. \~rater-bearing S.trata are reported in the Hilton and ' Dodge Lumber Company's well at 60,2 10 and 340 feet; while, in the Foster well, water-bearing strata are said to occur only at 250 and 350 feet. The fo rmations penetrated in these wells are said to be sands, clays ailcl marl s.
BAILEY'S MILL. - T he well of Mr. L. r-r. Bedell, located at Burnt
Fo rt, on the right bank o f the Satilla ri ver, near Bailey's mill, w as put down in ,895. It is t\m inches in dia meter and 200 feet deep.
and it furnishes a strong flow: but the height, to which the water rises above the surface, was not ascerta ined.
A layer of rock one foot thick is reported to ha\'e been penetrateci in this well at a depth of ' 2 feet from the surface, below which sand and clay, with an occasional thin layer of rock containing- fossils, is said to continue to the bottom of the \\ell. The ,,'ater is strongly sulphureted. but wholesome.
OWEN'S FERRY. - :'[essrs. Dyal & Long's well ,,'as bored at Owen's Ferry in January, 1903. for the purpose of securing water for domestic and irrigation purposes. The well is two inches in diameter, and 370 feet deep. It furnishes a good supply of sulphuretec! water. which rises 25 feet abo\'e the surface. The main water-bearing stratum is said to be a rock near the bottom of the we ll.
\~rAVERLY. - The well of the T aylor & Cook Cypress L umber Company is located one mile south of \Va,'e rly near the Seaboard Air L ine Railroad. The well . which is two inches in diameter anc! 350 feet cleep, was bored in ,896. The water is sulphuretec!. anc! it rises about 30 feet abOl'e the surface. The main water-supply

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

7'

comes from near the bottom of the well. The casing extends 200 feet. The lower water-bea~ing stratum of Camden county appears to be Pliocene, though it may be Miocene or even Upper Eocene.

CALHOUN COUNTY

No report has been received from Calhoun coullty with regard to springs. They 110 doubt, however, occur in considerable number, as the county is underlain by the Eocene limestone, which is noted for its underground streams, lime sinks and large springs. The main source of domestic water-supply is obtained fr0111 sha llow weUs from the Columbia or Lafayette formations. Some of these weUs also obtain water from the underlying Eocene beds; but the water of such wells is not generally regarded as wholesome. Especially is this true. if the water is obtained from what is known as "rotten limestone. JJ
Deep weUs have been constructed in Calhoun county at Arlington and Leary.
ARLI~GTON. - The deep wel1 at Arlington, which belongs to the tawil, is reported to haye a depth of 625 feet. It is six inches in diameter, and the water rises to within 20 feet of the surface.
Dr. J. "IV. Spencer, formerly State Geologist of Georgia, gi,es
the following record of the well:-

Chalky clay ........................... 20

feet

2 Sand and white clay .. .. .... .. ... . . . . .... ( ?) 3 Shel1 rock .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5

,".

4 Ver)' coarse sand .... . . .. .. . .. . ........ . ( ?)

"

5 Shell rock, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to 355

"

6 Hard rock, sil iceous, ,yith soft places .. .. . to 596 (?) "

7 Hard, dark cia)' ... . .................... 500 (?) "

8 Coarse, micaceous sand .. ....... .' . .. . . .. . 540

"

Three water-bearing strata are reported in this well; but their depth from the surface is not given. There are two other deep ,,e1ls at Arlington, one, a pri\'ate well, and the other, owned by the Arlington Oil and Fertilizer Company. The latter ,yell has a depth

72

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

of 328 feet. It is five inches in diameter, and it receives its watersupply about 300 feet from the surface.

LEARY. - The Leary deep well is two inches in diameter and 672 feet deep. The water rises 30 feet above the surface. Two or more water-bearing strata are reported in this well, above the one, which furnishes the flow; but their depths are not given. The capacity of the well is said to be about 20 gallons per minute. The Vlater is used for steam and general domestic purposes, and is said . to have a very beneficial effect upon the health of the inhabitants of the town.
The following record is given: -

I Red clay ... . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .. .. .. ... . 40

feet

2 Linlestone .. . .. .. . . . ... .. ....... ..... . .. 20

"

3 Blue clay ..... . ... .. . . . ..... . . ... . ... roo ( ?) "

4 Hard rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

"

J Quicksand ......................... . .. . 200 ( ?) "

6 Hard rock containing shells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ro

"

A well on Mr. J. E. Boyd's plantation, three miles north of Leary,

is reported to have obtained a depth of 400 feet without furnishing

a flow . No record of the well was preserved.

The upper water-bearing strata in the Arlington and Leary wells

are Eocene, and the lower stratum is probably Upper Cretaceous or

Lower Eocene.

CHATHA:\! COU)JTY
The shallow wells of Chatham county, which are the chief source of domestic water-supply outside of the city limits of Sava"nah, may be said to vary from Ij to 40 feet in depth . The water of these wells is derived mainly from the superficial sands and clays, which are probably Pliocene, or even more recent deposits.
The springs of the county are of small size and few in number. The Jasper Spring, located near Savannah, is a spring of considerable historic interest; but it furnishes only a limited supply of water. Another spring, of like character, is the Sulphur spri ng at

~ ~ ~
<'"::
""t:::J
"""C>
~
"
~

~

~
t>}

,

"v,

=

C> ."

" /
C ;::
= "

"C""'~">

/

""

>
= / " =
6
,/.

;:;
,
~
= ;
/
:;

.".

"

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

73

Thunderbolt, five miles southeast of Savannah. The geological conditions in Chatham county are very unfavorable for large springs; but, on the other hand, they are quite favorable for both shallow and deep wells. The latter class of wells, which are quite numerous in the city of Savannah and on Tybee Island, is also to be found at Bonaventure, Thunderbolt and Pooler.
SAVANNAH. - The second successful flowing well in Georgia was put down in Savannah by Capt. D. G. Purse, in 1885. This well had a depth of about 500 feet, and furnished a flow only 18 inches above the surface. The success of the well demonstrated, that there existed beneath the city a supply of artesian water; and, in a short time, three other wells were commenced and successfully completed. The city at present obtains its water-supply, amounting to something like eight millions of gallons daily, from 13 of these wells, 12 inches in diameter, and varying fro111 475 to 1,500 feet in depth. These wells are located about 100 feet apart, and are all connected with a comm011 aqueduct leading to the pumpingstation . Formerly, the natural flow of the wells was sufficient to supply the reservoir at the pumping station; but, in the last few years, the flow has been so reduced, that all the wells have now to be pumped in' order to secure sufficient water for the city. It was supposed, at one time, that this decrease in flow was due to the fil1ing of the casings with sand or other material; but it is now generally regarded as due chiefly to an overdraft on the water-bearing
strata.
In addition to the wells, aboye described, the city has also 25 other wells at the old water-works. These wells vary from four to ten inches in diameter, and from 380 to 500 feet in depth. Besides the city wells, there are also a large number of private wells, making a total within the city limits of probably more than fifty.
The character of the water from the Savannah deep wells is shown by the following analysis, made by Dl C. F. Chandler, of Columbia University, New York City, in 1886 : -
I
Appearance in Two-foot Tube Clear; COlorless, Odorless and Tasteless.

74

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

COllstiltlellts Determilled

Grains per U. S. GaJlon

Chlorine in Chlorides ........ . ................ . 0. 61 92

Equivalent to Sodium'Chloride ............ . .... . I. 02 18

Phosphates .... . ............. . ....... .. ..... trace

Nitrites .................... . ............... none

Nitrogen in Nitrates . . . .. . .... ...... . ....... .. . 0.0288

Free Ammonia .. .......................... . . . none

Albuminoid Ammonia .... . ............. . ..... . 0. 001 7

Hal'dness, Equivalent to Carbonate of Lime before Boiling ... . .... .. ........... . ............. .

4. 0463

Hardness, Equivalent to Carbonate of Lime after

Boiling .......... .. . . ....... . ..... .... .... . 1.7804

Soda .......................... ... .... .. .. .. . 0 . 7987

Potassa .......... . . . .... . ... .. . .... .. . . .. . . . 0. 12 52

Lime... . .. . . . ... .. .............. . .. . 2 .0344

Magnesia ........... . .. . ..... .. ............. 0.7093

Oxide of Iron and Alumina .... . ....... . .. . .. .. . 0. 0233

Silica ..... . ..................... . ... . ..... 3 . 1929 Sulphuric Acid . . ... . .............. . .... . .... . 0.5 160

Equivalent to Sulphate of Lime ..... .. . ... . .. . . . . 0.8772

Organic and Volatile "latter ........ . .. .. .. . .... 0.5832

Mineral Matter ............................. . . 12. 8299

Total Solids at 110 C ............ . . . .. . ...... . . 13.4 13 1

Biological Analysis : - 227 Colonies in I Cubic Centimeter.

The foJlo\\'ing field-analyses of the Sa\'annah deep-weJl \\'ater,
made by Mr. Burnham, December 15, 1904, was furnished by li1r. 11. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Sun'ey: -

Parts per Million

COllstitllellts Determilled

No. I

NO.2

Chlorine .. . ... . .. . ......... .. ...... .... . . 1I.5 Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .. . . . . . 135.0 Scale-forming Carbonates as Calciu'I11 Carbonate. none

6 .5
103 . 0 7.0

Alkali Carbonates as Sodium Carbonate ...... . 143.0

102.0

'fotal I-Iardness as Calcium Carbonate . .. . ... . . 138.0 Sulphur Trioxide ........................ . 10.0

1I0 . 0 5.0

Iron . . ................................. . trace

trace

U,YDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAI.V

75

Parts per Million

:\: o. 1

1'0. 2

Color ............... .. .. .. .. ... ... ... .. . nOne

none

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ...... . .. . .. . .... . 1.0 Turbidity ...... .. ........ .' . .. .. . .. . . .. .. none

3.0
n Olle

Temperature, F. (estimated) ............ 78

Sample No. I , from city weli, 1,500 feet deep. Sample No.2,
from city weils, varying from 350 to 500 feet.
From a series of samples of well borings furnished by the Super-
intendent of the Sa\'a1111ah \i\Tater-works, the fo llowing notes have
been made by the writer: -
I Fine, sandy clay ,dth a few fragillents of fossiliferous limestone, lnc re or less rounded by the motion of the water . ............... .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . to 30 feet
2 D ark grayish green marl containing rounded pebbles and fragments of oyster shells with a few grains
of glauconite . ..... .. .............. .. ..... . " So "
3 The same as aboye . ....... . .. . .. . ... . . .. ..... " 60 "
4 The same as above . ..... . .................... H 70 "
5 Very tough, dark-colored clays with quartz pebbles
and glauconite .. .. .......... . ............. H 80 "
6 Brownish-colored clay containing dental plates of
rays and minute rhombohedrons o f calcite . ..... II 90 "
7 Greenish-gray clay, containing fragments of shells
and shark's teeth ...... .. ... . .. . .. . ... . .... H roo "
8 The same as above; it also contains dental plates of
rays ............... .. . .. .. ..... ......... . " 120 " 9 Greenish-gray clay, frequently indurated . ....... . " 130 " 10 The same as above . .. . ........ ... ........ .. .. " 160 "
II Gray marl with round pebbles and glauconite. Microscopic examinati on shows the marl to consist
largely of rhombohedral crystals of calcite .... .. " 180 "
12 Greenish-g ray marl, containing waterworn pebbles of feld spar and quartz. Calcite crystals are also
abundant .. . .. . . .. ...... . . .. ...... . .... ... " 190 " 13 The same as above . .... . . . . . .. . .. ..... .. . .... " 200 "
14 The same as above .. .......... .. ..... .. .... . . " 2 10 "
IS Dark-g ray clay w ith a few water worn pebbles . .... " 230 "
16 Dark-gray marl, containing fragments of corals, sea-
urchins etc . ............ . ....... .. . ... .. . .. " 290 "

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN
17 \ ;Vhite, porous, concretionary fossil iferous limestone, foraminifera, fragments of oyster shells, and spines of sea-urchins, com1110n . .... .. . .. ... .. . to 320 feet
18 More or less compact gray limestone, containing fossils similar to those of the overlying beds; also, a few rema in s of gastropods . . . .. ... .... . . . .. "330 H
19 "Vhite, concretionary limestone with fossils simi lar to the above . . . .. ... . .......... . ......... .. H 400 "
20 Gray marl, often hardened into a porous rock containing fragments of oysters, pectens, crino id stems, foraminifera, and sma ll crystals of calcite. If 410 "
21 The same as above, except that it contains fewer crinoid stems .. . . .. ........... . .......... . . "413 "
22 Very white, chalky limestone, made up largely of coral .. ..... . . .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. . ... .. .. .. " 440 H
23 Gray coralline limestone, containing glauconite and
many crinoid stems . . .... .. ....... . ... .. . .. . H 450 "
24 The same as above; glauconite ahlmdant . ........ "475 "
D ark greenish-gray marl, with glauconite filling casts of corals and foraminifera. The specimen also contains fragments of compact coralline limestone, which probably formed thin layers in the n1arl ........... . ........ . . .. ... . . .... ... " 5 10 It
Specimens of fossils from these borings, obtained at 510 feet, were identified by Dr. W. H. Dall, as belonging to the Ocala horizon, which, according to his classification in Bulletin No. 84, U . S. Geological Suryey, pub);Shed in 1892, is Upper Eocene. The
material from the surface to 120 feet was found to be mixed; how-
eyer, he thought it was "perhaps 1 Iiocene." The number and depth
of the different water-bearing stra ta in the Savannah wells are not gi\en; but, judgi ng from the depths of the wells, the first water-
bearing stratum occurs between 300 and 400 feet from the surface.
TYBEE I SLAND. - The first deep well, constructed on Tybee I sland, was put down by Capt. D. G. Purse, in 1885, shortly after the completion of the first deep well in Savannah. This well is two inches in diameter and 240 feet deep. The water rises IS feet above the surface. Shortly after the completion of this well, two

Wren
c

LOllisville
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c marl

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.......... ..... .....

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, ~J8'O'

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~"-';-;-;'l ~-.2 ~-
rt~,:.: 'S, CRETACEOUS
nC;,

C - CLAY
S - SAND /S - L/f/EsrONE

I71fr/ \I-~-::,., 5'00'

Ftc . 2.-Secli.ons of Dee p \Vclls {rom Wrens, JclTcrsoli Cou nty, to Tybee, Chalhnm County, Showing l he Depth s and the Gcologicalll orizolls of lh~ ~ I nin \Valer-bearing S tra ta.

78

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

others were bored, which attained about the sall,e depth, and furnished a similar fl ow. One of these last named wells, which is located near the steamboat landing at the north end of the island, is said to be sl ightly affected by the tides. The water, which is used largely to supply the hotels and cottages on the island, is of excellent quality, for domestic purposes, as is shown by the following analysis by Dr. C. F. Chandler, Columbia U ni versity, New York City, 1886 : -

Appea rance in T wo-foot Tube, Clear, Very Light Straw Color. Odor, none. Taste, none.

Grains per

U . S. Gallon

COllstituellts Deterlllillcd

of 231 Cll. inches

Chlorine in Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .7231

Chlorine, Equivalent to Sodium Chloride. . . . . . . . 1. 920

Phosphates ........ . .... .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t r a ce

Nitri~.... ........... . . . .... . . . .. .. . .. . ..

n~

Nitrogen in Nitrates ...... .... . . . ........ . ! .. 0.0134

Free Ammonia ............................ . 0 .0026

Albuminoid Ammonia ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .0055

Hardness, Equivalent to Carbonate of L ime before ~Iing . .. .... ... .... .. .. .. .. .. . . ....... .

Hardness, Equi valent to Carbonate of Lime after

boiling ...... .. ..... . ......... . .. . ..... . . Soda . . .......................... . .. . ... .. . Potassa ... .. . . . ... . .. . .. . ....... ... . . .. . . . Linle ............... .. .. . ... .. ... .. . . . .. . .

3 . 77 1 5
1. 3464 0 . 1844 1. 8142

;"Iagnesia .......................... .. ... .. . 1.0322

Sesqui-oxide of Iron and Alumina ............. . Silica ....... . .. ............ ... .. . . .. . .. . Sulphuric Acid .. . ........ . .. .. . . . . . ... .. .. . Equivalent to Sulphate of Lime .. ... . ... . .. ... . Organic and Volatile NIatter. ....... .. . . . . .. . . :'Iineral Matter ........................... .

0 . 0233
3 . 4902 0.5 691 0 .9675 0 . 5832 6 ..P5 2

T otal Solids at 1 ro O C . .. ....... .. .......... . 6 .9984

UNDERGROUND W.-lTERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

79

Analysis of water from Tybee \ Vell made by Prof. H. C. \Vhite, of the University of Georgia, in 1885 : -

Solid Matter Di ssolved

Grains per U. S. Gallon

Carbonate of Lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 1328

Carbonate of Sodium .... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.441 I

Sulphate of Soda .......... . .. . .. . ..... . ... . 2.1263

Sulphate of Lime ........ . . .. ...... . .... .. . . 0.7542

Sulphate of :-Iagnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .0563

Carbonate of Iron . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. 0.0180

Silicate of Soda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. T232

Silica ... . ..... " ..... ....... .. .......... . 0.0655

Organic l\Iatter and Combined \Vater. . . .. . ... . . o. r022

T otal Solids Dissolved .. . .. . .. . ... ..... ...... 10 . 8198

:\itrates, free and albuminoid ammonia practically none.

The following additional notes on the T ybee "'ell, made by Mr. \\'. \\T. Burnham, has been furnished by :-Ir. i\I. O. Le;ghton, Chief of the Division of HydroEconomics, U . S. Geological Sun'ey:-
The Tybee Artesian, Ice, \i\Tater and Irrigation COll1pally's well is located near the railroad, on Tybee I sland, about 13 feet above sea-level. The well is three inches in diameter, 158 feet deep, and barely furnishes a flow during low tide. The water from this \Yell, which is sulphureted, is used ~or boiler, irrigation and general domestic purposes.
The Fort Screven well, put down in July, 1902, near the center of ihe reservation owned by the United Sttates \Var Department, .is six inches in diameter and 156 feet deep. It flows about 42 gallons per minute; but, like some of the other wells 011 the island, it is affected more or less by the tides. The water is used to supply Fort Screven. The field-analysis of the water from this well, made by :-lr. Burnham, is as follows: -

COllstitllellts Determined

Parts per Million

Chlorine ........ . ....................... 6. 5 Total Carbonates as Calcium Ca rbonate . . . . .. 103.0

Scaie-form<jng Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate 12 .0 Alkali Carbonates as Sodium Carbonate'. . . . .. 96 . 5 Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . .. 124.0 Sulphur Trioxide ......... ... . .. ... . .. . .. 5.0 (estimated)" Iron... . . .. . . .. . . .... . ....... . . . ... . 0.5 (estimated)

80

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Parts per Million Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ... . .... .. ...... 2 . 0 Color .. ..... . . . . . .. . ... . ....... . .... . .. . none
Turbidity ..... . .......... . ... .. . ... . .. . "
Temperature, F. (estimated) . .. ........ . 68

Another well, on the Fort Screven reservation near Tybee railroad, is one inch in diameter and 80 feet deep, and flows from 10 to 30 gallons a minute. The field-analysis of the water from this well, by IvIr. Burnham, is bere given:-

Constitl/ellts Deterlllined

Parts per Million

Chlorine ...... . ........... . . .. ......... . 9 .0 Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .. ... . . 1070 Scale-forming Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate
Alkali Carbonates as Sodium Carbonate ...... .

Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate ...... . . 124.0

Sulphur Trioxide .. .. ..... .. ...... . .. . . . . 5. a (estimated)

I ron .. . . .. .............. . ... . .. .... . .. . 0 .5

H

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide . .. . .... ....... . 2.0

Color ......... ..'..... .... .. .. ... .. .. . '" none

Turbidity .. . .. . . ... . .. . ..... . ...... .... . "

Temperature, F. (estimated) ... ........ 68

Mr. Burnham reports IS wells upon Tybee Island; but he was unable to secure any data concerning the formations penetrated in any of these wells. The lower water-bearing strata of the deeper wells of the island are probably Miocene, and the Upper Pliocene.

POOLER. - Mr. Burnham reports four wells at Pooler; but he was unable to secure any data, whatever, concerning them. A sam-
ple of the water, taken from Mr. E. H . Newton's well at this place,
was analyzed by Mr. Burnham with the following results: -

Constill/ents Determined

Parts per Million

Chlorine ........ .... ...... . ......... . .. . 65 Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate ...... . 105. 0 Scale-forming Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate 0 . 0

Alkal i Carbonates as Sodium Carbonate . .... . 112.0

Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate . .. . ... . 110.0

Sulphur Trioxide .... ......... . .. .. ..... . 5 .0 (estimated)

Iron .................................. . trace

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

81

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide . . . . ........ .. .. . Color . . .... . .. .................. . Turbidity .. . ... .. .. . .. . ..... . . . ....... . .
Temperature, F .. . .......... . ..... . .... 78

Parts per million
40
none
"

CHATTAHOOCHEE COU_TTY

Chattahoochee county has only one deep well. It is located on

Mr. ,V. C. Bradley's plantation, in the western part of the county.

The well, which was put down in 1897, is reported by Mr. Bradley

to have a depth of 700 feet. It is four inches in diameter, and the

water comes to within 90 feet of the surface. The well is said to

have a capacity of about 600 gallons per hour. The water is used

for general domestic purposes.

The formations passed through, in boring the well are reported

to consist of clay, sand and marI, no hard rock having been en-

countered. One water-bearing stratum occurs at 285 feet; the

depths of the others are not given. The well penetrates the Creta-

taceous for its entire depth.

'

The domestic water-supply of Chattahoochee county is obtained

largely from shallow wells. No springs of large size are reported.

The county is underlain wholly by the Cretaceous deposits, which

are usually unfavorable for springs of large size.

CLAY COUNTY

The only deep well, so far put down in Clay county, is at Fort

":aines, the county-seat. The well, which has a depth of 650 feet,

was constructed in 1885 by the town of Fort Gaines, at a cost of

about $2,000. The diameter of the well varies from three to four
inches. The water rises to within 20 feet of the surface. Dr. J. vV.

Spencer, in speaking of the Fort Gaines well, says: I "The record of

this well is lost; but it reaches a depth of 650 feet. The lower 350

or 400 feet of these strata belong to the Ripley, or Upper Creta-

ceous, system, which is overlain by the impervious beds of the Lower

Eocene limestones."

.

I First Report of Progress, Geoiogica.1 Survey o f Georgia, p. 79. ISg!.

82

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

The water from the Fort Gaines well is sa id to be very wholesome. The following is an analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar E verhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia : -

Parts per

Constitl/ellts Determilled

:\l1illion

Silia ..... . ........ .... . . ... . .. . . . 16. IO

Sulphur Trioxide ... .... . .. . .. . . .... . 7. 84 Carbon Dioxide ...... .. ........... . . !I8.80

Phosphorus Pentoxide . ... . .... .. . .. . 475 Chlorine ........ . .............. . .. . 20.40

Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. . . ... .
.T......I. nle .. . ........ . .. ...... ... . .... . .
Magnesia ....... : .... .. . . .. : .. ... . .

3 56 994 2.31

P otash ............. ...... .. ... ... IO 94 Soda . .. .. . . .. . ... . ............... . 102.70

Probable Combination
P otassium Chloride ................ . . I7 22 Sodium Chloride .. . .. . .. . ... ..... .. . 20 .00
Sodium Sulphate .. . . . . .. . . . ...... . . 14 .68 Sodium Phosphate . . . . ..... . ....... . 6 .88 Sodium Carbonate ......... ... . .. .. . . 146 .50 Magnesium Carbonate .. ..... .. . .. .. . . 485 Calcium Carbonate ......... . .. . .. .. . 17 75
Total Solids .......... ... .. . . . .. ... . 24754
Free Carbon Dioxide ....... . . ... . ... . 47. 65

Grains per U. S. Gallon
939 .430 5.930 .277 1.190 . 208 .580
.135 .638 5 .989
1.004
1. 166
.85 6 .401 8544 . 283
1. 0 40
14435
2779

As all the southern portion of Clay county is underlain by Eocene beds, springs, of considerable size, are probably of common occu rrence throughout that section; though their locatlOn and ownership have not been reported. Shallow wells, varying from IS to 60 feet in depth, are the main source of the domestic water-supply. In the absence, or in the thinning of the Columbia and the Lafayette sands and clays, these wells obtain their water-supply from the underlying Cretaceous and E ocene beds.

COFFEE COUNTY. The only spring, of any importance, reported In Coffee county,

U.VDERGR OUND WriTERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

83

is the Gaskins Spring, located on the edge of a swamp near Seventeen-mile Creek, about two miles east of Douglas The spring has a moderate flow. Its water is used for general domestic purposes and for bathing, a bath-house being located near the spring. The main water-supply in the county, for general purposes, is obtained
from shallow wells. The only deep well reported in the county is at Douglas, the
county-seat. This well, which belongs to the Douglas Ice and Power Company, was completed in August, 1902. I t is a six-inch well, 409 feet in depth . vVater-bearing strata are reportee! at 325 and 390 feet. The static head of the first stratum is said to be 130 feet below the surface, and the second, 170 (?) feet. The record of the well, furnished by the Company, shows that clays and sands were penetrated to a depth of 130 feet, below which sand and hard rock continue to the bottom . The analysis of the water from the Douglas deep well, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows:-

Parts per

Constituents Determined

Million

Silica . . . ... . .............. . ... .. .. . 8343 Sulphur Trioxide .. . . .... ....... . . 2.16

Carbon Dioxide .. . .. . .... ....... . . 156 .40

Phosphorus Pentoxide ........ . . .. . . . I. 50

Chlorine . .. ... ........ . .. . ..... .. . 10.20

Iron Sesqui-oxide and A lumina ...... .. . 33. 81 Lime . ... .. ... . .. .. . . ........ .. . . . 48.3 1

Magnesia ..... . . . . ......... . .... . . I I. 75 Potash .. : ... . .. .... .. . . . . . ... . .. . . 5.56 Soda . .... ... . . .... . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . 1575

Probable Combil!ation

Potassium Chloride .... . .. . .. ... . .. . 8.81

Sodium Chloride .. . ... .. ... : .. .... . Sodium Sulphate .. . .... .' ... .. . . ... . . Sodium Phosphate .. . .. . ... .. .. ... . .

9 .90
3. 83 2 . 17

Sodium Carbonate ....... . ... ... . . . . 13 49
Magnesium Carbonate .. . ....... . ... . 24. 68 Calcium Carbonate . .. ....... . .... .. . 86.27

Total Solids ...... . ..... ... ..... .. .. 26639

Free Carbon Dioxide . . .... . ........ . 99.92

Grains per U. S. Gallon
4. 865
. 130 9. 120
.087 595
1. 972
2 . 817 . 685
. 324 . 9 18
.5 14 577
.224
. 127
787 1439 5. 0 31
15535
5.432

84

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

T he water-bearing strata in the Douglas deep well are proba bly Eocene; while the water-supply of the shallow wells is obtained from the Columbia and Lafayette sands and clays and the underlying Miocene beds.

.- ,

COLQUITT COUNTY

The shallow wells of Colquitt county vary from 15 to 50 feet in depth . T hey obtain their water-supply chiefly from the Lafayette formation; though, in some instances, they no doubt enter the underlying Miocene beds. This class of wells appears to be the main r eliance fo r the domestic water-supply. The springs of the county seem to be few in number and of little importance.
:MOULTRIE, the county-seat of Colquitt county, is supplied, at present, with water from deep wells. T here are two of these wells, one of which was bored in 1897, and the other in 1902. The \\ell, put down in 1897, is six inches in diameter and 571 feet deep; and the one, put down in 1902, is eight inches in diameter and 506 feet deep. The water in these \\'ells rises to within 240 feet of the surface. The only water-bearing stratum reported in the wells is 486 feet from the surface.
An analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist, of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: -

Parts per

Co1lstitl/en!s De!ermil/ed

Mill ion

Silica .... . . . . .... .. . . ... . . . , . . . ... . 2344 Sulphur Trioxide , . . .. . ..... . .... , .. 1033 Carbon D ioxide ... ... . . .. . ..... . . .. . 142 .00

Phosphorus Pentoxide .......... . .. . . trace

Chlorine ........... . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . 9.52 I ron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . . . . . ... . 6.17
U= .. . . .... .. . .. .... . . . .... . . . . 24. 60

1\Iagnesia ... .. ... . .... . . . .. . .. . . .. . 12.28 Potash .... . ........ . .. .. . . ... . . . . . . 13. 24 Soda ... . .. ... , . .. . , .. . . , ..... , . . . . 31 94

Grains per U . S. Gallon
1 .367 .600
8.280
t r ace
554 359 1. 435 .7 16 .772 1. 863

UNDERGR OUND W A TERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

8S

Parts per

Probable Combination

:-lillion

Potassium Chloride ...... .. .... .

20.00

Potassium Sulphate . . .... . .. ... .. . .. . 1 . 18

Sodium Sulphate ...... . .. .. .... .. .. . 1737
Sodium Phosphate .. . ..... . ......... . trace

Sodium Carbonate " . . ... .. .... ..... . 41. 65
~Iagnes il1m Carbonate .... . . .. .. .... . 2579 Calcium Carbonate ... . ............. . 4393

Total Solids

' .' .... . . .. ........ . 15953

Free Carbon Dioxide ................ . 91. 87

Grains per U . S. Gallon
1.166 . 06 9
1. 01 3 trace
2 .429
1.498 2.562
9.302
5.35 8

The water-bearing stratum of the :-Ioultrie deep wells is probably Upper Eocene.

CHAPTER VII
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN BY COUNTIES ( COIl tinued)
DECATUR COUNTY
Decatur county has se\'eral large springs, only two of which have been visited by the \\Titer. One of the springs, here referred to, is located in the southwestern part of the county, near the mouth of Spring Creek, about 20 miles south of Bainbridge. Thi s spring, which furn ishes several millions of gallons of water per day, is in the form of a nearly circular basin, many rods in circumference and from IO to 30 feet deep. It is noted for the transparency of its waters and its large flow. The other spring, referred to, is near the left bank of the Flint River, about five miles south of Bainbridge. This spring, like the one near the mouth of Spring Creek, is also in the form of a basin ; and it likewise furnishes a large volume of water. So remarkably transparent is the 'water of these springs, that, when on them in a boat, one feels as though the boat were suspended in mid-air. Fish, at a depth of IS feet or more, are distinctly seen, and their specific markings can be studied almost as perfectly, as if they were in an aquarium. The transparency of the water of these springs would seem to indicate, that they come up from considerable depth, and have no direct surface connection with the numerous limesinks often met with throughout the county.
In addition to the large springs of Decatur county, it is also fairly well supplied with small springs, which furni sh ample water for domestic purposes. The water of some of these small springs
(86)

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

87

carries iron, hydrogen sulphide, etc., and is regarded locally as possessing medicinal properties of value.
Decatur county, owing to its being underlain by rather porous Eocene limestone, is noted for its many limesinks and underground streams. A good example of these subterranean streams may be seen at what is known as Forest Falls, seven miles north of ' iVhigham . At this place, a brook of sufficient size to run a mill, disappears underground in a limesink, after a perpendicular descent of 80 feet. A few miles further to the north, at what is called the "Water Falls," a second stream disappears underground in like manner. At the bottom of some of the deeper limesinks, east of the Flint River, are occasionally seen rapidly flowing underground streams. More generally, however, the sinks are partially filled with water, and form beautiful ponds, well stocked with fish. During the dry season many of these ponds are drawn off by the underground streams, witli which they seem to be invariably connected.
The domestic water-supply of Decatur county is largely obtained from shallow wells, which vary in depth from IS to 60 feet. The water of these wells is usually soft, when obtained from the Lafayette or Columbia formations; but, when it comes from the underlying Eocene or Miocene beds, it is frequently hard. The deep wells of the county are at Bainbridge and Donaldsonville.'
DONALDSONVILLE. - There are several deep wells in the vicinity of Donaldsonville; but no satisfactory record has been received from any of them. The following notes are made from samples of one
of these wells, furnished by Messrs. J. C. Cole & Co., well con-
tractors: -
I Vari-colored sands and clays . .......... .. ....... to 45 feet 2 Sand and limestone, the latter made up largely of
nU111mulites ..... .... . . . . . .. . ............. . " 50 " 3 Fine white sand and clay .. . . . ... ........ ... ... " 140 "
The character of the water, obtained from the Donaldsonville deep wells, is shown by the following analysis by Prof. H. C. White, of the University of Georgia, kindly furnished by the Chattahoochee Lumber Company: -
I Sinc~ the abo"e was written deep wells have been put down at Whigham and Cairo in Grady County, formerly a part of Decatur Connty.

88

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

COllstit"ents Determilled

Grains per U. S. Gallon

Chlorine .............. . .. ........ . ...... 0 . 5320

Equivalent to Sodium Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .8778

Lime ......... . . . ..... . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... 2. 1433

Magnesia. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. 0. 6 124

Soda....... .. . .. . ..... ....... . .. . . . ... 0.6517

Potassa . . . . . . .. ........ .. . ..... . ... . . 0.0962

SesCJui-oxide of I ron and Alum ina... .. . . .. . . . 0.0146

Silica. . . . . . . .. ......... ......... .. . .. .. 2.2335

Sulphuric Anhydride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 0.5421



Phosphates . .. . .. . .. ..... . ... ...... . .. . . Nitrites. . . . . . . . . . .. ..... . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .

none none

Nitrogen in Nitrates. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . .. 0.0136

Free A ml110nia .. . ............ . ..... . .....

none

Albuminoid Ammonia... .. . . .. . .. . . . . . ... . 0.0012

Hardness before boiling equivalent to Carbonate

of Lime .... . . .. .. . . .. .......... . . . . . . . Hardness after boiling equivalent to Carbonate
of Lime.... .... . . .. .... .. .. .......... .

4. 1232 1.9025

BADfBRIDGE. - (Ell!'uatioll, H8 feet above sea-level.) Two wells
have been sunk at Bainbridge, one of which is reported to be 900 feet in depth and the other 1,32 5 feet. Three different water-bearing strata are reported in each of these wells. Th e first stratum occurs at 280 feet, and the second at 370 feet from the surface. Both of these, which a re said to be cavernous limestone, yield a good supply of water, which rises to within 50 feet of the surface. The third water-bearing stratum is reported to be a CJuicksand below the limestone; but the depth is not g iven .
Dr. J. \V. Spencer, formerly State Geologist of Georgia, makes
the following notes on the Bainbridge well :1-

"I Sand and clayey sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75 feet 2 Limestone (the upper 200 feet the softer); no clay layers . . . . . . . .. ......... . ......... ... .. 700 " 3 Soft L imestone .. .... .. . . ............ . .. ........ 50 " 4 Quicksand to bottom of well .... ... ... .. .. . ...... . 75 "

"A second well was sunk within three feet of the first, wh ich penetrated below the limestone to a depth of 425 feet in quicksand. Sharks' teeth, lignite and pyri te concretions came from some of the

I First Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Georg ia, p. 55, 1891.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

89

layers of sand. Several cavities in the limestone were passed through, the deepest being three feet."
The following analysis of the water, made by Prof. H . C. vVhite, of the University of Georgia, has been furnished by the town authorities: -

Water from the First Well

Solid Matter in Suspension

Grains per U. S. Gallon

I ron SesCjui-oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.791 1.150

Total .. . .. . .... .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . ...... .

1.941

Solid Matter Dissolved
Carbonate of Lime . . . . ................. . .. . Sulphate of Soda . . ......... . ; . . .. . . .. .... . Sodium Chloride ......... .. . . ..... . ..... . Sulphate of Lime .. . . ................ . ... . Sulphate of Magnesia ........ , ... . .. ...... . Silica ................... .. . . .. . . ..... Organic l\,fatter Undetermined ...... .. ..... .
Total ....... . .......... . ..... . .. . .. . .

8 . 21 5
2.222
2. 065
1. 156 1.323
0.229
0.012 .
15. 222

~Va,ter from the Secolld Well

Solid Matter Dissolved

Grains per U. S. Gallon

Carbonate of Lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbonate of SOda .. . .. .... .. .... . .. . ... . .

3.6146 4.652 1

Sodium Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6543

Sulphate of Soda .................. . ...... Sulphate of Lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

1.8562 0.7543

Sulphate of Magnesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,0424

Carbonate of Iron . ....................... . 0.0114

Silicate of Soda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 1013

Silica.. .. .. . ......... ...... .. .... .. .... Organic Matter and \Vater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.1875 0.0556

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9297

Free Ammonia . . ......................... Albuminoid Ammonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

none trace

The water-supply of the Bainbridge and Donaldsonville deep
wells appears to.be obtained from the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone.

90

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

DODGE COUNTY

Two deep wells are reported in Dodge county, neither of which furnishes a flow . One of these \\"ells is at Eastman, the county-seat, and the other, at Chauncey, a station on the Southern Railway, several miles further to the southeast. They both probably obtain their water-supply from Eocene limestone.

EASTMAN. - (Elevatioll, 357 feet above sea-level.) The well at Eastman is 529 feet deep. Its diameter is 4 and 6 inches, and the water rises to within lIS feet of the surface. Two or three different water-bearing strata are reported in the well; but the present watersupply is said to be obtained from sand 529 feet from the surface. No record of the well-bori ngs was kept, and nothing is known of the formations penetrated, further than that they consist of sand clay and hard rock, the latter being most abundant, and in places consisting largely of boulders, which greatly interfered with the drilling. The \\"ell, which was put down in 1894, furnishes daily, to supply the town of Eastman, about 30,000 gallons of water.
Dr. George F. Payne, formerly State Chemist, furnishes the following partial chemical analysis of a sample of water from the Eastman well;-

Total Solids per U. S. Gallon ... . . ...... . ... '5.,6 grains

Chlorine . . . . . .. ....... ...... . .... ... . . . .23 "

Free Ammonia in Parts per Million. . . . . . . . . . . .004

Albut11inoids " If tr

"

. . . . . . . . .

.02

CHAUNCEY. - (Elevatioll, 300 feet above sea-level.) The Chauncey well, owned by the A. B. Steele Lumber Company, is six inches in diameter and 525 feet deep. The water rises to within
70 feet of the surface. lVIr. R. J. Edenfield, the ,yell contractor,
reports only one water-bearing stratum at 300 feet. The record of the borings from this well showed, that it penetrated beds of sand, clay and limestone, with an occasional lay~r of flint, one of which
attains a thickness of more than IO feet. Dodge county lies wholly within the Eocene area; and it prob-
ably has numerous large springs; though no iniornption is at hand

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

91

concerning their location. Nearly eyery farm-house is sa id to be supplied with water for drinking and domestic purposes from shallow wells, which penetrate the Lafayette or the underlying E ocene deposi ts. The water from these wells is usually quite wholesome and free from mineral impurities.

DOOLY COUNTY
This county has been quite extensively explored for water by deep borings! which have, in all cases, been successful in obtaining large quantities of water. In many instances, these wells are flowing. Especially is this true of those located near Coney, in the western part of the county. The water-bearing strata in all the wells appear to be E ocene. A sea-urchin, brought up from one of the Cordele wells, at 225 feet, has been identified by Dr. Dall as belonging to Ologocene; but the exact horizon is not given.
CORDELE. - (Elevation, 336 feet above sea-level.) The first deep ,,"ell at Cordele was put down by the town counci l in 1890, at a cost of about $1,000. The water of this well, which is said to be 550 feet deep, rises to \yithin 20 feet of the surface. Mr. E . R. Hathaway gives the following record of this well:-
I Soil, clay and "chalk" . .. .. . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 feet 2 Coarse red sand to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 " 3 Loose boulder rock, through which the; tubing was
driven (fine white sand was also found) to . . . . . . . .. 68 "
4 Different colored marls (clays or true marls (1)) to ... 168 " 5 Limestone and shell rock, with an intervening layer of
sand, to ........... . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 400 "
6 Sand and shell rock to .... .. .. . . . .. . . . . ..... . . .. . . 475 "
7 Quicksand to . . . . .. . .. . ....... . . . . .. ..... . . . ... 535 "
The water, which contains hydrogen sulphide, comes from the quicksands below the limestone. This is the only water-bearing stratum reported in the ,,-ell. At a depth of between 200 and 300 feet from the su'rface,' a cypress log, about two feet in diameter, is said to have been penetrated by the drill.
A second well, sunk by the town of Cordele in '900, is eight

92

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

inches in diameter and 400 feet deep, and furnishes dai ly about 300,000 gallons of water. The following analysis of the water from this well was made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia:-

Parts per

COllstilllcllts Dctcrmined

:.\lillion

Silica : ..................... . ... . . . Sulphur Trioxide . .. ..... . .. . .. .. ... . Carbon Dioxide .. .................. Phosphorus Pentoxide ..... . . . ...... . Chlorine . ........ . .. . . . .......... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . Lime . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . ........ .. . 11agnesia . . . . . . . .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. . Potash . ............... .. ... .. .... . Soda . . .. ............ . .... .. . .. . .

I 1.45
3. 68 99.32
trace
560' 294 61.38 1.85 I. 73
4. 2 7

Probablc Coll/bination

Potassium Chloride .... .. .. . .. . ... . . . Sodium Chloride ............. ..... Sodium Sulphate . .. .... . .......... . .

2 74 708 1.16

Sodium Phosphate .. . .. . ... . ... . .... . trace

Magnesium Sulphate ... ... . .. ....... . .).JJ
Calcium Sulphate .... . . .... . . ... . . . . . 0.23 Calcium Carbonate ........... . .... 109 .45

T otal Solids ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 140.60

Free Carbon Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.16

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.668 . 21 5 5.792
trace
. 32 7
.17 1
3.580 .108
. 101
.249
. 160
.413
.068
trace .324
.01 3 6.383
8.200

CONEY. - The well of Mr. S. W. Coney, put down in 1896 to
supply water for domestic purposes, is six inches in diameter and
278 feet deep. The water rises three feet above the surface, the flow being about 15 gallons per minute. There are two other wells
at Coney, one of which is owned by Mr. J. B. Lewis, and the other by :'\1r. J. iVI. Campbell. I The fonner well has a depth of 360 feet,
and is said to have struck water-bearing strata at depths of ISO, 225 and 340 feet. The water of this well rises to within six feet of the
surface. The Campbell well is only 285 feet deep, and is reported
to have penetrated several water-bearing strata, the last of which

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

93

is near the bottom of the well, and furnishes a flow four feet above the surface. The contractor of the Campbell well has furnished the following record:-

I Yellow clay to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 feet 2 Soft limestone to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 " 3 Hard, compact limestone to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 I H 4 Limestone containing shells to ................ . 91 " 5 Blue clay to ................... . . . . ..... .... 136 " 6 Hard, compact limestone to . . ... . ... .. .. .. .... I44 H 7 Blue clay to .... . .. . .. .... .. . . . ......... . ... 180 " 8 Limestone with shell s to . . ............. . ...... 200 "
9 Marl and coarse sand to bottom of well

The well of Daniel \Vells is located three miles west of Coney, and has the follo\\'ing record, furnished by the well contractor from
memory: -
I Yellow clay to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12 feet
2 Limestone to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 " 3 Subterranean cavity to... . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . 48 " 4 Limestone to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S6 " 5 Pebbles to ........... . . . ... .. ..... . ......... 61 " 6 Clay to ............ . .. . .. . .. . .............. 89 " 7 Limestone to ..... . ......... .. .... . .......... 91 " 8 Bluish clay to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 " 9 Limestone to ...... . .................. . ...... 14S " 10 Dark-colored sand, with shells and sharks' teeth, to. 216 "
1 1 Flint to .. . .. . .. . .......... . .. .. .. . ........ .2170 "
12 Dark colored sa nd to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2200 "
13 Limestone to ..... . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . ... .... .. ( ?)

This well is three inches in diameter and 336 feet deep. A number of water-bearing strata are reported in the well; but none furnished a flow, except the one struck at 336 feet, from which water rises five feet above the surface.
Mr. P. C. Clegg's well, six miles west of Coney, has a depth of 216 ' feet. It is four inches in diameter, and flows about six gallons per minute. The record of the well is as follows: -

94

UNDERGROU.VD WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Gray, sandy clay to ......... . . . .. . .. .. ........... 'S feet
2 Blue clay to .. .. .......... .. ..... ... . .. ......... 96 "
3 Limestone to . ... . . .. .. . ................ . .. . . . . lO8 "
4 Coarse sand to ................ . ............. . . . . 123 " 5 Fossiliferous limestone to ......... ... ...... . ...... '43 " 6 Blue clay to ... . .... .. . ...~ .. ... ... . .. .. ..... .... 193 . H
7 Shell rock and coral to ... .. ... . ............ .. .. .. . 209 "
8 Flint, in thin layers of limestone to bottom of the \\'ell
/
'Water-bearing strata are reported in this well at depths of 60, 96
and 200 feet; but no flow was secured, until the drill entered the
limestone near the bottom of the well. This furnishes an abundant
supply of water, rising four feet above the surface.
The well of Mr. James Byrom, which is located near the Flint
a River, few miles northw~st of Coney, is said to have penetrated the
following strata : -
I Yellow clay to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 54 feet 2 Limestone to . .. .. .. . . . . .... . ... ..'. . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 H 3 Cavity to .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 90 " 4 Lilnestone to ..... . ........ . .... .. ... . .. .... .. . 100 u 5 Cavity to . .... .... . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .... . . . ...... 114 " 6 Bluish clay to .. . ........ .. . . .. . . . ..... .... .. . .. '54 " 7 Dark-colored sand to ...... .. . . ........ . . . . . .. . .. 254 " 8 Limestone to ...... . ........ .. ...... . ... . ...... 260 " 9 Cavity to .. . . .. . . . . . . ... . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . ...... 265 " 10 Limestone to .. . ............. . ..... . .. . . . . . ... . 272 " II Flint to ................ . ........... . . ....... 274 " 12 Fine white sand to .................. . ......... 302 " '3 Flint to .. . .. . ................................ 304 " '4 Dark-colored sand and pebbles . .. . .. . .. .......... . (?)

The Byrom well is two inches in diameter and 360 feet deep, and furnishes a flow eight feet above the surface. Five different waterbearing strata are reported in the well, but their depths are not gIven.
RiCHWOOD. - (Eleva.tion, 358 feet above sea-level.) The Parrott Lumber Company, some years ago, put down two deep wells at Richwood, to obtain water for steam and general domestic purposes. These wells are six inches in diameter and '70 feet deep. The first water-bearing stratum is said to have been struck in the

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 95
wells at a depth of 85 or 95 feet from the surface ; but the main water-supply was obtained from a stratum at a depth of from '30 to 170 feet, from which the water rose to within 40 feet of surface . During the time the Parrott Lumber Company was operating its plant at Richwood, these wells are reported to have furnished about 75,000 gallons of water daily. Long droughts are said not to have materially lowered the static head of the water in either of these wells. Hard rock is reported fr0111 60 feet to the bottom of the wells.
A third well at Richwood, belonging to Mr. H . R. Teal, has a depth of 100 feet . It is four inches in diameter, and the water rises to within about 35 feet of the surface. Mr. Teal gives the following record of his well: -
Clay with some sand ...... . . .. . .. ... . . .. .. to 90 feet Limestone. . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . : . . ...... . ..... H 96 "
Sand, water-bearing .... .......... . .... . ..... " JOO "
l)NADILLA. - (Elevation, 4I2 feet above sea-level.) The deep well at Unadilla was completed in 1896. It is three and a half inches in diameter and 189 feet deep. The water rises to within 80
feet of the surface. Mr. E. J. 'Nilson, the well contractor, has fu r-
nished the following notes: -
I Red sandy clays to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 feet
2 Rock in the form of boulders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66 "
3 Clay to ............................. . . . . . . . ' So "
4 Sand interstratified with hard rock to . .... . .. . .. 189 "
At the depth of 'So feet from the surface, the water used in washing out the drill borings disappeared. This was accounted for, by the cavernous limestone, struck at that point. The only water-bearing stratum occurs near the bottom of the well. Three thousand gallons of water per hour, the capacity of the pump, have been obtained from this well without lowering the static head. The water, which contains hydrogen sulphide, is used for general domestic purposes.

96

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

PENIA. - (Eleva/ioll, 375 feet above sea-level.) The Penia deep well is four inches in diameter and 320 feet in depth. . The "water is said to rise within 120 feet of the surface. No record of the well has been obtai ned.

FENN. - The deep well at Fenn, owned by the Ensign Lumber Company, was completed in 1891 at a cost, including pump, casing, etc., of about $1,000 . It is an eight-inch well, 160 feet deep. The water rises to within .20 feet of the surface, at which poi nt it is said to remain throughout the year. The strata penetrated are not reported.

VIENNA. - (Eleva/ioil, 319 feet above sea-level.) The well at Vienna, the county-seat of Dooly county, has a depth of 180 feet. The water, which is llsed for general domestic purposes and for irrigation, rises to within 12 feet of the surface. The well furnishes r50 gallons per minute, the capacity of the pump. Hard rock is reported to have been penetrated; but its depth from the surface is not
gl\'en.

BYRO~lVILLE. - The Byromville deep well, put down by the town authorities, is two and six inches in diameter and 1,100 feet deep. T he water ri ses to within I7Y; feet of the surface, or 347 feet (?) aboye sea-level.
M r. 'yV. H. Byrom furni shes the following record:-

I Sand clay ........... . ..... .. ..... ... .. . to 2 Red gravel . .. .. .. . . . ....... . ..... . . . . " 3 \"'hite sand .... . ... . .. ', . . .. ', .. ', .. '.', . . .. "
4 Coarse sand ...... . . . ... . . .. . ... . . . . ... " 5 Blue marl ......... . .... . . . . . 4 a 6 Sand............ . . .... .... . . ....... . " 7 Rock ..... . .. .. . . . .. ....... .. . .. . .... H 8 Marl . .. .. . .. . . .. .. ... . ... .... .. ..... . " 9 Sand rock . . .. . . . .......... . .. ... ... . . . " 10 Blue marl . .. ... .... . .... .. . .. .. . . .. .. . " I I Sand.............. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .... " 12 H ard rock .... ... .. .. ..... .. ....... ... . " 13 Sand .. . . ... . ... .. ... .. .. . .. . . . .. .... " 14 Rock ........ . . . .... . .... . .... . .. . . . .. " 15 Sand rock . . . . .. . ............. . . . .. .... "

40 feet
50 " ITO " 133 "
158 " 195 "
210 H
21 3 "
218 " 223 " 227 "
230 "
415 " 438 " 450 "

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

97

16
17 18

Marl Blue Sand

and clay
marl .. .
and marl

.

.. . . ...

. . . ..

...... .
...... ........

.... .. ......
... ...

. . . .. . to
.. . ... "
..... .. "

454 feet
6 14 " 630 "

19 20 21 22
23 24

Lign ite and water .. Marl and sand ... Hard sand ... . .. .

. .. .. . .. .

. .

. .

. .

. ............ ...........................

. . .

" " "

Sand and water Marl.
Sand .. .. " .

.. ... .

.. . .

.

.

.
.

.

...

. .. . . .

.
.

. ..
....

.. . . . .

. . ..

"
"
"

645 849 9 19 934
1,010
1,047

" " " " " "

25 Marl. .. . . . .

. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . " 1,100 "

PINEHURST. - The public well at this place has a depth of 318 feet. The water rises to within eight feet of the surface, and is said to be of excellent quality. No record of the well has been secured.
ARABI. - (Elevation, 399 feet above sea-level.) Mr. R. A. Bedgood's well at Arabi. sunk in 1890, is six inches in diameter and 298 feet deep. This is a non-flowing well; but the height to which the water rises is not g iven. Successful deep wells have also been put down in Dooly county at Ada and S ibley; but no stisfactory information has been secured concerning their records..
There are several large springs in D ooly county, one of which may be seen near the corporate limits of Cordele. This spring, which furnishes several hundred thousand gallons per day, formerly supplied the town with water. I t is located on the bank of Gum Creek, and is protected from overflows by a stone wall. The water is clear, and, though hard, appears to be of good quality.

DOUGHERTY COUNTY
Dougherty county has a large number of deep wells, nearly a score of which are located in A lbany, the county-seat. So numerous are these wells in A lbany, that it is frequently spoken of as the "Artesian City."
ALBANY. - (Elevation, I72 feet above sea-level.) The Albany wells vary in depth from 300 to 1,320 feet. The deeper wells penetrate two or more water-beari ng strata, the lowest of which furnish water rising 30 feet above the surface. Mr. Charles Tift, formerly

98

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Superintendent of the City water-works, and who has made quite a study of the deep wells of Albany, states that the first water-bearing stratum in these wells was struck at about 300 feet from the surface, the second, at 660 feet, and the third, at 1.320 feet. Only the second and the third strata furnish a flow. The following log of one of the Albany deep wells has been furnished by "Ir. Tift, to which is added the notes of Dr. \Vayland Vaughan, of the U. S. Geological Survey, on the geological horizons: -

C ITY ARTESIAN \NELL, No. 2

Bored by Mr. E . F. J oyce

Log by l\1r. C. W . T ift

Red clay .. . .. . .............. . .. . ...... from
Light-colored clay .. . ....... . .. . .. . .... . " Coa rse sand (Vicksburg) . . . .. . .. . . . ..... "
Light-colo red clay and coarse quartz sand . .. "
Limestone, orbitoides, at ISO feet, and from
I90 to 200 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. H
Gray limestone, orbitoides, echinoid) bryo:=oQ, tereba./llla; some shale from 230 to 240 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. ...... . "
Gray sand with comminuted shells (ostrea) .. " Some shale, coarse sand, shells and sharks'
teeth at . .. . .. .. . . .. . ... . . .. . .. .. .. . .
Hard layer, ostrea divaricata . . . . ..... . ... . "
Ostrea diva1'';cata. at. ... . .... . . .. .. . . . .. . Os/rea alabmnicJlsis at . . ... . . .... .... . . . .
Shale or marl, water vei n at. . .. ... . ...... . Ostrea divaricata alld alaballliellsis at ...... . Bed of lignite at. . .. . .... ... ....... . . .. . Bed of lignite at. . ........ .. . .. . . . .. . .. . Sand . . . ... ........ .. . . . . .. . ..... . .. . " E chilloid spilles, 10111110 teeth, stiff blue clay . . "
Stiff blue clay .. . .. . .. ...... . ... ....... . " Hard gray sandstone .. . . . . . .. .......... . "
Eocene from the surface to . .... .. ... . . . . . Pyrite and small oysters at ... . . .. . ..... . .
Green sands and greenish micaceous shales . . "
Gray sand with black particles at . .. . . . . ... .
\Vater-bearing horizon, limestone, with pieces
of hard gray sandstone between 785 and
" 790 . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . ... . .. .

o to 20 "
23 "
25 "

20 ft.
23 " 25 " 35 "

35 " 200 "

200 " 280 " 280 " 285 "

3 18 It
400 "
470 "
475 "
485 "
530 "

311 " 320 H
33 0 If
340 H 350 H '363 " 367 " 400 H
475 " 475 " 480 " 488 " 500 H
520 " 540 "
600 "

690 " 790 H

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTA L PLA IN

99

Hard rock .... ....... . .. .. ......... . .. from Clay shales, white limestone between 83 5 and
840 . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... .... H Limestone and shales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. If Chiefly sand, at top a little gravel. At 880

790 to
800 " 850 "

800 ft.

feet limestone or ca1cereous sand, also

light g ray micaceous sand ; at 890 feet,

grayish sand, calcareous fragments, hard, black pieces of pebbles and astrca, \\"ater-

bearing micaceous sandstone between 920

and 930 feet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " Blue micaceous clay at 950 feet, thick shelled
oyster, gryphmQ, the same also at 1,080

940 "

feet; at '1,100 feet gray sand with os/rea,

exogyra cos/ala .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. It 9-+0 " 1, 100 " Stiff blue clay, micaceous sandstone, oysters . . If 1, 100 " 1,200 " Very stiff blue cl ay, at 1,255 feet, streaks of

sand and shell s, a small flow of water ; from

1,240 to 1,260 soft shiny blue clay . . . . . . .. If ~Ia r1, gray sand, sandstone lumps, shells . . . . " Gray and black sand, sandstone lumps. . . . .. " Black irregular, waterworn pebble, with hard

1,200 " 1,260 " 1,260 If 1,270 " 1,270 " 1,3 10 If

crystalline fracture; coarse and fine quarL~

sand, shells, decayed wood, third wate,'-

bearing stratum; 50 ga llons per minute . . . If 1,3 10 H 1,3 1 5 "

'Nell ends in quartz sand at ... .. . .. .... .. .

1,3 20 "

Temperature of water 78 F.

The water from the second water-bearing stratum, which furnishes the main supply to the city, has a distinct odor of hydrogen sulphide. An analysis of it, made by Prof. H. C. White, of the University of Georgia, is here given:-

Constituents Determilled

Grains per U . S. Gallon

Calcium Carbonate ... ......... .. . . .. . . . .. ... .... 6.275

l\Iagnesium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Calcium Sulphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583

Sodium Chloride.. ...................... ...... . .35 1 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Silica .. . ................. . .... . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .. .545

Organic Matter ..... .. .. . .. ...... . ...... . ...... .414

"C"ndetermined, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

Total ........ . .. . ... .. .. . . .... .. .... ....... 9345

100

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Sanitary Analysis

P arts per Million

Total Solids .. . .... .. ..... . .. . .. . . . .. . ......... 160.254

Organic Carbon ................. . .. . .... ....... .096

Organic Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .001

Nitrogen in Ammonia and Nitrites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . none

Nitrogen in N itrates .. . ............ . .. .. . .. .' . . . . . . 045

Total Combined Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .046

Chlorine .. .. .... . ........... . .. . . . .. .. ........ 3.652

Equivalent to Na Cl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.024

Hardness. temporary .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10 Hardness, permanent ............. .. .... . ........ 4 .40

Total ............... . ..... .. ........ . .... .. . 6 . So

Analysis of water from the third water-bearing stratum, made by

Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia,

is as follows : -

Parts per

Constituents Determined

Million

Silica ........... . .. . .. .. ... . .. . .. . 13. 62

Sulphur Trioxide . . . .. . ..... . ... .. . . 1.22'

Carbon Dioxide ......... .. . ... .. . . . 677. 00

Phosphorus Pentoxide .. ............ . trace

Chlorine .. . .. .... ...... . .... . . . . . . 69.36

Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . . . . . .. . Lime .. ........... .. ............. .

1. 75
6.00

Magnesia ...... .. ..... : ...... . .... . 3. 00

Potash . . . . .. .. ..... . . . . . .. . . ... . . . 34.72
Soda ..... .. . .......... . ......... . 623 . 76

Grains per U. S. Gallon
79-+
.070
39 . 480
trace
4 .045
. 102
.35 0 .175 2.02 4 36 .376

Probable COlllbinatio1ls

Potassi um Chloride ... .. . ..... .. . . . . 55. 0 3 Sodium Chloride ...... ... ... .. . . ... . 71 . 0 9 Sodium Sulphate . . . .... .... . ...... . 2 . 16
Sodium Phosphate .. . .. ..... . . . .. . . . trace
Sodium Carbonate ...... . .. .. ...... . 998 .71
Magnesium Carbonate . . .... .... . . .. . 6.30
Calcium Carbonate .. . . . ........ . ... . ro7 1 Total Solids .............. . .. . . ... . II5937

3. 209 4 146
. 126
trace
58 . 243 .367 . 62 5
67.61 I

Free Carbon Dioxide

25443

14. 838

Hardness, permanent . .... . ..... .44 Hardness, temporary . .......... .45

Total .. . .. . ................ .89

U,YDERGROU.VD TVdTERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

IOr

There is quite a remarkable difference in the chemical composition of these waters, the chief mineral of one being carbonate of lime, and that of the other, carbonate of soda. The water from the third stratum carries more than one per cent. of mineral matter; whereas, the water from the second stratum carries only a little more than one-tenth as much .
The following notes on the Albany well, known as the Coffey well, were furnished this Suney by i\Ir. i\I. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Survey:-
"Th is well, which was originally a private well, now belongs to the city. It is six inches in diameter, 840 feet deep, a nd flows about 40 gallons per minute. The water is supposed to possess medicinal properties.
It is used at present as a table water, and to supply a public bathhouse and a tountain.

Field analysis by J\Ir. \\T. W. Burnham, of the U. S. Geological Survey : -

COllstitltellts Determined

Parts per MiJlion

Chlorine .... .. ........... . ..... . .. . .. . ......... 4. a

Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . ........... 127.0
Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . o. a

Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.0 Total Hardness. as Calcium Carbonate ............ . . .

Sulphur Trioxide (estimated)........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0

Iron..... ...... ... . . . . . ...... .. . . . . .. . ... . ... .. 0.3

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 Color .. . .. . .. . .. . ..... ... ........... . ......... . 0.0

Turbidity ......... .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .... .. ..... 0.0

T emperature (estimated) . ... . ..... . . .. ...... 72 0 F.

The Coffey well was originally only 580 feet deep; but, since its purchase by the city, it has been extended to 8..0 feet. in order to increase the flow, which had materially decreased subsequent to the completion of the 12-inch well at the city water-works."
D UCKER'S STATIO:'. - Col. John P. Fort's well, near Ducker's Station, in the western part of Dougherty county, has the distinction of being the first successful flowing well constructed in Georgia. This well, which is two inches in diamete r ana 547 feet deep,

.BCaOslsumWbeulsl Rich LAna iJawson Ilth~l7:Y Poulan !'tou/trie valdosta

C - CLAY
$ - SAND
ls - Un5TONe
SS -SANOSTONE

" ...... ""...........(~)
~,
" '"
:,11

FIC. 3.-Seclions of Deep Wells frOIn Columbu s, Mnscog ee Cou uty, to Valdosta, Lowndes COllnty, Showing the Depth s uncllhe Geological Horizons of the ~la j ll \Vater-bcaring Strata.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

I03

was completed in 1881, after six months of continuous labor with a
rather crude boring-outfit. The water rises ten feet above the
surface.
Dr. J. W . Spencer, formerly State Geologist of Georgia, gives
the following record of the Fort well: - '

"I A few feet of surface clay followed by limestone boulders to .. .. . . .. ... . .............. . ..... 65 feet
2 Limestone with silicified layers containing shells and traversed by subterranean streams to .. ....... .. 150 "
3 Blue marl (clay?) to ......... .. . . ..... . . .. ..... 165 " 4 Shell rock, sand, rock and marl (clay) . \,yater rose
to within 14 feet of surface, to . ............... . 260 " 5 Sand, tinted blue; a layer of very fine white sand, at
370 feet, below which some coarse sand with shell fragments and sharks' teeth to . ........... .. . . 380 " 6 Blue clay and sand rock in alternate layers to .... .. .4IO " 7 Blue clay with soft sand rock to flowing water. .... 490 " 8 Sand and clay, forming water-bearing stratum to hard rock at . . ..... . . . .. .. ... .. ................ . 530 ""

HARDAWAY STATIO~. -1\1r. F. F. Putney's well is said to have a depth of 315 feet. It is six inches in diameter, and the water rises
to within 50 feet of the surface. 1I1r. J. D. Stephens, of Albany, has
kindly furnished the following meagre record of the well : -
I Yellow clay ..... . .................... . .. . .. . .. 50 feet
2 Sand ........... . .. . .. . .. ..... ....... . ........ 50 "
3 Hard rock, alternating with sand and clay to bottom of well.
"VALKER STATION. - The well of 1I1r. H . J. Lamar, one mile
north of "Valker Station, is four inches in diameter and 146 feet deep. The water rises to within 35 feet of the surface. It is hard and sulphureted, and is said to be quite \\"holesome. No record of the well was obtained.
PRETORIA. - The Red Cypress Lumber Company put dO\m this well in 1902. It is four and a half inches in diameter and 585 feet deep. The well flows, but the height to which the water rises
Geological Slln'ey of Georgia, First Report of Progress, 1891, p. n.

104 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN
above the surface is not given. \~Tater-bearing strata are reported at 375 feet and near the bottom of the well; but only the latter furnishes a flow.
The following sanitary analysis of this water has been furnished by the Red Cypress Lumber Company: -
Parts per Million Total Solids .. . ........ . ................ . ...... 178.500 Chlorine ........ . ............... ..... ....... 5.950 Free Ammonia .. . .. . .. .. . ........ . ............. . lOa Albuminoid Ammonia .......................... . Nitrates ...... . ................. . ........ .. . trace Nitrites ......... . .. . .... .. .... ....... ........ . . 001
BLUE SPRING. - Dougherty county has several large springs, the most noted of which is the so-called Blue Spring located a few hundred yards from the left bank of the Flint RiYer, about four miles south of Albany. This spring, which furnishes about 70 million gallons per day, is probably the largest spring in the State. It flows from a large cavernous opening in a somewhat circular depression, a few rods west of the highway leading from Albany to Hardaway. The water rises, with considerable force, from the subterranean opening, and forms a stream, several yards wide and from two to eight feet deep. The water is usually quite clear; but, after a heavy rain, it sometimes becomes some\yhat cloudy, due evidently to the surface waters finding their \Yay, by means of lime-sinks or otherwise, to the underground stream which supplies the spring.
During the high floods of the Flint River, Blue Spring is submerged by back water; but, so enormous is the flow of the spring, that it is impossible for the muddy waters of the river to reach near the spring. Its water is, therefore, always clear, regardless of the condition of the river.
There are other springs in Dougherty county which furnish considerable volumes of water ; but none of them compare in size with Blue spring.

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UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

105

EARLY COUNTY

There are numerous springs reported in Early county; but the main source of domestic water-supply is the shallow wells. These wells, which vary from 20 to 60 feet in depth, obtain their watersupply chiefly from the Lafayette. In the absence or the thinning of this superficial deposit, the wells penetrate the Eocene beds. The water-supply from the latter beds, especially when they consist of what is known as "rotten limestone," is not so satisfactory for domestic purposes, as the water from the former. This is due to the hardness of the water from the Eocene beds. The water from the Lafayette deposit is always soft; and, when not contaminated by surface impurities, it is a most desirable ,:vater for manufacturing and domestic purposes. The deep wells of Early county, which are located at Blakely, Damascus ancl Kara are here described: -
BLAKELY. -The Blakely deep well, completed in June, '902. at a cost of about $3,000.00. has a depth of 8, 2 feet and varies from six to ten inches in diameter. Three different water-bearing strata are reported in this well, at 250, 570 and 812 feet, respecti\'ely. The third stratum, wh ich now supplies the city \vlth water, furnishes 290 gallons per minute, without perceptibly lo\yering the static head of water in the well. The water from the third stratum rises to within '9 feet of the surface. The static head of the other waterbearing strata was not reported.
The following record of the Blakely well has been furnished by Mr. S. S. Chandler, the well contractor, supplemented by a few geological notes by Dr. T. \\layland Vaughan : -

Red, sandy clay ....... . ............. . . . ... from , to 10 it.
Coarse, grayish sand . .. . . . . . ........... ~ .. " IO " 20 "

Coarse, light-yellowish sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " Yellowish, cllerty limestone (Vicksburg)..... . " Yellowish, or g rayish, sandstone. . . . . . . . . . . . .. " Light-colored, almost white, calcareous sandstone,

20 " 30 " 30 " 40 " 40 " 50 "

probably base of Vicksburg-J ackson . . . . . . . . " Gray sands, darker at bottom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. H Greenish sands, with ostrea divaricata . . . . . . . .. H Fine, gray sand, hard ledge at bottom. . . . . . . .. "

50 " 70 "
70 H 140 " '40 " 160 " 160 " 285 "

106

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Fine sand, with some clay ... . ........ .. ....from 285 to 290 ft. Bluish clay .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 290" 490 " Quartz sand, with glauconite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 490" 500 H Hard sandstone with glauconite. Two oysters,
apparently gr,:yp!t((!Q and e_1.~og)'ra costata . . . .. " SOD "SID"
Grayish or bluish sands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 5 10 "SSo "

From 580 feet to the bottom of the well, limestone interstratified with clays and sands is reported. The third water-bearing stratum, which is probably upper Cretaceous, is said to consist of a coarse sand.
The analysis of the water from the third water-bearing stratum, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemi st of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: -

Parts per

Constituents Determined

Million

Silica ......... .. .. .... ........ . . . . 8.02

Sulphur Trioxide .. .. .. ... . ... . . . . . . Carbon Dioxide .. ............... . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ............. . Chlorine . . . .. .. . . ... .. . ......... . . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . . . ... . Lime ................... . ........ . ~Iagnesia . .. .. . . .. . ...... , ....... . . Potash ...... . ... . . . ..... . ... . .... Soda ............. . .. . . ... .... . . .. .

9. 18 137 .40
trace
13 .60 0.66
7.50
3 33 10.96
57 . 10

Probable Combillatiolls
Potassium Chloride ... ... ......... . . Sodiu111 Chloride . . ...... . . . . ...... . Sodiu111 Sulphate .. . ..... . . .. . ... . . Sodiu111 Phosphate ..... . . _.... . ... . Sodium Carbonate .... . .. . . .... . .. . Calcium Carbonate ..... .. . . .... .. _. ~Iagnesil1m Carbonate ..... . ..... .. . .

1737
8.76
1997 trace 74.78 1339
699

Total Solids .. . . . ....... ... .. .. ... . 13994

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 96 .81

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.468
535 8. 014
trace
793
.039 437 .1 93
.639
3.330
1. 01 3
.51 I
1. 165
trace
4 .361 781
408
8.161
5. 6'16

Bya comparison of this ,vater with the analyses of the water from the Fort Gaines, the Newton and the lower stratum in the Albany

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 107
\\"ells, it will be noticed that there is a marked similarity. They all carry a high percentage of sodium carbonate, and are quite soft.
DA'IASCUS. - ~Ir. C. C. Green's \\ell at Damascus is two inches in diameter and 547 feet deep. Considerable hard rock is reported in this well; but the exact thickness and character of the various formations were not ascetiained. Two water-bearing strata were struck in the well, one at 200, and the other at 547 feet. \ Vater from
the fohl1er ri ses to within 20 feet of the surface, and from the latter, to within seven feet of the surface. Both strata are said to furnish a good supply of water.
KARA. - The well of ~Ir. \V. R. Carter, located near Cowart's station on the Central of Georgia Railway, between Blakely and Arlington, which was completed in 1897, has a depth of only 120 feet. It varies in diameter from five to six inches, and penetrates only one water-bearing stratum, which was struck at I 13 feet from the surface. The drill is said to have dropped 7 feet at that point, into a cavity from which the water rose immediately to "'ithin 27 feet of the surface.
i\Ir. Carter has furnished the following record of the well: Reddish clay ..................... . ........ from 0 to 30 ft. Sand . . ....... . .. .. . .. . .. ..... . . ...... ... . H 30 H 32 H Limestone; 7-foot cavity at 113 feet .. . .. . . _.... " 32 ff 120 " The "'ater-supply of the Damascus and the Kara wells is supposed to come from Eocene beds.
EFFIC\TGHAM COUKTY
c. Mr. J. Overstreet, in answer to enquiry about springs in Ef-
fingham county, says: "There are very few springs in the county. and the only ones of any importance are in the Savannah Ri\-er swamps, all of which are subject to oyerflows during freshets." The domestic water-supply is obtained almost entirely fr0111 shallow wells, which rarely e,'er attain a depth of 1110re than 40 feet. The water is pure and wholesome, where the wells are properly protected frol11 surface contamination. Successful deep wells haye been sunk at Eden, Egypt, Guyton, Meldrim and Pineora.
EDEN. - (Elevatioll, 34 feet above sea-level.) There are two wells located at this place. one 280 feet . and the other 3' I feet in

108

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

depth. E ach well has a diameter of six inches, and furni shes a flow of seyeral gallons of sulphuretec1 water per minute, which rises 1 2 feet above the surface. Only one flow is reported in the well. and this was struck at about 275 feet. The strata penetrated are said to have been clays and marls, with thin layers of hard rock.

EGYPT. - (Elevation, I43 feet above sea-level.) This well was sunk by the Central of Georgia Railway. It is reported to be 750 feet deep and four inches in diameter. \ Vater ri ses to within 45 feet of the st11'face. Water-bearing strata were penetrated at 300 and 750 feet from the surface, The strata passed through are said to have been clay, sand and marls, followed by limestone,
GUYTON. - iV1r. J. T. Well s' well, which is located about a mile
east of Guyton post-office, was completed in 1895 at a cost of $400.00. The well is three inches in diameter a nd 400 feet deep; and it furnishes hard. sulphureted water, rising10 w ithin 18 feet of the surface. The principal water-bearing stratum, which consists of sand, \\'as struck at 300 feet An incomplete record is as follows : -
Clay .,.' ...... " . " . . " , . .... ,., .. ,. from 0 to 200 ft. Rock. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. H 200 "20I~" Rocks in beds (sharks' teeth and shells) . .. " 2010 " 396 " Quicksand . . ...... .. .................. H 396 " 400 "

Field analysis by :\11'. \Y. \\'. Burnham. of the U. S. Geological Sun-ey :-

COllstitllellts Dcicl'llIillcd

Parts per :\[illion

Chlorine . . ...... , ..... , ... . ....... , .. ,. Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .. .. .... .. Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate. . . A lka li Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate ......... , T otal Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate . ... ,. . . . . .. Sulphur Trioxide .. . . , . , . . , , . ' , ..... , , . , . . . . . . Iron ...... " . . , . . ' ..... .. " ... ,.".,.... .. .. Odor, H ydrogen Sulphide ..... , . . , . . , .. , .. , . . . Color" " ......... . ... . .............. . ...... Turbidity. . . . ........... . .. . . .. . . . . . ....... . .

6.5 98.8
9.2 95 .0 96,5 trace
1.0 3.0
0.0 0.0

Temperature . .. . . . . - The water is cold when pumped.

Th e above notes were also furnished by :Mr. VV. VV. Burnham.

:\1ELDRIM. - (Elevation, 39 feet above sea-level.) There are two deep wells at Meldrim, one of which was sunk by the Central of Georgia Railway. It is reported to attain a depth of 538 feet. It is

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

109

six inches in diameter and furnishes a good flow, rising four feet above the surface. The daily capacity of this well is said to be about 40,000 gallons. The water is used to supply the locomotives of the Central Railway; and for general domestic purposes.

Field analysis by Mr. W. 'v\!. Burnham, of the U. S. Geological Survey:-

COllstitnellts Deter/l/;Iled

Parts per Million

Chlorine .. . . ... . . . ..... .. ...... . .. . .... .. ... 6 5

Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonates .......... 108.0 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. .. '3.0

Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . .. IOl. 0

Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate . .... .. .. . .. 124 . 0 Sulphur Trioxide (estimated). . ....... . ..... . ... 5 .0

Iron .. . .... .. ... .. . .. . .. .. . ................. trace

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 Turbidity ............. . ....... ... . . .. . ..... .. 0.0 Color. . ...... ................ .. .. ......... . 0.0 Temperature (estimated) ... ... ... . .. .. ... 70 F .

The .other Meldrim well, owned by Mr. C. B. Guyer. is located about 300 yards west of the post-office. It is six inches in diameter and 350 feet deep; and it Ao\\'s about 50 gallons of sulphureted water per minute.
The water is said' to rise 50 feet above the surface. It is-;:tsed at present on ly for general domestic purposes j but 1\Ir. Burnham, who furnished these data, notes that it is Mr. Guyer's intention to use the water soon for irrigation.

Field analysis by !vIr. W. W. Burnham, of the U. S. Geological Survey:-

COllstitneJlts Deler/l/;Iled

Parts per Million

Chlorine .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . .. 1140 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . 20 . 0 Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate .. .. ..... . IOO.O Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . .. 1240 Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) .. . ...... . . . ...... 5.0 Iron ... .... . .... ...... ........ ... ... '. . . . . . . . . trace Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide.. .. . . ........ . . ... . . 40 Color... . . . .. . ......... ..... .. . .. . . . ......... 0.0 Turbidity .. . ............ . ..... ..... . . . . . . . . . . 0.0

Temperature (estimated) ....... .. . . . . ... 76 F.

P,NEORA - No data on the Pineora well were secured.

I IO

UNDERGROUND I,VATERS OF ' THE COASTAL PLAIN

EMANUEL COUNTY
Successful deep wells have been sunk in Emanuel county at Swainsboro, Adrian and Stillmore.
SWAINSBORO.- Messrs. Jesse Thompson & Company's deep well at Swainsboro is 400 feet deep and six inches in diameter. The water ri ses to within 80 feet of the surface. The water-bearing stratum, which supplies this well, was struck at a depth of 370 feet from the surface. A trial test with a pump, having a capacity of 30,000 gallons per day, is said to have had no effect upon the static head. The borings from the well are reported to have shown, that the different strata penetrated consisted of sand, clay, blue marl and hard and soft rock, the last named being most abundant.
A second deep well at Swainsboro, owned by l\Ir. R. J. \Villiams,
has the same depth as the first well; but it is only two inches in diameter. The water in this well is said to rise to within 90 feet of the surface. Three different water-bearing strata are reported to have been struck; but their depth from the surface is not gi ven. No information was obtained concerning the formation penetrated. The static head of the water in th is well is said to vary slightly, from time to time. The amount of water furnished per hour is about 600 gallons.
In addition to the two deep wells here descri bed, there is a third well in Swainsboro, which was put down by the town authorities. No infonnation, however, has been received concerning the well, except that it is 889 feet deep, and supplies the town with water.
ADRIAN. - A deep well at Adr ian, owned by the town, has a depth of 300 feet. It furnishes a good supply of wholesome water, which rises to within 60 feet of the surface. There are, also, two other deep wells reported in Adrian. and one on the Ohoopee River, about one mile west of Adrian ; but no record of these wells has been received .
STILL'IORE. - :'Ir. G. :'I. Brinson's \,-ell, located with in the corporate limits of Stillmore, has a depth of 679 feet, and is six inches in diameter. It furnishes an abundance of water, which ri ses to within 70 feet of the surface. The water, which has been used

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

I II

largely for steam purposes, is said to be hard and forms scale ill boilers. This difficulty has been partly obviated, however, by mixing the water with that of shallow wells, before introducing it into the boilers.
\Vith the exception of the towns above named, the domestic watersupply of Emanuel county is obtained almost entirely from shallow wells. Springs, no doubt, occur in the county; but their locations have not been reported. The water-bearing strata, supplying the deep wells, appear to be Eocene.

GLYNN COUNTY
"Vith the exception of the city of Brunswick, the main source of the domestic water-supply of Glynn county is the shallow wells. These wells, which rarely ever attain a depth of more than 20 or 30 feet, obtain their water-supply from the Pleistocene or Pliocene sands and clays. The water obtained from this source is usually soft and especially well adapted to manufacturing purposes. The springs of Glynn county are few in number and small in size. There occur, at a few points in the county, small springs, whose waters are impregnated with hydrogen sulphide. These have a local interest, on account of their supposed medicinal properties. A spring of this description is to be seen near the shell-road, a short distance west of Brunswick. The spring is small, furnishing only a few gallons of sulphureted water per hour, and is apparently of little consequence.
Glynn county has a large number of artesian wells, more than a score of which are located within, or near, the city-limits of Brunswick. These are all flowing wells. They furnish a large supply of wholesome water.
BRUNSWICK. - The City of Brunswicl, is at present supplied by three deep wells, located at the pumping-station near the Southern Railway depot. There are also a 11tjmber of private wells in the city. Nearly all the large manufacturing plants, as well as a number of individuals, own one or more deep wells. Since the completion of so many wells in the city, it is said, that the amount of flow has been perceptibly decreased. The wells at the water-works, which originally furnished ample water by natural flow, have now to be

II2

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

pumped, in order to furn ish the necessary supply. The cause of this decrease in flow is no doubt due to an overdraft on the water-bearing strata.
These wells usually vary from about 300 to 400 feet in depth. There are, however, two or three wells, which attain a much greater depth Col. C. P. Goodyea r's well, for instance, located in the southern part of the city, is reported to reach a depth of 822 feet. This well penetrated water-bearing strata at 302,425 and 525 feet, the latter stratum furni shing a flow of 250 gallons per minute. The water from these different horizons rises about 12, 28 and 57 feet, respectively above the surface.
:fi1 r. Fred Baumgardner, the well contractor, who put down many of the Brunswick wells, has furnished the survey the following record of the high school well : -

Yellow sand .. . . . .. .... . . ... ............. from o to 55 ft.

Thin layers of sandstone interlaminated with clay. " 55 "112"

Blue clay or marl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 112 "212"

Soft, porous limestone with shells . . . . . . . . . . . .. H 31 2 "33 2 "

Coarse sand and pebbles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u 332 H 357 H

Hard rock .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... H 357 "359 "

Blue marl or clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 359 "459 "

Thin layers of limestone with clay and sand . . . . " 459 "479 "

Very fine, white sand at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

479 H

The folIow ing additional notes are made on samplesof well-boring, furnished by Mr. Baumgardner and Mr. L. L. Deering: -

-Grayish sandy clay, with fragments of shells and

diatoms ... .... . ..... . .. . ... . . .. . . ..... from 50 to 120 ft.

The same as above. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 120 H I SO "

White sand, with glauconite, marked first water-

bearing stratum .. . ........ . .. . .. . .. . ... H I SO H 30 7 "

F ossils identified by Dall as " Pleistocene mate-

rial" at .. . ...... ... .. . ........ . .. . .... . Coral identified by Dall as Pliocene at ... . ..... .

350 " 460 "

The analysis here given, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is made from water obtai ned from the first water-bearing stratum:-

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Parts per

COllstituents Determined

Million

Silica ......... .... . ... . ...... . . . .. . Sulphur Trioxide ........ . .... ...... Carbon Diox ide ... .. .... .. . .. . .. . .. . Phosphorus Pentoxide .............. .

2420
52 .94 97. 80
tra ce

Chlorine .. .... . ................... . 17.50

Iro n Sesqu i-ox icle and A lumina . . ... .. . . Lime ............ . ..... .. ..... . . . . .
Nlagnesia ....... " .... ... ..... . .. . . Potash ................. . . . . .. . . ... . Soda .................. .. .... . .. . . .

5-40
43.56
30 .70 9. 20
30 . 85

P"obable C011lbi1lation

Potassium Chloride .. . . . .... . .. .. . .. . Sodium Chlorid e .. ... : . .. .......... . Sodium Sulphate ...... . . . . . . . ...... . Sodium Phosphate ........... . ... . .. .
'Magnesium S ulphate .............. . . . t..,ragnesium Carbonate . .. . . .. . . ... . .. . Calcium Carbonate .......... . .. .. .. . .

1457 17 . 38 49 .56
tracr
59. ,6 23. 06 . 77.78

Total Solids . ......... . ....... .

27 .1 . I I

Carbon Dioxide .. . ............ .. ... . 51 .50

Grains per U. S. Gallon
1.41 I 3. 087 5.70 3
tra ce
T .02 [
.3 1 5 25-+0
1.790 537
1799
. 850 1. 0 14
2 .890
trace 3.450
1 345 4 .53 6
15 8 1 1

The character o f the wate r from the second water-bearing stratum
is shown by the follo\ving analysis, also made by Dr. Edga r E,'cr-
hart, in the laboratory 'of the Geological Survey of Georgia: -

Parts per

Collstitltenis Deterlllined

Million

Silica ....... . ....... . ............. . 15. 20

Sulphur Trioxide ........... . . ..... Carbon Dioxide ...... . .. . . . . . . ... . . . Phosphorus Pentox ide ............... . Chlorine ... .. ........... . .. . ...... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and A lum ina . . .. . . .. Linlc ......................... . ... _ i\Iagnesia .... . ..... . ..... . ......... . Potash ............ . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . Soda ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . .. .

70 .4 1 87 .00
1. 75
27. 20
27. 12
46 .-++
12 -44 2.9 1 67.5 2

Grai ns per
C. S. Gallon
.886
4. 110
5 .0 70
.1 02
1.586 1.581
270P 7?'
. 17<-
393b

1'4

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Probable Combilla!ioll Potassiulll Chloride ........ .. ... . ... . Sodiulll Chloride ... .. . .. ........... . Sodiulll Sulphate ................ . . . . Sodiulll Phosphate ...... . . . . .. ... .. . . rVIagnesiull1 Sulphate ........ . .. . .... . IVragn esil1111 Carbonate . ........ . ..... . Calciulll Ca rbonate ....... . .. . .... . .. .
Total Solids ..................... .
Free Carbon Dioxide ................ .

4 62 41.20
r02 .11
2.6[ 19.32 12.60 8294
30 7.7 2
43.90

.270
2 . 40 3 5955
. 15 2
1.130
735
4. 837
17.946
2 .560

The sample of water, from which the last analysis was made, was obtained from Mr. I-I. \V. Loyer s wel l. located two miles north of Brunswick. The well is 485 feet deep and four inches in diameter. The water rises 27 feet above the surface, and is used chiefly for irr igation purposes.
)'II1'. Freel Baumg ardner's well. located at hi s re~iclence near Mr. Loyd's, is also used for irrigation.
.h "YI, ISLAND. - The well of the Jekyl Island Cl ub. which fur-
nishes 250 gallons per minute, is six inches in di ameter and 480 feet deep. The flow of the well is said to have perceptibly dec reased since its completion. vVhether this decrease is due to an acc umulation of sand in the casin g, or to an overdraft o n the \Vater-be~ rill g stratum, is not known. The superintendent of the J ei'yl I sland club has fur-
nished the following analysis of this water, made by Prof. I-I. C. \ Vhite . of the Gni"ersity of Georgia:-

COlls!';tllell!s Determ';ned

Grains per U . S. Gallon

Carbonate of L ime

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .c83

Sulphate of Soda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride .... . . . . .. . . . . .... .. ... . PotassiU111 Chloride ...... . ............... Sulphate of Lime .. ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 .864 1 457 0.085 1.32..

S ulphate of Magnesia ........... . .... ... . Si lica ......... .. , .... . . .. .... .. . . .... . .

0.615 0.068

Organic lIIatter and Combined vVater. . . . . . . . 1 .256

T otal ............................ .. . . 16.752

Ui\DERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

"5

ST. SIMON'S ISLAND. - There are four artes ian wells reported 011 St. Simon's Island, varying in depth from 438 to 465 feet. The only one of these wells, from which anything like a detailed account has been presened. is the Hilton & Dodge Lum l:er Company"s well at St. Simon's Mills. Thi s well. which was sunk in 1880, is six inches in diameter and 438 feet deep. It furni shes 250 gallons of su lphureted water per minute. The water ri ses 40 feet abO\"e the surface.
It is largely used for steam purposes. The first flow in this well was struck at 350 feet. It yielded eight gallons per minute. The second
flow began at 435 feet, and gradually increased to the bottom of the well.
The following notes on the different strata penetrated in the well are made from a series of borings furnished by the Hilton & Dodge Lumber Company:-

Very fine, gray sand to........................

10 feet

Dark-colored marsh-mud containing fragments of shells to. 20 .I

Rather coarse gray sancI, with fragments of oyster and other

shells to .... .................................... 40 H

Quite similar to overly ing sand . somewhat coarser, with only

a few shells to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50 It

Coarse gray sand and water-worn pebbles of quartz and

feldspar. The peiJbles are often an inch or more in diam-

~rw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~

Very coarse sand and .water-worn pebbles of quartz and

feldspar. The pebbles are often an inch or more in diame-

ter to .................. . ................. . .... .. 70 If

:.roderately coarse sand and pebbles and comminuted shell s

to ...................... .... .................. . 80"

["ine dark-gray sand and pebbles to .................... 9:) H

Fine brown sand and a few angular quartz pebbles. with

clay to ........................................ . TOO "

Fine dark-gray sand, similar to that found at 90 feet ...... I TO It

A conglomerate of quartz pebbles and coarse sand with clay

matrix. There occur in the conglomerate a fe\\' dark . or

brown-colored, small, rounded particles. consisting large-

ly of calcium phosphate to . ........................ J 15 "

Coarse gray sand and fragments of shells. The sand gran-

ules are well rounded and consist of feld spar of dark

color to .... . .................................... r28 "

The same as above. except that the fragments of shells are

more abundant to ........ . ....... , ............... . 125 "

, ,6

UNDERGROUND IVATIiRS OF THE COASTAL PL.IfN

Fine gray sand \\'ith some mica to ..................... 133 feet

Fine gray sand and quartz pebbles to ................... 1-+3 H Similar to the above, except darker and \vith less clay to .. 153 I< Fine gray sand with mica to ......................... ] 6::::> "

The same as above to ..... . ................. :

.. 170 I<

Fine gray sand to .................................. 180 "

Fine. light-gray sand with mllch mica to.

. ...... .. '90 II

Fine. dark-gray, clayey sand with mica . diatoms an ~l f pic-

LIles of sponges to. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............. 200 "

The same as aboye. but darker to. . . . . . . . . . . .

. ... 230 H

Fine sand with numerous diatoms and spicules of spo nges to 25.0 "

Diatomaceous earth, containing an innumerable number of

microscopic rhombohedral crystals of calcite to.

. .3 10 H

Fine, light-gray, micaceous sand with mica and small teeth

resembling those of the gar-pike to ................... 320 H

Rather coarse, gray sand containing sharks' teeth, dental

plates of rays (I), fragments of bones. and smal\ pieces of clay conta ining diatom shells and sponge spicules to .. 32.~ H
Gray sa ndstone, or quartzite, containing casts of shells and

glauconite to .. . .. .................. . ............ 327 "

Moderately coarse gray sand to ........................ 330 " Coarse, water-worn sand, with small sharks' teeth to ...... 350 " The same as above, except that it contains fragments of
shel\s, to ........................................ 360 "

Dark-gray marl, made up largely of microscopic crystals

of calcite, to . . . .. ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370" Dark-gray marl, as above, to ....... .... . . ..... .......... 380 "

The same as above to . ..... : ............ . ............ 390 "

The same as above to ...... . ........................ 400 " Very compact, fine, dark-gray clay, slightly tinged ",ith

green, to ................... . .. . .......... . ..... -+ TO" Fine, dark-gray clay, frequently indurated. Glauconite.
more or less a bundant. to .......................... -+20 " Coarse. dark-colored, glauconitic sand, containing smail

teeth of sharks, to .... . ............................ -+30 " Coarse, dark sand, with rounded pebbles of quartz and

feldspar to .. ..435 " Fine, white sand to ................................ 438 "

The following field analysis of the water from the Hilton & Dodge Lumber Company's well has been furnished by 1\1r. 1\1. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, United States Geological Survey: -

UNDERG RO UND WATER S OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 117

Field analysis by Mr. "V. W. Burnham. of the U. S. Geological
Survev: -

COllslilll cllls Delel'lllilled

Parts per Million

Chlorine .................................. '\1.0

Total Carbonates, as 'Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . 1 2 1 . 0

Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. 22.7

Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate. . . . . . . . 103.0

'Total I-Jarciness as Calcium Carbonate ... . ..... 221.0

Sulphur Triox ide ........... . ..... . ........ 69 .0

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ................. . .

3.0

Iron .......... . .... '" .... . . ....... .... . ..

0. 8

Color ............................. . . ... .. .

0.0

Turbidity ... .' . ................. . ..........

0 .0

BLADE" . - ( Elevalioll, IS (?) feet above sea-level.) Th e Bladen
deep well. owned by lVIr. J. A. "Vard, has a depth of 480 feet It is
three inches in diameter. and fl o ws abo ut 100 gallons per minute. The water, which is used for domesti c and ste:l111 pl1rp0 SCS, ri ses 30 feet above the surface. It is hard and su lplmreted . \ Vater-bea ring strata are repo rted at 160 . 260 and 475 feet. respectively. Nothing is kllo\\"11 o f the strata penetrated in the well, except that they consist of clay and san::L \yith a few beds of rock and oyster she:ls.
EVERETT C[1V.-(Elevalio ll, I6 f eet above sea-level.) lVIr. R. H. Everett's well. at E verett City. was put down in 1894. It is 460 feet deep and .two inches in diameter, and it furnishes a fl ow 38 feet abo \e the surface. The water is hard and sulpil uretec1. and is used for domestic and steam purposes. No record of the well was s ecu red.
T he folJowing field analysis has been furnished by Mr. iVL O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Survey : -

Field analysis by Mr. \V. \ \T. Burnham, of the U. S. Geological SUl'l'ey : -

COllslilllellts Deter/llilled

Parts per Million

Chlorine .. ....... .. ................... .. .. . .. . . 2I . 5

Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . . .... ; . . . . . II I. 0 Scale-formi ng Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonates . . . . . . II . 0 Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 .0

Total Hardness, as Calci um Carbonate .. . . . ..... . . .. . 207 .0

r rB

UND ERGROUND W ATE RS OF TH E COAS TA L PL A I N

P arts per Mil\ion

Sulphur Trioxide . . ........ . ..... . ........

90 . 0

Iron .... . ....... . ...... . .. . . ... . . . .. . ..... . ... . trace

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 3 .0

Color ........... . .......... . ........ . .. . ... . .. 0 . 0

Turbidity .. . . ...... . .......... . ...... . . .... .

0 .0

Temperature ( estimated ) ... . .. .... ..

. . . 7-1 F.

C RI SPI:\,. - A flo wing we ll , o\Y ll cd by ~ Ir. I-l arry Gig ni ll iat. <l nel
located six miles north west of B runswick, on the road leading to Cri spin , has a depth of 377 feet. I t is fo ur inches in di ameter. and it furni shes 50 g allo ns o f sulphuretecl water per min ute. \ Vaterbearing strata are reported at 2 0 0 and 270 feet, respecti \ el y. ' Vater from the first stratulll is said to ri se to wi thin eight feet of the surface ; and, from the last, 140 feet above the surface.
NIr. L . L. D eering, the weil-contractor, gi ves the following record of the Gignil\iat well: -

Sand . . .. . ... . . .... .... ... . . ... . . . .. .. from 0 to 4 feet

Clay ...... . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. "

4 " 12 "

Sand ... .. . .. . .. . . . . . .... . . .. . . . . .. ... " Clay .................... . . . ..... . .... If

12 " 14 "

14 26

." ,

Sand .. .. ....... . . . . . ... . . ....... . .. .. If Clay ............. . .............. . . . . . " Sand and shells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " Rock. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . ... .. . .. .. If Clay .. . .... . ....... . .............. . . . H

26 " 36 "

36 " 46 "

46 " 66 "

66 68

." ,

68 " 88 ;,

Sand rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " Clay .. ........... . . .. .... .. . . .... . .. "

88 100

" roo
" 130

." ,

Rock . . .... . ... . . . ..... . . .... . ..... . .. H Clay ... . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . ... " Sand . . . . .. . ... .. . ..... . ... . .... .. .... " Clay ............. . .. . ...... . .. . . . . ... "

13 " 133 133 " 163 . ; 163 " 168 " 168 " 188 "

Rock ........... . .... . . . ........ . . . . .. " Sand and sheJl s ( water-bearing) . . . . . . . . . .. "

188 19!

H H

19 1
220

.;
.,

Clay .. . ......... . ..... ... ... . .. . .. .. . " 220 " 230 . ;

Sand ... . . ,. .... . . ... .. .. . ...... . . . ... " 230 " 272 "

Clay .... .. .. . .. . .... . .. . ........ . . ... " 2 7 2 " 280 "

Sand . ....... . .. . .. . .. .. .... . .. . .. . . . . " 280 " 288 "

Clay ... .. ... .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . ...... " 288 " 304 "

Rock ., . .. . . . , . . . . . ... . . . ' .. .. .. " . " . " 304 " 3IO "

Clay .... .. . ... . . .... . .... . ... ..... . " 3IO " 32 5 " Rock . . , .. , ..... . . . . ... " . . . . . . . . ... . . " 325 " 327 "

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

"9

Clay ..... . ........ '" . .. . .. .... . ..... from 32 7 to 357 ieel
Rock .. . ..... . .... . ............ ... . .. . " 357 " 362 " Clay .. . ...... ... ...... .. ...... . . ..... H 362 " 370 " Rock (water-bearing) .... : . ...... ... . . . . " 370 " 377 "
EVELYN .- ( Elirualioll, 20 feet above sea-lir.;c/.) i\[r. J. T. D ent's
well at Evelyn, in the northern part of Glynn county. has a depth of 420 feet. It is two inches in diameter, and the water ri ses 14 feet above the surface. The first flow was struck at 370 feet f rom the surface; ' but the welt was continued to 420 feet without increase of flow, The water is sulphureted, and is used for farm and general domestic purposes.

CHAP fER VIII
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE U N DERGROU ~D W ATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN, BY COU NTIES (Coll tillned )

r-J:OUSTO N COU NTY

The chief supply of domestic water in H ouston county is obtained from shallow wells. These wells, which are usually from 30 to 60 feet in depth, obtain their water-supply chiefly from the La fayette sands and clays. There are numerous springs in the county ; but they a re usuall y small. Deep well s are located at Fort Valley. Perry and Byron.
FORT VALCEY.- (Elevation, 53I fe et above sea-level.) The Fort Valley well , which is owned by Mr. H. C. Harri s. is fo ur inches in diameter and 1,075 ( ?) feet deep. Its water ri ses to within 100 feet of the surface. The well is now abandoned .

1\1r. I-Iarri s has furni shed the Survey the following record: -

I Red clay . . ... .. ................... . .. .... ..... 20 feet

2 Sand .... . ...... . .. .. . .. . .. . ..... . . .. . . . .. ... . 20 "

3 '>Vhite clay ..... . ........... . ... . ..... . ...... 8 "

4 Yellow sand .. . ............. . ..... . .. . . ... . .. . 40 "

5 White clay ..... . .. . .. . ........ . .......... ..... . TO "

6 Quicksand with pebbles ..... . .. . ..... ... ........ . 400 "

7 Hard rock ............... _... .. . .... .Thickness not g iven

8 Qlll'Cksand ..... . .... . .. . ..... ...... . . . "

""

At a depth of 300 feet from the surface, a water-bearing stratum is reported to have been struck, which forced the water for a few minutes 20 feet above the surface; but the pressure was soon relieved, and the water subsided to 100 feet below the surface. Other
(I20)

THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF GEORGIA

PLATE I X

WA T EH -\\O RK S P I.AKT A T A L BA N Y , GEO Il G I A .

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

12,

water-bearing strata were struck in the well below 300 feet; but the static head remained unchanged. A second well was attempted by
::\lr. I-Ia rri s. by what is kno w11 as the dry metho d o f well-boring:
but the process was found unsuccessful in the quicksands, and the well was finally abandoned.
PERRY. - The well at this place, which was put clown by the town authorities, is foul' inches in diameter and I38 feet deep. The water rises to within about 42 feet of the surface. The only waterbearing stratum reported in the well occurs at 136 feet. The well. \yhich is supplied with a hand pump, is used only to a limited extent, owing to the water tasting strongly of iron .

The following record of the well has been given:-

Red massi\'e clay . ............ . ..... from 0 to 10 feet

White clay .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 10 " lOy) "

Yellowish sand, with 4 inches of imper-

vious iron Ofe at its base .. . . . . . . . .. " lOy) " 50 " Sand with thin partings of clay. . . . . . .. " 50 " 132 "
Dark carbonaceous material - possibly

hgl11 te ......................... . " 13 2 " 136 "

Coarse gravel at. ..... .. .. . . . ...... .

136 "

The following analysis of the \\'ater from the Perry well \\'as made by :\1r. \V. H. Hollinshead, of Vanderbilt University:-

COlls!':!l/ell!s De!erm.,':ued

Grains per U. S. Gallon

Alumina .... . . . ... ........... . . . . ...... . ....... Iron Sesqui-oxide ..... ... ...... ..... . .......... " Zinc. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. Calci lllll ...... .. .. . .. . . . ... .. . . ....... . ... . . .... Magnesium .. ........ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Sodium ...... . .. . . . ........ . .... . . ...... . . . . ... P o tasSilll1l .. . .......... ... . .. . .... . ......... . ...
Lithium .................. . ..... . . . .. . ...... . .. . Chlorine ... , ...... .. .... . . .. .. . .... . ....... : .. Sulphuric Acid. . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . .. . .... . . . .. Silici c Acid....... ... . . ... . . ... . .. .. . .. .... .. . . . Phosphoric Acid . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.460 0 . 3 02 0.55 1
O. 256 0 .078 0.354
trace
trace
0.126
0.453 0.648 0 .092

T otal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 20

122

U_VDERGROUND W A TERS OF THE COASTA L PLAIN

The zinc shown in the analysis is supposed to ha"e been derived fro111 the galvanized pipe of the pump.
BYRON. - ( Eleva /ioll, 515 feet above sea-level.) The following
notes on Mr. J. H. Peavey's well. located at Byron. are furni shed
by :'1r. \\T. \\1. Burnham, o f the U_ S. Geological Survey: - "The well was completed in June, ' 902. a t a cost of $335. It is three inches in diameter and 310 feet deep; and it penetrates water-bearing strata at 210, 275 and 3 10 feet. \ ,yater ri ses to within 185 feet o f the surface, the maximum supply being 50 gallons per minute. The well is now abandoned. The well record is as follows: -
Sand a nd "Chalk" ( Ka olin ) .............. fro m o to 250 feet Quicksand and "Chalk" (Kaolin) in 3-foot
layers. \l\.' ater-bearing stratum, coarse Sand If 2 50 " 310 "

Th e water-suppl y of the deep wells of Houston county is obtained from the Cretaceous.

IRWIN COUNTY

There are nl1merous small springs in Irwin county. but the main source of domestic water-supply is the shallow wells. Successful deep wells have been sunk at Fitzgerald and Ocilla.

Fnzet RALD. - (Elevatioll, 430 feet above sea-level.) There are three deep wells within the corporate limits of Fitzgerald, one of wh ich supplies the town with water. Thi s well is eight inches in diameter and 825 feet deep; and it has a capacity of 5,000 gallons of water per hour, without perceptibl y lowering the static head. The ,,:ater rises to within '50 (?) feet of the surface. It is said to come from a porous limestone, at a depth of from 370 to 500 feet from the surface.
T he record of the Fitzgerald Ice Company's well, which attains a depth of only 38 r feet, is as follows: -

Red Clay and Sand ...... .. ........... . . from a to 10 0 feet

Quicksand (?) ................... . .... . "

" 100

-~? - )"

Limestone with some Clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. II 225 " 381

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 123

The data obtained from the Fitzgerald wells are very meagre,

and are not considered reliable.

An analysis of the water from the city well, made by Dr. Edgar

Everhart, Chemi st of th e Geological Survey of Georgia, is as fo l-

lows : -

Parts per Grains per

COllstitlfCllts Determil1ed

Million U . S. Gallon

Silica .. , ......... ' " ... . . . .. .. . .. . Sulphur Trioxide . ................ . Carbon Dioxide .. . . . . ... . . . . ...... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ... .. . . ..... . . . Chlorine .. . .. . ....... . . .......... .
fra n Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . ...... . Linlc .... . .. . ............... . . . . . . ~\rlagnesia ..................... .. .. . Potash . . ........... .. . . . ... . .. . .. Soda .......................... .. .

'3 .0 7 3 .06 76 .20
trace
2 0-40
10. '9 27.78 8.62
2.26
I I . IS

762 .180
4444
t r ace
,. '90
594 1.620
.50 3 .073
. 65 0

Probable C01llbillaliolls
Potassium Chloride .... .... . . .... .. . Sod iulll Chl oride ............ . ..... . Sodiulll P hosphate ........... . . . .. . . :'\ IagnesiUI11 e hloride ..... . ........ . . I\Iagnesiul11 Sul phate ....... ..... ... . ~Jagl1 es it1l11 Carbonate ......... . ... . . Calcium Carbo nate ...... . . .. . .. . . .. .

3. 58 21 .04
trace
7.92 459 7. 89 49. 6,

. 208
1.227
trace
. 4 62 .268
4. 60
2.893

T otal Solids

II7 89

6.292

"reo Carbon Dioxide . ........... . . . 50 . 2 4

2.930

The water-bearing strata supplying the Fitzgerald deep wells are probably Eocene.
OCILLA. - There are fi ve deep wells at Ocilla; but from only one. nan;.ely, th e Ensign Oskamp Company"s ,\\'ell has the \\Titer been ab le to secure data. The info rmatio n here g iven concerning the well was secured by Mr. \Y. W. Burnham from the chief engineer of the Ensign O skamp Company. Thi s wel l. which was put down in I900 at a cost o f $ T,200. is s ix in ches in diameter and '=;12 feet cleep. The water ri ses to within 40 feet of the surface; but, by continuous pumping, it is lowered to ] 2 0 feet. The maximum

124

UNDERGROUND !VATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

yield is 35 gallons per minute. The water is used with surface water, after being treated with boiler compound, for steam purposes. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 312 and 496 feet. respectively. The f;lIowing record of the well is from memory : -

Soil and clay . . ..

. . . from 0 to 60 feet

Soft rock Sand

. .

.. . .. . ... . . . .. .. . . . .

. .

..

" "

60 " 76 " 76 " 105 "

Rock

" lOS " 300 "

Very hard rock . .

..

. .

" 300 " 312 "

Porous limestone with cavities 4 feet deep. " 312 " ST2 "

Field analysis by Mr. \V. \V. Burnham. of the L.;. S. Geological
Survey: -

Constitllellts Deterlllilled

Pa rts per Million

Chlorine ............. . ... . ..... . ...... . ........ T otal Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . A'kali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate....... .... .. Total Hardness . as Calcium Carbonate .............. . Sulphur Trioxide .............. '" ... ... . .. . . . ....

4. a
108.0 22.0 9'0
0.0

Iron ........................... . ........... . ... 1.0 Odor. Hydrogen Sulphide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 Color.. .... ........ .......... . .. . ...... ........ 0.0 Turbidity ....... . ................. . .. . .. . ...... 0.0 Temperature (estimated) .......... . ... . ...... 60 F.

JEFFERSON COUNTY
Jefferson coullty has a large number of deep wells: but the main source of water for domestic purposes is shallow wells, which obtain their water-supply from the Lafayette, or the underl ying sands and clays. The water of these wells is usually soft, and is regarded by the inhabitants as being very wholesome. The maximum depth of these wells rarely ever exceeds 50 feet. They are often more or less affected by droughts; but, as a general rule, they furnish an ample supply of water for farm and domestic purposes. e,'en during the dryest seasons.
There are several large springs in Jefferson county; but the onl)' one visited by the writer was the large spring known as Blue Spring.

UADERGROUND WATeRS OF THe COASTAL PLA IN
located near the Burke county line, about nine m iles east of Lou isville. This spring, which furnishes sufficient water to operate a gr ist-m ill, boi ls up through white sand in the bottom of a circular blsin. several feet in d iameter. The water is clear, and is said to be quite who lesome.
The deep wells of Jefferson county, whi ch are located at Louis,ille. \\"adley. Bartow. Old Town and \\'ren are desc ribed as fol-
10\\'5:-
L OU ISVILU':, - There are fiye artesian wells in or near Louis"ille. \'aryillg ill depth f rom 350 to 450 feet. \Yater.-bearing strata were struck in these wells at 200 and 300 feet, the main watersupply being obtained from the latter stratum. Only those wells wh ich are located o n low ground furnish a flow,
The foll owing notes, on the strata penetrated in putting down the Louisvilfe deep wells, were obtai ned from M r. G. H . Harrell, of Louisville: -
Red, motley clays .. ..... .. ........ .. . . ...... .. 25.0 feet 2 Fine yellow sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40.0 "
3 Quicksand .. ....... ... .. . ... ..... .. . . . .. . .. .. 6.0 "
4 Marl, with fragments of shell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 .0 " J Blue marl ...... ....... ..... ......... .. ..... . 100.0 "
6 Flint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 0.5 "
7 Marl, honey-combed rock and lignite ...... . ...... . 100.0 " 8 Coarse sand with mica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ( ?)
In addition to the wells above noted, there is also another well located at a water-stat ion, two miles south of L ouisville, on the Loui s"ille and \\fadle)' Rail road. Th is is a four-inch well. 325 feet deep; and it furn ishes 20 gallons of water per minute. Two waterbearing strata were struck in th is well, one at ISO, and the other at 300 feet from the surface. The fonner furnishes only a small flow; while the water from the latter rises 20 feet above the surface.
The folJowing analysis by Dr. Edgar. Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Sur vey of Georgia, was made from the water obta ined from the flowing well, which is located at the F air Grounds near lhe corporate limits of Louisville:-

.26 UNDERGROUND !VATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAI.Y

Parts per

COllslillt""ls Delermilled

Million

S ilica ............. . ......... . .... . Sulphur Tri ox ide ........ .. ... . .. . . . Ca rbon Dioxide ............... _... . P hosph orus Pentoxide .. . ........... . C htorine ................... ... . _.. .

39. 22
7 75
53.90
2.50
8 .16

Iron Sesqui-oxicle and Al umina . . Lime ....... . ..... ... ........... . ).Iagnesia .................... . . .. . Potash .......... . ................ . Soda ................... . .. . .. .

4. 12
46 .44
2 .3 1 3 .36 -+. 18

P"obable COIJI.i>illalion
Potassium Ch loride ........... ... .. . Sodium Chloride .................. Sod ium Phosphate .... . .. .. ........ . lVlagnesilll1l Chloride ... . .. . . .. .... . . Magnesium Sulphate : . ............. . Calciun; Sulphate ....... . . . ... .. ... . Calcium Carbonate ..... . .. . .. . .. . .. .

553 7. 88
359
I. I I
555
6.89 77. 84

T otal Solids .................... .

Free Carbon Dioxide .. .. . . .. .. . .... .

Grains per U. S. Gallon
2. 287
.450 3.140
.146 .476
.240
2.70 8 .128 . 196 .24-+
.3 22 .460 . 209 .059 .3 22 401 4.540
8.790
1.146

OLD TOWN . - There are two artesian well s at Old Town, both having about the same flow, and furni shing water of similar character. \ Vater-bearing strata are reported at 160 and 200 feet. Clays, sands, marls and limestones are said to have been passed through, in sinking the well; but their thickness and depth from the surface are not given. The wells are about 225 feet deep, and flow 28 feet above the surface.
WADLEY .-(Elevaljoll. 2-13 feel above sea-level.) There are several flowing wells at Wadley, varying from 330 to 450 feet in depth . Three different water-bearing strata are reported in all the deepest wells, the first occurring at 170, the second at 330, and the third at 430 feet. The water from these different strata rises from four to twenty feet above the surface. All attempt was made some years ago, to run a mill by water from two or three of these wells; but

U,\DF:RGROUND 'VATERS OF THe CO.4STAL PLAIN

127

the experiment proved unsuccessful. The water is used only for general domestic purposes.
Mr. M. M. Caldwell has furnished the following record of one of the Wadley deep wells:-
Yellow Clay .. ... . . . .. ............... . . . ..... . . 60 feet 2 Blue Marl . . .. ...... . ..... ..... . . . . ..... . ...... 100 " 3 Sand ........................ .. . .. . .. ......... 2 " 4 Marl and Limestone . ... .. ........ ... . . .. . . .. .... 250 " 5 Sand ... .. . .. . . ..... .. ......... . .. . .... . . . ... Not given

An analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows:-

Parts per

COllstitll ellts Determined

Million

Silica' .. ......... . ..... . .......... . Sulphur Trioxide .................. . Carbon Dioxide .. . .. . .... ..... .. . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . ........... Chlorine .... . ........ . .... " . . , . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. .... . . Lime .. . ..... . . .. .. . ............. .

13. 00 9. 14 150 .60
trace
4.70
1 . 80
80.40

Magnesia ... . .... . .... . .... . . . ... . Potash ....... . . .... . ........ . .. .. . Soda . . ......... . .............. . .

5 14 355
1240

Probable Combinations
Potassium Chloride ................ . Sodium Chloride .. .... . .. ... ....... . Sodium Sulphate ... .. ....... . . . .. . . Sodium Pho?phate ................. . Sodium Carbonate .. . .. . .. . . . ... . .. . Magnesium Carbonate ........... ... . Calcium Carbonate .. . , . . .. .... . .... .

5. 62 3.31 19 .88
trace
3 .36
lO79 14357

Total Solids .. . ............ . .... . 191 .33

Free Carbon Dioxide . . .............. . 80.38

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.758
533
8.783
trace . 274 . lOS
4. 689 .300 . 207 . 72 3
.3 28 .193 1. 159 trace
.196
. 629 8 .372
11. 158
4. 688

BARTow.- ( Elevation, 237 feet above sea-level.) There are three deep wells at Bartow, which vary from 160 to 525 feet in depth. The deepest wells are said to penetrate water-bearing strata at 60,

128

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

225 and 350 feet, the two last strata furnishing flows which rise from seven to ten feet above the surface.
Mr. L. B. Clay, who sunk the deepest well in Bartow, has furnished the following record from memory : -

Red sandy clays . . .................... . . from o to 12 feet
Coarse gravel (?).. . .. . ................ " 12 " 52 " Marl and sand (water-bearing). . .. . . ..... " 52 " II2 "
Blue marl with an occasional layer of rock.. " II2 " 362 " Same as above, with sharks' teeth and shells. " 362 " 52 5 "
\VREN. - The following data o n the \Vren well. receiyed from l\Ir. \ V. W. Burnham, was furnished by Mr. !VI. O. Leighton. Chief of the Di"ision of Hyelro-economics, U . S. Geological Sun'ey:-
This well, which belongs to Mr. \Iv. J. Wren. is located within
a few hundred feet of the railway station. It is six and four inches in diameter and 556 feet deep, and it furnishes a maximum yield of 80 gallons per minute. The principal water-bearing stratum is at 525 feet from the surface ; and the water rises to w ithin 20 feet of the surface. It is used for general domestic and boiler purposes. The well was put down in 1897, at a cost of $400.
The field analysis of the water, which is said to form scale in
boilers, is as follows: -

Field analysis by i\.lr. W . IV. Burnham. of the C S. Geologica l Survey:-

Com/i/llell/s De/erlllilled

Parts per :,1illion

Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . 5

Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6

Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . 3 .4

Alkali Carbonates, 'as Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6

Sulphur Trioxide .. .... .. .. . .... . ................ trace

Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II O. 4

Iron...... ... . . . . . . ... ... . ..... .. . ........... .. 4.0

Color ......... . .. .. ........... . .. . ......... . ... trace

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .0

Turbidity . .. . ....... . ....... .. . . .. . ... ... . ...... 0.0

OIL PROSPECTING "VELL. - The location of this well is about 30

miles south west of Lo ui sville o n what is known as the Black farm.

Mr. J ames Tague, the contractor, gives the following record of the

well : -

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 129

Mixed clay and sand .. ... . . . .from

Sand and rock.
Blue clay . .. .
Blue clay and s
Blne clay .. .
Sand
Hard rock .
Soft sand rocl(
Sand . . . Hard rock .

. . . . . ...



.

.

..

.

.

. . .

..

.
.

and.
..... .
. ... . .

.
.


.

.. .

.. . ..

....

..

.
.

..
..
..
.



.

. .

.

.. ... .. . . . . ...

.

. .


. .. . . .. . . ..

.
.

.
.


.
.

. . .

"
"
" " " "
" " "

.. Sand' . . . .. .
Soft rock . .. .

.. ..

. .

.

. .

"
"

Hard rock Blue clay

.

... .. .. .

.

..
.

.. .

.

... ... .

" "

Sand rock Sand and clay

.. .. ... ..

.

... "
"

Blue clay . . . . . ..... . . . . . .. "

Sanel

.

Blue clay and shale ..

. ... . ......

" "

Harel rock

... . .. . "

Blue clay and sand layers . . . . . .. . "

Harel rock
Sand . . . . .. .
Harel rock
Blue and white clay.

. ...



.
..

.

..

..

.

.

. .

.. ... .

"
" " "

.. Harel rock .

Sand

.

Shale . . Sand .

Blue clay and

Fine sand

. .
.
.
sha le .
.



.


.

.

.

. .

.

. .. .

. . .. .

. .

.

. .

.


.
.

....
..

. .

"
" " " " "

. Clay
F ine Sanel

and sa nd

s h a le
. .

.




.
.


......
.

.



.


.
.

.
.

. .


.
.

. .. .

.
..

.

. ..

.
.



. .

"
" "

Red clay

. .. . .. . .

SRHWRaeeanhddrdidtacelncadcl.yalaywyhi..t.e....c...l.a...y.... ..............................................


.

Clay ... . . . Sand with gas .. . .



. .

.

.



.
.

.

.

.

..

. . . . .
............ .. ..

" "
" " " " " "

Sand with hard laye rs . ..

. . "

0 to
68 " 74 " 76 " 91 " 93 " 96 " 96 "
99 "
113 "
114 " II6 "
II9 " 120 "
132 " 142 "
ISO " 169 " 171 " 176 " 177 " 184 " 188 " 204 " 205 " 208 " 209 " 21 3 " 219 "
223 "
269 " 275 " 298 " 307 " 505 " 5 10 " 532 " 562 "
581 "
583 " 584 " 588 " 599 "

68 feet
74 "
76 "
91 " 93 " 96 " 96 "
99 "
!I3 " 114 " II6 "
1I9 " 120 " 132 " 142 " ]50 " 169 " 171 " 176 " 177 " I8.j. " 188 " 204 " 205 " 208 " 209 " 21 3 " 21 9 " 223 " 269 " " ?- ,..
- /0
298 " 307 " 505 " 510 " 532 "
562 "
581 " 583 " 584 " 588 " 599 " 661 "

' 3D

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COAST,IL PLAIN

Mixed clay

. from 66 1 to 665 feet

Sand Mixed clay Sand Clay Sand Tough clay

"

.. ..
. .

.. . '
.'. ., . .
.,.

"
" ,".
, ,

"

665 " 70+ " 7+1 " 75 1 " 759 ",. 775

704 " 7+' " 75 1 " 759 "
. 775 "
783

Sand Hard layer Sand Sandy clay Sand l\Iixed clay

" "

"

..

..

"

..

"
"

.. . ' "

783 " 793 " 798 " 800 ;: 8+3 " 853 "

793 " 798 " 800 " 843 " 853 " 870 "

Sand

"

IIIixed clays

"

Sand Clay White and yellow sand. White clay

... .
..

..
..

.. " .. "
." ,

870 " 896 " 913 " 929 " 9+8 " 955 "

896 9[3

." ,

929 "

9+8 "

955 "

965 "

Sand Shale Clay

..
.. ..

" 965 " 976 " " 976 " 979 " .. " 979 " 999 "

Sand

.. "

999 " 1001 "

Clay

.. " TOO l " 1006 "

Hard layer Blue clay Sand Clay Sand

... ..

..

..

" 1006 " 1006 " " 1006 " 1027 " .. " T027 " 1035 " .. " 1035 " 1052 " .. " 1052 " 1058 "

S hale

" 1058 " 1062 "

Sand Clay

.

" 1062 " 1068 " .. " 1068 " J088 "

Clay and shale

'"

Very hard shale

Cemented gravel

.. "

..

"

.. .. "

1088 " ] 1 1 [ " II I I " 1133 " 1I33 " '140 "

Hard rock

" 11+0 " 1'+3 0:

In addition to the weil record above given, ).1r. Tague also furnished thirty samples of well borings which seem to verify fairly well his well record. The only samples in the collection of borings, which contained organic remains, that throw any light whatever on
the geological formations penetrated, are from depths 250, 380 and

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAf,y

131

I,I.-t3 feet from the surface. Sample frol11 250 feet cOl1cains 11Umerous fragments of oysters and other shell s. together with a slllall coral, which is one of the C0l111110n fossils of the Claiborne or LowelTertiary formation. Sample from 380 feet is a fragment of a turtle shell. found . as far as I kno\\'. only in the Upper Cretaceous formati on. Sample fro111 I, LU feet contains fragments of a dioriteschist. one of the typical crystalline rocks met with throughout the
Piedmont area of Central Georgia.

JOHNSON COUYTY

As far as was reported, there are no springs of any importance in Johnson county. The domestic water-supply is obtained chiefly from shallow wells. The only deep well reported in the county is at \VrightsviJle, the county seat. This ,,-ell is four inches in diameter and 578 feet deep. The water ri ses to within 62 feet of the surface. Water-bearing strata are reported at 430 feet. and also near the bottom of the well. The \\'ell at present furnishes about 30 gallons of water per minute. the capacity of the pump. which supplies the town. The water is said to be quite \yh olesome, and to possess medicinal properties.
An analysis of the water, made by Prof. H. C. \Vhite, of the Gni\'ersity of Georgia, is as follows: -

Grains per

Solid Matter Dissolved

U . S. Gallon

Carbonate of Lime ........... . ..... . .......... . 8935
Carbonate of Iron ............................. . .276

Sulphate of Lime . ...... . . ....... . .. .. ......... . Sulphate of Magnesia .. . . ,' ... . . . .... .. ......... . Sulphate of Soda .............................. . Sodium Chloride .... . ....... . ........... . . .... . Silica ..................... . ....... . ........ . . . Organic }Iatter and \Yater Combined ............. .

.210
. 62 3 .3 2-+ 543
753
2 ..PS

There is dissoh-ed in the water considerable carbon dioxide. and also some hydrogen sulphide.
The stratum, from \\"hich the water is obtained in the \Vrights\"ille well, seems to be Eocene.

'3 2

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

LAURENS COUi\TY

The only successful deep wells, reported in L aurens county. are at

Dublin, the county seat. These wells. whi ch are all Ro\ying, are

said to yary from about 300 to 850 feet in depth. \ Vater-bearing

strata are reported at 185 and 295 feet. the latter yielding a flow

w hi ch ri ses about 30 feet above the surface. The various forma-

tions, passed through in these wells. ar~ reported by 1\1r. Deering,

one of the well contractors, to be "ery similar to those penetrated

in the Hawkinsville wells, except that the limestone occurs near the

surface. The \yater-beari ng strata of the Dublin wells are Eocene.

A n 'analysis of the water from one of the city wells, made by

Dr. Edgar E"erhart, Chemi st of the Geological Sun'e), of Georgia,

is as fo ll ows : -

COJ/stitnents Determi'l'led

Parts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon

Silica .... . .......................... 20. 32 Sulphur T rioxide .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.68 Carbon Dioxide .... . ....... . .... . .... 216.00 Phosphorus Pentoxicle ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace Chlorine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.60 Iron Sesqu i-oxide and A lumina. . . . . . . . .. 2 . 62 Lime ..... . ..... . ......... . ..... .. .. 9-+. 81 Magnes ia .... . ................ . ..... 6.00 Potash .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 78 Soda . . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . ... . . . ... .. .. 8 .91

1. 185 . 798
1 2 5 97 trace
. 32 7 . 153
5.5 29 . 350
. 220
.5 20

Probable COlllbinations
Potassium Chloride . ... . . .... ... . ..... 6.00 Sodium Chloride . .. . . .. . .. ... . . . . .. .. 4.53 Sodium Sulphate ............. . ...... 13 . 31 Sodium Phosphate ......... . .... . . . . .. trace Magnesium Sulphate ... .. . ... . . . . .. . .. 9.27 Magnesium Carbonate ............. . ... 6. I I Calcium Carbonate . .. .. .... . .... .. .... 169.30

.3 50 . 264 . 776 trace
.540
.356
9. 873

Total Solids ...... . ..... . . ... .. . .... 23 1.46

13.498

Free Carbon Dioxide .. . .... . .......... 137.31

8.008

The only large springs, visi ted by the writer in Laurens county, are situated on the right bank of the Oconee Ri ver, some miles south

U.VDERGROUXD lV,ITERS OF THE COASTAL PL A IN 133
of Dublin. These springs, locally known as the \Vell Spring. the Rock Spring and the \Vilkes Spring, emerge as large streams, flowing se\-erai million gallons daily . The springs are fro111 three to five miles apart; but they all are located within a few rods of the ri\-er, and near the contact of the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone and the Altamaha grit.
The domestic water-supply is obtained mainly from we ll s yarying from 20 to 60 feet in depth. The wells obtain their water-supply from the Lafayette sands or the underlying Eocene or IVl iocene beds. The watel" is usually soft, and is considered quite wholesome.
LEE COUNTY
Lee county is noted for its llumerous underground streams, which often appear at the surface in lime-si nks. \?Vhen the channels of these underground streams become obstructed, the water frequently fills the lime-si nks along its course, and thus gives rise to a chain of ponds or small lakes. The waters of these ponds may disappear in a night, or they may remain an indefinite period. There are a few bolel springs in the cQunty, but no ne of very large size.
The main dependence for domestic water is shallow wells, which
vary frol11 30 to go feet in depth. In recent years, these well s have
been bored or driven. \Vells of this cla ss are usua lly sho rt lived, unless properl y cased. H owever, the cost is generally less than that of dug wells.
Successful deep wells ha ve been sunk in Lee county at Leesb:lrg, Smithville and Armena.
LEESBURG. - The Leesburg deep well was put down by the tow n in 1893, at a cost of about $1,200.00. It is 540 feet deep, and it furnishes an abundant supply o f water, which rises to within twelye feet of the surface. No record of the well was preserved. The character of the water, which is used for general domestic purposes, is shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Suryey of Georgia: -

134

UN DERGROUN D W A TERS OF TH E COA ST A L PLA IN

Parts per

COllst illlellls D clerlllill ed

Mi llion

S ili ca ..... . ................ . ........ 35 . 30

Su lphur Tri ox ide .... . .. . . . ........... J 1 . 26 Carbon Dioxide . ....... . . . ............ 86 .60

Phosphorus Pentoxi de .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace

Chlorine.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5. 25

Iro n S esqui -oxide and A lumina . . . . . . . . .. 6 . 20

Lime ............... . ........ . ...... 37. 00 Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 .60

P otash ........... .. .... .. ........... 6 .00

Soda ...................... .. ...... . 35.92

Pro bable C01ll billali.olls

Potassium Chloride .. ......... . . . . ... . 9.40

S odium Chloride ....... . . . ... . . . . . . .. . 1. 19

Sodium Phosphate ...... .... . ..... . . . trace

Sodium Sulphate ......... . ........... . '9 99
Sod ium Carbon ate . ...... . ........ . .. . 45 . 4 1

Calcit1l11 Carbonate .................. . . 66 . 07

.lVlagnesilllTI Carbonate . ............... . Iro n S esqui-oxi cle and A lumina . ........ .

"6 .. 7260

T otal Solids ........................ 195. 32

Free Carbon Dioxide . ................. 32 . 52

Grains per U. S . Gallon
2 .059 . 657
5 .0 50
trace .297 . 362 2. 158 . 32 7 . 350 2.095
. 548 . 069
trace
, . ,66 2.648 3. 853
.686 . 362

Mr. \V. M. J ohnston's well. located on his plantation. two and a half mi les west of Leesbt,lrg , has a depth of 150 feet, and it furni shes a Row six fee t abo ve the s urface. T wo water- bearing strata are reported , but o nly the second stratum fu rni shes a flow . Th e well is three inches in diameter, and fl ows about 18 gall ons per 111 i~lute. The fl ow is sa id to be some what reduced in dry seasons.
The following record has been furn ished : -
Clay .... ,.,., ..... .. ..................... from o to 9 ft. Limestone . . ...... . . .......... .. ... .. ..... " 9" 13 " Cavity ......... . ..... . .... . .. .. . . . . . . .... " 16 " 24 " 1vIarl .... . ................... . ..... .. . ... " 24 " 104 "
Limestone w ith Rin t .. .................... . " 104 " 144 " Sand ( water-bearing) .' .............. .. . ... . " 144 "ISO H

In addition to the well here described, M r. J ohnston also has three

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN '35

other wells on his plantation, varying from 100 to 384 feet in depth, but none of these wells furnish a flow. The water is used only for general farm purposes.
SMITHVILLE.- (Elc-va.tioll, 319 feel above sea-level.} There are four wells at Smitln'ille, two of which belong to the Central of Geor-
gia Railway, and two to the town One of the railroad wells, which is three inches in diameter, attains a depth of 900 feet. Two waterbearing strata are reported in this well; one at 500, and the other at 900 feet. "Vater ri ses 20 feet above the surface. It is used to supply the railroad water-tank. The Aow at the surface is about 50 gallons a minute.
Mr. G. "V. \"arwick, the well contractor, has furnished the following partial record:-
I Clay and sand to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 feet 2 Clay of variolls colors to ...... ................... . 140 " 3 Cavernous rock . ( ?) to ........ . ........ . .. . ....... 240 " 4 Blue clay with shells and sharks' teeth to . ....... . ..... 340 " 5 Limestone 345 " 6 Cavernous limestone with corals ..................... ( ?)
At the bottom of the \\'ell, the drill struck very hard rock, that could not be penetrated.

Field analysis by Mr. W. W. Burnham, of the U. S. Geological
Survey: -

COllslill/ellls Delerlllilled

Parts per Million

Chlorine ................ .. ... ........ ............ .. ... a

Total Carbonates. as Calcium Ca'rbonate ............ . .... 9' .a

Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .... . . .... ' 3 .0

Alkali Carbonates. as Sodium Carbonate . . .... .. ......... 82.6

Total Hardness. as Calcium Carbonate ........... . ...... - -

Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) ....... . .. . ..... . .. . . .. .. 5 .0

Iron ...... .. ........... . .. . .... . . .. ......... .. .. . . trace

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ...... , ............ . ....... 2 . 0

Turbidity .. . ............... . . . . . . ........... .. .. .. . 0.0

Color ......... .. .. . ........... . .. . . .. .. . .......... 0.0

The town wells. which have been recently completed, are said to be of the same depth as the Central of Georgia Railway well, above described.

136 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

AR'I ENA . - The deep wells at A rmena, owned by i\Ir. 1. P. Cocke. are three in number. They vary in depth from 290 to 450 feet. They are all non-flowing wells, and they were sunk chiefly to obtain water for plantation uses. The water ri ses to a varying height of from 24 to 68 feet o f the surface.
~Ir. Cocke gives the following record of one of hi s wells:-

B1 ue ciay .. .... . .. . ........ .. .... ..... . .. from o to 40 ft. Lilllestone ..... . ..... . ....... .. ..... . .... " 40 " I90 " Quicksand ......... .. .. . . . ............. . . " 190 "250 " Flint (?) .. ............... . .. .. .......... " 250 "280 " Cav ity, frolll which water rises to within 25 feet
of the surface ... .. ............ .. ...... . " 280 "290 III

The analysis of the water from this well, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Suney of Georgia, is as follows : -

Parts per

Collstituents Determined

Million

Silica ... .. .......... . ... . . .. .. ...... 9.20

Sulphur Trioxide .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 .90

Carbon Diox ide .. . . ........ ... . .. .... 154.45 Phosphorus Pentoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace ~l o ri~ .............. .. ....... . .... 6.32 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ......... 2.06

Lime .......... . . . ......... . ........ 84.40 :Magnesia .......... .. ......... . . . .... I. 10

Potash. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .90 Soda ......... . .......... . . . .. .... ... 2 .56

Grains per U. S. Gallon
537 .286 9. 008 trace .368 .II7 4 . 9 22 . 064 .052 .149

Probable Combillatiol1s

Potassium Chloride... . . . . . . ... . . .. ... 1.42 Sodium Chloride........ . ........ .. . . 4.83 Sodium Phosphate .... . .... . ......... . trace
Calcium Carbonate .. .. ........ .. . ..... 145.07 Calcium Sulphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.68 Magnesium Sulphate .. ...... . ..... . .. . . 57 Magnesi um Chloride ........ .. . . ...... 3 .62 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . . . . . . . . .. 2 .06

. 083
.282 trace
8460 .448 .033
.211
. 117

Total Solids . ...... . ...... . ....... 174-45

IO.I7 I

Free Carbon Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84 .20

49 IO

THE UNDERGROU.\-D WATHA'S OF GEORGIA

PLATE X

P U T T ING DOWN A I) I<: Il:J> WELL I N TilE ]'(NEY WOOD S, NE .-\H ]) O XALI)SON V ILLE, DEC ATU H COUNTY. GEO BGI.A.

UNDERGROUND IVdTERS OF THE COdSTAL PLAIN 137
The upper water-bearing strata in the Lee coullty wells are Eocene, and the lower, probably Cretaceous.
UBERTY COUNTY
The domestic water-supply of Liberty county is obtained largely from driven wells. These wells. which vary frol11 J5 to 30 fef.!t in depth, obtain their water from what appears to be Pliocene, or possibly, Pleistocene sands. Near the coast, it is said, that water in the
wells is frequently struck at from 12 to 15 feet from the ,surface;
but. unless they are extended beyond what is known as the first stratum of black rock, the water is unsatisfactory, owi ng to its containing fine sand. The water from these wells is soft, and is generally regarded as quite wholesome. There appears to be no springs of importance in the county. Successful deep wells have been sLInk at Riceboro and Dorchester, and on St. Catherine's Island.
RICEBORO . - There are two Riceboro flowing-wells: one, 430, and the other, 460 ieet deep. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 350 and 450 feet, the latter stratum furnishing a Row, rising about 20 feet above the surface. The water is suJphuretecl, and is regarded as e.xcellent for drinking purposes. Sand, clay. marl, and some thin layers of hard rock are said to liave been penetrated in these wells; but their thickness and depth fr0111 the surface were 110t learned .
One of these wells, located at the station. supplies the water tank of the Seaboard Air Line Railway, by a natural flow. The analysis of the water from this well is as follows: -
Field analysis by Mr. \\T. W. Burnham. of the U S. Geological
Survey :-
Parts per Million ~~ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 6.5 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. : . .' . . .. . . .. ... !I 8. a Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .... . . .. 21.0 Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate .. . . .......... r03. a

IJS

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COAS'FAL PLAIN

T otal Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate ....... . ........ '52.0 Sulphur Trioxide ( estimated ) ............ . ..... . . ... 20. 0 Iron ... . ................................ . ... . .. .. 1. 0 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide. . .... . . .......... . . . . ... . . 4.0 Color..... ... ... . .. ........... .. ..... ... .... ..... 0.0 Turbidity ............... . .. . .. : ...... . . .... . ...... 0.0
Temperature ( estimated ) ...................... 70 F

The other Riceboro well, owned by i\1r. A. E. \Vinn, and located on a plantation about one mile northeast o f Riceboro station, is twoancl-a-half inches in diameter, with a strong fto w.
The water is llsed for general domestic and stock purposes. An
analysis of it is as foll ows : -
Field analysis by 11r. W. W. Burnham. of the U. S. Geological
Survey: -

COllslill/ ellls Delerlllilled

Parts per Million

Chlorine ... .. . . .................. . ...... . ......... 65

Total carbonates. as calcium carbonate .. .... ....... .... 105.0

Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . ......... - .. Alkali Carbonates. as Sodium Carbonate. ....... . ....... - - -

Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate .. ........ .. ..... 152.0

Sulphur Trioxide ..... . .. . ... . .. .. . . .............. 33.0

Iron . . ......................... . . . ........... . ... 05

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide.. . .. . ... . ... ... . .. . . . . .... 4.0 Color.. . ... ...... . .. . .. . . . .... . . ... . .. . ... .. .. .. .. 0.0

Turbidity. ........ . ... .. ......... ... ........ . . .... 0.0

Temperature ( estimated ) .... . '.' . . . .. . .......... 78 F.

DORCHESTER. - Se\'en deep wells have been sunk in, or near, D orchester. These wells, which are all flowing-wells, vary from 308 to 465 feet in depth. One of the wells, owned by Mr. W. P. \ >\fait, located on his plantation two miles west of D orchester, is six inches in di ~meter and 450 feet deep, and it furni shes T,200 gallons per minute. The water, which is used for the irrigation of rice lands. rises 30 feet aboye the surface. Another well, owned by the same gentleman, but located in the village of Dorchester. is reported by :-Ir. Burnham to be three inches in diameter and 470 feet deep,

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLA/.V 139

with a Aow of about 100 gallons per minute. The field analysis of the water fro111 the last named \yell is as fo 11 ows : -

Field analysis by 11r. W . W. Burnh am, of the U S. Geological Survey: -

COl/stitl/ el/ts Deterlllil/ed

Parts per Million

Chlorine ......................................... 65

T otal Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate ................ 104.0

Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . .. 0.0

Alkal i Carbonates, as Sod ium Carbonate ... .. .......... 110.0 Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate .. . . .. ........... - - -

Sulphur Triox ide . ... . .......... .. . . ............... 42.0

Iron (estimated) .................................. 05

Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide....... . . . ........ ... . . . .. . 40 Turbidity ..... . .. . .. . ............................. 0.0

Color............... ... ........ . . . ..... ...... . ... 0.0

Temperature (esti mated ) ................. . .... 78 F

ST. CATHERINE'S ISLAND. - The St. Catherine Island wells.
ow ned by Mr J. Raners. of Savannah. are fi"e in number. They
are said to attain an average depth of about 300 feet. They are three inches in diameter, and each furnishes a Row rising about 33 feet above the surface. The Aow is said to be slightly affected by the .tides. which cause a eli fference of pressure equal to a variation o f about 18 inches in head. Four of these wells are cased to a depth of 200 feet, and have sho wn no perceptible yariatioll in Row since their completion : while the fifth. cased to a much less depth. has become filled with sand . and has ceaseeJ to flow. The formations passed through are sai d to consist mainly of sand and marl, with 2. few thin layers of hard rock. The water. which is sulphureted, is used for general plantation purposes.
The deep wells of Liberty cOllnty seem to obtain their water-slIpply from the same geological horizon as the Brunswick well s.

LOWNDES COUNTY
The o nly springs of any importance in Low ndes county, kn own to the writer. OCCt1r in the \ Vithlacoochee River. The domestic waterslIpply seems to be obtained almost entirely from shallow wells.

140 U.VDERGROUND WATE RS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

'these wells obtain the ir water from the Lafayette or the underlying
)'liocene deposits. The water is considered quite wholesome; and, in the deeper well s it appears to be but little affected by droughts. In some instances, these wells are driven: but more frequently they are dug. and curbed with boards for part of their depth.
The only deep wells in Lowndes county are at Valdosta, the county seat. The first of these wells was completed in 1893, at a cost of about $1,600.00. This well varies from 4;/, to 10 inches
in diameter, and is 522 feet deep. Mr. J. A. Durst. the well con-
tractor, reports water-bearing strata at 260 (?), 460 and 5r 5 feet, the water-bearing stratum in each case being a po rous limestone. The water rises to within I r 3 feet of the surface.
Prof. H. C. \Nhite. Chemist, University of Georgia, has furni shed the following analysis of the water from the different strata of the well: -

S olids Dissolved

Grains per U. S. Gallon

No. I NO.2. NO.3.

Carbonate of Lime .................. 5 . .124 4.726 5 -429 Sulphate of Lime ............ . ....... 0.763 0.654 0.8 r~

Sodium Chloride ..... . ..... . .... . ... 0-461 0.398 0.268

Sulphate of Soda ......... .. . . . . . .... 0.074 0.086 0.085

Sulphate of Potash .......... . ....... 0.oS5 0.072 0.038

Sulphate of Magnesia ................ 0. 165 0.193 0. 20 1

Oxide of I ron ........... . .......... 0. TOI 0.096 0.121

Alumina ................... .. ....... 0. 065 Silica .............................. 0.392 Organic :\1atter and Combined \Vater .... 1. r6r
N itrates . . . ... .... . .. . . ... ... .. .... none

0.054 0468 '.3 7
tra'ce

0. T04
0.7 14
0.95 trace'

Total .. ..... . ...... : .... . . . .... . .876I 8.055 8.724

Suspended Sediments ....... . ......... - -

1 . 3 21

No. I, from a depth of 360 feet. No.2, from a depth of 460 feet. NO.3, from a depth of 5I 5 feet.

A second well , put down by the city of Valdosta in '900, has a depth of 500 feet, and is 8 inches in diameter. This well is said to furni sh daily a maximum of 500,000 gallons of water, the capacity of the present pump, without perceptibly lowering the static head, which remains constant at 120 feet, from the surface. From a

U.VDERGROU.YD WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAl!I' 14'

series of borings frol11 this well, togetller wi th some notes furnished by ~Ir. Dana Griffin, the Superintendent of the City \Yater-works, the following incomplete well record has been compiled:-

Superficial sand .............. . ............ from 0 to 2 ft.

'{ellow sand .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Il

2 II 2:2 , .

Sand and g ra vel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 1 22" 72 "

Blue marl ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .." 72 H 80 H

Soft coral rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 80" I I 7 (:

Sandy clay, often indurated and phosphatic . . . .. " ISO '1176 I:

Rather compact, brownish gray limestone contain-

ing minute grains of transparent quartz sarid. . " 186 H 208 II

\Vhite porous limesto l1e, water-bearing. . . . . . .. " 240 II 260 II

Same as above. with fragments of sea-urchin. .. " 325 H 360 H

\Yhite porous limestone, said to continue to bot-

tom of well at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

370 ,.

The analysis of the water from this well, made by Dr. Edgar

Eyerhart. Chemi st of the Geological Suryey of Georgia. is as fol-

10ws:COllsfitllellts Detcl'lIlillrd

:'.1I"ts per Grains per
Million U. S. Gallon

Silica . .................... . .. ... ... . '-t. 85 Sulphur Trioxide ........... . .... . . . . . 20.20
Carbon Dioxide .. . ..... . .... .... .. .. 71 . 00 P hosphorus Pentoxide ................ . trace
Chlorine ................... . ....... . . 5 -4+ Iron SesCjui-oxide and Alumina .. . . . .... . 6 .12
U= .... . ............ . .. . .. . ...... . 3494
Magnesia ... . . ........ . ......... . . .. .. 5. 19 Potash ................ . ..... . . .. ... 1. 34 Soda .. .. .. .................. .. . .. .. 3 .85

.866 1.178
3. 2 54 trace
.3 ' 7
357
2.038
.30 3 .078
.225

Probable Co""bi"atiolls

Potassium Chloride .. . . . ... . ... . .... . . 2 . 21 Sodium Chloride .... . .... . ........... 7.27 Sodium Phosphate ............ . . .. ... trace Magnesium Sulphate .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . 15.57 Calcium Sulphate .. . .. . ... ... ........ .. 16.69 ' Galcium Carbonate ........... . .. . . . . . . 50 . 12 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina.. . . . .. . . 6.12
Total . . . .. . . .. . ... . ..... .. .... .. .. II 2.83

. '39
.424 trace .908
973 2 .923
357
6.5 80

Free Carbon Dioxide .... .... .. .... .... 48.95

2.855

142 U,YDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN
I n addition to the wells here described, there are two or three other deep ,,-ells in Valdosta_ These wells all obtain their watersupply apparently from the Eocene limestone. Fossils, brought up frol11 360' feet from the surface in the new well at the \yater-works station, haye been identified by Dr. Dall as belonging to the Ocala or Peninsular limestone horizon .

:'IIACO:\T COU"TY

The cleep \yells of ~lacon county are located at ~Iontezul11a, Oglethorpe and :\Iarshallville.

MONTEz"'IA. - (Elevatioll, 300 feet above sca-Ievel.) :'I1011te-
Z1I111a has IS flowing wells. \'arying fro111 60 to 500 feet in depth.
Mr. E. J. \\-ilson . the contractor \\'ho put do\\'n several of these
wells, gi\'es the following record of the deepest well:-

I Sand to ....... . ............................ 6 ft.

2 White clay to . .... ..... . .. ... .... . . ... . .... 18 "

3 Limestone to ........................... . ... 20 "

-t Sand and clay to .... ........ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50 "

J Bluish tough clay to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60 "

6 Sand with mica to ............. ... ,"........... 75 u

7 Blue clay to .. . .......... ... . ....... . ........ 95 "

8 Sand and blue clay to ..... .... . . . .... .. ....... 155 H

9 Fine, micaceous sand to ...................... 160 It

10 Sand and clay to .................. __ ....... . 190 "

1 I Sand wi th thin layers of flint to .... ...... . ..... . 3 10 It

1 2 Clay and fossil \\'ood to - ......... . ..... .. .... 350 "

13 Limestone containing shells to ...... '.' ......... 35 2 I.

L+ :Micaceous sand to

..................... 356 H

] 5 Clay interstratified with sand to ...................p6 H

16 Fossiliferous limestone ,,-ith layers of sand to ..... 480 "

'7 Clay to .............................. _..... 496 "

18 Sand to ....... - ........ ..... .. .... ..... ... 500 "

The first \\"ater-bea ring stratu1l1, struck at 60 feet, flowed eight feet abo\"e the surface .: the second water-bearing stratum, struck at 150 feet, flowed 20 feet above the surface; the third water-bearing stratum, struck at 350 feet, flowed 30 feet alXlve the surface ; the fourth water-bearing 'stratum, struck at 500 feet, flowed 62 feet above the surface.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 1+3

Three of the Montezuma wells obtain their water-supply from the first stratum, fourteen from the third, and one from the fourth. So abundant is the flow fro111 the deep wells, that an attempt was made to use the water to furnish power to operate a cotton gin. but the attempt was not sllccessful. The total amount of water furnished claily by these wells is yery great; and it must necessarily cause a very heavy draught o n the water-supply. ~e\'ertheless, it is stated that there has not ret been any perceptible "ariation in the static head.
The followi ng analysis by Dr. Edgar E"erhart, Chemi st of .the Geological Survey o f Georgia, was made 1'0111 a sample of water taken from the city water-works reservo ir. which is supplied with
water from the fourth water-bearing stratum: -

Parts per

COllstitlfClIls Determilled

~lillion

Silica ......................... . .. . Sulphur Trioxide ................. . Carbon Diox ide ......... . ......... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ........... . . . . Chlorine ......................... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . ... .. . .
Linle ..... . .. . .. . .. . ..... . ....... . Magnesia ....... . .... . ... . ....... . . Potash ............. . . ............ . Soda .......................... . ..

39.98 lO45 36 .80
'75 6.80 3. 12 18 .50 2.50
639 29. 07

Probable Combillatiolls
Pota5si um Ch loride ... . ..... . .... . . . Sodium Chloride ................ . . Sodium Sulphate ... . ..... . ........ . Sodium Phosphate . . . . .. .. . . . .. ... . . Sodium Carbonate .............. . .. ~Iagnesium Carbonate . ............. . Calcium Carbonate ............ . . . . . .

10.12
3. 26
22.72
254
27.92 5. 2 5
33. 0 3

Total Solids ......... .. .. . . .. ... . '3794

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... .

7.92

Grains per U. S. Gallon
2 .8-16 . 6lO
2.150 .102
397 .1 82 1.079 .1-16 373 1.695
.590 .190 1.3 2 5 .1-18 , .628 36 , .926
8.0-13
-460

The following field analysis, made by l\Ir. \ Y. IV. Burnham, has

144 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLA IN

been furni shed by i\Ir. i\I. O. Leighton. Chief of the Di"ision of Hydro-Economics, U . S. Geological Suryey:-

COllstituellts DetcrJll illcd

Parts per i\Iillion

I

II

III

Chlorine ..... . ....... . .......... . -+.0
T otal Carbonates as Calci um Carbonate 25-+ Su lphur Trioxide ................. . 5. 0 T o tal Hardness, as Calciu111 Carbonate. 82 .8
Iron .......... . ................. . 4. 0 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide .......... . 2.0 Color .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 46 . 0

4. 0 32 . 2 10.0
69 0 7
3 0

6 5 36 . 2 trace
69 1.5
3 0

Turbidit'y .... . .................. . 0.0

0

0

Flow per lIIinute in Gallons ... .

'4.0

60

250

Temperature (estimated) .. . ........ 62 F. 60 F. 60 F.

Distance of strata from the surface. . .. 60 ft. 350 ft. 500 ft.

OGLETHORPE. - The deep well at Oglethorpe, the county seat of 1\lacon county, which was sLInk by the town authorities in 1894, has a depth of 500 feet, and furnishes a st rong flow. The strata peneboated in thi s ,\ell are said to be practically the same as in the Montezuma we ll.
The analysis of the water from the well. made by Prof. H. C. White. of the University of Georgia, is as follows:-

Grains per

So/ids Dissolved

U . S. Gallon

Sulphate of Lime .. ..... . .......... .. ... . . . ...

Sulphate of Soda .. . .. . .. . 0 0 0 :

Sulphate of

Magnesia

.... ... . .... 0





Chloride of Sodium . . ..... .. . . . .. . .. . . .... .. ... .

Carbonate of Soda . . ... .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . .. ... . .

Carbonate of Li me .... . . . . ... . ...... .. . . . . . .. . . .

1.184
3434 0.956 2.654 0.384
O. I 20

S ilica ... . ......... . .. . . ..... . ...... . .. . .. . . .. . o. II4 Organic Matter and Combined W'ater ...._.. .. . . .. .. . 0.430

Total . ... . .. . ... ... . . .. .. .... . .. .. . .. ... . .. . 9 . 2 76

MARSHALLVILLE .-(Elevation, 500 feet above sea-level.} T he deep well at this place, put down by the town counci l in 1901 at a cost of about $1,200.00, has a depth of 397 feet. It is a 6-inch

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 145

well, reduced to 3 inches near the bottom; and it furnishes about

3.000 gallons per hour, the capacity of the pump. The water rises io within 121 feet of the surface.

Nir. 1\1. N. Brewer, the well contractor, furnishes the following

record of the Marshallville well: -

Yellow clay

..

... . .sand with some pipe clay .

Fine gray sand

. .

. Brownish sandy clay . .

. .. ... .
.

. frol11
. .. " .. . .. " .. "

I
--j0'"
90
,Ss

to
"
" "

-? 0-
90
IS5
230

feet
"
" "

... Fine gray sand . . . . . . . . . .. . . . " 230 " 270 "

Sand and blue marl . .

Clay . .

. .



.

..

..
. .

.

.
....

" "

270 " 320 " 3 20 " 370 "

Thin layers of lirnestone Very hard rock

. .... ....

" 370 " 380 " 3S0 " 390 "

Sand (water-bearing)

" 390 " 397 "

The following field analysis of the water from the ~Iarshallville well, by Ml'. \V. \V. Burnham. has been furni shed by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics. U. S. Geological Survey:-

COllstitl/ellts Deterll/illed

Parts per Million

Chlorine .. .... . .. . .. . .. . .... . . . ...... . ........ . ... 1.5 Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0

Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ....... . . IO. 0 Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate .. . .. . .. . .. . ..... 4' .4 Iron ..... . ........................ . ... .. ..... . .... 2.0 Color ............................. . . .............. 0.0 Odor of Hydrogen Sulph ide ........ . .. . .............. 3.0 Turbidity (estimated) ............. .. .. ... .. .. . .. .... 5.0

Temperature (estimated) .... . .. . ... . .. . ........ 6, 0 F.

\Vith the exception, probably, of the upper water-bearing strata in the Oglethorpe and Montezuma wells. the water-supply of the deep \Yells of Macon county appear to come from the Upper Cretace-
-DUS.
No springs of any importance are reported in the county. The cloll)cstic water-supply is secured chieRy frolll shallow wells varying from 20 to 60 feet in depth. The water of these \\'ells. which is obtained mainly from the Lafayette sands and clays. is soft. and is -. usually considered wholesome.

146

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

MARION COUNTY
Marion county is fairly well supplied with small springs; but the main reliance for domestic water-supply is shallow wells. These wells obtain their water from the Lafayette sands and clays, or the underlying Cretaceous beels. The former source of water is usually more satisfactory than the latter, owing to the absence of lime.
The only deep well, reported in Marion county, is located at Buena Vista, . the cou nty-seat. This weIl is ten inches in diameter and 583 feet deep. The water rises to within 240 feet of the surface.
Mr. E. J. vVilson, the well contractor, gi ves the foHowing record
of the Buena Vista well:-
Blue clays ....... . ... . . . . .... . . . .. .. . .... from o to 35 ft. Sand and clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 35 5 II 10 H Soft limestone .... .... . . . ...... . ..... . .. .. " 105 " 155 " Marl . ....... . . . ...... . . . .... ..... . . ..... " 155 "158 " Rock ............................... . .... " 158 "159 II Marl . ...... .. .......... . .. .. ... . .... .. .. " 159 "25 2 " Flint ... . . . ... ... . .... . .......... . . .. .... II 25 2 "254 " Indurated marl . . ......... . ... ..... . .. . . . . " 254 H 263 II
Hard rock . . ................. . .......... " 263 "270 H
Marl . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . ......... ... ... . " 270 "297 "
Limestone (water-bearing) . ......... . .. .. . . " 297 "33 1 " Coarse, gray sand ..... .. . .. .............. . " 33 I "343 " Marl (water-bearing) . .. . .. ..... . . . . . .. ... . " 343 "364 " Marl .. . .. . ................... . .... . .. . . . " 364 "55 1 " Hard, compact rock ... . . .. ................ . " 55 1 "583 "
Two water-bearing strata are reported in the well, one at 33I, and the other at 364 feet from the surface. The first of these beds is said to have yielded a large quantity of water; but it was found impossible to keep the bore-hole from filling with quicksand. Several weeks were spent in trying to control the inflowing sand; but all efforts were unsuccessful. The quicksand was finally cased off, and the well was continued to the depth of 583 feet, when the appropriation made by the town council was expended, and the well was abandoned. The water-bearing strata of this wel1 are Cretaceous.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN '47
MITCHELL COUNTY
Springs are reported at various points in the western part of Mitchell county along the Flint River; but none of them appear to be of very large size. The main dependence for domestic watersupply is shallow wells. Successful deep wells have been sunk at Camilla and Pelham. The well at the former place is said to be 600 feet deep, while the latter is only 293 feet deep. The Pelham well, which is only two a nd a half inches in diameter, is said by the Mayor to have penetrated the following strata: -
Red and yellow clays . .... .. .. ............ from o to 25 ft. Yellow clays with thin layers of sand. . . . . . . . .. " 2j HI 55" Limestone with varying degrees of hardness. . .. " 180 "293 "
This well and also the deep well at Camilla obtain their water,upply, no doubt, from the Vicksburg-J ackson limestone.
McINTOSH COUNTY
McIntosh county has a number of deep wells, all of which are flowing. They furnish an abundant supply of sulphureted water. These wells vary from about 400 to 550 feet, and, apparently, they obtain their water-supply from the same horizon as the Liberty and the Glynn .county wells .
DARIIlN.-The first attempt to obtain artesian water at Darien was made in 1885, by sinking a four-inch well to the depth of 492 feet. This well supplied the "town with water, until ,89', when the large eight-incll well, now in use, was completed . The eight-inch well is 530 feet deep. It flows about 200 gallons per minute. The water is hard and sulphureted, but quite wholesome. It rises 15 feet above the surface. The main water-bearing stratum is said to be near the bottom of the wells. Other strata are reported nearer the surface, though the flow is unsatisfactory.
The following notes were made from a partial series of borings obtained from the county ordinary: -

14 8 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Very coarse sand and pebbles. The pebbles, which con-

sist of both qt1artz anel feldspar, are only slightly

rounded, and are often incrusted wi th a yellowish

ochreot1s eleposit at ............................ 125 feet

Dark-gray marl, having a greenish tint, and containing

numerous microscopic rhombohedral crystals of caI-

CIte. at ..................................... 133 \'?.) "

Very fine. gray sand with considerable clay; also a few

large, well-rounded quartz grains, at .. . . ........ . 143

"

Fine brown sandy clay and fragments of shells, at. . . . 167

"

,Coarse sanel, pebbles anel fragments of shells, at. ...... 176

"

1'he same as the above, except that it contains glaucon-

ite, at .................................... .. 188 "

Gray marl, made up largely of minute crystals of calcite

with a few grains of coarse sand, at . ............ . 220

"

Fine, gray, micaceolls sand and a few fragments of

shells, at ................................... 22 I

"

Diatomaceous earth, of a greenish g ray color, at . .... . 258

"

Diatomaceolls earth, with a few small crystals of sele-

nite, at . ......... . . .. ... . ................... 280

"

Diatomaceous earth, in which spicules of sponges are

oommoo,at 3~

"

Diatomaceous earth and a few particles of glauconite, at.350

"

Diatomaceous earth at ........... . ............... 375 "

Coarse sanel anel pebbles forming conglomerate. which

contains sharks' teeth. small elental plates (possibly

of the ray), fragments of shells, and pieces of lignite,

the last often an inch in diameter, at . . .... . ....... 385 "

Rather fine, gray sand, with sharks' teeth, glauconite, a

few diatoms, and fragments of bone and shell, at. .. 388 "

Indurated, highly calcareous light-gray marl resembling

, chalk. at .... . .. . ......... . .................. 391 "

Fine. dark-gray sand containing small Rakes of mica,

diatoms. spicules of sponges and glauconite. at ...... 400

"

Fine, yellow sand, with fragments of shells, glauconite

and diatoms, at .......... . ... . ...... .. ....... 420

"

I-Iard, compact greenish clay, breaking w ith conchoidal

fracture, at .... . ............................. 440 "

The same as the above at ... . ...... .. ............. 500 "

Fine, dark-gray glauconitic sand, at ................. 5 r5

"

"The same as the above, except with fragments of shells,

at ................. . .. . .................. , . . 524 "

l-Iard, compact clay-stone and sand, at ...... . ........ 530

"

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN '49

The following field analysis of the water from the Darien well, made by Mr. VV. W. Burnham, has been furnished by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, U . S. Geological Survey: ---.:..

COllstitllellts Detenll';lIed

Parts per Million

Chlorine ............................. . .. . ....... . I I. 5

Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .............. 125. 0

Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . .. 0.0

Alkali Carbonates. as Sodium Carbonate .... . .... . ..... 125.0

Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate ...... . .......... '79.0 Sulphur Trioxide ........ . . . ... . .... .. .. . ......... 93.0

Iron ......... .. .................................. I . 0

Color...... ....... .. . ... . . .. . . ........ . . . ... ..... 0.0

Odor. Hydrogen Sulphide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.0 Turbidity ........ ........... ......... ....... .... . 0.0

Temperature (estimated) ...................... 72 F.

BARRING'fON. - The deep well at Barrington. sUllk by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in r895. for the purpose of securing water to supply its locomotives, is three inches in diameter artd 450 feet deep. It furnishes 200 gallons of water per minute, and the water rises 20 feet above the surface. Two flows are reported in the well, one at 350 feet, and the other at 450 feet. The formations penetrated are said to be simi lar to those in the Brunswick wells.
The following field analysis of the water from the Barrington well was made by Mr. 'yV. 'yV. Burnham and furn ished by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Survey: -

COllstitllellts Deterlllilled

Parts per Million

Chlorine ..... . .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11.5

Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate ............... 1 r;). 0

Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . .. 8.0

Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate ........... . ... IT r .0

Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate .. . . . ........ . . . 178.0

Sulphur Trioxide ...................... . . . . . .. ..... 105.0
g~;~r' ...... .......... . .. ........... .. ........................................ ~:~

Turbidity ...... . .......... . .... . .. . .. . .. .. ........ 0 . 0 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ................. .. ....... 3.0
Temperature (estimated) .. . . .. .. . . .. .... . .. .. . 72 F

150 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN
\ VOLF ISLAND. - This well was completed in 1891, at a cost of $500. It is a two-inch well, 500 feet deep. The water, which is strongly sulph ureted, rises 45 feet above the surface. No record of the well has been preserved.
CRYTON ISLAND. - The Creyton Island well, owned by Mr.
George E. Atwood, has a depth of 4[4 feet. It is three inches in
diameter, and furnishes a flow which rises 50 feet above the surface. A dark colored rock, 20 feet in thickness, is reported to have been struck in this well at 320 feet. Samples of this rock, forwarded to the writer by lVIr. Atwood, were found to be impure manganese ore. Coral rock and beds of gravel are said to have occurred in the well; but neither their depth nor their thickness was gi\en.
DOBOY. - Mr. J. C. Woodhull's well at Doboy is 128 feet deep,
and furnishes a flow which rises JO feet above the surface. This well is interesting, as it is the only deep well in the county where a Aow is obtained near the surface. The water-bearing stratum furnishing this flow probably occurs in other deep wells in the county; but its presence has not been reported.
In addition to the deep wells here described, there are also deep wells at Inwood and Ridgeville, and on Union .and Sapelo Islands.
McIntosh county appears to ha ve but few springs. Shallow wells are the chief reliance for the domestic water-supply.
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
No information has been received concerning the distribution of springs in Nlontgomery coullty. Springs, no doubt, occur in this county in considerable numbers. However, judging from the character of the underlying formations, they are probably small and of but little importance. Shallow well s are to be found at nearly every farm house. They vary from 20 to 50 feet in depth, and furnish an abundance of water for all domestic purposes. T he only deep wells reported in the county are at McArthur, Higgston and Ochwalkee.
McARTHuR .-(Elevatioll, 247 feet above sea-ll!'"uel.} The McArthur well is t hree inches in diameter and 900 feet deep. \Vater rises

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 151
to within 60 feet of the surface. Mr. J. B. Spencer has kindl y fur-
nished the following record of the well: -

Sandy soil ... ... . . . .. ....... .. ... : .. . .... from o to 4 ft.

Red clay ........ ... . . ........ .. . . ...... . " 4 " 20 "

Coarse sand ............ .. ..... . ........ . . H 20 " 30 "

Blue clay with thin layers of sandstone. . . . . . . . .
&~ . ..... . ... . .......... . .. . .. . ......

"
"

30 H 250 " 250 " 350 "

Limestone with some water ........ . . . . . . . .. " 350 H 500 "

Flint ............... . ......... . .......... " 500 " 502 "

Sandstone .................. . ..... . ...... " 502 " 52 5 "

Shell formation ....... . .............. .. ... " 525 " 625 "

\hite limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 625 " 890 "

"Vater-bearing strata are reported in this well at 419 and 890 feet. The water from both strata is said to have about the same static head.
H1GGSTON. - Mr. T. M. Barker's well at this place was completed in 1902. It is six inch ~s in diameter and 353 feet deep. The water rises to within 73 feet of the surface. No record of the well has been secured. The water-bearing strahml probably occurs near the bottom of the well, and corresponds possibly with the second water-bearing stratum of the McArthur well.
OCHWALKEE. - The deep well at Ochwalkee, owned by the Hilton & Dodge Lumber Company, is 228 feet deep and three inches in diameter. It has a flow of 25 gallons per minute. The water, whic!l is used chiefly for domestic purposes, rises 20 feet abQ\'e the surface. No record of the well was secured.
The source of the water, supplying the deep wells of Montgomery county, seems to be Eocene limestones; while the shallow wells obtain their water-supply from the Lafayette, or the underlying Altamaha formation,

MUSCOGEE COUNTY
The main source of domestic water-supply of Muscogee county is shallow wells, whicll vary from 20 to 60 feet in depth. The water of these wells is obtained largely from the superficial Lafayette.

152 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN
However, in the absence, or thinning, of this deposit, the wells obtain their water fro111 the underlying Cretaceous sands and clays. The water of these shallow wells is usually soft, and is regarded as quite wholesome.
The springs of the county are small and few in number. They are often met with, along the larger streams and near the margins of the ri ver and creek valleys . Springs of this character are to be' seen along the banks of the Chattahoochee River. within the corporate limits of Columbus; and also along the second river terrace east of the city. These springs rarely ever furnish more than five or ten' gallons of water per minute; and they are more or less affected by drought.
The only successful deep well in Muscogee county is located on the Bass plantation) about four miles south of Columbus, near the mouth of Bu ll Creek. This well is three inches in diameter and 425 feet deep. The water rises four feet above the surface. The only water-bearing stratum reported in the well occurs at about 400 feet from the surface. \Vhen the well was first completed, it is said to ha\"e flowed between 90 and 100 gallons per minute; but, at present, the Row is only about two-thirds this amount. This decrease in Row is thought to be due to the filling of the casing with sand.
The source of the water suppl ying t he Bass well is supposed to be the base of the Cretaceous. However, as the well is w ithin less than three miles of the Crystalli ne rocks, it is not at all improbable that the source may be the upper part of the decomposed gneisses and schists, upon which the Cretaceous beds have been deposited.
PIERCE COUNTY
The only deep well reported in Pierce county is at Offerman. This well, owhed by the Southern Pine Company of Georgia, is located on the west side of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, almost a quarter of a mile north of the Atlanta, Birmingham & Atlantic Railroad junction. The well was put down in 1898 at a cost of $500. It is eight inches in diameter and 125 feet deep. Originally, the well was 515 feet deep, but it subsequently filled with sand to 125 feet- The water, which is llsed for boiler purposes and for drinking, rises to

>

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

within J08 feet of the surface. The maximum yield of the ,,"ell is 40 gallons per minute. Rock is reported at 98 and 500 feet from the surface, the former bed extending to 108 feet, at which point waterbearing sand was struck.
The above notes, together with the follow ing field analysis of the water, have been furnished this Survey by Mr. \Y. \Y. Burnham:-

COllstitlf.ents Determilled

Parts per Million

Chlorine ......................................... 9.0

T otal Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.4

Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .. ..... .

Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate .............. . Total Hardness. as Calcium Carbonate ..... . ......... . 124.0 Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) ...................... 5.0 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . .. 2.0 Iron , ................... .. .. . .. . .. . .............. 0.5

Color.... ... ... .... ............. ... ... .......... 0.0

Turbidity ........ . ......... .. ..... . ........ . ..... 0.0 Temperature (estimated) .. ." ............ . ........ 65 0 F.

Pierce county has no springs of importance. Shallow wells are the principal source of domestic water-supply.

PULASKI COUNTY
Shallow wells se~111 to be the main source of domestic water-supply in Pulaski county. There is no doubt, that there are numerous springs in the county; but no informati on has been received COI1c~rn ing their location and oWl:tership . Deep wells haye been put down at Hawkinsville and Cochran.
H;'WKINSV1LLF. .-(Elevatioll, 235 feet above sea-lll'"uel.) There are a number of deep wells within the corporate limits of Hawkinsville, five of which belong to the city. These wells, which vary from two to eight inches in diameter, attain a depth from 300 to 500 feet. Two water-bearing strata were struck in the deeper wells at 265 and 490 feet from the surface. Both strata furnish flowing water, which is hard and sl ightly slllphllreted. The water from the second stratum rises about 12 feet abo,'e the surface.

154 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

The following record of one of the Hawkinsville wells is g iven by Mr. Dearing, a well contractor : -

Red and yellow clays .... . .. . ....... .... .. . from o to 40 ft.

Limestone with layers of blue clay. . . . . . . . .. " 40 " 180 "

White limestone and clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 180 "220 "

Blue clay . . ........ . . .. . .. . . ............. " 220 "260 "

Coarse water-bearing sand containing sharks'

teeth . . .. . . .. .. . . . ...... . ...... . .. . .. .. " 260 ".360 "

Limestone interstratified with clay . . . . . . . . . . .. " 360 "490 "

Coarse water-bearing sand at ............... .

490 "

The following analysis by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the

Geological Survey of Georgia, was made from the water from the

second stratum: -

Parts per Grains per

COlls!illlellts Determined

Million U. S. Gallon

Silica . .............. . ... . . .. .. . ... . 30.80 Sulphur Tri oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 12 Carbon Dioxide ... ..... ........... 137.80 Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace Chlorine .......... . ........... ..... 18.20 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alum ina. . . . . . . .. 5.30 Lime .................... . .. . ...... 86.70 Magnesia .... . .. . .. . ....... . ... . .. . 3 .60 Potash . . ..... . . . ... . . . ... . ....... 4.41 Soda .................. ... ......... 22.26

1.796 357
9.786 trace
1. 05 I
.30 9 5. 0 58
.210
.257 I. 298

Probable Combinatio1lS
Potassium Chloride .................. 6 .99 Sodium Chloride ............ . .. . ... 24.40 Sodium Sulphate . ............ . .. . .. . 13 . 31 Sodium Phosphate ...... , . . . . . . . . . . . . trace Sodium Carbonate.. . .. . .. ......... .. 6.02 Magnesi~ll11 Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.56 Calcium Carbonate .. .... .. .. .. . .. . .. . 154 .82

408 1.42 3
776 trace
.35 1
44' 9 .006

Total solids ......... . ... ... . . .... 249.20

I4533

Free Carbon Dioxide .. ... .... . .. .... 63.22

COCHRAN.-(Elevation, 341 feet above sea-level.) The Cochran
. deep well, completed in 1895, is six inches in diameter and 365 feet

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COA.STAL PLAIN 155
deep. The water rises to within 85 feet of the surface. It is hard and sulphureted, and is used for general domestic purposes. The only water-bearing stratum reported is at 350 feet. The record of the well is said to be similar to that of the Hawkinsville well.
RANDOLPH COUNTY
Large limestone springs are said to be common 111 Randolph county in the limestone districts. A spring of this nature may be seen in Greer's Cave, an interesting limestone cavern located in the northern part of the county. Small springs are numerous; but the main source of the domestic water-supply is shallow wells. These wells, which vary from 30 to 50 feet in depth, usually furnish an abundant supply of soft water throughout the year. The only deep wells in the county are at Cuthbert and Shellman.
CUTHBERT.-(ElevMion, 432 feet above sea.-Ievel.) The Cuthbert deep well, sunk some years ago by the town of Cuthbert to obtain water for domestic purposes, is said to attain a depth of 1,000 feet. It varies from four to six inches in diameter. The only information secured concerning the Cuthbert well is contained in the following
meagre notes by Dr. J. VV. Spencer, former State Geologist of
Georgiat :-
"This well was sunk to a depth of 1,000 feet, but the record was not kept. From a point between 340 and 400 feet, water rose to within 30 feet of the surface; and at 550 feet. the water rose to within 70 feet of the surface."
The Cuthbert well is now abandoned. However, there seems to be no reason why it could not be used to supply the town with water.
SHELLMAN. - The deep well at Shellman, which supplies the town witll water, was completed in I902. It is six inches in diameter and 4IO feet deep. The only water-bearing stratum reporteu occurs near the bottom of the well. The water rises to within 70
feet of the surface. Mr. J. E. Cole, the well contractor, has kindly
furni shed the following record: -
I Geological Survey of GeorgiA, First Report gf Pr.ogress, P.79. 18$0 ,

156 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF T HE COASTA L PLAIN

Red clay . . ...... ... ... . .. . .. . .. . . . ...... from o to 18 ft. Quicksand ... .. ......... . ... . . ...... ..... " rS "148 " Blue marl ............................... H 148 "300 " Very hard limestone .............. . ....... " 300 "-too " \ Vater-bearing formati on ................... If 400 If 410 "

From specimens furnished by 1\[r. Cole, the writer has made the following additional notes : -

Green, sandy, glauconitic marl ... ........ . .. . . . ...... . 250 feet The same as above, but with more sand .. . ..... .. .... . . 350 " Quartzose and calcareolls sand .. .. ... . .............. 400 "

The foll owing analysis of the water was made by Dr. Edgar E verhart, Chemi st of the Geological Survey of Georgia:-

Parts per

COllstituents Determined

Milli on

Silica ........ . . . .. .. . .. ........... 27. 02 Sulphur T rioxide ........ .. .... . .... . 10.20

Carbon D ioxide ................ . ... . 93.50 Phosphorus Pentoxide .. .. . .......... trace
Chlorine ................... . . . . . .. . 5.40 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. .. ... . 4. 62
Lime .. . .. . .. . . , ... . . . .......... . . . 65. 69 Magnesia ................ .. .... ... . 239 Potash ......... . .... . ..... ...... .. 233
Soda .... . ................ ........ 654

Probable Combinatiolls
Potassium Ch loride ....... .. .. . ...... 3.69 Sodium Chloride ..... . . . . ........ . .. 6.06 Sodium Sulphate .. ..... .... .. .. . .... 7.33 Sodium Phosphate .. . .. . . ..... . ... . . trace ~Iagnesium Sulphate ... . . .... .. ...... 7. 17 Calcium Sulphate . . .... .. ..... . .. .... 1.90 Calcium Carbonate .................. lIS 91

T otal Solids ................ . .... 173.70

Free Carbon Dioxide ... . ............ 42.50

Grains per
U. S. Gallon 1.576 595 5 -453
trace
..326' 97 3. 831
.139 .136 .38 1
. 2I 5 353 .42 7
trace . 41 8
. II I
6757
10.130
2479

The water-bearing strata of the Cuthbert and Shellman wells appear to be lower Eocene, or possibly Upper Cretaceous.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE c..OASTAL PLAIN '57
RICHMOND COUNT Y
There are sa id to be several deep wells in Richmond county, all of which are located in or near the corporate limits of A ugusta.
One of these wells, owned by the Georgia Chemical Company, attains a depth of 897 feet. It is six inches in diameter, and is said to penetrate the following water-bearing strata or seams : -
I Between J So and 190 feet, water rising to within 90 feet of surface.
2 Between 200 and 300 feet, water rising to within 80 feet of s urfa ce .
3 Between 5 00 and 600 feet, water rising to within 75 feet of surface.
4 Between 600 and 700 feet, water ri sing to within 75 feet of s urface.
S Between 800 and 900 feet, water rising to within 45 feet of surface.
\i\rater from the fourth water-bearing stratum is said to be somewhat bracki sh ; while that obtained from the other strata is hard and slightly' chalybeate. The greater part of this well was driven in hard, compact crystalline rock. The first water-supply is probably obtained near the base of the Cretaceous sands and g ra vels, overlying the Crystalline schi sts and gneisses.
The A rsenal deep well in Summerville, a suburb of A ugusta, is 814 feet deep and eight inches in diameter. It is thus descri bed by Capt. D. M. Taylo r, of the Ordnance Department, U. S. A. : -
"Three water-bearing strata were struck in the well at 500, 600 and 700 feet, respectively . As much as 1,080 gallons per hour have been pumped from the well without perceptibly lowering the static head. The water is hard and sl ightly chalybeate. The first 85 feet passed through consisted of sand, red clay and gravel. Hard chloritic slate was reached at 280 feet, which was followed by a similar rock, with occasional thin layers of quartz, to 700 feet. The rock varies in hardness, occasionally being comparatively soft, but generally very hard and tough, the soft.er rock being met with imme-

158 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN
diately above the water courses and including them, and the hardest immediately below these water courses. Near the bottom of the well was found a g reenish quartz rock."
Capt. Taylor is of the opi nion, that there is another water-bearing stratum not noted above, between ISO and 200 feet. This belief, he bases on the fact, that there are several wells in the city and one at the arsenal, which are supplied with water from this depth. In a letter to the writer, Capt. Taylor says of these wells : - "I have one at the Arsenal, from which the main supply of water is now obtained. It is about 160 feet deep, and five or six feet in diameter, and the water stands in it at a constant depth of between 90 and I I feet, not varying at all, from local rains or droughts. It is usually pumped dry every day, and fills again for the next day's pumping. This water I consider much better than that from the artesian well."
All the deep wells in Augusta and vicinity obtain their water-supply from the sand beds at the base of the Cretaceous, or from fissures and seams in the underlying Crystallines.

CHAPTER IX
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN (Concluded)
SCI-ILEY COUNTY
The domestic water-supply of Schley county is obtained mainly from shallow wells varying from 20 to 70 feet in depth. The water is usually soft and well suited to manufacturing purposes. The most common source of the water is the Lafayette sands. Some of the deeper wells, no doubt, penetrate the upper beds of the underlying Cretaceous; but such wells are probably confined chiefly to the valleys or low-lands, where the Lafayette sands and clays have been removed.
The springs of Schley county are small, but quite abundant. They are confined mostly to the heads of small runs, where the Cretaceous beds are exposed. These waters may be either hard or soft, depending upon the c11aracter of the beds from which they flow. Occasionally the waters from these springs carry iron oxide. A spring of this character is to be seen on the Burtz farm, three and a half miles east of Ellaville. On the same farm, also, occurs a bold limestone spring, furnishing 20 gallons or more per . minute. No attempt has, so far, been made in Schley county to secure water by deep borings.
SCREVEN COUNTY
Screven county has several deep wells, which are located at Millen, Rocky Ford, Dover, Sylvania and Scarboro. All these wells apparently obtain their water-supply f rom the V icksburg-Jackson limestone.
M ILLEN. - (Elevation, IS? feet above sea-level.) The Millen wells, seven in number, vary from 320 to 500 feet in depth. They are from four to six inches in diameter, and all furnish flows, rising
(159)

160

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

from three to twenty feet above the surface. The deeper wells are

sa id to have penetrated water-bearing strata at 260, 300 and 3g>o

feet. and between -ISo and 500 feet.

l\It-. H. F. Loyd, the well contractor. reports red and yello ,

clays to the depth of 90 feet, beneath which, and extending to the

bottom of the wells. occur blui sh marl s interlam inated with beds of

limestone varyi ng from two to sixteen feet in thickness.

Lignite and py rite are also reported in the wells; but their depth

from the surface could not be ascertained. The water from all of

the wells is used for general domestic and boiler purposes. It has a

very decided odor of hydrogen sulphide. Thi s odor, however, dis-

appears, upon the water being exposed a short time to the air.

T he character of the water obtained from one of these wells

located a few rods from the railroad station is shown by the follow-

ing analysis by Dr. Edgar E,erhart. Chemist of the Geological Sur-

vey of Georgia : -

COllstitllcnts Determined

Parts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon

38 . Silica . . . . . . . . . .. .! _ .

00

Sulphur Trioxide . ..' .............. . . . 949 Carbon Dioxide .................... . 92 . 20

Phosphorus Pentoxide .... ...... .. .. . h:ace

Chlorine ....... . .................. . 8 .00

Iron Sesqui-oxide and A lumina ..... ... . I. 25

Linle ...... .. ..... ..... .. . .... .... . 56 .38

:Magnesia ......................... . 6.00

Potash .... .. ..... .... .......... .. . . 299 Soda ............. . ......... . . .... . 7-49

2 .2,6
553 5377
trace . 466 .073 3 . 288
. 35 0 . '74 437

Probable CombillatiollS

Potassium Chloride .. .......... . . .. .. 4 75 Sodium Chloride .................. . . 8 .24 Sodi um Phosphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace
SodilUll Sulphate ... . ..... . . . ... . .... 7 '3 Magnesium Sulphate ................. 8.24 :Magnesi um Carbonate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.82 Calciulll Carbonate . .......... .. . .. .. '00.67 Iron SesC]ui-oxide and A lumina ........ , . 25

.277
.48 ,
t ra ce
4,6 .48 1 . 398 5 . 87 1 .073

Total Solids ......... .. ........... '75. IO

10.21 2

Free Carbon Dioxide ... ............. 44.3-1

2 . 586

o
'"
"oc
~
n o cz :
-~ "

UNDERGROUND WElTERS OF THE COASTA L PLAIN

161

ROCKY F ORD. - (E levation, I IT teet above sea-Ie"uel.) Rocky Ford has se\'en deep wells, each attaining a depth of about 180 feet and furni shing a fl ow, rising IS feet abo\'e the surface. A ll these well s, which are said to be fO llr inches in diameter, haye been put dowl1 in th e last ten years at an a\'erage cost o f about $200 each. Th e wa ter is sulphllreted . and contain s calc ium carbonate, magnesium salts and other mineral matter. The fi rst fl o w is said to ha ve been obtained at roo feet from the surface, g raduall y increasing to the bottom of the well s. Sand, clay, marl , and fi ve or six beds of hard rock. probably limestone, are reported to have been penetrated, in sinking these wells.
The following fiel d analysis of the water from the Rocky F ord to wn well, made by lVIr. \l\r, Vl . Burnham, has been furn ished by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Chief of the Di vision of Hydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Survey : -

C Ollslill/ ellls D el e/'II/illed

Parts per Million

Chlorine ......................................... 6 .5

Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .. .. ...... . ... I J 5.0 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate ........ 19 7

Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate . ... . ..... . .. . . 101.0

T otal Hardness. as Calcium Carbonate . ................ 124.0 Sulphur Trioxide ... .. ..... . ............ _. . . .. ... .present

Iron ( estimated ) .......... .... .... ................ 05 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. 3.0 Color ........................ .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. 0.0 Turbidity ............. . ... . __ .. . . . _.............. 0.0

Temperature ( estimated) .. . ............... . .. 68 F.

SYL.VANIA. - There are two wells at Sylvania , one of which is
owned by lVlr. 1'. A. Marks, and the other by Mr. L. H. Hilton.
The former well, located in a valley just below the post-office, was put down in 1895, at a cost of $900. It is four inches in diameter and 697 feet deep; and it furnishes a maximum of 50 gallons of water per minute. The water rises to within 70 feet o f the surface; and it is used fQr general domestic purposes. Hard rock, 30 feet thick, is reported at 200 feet from the surface. The following field analysis of water fr0111 the Marks well, together with the above

162

UNDERGROUND W A TERS OF THE COASTA L PLA IN

notes on thi s ,,-ell , were furni shed by :\1r. \\T_ ,,-_ Burnham. of the United States Geological S111',-e),: ~

COllstitll ellts D eterll/illcd

P a rts per 1\1illion

Chlorine .............................. " ....... 4.0

Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . ...... . . . .. 93. I

Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . 0. 0

A lkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate .. - . . . . . . . . . . . 99.3

Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125.0

Sulphur Trioxide ....... .............. .. . . ..... _. trace

Iron . . . . .. .. .. . ... , ... . , . , . . .. . . ... . ....... . ". .. I .0

Odor . ...... . ...... . . . . .. . .. . .... .. . . .. . . ..... . chalk),

Color ............ _. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Turbidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Temperature (estimated ) .. . .. . ...... .. . .. ... 68 F.

i\Ir. L. H. Hilton's well, which :\1r. Burnham reports as unsucc essful , ,,-as put clown in 1895, at a cost of $ 350 . The \yell is 3 lnches in diameter, and 28 5 feet deep. The \\'ater ri ses to within 80 feet o f the surface. T he only wa ter-bea ring stratum. reported, occurs at 280 feet. The fo llowing record is furni shed: -
I Red clay .. . .................. . .. .. ....... . . . . . 60 feet
2 Light-colored clay .. ................ _........... 100 "
3 Thin layers of hard rock, interlaminated \"jth coa rse black sand to the bottom of the well.

SC ARBORO. - ( Elevatioll, IS7 f eet above sea-level.) The Scarboro well, o wned by 1\1r. M. C. Sharpe, was put down by ilfr. H . F. L oyd in 1902, at a cost of $650. The well is four inches in diameter, and 505 feet deep. The water ri ~e s to within I S feet of the surface. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 180 and 300 feet; but the main supply is said to come from a depth of 375 feet. The well is located in the public square of the town, and the water is used for d rinking and general domestic purposes. The following incomplete record is g iven:-
I Sand .. ....................................... 4 feet
2 Blue marl ........ ............ .... . . ..... ... . .. 100 " 3 Soft rock with cavities ......... . ... . ... .. .. . .... 40 "
4 Hard rock at 200 feet extending to bottom of well.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

163

A field analysis by i\Ir. \Y. W. Burnham, of the U nited States Geological Sur vey, is as follo,,'s : -

COlls!itllellts D eterlllilled

Parts per Million

Chlorine ....... .. .... . ......................... "5

T otal Ca rbonates, as Calcium Carbonate.............. II 2 3
Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . 8.8

Alkali Carbona tes. as Sodium Carbonate.. ... ......... II O.O

Total Hardness. as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '25 .0

Sulphur Trioxide ..... . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . ...... slight trace

Iron' .... .. ... .. ..... . ... . .............. . . . .... '.5 Odor, H ydrogen Sulphide.. . . . . .. . .. . . .... . . . . . . . . 3.0

Color... ..... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . ...... ... . .. ....... 0.0

Turbidity .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0

Temperature (estimated ) ... . .......... .. .... 70 F.

DOVER. - This well, which was completed in F ebruary, '903, by the Central of Georgia Railway, at a cost of $300.00, is three inches in diameter, and 350 feet deep. The water rises '9 feet above the
surface. \ Vater-bearing strata are reported at 125 and 225 feet) both of which furnish flows. The water is used chiefly for steam purposes by the Central of Georgia Rai lway.
An analysis of this water, made by Dr. Edgar E,-erhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as foIlO\,-s: -

Parts per

COllstitllellts Deterlllilled Silica ... . ..... ..... . .. ......... .. . Sulphur Trioxide ... .. .... .. . ...... . Carbon Dioxide .. ... .. . ..... . .. . .. . Chlorine .................. .. ... . .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . .. .. . . Linle ..... . .. . ...... . ......... . .. . Magnesia ........... . .. . ..... . ... . . Potash ..... . . . .. .... . . . ... . .. . .. . Soda ......................... . .. .

i\Iillion
49. 88
3 . 26
97-40 29 . 22
4 '9 49 .80 ro3' 8 55
27. 00

Probable C01ll.billa.t;01ls

Potassium Chloride ........ . . . ... .. . Sodium Chloride ...... .. ....... . . . . . Sodium Phosphate . . .... .. ..... . .. . . Sodium Sulphate . .. .... ... . .. . . .. . .

'355 37 5'
trace
5 79

Grains per U. S. Gallon
29'0 . ' 90
5. 680
1.702
. 2-14 2.90 4
.60' .496 I. 574
.790 2. ,87
trace .338

l S ) me of the iroll may have come from the casing.

164

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Probable COli/billa/ion

Parts per i\Iillion

Sodium Carbonate .............. . ~lagl1esium Carbonate .............. . Calcium Carbonate . ................ .
Iron Sesqui-oxicle and Alumina ... .... .

7. 86 21.65
8893 4 19

Total Solids .............. . ..... . 229.36

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 43. 67

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.458
1.262
5. 186
.244
'3.378
2547

\Vith the exception of the towns above referred to, the main source of domestic water-supply of Screven cOllnty is shallow wells. There are a few springs reported in the county : but, in most cases, they are said to be located in the swamps along the Savannah River, and are subjected to oyerf1ow during freshets.

STEWART COUNTY
The chief source o f domestic water-supply in Stewart county is shallow wel1s. The water, which supplies these wells, is usually soft, and is said to be quite wholesome. In most instances, it is probable; that these shallow wells obtain their water from the Lafayette sands; but the deeper ones, no doubt, penetrate the underlying Cretaceous beds. There are numerous springs in Stewart county; but they are usual1y small, and are located in the heads of deep ra vines or along streams, thus being more or less inaccessible, or liable to overflow during freshets. Lumpkin, the county-seat. is supplied from springs of this character. The partial chemical analysis of water from Lumpkin springs, furnished by the Mayor, shows that the water is very pure, having less than two grains of mineral matter per gallon.
The only deep wells, reported in Stewart county, are located on the Bradley plantations near the Chattahoochee River, and at Richland. Three of the wells, owned by Mr. 'yV. C. Bradley, vary in depth from 290 to 315 feet. They are three inches in diameter; and they furnish flows from 3 to 20 feet above the surface. No hard rock is reported in the wells, the formations being clay, marl and sand. The water-supply from each of these wells comes apparently from the same stratum. Notwithstanding this, the quality of the water is said to be entirely different. The water from well No. I

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

.65

contains sulphur and iron; from well K o. 2, sulphur ; and frol11 well NO.3, magnesia. The water is used for general domestic purposes.
In addition to these Rowing wells, Mr. \Y. C. Bradley reports t\\'o
non-flowing \Yells 011 his plantation. One of them was continued to the depth of 7' 5 feet; but no increase of static head was obtained below the 315-foot level, at \\'hich point the water rose to within 16 feet of the surface. Both of these \\'ells are no\,- supplied with pumps. and they furnish all the water necessary for farm purposes.
Another well in the same vicin ity, owned by ~I r. Daniel Bradley, located on more ele\'atecl ground, is reported to attain a depth of 740 feet. This is a non-flowing. 3-inch well. furnishing water highly charged with hydrogen sulphide. The water-bearing stratum is said to have been struck in this well at 475 feet. i\'Ir.' Bradley has kindly furnished the following well record: -
1 Clay ... .. .... . ............... . ................. 12 feet 2 Sand ..................... . ................. : .. 60 H 3 lVIarl. w ith an occasional stratum of hard rock, to the bot-
tom of the well.

RICHLAKD.-(Elct'atioll, 680 feet abo,'e sea-level.) The Richland well. which ,,-as put down in r898. is six inches in diameter. and 425 feet deep. The water rises to within 100 feet of the surface, or 580 feet aboye sea-level. The supply, which is 50 gallons a minute, is used for drinking and general domestic purposes. Hard rock is reported at 300 feet. Besides the well here described, an unsuccessful attempt was made at Lumpkin, the county seat; but no data were secured concerning the well.
All the deep wells in Ste\\-art county obtai n their water-supply from Cretaceous sands.

SUMTER COUNTY
Shallow wells are the main source of domestic water-supply in Sumter county. They \'ary from 20 to 70 feet in depth, and obtain their water-supply mainly from either the Lafayette sands or the

166

U_VDERGROU.vD WATERS OF THE COaSTAL PLALV

underlying Eocene beds. The latter beels are often calcareous, and furnish what is generally reported as unwholesome water.
There are many springs in Sumter COllnty, none of which, ho\Ve\"er, are of very large size. Among those, which may be mentioned as of some local importance, on account of being favorite resorts for summer picnics and fishing parties, are Holly Spring: 1Iyrtle Spring, 1Iagnolia Spring, Summerford's Spring and Proyidence Spring. The last named spring, which was located within the stockade of the olel Confederate prison at Andersonville. has more than a local reputat ion, on account of its association with the famolls Andersonville prison and its supposed origin. The story is told, that this spring had no existence prior to the construction of the prison; but that it burst forth one night after a hard rain, in answer to the prayers of the Federal soldiers. The spl;ng is a small one, furnishing only a few gallons a minute. It is located near the base of the elevated ground, on which the prison stockade was erected. Its origin at the opportune time, which seemed to be a special act of Providence, is accounted for by the heavy night rain, which washed a\vay the overlying clays and sands, and exposed the underlying water-bearing stratum. Spi'ings of similar origin are frequently met with. in deep washouts or gulleys, where the overlying sandy Lafayette clays have been cut away to some impervious clay. The geologic conditions in the vicinity of Andersonville are especially well adapted to the origin of springs of this character.
The deep wells of Sumter county are located at Americus, Huguenin, Andersonville, Old Danville, Leslie, DeSoto and Bagley.
A)IERICUS_ - (Ele-dation, 348 feet above sea-level.) Fi,-e deep wells are reported within the corporate limits of Americus_ Three of these wells, supply the city waterworks, one, the ""indsor hotel, and the other, the water-tank at the Central of Georgia Railway station.
The 'Windsor hotel well, which is said to attain a depth of 1,725 feet, was put down in 1883_ I t varies from four to eight inches in diameter. Several water-bearing strata are reported in this well; but only the one at about 1,000 feet had sufficient head to bring the water to within 30 feet of the surface.

UXDERGROU,VD WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

167

The city wells are four and six inches in diameter, and yary frol11 258 to 670 feet in depth. These wells are located on lower ground than the \Vinclsor well; and, as a consequence, the water stands nearer the surface by 20 feet.
Dr. ]. ,V. Spencer, formerly State Geologist of Georgia. gi,'es tIle following partial record of one of the city wells: ' -

.. Surface clay ............................ . ...... . 3.0 feet
Blue clav .. : ............... . ... . .... . ...... ... . . 70 . 0 ,Yhite n;arl and limestone ........................ . 11.0 "
Hard limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 .0 "
Blue clay ........ . ........ .. ..... . . . . .... . ... . . 7.0 "
.. Limestone layer ......... . .......... .. .......... 0 . .3 "
"'hite sand ............. . .......... ' . . , .... . , . .. 5.0
Rock and clay . ... . ........... ... ... , ..... . ...... J 23 .0 "

The main water-supply, which is furnished to the city, is said to be deri,'ed from the 350-foot le\'el.
The following analysis o f the water from these wells was made
by Prof. H, C. "'hite, of the uni,'ersity of Georgia, some years ago:-

Grains per U. S, Gallon

Carbonate of Lime ...... . . .........

. ..... ,

Chloride of Sodium .......... . ............ , .....

Chloride of Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sulphate of Soda .......... ', ... . , .. " , ... . , . . . .

Sulphate of Lime .... , . .......... , ........ .. .. , .

Sulphate of :-1agnesia .... . ...... , ... , .. , .. . , . ,..

Silica ............ . ...... . ....... ,,' ..... ,.....

Organic ~Iatter and Combined \Vater . . . .. . . .. . . . . .

6.322 1.306 o . 1'+ '0.552 1. 015 0.125
o. 10+
1.1 20

Total Solids Dissolved

10.658

"Sulphureted I-Iycirogen gas dissolved, 125 c. c. per gallon."

Field analysis of water from city well ~o. 1,258 feet deep. by :-1r. VV. ,V. Bt1rnham, of the United States Geological St1rvey:-

1 First Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Georgia, p. 74, 1590.

168

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

COl/stitl/cl/ts Determil/cd

Parts per Mil1ion

Chlorine... ...... ... .. ... ... ............ .... .. . q.O

Total Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate, . . . . . . . .

127. a

Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate.. . ... Alkali Carbonates. as Sodium Carbonate ..... . .... .. T otal Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate ., ..... . .... . .

40.0 92,2

Sulphur Trioxide (estimated ) ........... . .... . .... Iron ........................................... Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ..... ,.. . . . . .. ... . .. . . .. Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

IO. 0 1.0 1, 0
a a

T urbid ity " .............. . . . . ................... 0 0

The Central of Georgia Rail\\'ay \\'el1, \\'hich is located on lower ground than the other \\'ells within the corporate limits, is a flowing well: but the water does not rise to a sufficient head to force it in to the tank. The depth of the well is said to be 480 feet.
A field analysis of the ,,'ater from the \\'ell. made by :'11'. \\'. \V. Burnham, of the Cnited States Geological SurFey. is as follo\\'s: -

CollstitlfCIl ts Detcr1l1 ill cd

Parts per :'1illion

Chlorine ................ , .. , .......... .... .

1.5

T otal Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate .............. . 80.2

'fotal Hardness . as Calcium Carbonate ..... ... . ..... .

Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) .. .... , .. .. . . . ....... ' ,). 0 Iron ....................... ' , ........... , . .. , .. 05 Odor. H yd rogen Sulphide ..... , .. , .......... , .. , .. . 4. 0 Color ............. . ... .. .. ... . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. ... 0.0

Turbidity .......... .. ..... . ......... . .. ... ...... . 0.0

In addition to the wells, abo\'e described. there are two wells near the city limits of Americus, one of "'hich is o wned by l\Ir. E. C. Speer, and located one and a half miles north of Americus. This well is four inches in diameter. and 212 feet deep. The water. which is said to be apparently inexhaustible. ri ses to within 102 feet o f the surface, and is used for drinking purposes; a l s~,. to supply a ginnery
and a saw-mill. The other well. owned by l\I essrs. Perry & Brown, is two and a quarter miles southeast of A mericus. It is 284 feet
deep and four inches in diameter. The water ri ses to within roo feet of the surface. Both the Speer well and the Perry & Brown well are located on elevated ground, which accounts for the low static head

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UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAfN

169

of the water. Hard rock is reported in the Perry & Bro\nl weJl at 270 feet. AbO\e the rock, occur sands. clays and marls. The principal water-supply is said to come fro111 a cavity two or three feet deep in the rock, at the bottom of the well. A second water-bearing stratum is reported at TOO feet; but this is cased off. and the only water used is fr0111 the first mentioned stratum. The water, which is elevated by the means of a deep-weJl pump, operated by a ,,ind-mill. is used for genera( farm purposes. It is said to contain iron and sulphur.
I-IUGUENI:-.r. - The Huguenin wells, located 0 11 the Huguenin plantation near the Flint River, in the extreme southeastern corner of Sumter county, are several in number: but only one furnishes a fl ow. Mr.]. M. Johnson, of Macon. Ga. , the present owner of the Huguenin plantation. states, that the flowing \Yell on his property is located at Huguenin station. one mile west of the Flint River. This well is four inches in diameter and 167 feet deep: and it flows 10 gallons a minute. 1\Ir. Johnson reports six or seven other welJs on the property. varying from 75 to 220 feet in depth: but they are all located on high ground, and are .non-Aowing.
AKDERSO~V ILLH. - The Andersonv ille ,,"ell, which is located on )'II". A. F. Hodges' farm, near Andersonville is three inches in di-
l
ameter, and 244 feet deep. The ,,ater ri ses to within 13 2 feet of the surface. It is cased to a depth of 200 feet. and is supplied with a sleep-well pump. operated by a wind-mill. The water: which is said to be quite wholesome. is used for general domestic and farm purposes. IVl r. H odges was unable 'to give a complete record of the well; but he states that a thick bed of kaolin was penetrated, at a depth of something like 100 feet from the surface.
OLD DANVILLE. - iVI r. C. S. S. Horne's well , located near Old Danville, was completed in 1900. The well is three inches in diameter and 355 feet deep. The water, which ri ses to within 90 feet of the surface, is said to come from a porous rock, first struck at about 300 feet. The static head of the water is lowered by long continued pumping. The well is cased to hard rock,at 114 feet. The water is used for domestic purposes.

'70 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CO,ISTAL PLAIN

LESLIE. - Leslie has seyeral bored wells, yarying from 100 to I25 feet in depth. These wells are all small, and are reported to haye struck hard rock at 50 feet. The water rises to points yarying from Lt to 40 feet from the surface, depending upon the location of the well. L ong pumping is said to lower the static head of the water. The water-bearing stratum is sand, which occu rs near the bottom of the well.
Besides the wells, above described, there are also deep wells at DeSoto and at Bagley station; but no report has been recei,ed from them.
The geologic horizon of the water-bearing strata of the deep wells of Sumter cOllnty yaries from the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone to the Upper Cretaceous. The \Vindsor hotel well at A mericus evidently enters the Upper Cretaceous. whereas the wells on the Huguenin plantation apparently obtain their water-supply from the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone.

TATT)JALL COUKTY.

The domestic ,yater-supply of Tattnall county is obtained prinCIpally from shallow wells. Ko springs of any importance are reported. Deep wells are located at Collins, Hagan, Lyons and Cl1anassas.

COLLINS. - (Elevatioll, 238 feet above sea-level.) The Collins well is eight inches in diameter and 800 feet deep. The water, which is said to rise to within I...p feet or the surface, is reported to come fr0111 a water-bearing stratum near the bottom of the well. Xo record has been preserved.

HAGAN. - The Hagan well, put down by the Perkins Lumber Company in I 900, is three inches in diameter and 4-+7 feet deep. The water rises to within 60 feet of the surface. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 230 and ++7 feet. The following is a partial secti on of the well: -

Grayish sand .. . .. . .. : . . ... . ..... . .... fr0111 Reddish sandstone ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. " \Vhite pipe clay and sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. If Blue marl and sand .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. It

0 to
20 "
28 " I20 "

20 feet
28 "
120 " 230 "

UNDERGROUND 1fI.~TERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

171

Lyoxs. - This well, which was put down by the town autho rities in J900, at a cost of $350, is two and a half inches in diameter and 450 feet deep. The water, which is used for general domestic pur-
poses, ri ses to within 85 feet of the surface. Several water-bearing strata are reported in the well; but the present water-supply comes from 450 feet, the bottom o f the well.
MAXASSAs.- (E levatioll , 2 If feet above sea-level.) The Manassas well, owned by AIrs. AI. F . Cummings, was completed in 1895 . at a cost of $-150. It is six inches in diameter and -180 feet deep. The water rises to within 10 9 feet o f the surface. Three or four water-bearing strata are reported. the main supply of water coming from near the bottom of the \yell. .
The principal water-bearing strata of the Tattnall deep \\'ells are probably the upper beds of the Vicksburg-J ackson limestone.

'L-\YLOR COU:\TY

The onl y deep \\'e11 in Taylor county is the Central of Georgia Railway well, located at Reynolds about four miles \\'est of the Flint Ri ver. This \\'ell is said to haye attained a depth of 700 feet. It \\'as originally a bored well, haying a diameter of eight and four inches; but, later, it was enlarged to 13 feet to a depth of 80 feet. and walled with brick. The \Yater rises to \\"ithin 75 feet o f the surface. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 75 and 250 feet. . \ partial section of the \\'ell is as follo\\'s : -

Yellow sand Variegated clay Sand \\'hite clay

. . ..

... from
::
.. H

0 to
.. . 6
.. 3'
3-1

6 f.eet
3' H 3-1
37 "



Coarse gravel

Reddi sh sand

White clay

. .

..

" ." ,

37 .", -I'

-11

-1-1

"
"

-1-1 62 "

Yellow sand

" 62 " 76 "

At 600 feet, a hard, dark-colored rock is reported, which extends to the bottom of the well. This hard stratum is probably the Crystalline rock, which outcrops along the Flint River about se\en miles

'7 2

U.YDERCROU.YD WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

north of Reynolds. The ,,ater from the 7S-foot water-bearing stratum is said to te Cjuite soft. It is used by the Central of Georgia Railway for steam purposes.
Shallow wells, which vary from 20 to 100 feet in depth, are the principal source of the domestic water-supply of Taylor county.
There are many springs: but they are usually small, and their waters are only occasionally used for domestic purposes.

TELFAIR COUNTY

Telfair county has no large springs. The domestic water-supply is obtained mainly from shallow wells. The only deep wells reported are at ~IcRae and Lumber City.
i\ICRAE. - (Elevalioll, 229 feel abo7.'e sea-level.) The :\IcRae ,,ell, owned by the town. has a depth of 287 feet. It is four inches
jn diameter, and is said to penetrate water-bearing strata at 200 and 287 feet. The water rises to within 70 feet of the surface.
LUMBER CITy .-(Elevalioll, I45 feel above sea-le~el.) There are 11 deep flowing wells within the corporate limits of Lumber City. They yarl' from 300 to 430 feet in depth, and are from two to four inches in diameter. 1'he first flow in these wells is obtained at 300 feet, the water ri sing three feet above the surface; the second Row, at 400 feet, rises 14 feet above the surface.
!lIr. J. B. Spencer gives the following section of one of the deeper
\\"ells : -

.. Top soil ........ . ..... . . . ............. from 0 to 4 feet

Red clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. "

4

20 "

Coarse sand ............ . ........ .. .... " Hard, blue clay, with a few layers of sa\ldstone

20 " 30 "

(Altamaha grit) ...... . .............. " 30 " 250 " Quicksand ......... .. .................. " 250 " 350 "

Limestone with _water-seams from 380 to 430

feet. Limestone containing fragments of

Eocene shells ..... ......... .. ....... ' " 350 " 430 "

The following analysis was made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the

UNDERGROUN D WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 173

laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, from a sample of water from the public well near the station: -

C Oll sfitll Cll tS Determined
Silica ..... . .. . ..... .. ... . . . ...... . Sulphur Tri oxide ... . ....... . . ..... . Carbon Dioxide ................... Phosphorus Pentoxide ............ .. . Chlorine ......................... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . Linle .. . .. . ..... . . .. .. . .. . .. . .... . 11Iagnesia ........... . .. . ....... . . . Potash .. ......... . ............... Soda .......... .. .. .. ........ . .... .

Parts per
~Iilli on
8 .28 25- 10 104. 80
trace
10.21
17. 19 56 . 12 8.56
3. 24 10.89

Probable COlllbillatiolls
Potassium Chloride ..... ... .. ...... . Sodium Chloride .................. . Sodium Phosphate ........... . ..... . Sodium Sulphate . ... . ... .. . . .. . . . . . Nlagnesillm Sulphate. . .... . ......... . Calcium Sulphate ........... . .. . ... . Calcium Carbonate .. . .. ... . .. . .... . . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... .

5. 13 1279
trace
943 25. 68
4 54 96 .87 1i19

Total Solids ........... . . .. ... . .. . 179.91

Free Carbon Dioxide .. . .. . . . ....... . 62.18

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.+83 1.460 6.111
trace 595 1.003 3. 2 73 499 .188 .635
.299 .746 trace .550 1+97 . 26 5 5. 649 1.003
10.492
3. 626

TERRELL COUNTY
The domestic water-supply of Terrell county is obtained principally from shallow wells in the Lafayette sandy clays. There are many small springs in the county; but none of large size have been reported. Successful deep wells have been put clown at Dawson, Groves station and Sasser.
DAWSON.-(Elevatioll, 326 feet above sea.-level.) There are 10 deep wells within the corporate limits of Dawson. These wells vary from 300 to 660 feet in depth. The water rises to within about 30 feet of the surface. There are several water-bearing strata reported

174

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

between 100 feet and the bottom of the well; but their exact depth and the static head of the water o f each were not gi,'en.
Dr. J. \V. Spencer, former State Geologist. giles the following
Tecord of o ne of the Dawson ,,ells : -
I Clayey white sand to ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 feet
2 eoarse sa ncl to .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 " 3 Limestone. followed by sand and rock, repeated to .... 650 " 4 Quicksand to ....... . ..... . .... . . .. . .. .... . ..... 660 "

The Dawson wells begin in the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, and the deeper ones seem to extend into the Cretaceous sand s. The following analysis by Dr. Edgar E verhart, Chemi st of the Geological Sun'ey of Georgia, was made from water taken fr0111 the public weli, located in the center of the tOlm near the hotel: -

Parts per

Constitllents DcterlJlillcd

Million

Silica .... . ........... . ........... . Sulphur Trioxide . ......... . . .. . .. . . Carbon Dioxide . .... ........... . .. . Phosphorus Pentoxide .... . ......... .

23. IO
19. 60
77 . 2 0 trace

Chlorine . ........................ . 8 . 16

Iron Sesqu i-oxide and A lumina . ...... .

.56

Linle .......... .. ........... .. . . . . 60.80

nIagnesia ............. .. . .. . . ... . . P otash ....... . . . ......... . . . ..... .

5 61 1.68

Soda ....... . ......... . ..... . . . .. . 10.22

Probable COlllbillatiollS

P otassiul11 Chloride ....... . . .. ..... . "Sodiul11 Chloride .. . ....... . . .... . . . Sodiul11 Sulphate .......... . .. . .... . Sodium Phosphate ...... . . .. ... . .. . . l\Iagnesiu111 Sulphate ..... . .. . .... . . . Calcium Sulphate .... . . . .. . ........ . Calcium Carbonate ....... . . ..... .. .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... .

2.66
11 35
964
trace
16 .83 5. 02 10 ... 89
.56

Total Solids ..... . ..... . . . ... . .. . 174. 0 5

Free Carbon Dioxide ... .. . ..... . . . . . 31 . Oj

Grains per
U. S. Gallon
1 347 1.143 4.501
trace
475 .033 3545 .327 .097 . 596
.155
.665 .5 6 2 trace .981
.290
6. II8 .033
10. ISO
1.8, ,

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

' 75

GROVES S'l'A'fIOK. - T,,'o deep "'ells haYe been put dO\nJ near
Groves station. one by 11r. J. B. Groves, and the other by 11r. \ Y. D.
Da\"idsol1. The former \Yell is three inches in diameter and 32I ieet deep. \Yater rises to within So feet of the surface. Se"eral layers of hard rock, 20 feet thick, are reported in this well. and a marl bed
at 150 feet. Ko data have been recei,'ed concerning the Da\'ic1son well.
SASSER. - There are se\'er~l non-flowing deep wells in the yicinity of Sasser. They vary from 2'4 to 540 feet in depth, and furn ish a copious supply of water, rising fro111 28 to 60 feet fr0111 the
surface. 1\Il l'. 1\L N. Brewer, a well contractor, has kindly fur-
nished the following record of :'\1r. J. H. "Yooten's well, located two
miles southwest of Sasser:-

Clay

.. .. ... .

.. Red sand

Limestone

. .

. ... . . .
. . .. . .

.. . \\-hite sand. water-bearing

.. ..

. fro.,m ,.
,.


0 to 50 feet

So " 80

80 90

"., 90 120

," . "

Limestone

..

White clay

--

. . . - .

" 120 " 130 "

. . . . ... " 130 " LiO "

Limestone with thin layers of flint. Fine wh ite, water-bearing sand Hard rock . ,vater-bearing

.. .. "

....



. .

"

Lio " Li7 Li7 " 160

," .

160 " 16S "

Bluish sand

..

" 165 " -?? -J- "

Limestone with thin layers of flint. Gray marl

," .

225 " 260 " 260 " 300 "

Hard rock White water-bearing sa nd

"

Limestone with layers of Aint

Blue marl

-

Hard flint .. . .

.

Gray marl and white clay
Hard rock, water-bearing ..

..

"

"

. .. . "

...

"

.. -

. . .. -

"
"
"

300 " 30 3 " 303 " 3 fO " 3 '0 " 340 " 3..0 " 4 28 "
42 8 " 43 1 "
43 I " 504 " S04 " 530 "

Another well, seven miles east of Sasser, owned by 1{r. J. M.
King, attains a depth of only 214 feet. \'Yater-bearing strata are reported in this well at 96, 'So and 214 feet, respectively. The water from the 214-foot stratmll rises to within 28 feet of the surface.

17 6

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CO.'lSTAL PLAIN

The deep wells in the vicinity of Sasser all begin in the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone: but, as no fossils ha\"e been identified fr0111 the borings, the geological horizon of the \'arious water-bearing strata is not k11O\n1. Ho\\"ever. the lith ological character of the beds, penetrated in the \\'ooten ,,ell. seems to indicate that this well probably stops in the Midway-Sabine limestone, or the U pper Cretaceous.

THO:-'1AS COUNTY
Mr. \V. ,vI. Jones, Ordinary of the county, has furnished the
following li st of important springs in Thomas county: the Allgood Spring, the Bold Spring, the McTyre Spring and the lVliller Spring. The A llgood Spring is the only spring from which a report has been obtained. It is located in the northeastern part of Thome.s county, about 20 miles from Thomasville. This spring, which is ' said to furnish 100 gallons a minute, is situated in a basin or depression surrounded by hillocks. The water is said to be always clear and slightly alkaline; but it forms a brownish precipitate upon sta nding. It issues with considerable force from a cavity in the rock, in the bottom of the basin. Small springs are quite generally met with throughout the county; but the chief source of domestic water-supply is shal low wells driven into the Lafayette sands and clays. Successful deep wells have been put down at Thomasville, Boston and Susina.
THOMASV1LLE.- ( ElevalioH, 258 feel above sea-level.} Thomasville has three deep wells, varying from 390 to 1<)00 (?) feet in depth. These wells, which supply the city-waterworks, are from eight to ten inches in diameter. The water rises to points in these wells varying from 175 to 210 feet from the surface, depending on the elevation. The only water-bearing strata reported occur at 210
and 410 feet. Dr. J. W . Spencer, formerly State Geologist of Geor-
gia, gives the following incomplete record of one of the Thomasville wells: - '

I Firs' Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Georgia, p. 50, 1890 .

'FUH UN.lJH A'GA'O UNI) /VATHR S OF GEONG/A

PLATE X/V

~\HTE S I AN WEL I~ O N Ti l E P IlOPEnTY OF ,\l It. FR I DEH.I C K BAU.i\IGA R DNE H , NEAH BltUNSW I CK, ,G JIOH G IA , US ED Fon [[( HIG A TI NC A TH UCK GA HDEN .

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

177

I Red and blue clay and sand to ... . ..... . ......... ' I62 feet
2 Limestone to .... . ................ . .. . ......... 225 " 3 . Shell-rock with water to ....................... . 3'O "
4 Rubble rock at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 360 "
From this leve l, water rises to with in 2 10 feet of the
surface.
S Shell-rock with copious flow at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4'O " 6 "Vater at .......................... .... .. ..... I,400 " 7 Bottom of limestone .............. . ............ 1,680 " 8 Quicksand, thence to .. . .. . ...... .. ............ T,820 "

The Thomasville deep wells seem to begin in the Altamaha grit;

but they obtain their water-supply from the Vicksburg-Jackson lime-

stone. The qu icksand below 1,680 feet IS probably Cretaceous.

The following analyses by Dr. Edgar Everhart were made, in the

laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia. from samples of

water taken from two city wells, which are abo ut a quarter of a

mile apart: -

WELL NO. I

Parts per

Constit",eJl ts Determi1led .

Mill ion

Silica .. . ..... . ..... .. .. . ...... . .. . 20.00

Sulphur Trioxide ............ . .. . . . . 67 60 Carbon Dioxide ................ .. . . 129.30

Phosphorus Pentoxide .... .. .. ... ... . trace

Chlorine ............. . . . .. . . ..... . T1.90

Iron Sesquioxide .. ................

.20

Alumina . . ..... . .......... .. . .... . 1.40

Lime .............. . . . ..... .. .... . 67.30 Magnesia . ..... ...... ........... . . . 36 .80

Soda .... . ........ . .. . .. . . ... . ... . 12.20

Potash ............ . .. . .... ' ...... . 3. 10

Grains per U. S. Gallon
I.166 3.942 7.541
trace
.694
.012
.082 3.925 2.146
7 II .181

P"obable Combinatio1ls
Potassi um Chloride ......... . .. . ... . Sodium Chloride ...... ... ........ . . Sodium Sulphate . . .. . .... . ... . .... . Magnesiuni Sulphate .... . . . . ... . .. . Magnesium Carbonate ..... ........ . . Calcium Carbonate . . . ...... .. . ... . . . Alum'inul11 Sulphate ..... . . .. ....... Sodium Phosphate .. . .. . ..... . . . . . . . Iron Carbonate .. . , ....... . ...... . .

4 .91
'575 8.82 87.41 15.5 8 120.18 4.76
trace
0 . 32

.286 . 9 18
5L~
5. 0')8 .90')
7. 009 . 278 trace
.01 9

Total Solids .. ..... . . ... . . ... .. . 27773 Free Carbon Dioxide .. . . .... . . . . .. . 68.50

16 . I47 3995

178

U.VDERCROU.VD WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

WELL NO.2

Const itu ents Determined

Parts per M illion

Silica .. .......... . ........... . .. . .
Sulphur Trioxide .................. . Carbon Dioxide ..... .. .. ...... .. . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. ....... . .... . Chlorine ... . ............... . ..... Iron SesCj ui-oxide . ........ . .. ...... . A lumina ................... .. .... . Linle ...... . ... . , ... .. . .. ....... . . lVl agnes ia ........ . .... . .. ... . . .... . Potash . .. . .. . .... . .. . ...... . .. . . Soda .............. . .... .. ....... .

20.40
68.40
135.30
trace
1I. 9
0 .20
1.20
67. 10 36 . 40
2 . 50
10.60

Probable Coll/billatious
Potassium Chloride ........ . . . . . . . . . Sodium Ch loride .... . ........... Sodium Sulphate ...... . . . . .. . ..... . Sodium Phosphate .... . .. . .. .. ..... . Magnesium Sulphate ........ : ...... . Ivlagnesiul11 Carbonate ... . . .. .... . . . Calcium Carbonate ................ . Aluminum Sulphate ........... . .... Iron Carbonate ............... . . ... .
Total Sol ids . .......... ..... .. . . .
Free Carbon Diox ide

4 .00 16 .50
4.26
trace
96 .54 8 .86 119. 8:; 2.84 0 .32
273 57
77. 91

Grains per U. S. Gallon
r. I89
3 . 989 7 . 890
trace
. 69+
.OI2
.070 3.9 13
2 . I23
.1 46 . 6 18
. 233 .962 . 248
trace
5. 630 .5 1 7
6.989 .166 .01 9
15 953
4544

The following analyses, made by Dr. H. C. \\' hite. of the U niversity of Georgia, -show the sanitary condition of the Thomasville deep-well waters, which supply the city, the date of the analyses be-
ing October 8, 1900:-

Parts per One Million by 'weight

Sa"ita.ry Aualyses

No. I

NO.2 NO3 NO 4

T otal Solids .. ......... 285.562 286.430 285 .964 286 . 124 Carbonate of Lime . ... ... 160.362 161 .409 160.436 160.92 3 Chlorine .... . .......... 21 . 551 22.060 22.40 4 22 .138

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

179

Parts per One Million by \Veight

No. I

Equi\'alent to Sodium

Chloride

35559

Organic Kitrogen .. .... . 0.080

Nitrogen in Ammon ia ... . none

N itrogen in N itrites . .. . none

Nitrogen in Nitrates .. .. . 0.850

Total Combined Nitrogen. 0.930

Required Oxygen ... .. . 0935

No.2
36 . 399 0.075 none none 0.900 0975 0.876

NO.3
36 .967 0.082
none none
0.873 0955 0.946

NO.4
3 7 . 5 28 0.07 1
none none
0 . 90 5 0.976 0.8ST

, Points at '\lhich Samples '''fere Obtained. - No. I Standpipe;
NO.2 Main at Lee Brown's; NO.3 Cistern; NO.4 Air-lift.

Physical Examination - Appearance in Two-foot Tube. - No. r clear, bright, colorless; NO.2 clear, bright, colorless; NO.3 clear, bright, colorless; NO.4 clear, bright, colorless.
Odor - NO.1 None; NO.2 )lone; NO.3 ;one; NO. 4 None.

Taste-No. I None; NO.2 None; NO. 3 None; NO.4 None.

BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
"Cultivation in tubes of glucose jelly for 72 hours, after heating
at 37. S C. for 48 hours, gave no gas formation in the case of either of the samples of water.
Gelatine plate culture for 48 hours (begun immediately on receipt of the samples in sterilized bottles) gave the fO llowi ng numbers of colonies per cubic centimeter of water : -
Colonies per Cubic Centimeter - No. 1 315; NO.2 298; No. 3 372 ; NO 4 384."
BOSTON. - (Eie-va.tion, I97 feet above sea-ie-vel.) The Boston well, which suppl ies the town with water, is six inches in diameter and 290 feet deep. The watet- rises to within 128 feet of the surface. ' ''fater-bearing strata occur at 120, 160 and 286 feet. respectively. The well, which is supplied with a steam-pump, furnishes the town 50,000 gallons of water daily_

180

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

The following record, made out by Mr. S. S. Chandler, was obtained ' from Dr. T. \Vayland Vaughan, of the U . S. Geological Survey: -

Yellow clay ..... . .. . ... . . .. .. . ..... . . from 0 to 90 feet

Limestone with flint ................... " Hard, brown rock, water-bearing....... . . r:

90 " 130 130 " 220

",.

Hard, brown rock . . ... . ............... " 220 " 260 "

Soft, brown rock ...................... " 260 " 305 "

Hard, brown rock ... . ............ . ..... " 30 5 " 320 "

The water-bearing stratum in the Boston \\"ell is Vicksburg-Jackson limestone.
An analysis of the water by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows:-

Collstitltcnts Determined

Parts per Million

Silica .. . .. . .. . .. . . . ... . ...... . ... . Sulphur Trioxide . .. . . .. . ... .. .. . .. Carbon Dioxide ............. . ..... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ........... . .. " Chlorine ..................... . .. . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumna .. ..... . Lime .. . ........... . .. ... . . .. . ... . l\1agnesia ...... . .... .. .. . ........ . Potash .. . .... . ..... .. .. . .. . .. . .. . Soda ........................... .

2040 7.36
I09 60
1. 12
9.52 18.43 56 . 19 6.64
2.42
7. 29

Probable Col.1,bill atiollS
Potassium Chloride ................ Sodium Chloride .. . . . ... .. . . .. . .. . . Magnesium Chloride ...... . .... . . .. . Sodium Phosphate ... . ...... . ...... . Magnesium Sulphate . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . Magnesium Carbonate . ....... ~ ..... . Calcium Carbonate .. . ..... . ........ . Iron Sesqui-oxide and A lumina . ... . . .

3. 86 11. 64
.81
2.24
11.04
5.50 10034 18-43

Total Solids ................ . ... . 174. 26

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 6257

Grains per U . S. GJ lion
1. 189 .429
6 . 391 . 064 555
1.074 3. 2 76
.387 .14 1 .42 5
.2 2 5
.679 . 047 .130 .644 .3 21 5. 852
1.075
IO. 163
3. 640

SUSINA . - Thi s well , owned by Mr. S. 11'1. Beach, is located in the southern part of the county, near the Georgia-Florida line.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

18 1

It is six inches in diameter and 110 feet deep; and it furnishes a copious supply of water, ri sing to within 40 feet of the surface. Solid rock was struck at 85 feet. The only water-bearing stratum, reported, occurs at the bottom of the well.

TWIGGS COUNTY
Twiggs county has no deep wells, the main sou rce of domestic water-supply being shallow wells, which vary from 20 to 90 feet in depth. These wells obtain their water from the Lafayette formatio n, or the underlying Claiborne, or the Cretaceous sands.
The springs of the county are usually small, furnishing ten gal-
lons or less per minute. Such springs are often met with, near the
line of contact of the sil iceous Claiborne beds and the Cretaceous clays .

WARE COUNTY
WAYCROSs.-(Elevation, 140 teet above sea-level.) The city of
\Vaycross has two 12-inch deep wells. The first 6f these was COI11-
pleted in I893, and the second, which is within a few feet of the first, in r895. Each well, w ith casing, cost about $3, 750.00, and will furnish, without decrease in static head, 750 gallons a minute.
Two different water-bearing strata are reported as occurring in the wells; one, in a bed of coarse sand or gravel, about 300 feet from the surface. The water from this stratum rises to within 50 feet of the surface; but the supply was thought to be insuffi cient for the needs of the city; consequentlYl the wells were continued to the second water-bearing stratum, 670 feet from the surface, from which the city water-supply is now obtained. The water from thi s second stratum rises to within 60 feet of the surface, which at this point has an elevation of 140 feet above sea-level,
T he following is a descriptio n of the \"ari ous specimens of wellborings, obtained from Mr. H. Murphy, Chai rman of the \ Vater \Vorks Commission : -

182

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

Surface sand to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 feet l\IIotley reel, yellow and white clays at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 " A rather coarse-grained, water-worn, reddish sand at. . .. 20 H A specimen of sand differing mainly from the above in
being of a reddish-brown color, at . ................. 30 H Coarse quartz sand cemented by ir011 oxide at . . . . . . . . 40 H Dark-gray plastic clay at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50 " Very coarse white sand at .......................... JJ II The same as above at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80 . Dark gray clay at ....................... . ........ 100 " Yellow sandy clay at ................... _. , _.. .. ... 115 u Fine gray sa nd containing glaucon ite at. . . . . .. . . . .130 " Dark gray clay at .............. . .. . ....... . ...... 140 " Sandy clay with glauconite at. .................. . ... . 145 " Fine glauconitic, sandy clay at . ...................... r60 a
Coarse white sand with glauconite at. ........ . ... . .. . 18 5 " Dark-gray greenish marl at ........................ . 215 " nIedium fine-grained glauconitic sand at. ............. . 21 7 H I-Iard, flinty, sandy. drab-colored claystone at . . .. . .... . 226 " Drab-colored . calcareous, sandy clay with fragments of
flint and limestone at ........... . ............... . 228 " Hard, vitreous. glauconitic sandstone at. ............. . 230 " Gray, glauconitic marl at . ....... . .................. . 232 " Fine. dark-g ray sand with fragments of shell at . .. ... <. 234 " Blue clay at ........................... , , , .. , , , , . . 236 " Gray sandy marl at ., , , . , , , ............... , ..... , ,275 H Coarse sand and phospbatic pebbles; sharks' teeth, dental
plates of rays, and glauconite at ..... , ... , ....... , , ,300 " Fine sand with glauconite at ". , , , .. , .. , .. , , .. , , . : . , 302 " Hard, compact sandstone at .. ,., .............. , .. ,.3 10 H Dark, sandy clay with dental plates of rays, and glauconite
at , ... , ...... , ....... . , .... " ..... ,. " ...... ,312 " Gray marls, fragments of pectens, spines of sea-urchins
etc., at ................ , ...... , ..... , ', . " . " ,.325 " Very hard, compact sandstone at " .... , ...... , .... , ':- 340 " Fine, gray glauconitic sand at .. , ........... , .. , .... 343 " n'Iiocene or Upper :Miocene shells at . . , . , , .. . , .. , , , .. . 380 " Shell marl at ... ,' , ..... , .. , .. , .. " ..... , ..... , .. 400 " Highly fossiliferous limestone, Tampa horizon at. ....... 415 "
Gray marl, pectens and spines of sea-urchins at . .. , . , .. , , 425 " \ 'Vhi te. chalky, sandy limestone at .. . ...... . ......... 440 "
Fossiliferous limestone, having a concretionary structure at ., , , , ... , , , ... , . . , .. " " "" , "'. ' ........ . 450 H

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

"'hite, chalk)r, arenaceous limestone at. ................ -+55 feet

Gray, sandy marl at ............... . .. . ...... . ..... -475 "

Fi ne, yellow, argillaceous sand at. ............ ... .... -+80 "

Gray sandstone and claystone at .. . .................. 500 "

\Vhite. chalky limestone at ......................... 5TO "

Compact, dark-gray limestone, with fragments of corals

and shells at . . ................................. 525 "

Shell marl at ..................................... 527 "

\ Vhi te. chalky limestone at ......................... 530 "

Dark-gray marl, with fragments of shells at. ......... . 550 "

Hard, compact. dove-colored. glauconitic claystone at. ... S.i5 "

\Vhite, chalky limestone at .................... . .... 560 "

Gray, porous Jimestone, with casts of gastropods at. . . .. . 600 \\lhite, chalky limestone at ....... ' .................. 610

," .

\Vhite, compact. fo ssil iferous limestone at ............. 650 "

Peninsular limestone. coral, foraminifera and bryozoans in

abundance at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 "

\Vhite. chalky limestone at ...... . .................. 670 "

\Vhite limestone made up largely of the tests of foraminif-

era. some of which are an inch or more in diameter. at .. 675 "

\Vhite. chalky limestone at .. . ................ . ...... 680 "

Dark-gray fossiliferous limestone at ................. . 685 "

Fossiliferous limestone. Zeuglodon horizon, at. ........ . 691 "

Following is an analysis of the wat~r from the \ Vaycross wells, made by Dr. H . C. White, of the University of Georgia:--

Solids Dissolved

Grains per G. S. Gallon

Carbonate of Lime .... . .... . .. . ... . ............ . Carbonate of Iron ......... . . . .................. . Sulphate of Lime . ........... . ...... . ......... . . . Sulphate of :Magnesia ......... .. .. . .. .. .. ... . . .. . Sulphate of Potash ............................. . Sulphate of Soda ....................... . .... ... . Sodium Chloride (Common Salt) .......... . ..... . . Silica, .............................. . ........ . Organic Matter and Combined "Vater ........... . .. .

7.502
0.120
0.53 1 0 . 162 0.06r 0. 084
0 3 -+9 0 .582 0 . 96 5

Total ............. .. .... . ......... . ....... . 10.356

"The water is faintly turbid frol11 suspended silica. This, however, speedily settles on standing, and becomes clear and limpid. It possesses no odor, and was found to be organically pure."

rort Yalley ltarrKt'nSYllle Eastman LumberCity .Baxley Waycross &/'fmy:S

c

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n ~cs

RQi~ \-" H~ds I':.

10

s

s \~

c

\"'-

s

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s

\'~

c
s .... ....
- c..

---

1./0
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I I '~~~~, Il,:oo' mm\!s

c
S
.:::.:-:. 7narl

I I I I
\
\ I I
~

1300

I"
\" I')"\ II"",
10 Ie. IV>

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I I

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~-<"9c:::~

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I

\

ot/oS 1::::d52!/

/s
-- --- '~4-00'

408'
\c. ~
\';
\",
\9-,
\'\"~

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marl
\

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\
marl \

\

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S

\

___.000'

/,

C - CLAY

\

S - 5AND

\

Is - LlI1STON

\=~6 1 0

FIG. 4.-Sections of Deep \Vells from Fort Valley, Houston County , to St . Mary's, Camden County. Showing the Depths and the GeC'logical Horizons of the Main Water-bearillg Strata .

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

185

Another well with in the corporate limits of Waycross, owned by the Satilla Manufacturing Company, has a depth of 647 feet It is a 6-inch weIl , with a capacity of 500 gallons per minute. . The same water-bearing strata occur in this well as in the city wells, and the static head of the water is also practically the same.
No springs of importance are reported in \Vare county. The domestic water-supply is obtained almost entirely from shallow wells, which vary from IS to 40 feet in depth. These wells appear to obtain their water-supply mainly from the Lafayette and Miocene sandy clays.

\VASHINGTON COUNTY
vVashington coullty has a number of springs, of considerable size. These springs are all associated with exposures of Claiborne limestone. They often make thei r appea ra nce at the mouths of caverns, or in the region of limesinks. S uch spri ngs OCCllr near the corporate limits of Sandersville and Tennille, and also near SunhilL These springs, before they emerge on the surface, fOfm, in places, underground streams. which can be traced by a chain of iimesinks. The shallow wells of the county usually vary from 30 to 80 feet They obtain their water-supply from the Lafayette sands. or the underlying Claiborne beds. The water from these wells is usually soft, and well su ited to both domestic and technical purposes. This class of wells is often more or less affected by long droughts; but they usually furnish ample water for fa rm purposes, the obj ect for which they are generally put down. The only deep wells in the county are located at Sandersville, Tennille and Davisboro.
SANDERSVILLE. - There are four deep wells within the corporate limits of Sandersville, two of which are owned by the city, and two by individuals. The first city well was put down in 1900, at a cost
of $800.00. This well, which is 40 inches in diameter, has a depth
of 43' feet. ,Vater-bearing sancls are reported at 70. 120, 185. 325 and 425 feet, respectively. The static head of the lower water-bearing stratum is said to be '34 feet below the surface. The water of the first and second strata is repo rted to rise a short distance aboye

186

UNDERGROUND WATERS Or. THE COASTAL PLAIN

the point, where they were first struck; but, as the well was in-
creased in depth, it subsided to '34 feet. This decrease in the static head ot the two upper water-bearing strata is evidently due
to the waters in the lower strata having a natural outlet at a lower le\'el than the upper strata. The capacity of these various waterbearing strata is estimated at from 20 to 120 gallons per minute, the lowest furnishing the maximum amount.
rrhe second city well, which is within 2 0 0 feet of the first, was
completed in '904. This well attains a depth of only ' 95 feet. It
is six inches in diameter, and is reported to furni sh ISO gallons per minute. The following record was made from samples of the borings from the first city deep well, kindly furnished by Mr. C. E. VVarthen : -

'White and dark clays with pyrite ................... at 35 feet vVhite, sandy limestone . . . .. . .................... " 85 "
Gray limestone, with fragments of shells .... . ........ " 103 " Dark clay . ....... . .................. : . . . . . . .... " ,60 "
Yellow, coarse sand .. . . .. . ..... . ...... . ........ . " 215 " White kaolin .............. . ...... .. .... .. ...... " 270 "
Fine, white sand .... . . ............... . ..... . .. .. '( 285 "
Dark, pyritiferOU5 sand . ... . . .. ..... . ..... .. ..... " 335 " White kaolin . . ................................. " 370 " Rather coarse, brownish sand . ..... . . .. ....... . ... . " 387 H
White sancl ........................ . ........... " 426 " Fine, white sand ....... , , . , . , . , " , . , , .......... , ." 436 "

The character of the water from this well is shown by the follow-

ing analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the

Geological Survey of Georgia : -

CO1lstituen ts Determined

Parts per Grains pel~ Million U. S. Gall')n

Silica ........................ ... . . Sulphur Trioxide ...... .. . .. . .. .... . Carbon Dioxide ..... . . .. . .. .. . . ... . Phosphorus Pentoxide .............. . Chlorine ............. . ... . ... . . .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . Lime ............... . .. .. .... .. .. . Magnesia ........................ . Potash ...... . . .. ..... .. .......... . Soda .... ... .... .. . .... . ........ . .

27, 12
3 47
'39. 00
trace
6 .80
10,25
'05.40 4.50
2.29
'3 34

1.581
.202
8.106 trace . 39 6 597
6.147
.262
.133 777

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIX

I~7

Probable Combinatiolls

Parts per
~'Iillion

Potassium Chloride ................ . Sodiu111 Chloride .................. . Sod iu111 Sulphate ...... . ..... ... .. . . Sodium Phosphate ................. . Sodiu111 Carbonate ................. . lVI agnes iun1 Carbonate . ............. . Calciu111 Carbonate ..... . .. . .. . ..... .

3. 63 8 35 5. 98
trace
1079 9-45 188.22

Iron SesCJui-oxide and Alu111ina . ...... . 10.25

Total Sol ids .................... . 263 .79

Free Carbon Dioxide . ........ .. .

+677

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.2r6
. +87 3+9 trace
.629 .55 1
10976
. 598
15. 38+
2 . 7 28

The t\\"o pri,ate deep wells of Sandersville. one owned by ~Ir. Lewis Cohen, and the other, by Dr. C. G. Rmdins. each has about the same depth as the deeper city well, and penetrates sim ilar strata.

TEN"ILLE.-(Elevatioll, 477 feet above sea-level.) Tennille has two deep wells, one put down in 1892, and the other in '90+. The first well, which was unsuccessful, is said to have attained a depth of 990 feet. It begins as a 12-inch well, but it was finally decreased to 4 inches. The two principal water-bearing strata, reported, occur at 380 and +26 feet. ,Vater fr0111 the first stratum is said to rise to within 90 feet of the surface, wh ich is greater by about 100 feet than the static head of the second stratU111.
The following is a record of this deep well, copied fr0111 the notes of the well contractor : -

Sandy clay ............ .. .... . . . ..... . from 0 to 38 feet
,~l hite clay ...... . ..................... " 38 " S2 " Yellow, sandy clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. fr 52 " 80 "

Vlhite sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " Yellowish limestone, in the form of boulders. " Gray sand .. . .. . ....... . .. . ..... .. .. . . " \iVhite sand ........................... H \ i\fhite sandstone containing shells . . . . . . . .. H Bluish marl .......................... . " Yellow clay .... . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .... H

80 "
91 "

996'

"
"

96 " 103 "

103 " 130 "

13 " 140 "

140 " 185 "

185 " 194 "

Brownish colored sand, containing sharks'

teeth and fragments of oyster shells. . . . . . " '94 " 210 " Blue 111arl ............................. " 210 " 260 "

I!lS

UNDERGROUND !VATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAfN

Qui cksand . .
. . Blue marl

. .
.. ..

.. . from

. .

.. "

.... White clay

. . . . . .. ...... "

Blue clay ..

.. . .. . . . .. "

.. Blue and gray sands .

.

... "

. Blue clay ..... .. Quicksand . .. .. White clay and sand.

.. .. . .. . ... . ..
.. . . . ... .. ..

" "
"

. Coarse, white sand .. White, "sticky" clay.

.. .. . . . . . . .. . .
. . . . . . .. . . .

"
"

260 to
270 "
300 " 310 "
350 " 360 "
404 " 436 "
440 "
470 "

270 300 3 10 350 360 404 43 6 440 470
500

feet " "
" "
" "
"
" "

Red clay

..

" 500 " 530 "

\\"hite clay . .

.. . . " 530 " 550 "

Clay and sand, except at 820 feet, where sand-

stone occurs

" 550 " 990 "

The following field-analysis of the water frol11 the Tennille deep well, m ~ de by Mr. \;y. W . Burnham, has been furn ished by i\Jr. ill. O. Leig hton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics. U nited States Geological Survey:-

COI/stitl/ellts Deterll1ined

Parts per lVIillion

Chlorine. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4.0

T ota1 Ca rbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . I I 5. 0 Carbonates (scale-forming ) . as Calcium Carbonate ... . . Alkaline Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate ........... .

Sulphur Trioxide ............ .. .. . ........ . . . ... . Total Hardness ........ ....... . ......... . .. . . . I ron .... . ........................... . ......... . Odor, H ydrogen Sulphide .... . . . . .. . . ... . .... . ... . Color ........... .. . ....... . .. . . .... .... . .. . . . . . Turbidity ...................................... .

trace 166.0
0.0
1. 0
0.0 0.0

DAnsBoRo. - The Davisboro deep well, put dow n by the town authorities in 1888, has a depth of 325 feet. It is a 2-inch well, fl owi ng fi ve gallons per minute, the water ri sing three feet above t he surface. The water-bearing strata are reported at 88 and 100 feet. respecti,'ely, the latter, only, flo wing.
iVIr. T. L . Brown; of Davisboro, has furni shed the following record of the Davi sboro well:-

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAl. PLAIN

189

Sand ......................... ... ...... from o to 20 feet
Brownish clay with white pebbles. . . . . . . . . .. If 20 " 40 "
Coarse, white sand ................ . . .. . . " 40 " 60 "
Dark, greenish marl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 60 " 80 " Shell-rock, with sha rks' teeth. . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 80 " 88 "
\Vater-bearing sands, with fragments of shells,
which continue to quicksand at the bottom of the well ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 88" 100 "

The following analysis of the water from the Davisboro well was made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia : -

Parts per

. COIIS/,:tlfCllts Determillcd

Million

Silica ..... . ........ . ............. . Sulphur Trioxide ....... . .......... . Carbon Dioxide ...... . . . .. .. .. . . . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ... . .. . ... . . .. . Chlorine ................ . ......... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . Lime .. . .. . .. . ..... . ..... . ..... . . . Magnesia .... . ................... . Potash ............. .. .... .. . ..... Soda . . . . . .. ......, . ............ .

1 2.72
595 rr848
trace
5. 60 402 8257 3. 05
447 18 . 92

P'robable Combillatialls

Potassium Chloride . .. .. . . ..... .. . . . Sodium Chloride ........ .... .. .... . Sodium Sulphate . .... . .......... . Sodium Carbonate . ........ .. .. . . . . . Sodium Phosphate ........ . . . . . .. ..

7. 08 3. 62 10.56 21.15
trace

Magnesium Carbonate ... . .. .. ...... . 640 Calcium Carbonate ............ ..... . 147 45 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . ...... . 402

Grains per U. S. Gallon
. 742 347 6910 trace . 327 . 234 4. 81 5 .178 .261 1. 103
.413
. 2I~
.616 1.233 trace
373 8599
. 234

Total Solids .. . .. . . . ... . . .... .. . . 21 3. 00

12422

Free Carbon Dioxide ........ . .. .... . 41 47

2 . 418

All the deep wells in vVashington county commence in the Claiborne and probably stop in the Lower Cretaceous. The main watersupply in most of these wells probably comes from the lower Claiborne beds.

190

UX DERGIW UND W A TERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

WAYNE COUNTY

Shallow wells, varyi ng from IS to 60 feet in depth, are the chief .source of domestic water-supply in \i\Tayne coullty. No spring s of allY importance are reported. The only eleep we lls from whi ch data have been received, are at Jesup and near Doctortowll . Thi s well , put down by the town council in 1890, at a cost of $500.00, is said to be 500 feet deep. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 287 and
500 feet.
Dr. J. \V. Spencer, formerly State Geologist, gives the following
Tecorcl: - I .

1 Sand to ........ . . . . .. .. ........ .. .. . ......... 10 feet 2 Quicksand to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. J4 "
3 Yellow clay soil, with layers of quicksand to ......... 26 "
4 Quicksand to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52 " 5 Limestone to ....... . ..... . ... . .. . .... . .... . .. . 55 " 6 Quicksand to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 " 7 Limestone to .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78 "
8 Clay with sand to .. . ............... . ...... . .... 233 " 9 Soft spongy rock to .. . ......... . ............... 237 "
"10 Blue marl to ......................... . ..... . .. 490 "
II "Vater-bearing quicksand. \tVater rose to within 33
feet of the surface.

This well begins apparently 111 the A ltamaha grit and extends l'robably into the Eocene.

. DOCTORTOWN. - The following log of a prospecting oil well, located about one mile south west of Doctortown, Wayne county, was furnished by Mr. C. A. Gil son, well contractor: -

:Sand . . .............. . .. . ........ . . from Sand and yellow clay with some shells . .. " Sand and laminated clay. . . . . . . . . . . . .. H Conglomerate and marl. Water rises to
within 20 feet of the surface.. . . . . . .. " -Sand, gravel and laminated clay. . . . . . .. " Greenish-gray marl and chalky limestone
with some pebbles .. .... . .. . ... . . .. H

o to
20 If
5S H
80 " 95 "
135 "

20 feet
55 " 80 "
95 "
135 "
"

I ceological Survey of Georgia; First Report of Progress, 18<JO-'91 . p. 75-

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

19'

Quicksand and marl . ................ from I8S to 230 feet

Layers of hard rock, marl and conglom-

erate .................. . . . . . ..... If 230 "

"

1\1arl with sandstone layers and some lime-

stone .... . ..... . ................. " 255 "

"

Quicksand with layers of conglomerate.. " 295 H

"

Soft limestone and sa ndstone with flint layers 2 feet thick.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. tI

32 5 " 353 "



Quicksand ............. . . .. . . .. . .. . "

353 " 393 "

1\'lar1 and soft limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . .. If 393 " 408 "

Quicksand containing a large supply of

\vater ................ . . .. . .. . .. . " 408 "

"

Quicksand . .. . ...... . . .. ........... " 4IS "

"

Soft 1imestone ...................... " 465 "

"

Hard limestone with layers of sand. . . . . . " 467 "

"

\Vater-bearing limestone (quicksand at

793 feet)............... . ... . ..... " 5I I " 829 "

Gray limestone and brown sandstone. . . . " 829 " 849 "

Sandstone ......................... H 849" 89-1 "

Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. H 894" 929 "

Soft limestone ... .. ...... ..... ..... . " 929" 939 "

Salt water and sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 939" 9551"

Hard limestone . . . .. .. . ........ . . . .. " 9SSt" 966 "

Limestone in soft and hard layers. . . . . .. " 966" 988 "

Limestone with some sand. . . . . . . . . . . .. " 988 " 1,005 H

Limesto ne ..... . .... .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . t( 1,005 "1,019 "

Limestone with two shell layers. . . . . . . . " 1,0 19 "1,036 "

Limestone with hare! layers. . . . . . . . . . . . " 1,036 "1,5 1 "

Limestone, ve ry hard ... . .. .. ........ H 1,051 "1 ,06 4 "

L imestone and sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 1,064 " 1,070 H

L imestone, mostly hard .... . ......... " 1,070 " 1,204 "

Limestone .......... . . ...... . .... .. H 1,204 " 1,222 "

liard limestone ................. . ... " 1,222 " 1,255 "

S oft limestone ... . ... .. . . . ... ... .. .. " 1,255 " 1,314 "

Hard limestone ............ ..... . .. . " 1,3 14 " 1,33 2 "

Soft limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 1,33 2 " 1,470 "

Gray and brown sands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 1,470 " 1,640 "

Dark brown sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 1,640 " 1,724 "

Sand mixed with pebbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 1,724 " 1,750 "

Light-colored sand ........ .. ... ... .. H 1,750 " 1,762 "

Glauconitic sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 1,762 " 1,901 "

This well was commenced in July, '90S, and completed the last

19 2 UNDERGROU,YD WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN
of May, '906, at a cost of between $15,000 and $20,000. It is cased with IO-inch pipe to 460 feet, 80-inch pipe to 540 feet and 6-inch pipe to a point within a few feet of the bottom. The first hard ledge of rock reported in the well occurs at 480 feet. The sample of borings, marked 550 to 725 feet, contains numerous fragments of Eocene shells. The material consists largely of lime stone, and it continues to 1,490 feet, below which point the following samples were collected : -
Sample, marked 1,470 feet, consists of medium fine-grained sand with fragments of corals, shells and particles of glauconite.
Sample, marked 1,505 feet, glauconitic sand with sharks' teeth and fragments of shells.
Sample, marked 1,750 feet, grayish marl made up largely of fragments of corals and shells.
Sample, marked 1,838 feet, glauconite. From a study of the log and specimens of the well, I am of the opinion that of the formations, through which the well is sunk, are as follow s : between 80 feet and approximately 500 feet are Miocene, and below this, extending to about 1,700 feet, Eocene. The well stops probably in the Upper Cretaceous.
WEBSTER COUNTY
'Webster county has numerous springs, some of which are of large size. One of these springs is to be seen on Mr. G. W. Cole's farm, about two miles south of Preston. This spring, which furnishes 20 gallons or more of water per minute, is located at the base of a bluff of Midway limestone, at the margin of the Kinchafoonee Creek swamp.
Other springs, similar to the Cole Spr ing, are reported in the county; but none of them were visited by the writer;
The domestic water-supply of the county is obtained almost entirely from shallow wells. As far as is known, no attempt has been made in Webster county to secure w~ter by deep boring.

T ilE UNDBRCROUND WATERS OF GEORGIA

PLATE .xv

.t\Wr.l~~ I AN W I!: !.!. A T TII .E HE S lDI':NCH OF MIt. II. W. LLOYD} N Ii:A It BB UNSW I C K , G Ii:O ltGlA } US ED T O lBHI GA T E A TH UCK GA I!D EN .

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

193

WILCOX COUNTY
There are no springs of any importance, reported, in \ Vi1cox county. The ma in source of domestic water-supply is shallow wel1 s.
Successful deep wells have been put down only at Abbevil1e, Rochelle and Pineview.
ABBEVILLE. - There are two deep wells at Abbevil1e, one owned by the town and the other, by the A bbeville Cotton Seed Oil Company. The former wel1 , which was completed in 1898 at a cost of $1,600, is 585 feet deep. It varies from two to eight inches in diametef, and it furnishes 50 gallons of water per minute. .The water ri ses to within 60 feet of the surface. Several water-bearing strata are reported between 100 feet and the bottom of the well. Cavernous limestone is said to ~e the main water-carrier. The well is supplied with a pump which furnishes the town with water.
The A bbeville Cotton Seed Mil1 wel1 was put down in 1902 at a cost of $350.00. It is a 3-inch wel1, 175 feet deep; and it furnishes daily "3,000 gallons of water, used chi efly for boiler purposes. The water ri ses to w ithin 80 feet of the surface. \lI,' ater-bearing strata are reported at 105 feet and 175 feet . respectively.
The following well record was furnis hed by the company :
Sand and clay . . ..... . . .. . . ............. from o to 20 feet Sand .......... . ..................... . . " 20 " 60 " Hard, flinty rock ................. , . . . . .. It 60 "175 H
ROCHELLE. - The Rochelle well, which is owned by the town, is three inches in diameter and 286 feet deep. The only water-bea ring stratum is near the bottom of the well. It furnishes a good supply of water, ri sing to within ISO feet of the surface. The water is used for general domestic purposes. The fol1owing record
has been furn ished by Mr. J. C. Conn, of Atlanta: -
Red clay .. . ........................... from o to 75 feet Black sand .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . ........ " 75 " ISO " Hard, flinty rock ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " ISO " 286 "
This well, together with the Abbevi ll e well, seems to obtai n its water-supply from the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone.

194

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

PINEVIEW. - There are three deep wells at Pineview, each of which has about the same depth and penetrates similar strata. The water in all these wells rises to within 60 feet of the surface. The only water-bearing stratum reported is near the bottom o f the wells.
The following record of :-Ir. J. S. Bruce's well has been kindly
furnished by the owner: -
Reddish clays ............... . ..... .. ..... from 0 to 20 ft.
Yellowish jointed clays . ... ....... . .. ... . . . " 20 " 120 H Soft limestone . . .... . ... . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . " 120 " 275 " Water-bearing cavity .. . . . ... ... . .. .. . ... " 275 "293 "

WILKINSON COUNTY
Deep wells are reported in \Vilkinson county at Irwinville, T oombsboro and Gordon. Two attempts have been made at Irwinv ille to obtain artesian water. The first of these wells, located on low ground, was put down to a depth of 3QO feet, at which point a waterbearing stratum . yielding a small Row, was struck. Thi s well continued to flow for a time; but it finally became filled with sand, and it was abandoned. The water is said to have had a rather offensive odor and an unpleasant taste, clue, probably, to the presence of hydrogen sulphide and iron oxide.
Another well, located on high ground, was extended to the depth of 600 feet ; but the water did not rise hi gher than to within 50 feet of the surface.
TooMBsBoRo. - (Elevation, 237 feet above sea-level.) The Toombsboro well was put dow n in r882, at a cost of $320. It is one and a quarter inches in diameter and 320 feet deep; and it furnishes a flow rising three feet above the surface. \ Vhen the well was first completed, it flowed eight gallons per minute ; but the fl ow gradually decreased, until it finally ceased about four years after the well \yas completed. During last spring, a second deep well was put dow n at Toombsboro; but no record of this well was secured .

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN '95
GORDON.-(Elevation, 354 teet above sea-level.) A 2-inch well, 365 feet deep, with water rising to within '9 feet of the surface, is reported at Gordon. About 20 feet of soft limestone, together with sands and clays, are said to have been penetrated in this well .. The only water-bearing stratum, reported, is near the bottom of the well.
All the deep wells of VVilkinson county obtain their water-supply from the Cretaceous sands. No springs of importance are reported. Shallow wells, the chief source of domestic water-supply, are to be had at almost any point in the county, at depths varying from 20 to 80 feet.
WORTH COUNTY
Hon. J. VV. Price, the Ordinary of \~rorth county, reports the fo l-
ing large springs in the county: Mr. G. G. Ford's spring, nine miles north of Isabella. Mr. E. D. VVhidden's spring. seven miles north of I sabella. 11r. N. VV. Ford's springs (three in number), eleven miles north-
west of Isabella. Mr. N . F. Mercer's springs (several), fifteen miles northwest of
Isabella. These springs are said to be all large, and they are all tributaries
to the Flint River. Shallow wells, varying from 20 to 70 feet in depth, are the main
source of domestic water-supply. Successful deep wells have been put down at Doles, Poulan, \'Varwick and Worth.
DOLES. - The well at Doles, owned by Mr. J. M. Chapman, is
three inches in diameter and 257 feet deep; and it furnishes a copious supply of water rising to within 12 feet of the surface.
The following record of this well was furnished by the well-contractor: -
I Clay to .. . .. . .. .. ..... . .... . .... . ............. IS feet 2 BI ue marl to ... . ... . .... . . . . ...... . . . ... . ..... 96 "
3 Limestone to ... . ......... . ............... .. .. . . 108 " 4 Coarse pebbles to ... ..... . . .. .. ............... . 123 " 5 Limestone w ith shells to ..... . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... .... 143 "

196 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN
6 Blue marl or clay to ............................. '93 feet
7 Limestone, containing corals and shells to . ..... . .... . 209 "
8 Flint . .. .. ........... . ...................... .. ( ?)
POULAN. - (Elevation, 3I2 teet above sea-le-uel.) The first attempt to secure water at Poulan, by deep borings, was made by 11,11r.
J. C. McPhaul in ,890. lvIr. McPhaul made two or three efforts to
obtain a Aowing well at Poulan, but each time he was unsuccessful. At the time of the writer's visit in ,897, Mr. McPhaul furnished the following notes on hi s well, then in use. The well is from six to eight inches in diameter, and 315 feet deep. \i\Tater rises to within 75 feet of the surface. The main water-bearing stratum occurs somewhere between 130 an,d 170 feet. Another water-bearing stratum is reported as occurring at a point between 85 and 95 feet fro111 the surface, but it is cased off. The static head of the water in the well is said to be lowered as much as 75 feet duri ng a long continued drought. The water is used chiefly for steam purposes, 75,000 gallons being used daily.
Mr. McPhaul has furnished the following record : -
I Red clay to .... . .......... . ..................... '5 feet
2 Yellow clay to .................... . ..... . .... . ... 20 " 3 White clay to .. . . . ..... ............... . .... . ... 35 " 4 Hard rock at ............ . .... . ...... .... . .. 75 "
The last extends to the bottom of the well.
The following report on the Poulan Cotton Mill deep well by Mr. VI'. \\T. Burnham, has been furnished by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, United States Geological Survey:-
The well was completed in June, '903, at a cost of $250.00. It is four and a half inches in diameter, and 198 feet deep; and it has a maximum capacity of 42 gallons per minute. The water, which is used to supply the cotton-mill, rises to within 90 feet of the surface, or about 10 feet above the railroad at the station. The well is supplied with an air-lift pump valued at $300.00. The cost of raising

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN

197

the water is reported by the treasurer of the company to be from IS to 20 cents per 1,000 gallons.
The character of the water is shown by the following field-analysis by Mr. Burnham:-

Constit",ellts Determ;lled

Parts per Million

Chlorine .... . .................................. Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . .. Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate ... . ........ Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate ... . . ... . . . . .. Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) ......... . ........... Iron ................................... .. _. . . . . Odor, as Hydrogen Sulphide . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Color . . . .. . .. ....................... . .......... Turbidity ......................... . ..... . .. . . ...

4. a 169.0 33.0 144.0 207.0
5.0 trace 2.0 0.0 0.0

Another deep well at Poulan, on which Mr. Burnham has furnished data, is the Jordan & Simerly well, located at a saw-mill haIfa-mile west of the post-office. This well, completed in J une, 1904, at a cost of $330, is six inches in diameter, and 220 feet deep. \;Vater-bearing strata are reported at 90 and 210 feet, respectively. "Vater r ises to with in 82 feet of the surface, or from 5 to 10 feet above the railroad track at the station. Sand and clay are reported in the well to 120 feet, limestone at 145 feet, and quicksand at 220 feet. The water is used only for boiler purpos~s .
\;VARWICK. - Mr. C. P. Romes' well at \\Tarwick is two and eight inches in diameter and 497 feet deep; and it furnishes a large supply of sulphureted water. Twenty-two feet from the surface, the drill is said to have struck a strealTI ot water eight feet in depth. The formation encountered in the weil is reported to consist principally of limestone.

WORTH. - The Enterprise Lumber Company's well, put down in 1896, has a depth of 300 feet. The water is used for boiler purposes; it rises to with in 60 feet of the surface. Red clay is reported in the well to 30 feet, below which occur sand, clay and limestone.
The deep wel ls of "Vorth county all obtai n their water-supply from the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, except the wells at \;Vorth, which probably obtain their supply from the L ower Miocene.

CHAPTER X
DETAILED NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA
The underground waters o f the Crystalline area, wh ich includes both the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian physiographic divisions of the State, may be considered, for cOllvenience of description, under the following heads: Deep \,yells, Shallow \Vells and Springs.
DEEP WELLS
By the t~rl11 deep wells, as above used, is meant drilled or bored well s, which attain a depth of 100 feet or more. \,yells, havi ng a depth of less than 100 feet will be discussed under the heading of shallow wells.
FULTON COUNTY
THE ATLANTA DEEP "\TELLS. - The deep wells of the Crystalline area are limited in number. One of the most noted of these wells is the so-called artesian well of Atlanta, which was constructed by the city in 1885. This well, which has a depth of 2,175 feet, penetrates gnei ssoid and schi stose rocks. The capacity of the well is reported to have been only about 2,000 gallons per hour. The water-supply is said to have come from several small fis sures or cracks, struck by the drill at various points between 100 and 1,200 feet from the surface. Below 1, 160 feet, no water-bearing fissures were reporteel. A chemical analysis of the water hom this well, when it was first completed, showed the water to be a normal freestone water, containing less than 12 grains of mineral matter per gallon, with practically no surface contamination. Later, there was a rather remarkable increase in the amount of mineral matter present, mainly sodium chloride, as may be seen by the follow ing table of analyses taken fr0111 the annual report of the City Water-works Board for 1889 : -
( 198)

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 199

Z

Grains per U. S. Gallon

Parts per 1,000,000

-o"
E

Date
I Total ISodium Free A~~lji-

,:l

Solids Cloride Ammonia Ammonia

to

1885 ..... . 297 0.02

9

1886 107 2.00 o or

II Oct. 1886 21.00 835 o,or

39 Nov. 1888 22 35 10 56 0,02

40 Nov. 1888 18.30 11.36 0.04

4 I Nov. 1888 235 I 1.79 0.02

o 06
a . O[
o 04
o or
008
0.06

REMARKS

.

.

" H. C. White
.. W. J. Gascoyne

Owing to the rapid increase in the amount of sodium chloride

present in the water, which was supposed to be due to surface con-

tamination, the well was finally abandoned, after a continuous use of about ten years.
In addition to the deep well here described, there are three other deep wells within the corporate limits of Atlanta, all owned by the Georgia Railway & Electric Company. One of these, formerly owned by the late Atlanta Gas-light Company, and located on Foundry street, near the '''!estern & Atlantic Railroad, was com-
pleted in ,895. It is eight inches in diameter and 278 feet deep; and it furnishes daily for ,8 hours, the length of time the pump is

operated, I 50 gallons per minute. The water is soft. and is said to
be well suited for boiler purposes. It rises to within 80 feet of the
surface, and comes apparently from fissures and seams in the gneisses and schists. An analysis of the water from this well. made by Dr. Edgar Everhart. in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: -

Parts per

COllstitaell!s Deterl/l'illed

Million

SiliQ ..... . .. . ... . ........... . ... . Sulphur Trioxide ... . ... . .... .. .... . Carbon Dioxide ......... . ......... .

38 .60 28.80 82.82

Phosphorus Pentoxide . . .. .. . ... . .. . . trace

Chlorine : .. .. . ................... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. .. ... . Lime .. . .. . . ... . ..... . ....... .. . .. . Magnesia ....... .. . . . ... .......... Potash . .. .. . .. .... . ......... .. . .. Soda .. ....... .. . ... . . . . .... .. ... .

35. 85 2 .50 73.3 0 ,6 . '9. 6.43
30 .74

Grains per
U. S. Gallon
2.25 I
, .679 4. 830
trace
2.09' . '46
4. 2 74
944
375 '793

200 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Parts per

Probable Combinations

Million

Potassium Chloride . . . .. . .......... . Sodium Chloride ............. . .... . Sodium Sulphate ....... . .. ........ . Magnesium Sulphate .. . .. .......... . Magnesium Carbonate .............. . Calcium Carbonate ....... . . .. .. . .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. . .. . .

IO40
50 .90 8.63
385..896'
'30 .99
2.50

Total Solids ..... . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .

Free Carbon Dioxide .... . . . . ... . . . . .

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.606 2.968
. 50 3 2.094
.5 17 7. 639
. 146
16.72 4
.612

Sanitary AlIalysis
Nitrogen in Free Ammonia . ......... . Nitrogen in Albuminoid Ammonia . .... . N itrogen in Nitrites ............. . .. . Nitrogen in Nitrates ........... . .... . Chlorine .................... .. . .. .

O.OIO
o. '53 trace
O.IOO
35. 850

~his water is regarded as unsafe for drinking purposes, on account of its high albuminoid ammonia and chlorine.
The other two well s of the Georgia Railway and Electric Company are located at their power-house on Davis street, near Jones Avenue. One of the wells was completed in 1899, and the other, in '900. The fonner well is '4 inches in diameter, and 350 feet deep. The water ri ses to within 12 feet of the surface. By continuous pumping, the water-supply is said to be 52 gallons per minute. The other well, owned by the Georgia Electric Railway Company, is also '4 inches in diameter; but it has a depth of 638 feet . The water-supply from this well is only 56 gallons per minute, or four gallons more than the shallower well. The wells are located about 80 feet apart, and are used chiefly to supply water for cooling condensers. The water in each well rises to within 12 feet of the surface.
An analysis of the water from the 350-foot well of the Georgia Railway & Electric Company. by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: -

THE UNDERGROUND IVATEft'S OF GEORGIA

PLATE Xl'!

A FLOWING A HTE S I AN W ELL AT \\" .-\ OLE\' , JEFFElt ::i ON C O U NTY , GEORGIA .

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 201

Parts per

Constit"e"ts Determined

Million

Silica ........ ... .. . .. . ........... . 26 . 50 Sulphur Trioxide ...... .. . .. ... .. .. . 18. IO

Carbon Dioxide . .. . . ... ..... . .. ... Phosphorus Pentoxide .............. . Chlorine .. . ..... . .. .. . . .......... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. .. .. . Linle .... .. .. . ........ . .. . .. .... . .

93 34 trace 6.50
1.40 62.80

lVlagnesia ......... . ......... . ..... . Potash .......... . ....... . .... _... . Soda . ... . .. . . ......... . . ...... ... .

4. 0 7 693 29. 68

Probable Combinations
Potassium Chloride ..... . . ... . .... . . . Sodium Chloride ... .. .. . . . .... _... . Sodium Sulphate .. . .. . .. . ...... .... . Sodium Carbonate ..... . . ... . .. .... . Magnesium Carbonate . . . . . . . .... ... . Calcium Carbonate ....... . ...... . .. Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . ... . ... .

II .00
2.10
32 . 13 24. 86
855 112.14
1.40

Total Solids . . ... .... ............ 218.68

Free Carbon Dioxide .... ... ... .. ... 29. 20

Sallitary Anal:ysis
Nitrogen in Free Ammonia . . . .. . .. . . . Nitrogen in Albuminoid Ammonia . .. . . Nitrogen in Nitrites ................ . Nitrogen in Nitrates . .. .. .... .. . .. . . Chlorine ..... . ................ . ... .

0 . 140 0 .070 0. 067 0.060
6.500

Grains pef U. S. Gallon
1545 1.055 5 443 trace
379 .082 3 .662 .237 .40 4 1.73 1
0.641
.122
1.874 1 . 450
. 498 6.540
.082
12.752

Thi s water is considered unsafe fOf drinking purposes, on account of its high free ammonia and nitrites.
FORT MCPHERSON DEEP WELLS. - There are three deep wells at Fort McPherson, near Atlanta, two of which are lo-inch wells, and the other, 8-inch. The IO-inch wells are each 500 feet deep. One of these wells was completed ih 1885, and the other in 1904, at a CQst of $10.00 per foot. The first futhishes ~,200 gallons per [jour, and the second, only 875 gallons. The 8-inch well was put down in r882 at a cost of $7.50 per foot. This well is 250 feet deep, and

202 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

furnishes 1,600 gallons per hour. All these wells are located within a radius of 100 feet. They have the same static head (so feet below the surface), and are alike affected by droughts.
The following notes on the IO-inch well, completed in 1904, were furnished by Mr. Perry Andrews, the contractor: -
Clay and sand .......................... from 0 to 50 feet Hard rock (gneiss) at .................... .. . . . . .. 70 " vVater-bearing fissure at ....... . . .. . . .... . . . . ....... 112 H Very hard rock; continues to 280 feet at . .............. 130 " Vvater-bearing fissure at ......... . ....... . . . . .. . ... 328 " \ater apparently increased at. ... .... .... .. .... . . .. .. . 350 " Test showed water 720 gallons per hour at . ..... . .... . . . 375 " Test showed no increase of water at .... . . . . . .. .. ..... . 425 " Test for 24 hours, no increase at . . ... . .. . . .. ......... . 472 H Test for 24 hours; no increase at. ........ . . . .... . .. . 505 "
Well cased to 86 feet in hard rock.

An analysis of the water from this well, made July I3th, I904, by IvIr. Edwin Hodge, Chemist-in-charge, Surgeon General's Office, U. S. \Var Department, vVashington, D. C., shows the follow ing results: -

Sanitary Analysis

Parts per :Vlilliill1

Chlorine .. . .. . .. . .... .... .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .... . .. .. 3 . 5000 Nitrogen as Nitrites . . . .. . ........ . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. none N itroge~ as Nitrates.. .... .. . . .. . . . .. . ... ... . .. ... 0.0375 Free Saline Amlllonia ...... . . ..... .. .. . .. . .... . . .. 0.0320 Albuminoid Ammonia . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. o. 0180 Oxygen Used.. . . . . .. . . .... . . .... . . ..... .. . . . . . .. 0.26I9
Total Solids ...... .. ... . . . . . .. .. .. ...... . .. .. .. 59. 5000 Loss on Ignition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I7 . 0000

The water is clear, colorless, odorless and devoid of sediment.

An analysis of water from the same well, made December 3I, I904, by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: -

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 20J.

Sanitary Analysis

Parts per i\Iillion

Nitrogen in Free Ammonia .. . ...... .. ... ... ... ..... O.oro

Nitrogen in Albuminoid Ammonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.073

Nitrogen in Nitrites.............. . .. . .. . .... . ..... none

Nitrogen in Nitrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trace

Chlorine .. . . .. .. ............... .. .......... . . ... 1.780

Volatile and Organic Matter .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17.000

Mineral Matter ...... . .. . .. . .. . .... ..... . . .. ..... .+7.000

Total Solids ......... ... .. ... .. . . .. .... . .. .. ... 64.000

An analysis of the water from the 8-inch well made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, December 31, 1904, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, follows:-

Sa.nitary Allalysis

Parts per i\Iillion

Nitrogen in Free Ammonia.. . .. . .. ...... .......... . 0.04

Nitrogen in Albuminoid Ammonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06

Nitrogen in Nitrites. . ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . none Nitrogen in ~itrates ...... .. . .. .. . .. . . . ..... . .. . . .. trace

Chlorine ..... . ................................... 1.78 Volatile and Organic Matter....... .. ............... 7.00

Mineral i\Iatter .......... .. ... .. .... .. . ... . ...... . 54.00

Total Solids .................................... 6r .00

A fourth deep well is now being put down on the Government reservation at Fort i\IcPherson. It is located some distance from th.. other wells; but it will penetrate practically the same rocks.

COBB COUNTY
All the deep wells, so far reported in Cobb county, are located in or near the town of Austell, on the Southern Railway, about 18 miles northwest of Atlanta. One of the first of these wells put down was the so-called "Sulpho-l\1agnesia Artesian" well, located near Sweetwater Creek, three-quarters of a mile northwest of Austell. This well, together with the "Artes\an Lithia" well, located a few hundred yards further up the creek, was put down with the hope of discovering a seam of anthracite coal, which was supposed to exist in that vicinity.

204 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

THE AUSTELL DEEP VfELLS.-The " Sulpha-Magnesia Artesian" well is reported to be 750 feet deep. It is two inches in diameter, and penetrates gneissoid rocks for its entire depth. The water rises to within a few inches of the surface, and is used to a corisiderable extent in manufacturing ginger ale. It is also sold in A tlanta and

el sewhere as a mineral water. T he chemical composition of the water is shown by the following analysis made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia: -

Parts per

COl1stitllellts Determined

Million

Silica ..... . .... . ........... . ..... . Sulphur Trioxide . . .. . .. . .. . ....... Carbon Dioxide ........... . .. . . . .. . Phosphorus Pentoxide ... .... . . .... . . A rsenic .. . .. . .. . ... . . ..... . ...... . Chlorine .................. . . .. ... . . Brotlline ... ... . . ... . ... ... . ..... . .

18 .00 3. 00
120. 50
35
trace
7 70 trace

Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. . . .. . .. .... Al ulllina ............. .. . . . ..... . . . ~1anganese . .. . ... . .......... . ... . . Lill1e ....... ... .. .... . . ...... .... . Magnesia ........ . .... .. .. .. '., . . . . Potash ...... . . ... .... . . ... . . ..... Soda ............................ . Lithia .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..... .

.87
1. 25
trace
35. 00
6 .00
5. 10
15. 00
2.50

Grains per U. S. Gallon
1.050 .175
7. 027
.020
trace
449
trace
.Ojl
.073 t ra ce 2 .041
.35 0 .297
.875 .146

Probable Combi11atio1ls
Lithium Chloride .................. . Potassium Chloride ... .. ......... . . . Potassium Bromide ... . ... .... .... . . Potassium Sulphate .......... . . .. .. . Sodium Sulphate ............... . . . Sodium P hosphate .... .. . .. . . . .. . . . . Sodium Arsen ite .. . .. .............. . Sodium Carbonate . .... . .......... NIagnesium Carbonate . . .. . .. . ... . .. . Calcium Carbonate ......... . ... . . .. . A lum inum Sulphate ......... ...... . Iron Carbonate ....... . .... , . . . . .. . .

7. 20 374
trace
5. 0 7 T. 19
.66
trace
2475 12 .60 62 .50
545 2.61

420 .218
trace
.296 . 069 .039
trace
1443
735 2.645
.3 18 . 153

T otal Solids ...... .. . .. ... .. . . .. . . 13 1 . 35

7. 660

Free Carbon Dioxide . .... .. .. .. .. . . . 8273

4. 825

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 205

After this well is pumped continuously for some time, the water

has a distinct odor of hydrogen SUlp/lide. The supply, secured by

using a hand pump, is said to be 1,000 gallons per honr. The water

is reported to come from several fissures in the rock at various

depths.

,

The "Artesian-Lithia" well differs from the "Sulpho-Magnesia

L ithia" well, mainly in the che'mical composition of its water. Both

wells have the same diameter, and apparently penetrate the same

rocks. It is claimed by some, that this well attains a depth of more

than 900 feet; while others state, that it is not so deep as the "Sul-

pho-:Magnesia" well.

The mineral constituents of the water from the "Artesian Lithia"

well, as determined by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geo-

logical Survey of Georgia, are as follows:-

Parts per

COllstituCllts Dcterlllilled

Mil1ion

Silica ..... . .. . .. . .......... .. .... . 24.30

Sulphur Trioxide .................. . 148.40

Carbon Dioxide .......... .. .... .. . . 163.30

Phosphorus Pentoxide ........ ... ... .

.40

}\rsenic .......... . ............... . trace

Chlorine ......................... . 1,032 . 00

Br0111ine . ..................... . .. . '400

Iron Sesqui-oxide .... . ... . ... .. ... .

.3 0

Alumina ........... . ... .. ........ .

.90

Lime ..... . ........ . ............. 169. IO

Magnesia ... .. .. . . . .. .. . ..... '" .. . 2140

Potash . . ..... . . . ........ .. . .. .... 6.40

Socia ................. . .... . ...... . 876 .80

Lithia ................ . .. . ....... . 17. 00

Probable C01llbi1Latio,!s

Lithium Chloride .......... . . . ... ... . 4700

Potassium Bromide ..... . .. . . . ..... . 16.20

Sodium Chloride . .. . ........ .. .... . 1,634.30

Sodium Bromide ....... . ... . . ..... . 400

Soclium Sulphate ...... ..... . . . .... . 21.10

Sodium Phosphate .. . .. . . ... . ...... .

.80

Magnesium Sulphate ... . . . ...... . . . . 64. 20

Grains per
U. S. Gal10n
1.417 8.654 9.5 2 3
.023 trace 60. 184 .816
. 01 7
.052 9. 862
r.2jh.
373 5I. 133
.99 '
2.79445' 95.30 9
. 233 '.2t>347' 3744

206 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Parts per

Million

'Calcium Sulphate .... . ............ . 153. 20

Calcium Carbonate ....... . ... . . .. . . 189.30

Aluminum Sulphaie .. . . .. .. . ....... . 3.90

I ron Carbonate .................... .

.90

Total Solids ........... . .... . .... 2, I 59 . 20

Free Carbon Dioxide . .. . .. .. . ....... . 80.00

Grains per
U. S . Gallon 8934 11.040 . 228
.052
I25 920

The water from this well has a somewhat extensive sale as a min-eral water. The supply, which is several gallons per minute, is said to be but little affected by the seasons.
I n addition to the two wells here described, there are four other .deep wells within the corporate limits of Austell. Two of these are within a few hundred feet of the railroad station; they are used chiefly for domestic purposes. One of them has a depth of ISO feet, and the other, 133 feet. In the deeper well which is six inches in -diameter, the water rises to within IS feet of the surface, or ten feet higher than in the shallower well. Each well is said to furnish several gallons of water per minute. The water is derived from .small seams or fissures in the gneissoid rock, at variolls depths from the surface. The water appears to be comparatively free from minerals. It is soft and well suited to domestic purposes. One of the other wells above referred to, is located at the Lithia Springs hotel. This well, which was completed in 1901, is located in the back-yard of the hotel. It is five and a half inches in diameter and ISO feet deep, and it is said to furnish ten gallons of water per minute. The \vater is soft, and is considered quite wholesome. It is said to enter the well from fissures in the gneissoid rock. The fourth well, above referred to, is the Brunk well near Spring Street, about half-a-mile south of the station. This well, which was completed in May, 1903, is six inches in diameter and 110 feet deep. The water-supply is re'ported to come from fissures in the gneissoid granite, struck at 35 and 100 feet from the surface, the main supply being from the deeper fissures. The well is said to furnish about ten gallons of water per minute. The water is soft; and it is llsed for drinking .and for general domestic purposes.
The estimated amount of water given above, as furnished by the several wells, appears, in most cases, to have been made on insuffi-

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 207

cient tests. In most instances the \:vells are not in continuous use; and, as a result, it is not known what the actual capacity of the wells would be, if subjected to continuous tests for a long period.
Departing somewhat from the order of discussing the underground waters of the Crystalline area of the State, as previously outlined, there is here introduced the description of two shallow wells, that have recently been completed in the vicinity of Austell. These wells are here described, because they are drilled wells, and differ from the other wells of the district only in depth and in the higher mineralized conditions of their waters.
The Medlock well, the first of these wells put down, is located
a near the left bank of Sweetwater Creek, five-eighths of mile
northwest of the Austell station, and only a few hundred yards southwest of the "Sulpho-Magnesia Artesian" well. The Medlock well, which was completed in May, 1903, is six inches in diameter and 65 feet deep. The water, which is highly impregnated with sodium chloride (common salt), is obtained from a fissure neai' the bottom of the well. The supply is said to be several gallons per minute. The water rises to within five feet of the surface. The formations, penetrated in the well, consisted first of an alluvial deposit, five feet thick, followed by compact gneissoid-granite. The character 'of the water from this well is shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chem ist of the Geological Survey of Georgia:-

Parts per

Constituents Determined

M illion

Silica .. . .. . . ........ . ..... ...... .. 26.20

Sulphur Trioxide . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .... 641 . 60

Carbon Dioxide ........... . .. .. . . . 93 .38 Phosphorus Pentoxide .............. o. I I

Chlorine ........ . .... .... . .. . .. ... 4,769 . 26 I ron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina. . . . . . . . 18.40

Manganese ...... .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . trace

Lime .. .. .... ................. .. .. 667 oS Magnesia . . . . .. . .. ...... ...... .. .. 89. 20

Potash .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . 77.47 Soda ... .. . . .... . ........ . ... 3,759 . 19 L ithia . .... .. .... . . .. .. ... . . ... . . . 14.45

Grains per
U. S. Gallon
1 . 528
374J 7 5.446 .006
278 . I44 1.073 trace
38 .901 5. 202 4 . 518 219.228
. 843

208 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Probable COII/binations

Parts per Million

Lithium Chloride ... .. . .. . .. . . ...... 41.86 Potassium Chloride ...'.. . ... ... . .. " 122.80 Sodium Chloride ...... . .... . .. .. . . . 7,093 .80 Sodium P hosphate ..... . .... ... ... . 0 .20 Magnesium Carbonate ......... . . .... 267.60 Calcium Sulphate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787.40 Calcium Carbonate .......... . . . : . . . . 40.70 Calcium Chloride .. . . .. .. . ... . . . .. . . 634 .40 Manganese Carbonate . . . .......... trace

Total Solids ... .... .. . ... . . ... .. 9,058.00

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... 93.38

Grains per U. S. Gallon
2.'441 7. r61
41 3. 696
.012
15. 607
4 5 . 9 20 2 782
36 .997 trace
528 . 244
j.+46

The Medlock well is located within a few rods of the old :VIedlock

Spring, which is no longer used, but which formerly had consid-

erable local reputation as a mineral spring.
The Lauch well, the second of the shallow wells, is the J.

H. L ouch well. This well was completed October, 1903-' It is lo-

cated about a hundred yards from the Medlock well. The Louch

well is six inches in diameter and 80 feet deep; and it furnishes

about 1,500 gallons of water in 24 hours. The water rises to within five feet of the surface. The rocks penetrated by this well are prac-

tically the same as in the Medlock well. The Louch well, at present,

puts on the market daily about I jO gallons of water, which is used chiefly for medicinal purposes.

An analysis of the water from thi s well, made by Dr. Edgar

E\'erhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as fol-

lows: -

Constitllents Determined

Parts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon

S ilica .. .. .. . . ..... . ........... . .. . 11.60

Sulphur Trioxide ............ .. .... 485. IS

Carbon Dioxide . .... .. ...... . .. .. .. 95.79

Phosphorus Pentoxide ... ... . ....... trace

Chlorine ....... . ... . .. . .. .. . . . .... 3,134.16

Bromine . . ................. . .. . ... 2 .82

Iron Sesqui-oxide ....... . .. . ......

.64

Alumina. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . ...

.40

.677 28.293
j 5 81 trace
182777
.121
.037 . 023

:c o z
c',.";

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 209

Parts per
Million
Manganese .. . .. .. ................ . trace Barium Oxide . . ................. . . 0.25 Lime ........ ...... .. . ... .. .. . 276 . 21 Magnesia .. . .. . .. . . ... . .. . .. . ..... 44.43 Potash .......... . .... .. .... .. .... 76.94 Soda .. ... ...... . ............... 2,687. 58 Lithia ............. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . 8.76

Probable Comb';natiolls

Lithium Chloride . . ........... . ... . 24 .67 Potassium Chloride .. . .. .. .. . ...... II9. 50

Potassium Bromide ............ . .... 4.20 Sodium Chloride .. . .. . . ... . ........ 5,070.90 Sodium Phosphate .. .... . .. . . ... . .. . trace Magnesium Sulphate ..... .. .. ...... I33. 30 Calcium Sulphate . . .. .. .. . .. .. ... 670.80

Barium Sulphate ........ .. ........ Aluminum Sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron Carbonate .. . .. . ... . .........

.38 I .36 I. 22

Total Solids .................... 6,096. 00

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 70 . 10

Grains per U. S. Gallon
trace
. 01 5 J6. I07 2.59 1 4.487 156 .734
.5 11
1.430 6.969
.245
295.72 5 trace
7774 39. 120
.022
. 079 .07 1
355.507
4088

The waters from the last two described wells, and also the water , .. from the "Artesian Lithia" well, are rather remarkable waters, on account of the high percentage of sodium chloride. This is especially true, when it is taken into consideration, that the water, in each case, is obtained from gneissoid-granite rocks, and that all the rocks for
miles around are all highly crystalline.

DOUGLAS COUNTY
THE SWEETWATER PARK HOTEL \~IELL. - Two deep wells are reported to have been sunk in Douglas county, one at Douglasville, and the other at Sweetwater Park hotel. The latter was put down in May, 1898, in order to obtain water for the hotel. Th is well is six inches in diameter and 539 feet deep. It cost about $3,500. It furnished, when first completed about five gallons of water per minute. The water, which ri ses to within 20 feet of the surface, is said

210 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA
to be soft, and well suited for general domestic purposes. The well penetrated gneissoid granite its entire depth. The water enters the well by several fissures, struck at various depths. The water-supply of the well being insufficient to supply the hotel. the well has been abandoned.
The Douglasville well, which is owned by Mr. J. B. Duncan, is
said to have attained a depth of 125 feet without securing water. This well, judging from the geology of the surrounding country, penetrated granite or gneiss its entire depth.

TROUP COUNTY

'NEST POINT DEEP \VELLs.-Probably the most satisfactory deep wells, so far constructed in the Crystall ine area of Georgia, is the group of wells belonging to the Lanette Cotton Mills at 'West Point. These wells, wh ich are located on the second bottom of the Chattahoochee R iver, are seven in number. Each well has a diameter of eight inches; but they are quite variable in their depth, as well as in the water-supply, as may be seen by the following table : -

No.

Depth

Gallons

Per Minute

I

ISO feet

50

2

90 3 "

IS

3

506 "

98

4

604 "

75

5

550 "

45

6

225 "

25

7

250 "

20 ( ?)

These wells are all located within 250 yards of the river, and within an area, whose radius does not exceed 200 feet. The pumping of one well, with only two exceptions, is said not to affect the static head of the water in the other wells. This appears to be due to the water-bearing seams in each well being largely independent, and having no immediate connection with the water-bearing seams of the other wells. The water from all of the wells, however, seems to have about the same mineral constituents. Mr. Lanier, President of

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 2II
the Lanette Cotton Mills, in speaking of the character of the water from these wells, says: - "The water is quite pure, and well suited both for bleaching and dyeing purposes, for which it is chiefly used."
All the ~rest Point wells penetrate practically the same formations. These formations consist of allu vial deposits and decomposed rocks to a depth, varying from 60 to roo feet, foll owed by crystalline rocks, chiefly gneisses, to the bottom o f the wells. The water, which -in most cases ri ses to within a few feet of the surface, enters the we ll by fi ssures or cracks in the gneisses at various depths. One well, when first completed, is said to have furnished a small /low. The surface of the alluvial soil, at the point where the wells are located, is only a few feet above the high-water mark of the Chattahoochee River.
McDUFFIE COUNTY
THE THOMSON DEEP \NELL. - The only deep well reported in YlcDuffie county is located at Thomson, the county seat. The Thomson deep well, which was put down by the town authorities in 1902~ at a cost of about $2,500.00, va ries fr0111 six to eight inches in dia meter, and attains a depth of 506 feet. The water rises to with in ten feet of the surface; but du ring wet weather it is said to furnish a slight flow.
The formation penetrated by the well is reported as follows : -
I Bluish clay . . . .. . .. . .. ........ .. ............... 23 feet 2 Yellowish clay . ....... ......... .. .... . . ........ 50 " 3 Decomposed granite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 " 4 Granite with occasional fissures .... . ............... 423 "
The first 75 feet of this well penetrates clays, which are probably Cretaceous, or of a more recent age. The g ranite below, from which the water comes has a gneissbid structure. It is rather coarsegrained; but, otherwise, it differs but little from the gran ites of the Crystalline area. Three water-bearing fi ssures are reported in the well at 125, 327 and 450 feet, respectively, the main water-supply being derived from the two lower fissures. The well supplies daily about 12,000 gallons, which is used mainly for drinking purposes.

212 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

A n analysis of the water from the Thomson well, made by Mr. J.
M. McCandless, State Chemist, is as follows: -

Parts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon

Sodium Chloride ................... . Sodium Sulphate .......... . ... ..... . Sodium Carbonate .. ........... . ... . Potassium Carbonate ............ . .. . Calcium Carbonate ........... . .... . . Magnesium Carbonate ............. . . Oxides of Iron and Alumina .... . ..... . Silica ...... .. . . .. .. . . .... . . . .... .

5 45 7.3 1 30 .77 6.68
4794 7. 26 1.60 31 . 60

.3 1 77 .4263 17944
.3896
27957
.42 34
.0933 1.8428

Total ............. . .. . ... . ..... . 138 . 61

8. 0832

SOllitm'y Allalysis

Free Ammonia .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A lbuminoid Ammonia .. . .. . ... . . . .. .. ...... . .. . ... Nitrogen as Nitrates ...... .. . . . .... ... ,... . . . . . ... Nitrogen as Nitrites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

.012
.036 none none

In addition to the deep wells of the Crystalli ne area, here described, the deep wells of Macon and A ugusta, as has been before noted under the description of the deep wells of the Coastal Plain, may also be considered as belonging to the Crystalline area, as they all penetrate in their lower depths the Crystalline rocks. Nevertheless, as the water-supply from these deep wells is probably, in a great measure, derived from the superficial beds of the Coastal Plain sands and clays, it is thought best to describe them as belonging to that physiographic division. It is likely, that there are several other deep wells in the Crystalline area besides the ones above described . However, no definite information has been obtained, in regard to such wells.

SHALLOW WELLS

As elsewhere stated in this report, the shallow wells of the Crystalline area are the main source of domestic water-supply, not only for t he rural districts, but also for the majority of the small towns. The water, supplying these wells, is from two sources, namely, the residual clays, and the alluvial deposits in the valleys of the larger streams.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 213
"VELLS IN ALLUVIAL CLAYS. - The number of wells receiving their water-supply from all uvial clays is notgreat; but, at the same time, this class of wells requi res special attent ion, on account of the liability of the water becoming contam inated by surface sewage. In general, the cond itions commonly met with in these wells, may be summed up as follows: - Many of the rivers and larger streams of the Crystalline area traverse valleys of erosion, which vary from a few hundred feet to half-a-mile or more in width. T hese valleys, parts of which r10w frequently lie several feet above the present flood-plain of the rivers, are usually covered to a depth of many feet by alluvial deposits, left by the streams when they flowed at a higher level. The deposits are usually in two layers. The lower layer, which lies directly upon the eroded upturned edges of the underlyi ng Crystallines, consist chieRy of coarse, water-worn g ra vel and rounded boulders. This layer var ies in thickness from a few inches to several feet, depend ing somewhat upon the irregular eroded surface of the underlying rocks. The upper layer, which is generally Illuch thicker than the lower layer, is made up of silt, or sandy clays. The two layers are conformable, and correspond in dip with the slope of the eroded surface of the underlying rocks, thus giving to the entire surficial deposit a gradual slope to the center of the valley.
It often happens, that the upper of the two alluvial beds has been removed by erosion along the margin of the valleys, thereby exposing the underlying gra"e! beds. The exposed edges of these gravel beds present a most favorable condition for taking up the surface waters as they escape to the valleys from the adjacent .hillslopes, a fter a passing shower. Owing to the porous and open condition of these beds, they form vel)' imperfect filters; and, as a consequence, wells obtaining their water-supply from such beds are quite likely to become contaminated with .surface impurities. Many of the smaller towns of the Crystalline area of North Georgia, located in the river valleys, depend almost entirely upon wells penetrating the above described all uvial deposits for water. In laying out these towns, it has been the usual plan to locate the business houses and the residences near the center of the valley; and the barns, stables, etc., along the margin of the valley, near the line of outcropping of the gravel beds which supply the wells with water.

214 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALIJNE AREA

Two towns, located along the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, were selected for special study. They obtain their water-supply chieAy from shallow wells, with geologic conditions sim ilar to those named above. Both of these towns, namely, Ellijay and Canton, are located in river valleys; and they depend mainly on shallow wells, sunk into alluvial deposits for domestic water-supply. Ellijay, the county-seat of Gilmer county, is located at the conAuence of the Cartecay and Ellijay rivers. It is a typical mountain town, of about 600 inhabitants .: and, for many years. it has been much frequented in summer by people from the southern part of the State.
The town has experienced, once or twice, very serious epidemics of typhoid fever. The writer was informed by one of the leading physicians of the tOWIl, that, during the rage of this disease, some
10 or IS years ago, not a family in the town escaped. ,ith probably a half-dozen exceptions, the entire population depends upon
shallow wel ls for drinking water. These wells vary from 25 to 35 feet in depth ; and they usually penetrate, near the bottom. a layer of water-worn gravel or of coarse sand, ro111 which the main supply of water is generally obtained . Overlyi ng the water-worn gravel or sand, occurs a bed of river silt. This bed, when not partially re-
moved by erosion, often attains a thickness of IS feet or more. The wells all furnish a good supply of water, but they are more or less affected by long droughts. During the month of September, 1903, the writer secured samples of water fro111 several of these weils, and submitted them to Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, fo r analyses, with the following results: -

San';lmy A1/Qlyses
I
Free Ammonia . .... . 0 . 04 Albuminoid Ammonia 0.06 Chlorine .. .. . ..... 7. 00 Ni trites . . ........ . 0.02
Nitrates ...... . .. .. 0 . 50
Oxygen Required to Oxidize Organic Matter ..... " . .. 2 . 00

Parts per IVIilliol1

2

3

4

0.044 0 . 340 23. 100

0.04 0.08
7 . 50 0 .01

0.02
0.04 6.00 trace

0.60 0.50

4.500

2.50 1 . 5 0

5
0.08.'3 0.290 15.400
7. 000

UNDeRGROUND WATeRS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 21 5

Hard ness ..... .... 20.00 Organic and Volatile
Matter ...... .... 25 . 00 Mineral l\lIatter . . ... 74.00
Total Soli ds .. . . .. 99.00

Parts per Million 38 .000 22.00 19. 00
34 000 2700 24. 00 87. 000 78 . 00 73. 00 13 1 . 000 IO~ .00 97. 00

47.500
40 .000 74. 000 Jl4 000

1 T he Cox well; 2 The P ubl ic weli; 3 The Kelley well; 4 The

Watkins well ; 5 The Hyatt Hotel well.

Ey an examination of these analyses, it-will be noted, that there

are evidences of contamination in the water from each well. This

is especially true of weJ1s Nos. 2 and 5.'

The shallow wells, which supply the tow n of Canton, penetr"!"

~lIuvial deposits, similar to those penetrated by the E llijay welle.

This town has also had an epidemic of typhoid fever. In the fall oi

I903, at the time the writer visited the town to examine the wells,

he was informed by the mayor, that there were the n 17 cases of

typhoid fever within the corporate limits. The following analyses

of the water from three of the wells of Canton, located in different

portions of the town, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the

Geological Su.rvey of Georgia, show evidence of surface contami-

nation: -
Sal/ita.,.y A1lalyses

Parts per Million

1

2

3

Free Ammonia .... . .... . .......... . 0.01 Albuminoid Ammonia ....... ,' ...... . 0.05 Chlorine .......... . ...... . ....... . . 6 .30 Oxygen Required to Oxidize Organic
Matter ................. ___ . . . . .. 1.00 Hardness ....... . .............. . ... 19.00 Organic. and Volatile Matter . . . . ... . .. 19.00 Mineral Matter ..................... 40.00
Tdtal .. . .. .... . . .. . . .. . .. . ...... S9. 00

0.16
0 . 10
7. 00
1.00
'9. 00 19. 00 42 .00 61.00

0.02
0.24
2870
7.50 34. 00 28.00 90. 00 Jl8.00

These sanitary analyses, together with the occasiol1al development of epidemics of typhoid fever in towns obtaining their watersupply from shallow wells penetrating alluvial deposits, would seem
, to indicate, that wells o f this class are often objecti onable, and can

I Since the abo\'e was written th e hotels of the tOWII h ave pllt ill private water-\vorks and ~hey arc IIOW su pplied from a spring located a ll the mountain-side some distance beyollc' the
corporate limits_

216 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF TlfI1 CRYSTALUNE AREA
not always be considered as healthful sources of drinking water for to\\-115. Especially is this true of towns ullsuppiieci with sewerage s y s tem s.
IVELl,S IN RF.SroUAL CLAYS. - The other class of \\'ells, above referred to, namely, shallow \Vells~ which obtain their water-supply frol11 the residual clays, afC the main source of domestic water-sup'ply throughout the Crystalline area. These wells vary in depth Irom 20 to 80 feet, the average depth being probably about 35 leet. Occasionally, wells o f this class are met with, attaining a depth of go to TOO feet; but sllch we1Js arc rarc, an d are usually located on ridges or hills, which ri se many feet above the general stream-level. In digging this class of well s, \\'-hich arc generally from three to fOllr feet in diameter, there is usually encountered for the first 10 or 20 feet, a reddish or grayish sandy. micaceous clay. often containing numerous fragments of quartz which have resulted frol11 the breaking down of the quartz yeins. Beneath this heterogeneous material, which is the advanced stage of decay of the underl ying crystalline rocks. is a medial stage of decay. This material, which is partially decomposed earthy rock, still retaining its original structure. is the main source of the water-supply of the shallow wells of the Crystalline area. In some instances, the water is obtain ed from the more -compact and unweathered rocks below; but the percentage of wells, receiving their water-supply from this source, is comparati\'ely small.
The amount of water, furnished by the wells. is \'ariable. depending somewhat on their depth, the dryness or wetness of the seasons. and the character of the water-bearing beel, Shallow wells. during continued droughts, often become d r y. while deep wells continue to furni sh water. though o ften in reduced quantity, In general. it might be said . however. that the shallow wells of the Cr~'s tallille 'area usually furni sh ample water throughout the year. to supply the needs, for all domestic purposes, in the slllall to\\'ns. ancl for farm uses, In some localit ies, where the conditions appear to be unusually favorable. the wells furnish sufficient water for operating .gins and small factories, Such wells, howe\'er. may be said to be the exception. rather than the rule.
The water from the wells is usually soft, and carries less than 'six grains of mineral matter per gallon. During the dry season,

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UNDERGROU N D WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 21 7
when the water in the wells is low. it frequently becomes turbid, and filled with floating scales of mica. This is especially true of the shallower wells, which are not properly curbed. The sanitary condition of the water from some of these wells has been inycstigated; and, in some instances, the water has been fonnd to show evidence of contamination. The cause of this contaminatio n, in most cases, was undoubtedly eke to the improper care of the well s. Ko precaution was taken to prevent water spilt about the surface from running back into the well, carrying with it more or less organ it matter, collected from the well covering and nca r-by soil. The wooden curbing, noted in one casc, was allowed to decay. and furnished food and lodgment for slugs and wooel ants. whose bodies, from time to time, fell into the water to undergo putrefaction. 'These sources of contamination are purely accidental, and they ,,-auld not occur in wells properly cared fo r.
There seem to exist in the Crystalline area no geological conditions whatever, that would appear to be favorable to the surface contamination of shallo w wells. On the contrary, the conditions seem to be very favorable for complete filtrati on. In order that the water may reach these wells, it has to pass, as a general rule, through se,-eral feet of sandy clay, which forms a very effecti"e filter. There are, no doubt, many of these wells, which furni sh unwholesome water: but. in the majority of cases, this is due solely to improper attention, and not to natural conditions which can not be remedied.
SPRINGS
The springs of the Crystalline area are here considered under two separate headings; namely, COmmOI1 springs and mineral springs. Common springs, as here llsed, include those springs, whose wate rs -contain a normal amount o f the usual mineral constituents : while mineral springs include those, whose waters generally contain an abnormal amount of mineral constituents, and are used for the internal and external treatment of diseases. Springs of the former 6 -class are everywhere abundant throughout the Crystalline area, and furnish, in the aggregate, an enormous amount of water, suitable for domestic and manufacturing purposes. The latter springs, on the other hand, are only occasionally met with. Nevertheless, they

218 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA
are of considerable economic importance, on acco unt of their reputeu medicinal properties.
The classification of springs, as here made, is probably of little scientific value, owing to the great difficulty of defining the normal and abnormal mineral constituents. However, this difficulty is largely overcome, if the uses of the water are taken into consideration. All springs, whose waters are well known for their healing properties, though they may contain only a normal amount of mineral cOllstiruents, will be considered under the head of lIIilleral springs} and all others, under the head of co mmon springs.

COMMON SPRI NGS

Some idea may be. had o f the large number o f common springs of the Crystalline area, when it is stated, that nearly every landlo t, o f r60 acres, throughout the area has one or more of these
springs. It is true, that the majority of the springs are small) and furni sh only a few hundred gallons of water daily; yet they are usually of sufficient size, to suppl y an abundance of water for farm s
and for general domestic purposes. :rvlany of these springs are but little affected by droughts. Thi s is especially tnte of the springs located in the va lleys and a long the streams) with their outlet many feet below the general level of the surrounding country. The char-
acter of the water fro111 the springs) coming) as it does, from the fi s-
sures and seams in the granites, gneisses, schi sts and quartzites, is almost im'ariably soft. Some idea may be formed of the amount and the nature of the mineral constituents of these waters, by a n
examinatio n of the two following analysesl made by Dr. Edgar Ev-
erhart, Chemi st o f the Geo logical Survey of Georgia;-

Parts per

r30llstitl/.eJlts Deterlllillcd

Milli on

Silica .. ... .... . ......... . ..... . . . . Sulphur Tri ox ide ..... . .. . ......... Carbon Dioxide ........ . . .. .. . .... . Phosphorus Pentoxide . . ..... . ...... . Chlorine . . . .. .......... .. .. . .... .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide . . . .. ... . . . ...... . .

25.50 5. 60 58 .80
O. I I
5. 10
0.70

Grains per U . .S. Gallon
1 ...87 .32 7
3.429 .06.. . 29 7
.040

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 219

Parts per

Million

AluIllina ....... . ....... . .... . . ... . 0 .80

Linle .. . .... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . 1vIagnesia .. ..... ... ... .. ..... . .. .. .

4.90 3. 00

P otash .... . .... .. . . ..... . .. .. . o

4. 00

Soda .................... 0 00

9.50

Probable Combillatiolls

P otassium Ch loride .... . ........... . Sodium Chloride .. . . .. . ... 0 Sodium Sulphate .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Sodium Phosphate ........ 0 Sodium Carbonate .. ..... 00 0 lVlagnesium Carbonate .. ... . .... .. .. . Calcium Carbonate .. . .. ........ . ...

6.30 3 .50
994
0.20
354 6 .60 875

Total Solid s . . . . . . . . . 0 0

63. 83

Free Carbon Dioxide ... .. .. . .. . . . . . . 49.90

Grain s per U. S. Gallon
.047 .286 . 175 . 233 554
. 367 . 204 .580
.012
.206 .385 .5 10

Parts per

COllstituents DeterJllilled

:-lillion

Silica .... . .......... .. ....... 0 Sulphur Trioxide .. .. . ........ 0

'545
11 .00

Carbon Dioxide .. ....... .... . . . . .. . 80 .40

Phosphorus Pentoxide .. .. . . ... 0 "

trace

Chlorine ....... . . .. .. . . o

5. 60

I ron SesCiui-oxide ........... . .. . ... . 2 .60

Alumina .. .. . .. . .. . ......... ... .. .

.30

Linle , ....... , ....... . . .. ... . . . .. . 700

:Magnesia .......... : ... . .. . .. . . . . . . 1. 55

P otash .. . .. . ................ 0

2.04

Soda ....... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . 6.89

Probable COInbinatiolls

Potassium Chloride ..... . ..... . .... 0 Sodium Ch loride .. . .. . . .... . . ... .. . Sodium Sulphate ...... 0 Magnesium Sulph ate .......... . .... o Calcium Sulphate ... . ...... . . ..... . . Calcium Carbonate .... . . ..... . ... .. . Aluminum Sulph ate . . . . 0 Iron Carbonate ....... . ... . .. .. . . . . .

3. 24 6.70 7. 65
4. 65 6.10 8.02
1.00
3. 80

T otal Solids .... . .. .. ... .. ...... . 56 .61

Free Carbon Dioxide ......... 0 0 7444

Grai ns per U . S. Gallon
. 901 .6-l1 4. 689
trace .327
. lSI
. oT7 . 408
. 090
. IT 9 402
. 189 .39 1
.446
.2jI
356 .468 .058
. 222
3.302
4 399

220 UNDERGROUND "VATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA
The first analysis above given is from water obtained from what is known as the Cascade Spring, located on the Battle Hill road, six miles southwest of Atlanta. The water has a considerable local sale in Atlanta as a pure drinking water. The second analysis is frol11
a sample of water obtained from Mr. J. H. Dockins' spring, located
near Tampa, six miles northwest of Atlanta. The spring furnishes about 10 gallons per minute. The water from this spring has also a considerable sale in Atlanta as a drinking water; and it is at present sold under the name of "Crystal Spring Chalybeate-Lithia \i\Tater."
The total amount of mineral materials found in the waters of these two springs is probably somewhat lower, than the average for the small springs of the Crystalline area, Nevertheless the kinds and the relative proportions of the mineral constituents, as here shown, are probably quite constant for all such springs throughout the area.
In addition to the lesser springs, above referred to, there are, as is elsewhere noted in this report, a limited number of large springs to be found in the Crystalline area. These springs are generally met with, in the vicinity of quartzites, or rocks having an undoubted clastic origin. They are often located at the base of rathe,' prominent ridges or hills, whose summits evidently form the catchment area for these waters. Some of the most noted of these spri ngs occur along the base of Pine Mountain, in the southeastern portion of the Crystalline area. Two of these springs, on account of their large size, are here described in detail.
COLD SPRING, the most noted of the two springs, here referred to, and the largest spring to be found in the Crystalline area. is located near Bullochville, at the base of Pine Mountain, a quartzite ridge in the southern part of Meriwether county. The spring. which at present furnishes water for the United States Fish H atchery, located at that point, has a daily capacity of 2,916,000 gallons. The water escapes to the surface in a number of "boils," which continuously agitate the white sand, that covers the bottom of the large artificial basin, which is surrounded by a substantial wall of masonry. Escaping with the water from the various "boils," there is to be seen from time to time bubbles of gas rising to the surface.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 221

According to Prof. A. Means,' formerly of Emory College, Oxford, Ga., this gas is carbon dioxide; and, from a surface of five square feet, it amounts to 4,341 cubic inches per hour.'
An analysis of this water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, shows it to contain mineral .constituents, as follows:-

Constitu e1lts Determined

Parts per Mi llion

Silica ........... . .. . .. . .. . . , ... . . . Sulphur Trioxide ........ . . . , . .. . ". Carbon Dioxide . . ... . .. . .. . . " .... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ....... , . .... , . Chlorine . . .. ... . ....... .. .. .. " .. . . Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. . .. .... . ..... .
Alu111ina .. ................. . .....
L ime .... . ... . .. . ..... . ... , ... .. , . Magnesia .. .. ..... , .... , ..... , .... . Potash .. . .. . . . . . . .... . , . ... . .. ... . Soda .. . . .................. . . .. .. . .

ro. ro
trace
57. 60
n Olle
4.76 1.40
. roo 1.00 1. 30 1.64
954

Probable Combillatiolls

Potassium Chloride .. ....... .. . , .. . . . Sodium Chloride ........ , .... .. .... " Sodium Sulphate ......... . .. . , , . . . , , Sodium Carbonate ............ , .... , n1agnesi um Carbonate ... . .. . ....... . Calcium Carbonate ... .. . .. . . .. ..... . Iron Carbonate ......... , : ... . . .. .. .
Total Solids ......... , . .. .. , . .. . .
Free Carbon Dioxide ............. . . .

259 580
t race
11.06
273 1.80 2.03
36 . 21 50 .00

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.589 trace
3359
none
.278 .082 .006 . 058 .076
.oq6
.556
. 15 1 .338
trace
.645 .159
. lOS
.Il8
2.111
2 . 9 16

Blue Spring; the other large spring, above referred to, is also located at the base of Pine Mountain, in Harris county, about six miles southwest of Hamilton, the county seat. The water rjses to the surface from a large circular, funnel-shaped cavity, varying from two to eight feet in diameter, and having a depth of many feet. The form of this spring is not unlike those frequently met w ith in limestone regions, and usually designated as "well springs,"

1 White's Statistics of Ceo rgia, p. 425, 18.(9_ '2 A recent eXllminntioli o f lhe gas from the Cold Spring by Dr. Everhart shows that it is only air.

222 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

on account of the shape of the cavity, through which the water ascends to the surface. The capacity of the spring is about 1,000,000 gallons per da),. The water is always clear, and is said to be but little affected by the seasons. There is a plan on foot, at present, to pipe the water of this spring to Columbus, 17 miles distant, to suppl), the cit)' with water. An analysis of the water, made b)' Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: -

Parts per

Coilstituell Is Determilled

Million

Silica ...................... . ... . . . Sulphur Trioxide .................. Carbon Dioxide ... .. .. . .. . .. .. ... . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ......... .. ... . 'Chlorine ... . .......... . ..... . ..... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and' Alumina .... ... . Lime ............................ . Magnesia . ... . .. . ........... . ... . . . Potash . .. .. . .... .. . ..... . . . .. ... . . Soda ........................... ..

14. 80 4. 09 72 . 60
trace
4. 80 462 8.63 1.06
2 78
9 .03

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.861 . 238 4 . 2 34
trace
.280 . 269
.50 3
.062
. r63
. 52 7

Probable Combillatiolls
Potassi um Chloride ................ . Sodium Chloride ...... .. ....... . .. . Sodium Sulphate .. . . ... . .. . .... . Sodium Phosphate ................. . Sodium Carbonate . .. .. . . . . ........ . Magnesium Carbonate ........... ... . Calcium Carbonate ....... . .. . ... . .. .
Total Solids .. . . ...... ..... . .. .. .
Free Carbon Dioxide ...... . ...... ... .

441 4-45 7. 26
trace 6.00
2.22
15.41
59 17 62.04

.257 .259
.42 3 trace
.350 . 129 .899
3.45 1
3 6r8

Other large springs of the Crystalline area occur 111 Hall and (lther counties in the northern part of the State.

MINERAL SPRIN GS
The mineral springs of the Crystalline area are quite numerous; but comparatively few of them have, so far, attained anything like a national reputation. This is due, not So much, probably, to the

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 223
character of the waters themselves, as to the lack of business enterprise in the owners, in not presenting the merits of the waters to the public. In a few cases, where the management of these springs has been in the hands of business men, they have been the source of an ever increasing revenue to their owners. This is especially true of those springs, whose waters have been offered on the market, supported by the analysis of some reputable chemist. One great difficult)' with the owners of this class of-springs is, that they make such unreasonable claims for their waters, that the public has become more or less skeptical as to their healing properties. It is no uncommon thing to see, in the advertisements of sllch springs, certificates stating that the water has accomplished some remarkable cure, when an analysis of the water shows that it is practically impossible for it to have produced any such therapeutic effect.
In the description of the mineral springs, which follows, the writer has confined himself entirely to description of the springs, their improvements, and the chemical composition of their waters, without any consideration of their medicinal qual ities.' It should be remembered, that the list of mineral springs, here described, is not complete; nevertheless, it includes a large majority of those which have become more or less noted for their real or supposed therapeutic value.
INDIAN SPRING. - This spring is located near the main line of the Southern Railway in Butts county, 37 miles northwest of Macon. Prior to the settlement of this part of the State by the white people, this spring is said to have had quite a reputation among the Indians, on account of the healing qualities of its waters. This statement is substantiated by the fact, that, during the treaty of 182 1 with the whites, the Creek Indians, then inhabiting that region, reserved the right to the spring, together with 1,000 acres in the immediate vicinity. After the removal of the Indians from Georgia, the spring, together with the 1,00G acres of land, became the property of the State. Subsequently, all the land was disposed of to individuals, except eight or ten acres immediately surrounding the spring, which
1 A special report 011 the mineral waters ofthc Stale is soon to be issued by the State Geological Sun'cy, which will discuss the therapeutic effect of the lUineral waters.


224 UN DERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

is still the property of the State. The State, at present, leases the property to parties, who, within the last few years, have constructed, within a few hundred feet of the spring, an excellent hotel having accommodations for 300 guests.
The spring flows from a small fissure in the gneissoid rock, at the base of a low elevation, on which the hotel is situated. The capacity of the spring is less than a gallon per minute. The water has a distinct odor of hydrogen sulphide; and it forms, in the bottom of the shallow basin into which it flows, a slight precipitate of sulphur, of a grayish or whitish color.
The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following analysis by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia: -

Parts per

Constit1lents Determined

Millidn

Silica ... . .............. . .. .. ..... . 23.50 Sulphur Trioxide .. ......... . . . . . . . . 21.16

Carbon Dioxide . . .. .. . .. ... ....... . 62 .86

Phosphorus Pentoxide ... .. ......... . Chlorine .. . ...... . .. .. . . ........ . . . Arsenic .... .. .. . ..... ..... ... . . . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ... . ... . Lime ... ... . ....... .............. . Magnesia ..... . . .. ...... '" ... . ... . Potash .. ......... . . . . . .... ....... . Soda . ... . .. . ...... . ...... . ...... . Lithia ...... . ........ .. .. .. . . .. .. .

40 1470 trace
1.00
17 . 12 3.30 274 40 . 69
.046

Grains per
U. S. Gallon
1.370 1. 234 3. 666 0. 025
.857 trace
.058 . 998 .192
.1 60
2 373
.002

Probable Combillations
Lithium Chloride ... .. ..... .. . . . .. . . Potassium Chloride ... .. ........... . Soditun Chloride ..... . ... . .. .. ... . Sodium Sulphate .. . ...... . .. . ..... . Sodium Phosphate ... . ... . ...... . .. . Sodium Carbonate ............... . . . Magnesium Carbonate ... .. . .. . ..... . Calcitun Carbonate .... .... . .. . . . . .. .
Total Solids ......... . .. . .. .. . .. . Free Carbon Dioxide . . ............ . .

0.13
4. 25 20.71 37.56 0 .92
2275
693 30 .57 14740 36 .34

.007
. 248
1.208
2.190 . 054
1.32 7
404
1. 783 8.596 2 .119

POWDER SPRINGS. - This group of mineral springs is located at

o
" ~
(3
" ~
>

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALUNE AREA 225

Powder Springs station, on the Southern Rai lway, in the southwestern corner of Cobb county. They have been known for more than 50 years, but their reputation is only local. The springs are all small, none of them furnishing more than a gallon or so per minute. 'fhe waters from springs Nos. I and 2, located near Powder Springs Creek, have a slight odor of hydrogen sulphide.
Analyses of the waters from three of these springs, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, are as follows: -

SPRING NO. I

Parts per

CoHst-itnents Determined

Million

Silica . ... . .... . ................. . Sulphur Trioxide ...... .. . .. . .. .... . Carbon Dioxide .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . ... . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . .. . ... . .. .. .

24. 20 7500 105.90

Arsenic .......................... .

Chlorine ................ . ... .. . .. . 107 .80 Hydrogen Sulphide . .. . . . . ......... . 1.00

Alumina .... . . .. ............ . . . .. . 1.00

Iron ..... . ............ . .. .. .... .. Lime ......... . .. ................ . Magnesia . ... . . .... . . .... . . . ... . . Potash .. . ... .. . . . . .. . . .......... . . Soda . . ... . . .................. ... . Lithia ........................... .

.04 38 . 80
7.90 4. 80 95 .40
.012

Probable Combinations

Lithium Chloride ............... . .. Potassium Chloride .......... .. . ... . Sodium Chloride . ..... .. . ....... Sodium Sulphate .... . .. .. . .. .. .... . Sodium Phosphate ................. . Sodium Carbonate ..... . .. . .. . . .. .. . Magnesium Sulphate .. . . . ..... . . . .. . Magnesium Carbonate .......... . ... . Calcium Carbonate ....... . ........ . Aluminum Sulphate . . . .. .. ... . ... . . . Iron Carbonate . .. . ... . . ... .... . ... .

0.04 7 50 171.70
10.20
none
16-40 500
none
3.30 1.00

Total Solids .. ................ 433. 83 Free Carbon Dioxide ...... . .... . ... . 103.30

Grains per U. S. Gallon
1.41 I 4374 6.176
6. 287 .05 8 .058 . 02 3
2.26~
.461 . 280 5.564 .007
.003 437 10. 01 3 595
none
.956 .292
none
.192 .058
25.59 1
6. 024

226 ('.YDERGROUND WATERS OF, THE CRYSTALLINE AREd

SPRING NO.2

C01ls/ituen/s Determined

Parts per Million

Silica . ..... ...... . ... ... .... . . .. . . Sulphur Trioxide . ........ . .... .. . . Carbon Dioxide ........ . . . ........ . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . ... . ... . ... . Arsenic ........... . ............ .. . Chlorine . . ......... ... . .. ... ...... . Hydrogen Sulphide .. .. .. . .. . .. , ... . Alumina ....... ....... . ...... . ... .
Iron . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .... . ........ .
Linle .. . .. . .. .... .... . . . .. .. .. . . . . Magnesia .... .... . .. .. . . . ........ Potash ....... . ........... .. . . .. .. Soda . ... . .. . ................ . ... . L ithia . .. .. . . ............. .... . ..

34.90 6, .00 6040
trace
trace
8400
1.00
1.50
1.00
37. 20 8.20 5.70 105.70
.09

Probable Combinations

Lithium Chloride . ... . .. ...... . . ... . Potassium Chloride .. . .. . ... . ...... . Sodium Chloride ........... . . . .. .. Sodium Sulphate ............... .. . . Sodium Phosphate .. . ... . . ...... .. . . Sodium Carbonate .......... . ..... . Magnesium Sulphate ...... .. ....... . Magnesi um Carbonate .. . .. ... . ..... . Calei um Carbonate ... .. ... . .. . .. . .. . Aluminum Sulphate .......... . ... .. . Iron Carbonate ... .. .... ........... .

.028
8.70
' 3I .30 82 . 70
trace
nOlle
2I.60
3. 00 6640
3.50 240

Total Soli ds .. . .. .. . . .. ... . . .... . 377 .08

Free Carbon Dioxide

22 . 20

Grains per U. S. Gallon
2.035 2 557 3.5 22
trace trace
4 .899 .058 . 08 7 . 05 8
2. 169 .478 .33 2
6. 164 .005
.002
.50 7
7. 657 4. 82 3
trace none 1.259
.175
3. 872
. 204 .139
21.986
2 945

SPRING NO.3

Coustitl/en!s Determined

Parts per Million

Silica . .. .. ...... . . .. ....... . ..... Sulphur Trioxide .. . .. .. . ... . . ..... . Carbon Dioxide .... . . .. . . .. . .. ... . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ............'.. .
Arsenic ........ . .. . . ... ...... . ... . Chlorine ..... . .. . ... .. . . .... . . ... .

35.30
11.00
77.90 trace
trace
5 .60

Grains per U. S. Gallon
2 .059 .642
4543
trace trace
.32 7

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 227

Parts per

Million

Hydrogen Sulphide .. . . .. .. . .. . ....

.80

A luI11i na ............ . . . .. . ..... .. .
Iron ....... . ........... . ......... . Lime .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. ... ..... .... Magnesia .. . .. . . ... . . .. . ... ... ... . Potash .... . ..... ........ ..... .... Soda ....... . ... . . . .. . ........ Lithia .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . ... .

I. 10
1.00
27.5 0
10 . 00
6 . 30
11.50 .05

Probable CombillOtions
Lithium Chloride .. .. . . ... .. .. .. .. . . Potassi um Chloride ............... . . Sodium Chloride .................. . Sodium Sulphate .. . . ... . ...... . . .. . Sodium Phosphate . .. . ..... . ..... .. . Sodium Carbonate ......... .'....... Magnesium Sulphate ..... . .. .... .. . . Magnesium Carbonate .. .. .. . .. ..... . Calcium Carbonate .. ............... . A luminum Sulphate ........ .. .... . . . Iron Carbonate . . .... . ... .. .. . ... . . .

. 01 5
10 .00
1.60 19.50
trace
3.70
none
21.00
49. 10
3-40
I. 45

Total Solids ... .. . .. . ........... 187. 00

Free Carbon Dioxide .. ..... . . ...... . 43. 80

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.047
.064 .058
1.60 4
.583 .367 .67 1 .003
.009 .583
.093
1. 137
trace
.216
none
1.225 2. 863
.198 .075
10.90 5
2554

TRENTHAM SPRING. - This spring is situated in the southern part of Campbell county, about four miles west of Fairburn, the county seat. Some years ago, the spring is said to have been quite a popular health resort; but it is now seldom visited, except by the people living in the immediate vicinity. The flow is about two gallons per minute. The water, upon standing a short time, throws down a rather copious yellowish brown precipitate of iron sesqu ioxide. The spring is located some distance from the nearest farmhouse, in a rather wild and picturesque section; but there are no improvements whatever about it. The hills are unusually high and steep, for that part of the State. The character of the water is shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia : -

228 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Parts per

Constituents Determilled

Million

Silica., ............ . ......... .. .. . 37. 60 Sulphur Trioxide ........ . ..... . ... . J8.00

Carbon Dioxide ...... . ... . ... . .. .. . 93 .60

Phosphorus Pentoxide ..... . ........ .

.90

A rsenic .. . ...... . .. . ..... . .. ... . . . trace

Chlori ne ....... . ....... .. ... . .. .. . I ron Sesqui-oxide .................. .

4.90
9. 00

Alumina . ........ . .... . .......... .

.63

Lime ................... . .... .. . . . Magnesia ......... . ..... . .... . .... . Potash ........................... .

30 .75
7. 25 .83

Soda ........... . .. ... .. ... . .... . . 14.90

Probable Combil1atiolls
Potassium Chloride .. .. ......t , ..... Sodium Chloride ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .... . Sodium Sulphate . . ..... . .. . . ..... . . Sod ium Phosphate .. ............... Sodium Arsen ite .......... . .... . ... . Magnesium Sulphate .... . .......... . Magnesium Carbonate .......... . ... . Calcium Carbonate ......... .... . . . . . Aluminum Sulphate ............ . ... . Iron Carbonate . . ... . .......... . ...

1. 31 7. 0 3 25.58
1.80
trace
539 ll45 6344 255
12.60

Total Solids .................... . J68. 85

Free Carbon Dioxide .......... . ..... . 58 .49

Grains per U. S. Gallon
2 . ' 93
1.050
5459 .05 2
trace .286
.5 2 5 .037 1793
.423
.048 .869
.076
.4 10
1.49 1 . 105
trace
..636' 48 3.700
149 735
9. 851
3.4 1I

BOWDEN LITHIA SPRING. - The Bowden Lithia Spring, formerly known as HSalt Spring," is located near Lithia Springs station on the Southern Railway, in the northeastern part of Douglas county, 21 miles northwest of Atlanta. Prior to the settlen]ent of thi s part of the country by the whites, the spring was known to the Cherokee Indians, the original inhabitants, as a "deer-lick," from the frequent visits of these animals to the spring, to lick the rocks in o~der to get salt.
Some years ago, shortly after the present company obtained 'possession of the Bowden L ithia Spring property, an effort was made to increase the capacity of ' the spring by blasting. The

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 229

result of this work was ruinous to the spring, owing to a stream of fresh water having been struck. This mishap led to the opening of the present spring, which is situated only a few hundred feet from the o riginal spring. The spring, now in llse. flows into a large basin blasted out of the granitoid rock, forming a reservoir. The basin is surrollnded by a substantial wall of masonry, which is protected above by a glass covering. Connected with the basin is an overflow pipe and two other pipes, the latter being connected with pumps, which draw the water from the basin as it is used. The sanitary conditions of the spring seem to be well nigh perfect, and every precaution is taken to keep the water, during the rainy season, from being diluted by seepage.
The capacity of the Bowden Spring at present is about three gallons per minute. The water fl ows into the artificial bas in through small fissures in the granitoid rock. From a finan cial point of v iew. the Bowden Lithia Spring is. so far, the 1110St important mineral spring in the State. The water has an extensive sale throughout the South, and it is also kept on sale in many of the northern cities. During the y~ar 1903, the aggregate value of the water shipped from the spring was more than $25,000.
The Sweetwater Park H otel, owned by the Bowden Lithia Spring Company, is located within a short distance of the spring. The hotel is a modern building, with every convenience, and can accommodate about 300 guests.
'rhe mineral constituents of the Bowden Lithia Spring water are shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia: -

Parts per

C01lstituents D etermined

Million

S ilica ... ......... . ...... . ........ 32 . 60

Sulphm: TrioxicJe ... . .. .. ..... . .. .. . 15 1 . 20
Carbon Dioxide .. . .. . .... .... .. . .. . 129. 80

Phosphorus PentoxicJe ....... . .... . . .

.20

Arsenic . . .. . ...... ... . . . . . .. .. .. . .

.10

Chlorine ... . . . . .. .......... .. .... . 1,101 . 60

Bromine .. . ...................... . 20.70

Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. . . . . .... . . .. . I. So

Grains per U. S. Gallon
1 . 9 01
8.818 7.570
.0[ 2
.006
64. 2 43
1.207
.087

230 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Parts per

Million

A lumina .......... .. ............. .
Manganous Oxide ..... . . . . . .... . .. . Baryta ........................... Lime .. . . .. ..... . .. ...... ..... .. . .
Magnesia ........ . .... . .. . .. . . . . . . Potash ....... . .......... ..... ... Soda ...... .. .. ........ . ...... .. .. Lithia . . ..... . .......... ... .... . . .

2.50
.20
.20
163.40 1 5.30 2 4.50 946.00
12.00

Propaple Compillatio1ls

Lithium Chloride .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. 34. 00

Potassium Chloride ........ . .......

.30

Potassium Bromide .. ..... .. ... ... . . 30 .80

Sodium Chloride . . . . ..... .. . . ... .. . 1,785. 00

Sodium Sulphate ......... .. ....... .

.30

Sodium Phosphate . ..... .. . . .... .. . .

.So

Sodium Arsen ite ........ . ........

40

iVlagnesium Sulphate ... . ........... . 45.90

Calcium Sulphate .. ........... .. . .. . IS390

Calcium Carbonate ........ . .. . ..... . 1 56 .60

Barium Sulphate .. .. . ..... ..... .. . .

.30

Manganese Carbonate .. ....... . .. .. .

.50

Aluminum Sulpha te ................ . 10.90

Iron Carbonate .. .. .. .. . .. .. .... ... . 440

Total Solids .... . .. .. .. .......... 2,286.60

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... .

Grains per U. S. Gallon
. 146
. 012
.01:3
9.529 .S9 2
1.429
55. 169 .700
1.983 .018
1.796 104. 0 98
.01S .047 . 02 3 2.677 10.72 5 9 133 .O IS . 029 .636 .257

'rHE FRANKLIN SPRING. - The Franklin Spring is situated in the extreme southeastern part of Franklin county, about nine miles southeast of Carnesville, the county-seat. The nearest railway stati on is Royston, two miles distant. The spring is a rather bold chalybeate spring, located in a deep hollow near the public-road leading from Royston to Danielsville. It has quite a local reputation. The improvements .consist of a few cottages and a small hotel. The water, as it flows from the spring, forms quite a precipitate of reddish-brown iron sesqui-oxide. It appears to come to the surface through fissures in the mica-schist, the prevailing rock of the region. The flow is about three gallons per minute.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLlN l, ,11,"./ 231

An analysis of the water, made by D r. Edgar E,erhart. ('hemi.t of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows : -

Collstitnents Detennined

Parts per Million

Sil ica ........................ . ... . Sulphur Trioxide ... . .. .. . .... . . . .. . Carbon D ioxide .... ..... . .. ... . ... Phosphorus Pentoxide .... . ....... . Chlorine . . . . .. . ...... .... . ... . . . .. Iron Sesqui-oxide .. ... . ..... . . .. .. . . Alumina .. ........... ..... .. .. . . . . Manganous Oxide . ... . .. . ... . . . . . . Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ...... ... . Th1agnesia .. .. ..... . ...... ... ..... . Potash ..... . .. . .. . . . , ........ . . . . . Soda ...... ..... ... . .. .. . . . . .. ... .

34 .40 8 . 24
77. 80 trace 6.12
12 . 00
40 .30 4.30
375 3.52 14. 84

Probable Combinatiolls

Potassium Ch loride . . . ... . . .... . . . . . Sodium Chloride .... . .. . . . ... . . . . . . Sodium Sulphate ...... . .. . .. .. ... Sodium Phosphate .. . . .. . .... .. . . .. . Sodium Carbonate ... .. . . . ... . ..... . Magnesium Carbonate .. .. ..... . . . . . Calcium Carbonate ..... . .. . . ... . .. . . Manganese Carbonate ... . ... . .. . . .. . A lumi num Sulphate .. ........ . . . .. . Iron Carbonate ....... ... ...... . . .. .
Total Solids ... . .. .. . ..........
Free Carbon Dioxide ................ .

5.58 5.70 12.96 trace
1053 7.87 7. 68 .48 1.34 '7.40
103 94
6575

Grains per U. S. Gallon
2 . 006
48 l 4957
trace
357 . 700 . 023 . 0 17 .257 . 21 9 . 205 . 865
.3 25 . 332 .756 trace .614
459 448 .028 .078 1. 01 5
6.06,
3 .834

PONCE DE LEON SPRING. - This spring, which is said to have been discovered about 1870, is located in the northeastern part of the city of Atlanta, in what is known as Ponce de Leon park It is a small chalybeate spring, furnishing less than two gallons per minute. The water is used chiefly by the visi tors to the park, and by the people li ving in the immediate vicinity. The spring, which is surrounded by a strong stone wall, flows from a fissure in the gneissoid rock, in a small ravi ne near the eastern margin of the park
An analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar E verhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: -

2':32 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Parts per

COllsfit"ellis Deter11lined

Million

Silica .......................... . . . Sulphur Trioxide . . ....... .. ..... . . Carbon Dioxide ............. . . . . . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ............. .

30 . 20 3.50
47.50
trace

Chlorine ...... .. ... . ... . . .. . .... . . Iron ;esqui-ox icle ....... . ........ . . . Alum ina .......... ". . . ..... . . '. ' . , .

6.30 5 .00 0.80

Linle ............ . ...... .... ..... . lVIagnesia .. . ..................... . Potash ....... . .. . .. . .. .. . ... ..... . Soda .".................. . .. . .. ... .

7. 0 0 4. 60
345
470

Probable Combillatious

Potassium Chloride .. . .. ... .... .. .. . Sodium Chloride .............. .. . . Sodium Sulphate .... . . . ....... . . . . . Sodium Phosphate ..... '. .. .... . .... . l\1agnesiw)1 Sulphate ..... . .... .. ... . Magnesium Carbonate .. . ... ... .. . . . . Calci um Carbonate .. '...... . .... . . .. . Aluminum Sulphate ... .. ..... . . . ... . Iron Carbonate . . .... .. . .. ... . . .. . . .

547 6 .10 339
trace
2 39 7.98
12.50 2.70
7. 2 5

T otal Solids ........... ... .... . 77.98

Free Carbon Dioxide .. . .. ......... . . 35 .0 7

Grains per U. S. Gallon
1.752 . 204
2770
trace
.367 .292 .047 .408 .268'
.20[
.274
..335' 69
. [98 trace . [39 .465 .729 .157 .423
4.538
2.045

I NMAN PARK MINERAL SPRING. - The Inman Park Mineral Spring, also known as "the Spa Spring," is located in Inman Park, a' beautiful residence park in the eastern part of Atlanta. The spring is smai l, furnishing less than one gallon a minute. It is surrounded by a heavy wall of ITIaSonry, and is apparently well protected from loca~ surface drainage. The water, upon standing forms a heavy reddish-brow n precipitate of iron sesqui-oxide. It has a slightly astringent taste; but it is otherwise a pleasant drinking
wate r.
The mineral constituents, as shown by the following analysis by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, are as follows : -

~
::::
~

"

~

~
6
~

" ~
~
">.

z
0

i""3

~
r

~

r

~

~
>
~

~
>.
'C" l

Cl
:r :
'"n"

~
" ~
C>
~
" ~

0cz:

.;

-~

Cl
0'"
"Cl
;:

~
~
~
"t::
"0z
\.~ ,

"'''C0"""l
~

~

~

<

~

" ~

ot-

0

"~.
~

,~.

z

~

'"

~
t>i

~

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 233

Parts per

COllstitnellts Determined

Mil1 ion

Silica ...... '" ........... . .... . ... . Sulphur Trioxide .... .. .. . .. . . . .... Carbon Dioxide ... . .. . . . .......... . Chlorilie ....... . . . .. . . ..... . ... . . . Iron Sesquioxide ... . .. .. . . , . .... Alumina .. ..... . .. .. . . . .... . ..... . Manganous Oxide .......... . ... . . . . L ime .. .. ..... . ..... .. .... ... ... . . ~1agnesia . .. .. .... .. . .. ........... . Potash ...... . . . . .... . ...... .. .. .. . Soda .... .. ...... .... ...... .. .... .

7. 20
.60 33.40 5.50 6.60
.20
trace
I. 20
1 . 22
.20
5.40

P'robable Combvllatiolls
Potassi UI11 Chloride ............. . . Sodium Chloride ... .. .. . . .. . . ... . . . Sodium Sulphate . ............... . . . Sodiul11 Carbonate ...... . .... ... . .. Manganese Carbonate .. . . ... . . ..... . Calciul11 Carbonate .. . .. . ..... . ..... . Magnesiul11 Carbonate . . ... .. . . ... .. . Iron Carbonate ... . . . . ... . ..... ... .

.30 8.82
.23 I. 04
trace
2.14
2.56
957

Total Solids ............ . .. .... . . 32 .55

F ree Carbon Dioxide ............. . . . 2708

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.420
.035 1.948
.3 21
. 385
. 012
trace .070 .07'
.OI2
.315
. 01 7 .5 14 . 01 3
.061
trace
. 125
.149
.558
1.857
1579

SrLO!-\M SPRING. - This spring is situated in the southeastern portion of Fulton county, near Lakewood, about four miles south of Atlanta. The spring is a sl11all chalybeate spring, furnishing less than a gallon per minute. The water, which has a limited sale in Atlanta, has a slightly astringent taste; and it forms, upon standing, a slight reddish-brown precipitate of iron sesqui-oxide. The
spring is surrounded by a stone curbing, but othe~' \Vise, there is no
improvement.
An analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: -

234 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Parts per

Constituents Determined

Mil1ion

Silica .. . ................... . ..... 27. 60

Sulphur Trioxide . .. . .. .. ... ... .... . Carbon Dioxide ....... .. . . . ....... . Chlor ine .. ... . .................. Iron Sesqui-oxide .......... ... . .. .. . Alumina . .. ... ....... .. . . ........ Lime .. . . .. .. . .. .... ..... . .... . .. . Magnesia .... .. ....... . . . . ... .. . . . Potash ... ... ... .. .. . . ....... . . .. . .

1. 75
40 .40
6.30
4.50
.30
5. 60 4. 80 2.16

Soda ..... .. .. . .. . .... .. .... ..... . 848

Probable Combinotiolls
Potassium Chloride . . .......... . .. . Sodium Chloride ...... .. .. . . ...... . Sodium Sulphate . ............. . .. . . Sodium Carbonate .. .. .... . ........ . Magnesium Carbonate . ... , . ..... ... . Calcium Carbonate . ...... . ..... . ... Iron Carbonate ........ . . .... . . .... .

343 7.7 3 . 2 3' 4.91 IO.08
IO.OO
6.98

Total Solids ................ . ... 74. 2 4

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 26.20

Grains per
U. S. Gallon '.6,0
. I02
2.356 .367
. 262
.01 7 . 32 7 .280 .126 495
.200
.450 .188 .286
. 588 .583 407
4329
1 . 5 28

\;VHITE SULPHUR SPRING. - This spring, also called Oconee White Sulphur Spring, is located in the northeastern part of Hal1 county, about two miles east of White Sulphur, a small station on the Southern Railroad, six miles northeast of Gainesville. Prior to the Civil War, White Sulphur Springs is said to have been one of the most attractive watering-places in the State.. At present, during the summer months, the spring is well patronized, but it has not yet regained its former popularity. The improvements consist of a hotel and a number of cottages. The spring is a smal1 sulphur spring, furnishing less than two gallons per minute. The water has a distinct odor of hydrogen sulphide, and it forms a slight white precipitate of sulphur about the spring.
The fol1owing is an analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia:-

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE ARI:A 235'

Parts per

Const-itllellts Determined

Million

Silica . ... . .. . ... .. . . .. .. . . ..... . . . Sulphur Trioxide .................. . Carbon Dioxide ..... .... .. . .. . . . . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . .... . . . . . . . . A rsenic .......... . . . .. .... ... ... . .

22 .00
3. 64 10400
trace trace

Chlorine .. . .. .... . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide ........ . .... ... . . .

5. 2 5 1.60

Alu l11ina .................. .. . .. . ','
Linle ...... .. . .. .......... . . ..... . Magnesia ..... . ..... . . .. ........ .. . Potash .... .. ............... .. .... Soda . . . .. .... .. ....... . .. .. ... .. . Lithia ......................... . .

:40
2240
559 554 38 . 16
trace

Probable C01llbillOtioilS
Lithium Chloride .............. .. .. . Potassium Chloride . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . Sodium Chloride ................... Sodium Sulphate .................. . Sodium Phosphate .. . . .. ...... ..... Sodium Arsenite ....... . ..... . .... . Sodium Carbonate ...... .. . . ... . . .. . Magnesium Carbonate ... . ......... . . Calcium Carbonate ...... . .. ........ . Aluminum Sulphate .. . .. . ......... Iron Carbonate ........... . ........ .
Total Sol ids ...... .. . ....... . .. .

trace
8 . 78 1.76 479 trace trace
60.14 I I .74 40.00
1.34
2.3 2

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... .

Grains per U. S. Gallon
1 . 283
.212
6. 065
trace trace .306
.093 . 02 3 1.306 .3 26 .3 2 3
2.225 trace
trace .5 12 . r03 .279 trace trace
3.50 7 .685
2333 . 078
.135
7. 638
3 16r

GOWER SPRING. - Gower spring is located only a few hundred yards from the corporate limits of Gainesville, the county seat of Hall county. Some years ago, this was a very popular resort; but, since the destruction of the hotel by fire, the spring has been neglected, and it is now but little used. It is a small spring, furnishing less than a gallon per minute. The water, upon standing, throws down a light, reddish brown precipitate of iron sesqui-oxide.
The following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, shows the mineral constituents of the water: -

236 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Parts per

COllstitllellts Deterlllined

Million

Silica .................. .. .. . ..... Sulphur T rioxide .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . Carbon Dioxide .... . .............. . Chlorine . . ...... . ................ . Iron Sesqu i-oxide ..... . ... . . . .... .. . Alumina ........ . ................ . Li111e ....... .. .. .. . . . . .. . ... . .... . Magnesia .... . .. ... .. .... ... ... ... . Potash ............ . .. . ...... . ...... Soda ......... _................. ..

9. 00 40
52 . 00 4.70 5. 20
. IO
.70
I. IO
I. 26
424

Probable Combinatiolls
Potassium Chloride ...... .. . .. .. . .. . Sodium Chloride ............... . .. . Sodium Sulphate . . ....... .. . .. .. . . . Sodiulll Carbonate .. . ...... . . .. .. . . Magnesiu111 Carbonate- .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . Calciu111 Carbonate ................ A lu111inu111 Sulphate ....... . . .. .... . . Iron Carbonate ... .. . ........... . . . .

2.00 6.28
.28
I. 35
23' 1. 25
. 26
754

Total Sol ids .................... 30 . 2 7

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 4737

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.5 2 5
. 023
3. 0 32 .274 .30 3
.006
.041 .064 .073 .247
.II7 .356 .oI6 .079 . I 35 .073
.OIS
440
1.746
2.763

GAR"ET SPRING. - This spri ng is located in the eastern part of Habersham county, about olle and a half miles west of Toccoa, and on ly a short distance fro111 Toccoa Falls. The spring is frequently visited by the guests of the T occoa Falls hotel near by, and also by parties from Toccoa. The water, which is impregnated with iron salts, flows from a crevice in the gneissoid rocks. The only improvement is a rough stone wall surrounding the spring. The flow is not more than one gallon per minute. 'rhe mineral constituents of the water as sho wn by an analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, are as follows: -

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYST,lLLINE AREA 237

Conslitl/ ents Determined

Parts per Million

Silica .. . .............. . . .. .. . .... . Sulphur Trioxide . . ........ . ....... . Carbon Dioxide ......... ... . .. . .. . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . .. . .. . . , ... . Chlorine ........ .... ... . . . .. . .. . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide ......... .. . .. .... . Alumina ........ . ............... . . i\Ianganotls Oxide ........... .. . ... .
Linlc ............. . . . ... ........ . . Potash .... . .... . ........ . ... . . .. . . Soda ................. . . .... .. ... . ~1agnesia ....... . . .. . . ........... .

27. 10
10.00
72 . 60 trace
5. 2 5
2.20
40 trace
24.30
2.60
8.48 9. 0 4

P1'Obabie Combillatiolls

P9tassium Chloride .. . .. . .. . ...... . . Sodium Chloride ...... . ... . ....... . Sodium Sulphate .......... . . ... . .. . Sodium Phosphate .. . ....... . ...... . Magnesium Sulphate ...... .. . .... . . . ~'Iagnesil1m Carbonate .. .. . .. . .. . ... . Calei um Carbonate ........ ... . . . ... .
l\'Ianganese Carbonate .. ...... . .... . . Aluminum Sulphate ........... .. ... Iron Carbonate .......... . .. ....... .

4. II
537
12 .89
trace
4.I I
16. II 43.40
trace
1. 35 3. 19

Total Solids .................. . . 117. 63

Free Carbon Dioxide .. .... .. . .. .... . 43. 85

Grains per U. S. Gallon
1.580 .583
4234
trace
.306 .128 . 023
trace
104 1 7
.15 2
-495 .5 2 7
.240
.3 1 3 .75 2 trace
.240 939
253 I
trace
.079
.186
6.861
2557

THE \VHITE PATi! MINERAL SPRINGS. - The White Path Minerai Springs are located near 'White Path station, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, in the northern part of Giltner county, six miles northeast of Ellijay, the county-seat. These springs are much frequented during the summer months, by parties from the southern part of .lhe State.. The location of the springs is excellent for a summer resort. They are situated at the base of one of the spurs of Turniptown Mountains, whose highest peaks attain an altitude of nearly 4,000 feet above sea-level. The temperature during the hottest days in summer is always pleasant, and the breezes from the nearby mountains are quite invigorating. The scenery, although not so

238 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA
wild and picturesque as some other places in the State, is nevertheless such as is only to be met with in distinctly mountainous regions. 'rhe hills are steep and rugged, and the small streams flow in deep canyon-like gorges.
The prevailing rocks of the region are schists, slates, quartzites and conglomerates. The water of the mineral springs fl ows from the fissures or seams in the schists or slates. There are two of these spri ngs, one known as the chalybeate, and the other as the magnesia spring. The former spring, which is the one chiefly used, flows from two to three gallons per minute. The water from th is spring yields, upon standing a short time, a rather heavy reddi sh-brow n precipitate of iron sesqui-hydrate. The taste is that common to chalybeate waters. The "Magnesia" spring is a smaller spring, than the chalybeate spring . The water from this spri ng is not unlike the waters of common freestone springs, often met with through-out Georgia.
The improvements at '\fhite Path Mineral Springs consist of a small, poorly constructed hotel. or boarding-house, and a few cottages.
Analyses of the waters of these two springs, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chem ist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, are as follows:-

CHALYBEATE SPRING

Parts per

C01ls/tltellts Determined

Million

Silica ......... . . . . . ........ . .. ... . Sulphur Trioxide . . ....... . ..... . .. . Carbon Dioxide ........... . .. . .... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ..... . . . ...... . Arsenic ........... . . .. . .. . .... . . . .

32 . 60
II . 90
46 .60
.70 trace

Chlorine . .. .. . . ... . ...... .. ..... Iron Sesqui-oxide . .. . ... . .... .. . .. . . Alumina ........ . . . . .. . . .. . ...... . Lime . ..... . .. . ... . . .. . .. ... . ... Magnesia .... .... . . ... .. .... . . . . . . Potash .... . ... . .. ........ .... . ..

4.90
400
40
15. 00 3. 80
.60

Soda ................ . ........... . II .60

Grains per U. S. Gallon
I. 901
.694 2 . 7 18
. 041 trace
.286
.233 . 023
.875
. 221
.035 .675

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 239

Parts per

Probable Combinations

Million

Potassium Chloride .. . . ............ Sodium Chloride ... .... . .. . ....... . Sodium Sulphate ....... .. .. ....... Sodium Phosphate ........ ... .. . . .. . Magnesium Sulphate ... . .. .. ....... Magnesium Carbonate ...... . ... . ... . Calcium Carbonate . . . .......... . ...

95 733 1768 I. 40 2.9 1
594 26 .80

Aluminum Sulphate . .. .. .... . .. . ... . 135 Iron Carbonate ........ ... ... .. . .. . . 560
Total Solids . ..... . . .. ..... .. . .. . 102.56

Free Carbon Dioxide ....... . ...... . . 29.50

Grains per
U. S. Gallon
.055 .427 1.03 1 .082 . 170 .346 1.563 .079
.327 5.781 1.720

MAGNESIA SPRING

Parts per

Constituents Detennined

Million

Sil ica . . ... . . .. . . ............... . . IO .82

Sulphur Trioxide . . . .. .. . ......... . 1. 2 5
Carbon Dioxide . . ... . .. . .... .. . ... . 28.12

Phosphorus Pentoxide .......... . . .. none

Arsenic .. .. ...... . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . none

Chlorine .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . ........ . . Iron Sesqui-oxide . ... . .... ...... . Alumina ... . ................. . .. . Lime .. .... .. . .. ..... . ... . . . .... . Magnesia .. .. . .. . . ... .. . . ..... . .. . Potash . .... ... . ..... . . .... .. . .... . Soda .... . ........... . ......... . .

3.50 2 . 56
. 38 3. 20
2 44 . IO
3. 20

Probable Cotizbinations
Potassium Chloride ............... . . Sodium Chloride .. . .. . .. . . ..... .. . . Sodi um Sulphate ... ............... . Sodium Phosphate ................. Magnesium Sulphate . . : . . . . .. . . . . . . Magnesium Carbonate ... .. ......... . Calcium Carbonate .... . ... . .. ... ... Aluminum Sulphate ...... . ........ . . Iron Carbonate .... . ........ . .....
Total Solids ...... . ... . ......... .
Free Carbon Dioxide ........ . ...... .

.18 5. 63
46 none
I. 19
4 28 5.71
.30 3 .71 32 . 28
19. 66

Grains per U . S. Gallon
.588 .073 I. 640
none none
.204 . 149
. 022
. 187
.142
.006 . 187
.010
. 328 . 02 7
none
. 069 .250 333 .01 7 .236 1 .858
I. 146

240 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

DANIEL MINERAL SPRING. - This spring is located in Green county, seven miles northeast of Union Point. It is a small spring, furnishing about one and a half gallons of water per minute. The spring has long been known; but only within the last few years has its water been placed upon the market. The annual sale of the water at present is said to be about 30,000 gallons. The chief points of shipment are Atlanta and Augusta. ~r ith the exception of one or two small cottages, there are no improvements around the spring, other than a curbing, which keeps the spring from being flooded by the creek near by, duri ng high water.
The rocks in the vicinity of the spring consist mainly of mica and hornblende schists and gneisses.
The character of the water is shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia: -

Parts per

Constit.,.en!s Determined

Mi lli on

Silica ... . . .. . . . . . .. . ...... . . . . . . . . Sulphur Trioxide . . ...... . ......... Carbon Dioxide ...... . .. . . .. . . .. .. . Phosphorus Pentoxide ........ . . .. .. .

43 . 2 0 933. 60
95.40
.20

Chlorine ........... . .. . . . ........ Iron Sesqui-oxide ........ . . . .. . . ... . Altllnina ..... . .. . ..... .. .. . . . .. . . . Lime .. ............ . . .. . . ........ Magnesia .. . . . . .. .... .. .. ......... . Potash ...... .. . . .. .... .. . . ... . ... . Soda .. .. . ........... . ... . ...... . Lithia ......... . . . .. . ...... . . . . ... .

7.50
1.00
.50
636 .90 56 .30 5. 00
44-40 trace

Probable CombillatjollS

Lithium Chloride . ..... . . . ...... . . . . trace

Potassium Chloride .. .. .... . .. . .... 7.92

Sodium Chloride ........ . .......... 6. '4

Sodium Sulphate .................. . 94. 2 5

Sodium Phosphate . . ... .. ...... ... . .

40

Magnesium Sulphate . . . . .. .... . .... . 168.60

Calcium Sulphate ........ .. . .. .. ... 1,30 5. 10

Calcium Carbonate .. .. .. . ... . ... . . . 177. 70

Grains per U. S. Gallon
2.5 9 54.44' 6 5.564
.012
437 .058 . 029 36 .781
3. 283 .29 2
2.589
trace
trace
462 .360
5497
. 023 9. 832 76 . III 10.363

(l
c;

~
~

s>"-
%
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,';

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~ ~
""''~""

s'B" c:

:!
0 7.

'5"

0
~ ~

,." -;
;:; %

~ ~
"".'""
"'"";~";

~ c:

'=<"

< r

>- .::

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0

,. -i

::: <5

r

~ '" 0

Yo ,;, 0

~

~

>-
~

= ~

ii

..; r r

.>-

'c,":

~
>-
<.

" r

" <.
-; r

~

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'"

" S~ 0cz:

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;:;

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i:J
0

'" ">-

'"
0

~
:'"..'

c"z"o'

~
,'~"

"~"'

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 24'

Parts per Milli on

Aluminum Sulphate ..... . .... ..... . . Iron Carbonate ....... . ............ .

2. 18
2.90

T otal Solids ... . .. .. . .. .... . .... 1,80839

Free Carbon Dioxide . . . . .. . ........ . 26.00

Grains per U. S. Gallon
. 127 . 169
105.462
1. 5 16

PARKER MINERAL SPRING. - T hi s is a small chalybeate spring, located about one mile north of Hamilton, the county seat of Harris county. It furnishes less than one gallon per minute. The water has a slight astringent taste ; and it throws down, upon standing, a rather copious reddish brown precipitate of iron sesCJui-hydrate. The spring has co nsiderable local reputation; but, so far, it has not been improved.
The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the follow ing analysis made by Dr. Edgar E verhart in the labo ratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia: -

Parts per

COllstitllellts Determined

Million

Silica ......... . ......... . .... . .. . . Sulphur Trioxide . . . .. ... . . . ....... . Carbon Dioxide .. ................ . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . .. . .. . .. . . . Chlorine ....... . .......... . . . .... . Iron SesCJui-oxide . . . . . ...... . . . . ... .
Alul11ina . ........................
Manganous Oxide ... .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . Lime ................. . . . .. .. ....

IOAo
.82
54. 00
trace
476 7.40
.40
1.20
1.60

Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . : . .... . 1. 60

Potash ........................... . Soda .. . .......... . .. . .. . .. . .... . .

2 . 20
5. 80

Probable CombinG.tions
Potassi um Chloride ... . ...... . . .... . Sodium Chloride .. . .. . ... . . . ... . .. . Sodium Sulphate ...... .... . . . .. .... . Sodium Phosphate . . . .. . .. ........ . Sodium Carbonate .. . ...... : ... . ... . Magnesium Carbonate ........ . .. ... . Calcium Carbonate ..... . . . ... . ..... .

3 .48
5. 16
1.45 trace
4. 22 3.36
2.86

Grains per
U. S. Gallon
. 607
. 048 3 149
trace
. 278
.432 . 023
. 070
. 093 . 093
.1 28
. 338
. 203 .301 .084
trace
. 246 . 196 . 167

242 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Parts per

Million

Manganese Carbonate .............. . Aluminum Sulphate ... . .. .. . .. . ... . . Iron Carbonate . . .... .. ..... ......

1.94 1.35 8.86

Total Solids .' ................... 43. 08

Free Carbon Dioxide .. ............. . 45. 00

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.II3 .079
5'7
2.5 12
2. 624

PORTER SPRINGS. - This popular summer-resort is located in the

northeastern part of Lumpkin county, about eight miles north of

Dahlonega. Gainesville, the nearest railroad station, is 28 miles

e1istant. The spring is situated at the base of one of the foot-hills

of Cedar 1\'Iotlntain, a prominent peak ri sing 3,000 feet above sea-

level. There are several excellent views in the vicinity of the spri ng,

frol11 which Black n10untain and other high mountains in North
Georgia may be seen to the northward. From a ,scenic point of
view, this spring is most favorably located. It is within eight miles

of Blood Mountain, one of the loftiest peaks of the Blue Ridge

MOLT'ntains, and is only a short distance from the Chestatee River.

The improvements at the spring consist of a hotel and a ,few cot-

tages. The main part of the hotel was constructed some years ago,

and is now somewhat in need of repairs.

The spring is a small chalybeate spring, furnishing only a few

gallons of water per minute. The water, upon stand ing, throws

down a rather copious reddish brown precipitate of iron sesqui-

hydrate. The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following

analysis, by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey

of Georgia:-

COllst-itltellls Determined

Parts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon

Silica .................... . .... ... . Sulphur Trioxide .. .. . ............. . Carbon Dioxide . . ..... ...... . . .... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ...... . .. : . ... . Arsenic .. .. .... . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .... . Chlorine .................... . .... . Iron Sesqui-oxide .. .. . . .. ....... . . . .

' 3. '0 3. 22 34 . 72
trace
trace
5. 10 9. 60

764
. , 88
2. 025
trace trace
.297 .560

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA '43

Parts per Million

Alumina .. . . .. ... . .. . ............ . IvIanganous Oxide .... . . ........ ... . Lime . . . .. . .... . ... . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .
rVIagnesia .. ...... . ..... .. ...... . .. . Potash . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ......... .... Soda . . . .. .. . . .. ... . ..... . .. . . . .. .

. 30 trace
3. 10 I. 70
139 782

Probable Combillotiolls

Potassium Chloride . . .. .... ...... . .. . Sodium Ch loride . . ...... .. .. ... ... . Sodium Sulphate . . ..... . ..... .. .. . . Sodium Phosphate .. . ... . . . . . . .. ... . Sodium Carbonate ..... . . . . . . ...... .
Magnesium Carbonate .. . .... . ...... . Calcium Ca rbonate . . , .... . ........ . .
Manganese Carbonate . ... . .. . . . ... . . Aluminum Sulphate ............ . . . Iron Carbonate ....... .. .. . . . .. . ...

2.20
6.67 399
trace
437 357
5 53
trace
1.00
'3 .92

T otal Solids ... . . ..... ... .. . . . .. . 5435

Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 23 33

Grains per U. S. Gallon
. 01 7
trace
.181
.099
. 081
.456
.1 28 .389
.23 2
trace
.255
.208 . 322 trace
.058 . 812
3. 168
1 . 361

SILOAM MINERAL SPRING. - In addition to the spring, above described, there is also another mineral spring in Lumpkin county, which is sa id to have had, some years ago, quite a local reputation. This spring, known as S iloam !\1ineral Spring, is located in a broken, hilly country, four miles west of Dahlonega. It is a small chalybeate spring, furnishing less than one gallon per minute. A qualitative analysis of the water, by Prof. "V. ]. Land, formerly State Chemist of Georgia, shows that the principal mineral constituents are iron carbonate, soda and calcium carbonate. There are no improvements, at present. about the spring. However, Col. VIf. P. Price, the owner of the spring, in a letter to the writer, says, that a <:ompany in New York stands read y to build a san itorium at the s pring, as soon as invalids can be transferred from Gainesville in s afety.
\,yARM SPRINGS. - The spring, which has made this place prominent as a watering-place, is the best-known thermal spring in the State. It is located on the Southern Rai lway at the base of one

2<;4 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

of the foot-hills of Pine Mountain, in the southern part of Meriwether county. This spring is one of the most noted and popular watering-places in the State. The improvements consist of (l modern hotel, having a capacity for about 200 guests, a large number of neat and well constructed cottages, a li very stable, a large natatorium and numerous. pri vate baths. The grounds are well laid out and are kept in good condition. The nearness of Pine Mountain, which attains an altitude of 1,200 feet, or more, above sea-level, adds greatly to the natural beauty of the place, and at the same ti me produces the mountain breezes, which are so refreshing during the hot summer ni g h ts.
The spring fl ows from a quartzite ledge at the margin of a small meadow. rfhe temperature o f the water, taken at the poi nt where it enters the baths, was found to be 85 F. It is said that the water, as it fl ows from its natural outlet into the enclosed basi n, which supplies the baths, has a temperature of 90 F. Thi s statement, however, could not be verified owing to the natural outlet being inaccessible.
The capacity of the spring is 1,890 gallons per minute. The water is always clear, and it is supposed to possess marked medicinal properties.
The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory. of the Geological Survey of Georgia, to be as follows : -

Col1st;tllents DeterlIIilled

Parts per Million

Silica .. . . .............. .. . . . . .. . . . Sulphur Trioxide .. ............. Carbon Dioxide ..... . . . . ......... . . Chlorine Iron Sesqui-oxide ........... . .. .. .. Alumina ...... .. ...... . . ......... . Linle . . . .. . . . ... .. . .......... . ... . Magnesia . . ..... . . ......... . . . .. . . . Potash ...... .. ..... . .. . .... . . . . .. . Soda ...... . . ....... . . . .... . . . .

2275 5 . IO 83. IO 4. 20
r5
1.00
28.00
17.70
35 5. 00

Grains per U. S. Gallon
1. 327
. 297 4. 846
.245
. 08 7 . 058
1. 633 1. 032
.026
. 292

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 245

Probable COlllbinations

Parts per Million

Potassium Chloride ..... ... . ....... . Sodium Chloride . .. . .............. . Sodium Sulphate ..... . .... . . . .. .. . . Magnesium Sulphate ....... . .. ..... . Magnesium Carbonate .............. . Calcium Carbonate .. . .. .... .. . . .. .. . Aluminum Sulphate ......... .. ..... . Iron Carbonate ......... . .... . .....

-55 4. 84 3.30 1.26 36 . 28 50 .00
2.70
r.80

T otal Solids ..... . .. . . . ..... .. . . 123.48

Free Carbon Dioxide . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . 41 . 2 7

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.03 2
. 282
.192
.073
2. 116
2.9 16 . .157
.105

CHALYBEATE SPRING. - This spring, known also as the Grant Mineral Spring, is located among the foot-hills of Pine Mountain, seven miles southeast of \Varm Springs, in the extreme southeastern corner of l\1eriwether county. The spring, some years ago, was a noted summer resort; but, at present, it is only occasionally vis-. ited by health seekers.'
The improvements consist of several cottages and a hotel, which are all now in a more or less dilapidated condition. The main spring from which the sample of ,vater was taken for analysis, is a bold chalybeate spri ng, furnishing probably ten gallons of water per minute. The water has a distinct iron taste, and deposits a rather abundant brownish precipitate of iron sesqui-hydrate.
An analysis of thi s water by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological S\1rvey of Georgia, is as follows: -

Parts per

Constituents Detcn:' ;lled

Million

Silica . ... . ... ................ . . . . . 21.00

Sulphur Trioxide ... .. . .. . .. .. . .... . 8.07

Carbon Dioxide ... . . .. .... . .. .. ... . 64.90
Phosphorus Pentoxide ..... .. .. .. .. . . . none

Chlorine .. . ......... ..... .... . ... . 3. 00

Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. ....... . ... . . . 480

Alumina ... . . ........ . . . ..... .. .. .

.80

Grains per . U. S. Gallon
1.225
. 469
3 . 785
none
. 175
.280
.046

t Since the abo,'c notes werc~ written the A. B. & A. Railroad has located a station a t Chalybeate Spring, Bud it seems quite probable that the Spring will soon regain its former popularity as a watering place.

246 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Parts per

Million

Manganous Oxide ... . ............. . Lime ..................... . ...... . Magnesia .................. . ...... . Potash ................. . . ........ Soda ............ .. ............. ..

0-40 18 .69 IO.66
2 40
4. 20

Probable Combillatio1ls
Potassium Chloride ...... . .. .. ... . . . Sodium Chloride .. ............... . . Sodium S'ulphate . . .. . . .. .. ... ..... . Magnesium Sulphate .... . .. . .. ... .. . Magnesium Carbonate . ............. . Calcium Carbonate ... . ........ .. .. . ~1anganese Carbonate ............ .. . Aluminum Sulphate .. . ... . . . .. . .... . Iron Carbonate ............. . ..... . .

3. 80 1.96 7. 26 6.00 18.18
30 .78
0 79
270
6.96

Total Solids ................. . .. . 9943 Free Carbon Dioxide .... ..... . .. .. . . 4040

Grains per
U. S. Gallon
. 023 1 . 090
.622 .
. 140 .245
.222
. I04 .42 3 .350
1.060 1.195
.046 .157 .40 6
5. 188 2.356

In add ition to the spring, here described, there are several ,others in the immed iate vicinity, which are said to possess mineral proper- , ties; but the waters from none of these springs were secured for analysis.
\\THrn: SULPHUR SPRING. - V\lhite Sulphur Spring, in Meriwether county, is located near the Central of Georgia Railway, nine miles west of \Varm Springs. This spring, like the chalybeate spring of Meriwether county, was formerly a much frequented summer resort; but, at present, it is almost wholly abandoned as a watering-place. The several cottages and other buildings are greatly in need of repair.' The spring is a small sulphur spri ng furni shing less than two gallons per minute. The water has a distinct odor of hydrogen sulphide, and it forms, at a point where it overflows the basin in which it collects, a grayish-white precipitate of sulphur.
The country in the vicinity of the spring presents an undulating surface.
1 Since the writer's visit to this spritlg, the property has be~ll Pilt ill good shape, and the ";Meriwether" holel is nowopell Ie. 1,,'1.lel-ts, mult r the proprietorEhip of,Messrs. SCOville & Tigner.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 247

The mineral constituents of the water of \Nhite Sulphur Spring are shown by the follow ing analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia: -

Collstitltents Determined

Parts per Million

Silica ... . .. .. . . .. . . ... ...... .. .. . . Sulphur Trioxide ... .. .. . ... . . ..... . Carbon Dioxide . . .. .. .. .. . . . . ... . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . ... . .... . . . . Chlorine ............... . . . .. . . . . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide . ...... . . . . .. . . .. . . Alumina ... .. ..... . .. ... . . . .. . ... . Manganous Oxide .. : .. . . . . .. . ..... . Linle .. . . . ... . .. ... . . . ... . .... . . . . Magnesia . . . ',' ........ . . . . . .. . .. . . . Potash .. . . . . . ... ... ....... . ... . . . . Soda .............. . .... .. .. . .. . ..

47. ro 6.60
roo.oo
trace
7. 00 3. 60
-40 trace
24.50 6.00 3.40 14. 26

Probable Coll/billations

Potassium Chloride .. . .. . . . . .... . .. . Sodium Chloride ...... . . .. .... . . . . . Sodium Sulphate . . . . .. . . . . ..... . .. . Sodium Phosphate .... . ..... .. .. . .. . Sodium Carbonate ..... ... . .. . . . . . . . Magnesi um Carbonate ..... . ........ . Calcium Carbonate ..... . . . . .. .. .. .. . Manganese Carbonate ... .... ... . ... . Alumin um Sulphate ...... . . . . . . .. .. . Iron Carbonate . ... . . ..... . ... .....

539 7.30 ro.03
trace
16.64 12.60
4375 trace
1. 35 5. 22

T otal Solids ... .. ..... .......... 149.38

Free Carbon Dioxide . .. . .... ... . . . . . 70 .48

Grains per U. S. Gallon
2747 .385
5. 832 trace 408
.2IO
.023 trace 1.429 .35 0 . 198 .832
.3 14 . 4 26 .585 trace .970 735 2.55 1 trace .079 .304
8 . 7 11
4110

There are three or four other springs in the immediate vicinity of the one here described, but samples of their waters were not secured for analyses.

MADISON SPRING. - Madison Spring is in the northern part of
Madison county, about ten miles north of Danielsville, the county seat. Previous to the Civil War, this spring was a popular resort; but it is now only occasionally visited. T he improvements, which
were once quite extensive, are now all gone, except a few buildings, which are sadly in need of repair.

248 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF Tim CRYSTALLINE AREA

The spring is small, furnishing less than hvo galions per minute. 'fhe water, on standing, throws down a reddish brown precipitate of iron sesqui-hydrate.
T he mineral constituents of the water are shown by the follow ing

analysis, by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia:-

Parts per

Constituellts Determined

M illion

Si li~ ..................... .. . .. . . . Sulphur Trioxide ......... . . .. ... .. . Carbon Dioxide ... ... .. ... . . . .... . . P hosphorus Pentoxide ...... .. .. .. ..

38 .60 9. 28 38 .80
trace

Chlori ne ....... .. . . ...... . ..... . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide .... ...... . . .. . . . . .

5. 2 5
1.00

A lumina .... . . .. . ... ... ... .. . .... .

. IO

Lime ... .. .......... .. . .. . . ... ... . 9. 10

Magnesia .. . .. . ................... . Potash ....... . . ... . . . . . . . ... . .. .. . Soda ..... . ... . . .. .. . .. . .. . ......

3. 86
3. 0 4
12 .30

Grains per U. S. Gallon
2.25 1
.54 1 2. 263
trace
. 306 .058 . 006 .53 1
.225
.177 .717

Probable Combillations
Potassium Chloride . . .. .... .... ... . Sodium Chloride .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . Sodium Sulphate .... . . . .. .. . .. .... . Sodium Phosphate .. .. . . .. . .. ...... Sodium Carbonate ........... . .... . . Magnesium Carbonate ... .. . . . ..... . . Calcium Carbonate . ..... . .......... . Aluminum Sulphate . ....... . . . .. . . . . Iron Carbonate ....... , .. . .. .... ...
Total Solids . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . ... . . .
Free Carbon Dioxide ... . ......... . . .

5.40
4.42 16 46
trace
4 . 72 8. IO 16 . 25
34 1. 55
95. 84
24.90

. 3 15
.258 .960
trace
. 275 .472 . 948
.020
.090
5.589
1.45 2

'vVATSON'S MINERAL SPRING. - This spring is located in the extreme southwestern corner of Oglethorpe county, eight miles west
of Maxeys, a small station on the Athens branch of the Georgia
Railroad. It has a considerable local reputatiOli, and is much visited during the summer by the people of the region.
The improvements consist of a boarding-house, recently built, and a few cottages. The spring is walled and is enclosed by a small neat wooden pavilion.

>
o
~
c ~ c: z
~
>

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTAl.LINE AREA 249

The capacity of the spring is only one gallon in five minutes. The

water has a faint odor of hydrogen sulphide ; but it does not deposit

any precipita e. The scenery in the vicinity of the spring is varied.

The hills are usually well rounded and the valleys, narrow. The

Oconee River, near by, presents a good opportunity for boating.

The character of the water is shown by the following a nalysis,

made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of

Georgia : -

COilstituents Determined

Parts per <:;rai ns per Million U. S. Gallon

Si lica ...... .. .... .. . .. . .. .. . ..... Sulphur Trioxide ............. ... .. . Carbon Dioxide .. . . ... .... . ....... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ........ . ..... Chlorine .. . .. .. . ...... . . ..... . . . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide ..... ... ... ...... . . Alumina . . .. . ..... .... ..... ...... .
Linle .. .. ...... . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . Magnesia .. . . .................... Potash ... . .... .. . .. ..... .. . . . . . .. . Soda ...... . ................ .. ... .

35.40 3. 00
II3 80
trace
3-40
1.00
.20
48.20
11.50
1. 27 16: 70

2. 064 . 175
6 .637
trace
.198 .058
.012
2.8,1
.67 1 .074
974

Probable Co1llbillotions

Potassium Chloride . .. ....... . .. .. . Sodium Chloride .... ..... . ........ Sodium Sulphate . . ... . ... .... . . .. . . Sodium Phosphate .... .. . . .. . . ... .. . Sodium Carbonate ..... . . . ... . .. ... MagnesiUll1 Carbonate .. . . ..... . . . .. . Calcium Carbonate .. . .. . .. . . ... . . .. . Aluminum Sulphate . .... .... .. .. ... Iron Carbonate ..... . ... ... ..... . . . .

2 .0!
402
4-47
trace
21 54 24 15
86 .07 .68
1.45

. 117 . 234 .26,
t ra ce
1. 2 56 1.408
5. 016 . 040 . 08 5

T otal Solids ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . '7979

10.481

Free Carbon Dioxide ... .. . . .. .. .... . 53. 81

3. 1 38

In addition to the spring here described, there are also other - springs in the immecl'i'ate vicinity, which are said to possess mineral properties; but, at the time of the writer's visit, they were not in use, and samples of the water were not secured for analysis.
T ALLULAH FALLS MINERAL SPRING.- The Tallulah F all s Mineral Spring is located at T allulah Falls, only a few rods north of the

250 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

Blue Ridge Rail road, between the L odge and the Cliff House. The spring flows from a fi ssure in the gneissoid rock, near the bottom of a deep ravine, which leads down into Tallulah Gorge only a few hundred yards away. The spring furni shes less than two gallons of water a minute. It has an astringent taste, and it forms a rather copious reddish-brown deposit of iron sesqui-hydrate. T he spring is unimproved; bilt it is much frequented by the guests of the near-by hotels.
An analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows : -

Parts per

Collstit"e"ts Determined

M illion

Silica ...... .. . . ... . ...... . . . ..... Sulphur T rioxide .. .. . ...... ...... . . Carbon Dioxide ..... . .. . .. . .... . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . Chlorine . . .... . ..... .. . ... ...... . .

8.10
4. 2 5
4' .80
trace
2.80

Iron Sesqui-oxide . . . .. . . ... . . ... .. . . Alum ina .. . .. . . .. . .... . ....... .. . Manganous Oxide .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . Linle .. . ..... . .. . .. .. ...... . . ... . .

9. 10 .70
trace
2 .60

Magnesia ...... . . . . ..... . . .... . . . . Soda ... ...... ...... .. . .... .. .... Potash . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . ... . .

I. 20
4. 10
.20

Probable ColJlbi.llatiolls
Potassium Ch loride ..... . ... . .... .. Sodium Chloride ......... .. . .. .... . Sodium Sulphate ................ . . . Sodium Phosphate .. ...... .. ....... Magnesium Sulphate ..... . .. ...... . . Magnesi urn Carbonate .. ... . ... .. . .. . Calcium Carbonate ........ ...... .. Manganese Carbonate .. .. ......... . . Aluminum Sulphate .. . ............. . Iron Carbonate .. . ..... : .. . . .. . . ... .
Total Solids . .. . . .......... . .. . . .
Free Carbon Dioxide ....... . . . . . ... .

. 32 440
410
trace
293 .46
4. 64 trace
2.20 '3. 20 40 .35
34.50

Grains per ' U. S. Gallon
.472
. 248 2 .438
trace
. 163 .53 1
. 041
trace . 15 2
. 070
. 239
.012
. 01 9 .257 .239
trace
.1 7 1
. 027
~71
t ra ce
.128
.770 2 354
2 . 0 I2

ARGON SPRING. - This spring, which is also known as the "Antinausea Spring," is located on the "Vashington branch of the Georgia

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 25<

Railroad in the eastern part of Taliaferro county, about a quarter

of a mile from Hillman station. It is only a few yards from the so-

called Hillman electric rock, which is claimed to have performed

some remarkable cures by its shocks.

The spring is situated on low ground, at the base of a hill of

quartzose schist. It is surrounded by a curb, and is also protected

by a small house. The flow of the spring is somewhat variable;

but Mr. Hillman estimates that the average is about ISO gallons.

an hour. Some years ago, there was a large hotel near the spring.

for the entertainment of guests; but it was destroyed by fire, and

there now remain only a few small buildings.

The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following

analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological

Survey of Georgia: -

Parts per

Constituents Determi1led

Million

Silica ... . . .. .. . ...... . ..... .... . . . Sulphur Trioxide .................. . Carbon Dioxide .......... . ..... . .. . Chlorine ......... . .... . .......... Iron Sesqui-oxide ...... . .. .. . . ..... .

39.42
1.20
74.3 2 6.30
.80

Alumina . . .... .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .... .

45

Lime . .. .. ....................... . 10.31

M:agnesia .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . ..... . Potash ............... . . .......... . Soda . ... . .. . ..... . .. . . .. .. . . . .. .

405 245
13. 05

Grains per
U. S. GallOl1
2.299 .070
4334 .367 .047 . 026 .60 1 .236
.143
. 761

P,'obable C0111 binGtious
Potassium Chloride .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. Sodium Chloride ... .. . .. .... . .. . .. . Sodium Sulphate .......... ... . . .. . Sodium Carbonate .. . .. . .. . . . .. .... Magnesium Carbonate .. ..... . ..... . . Calcium Carbonate .. . .. . ..... . .. . . . . Aluminum Sulphate . ............... . Iron Carbonate ... . .. .. ... .. ... . . .. .

3. 89 7.32
35 1349 8.50 18.41
1.49 1. 16

.227
.42 7
.020
.787 -496 1.074 . 08 7 .068

Total Solids .. . .. . ........... .. ... . 104. 03 Free Carbon Dioxide ..... . . .. .. . . .. . 55 73

5.485 3. 250

EADY MINERAL SPRING. - This is a small spring located in the northern part of Heard county, on Mill Creek, only a few hundred yards from the point where it empties into the Chattahoochee River.

252 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA

The spring, which furnishes only a gallon a minute, is just below a beautiful waterfall, formed by Mill Creek. The scenery is picturesque; it resembles that o ften met with in the more mountai nous part of the State. The prevailing rocks of the region are gneiss, granite and schists. The first forms the declivity over which the creek cascades near the spring.
Some years ago, th is spring is said to have had quite a local reputation ; but, at present, only a few people visit it. There are no improvements in the vicinity o f the spring, except a small cabin and a mill-house. The water has a faint odor of hydrogen sul phide, which entirely disappears after standing for a short time in an open vesse l.
A n analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart. in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: -

Parts per

CoJ/ slif"eJ/ts Determined

Million

Silica .. . . .. . .. .. . . ..... .. .... ..... . Sul phur Trioxide .. .... .. .. . . .. . . . . . Carbon Dioxide ................... . CI)lorine ........... . .. . .. . .. . . ... . Iron Sesqui-oxide ............ , . .... .
A lumina ........ . .. . .. . . ........ . . Manganous Oxide ... . . . ... : . . . .. . . . Ume .. . . . ... . . ... ... . . . . ....... . Magnesia .............. . . . ..... . . . Potash . .. .. . .. .. .. . ..... . . .. . .. .. . Soda ..................... .. .... ..

10 . SO 1.45 4557 6.65 8 .50
0.25
trace
3. 65
trace
347 9 .40

Probable CO'InbiJ/atioJ/s

Potassium Chloride ........ ..... . . . . Sodium Chloride ........ .. ........ Sodium Sulphate ..... . .. . . . . .. . .. . . Sodium Carbonate ........ . .... .. .. . Magnesium Carbonate .. .. . . ..... . .. . Calcium Carbonate . . . .. , ... . . . .. .. .. Nlanganese Carbonate ... .. . .. ...... . Aluminum Sulphate ....... . .... . .. . . Iron Carbonate .... . . . . . . .... . .. . . . .

5.50 6.64 257 8 . ~4
trace
6.5 2 trace
.78
12.3 2

T otal Solids . . .......... . . . . .. . . . 52.97

Free Carbon Dioxide . . .... .. . . . .. . 34.65

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.612 .085 2 . 65 8 .388 .496
. 01 5
trace
. 21 3
trace
.202
.548
.3 21 .387 . 150 475
trace
.380
trace
.045 .7 19 3. 089
2.020

C HAPTER XI
DETAILED NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA
DEEP WELLS
The deep wells of the Paleozoic area are few in number. This is due to two causes: (I) the small cost of constructing shallow ;vells, which usually furnish ample water for household purposes; and (2) the prevailing unfavorable geologic conditions for successful flow ing wells in the region.
The geologic conditions, here referred to, may be readily understood by an examination of the geologic map of the Paleozoic area
by Dr. J. W. Spencer; or, what is still better, the several geologic
folios of the United States Geological Survey of the region, by Dr. C. 'vV. Hayes. It will be noticed, by an examination of these maps, that the structural geology of the region is entirely different from that of the other divisions of the State. In the Cretaceous and Tertiary areas, it has been previously pointed out, that the strata lie nearly hori zontal, with a gradual dip to the southward; while, in the Crystalline area, the structure is so varied and complicated, that it is difficult, or impossible to work out. In contrast with these structures, but at the same time occupying a somewhat intermediate stage bet\V~en the two types of structures, is the folded and faulted rocks of the Paleozoic area.
The region is one, in which the dynamic forces ha ve acted with such great energy, that the limestones, shales and sandstones, with an aggregate thickness of several thousand feet, have been compressed by lateral forces into a number of huge unsymmetrical parallel folds . In some instances, where the rocks were unable to withstand the intense pressure to which they were subjected, the strata
( 253)

:254 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA
were broken, and the tension was relieved by faulting. These faults, which often represent displacements of many hundred feet, are technically known as thrust faults. The structural cond itions of the Paleozoic area, as here outlined, would seem to be not espe-cially unfavorable for successful flowing wells. These conditions, 110wever, have been in a great measure changed by subsequent erosion, as may be seen by an examination o f the geologic sections ac<companying the maps referred to above. The sections, it will be observed, show that the apices of the anticlinal folds of the region l1ave been removed in most cases by erosion, and are now replaced by valleys, which are separated from each other by synclinal ridges. ./"rhis structural condition is extremely unfavorable for flowing wells, .as the outcropping of the water-bearing strata in most instances <lccurs along the margin of the valleys, usually at a lower level than where wells are likely to be constructed. This statement it must be borne in mind applies only to flowing wells and not to non-flowing wells. Those of the latter class would no doubt likely be more or less successful throughout the area, if driven to some depth below the level of the valleys. The water-bearing strata of the synclinal folds, whether sandstone or fissured limestone, doubtless have their interstices and cavities fiIJed with water, up to the general level of the springs, the waters of which may be termed the natural overflow of the water-bearing strata of the syncl inal folds. The deep wells therefore, which penetrate these strata to any depth, between the valleys, should furnish a copious supply of water, espe.cially if the bore-hole strikes fissures or cavities in the water-bearing rock. The correctness of this statement seems to be, in a great measure, demonstrated by the deep wells of the region, a detailed description of which is as follows : -
THE CHICKAMAUGA PARK DEEP WELLS. - The largest number <lf deep wells, anywhere to be found in the Paleozoic area, occur in t he Chickamauga National Park, in Catoosa county, only a short distance south of the Georgia-Tennessee line. These wells, which were constructed, chiefly to supply the emergency water-works system of the park during the mobilization of troops at that point, at the beginning of the Spanish-American war, in the sum-

UNDE RGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 'fs
mer of 1898, are between 20 and 30 in number. They vary, with one exception, from 90 to 160 feet in clepth. They are pretty evenly di stributed throughout the park, which covers an area of about ten square miles.
Generally speaking, the park is a plain, with a slightly undulating surface sloping gradually toward Ch ickamauga Creek, which forms part of the eastern boundary. VI' est of the park, about one mile, is M issionary Ridge, which, in places, attains an elevation of 200 feet or more above the general level of the park. The surface-drainage east of the ridge is eastward toward Chickamauga Creek. The ridge, here referred to, is formed of Knox dolomite; it constitutes the western limb of a synclinal fold, with in the trough of which, and forming the surface of the greater part of the park, is the Chickamauga limestone. \'\Tith only one or two exceptions, all the deep drilled wells in the park commence in the Chickamauga limestone. and probably obtain their water-supply from the upper beds of the Knox dolomite. The latter formation, at that point, is a heavybedded magnesian limestone, often sil iceous and frequently giving rise to limesinks. The Chickamauga limestone, on the other hand! is usually thinner bedded; and it often contains clay partings between the layers. The wells are all non-flowing, except the one located near Cloud Spring at the United States A rmy Post. in the extreme northern part of the park. This well is six inches in diameter and 310 feet deep; and it furnishes about 150,000 gallons daily. The water rises 12 feet above the surface. It is said to come from a cavity, two feet deep, near tlle bottom of the well. When the cavity was first penetrated by the drill, it is reported that leaves and small twigs were brought to the surface.
The character of the water from the Cloud well is shown by the following analysis by Mr. Edwin R. Hodge, Chemist in charge of the Chemical L aboratory, Surgeon General's Office, War Department, Washington, D. C., April ;loth, 1903, furnished by Mr. E . E. Betts, Park Engineer: -

~56 .UNDERC(ROf/ND, W4TERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA

Parts per Million

Chlorine ......... .. ................. . ....... Nitrites . ... . . .. .. . .. . .. .... ... . .... . .. . ...... . Nitrates ............... . . . .. . ......... . .... ... Free Ammonia .. . .. . .. ... . .. ......... . .. . ... . . .
Albuminoi"d Ammonia ........... . ... . .......... . 'Oxygen Used ............. . ..... . . . . . . . ....... .

2.500
trace trace
0.034 0.040 0.963

Total Solids ... ... .. . ........ . .... . .... .. .. 145.500

Loss on Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39.500

The water was colorless, odorless, tasteless, and of a neutral reaction. It had no appreciable sediment; btlt it possessed a faintly opalescent cloudiness, when it reached the laboratory. There was no perceptible blackening or charring on incineration of the residue. Organically, the water is to be regarded as of the very first class. Coming through limestone, as may be suspected, the water is hard, but only moderately so, as is indicated by the following : -
Total Hardness . ................ . ......... 16 .18 per gallon Temporary Hardn'ess . . .. . .... .. . . .. . ....... 7.90" " Permanent Hardness . . ..................... 8 . 28 H If

The mineral constituents consist largely of carbonates of lime and magnesia, with small traces of the sulphates of these metals. There are also traces of iron and alumina.
vVith the exception of a few feet, the well penetrates Knox dolomite its entire depth. The other wells of the park, nearly all of which furnish a copious supply of water, are said to be but little affected by the seasons. The character of the water, in all the wells, appears to be about the same as the water from the Cloud well.

THE BAGWELL VVELL. - This well, which was bored in '90', is

located at Mr. R. B. Bagwell's residence, near the southeast corner

of Chickamauga Creek. The well

Park, has a

da nepdthaboof u2t 3220f0eeyt,aradnsd

from Chickamauga is said to penetrate

hard rocks its entire depth, except the first IS feet, which consist of

clays. The greater part of this rock, judging from the location of

the well, is Chickamauga limestone; however, it is more than likely

that the well stops in the upper beds of the Knox dolomite. The

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.;
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UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 257

water, which is quite saline, is reported to come from within a few
feet of the bottom of the well. It ri ses to within 70 or 80 feet of the
surface. At th e time of the writer's visit, the capacity of the well
had never been tested, and nothing definite seemed to be known
about the amount of water-supply.
The mineral constituents of the water from the Bagwell well are
show n by the following analysis, made by Mr. J. M. McCandless,
State Chemist: -
Specific Gravity at 60 F., 1.0520 Per Cent.
Sodium Chloride.. ... ...... . ........ .. . ... .. .. ... 5.479' Potassium Chloride .......... .. . .. . . .. . . .... . . .. . 0 . 0335 Lithium Sulphate . .. .... . . . .. . ..... .... .... . . .. ... 0.0225 Magnesium Chloride.. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .... . . ...... . .. 0.5265 Calcium Sulphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.1883 Calcium Chloride . .. . .. ..... . . . .. . .. .. ..... . .. .... 0 .483 I Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.0 192 Magnesium Bromide.. . . ....................... 0.0494 Sodium Iodide . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. ..... . . . . . .. . . . ... 0.0023 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.0053 S ilica ..... . .. ... . .... ... . ....... . . . .. .... .. .. .. o .Ob45 Water ......... ......... ....... ... .. ... .. . . ..... 93.1865
T otal . . . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . ........ . ... . . . .... . .. . 100 . 0002

The mixed salts in this water, amounting to 6.8137 per cent., when reduced to a dry condition, have the following composition :-

Sodium Chloride ............ . .. .. . .. ..... . . . . .. . . Potassium Chloride . . ...... . ..... . .. . . . . ... . .. .. . Lithium Sulphate ..... . .. . . . . .. . ... . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . Magnesium Chloride .. . .. . . .. .... . . .. . ........ .. . Calcium Sulphate ........ . . . ... .. . . .. . . .... ...... Calcium Chloride . .. . .. . . . .... . . . .. . . ... . ... .... Calcium Carbonate ..... ..... .. . ...... . .. .. . . .. .. Magnesium Bromide .. . ... .. . . . ... . . . . . ... . ... .. . . Sod ium Iodide .... . ........ .. . . . . ...... . .... .... Silica .. .. . .. . .... . .... ......... .. .. ....... .. .. Oxides of Iron and Alumina .. .... .. . . ... . . . .. ... .. .
T otal ..... . . .... ... . . ..... . .... . .. . .. . ... .. . .

80.42 0-49 033 773
2. 76
7 09 0.28 0 .72 0.03 0.07 0.08
100.00

This water, it will be noticed, carries about twice as much sod ium

258 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA

chloride as common sea water, and a rather unusual amount of lithium, bromine and iodine. It is difficult to explain the occurrence o f this remarkable well, as no water o f similar nature is known at any other point in the Paleozoic area.
Besides the wells above described, there are also a number of other pri vate deep wells in the vicinity of the park, but no detailed description of these wells was secured.
THE "V. M. SCOTT \~'ELL. -Th is well IS located in the northwestern part of Gordon county near the eastern base of H orn Mountain, three and a half miles south west of Sugar Valley. The well whi ch was originally put down as a prospect hole in search for coal
by Mr. W . M. Scott, of 'Atlanta, about' 5 years ago, is two inches
in diameter and '56 feet deep'; and it flows, through a 'Y;-inch discharge pipe, two gallons. of .water per minute. This well, together with the well ,located near Cloud Spring in Chickamauga Park, are the only two deep flowing wells reported in the Paleozoic area.
The Scott well begins in the lower 'beds ' o f the Fort Pay ne chert, and extends to the base of the Chaitil1100ga black shale. As the water is repo~ted i~ Ijave be~ n struck in fissl;l:e's' in the rock lying just below the black shale, it no.doubt comes from the upper part of the Rockwood formation, which constitutes the upper division of the Silurian wcks of Georgia. Structurally .cQnsi,lered, the well is, situated on the eastern limb of an anticlinal fold, the rocks of which, at that point, have a steep dip eastward'. T he water h,ts a rather strong iron taste, and forms about the overflow pipe a heavy yellowish precipitate of iron sesCJui-hydrate. Locally, the water has quite a reputation as a mineral water.
An analysis of the water by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Stirve), of Georgia, is as follows : -

Parts per

Cal/stit'ueILts Determined

Milli o n

Silica .. . ..... . .. . .. ...... . . ... . .. . 20.20

Sulphur Trioxide ......... .... .. . . . 59. 60 Carbon D ioxide ... ... . : : ... . ... .. . 14' :40 Phosflhorus Pentoxide ... :: . . .. .. . . . . trace
Chlonne : . : . . .. .... ... . .. .......... .. . , .. ' 560 .
Iron Sesqui-oxide ....... . '.' ..... ... . 1.80

Grains per
U. S. Galton
,. '78 3.476 8.981
trace
. 32 7
. 105

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 259

Parts per Million

AluI11ina .. .. . ............... . .... .
Magnesia .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . L ime .... . .. . .......... ... . .... Potash .... . .. .... ...... . . . . ... ... . Soda ................... . ........ .

040 21.60
68.30 3.50 8.20

Probable COll/binations
Potassium Chloride .............. . . . Sodium Chloride ...... . ..... ... . .. Sodium Sulphate . .. . .. . .. ... .. .... .. Magnesium Sulphate ....... : . .. .. . . . Aluminum Sulphate . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . Calciwll Sulphate ............ . ..... . Calcium Carbonate ...... . . .. .. . . .. Iron Carbonate ........ ...........

555 4. 88 12.87
6480
, 34 '3 .96 II 1. 70 2 . 61

Total Solids . .... . .. . . . ..... . . .. . 2379' Free Carbon Dioxide . . ............ . . 91.26

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.023 '.260 3.983
. 204
.478
.32 4
.258
.75 1 3 779
.078 .814 6514
. 15 2

THE ROME PETROLUM & IRON COMPANY'S 'NELL, No. J. - The Rome Petroleum & Iron Company's well No. I is located in Floyd county, about four and a half miles northwest of Rome. The well, wbich was put down in 1902 and' '903, has a total depth of about 1,200 feet. It is six inches in diameter, and is said to furnish ten gallons of hard water per minute. The water is reported to come from fissures in limestone at the following depths from the surface: 40, 180 and 960 feet, respectively. Below the 960-foot fissure, it is claimed that the well furnishes but little or no water. It is said that the water from the water-bearing fissures rose in the well, for 'Some distance above the points at which it was struck; but, in no instance, was there a flow. This well was commenced in the lower -divi sion of the Carboniferous, known as the Floyd shale, and it was stopped apparently in the Rockwood formation, the upper member of the Silurian rocks.
THE ROME PETROLEUM & IRON COMPANY'S 'NELL, j o. 2.This well is situated in what is known as the flat-woods region about eight miles west of Rome. It also was put down in '902 and '90~,
a in search for oil. It is six inches in diameter, and is reported to at-
tain depth of 1,850 feet. Water is said to have been struck in

260 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA
fissures in the rock at 60, 240, 400 and 900 feet, respectively; but the water from none of the fissures ri ses nearer than to within two or three feet of the surface. The maximum water-supply of the well is reported to be ten gallons per minute. It is said to be a mineral water, but the character and amount of the mineral constituents were not ascertained. The geologic formations penetrated in this well are probably about the same as those penetrated in well No. 1.
THE STANDARD COTTON MILL \VELL. - This well is located within the corporate limits of Cedartown, the county seat of Polk county. It was put down in 1902, for the purpose of supplying the cotton mill. The well is six inches in diameter and 96 feet deep; and it has furnished as much water as 3,200 gallons per hour, the capacity of pump. The water, which rises to within 16 feet
or of the surface, is reported to come from a fissure cavity in
the limestone near the bottom of the well. The strata encountered in sinking this well are said to be residual clays for 14 feet, followed by limestone with thin partings of shale. The residual clays, here referred to, are probably derived from the weathering of the Knox dolomite which forms a hill only a few hundred yards to the eastward . The underlying limestones, with their shale partings, seem to be the lower beds of the Chickamauga limestone, which, at this point, has a low dip to the west. One or two ,other deep wells were put down at Cedartown some years ago, in the western part of the town; but no definite information concerning these wells was obtainable.
THE ALLGOOD "VELL. - NIr. H. C. Allgood's well is located near the Southern Railway depot at Rockmart, a small town in the eastern part of Polk county. The well is six inches in diameter and 167
feet deep; it furnishes about ten gallons of water a minute. The water, which is said to be hard, rises to within 27 feet of the surface; it is reported to come from smail fissures in the limestone. \ Vith the exception of the first ten feet, which is clay, this well is said to penetrate limestone its entire depth. This limestone, which has been mapped by Hayes as belonging to the Chickamauga formation, in the vicinity of Rockmart, as shown by the surface exposures, is highly argillaceous; it is, therefore, as the wells attest,

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 261
not a very satisfactory water-bearing formation. In addition to the well here described, there are three other deep drilled wells within the corporate limits of Rockmart. These wells, which vary from 75 to 100 feet in depth, penetrate formations similar to those penetrated by the Allgood well, and they furnish about the same quantity of water.
THE SAND MOUNTAIN AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN \\fELLS. -
Other deep borings, besides those above described, occur on Sand IVIountain bf Dade county. These bore holes, which were made in prospecting for coal, vary from 75 to 350 feet in depth. The holes, w ith but few exceptions, are said to haye struck water in greater or less abundance. As they were put down, however, only for the purpose of locating coal seams, no effort was made, in any case, to ascertain the amount of the water-supply from the di fferen t waterbearing strata. Deep borings, of like character, have also been put down on Lookout ~1011ntain in \".'alker county; but, likewise, no information was obtainable, concerning the extent and character o f the different water-bearing strata penetrated. As these two 1110l111 tains are formed largely of sandstone and conglomerate, interstratified with impervious shales, there seems to be no reason, why deep bore-holes, located near the center o f these mOl1ntains, which are broad synclinal folds of carboniferous strata, should not furn ish a copious supply of water. Such bore-holes, in places, no dou bt might furnish Rowing water; as, at many places, the brows of the mountains are from 50 to 100 feet higher than their central axes.
SHALLOW WELLS
Favorable conditions for successful shallow wells are .general throughout the Paleozoic area. These wells, in nearly all cases, obtain their water-supply from the residual clays derived from the decay and disintegration of the underlying rocks. In some in stances, the wells penetrate. for a short di stance, the underl ying limestones, sandstones or shales; but the great majority penetrate only the overly ing clays, which may vary in thickness from 20 feet, or less, to a maximum of 90 feet. The clays differ greatly in mineral composition, as well as in physical structure. Those derived from cherty

262 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA

limestones, as the Knox dolomite, or from sandstones, are highly siliceous and porous; while those derived from the shales contain a high percentage of alumina, and are in a large measure impervious to water. The wells penetrating the former clays almost, invariably furnish a more copious supply of water than the latter. The wells which penetrate the more porous clays, however, are usually more or less affected by droughts; and, as a consequence, they are not always so reliable, during dry seasons, as the wells in the less porous clays.
The character of the water from these shallow wells may be soft or hard, depending largely upon the nature of the clays which they penetrate. \iVhen the clays are derived fr0111 limestone. and the calcium carbonate has not been thoroughly leached out, the waters are almost invariably hard; but, on the other hand. where the clays are derived from sandstones, argillaceous shales, or even frol11 the highly siliceous layers of Knox dolomite, the waters are soft. In a few instances, where these well s obtain their water-supply from aluminous shales, as in the case of n'lrs. Hughes' mineral well, located in Floyd county, two miles west of Rome, the waters contain an abnormal amount of mineral matter, as is shown by the followi ng analysis made by Dr. Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia: -

Parts per

COHstitlUwls DeterJ/l,'iH ed

Million

Silica ............................ . '5. 87 Sulphur Trioxide ............... . .. . 227 .90

Phosphorus Pentoxide . . . .. . .. .... . . . trace

Carbon Dioxide ................... . 32 7. 00 Chlorine ... ........ . .......... .. . . 38 .50
Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . I. 44

Magnesia ............. . . .. .. . .. . . . 7790 Linle ......................... .. . . 258 . 2 5 Potash ...................... .. ... . I. 54

Soda ..... . .. . .. . .. .. . . .......... . 47. 20

Probable Combinatio/ls

Potassium Chloride ... .. ...... ..... . Sodium Chloride ............ . .. ... Sodium Sulphate ... .. .... . .. . . . ... .

244 6, .53
334'

Grains prr U. S . Gallon
0 .92 5 '3 . 290
trace
'9. 069 2.245 0.084 4.542 '5. 066 0. 089 2.75 2
o. '42 3.588 1.948

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 263-

Parts per Million
Calcium Sulphate _.... . . . .. .. . .. .. . . 80_59
Calcium Carbonate .. . . .... . ... . .. . 39+- 55 Magnesium Sulphate .. ..... . ... . .. . . 233.70 .
Total Sol ids .. . .. . .. . . .......... . 823-53
Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . I5340

Grains per U. S. Gallon
4'.699 23. 008 '3 628 48 . 02 5
8946

The shallow wells, which are the chief source of supply of drinking water in the rural districts, as well as in the small towns in the Paleozoic area, have an average depth of about 30 feet. These wells, in most cases, require no curbing; and, as a consequence, they can be put down at small cost. This accounts. no doubt. in a great measure, for the general lise of shallow wells throughout the region.

SPRINGS
The Paleozoic, like the Crystalline area, is noted for its numerOllS springs. They are of frequent occurrence in nearly all the valleys through out the region . In many instances, the springs are of large size; but the great majority are small. furnishing only a few hundred gallons per hour. The distribution of the larger springs, as shown by their location, is governed by certain geologic conditions. These conditions, which have been referred to elsewhere in this report, are the folded and faulted condition of the formations, together with a succession of more or less porous and fissured limestones with compact and impervious shales. In locating the larger springs on a geologic, map, it will be found that they are nearly always situated near the contact of the Knox dolomite with some more impervious limestone, or shale. \Vhen these conditions are wanting, the springs are found along fault-lines. One of the most favorable positions for the occurrence of large springs seems to be at the contact of the Knox dolomite and the Chickamauga limestone, or at the contact of the former with the Connasallga shale. The smaller springs, on the other hand, seem to be confined to no special geological horizon and they are likely to occuf at almost any point along the valleys where the rocks come to the surface.

264 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA
COUl1ll0n Springs. ,
The springs of the P aleozoic area, like those of the other divisions of the State, consist o f common springs and mineral springs. A few of the largest and most important of the C0I11111011 springs, which have been visited by the writer are here described in detail.
CRAWFISH SPRING.-Crawfish Spring, which furnishes about 14,000,000 gallons of water per day is the largest spri ng in the PaleoZOIC area. The spring is located in the northern part of \\Talker county, about two miles southeast of Chickamauga Park, and within a few hundred yards of Chickamauga station, a small town on the Central of Georgia Railway. The water, as it Aows from the base of a small dolomite hill, forms a beautiful stream several rods wide and from two to five feet deep. This stream, wh ich joins Ch ickamauga Creek about half-a-mile away, contains several other large spri ngs, which, in the aggregate, are said to furnish an amount of water equal in volume to Crawfish Spring.
The geological position of Crawfish Spring is near the contact of the Chickamauga limestone and the Knox dolomite. The latter formation forms a very prominent chert ridge, known as Missionary Ridge, a short distance to the west, which appears to be the catchment area that suppl ies the springs. The only improvement in the immed iate vicinity of the spring is a large, well-constructed hotel, which, during the mobili zation o f the troops at Chickamauga Park, at the beginning of the Spanish-American war, was used as a hospital. There seems to have been an effort made, some years ago, to establi sh a summer resort at Crawfish Spring; but the undertaking appears to haye been unsuccessful. An effort was made, at o lle time, to utilize the spring for power purposes; but that project likewise seems to have been unprofitable.
The character of the water from Crawfish Spring is shown by the follow ing analysis. furnished by H on. Gordon Lee, the owner of the spring ;-

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a

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UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 265

Collstit1tents Determined

Grains per U. S. Gallon

Bicarbonate of Lime .. ... ................ . .. . .. Bicarbonate of Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride .. ....... . . .. . . .... . . .... . . . .. Potassium Chloride ..... ... ........ . .. . . .. . .. . Silica ............... . .. . . . ... . . .... . . ... . ... . Free A mmonia . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A lbuminoid Ammonia ....... ..... . ... ... .. .. . . . Oxygen Absorbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.7530 4.5440 0.8560 0.0480 0.0537 0.0029
0.0025
0.0310

Total Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 .7742

DEW'S MILL SPRING. - This spring is located in Gordon county about eight miles east of Calhoun, the county seat. I t is a very large spring, furnishing, according to Nlr. B. IV1. Hall, Consulting Engineer, U. S. Geological Survey, 7,200 gallons of water per minute. The spring flows from a large cavernous opening at the base o f a bluff, near the contact of the Knox dolomite a nd the underlying Connasauga shale. The water fro111 the spring forms a good sized stream, which operates a flour mill, located only a short distance from the spring. The flowage of the spring is said to be but little affected by the seasons. The water is hard , and nearly always
transparent. The catchment area of the spring seems to be the dry,
cherty Knox dolomite ridges lying to the west.
THE LUKENS SPRING. - This spring, which is owned by M rs. Olive A. Lukens of A tlanta, is located in Whitfield county, about one mile south of Dalton. The capacity of the spring, according to Mrs. Lnken s, is 1,500,000 gallons a day. It is said to be unaffected by droughts, and never becomes muddy after hard rains. The water is hard and transparent, and no precipitate results on standing. There escapes with the water, ~t irregular intervals, bubbles which seem to consist of air. The spring emerges at the base of a hill near the line of contact of the Chickamauga limestone with the Knox dolomite. The Lukens Spring at present is used only to supply a fi sh pond near by, and a small farm house located on the hill just a bove the spring.
THE HAMILTON SPRING. - The Hamilton Spring, which is owned by the Crown Cotton Mills, is located within the corporate

266 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOrC AREA
limits of Dalton. The. spring is said to furnish about lO,OOO,OOO gallons a day. The water, which is hard, is used to supply the Crown Cotton .Mills and the city of Dalton. The spring is located near the contact of the Chickamauga limestone with the. Knox dolomite. The flow of" the spring is reported to be affected by long droughts, but the water never becomes muddy after heavy rains.
HUSTON SPRING. - Huston Spring is in the southwestern part of W hitfield county about one and a half miles north of Carbondale and within a few hundred yards of the Southern Railway. The spring emerges from a sag at the base of one of the foot-h ills of Chattoogata Mountain, near the contact of the Connausauga shale (Cambrian) and the Floyd shale (Carboniferous), which are here brought into juxtaposition by a fault representing a displacement of several hundred feei. The flow of the Huston spring is 2, lOO gallons a minute. It is said to be unaffected by droughts, and never becomes muddy after rains. The water is hard and, according to Th1r. Sidney Cooledge, of Boston, NIass., contains 36.80 grains of calCium carbonate per gallon. OriginaIly the water from this spring was utilized in operating a small mill, but. at present. it is llsed only for domestic purposes.
McFARLAND SPRING. - This spring is located within the corporate lin;its of Rossville in the extreme northeastern corner of \IVhitfield county. It gushes from a cavern in the hillside as a bold spring near the line of contact of the Knox dolomite and the Ch ickamauga limestone. The water, which is hard, is used for general domestic purposes; it also supplies a small fish pond.
BLOWING SPRING. - Blowing Spring, so called on account of a current of air alternately passing in 'and out at the cave-like opening from which the water flows, is situated near the Chattanooga Southern Railroad in 'Walker cot;nty, about two and a half miles north of Flintstone, and within a few hundred yards of the Georgia-Tennessee line. This spring, which furnishes several gallons of hard water a minute, flows from the Bangor limestone. The water is used only for domestic purposes.'
CAVE SPRING. - This spring is located in the southern part of
1 FOT an explanation of the wind currents of this spring see pp. 295-301.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 267
Floyd county, within the corporate limits of the village of Cave Spring. It emerges from the base of a Knox dolomite hill, nea r the line of contact of the Connasauga shale and the Knox dolomite. On the hill-slope just above the spring, is a cave which extends down to the underground stream which supplies the spring. T hi s. spring is much used by the residents of the tow n for general domestic purposes; and it also supplies the Georgia Deaf and Dumb Asy lum, located near by. The water is hard and clear, never becoming turbid after rains. The flow of this spring, measured by the U. S. Geological Survey in I 904, is 3.444,868 gallons in 24 hours.
In addition to this spring, there are several other springs with in the corporate limits of Cave Spring, none of them, however, being as large as the one above described. The catchment area ohthese springs appears to be the dry, cherty Knox dolomite ri dges lying a short distance to the east of the town.
CEDARTOWN SPRINC. - This is a very large limestone spring at Cedartown, the county-seat of P olk county. The capacity of the spring is said to be about 2,500,000 gallons a day; It emerges as a larg e stream from ca"ities in the limestone rock, at the base oi a small hill near the center of the town. This spr ing, which furnishes the town with water, is surrounded by a substantial wall of masonry. Thi s wall, in addition to its protecting the spring from surface drainage, is also used as a part of the foundation of the power house of the pumping station, which forces the water to the stand-pipe located on a hilJ in another part of the town.
Some anxiety has been expressed, from time to time, as to the possibl e surface contamination of the Cedartown Spring. It has been thought by some, as the spring becomes muddy after rains; that a certain lime-sink in the neighborhood has connection with the subterranean stream \\hich supplies the spring. This supposition seems never to have been conclusively demonstrated; but the writer has been informed that the tow n authorities have taken steps to guard aJ!ainst any contamination frol11 this source.
Besi des the spring here described, there are thr.ee or four other springs in the neighborhood of Cedartown which furnish frop, 500,000 to 2,000,000 gallons a day. These springs all have th e same

268 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA
general character as the Cedartown Spring, and they flow from the Chickamauga limestone near its contact with the Knox dolomite.
ARAGON SPRING. - This spring is located at the Aragon Mills, in the northeast part of Polk county near the contact of the Chickamauga limestone and the Knox dolomite. It emerges as a bold stream from the base of a small rocky hill, only a few hundred yards from the Aragon Cotton Mills, which it supplies with water. The spri ng is said to be unaffected by either rain or droughts. Its daily capacity is 1,800,000 gallons. The water is always clear and colorless, and has a temperature of 62 F.
The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following analysis furnished by Mr. T . C. 'vVolcott, Treasurer of the Aragon Cotton Mills: -
Parts per Million Total Solids .................... . ............ . .. 219.4 Organic and Vegetable Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.7 Calcium Carbonate . ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.8 Magnesium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 . 9 Sulphates ... . .. . .......... . . .. ................. trace
Near the spring here described, is another spring, owned by the Aragon Cotton Mills, with a daily flow of 1,760,000 gallons. The mineral constituents of the water are said to be practically the same as those from the spring which supplies the Aragon mill. There are three other limestone springs within a mile, or less, of Aragon. One of these springs, known as Randall spring, located on the bank of Euharlee Creek, has a capacity of 500,000 gallons per day. The other two springs are said to each furnish about twice as much water as the Randall spring. The catchment area of this group of springs is apparently the Knox dolomite ridges west of Aragon.
BIG SPRING. - This spring is loc<lted near the Central of Georgia Railroad, about one mile north of Lafayette, the county seat of \Valker county. It supplies water to the Union Cotton MiIJs, located near by. The water is hard and transparent. The capacity of the spring is several thousand gaIJons per day. The spring is near the contact of the Knox dolomite and the Connasauga shale.

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 269
KERR)S SPRlNG. - I<err's Spring is in the northeastern part of Bartow county, about half-a-mile west of Hall's station. The spring is large, ancl it furnishes probably a milEon gallons of water a clay. The water is clear and odorless, and it forms no precipitate on standing. There escapes w ith the water many bubbles, probably air. The spring emerges frol11 the lower layers of the Knox dolomite near its contact with the Connasauga shale. Other springs~ similar to the Kerr spring, occur at Barnesley and near Cement. These springs likewise emerge fr0111 near the line of /contact of the Knox dolomite and the Connasauga sha le.
CLEGHORN SPRI~C. - This spring, which is said to have a daily capacity of more than a million gallons, is within the corporate limits of Summerville, the county seat of Chattooga county. It emerges as a stream from crevices in the Knox dolomite near its contact with the Connasauga shale. The flow of the spring is said to be quite uniform throughout the year. The water, which is hard and always clear, is used only for drinking purposes. The catchment area of the Cleghorn Spring appears to be the cherty Knox dolomite ridges lying immediately west of Summerville.
PH<ENIX SPRING. - This spring, whicl1 is owned by the Phoenix Iron and Coal Company, is situated on the west slope of Lookout Mountain, in Dade county, about five miles north of Rising Fawn. I t emerges as a bold stream from the fissures in the Bangor limestone. The water is clear, and it deposits a heavy precipitate of calcium carbonate. This deposit, which is a porous, rather soft material, forms a layer several inches in thickness in the bed of the branch flowing from the spring. The spring is somewhat inaccessible, owing to the steepness of the mountain slope on which it is situated, and, as a consequence, it is seldom visited.
KENSINGTON SPRING. - This spring is within the corporate limits of Kensington, a small town on the Chattanooga Southern Railroad, in the western part of Walker county. It is a bold spring, issuing from crevices in the limestone rock at the base of a hill near the contact of the Knox dolomite with the Chickamauga limestone. The spring furnishes several hundred thousand gallons of water per

270 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA
day. The water is hard, and is used for drinking and general domestic purposes.
RO UNSAVILLE SPRING. - The Rounsaville Spring is located in the s'autheastern part of Floyd county, at Chambers on the Southern Railway, about seven miles south of Rome. This spring, according to Mr. ]. N. Cheney, furnishes 800 cubic feet of water a minute, which is utilized in operating a flour mill. The water, which is hard and always clear, is said to be but little affected by the seasons. The spring emerges as a bold stream from limestone rocks, at the base of the bluff of Knox dolomite, and appears to be near the southern terminus of one of the parallel faults occurring in the vicinity of Rome.
LINDALE SPRINGS. - The Lindale Springs, which are located at the thriving town of Lindale, fouf miles south of Rome, are large limestone- springs, furnishing about 800 gallons a minute. The character of the water, whicll is used chiefly for supplying the town of Lindale, is shown by the follow'ing analysis, obtained 111 answer to a circular letter addressed to the Mayor:-

ANALYSiS OF \~rA'rER FROM SPRING No. I

Parts per Million

Free Ammonia ..... . . ......... . . . .. .. .. . .. . ... . Albuminoid Ammonia .. ... . . ................... . Chlorine .. .. .. . . ....... . .. . . . ... .. . .. .... . .. . .

.0004 .0094
.1200

Nitrogen as N itrites . . ....... .. ........ . ... . . . .. . . 0040 N itrogen as Nitrates ..... . .... . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . none Hardness .... . ...... . .. . . ... .................. . 11.0500

AN'ALYSIS OF \VATER FROM SPRING NO. 2

Parts Per Million

Total Solids ...... .. . .. ... . .... . ..... . ....... . Volati le Organic Matter .. ... ....... . ...... . . .. . Fixed Solids .. .. . .. . . . ...... . . ... ........... Free Ammonia ............ . ... .. . ... ..... .. .. . Albuminoid Ammonia .. ....... . .... . .......... Chlorine ..... . ........ . . .. . ...... . ......... . . Hardness .............. . ...... . ....... . ..... .

15.900 3. 000
12.900 . 008
.007
2 . 300 11.800

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 271

In addition to the springs above descri bed, there are a large nUl1)ber of other common springs of considerable size in the Paleozoic area .

MINERAL SPRINGS

There are a number of mineral spri ngs in the Paleozoic area, sev-

. eral of which have considerable local reputation. These springs are

small, and are confined mainly to the argillaceous limestones and

the carboniferous shales of the region. Some of the most important

of these springs are here described. .

.

CATOOSA SPRINGS. - This group of springs is located in the eastern part of Catoosa county, four miles east of Ringgold. They have long been known as a popular summer resort. The springs, 12 in number, are situated within a basin-like depression, covering an area of less than two acres. Surrounding the basin, the surface is broken and hilly. Some of the near-by hills in the vicinity attain an elevatiot:! of 400 feet above the spring basin, which, according to the U . S. topographic map of the region, is between 700 and 800 feet above se""level. In the immediate vicinity of the springs, on gradually sloping ground, are situated a num ber of cottages and the site of a large hotel, which was destroyed by fire a few years ago. Previous to the destruction of the. hotel, it is claimed that tbis resort, which has in the last f~w-year:; become almost abandoned, could entertain, at one time, as many as 600 guests.
The Catoosa Springs are all small, none of them furnishing more than a few gallons of water per minute. They issue as minute streams from fissures and crevices in beds of shale interlaminated with carbonaceous, cherty limestone of Cambrian age. A general idea may be had of the character of the water of the Catoosa Springs, frOm the following analyses made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia: -

272 UNDERGR OUND WATERS OF T H E PA L EOZ OIC AREA

CONSTITUENTS DETERMI N ED.

Parts per Million.

..
Grains per U. S . Gallon.

1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I I2 I3 I4

Silica ..

... ..

Sulphur Trioxide .

Carbon Dioxide .

Phosphorus Pent-
oxide.. . . . . .. ..

Chlorine .

Iron Sesqui-oxide.
Alumina . .. ...

Lime. .. .. . ..

Magnesia ..

Potash . .. o.

Soda

18. 15 632 . 66
1 2 27
trace 700
l 9[ .22
412 00
63.30 5 go
402

31 ,00 7 0 . 00 r6. iS I 058 I. 80s 4.082 977 60800 762.40 700 43 36.895 35 457 44462 40 .848 138 . 28 IS I .4 125 87 7. 156 8.064 10 .579 7 340

.. trace . .

... . ... trace trace .. .

. .

5 60 4go 4 90 .408 .32 7 . 286 .286

3 00 3 40

.60 . 170 . 175 .19B .035

I 00 1. 00

68 .0 13 . o5~ .058 035

424 .&> 482 . 4 408 . 2 5 2 4 , 0 2 7 24 77 3 28. 133 23 So9

80 28 93 .68 6000 3. 692 4 .682 5 46.1 3499

11 . 27 757 3 0 2 344 .657 441 .177

15 .90 16 .96 800 . 234 .92 7 .989 . 467

PROBlLBLE C Ol\!BINATIONS .

..... PotassiuDl Chloride.
Potassium Sulphate

.. 9..3.3.

II. 75 7. 14

Sodium Chloride. .

3 52 ..

10, 14
2 00

... .4. .7..8

. . . 5.4.4.

.685 .4 16

.591 . 279
11 7 . .... .

4.3 2 . 205 ..... .

.252

.. Sodium Sulphate .

430 36 41

Sodium Phosphate . trace trace

42 .07
. .. .

13 08 .

.25 1 trace

2 . 123 trace

. 2. .4.5..3

.763

Magne s ium phate .. ....

..S.u.l-.

Calcium Sulphate .

Calcium Carbonate.

l Sg .go 847. 89 112 . 26

240 .84 7 11 . I I
212 98

28 1.04
923. 54 182 36

ISo 00 11 .075 14 .045 16 390 10 497
970 70 49 44 7 4 1 .471 53 SS9 56 .609
15 27 6547 12-421 10.635 Sgo

- - - - - - - - - AluminumSulphate
Iron Carbonate . .. . .

3 79 335 3 35 1 . 98
422 ---4 .3-5 - -6.46- - -1..1-4

.221 .246

. 195 . 254

.195 3 77

.0I6I 57

--

Total Solids .... 1.193. 36 1,224 .36 1,520 96 1,208.02 69 594 93 AI 8 886gg 70 .449

t Epsom Spring . 2 Coffee Spring.

3 Buffalo Lithia Spring. 4 Cosm'!tic Spring.

CHEROKEE SPRIN G. - This is a bold chalybeate spring, located in a small valley at the western base of \'Vhite Oak Mountain, about two miles east of Ringgold. This spring is said to have been much frequented some years ago by health seekers, but it is now only occasionally vi sited. There are no improvements near the spring, except a farm-house. The water, which yields quite a copious precipitate of iron sesqui-oxide, flows from a small fi ssure in the dark

o
~
o
~
,'".
r
~
o " " c
()
w
"
z
" c
z
"

UNDERGROUN D WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AflEA 273

aluminous rock, only a few feet below an outcropping of the Devonian black shale.
A n analysis of the water by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as foll ows : -

Parts per

CoJ/stitu.eJ/ts Determined

Million

Si lica . .................... ....... Sul phur Trioxide .. .. . .. ..... ...... .. Carbon Dioxide ...... .. ... . ..... .. . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ....... . . .... _. Chlori ne ..... _. ......... . ... . . ... . . Iron Sesqui-oxide ........... .. ..... . Alumina .... . .... .. .. . . . . ... . . .. L inle ................. .. . . ... . . . . . Magnesia .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .... .. . . . . Potash ........... .. .... . ........ . . Soda ... .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . ... .

19.30 16.60 123. 80
trace
4.90 15. 20
1.20
61.20 3. 60 3.40 5. 60

Probable Co'lllbiJ/Q.tioJ/s

Potassium Chloride . ... . .. . . . ... . .. . . Sod ium Chloride . .. . ...... .. ..... . . Sodium Sulphate ..... . ...... . ...... . Magnesium Sulphate .... . .. .. .. ... . . Calcium Sulphate .......... . . .... . . . Calcium Carbonate .. ....... . ....... . Aluminum Sulphate ........ . .. . .. . . . Iron Carbonate ...................

5.40 3. 84 8.18 10.80
335 109. 29
4-02 22 .04

Total Solids ........ . .. . .. . . . ... . 186.22

Free Carbon Dioxide . .. .. . .. . . .. ... . 6773

Grains per U . S. Gallon
1. 125 -937
7. 220 trace
. 286 .886 .070 3.569
.210
.198
.32 7
3 15
.224
477
.630 .195 6374
.234
1. 285
10.859
3.950

GORDON SPRING. - Prior to the Civi l \~raI', Gordon Spring was a very popular summer resort; but since then, it has been allowed to decline. The buildings, with the exception of one or two smaller ones, have all been burned or otherwise destroyed, so that there are at present practically no facilities whatever for the accommodation of guests. The spring is located at the eastern base of Taylor's Ridge, in the western part of V/hitfield county, about twelve miles west of Dalton. It is a small chalybeate spring, furnish ing about th ree gallons of water per minute. The water is clear, but on standing, throws down a precipitate of iron sesqui-oxide. In addition

274 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA

to the main spring, from which the sample of water was secured for

analysis, there are several other smaller springs near by, w li ich are

also said to possess medicinal properties. These springs are all lo-

cated in a small depression, or basin, at the foot of Taylor's Ridge,

near the line of contact of the Carboniferous shales and the Silurian

sandstone. Gordon Spring is well located for a summer resort, but,

unfortunately, it is too far from the railroad to attract visitors.

The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following

analysis made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological

Survey 0i Georgia: -

Parts per Grains per

COllstitllwfs Determined

M illion U. S. Gallon

Silica .. . . . . .. .. . ... .... . .. . .... . . . Sulphur Trioxide ... . . . .... . .. . . .. . . Carbon Dioxide . . . ..... ... . . . ...... . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . Chlorine . . ... . .. . . . .. . . .... . . .. .. . Iron SesCJui-oxide ..... . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Alumina ..... . ..... . . . . .... . ..... .
Nlanganese ......... . .... . ...... . . . . Lime.
IVlagnesia ... . ... . . . .... . . ... .. .. . . Potash ........ ... ......... . ... . . . . Soda .. . .. . .. . ... . .... . .. . .. . .. ... .

15 . 50 14.78 182 -40
trace
5. 60
5.40 040 trace 82.00 I276 2.80 10.60

.904
.86~

10 . 637

trace

.3 27

.
.

032'

5 3

trace

4.782

744 . 163

. 618

Probable Colllbillatiolls

Potassi um Chloride .. . . .... .. .. . .. . . Sodium Chloride .... . ..... . ........ Sodium Sulphate ... . .. . .. . . . . . . ... . Sodium Phosphate .. . . ..... . .... . .. . Magnesium Sulphate . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . Nlagnesium Carbonate ... . . . . ...... . .
Calcium Carbonate . . . ... .. . . . . .. . .. . Alum inum Sulphate .. .. ... .. .... .. . . Iron Carbonate .. . ..... . . . . .. ...... . Manganese Carbonate .. .... . .... . . . .

4 44
575 I7 3I trace
755 21 . 50 146 . 43
1.35 7. 83 trace

. 259
335 , . 033
trace
440 1. 254 8.540
.079
457 trace

Total Solids ..... . ... .. ... .. . . . .. . 227.66 Free Carbon Dioxide .. . . . .......... . 103 . 75

'3 . 301 6 . 050

MARTIN'S MINERAL SPRING. - This spri ng, owned by Mr. W . C. Martin, is located among the foot-hi lls of Chattoogata Mountain,

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 275

about two miles southwest of Dalton. It is a small chalybeate spring, furn ishing only 30 gallons of water an ho ur. The water, which has the distinct taste peculiar to compounds of iro n, issues from the De\'onian black shale. There are no improvements whatever in the immediate vicinity of the spring. I-Iowever, it is much visited during the summer months by the people of Dalton, who seem to ha ve great faith in the curative properties of the water.
An analysis of the water made in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, by Dr. Edgar Everhart, is as follows : -

Parts per

COlls!itllellis De!ermilled

Million

Silica ............................ . 28.50

Sulphur Trioxide .................. . Carbon Dioxide .. . ....... . .. . ...... Phosphorus Pentoxide .............. .

17.92 63. 20
trace

Chlorine ........... . .. . ... . ... .. . . 5. 10 Iron Sesqui-oxide ........ .. ........ . 10 .30

Alumina ... .. . .. . .. . ........ ... ... 1.00

lVIagnesia .......... .. ......... . ... . 12.61

Lin1e .... . .. . .... . . . .. .. . ........ . 21.40 l\Ianganese ........ . .... . . .... . ... . trace

Potash .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . ... : ..... . Soda ..... . .................. . ...

400
8.66

Probable Co"lllbillotiolls
Potassium Chloride .. . .. . .. .... .... . Sodium Chloride ................... Sodium Sulphate . . . .. .... .. ..... . . . Sodium Phosphate ............. .. .. Magnesium Sulphate ... .. . .. . .. . . .. . Magnesium Carbonate .. . ........ . . . . Calcium Carbonate ...... .. . .. ..... . . Aluminum Sulphate . ............ .. . Iron Carbonate .......... . .. . ..... . . Manganese Carbonate .. .. . . ..... . . . .

6.23 3.46 1564 trace
10. I I
19.40 38 . 21
335 1494
trace

Total Solids .. . ... '...... . .. . ..... .

Fi'ee Carbon Dioxide . ..... . .. . ... ..... . 31.00

Grains per U. S. Gallon
1.662 1. 0 45 3. 686
trace
.297 .601 .058 735 1.248
trace
.233 .50 5
.363
.202
.9 12
trace .584
I.13 1 2.228
.195 .87 1
trace
8.148
1 .808

TRENTON MINERAL SPRING. - The Trenton Mineral Spring is located within the corporate limits of Trenton, the county seat of

276 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA

Dade county. It is a small sulphur spring, furni sh ing on ly 30 gallons of water an hour. The water is clear, but it forms a white precipitate about the overflow pipe, and has a distinct odor of hydrogen sulphide. The water is much used in Trenton for drinking purposes. The spring issues as a minute stream frol11 a small fissure in the Chicamauga limestone.
An analysis of the water by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows:-

Parts per

COJlstituellfs Determin ed

Million

Silica .. .... .. ...... .... ... . . ... . . Sulphur Trioxide ............. . .. .. Carbon Dioxide . . .. . . ......... . .... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ... . .... . . . . .. . Chlorine .... . . . . . . .. .... . ........ Iron Sesqui-oxide .......... . . . .. . . . . Alumina ........ . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . Magnesia .............. . .... . ..... . Lithia . .. . . .. .. . .. .... . ... . . . ... . .

17 8c
10.20
297. 00
0.30
12.25
5.40 235 41 .9<: trace

Linle .. ............ '" ...... . ..... . Potash ..... .. .. .. . . ..... .. . . .... . Soda .......... . ......... . .. ... .. .

84.90 5. 20 38 . 00

Probable ColllbillatiollS
Potassium Chloride ................ . Lithium Chloride . .. . ...... . ....... . Sodium Chloride ............ .. .. ... . Sodium Phosphate ... .. . .. . . ....... . Sodium Sulphate . .. ..... . ......... . Sodium Carbonate .... . . .. ... . .. .. . . Nlagnesium Carbonate . .... . ........ . Calcium Carbonate ....... .. . ... . .. . . Aluminum Sulphate . ............... . l\'Ianganese Carbonate .. . .. . ..... . . . . Iron Carbonate ......... . . . . .. ..... .

8.2+
trace
13.71
0.60
18.10
38 .58
8799
15 1 . 61
9.40
trace
7. 82

Total Solids ....... . . . : . . ..... ,. 353. 85

Free Carbon Dioxide .. . .... . ....... . 165. 10

Grains per U . S. Gallon
1.038 595
17.320 . 01 7 .7 14
.3 15 .137 2444
traCt!
+.95 1 . 303 2.:n6
481
trace
.800 .035 1.056
2.250
5. 131 8.842
.548 trace
.45?
20. 627
9. 628

MAJOR MINERAL SPRING. - This spring is located in the western part of Chattooga county, near the corporate limits of Menlo. It is

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 277

a small chalybeate spring, furnishing one gallon of water 9- t11inute. The water, which deposits quite a precipitate of iron oxide, has an astringent taste. The spri ng issues as a small stream froni fi ssures in the Devonian black shale. The improvements consist of a poorly constructed boarding-house located on the hill just above the spring. Locally, Major Spring has quite a reputation, and is much visited during the summer by people from Chattooga and the surrou nding counties.
The following is an analysis of the water made by Dr. Edgar Everhart in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia: -

Parts per

COllstitllellts Dete'nJlilled

Million

Silica . . .................... . ..... . Sulphur Trioxide . ..... . . . . . . ... . .. . Carbon Dioxide .......... . . . ...... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ... ... ..... . . . . Chlorine ... .. ........ . ... .. .. . ... Iron Sesqui-oxide ................. . Alumina . .... .. ..... ... ... . .. . . .. . . Manganous Oxide ............ . ... Lime . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . ...... . . lVIagnesia .. ..... . ............ . . . . .

65 .30 137. 00 77.90
trace
5. 60
49.50 40 .50
1.40
' 3.30
6.00

Potash ............ .. .. . ..........

.92

Soda ..... . . .. ...... . ...... .. ..... . I I. 60

Probable CombiJlatioJls
Potassium Chloride .... ..... .. . . ... . Sodium Chloride .... .. .... . ..... ,. . . Sodium Sulphate . ......... . .... . .. . Sodium Phosphate ...... ..... ...... . Magnesium Sulphate . .... .......... Calcium Sulphate ......... .. . . ... .. . Iron Sulphate ......... .. ... ...... . Manganese Carbonate ... .. ... . . ... .. Aluminum Sulphate .. . ............. Iron Carbonate .................. . .

I. 46
735 '7. 63
trace
18 .00
32 ..30
I. 40
3. 00 13580 66.28

Total Solids ..................... . 338 .5 2 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 51.36

Grains per U. S. Gallon
3. 808 7.990 4543
trace
.32 7 2 .304 2.362
.082 776
.35 0
.053 .676
. 08 5
.429
, .028 trace 1.050 , .88'4 .082 . '75 7.920
3. 282
19744
2 995

'is UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA

COHUT'I'A SPRINGS: - Cohutta Springs, a summer resort of local importance, is in the northern part of Th1urray county, at the base of one of the spur ridges of Cohutta Mountain, about 18 miles northeast of Spring Place. The spring, from which the resort takes its name, was known to the early settlers of Murray county; but it seemed not to have attracted attention until about 50 years ago, when the first Jog cabin was built near the spring. Since that time it has been much vis ited in the summer months by the people from Dalton and the surrounding country, who have constructed small cottages in the vicini ty of the spring, for the accommodation of their families. These cottages, together with one or two small boarding-houses nea r by, are all the improvements about the spring. The location of Cohutta Springs is surpassed by but few summer resorts in the State, from a scenic point of view. It is within less than three miles of Grassy Mountain, which has an altitude of nearly 4,000 feet above sea-level; and it is only a short distance from some picturesque gorges and beautiful water-falls.
The spring furnishes only three gallons of water per minute. The water, \'{hich throws down a rather copious precipitate of iron oxide, issues from a small fissure in the dark pyrytiferous Cambrian shales.
An analysis of the water from the spring, by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: -

Parts per

COllstituellts Determined

Million

Silica .. . . .. .. . .. .. ..... . . .. . . . . .. . Sulphur Trioxide ......... .. . .. . .. . . Carbon Dioxide .... . . .. ........... .

15. 00
653 28.00

Chlorine ......... . . .... . . . .. . .. ... . I ron Sesqui-oxide . .. . .... . .... ... .. Alumina ......... . . . . . . ..... . .. . . . Lime ... . ................. . . . ... . Magnesia . . . . ... . .. . ..... . ....... . Potash ..................... .. . . .. . Soda ........... .. .... ... .. ... ... .

7. 00
1044
1.25
5. 81 3. 20 2.05 7. 09

Probable Combi"atioJ/s

Potassium Chloride ... .. .... .. . . . ... . Sodium Chloride ...... . ...... .. ... . Sodium Sulphate .. . . ... . .... . . .. . .. . Magnesium Sulphate ... ... . . ....... .

3. 2 5
8.98
534 0.87

Grains per U. S. Gallon
.875 .381 1.633 48 . 609 .073 339 .187
.120
. 4 13
.190 .524
.3 1 I
.05 1

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 279

Parts per

M illion

Magnesium Carbonate .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . 6. II

Calcium Carbonate . . ... .. . .... .. ... . Aluminum Sulphate ..... . .. . .. . .. . . . I ron Carbonate . . . . .. ... .. . ... . .... .

1037
4'9
'5. 14

Total Solids . . .... .. . . ......... 69. 2 5

Free Carbon Dioxide .. . ....... .. ... . 14.51

Grain s per U. S. Gallon
.356 .60 5
.244 .883
4. 0 39 .846

HAMPTON SPRING. - T hi s spring is located along the edge of a

deep, narrow hollow or gorge, about o ne mile east of Cohutta

Spring. The spring is a small chalybeate spring fl owing less than

two gallons o f water per minute. The only impro\'ements ne:lr the

spring are a few ill-constructed cottages, owned by indi vidual s, who

move their families to the spring for a short time during the hot

summer months.

T he character of the water is shown by the following analysis,

made by Dr. Edgar E verhart, in the laboratory of the Geological

Survey of Georgia : -

Parts per

COllstitu.ents Determined

Million

Silica ........... . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . 12.,75

Sulphur Trioxide ......... . ...... . . . 6 . 12

Carbon Dioxide .... . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . 24 40

Chlorine .............. . .... . .. . .. .. 6.30

Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. . . ........... . 9. 66

AluI11ina ........ . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . .

1.45

Lime ............. . . .. ... ... ..... . 4.50

Magnesia ........ . . . ........ . ..... . 2 .61

Potash ... .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . ... . . . Soda . .. . . ..... . . . ......... . ..... ..

I. 55 5. 08

Grains per U . S. Gallon
744
357
1.42 3 . 367 .563 . 08 5
.262
. 15 2
. 090
.296

Probable Combinatiol1s

Potassium Chloride ........ . . ..... . . Sodium Chloride . . ... . ..... . ..... . Sodium Sulphate .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . Magnesium Sulphate . .. . . . .. . ...... . Magnesium Carbonate ....... ... . . . . . Calcium Carbonate .. ..... . ..... . .. Alumi num S ulphate .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Iron Carbonate .. ... . .............. .
Total Sol ids . . . . ..... .. .. .. .. ... . .
Free Carbon D ioxide .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .

244 845 1. 39
3 'S 3.27 8 .03 4 .86
1400
58 . 34 13 .85

.142
493 .08, .184
.4'968' . 283 . 816
3.442 .808

280 UNDERGROW/D WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA

E VERETT SPRING. - Everett Spring is in the extreme northern part of Floyd county, about six miles west of Reeves, a small station on the Southern Rail way. It is located in a narrow, picturesque valley between H orn and]ohn ~1ountains, near the highway lead ing from Armuchee Valley to Rome. The spring is of local reputation only, and has no improvements near, except a farm-house and a small country store. 'fh e water emerges as a stream from the Carboni ferous shale. The flow, which is said to be but li ttle affected by the seasons, is less than one gallon a minute.
A n analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the labo ratory of the Geological Sur vey of Georgia, is as follows:-

COllstituents Determined

Parts Der Million

S ilica .. . ........ . .... ...... ..... . . Sulphur Trioxide .. . .. . . . . .. ... .. .. . Carbon Dioxide ........ . .... . . .. . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . ........... Arseni c ..... ................. .. . . . Chlorine ...... .. . .. .... .. . .. .. . . . . I ron Sesqui-o~ide ..... . .... .. .. ....
A lu1l1ina ........... . ... .. ... . ... . . Linle ............. . . ... . ... . ..... . Magnesia .. ... . .. . . . . . .. .. . ..... . . .
Potash .. . .... . ............ . .. . . . . 1\1allganese .. . ........ . . . ... . '. ... .
Soda ......... '" ......... . ... . .. .

20 . 50
8.86
'3 "OO
trace
trace
10.20
7 . 20 3.40 90 .40
I2.20
2 .83
trace
II. 82

Probable COlllbinotions

P otassium Chloride .. .... .. . . .. .. .. Sodium Ch loride ....... . . . .. . ... .. . Sodium Phosphate . . ... ........... . . Sodium A rsenite ........ ... . . ... . . . Sodium Sulphate .. . .. ..... . . . .. . . . . . Sodium Carbonate ....... . .. ... .... Magnesium Carbonate . . . . . . . ... . . . . . Calcium Carbonate ............ . . .. . Aluminum Sulphate . . .. .. . . .. .. .... Iron Carbonate .......... . . . ... . ... . Manganese Carbonate .. . ..... . ..... .

4.48 '3 28
trace
trace
I. 52 704
25. 62
r6, .03 II .40
IO 44
trace

Total Solids ......... . ..... . ...... . 2553 I

Free Carbon Dioxide . . . . ..... . .. . .. . 39 .67

Grains per U, S. Gallon
1. I96 .5 17
7. 640
trace trace
595 .420 . I98 5. 272 7 I I . 165 trace . 689
,26, 780
trace trace
. 089 .4I I I ,494 93' I . 665 . 60 9
trace
I4 889
23I.f

~

'""~
<<:::

";'"5
"c:'
"'"

"""'''"""

0
'"
~

~
~ ~

0
"('l
Z t"'l
~
>
"l"

"'"""
".."
0
"";:

z>"'

0

" r
>
~
"'

;5
" ~
t:::j

t::J

Z ~
>
~
cz"0:
~ ~

"'0"

" " >

."
""~

'~"

~

" ~

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 28[

ROLL'NO SPRINGS. - These springs, which have long been known as a summe~ resort, are situated in a broken, hilly country in Bartow county, six miles northeast of Cartersville. Prior to the Civil. "vVar, Roland Springs was one of the most important resorts in the State. \'Vhite, in his Statistics of Georgia published in [849, in speaking of these springs, says: - "Roland Springs are too well known to need a particular description. They are becoming every season the center of fashion. Multitudes from every part of the State resort here, to partake of the excellent water as well as the liberal fare of the worthy proprietor."
In recent years, this resort has lost its former popularity. The buildings, which were said to have accommodated at one time as many' as 600 guests, have all been destroyed, with the exception of one or two, which are now badly in need of repair. The resort is at present only occasionally visited. The people from Bartow and the surrounding counties now rarely frequent the springs. There are two main springs, each furnishing about the same quantity and quality of water. They are both rather bold chalybeate springs, issuing from fissures in a coarse granite, which seems to be an intrusive mass penetrating the Cambrian quartzites. The water has the peculiar taste of iron compounds; and, upon standing, it yields a rather copious precipitate of iron hydrate.
The following analysis by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Su rvey of Georgia, was made from a sample of the water taken from the stone-curbed spring, a short distance north of the building; -

Parts ....er

C01lstituellts Determined

Million

Silica ....... . . .. . . . .. . .... ....... . Sulphur Trioxide .. .... .. . .. .. ..... Carbon Dioxide . .. .. . .. ...... . ..... . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . .. . . . ......

41 .50 6 .80
138 .60
trace

Chlorine .. ...... ..... . ....... . . ... . Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. . ... .... . .... . Altunina .. .. . . .............. .. . .. . Lime . .. ....... ... ............. . . .

476 5.40
0.50
26.20

lVIagnesia . .. ...... .. . .. ...... . . . . 5 .91

Grains per U. S. GaHon
2.42 0
397 8.093
trace
.278
.3 1 5
. 029
1.5 28
345

282 UN DERGROU/ ID WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA

Parts per Million

Manganous Oxide .. . .. .. . . ........ . Potash ......... . ............... .. . Soda .. . .. .... .............. .. . .. .

0.20
3.52 '5.90

Probable Combillatiolls
Potassium Chloride .. .. . ....... . .... . Sodium Chloride ..... . .. . .. . ... . ... . Sodium Phosphate . . . . .. .. . .. ...... . Sodium Sulphate ....... . ........ . . . Sodium Carbonate . . .. . . .. .. . . . .... Magnesium Carbonate ... . .. . ..... . . Calcium Carbonate. ............. . .. . . Aluminum Sulphate .. . .. . .. .... .. .. . Manganese Carbonate ............ . . . Iron Carbonate .. . ... .. ..... .. .... . .

5.5 8 3.46
trace
999
16.60
12.41
46.80 1.67
0.32 7. 83

Total Solids .................... 146. ,6

Free Carbon Dioxide

101.5 2

, Grains per U. S. Gallon .
.012
. 205 .927
.32 5 .196
trace .583
.968
.724 2739
.097
.01 9 457
8.5 28
5.920

B,BLIOGRAPHY.
Statistics of Georgia, by George White, 1849.
Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada, by Geo. E. Walton, 1872.
Mineral Springs of North America, by J. J. Moorman, 1873.
Mineral Springs of the United States, by A. C. Peale, Bull. U . S.
Geological Survey, No. 32, pp. 8,-85.
Mineral Waters of the United States and thei r Therapeutic U ses, by James K. Crook, 1899.
The Mineral Springs of Georgia, by J. R. Duggan, M.D., 188 r.

CHAPTER XII
EXPERIMENT RELATING TO PROBLEMS OF WELL CONTAMINATION AT QUITMAN, GA.'
INTRODUCTION
During the summer of I903, a boring for a deep well, constructed by the tOWIl of Quitman, Ga., to impro ve its water-supply, penetrated, at a depth of I23 feet from the surface, in limestone, what appeared to be a cavity 6~ feet deep. Immediately after the cavity had been penetrated by the drill the water rose to within 77 feet of the surface, at which point it remained. In extending the bore hole beyond this depth it was fOllnd that all of the water forced into the well to carry out the drillings, and also the drillings themselves, appeared to pass off by the cavity. It was further discovered that any quantity of water, however great, that was forced into the bore hole, did not rai se the level of the water in the well above 77 feet, and, on the other hand, that continuous pumping was equally ineffective in lowering the level.
After the sinking of the well to a second water-bearing stratum, at a depth of 321 feet. another well was constructed with a view of testing more fully the water-carrying capacity of the undergrOU!ld cavitYI which was supposed to be a channel o f a large subterranean stream. The second weill 6 inches in diameterl was put down a few hundred ya rds southwest of the first well, and only a few feet from the margin of Russell Pond, a small body of stagnant water occupy-
1 This paper was first pnbiished by the U. S. Geological Survey ill water.supply and irrigation paper No. 110, 1905.

284 EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION

ing a nearly circular depression having the appearance of a partially

filled lime sink. This well having been extended to the cavernous

limestone, a canal was dug to connect it with the pond, and the water

was allowed to flow from the pond into the well. The pond, which

contained about one-half million gallons of water, was drained by

the well in a few hours, without apoarently affecting the level of the

water in the bore hole, which remained constant at 77 feet from the

surface. This test was conclusive to the town authorities that the

underground cavity had a capacity to carry off an illimitable amount of water, and it was at arlee suggested that the town might be able

to make use of th is so-caJled underground stream for sewage dis-

posal. This suggestion was soon taken up by the press of south

Georgia, and within a short time Governor Terrell received a n11I1;-

ber of letters importuning him to interfere to prevent the Quitman

authorities frol11 using deep wells for sewerage purposes.

At the request of the Goyernor, the writer, who at that time was

engaged in the study of the undergroull.d waters of Georgia for the

State and the United States Geological Stlrvey, made a trip to Quit-

man to investigate the reports and, if they should be found true,

to point out to the people of Quitman the possibility that such a sew,

erage system might contam inate the wells and springs in that region.

\Vhen the writer arrived at Quitman he found that the town authori-

ties were seriously considering- the question of disposing of the sewage as reported. They were w illing, however, to give up the id~a of

using the supposed underground stream for sewerage purposes if it

could be shown that such use would prove injurious in any way

whatever. Furthermore, they were willing to cooperate with the

State and the United States surveys by paying the greater part of

the expense of any experiments that might be necessary to establish

this fact.

.

After some delay, arrangements were finally made with the United

States Geological Survey for conducting an experiment to determine

the possibility of contamination of adjacent wells and springs, the

plan adopted for this purpose being what is known as the chlorine

method of tracing underground watercourses.

The well into which the chlorine (sodium chloride, common salt,)

EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION 285
was introduced in carrying out this experiment was the Russell Pond well, referred to above. The well has a depth of I20 feet, and shows the following section: -
Section of well at Rllssell Pond, Ileal' Qllitlllall, Co..
Feet I Surface sand ............ .. .... . . . . . ......... .. . . 2
2 Varicolored clay .. . . ................. .... ... . . . . . 60 3 Yellow sand ......... . .. . ..... .. ........... . ... 15 4 Gray sandy clay ............... . .... . . .. . .. .. . .. . 43
5 Limestone (water-bearing).
The water, which rises to within about 77 feet of the surface, comes from the cavernous limestone found in all of the deep wells of Quitman and vicin ity.
GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
Before the experiment is described in detail a few general notes wi ll be given on the geography and geology of the region, both of which have a certain bearing on the question 1111cler consideration.
That part of South Georgia covered in conducting the Quitman experiment lies along the Georgia-Florida line, and includes the southern part of Brooks and the adjacent portions of Thomas and Lowndes counties. This part of the State is comparatively le\'el, but in parts of Brooks county the surface is more or less rolling, and depressions caused by lime sinks are occasionally seen. The streams, which all flow southward, are usually sluggish, and at points in their course frequently traverse cypress swamps of considerable extent. The springs of the region are few in number, but are usually large. They are generally found in or near the larger streams, and are often submerged during the wet season.
The geology of the region is typical of the portion of south Georgia that lies' along the State line west of Thomasville, and that has been described by Spencer and others. Nearly everywhere throughout the piny woods or the cultivated fields of this section is to be seen a superficial covering or veneer of fine sand, wh ich at some points attains a thickness of 2 feet or more. This sand corresponds

"286 EXPERIME N T RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION
vrobably to McGee's Columbia formation, as it lies directly upon the orange and reddish Lafayette clays.
The Lafayette clays, which are well exposed in numerous cuts .along the Coast Line Railroad both east and west of Quitman, are usually stratified below and massive above. On the more elevated lands they attain a thickness of many feet, but along the larger
Boston
FIG. 5.-Sketch M Ip showing L'>cation of the Quitman Experiment.
.streams they have been partially or wholly removed by erosion so as to expose underlying clays, which at certain points along 'vVithlacoochee River, notably at McIntyre Spring, contain large masses of coral. These lower clays are probably Miocene, and belong, no donbt, to Langdon's Chattahoochee group.
Beneath these Miocene clays there is a thick limestone, which is the source of the water supply of all the deep wells at Quitman, Boston, and Valdosta. This limestone seems to belong to Conrad's Vicksburg group, which, according to Dall, forms the lowest member of the Oligocene beels in the southern Tertiary series. As is ,shown by samples of borings from deep wells, this rock is somewhat variable in character, but seems to consist largely of thick beds of comminuted shells and corals interiaminated with layers of hard, .compact limestone. The upper beds of this limestone appear to be

EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION 287
cavernous, for cavities, shown by the dropping of the drill. are frequently found in it in the deep wells throughout the region. These cavities are said to vary in depth from 3 to 9 feet, and are always filled with water having a static head that is 40 feet or more higher than the point at which the cavities are struck.
The order of occurrence and the approximate thickness of these several formations a re shown in the section of the Russell Pond well, above given. The Boston and the Quitman wells also show similar sections. The dip of the formations is supposed to be toward the south at a few feet per mile.
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT
The chlorine method of tracing underground streams, as carried out in the Quitman experiment, was adopted at the suggestion of Prof. C. S. Slichter, consulting engineer of the United States Geological Survey.
A reconnoissance topographic survey of the region surrounding Quitman was made, with the view of finding all spri ngs and wells whose waters stood at a lower level than the water in the Russell Pond well, where the salt was to be introduced, altitudes being determined by aneroid barometer. From all such springs samples of water were collected for determination of the amount of chlorine present. Each of the springs and wells thus sampled was made a station from which, at regular intervals, samples of water were collected by observers who were advised how and when to collect samples. The various stations having been established and samples collected for the determination of the normal ai110unt of chlorine contained in the waters, 2 tons of salt (sodium chloride) were introduced into the Russell Pond well. 'rhe salt was put into the well in the form of solution, its introdllc.tion beginning at 8 a. m. October IS, and continuing until 8 p. m. October 20. The first ton of salt put into the well was introduced continuously for twelve hours at the rate of 166% pounds an hour, while the second ton was put into the well continuously for one hundred and twenty hours, or five days, at the rate of 16% pounds an hour.

<88 EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION
In order to introduce the salt into the well at the above rate and also to insure as complete saturation of the water as possible, five 50-gallon barrels were set about 20 inches apart upon a level platform at the well and connected with one another by pieces of 2-inch iron pipe, firmly screwed into the barrels by right and left screws cut on their opposite ends. The iron pipe was inserted into the barrel nearest the well about 2 inches from the bottom, while the pipe between each succeeding barrel was elevated abo ut 4 inches, so that the one uniting the last two barrels entered them about halfway up. \ iVhen everything was in read iness for the experiment to begin, each barrel was filled with salt up to the point at which the outRow pipe entered it. The water was then turned into the barrel farthest from the well through a hydrant connected with the public water supply. As the water rose in this barrel to the point of entr~lI1ce of the pipe it Rowed into the next barrel, and so on until the entire chain of barrels was filled . The water now being more or less completely saturated, having Rowed over the salt in the bottom of each barrel, was tunled into the well through a stopcock so adjusted as to deliver the desired amount of water per minute. By a nice adj ustment of the stopcock at the well and of that at the hydrant it was found that this plan of delivering a gi ven amount of brine to the well in a stated time was practically automatic, the attendant having nothing to do except to keep the bottoms of the barrels supplied with salt.
DES CRIPTION OF STATIONS
The stations from which water was collected were seven in nUIllber and are described below. Their locations are shown by the sketch map (fig. 5).
Station No. I . - The station is the well at the public water-works, 1,000 feet nort heast of the Russell Pond well. The well is 32 I feet deep and supplies the town with water. It is cased with 8-inch casing to 122 feet, only a short distance above the first water-bearing stratum. Within the 8-inch casing is inserted a 4Y> -inch casing which extends from the surface to a depth of 309 feet, at which point it was driven securely into a hard rock so as to form what was supposed to be a water-tight joint, cutting off all the water from the

EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION 289
123-foot water-bearing stratum above. The town water supply is pumped through this 40-inch casing fr0111 the second water-bearing stratum, 3 1 I feet below the surface. The second water-bearing stratum has a static head 2;)4 feet greater than that of the fir st stratum. Nevertheless, it was thought that in case the 4 0-inch casing was not absolutely water-tight at the point where it was driven into the rock, continuous pumping might lower the static head of the water from the second stratum sufficiently to set up a current from the stratum above, in which event sewage introduced into the upper stratum would contaminate the lower.
Station NO.2. - This is the "Old City well," 1,500 feet northeast of the Russell Pond well. The well used for this station is 500 feet deep, and was completed in 1884. It was originally cased to a point some distance below the nrst water-bearing stratum. but its lower part becoming obstructed by sand or some other material, the 6-inch casing was burst by an explosive at the first water-bearing stratum, in order to obtain water for publi c use. "Vhile the experiment here reported was being carried on, this well, which had not been in use for some months, was connected with the pumps at the water-works station, so that the water might be procured at regular intervals.
Station NO . 3. - This is the Oglesby well, located at the Oglesby Mills, three-fourths of a mile northwest of Quitman. This well was completed in May, 1903, and is only 92 feet deep. It is 6 inches in diameter and is cased to 78 feet. Th e water-bearing stratum was struck at 87 feet, at which point, it is said, the drill dropped into a cavity 4 feet in depth and immediately thereafter the water rose to within 48 feet of the surface. It will here be noted that the waterbearing stratum in the Oglesby well is much nearer the surface than the first water-bearing stratum encountered in the wells within the corporate limits of Quitman, and also that the static head of the water is nearer the surface. This difference, however, is due entirely to the fact that the ground at this point is lower than that at neighboring wells, and not, as might be supposed, to the occurrence of a different water-bearing stratutll.

290 EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION
Station NO .4. - This station was established at Blue Spring, near the right bank of the \Vithlacoochee River, 6 miles east of Quitman. By aneroid measurement the spring was found to be about en a level with the static head of the water in the Russell Pond welI. so that it seemed to be a possible outlet for the supposed underground stream into which the salt was introduced. At the time the samples were collected Bille Spring was flowing approximately 15,000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. It was learned, however, that at one time during an extremely dry season, several years ago, the spring entirely ceased flowing.
Station NO.5. - This is McIntyre Spring, about,s miles southeast of Quitman, only a short distance from the Georgia-Florida line. The spring is located partially in the Vv'ithlacoochee River and appears to furnish a much greater volume of water than Blue Spring. Owing to the great distance of this spring fro111 Quitman it was found impracticable to determine its elevation by aneroid barometer, but judging from the fall of the river it must be several feet below Blue Spring. A Aood in the river during the time the samples were being collected submerged IVIclntyre Spring for some time, so that only a limited number of samples were procured from thi s station.
Station No.6. - This is a deep well at Boston, Thomas county, '4 miles west of Quitman. The Boston well has a depth of 290 feet and was completed in June, '900. It is reported that three waterbearing strata were penetrated in this well, at 120, r60, and 286 feet. The static head of the water in the third water-bearing stratum is said to be 69 feet above sea-level, which is 70 feet below the static head of the water in the Russell Pond' well.
Station NO.7. - This station is one of the deep wells at Valdosta, '7 miles east of Quitman. The well from which the samples were taken at Valdosta was the 8-inch well, now used to supply the city water-works. This well is 500 feet deep, but its main water-supply is said to come from a stratum at a depth of 260 feet, where the drill is reported to have entered a cavity 4 feet in depth. The static head of the water now in this well is lOS feet above sea-level, which is 24 feet below the static head of the water in the Russell Pond well.

EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION
Additio1lal Station. - In addition to the stations here described there was also one kept up for a short time at the Quitman cotton factory; but, as the well was afterwards found not to be of sufficient depth to reach the water-bearing stratum into which the salt was introduced, it has been omitted in the tables showi ng the variation of chlorine in the samples of water collected at the various
stations.



SAMPLES OF WATER TAKEN

'rhe time at which the samples of water were taken at each sta-

tion, the inten'als between samples, and the number of samples them-

selves are shown in the following table:-

Place, time, and ,,/tl1tber of samples of water taken

STATIONS

No. I. .
. No. 2 .. . . . . ...

. No.
No.

3 4

... ..."

.

No. s .

No. 6 ... ..... .

No. 7

Date of First Sample
Oct. 15, 12 1I00n.
do .....
Oct. IS. 4 p. Dl Oct. 16,6 a. III Oct. 19.6 n. m
Oct . 19,8:l . m . ... do

Interval between Samples
Hours
4 4
~
.2 24 24 24

No.
36 3'
,;0
40 an 6.6
3'

a Full number of samples not collected on account of high water. b Fourteen samples lost by breakage in shipment.

COHRELA'fION OF WA'tER-BEARING S'rRA'r A
In regard to the different water-bearing strata above noted in the Valdosta and Boston wells it might be stated that it was found impossible, with the meager data at hand, to correlate any of them with the water-bearing stratum in the Russell Pond well. In the absence of other data, an attempt was made to correlate the strata by means of chemical analyses of the water, but the results were unsatisfactory.

292 EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION
\\fhile it does not seem possible at present to cor;elate any of the strata with the Quitman stratum, into which the sal t was introduced, there is but little doubt that they all occur in the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone. Furthermore, as previously noted, the static head of the water in the Valdosta and Boston wel ls is greater than the static head of the water in the Quitman well by 24 and 69 feet, respectively. This would seem to indicate that the water-bearing strata are not continuous throughout the entire region, or that there is a flow converging toward Quitman, a condition not probable.
RESULTS
Station No . I. - The normal chlorine in the water-works well was determined as 5-44 parts per 1,000,000. Four hours after the introduction of the salt in the Russell Pond well the amount of chlorine in the water, as shown by the samples, began to increase, reaching a maximum of 6.80 at 8 p. m. October IS , or twelve hours after the introd UCtion of the salt. From this time on the water continued to show excess of chlorine in varying quantities for about five clays, or as long as the salt water was poured in at the other well, finally subsieling to its normal amount on October 21.
Station NO.2. - The normal chlorine in the old \Vater-works well appears "to be 5.44, although a sample taken just before the experiment showed 6.12. The chlorine content of the water of this well began to ri se within four hours after the introduction of the salt, reaching a maximum .of 6.97 at 8 p.m. on October IS. from which time it gradually declined, with several fluctuations, until S p.nl. October 19, after which it remained constant until October 21, at its normal amount.
Station NO . 3. - The normal chlorine in the Oglesby well is 5-44. The water of this well was examined at intervals from October 'S to October 29. From October 'S to October 21 there were some fluctuations in the amount of chlorine, which, however, appear to have no relation to the introduction of the salt in the Russell Pond well. At 12 p. m. on October 21 a decided rise was noticed, which continued until 4 p. 111. Oct'ober 22, when it reached a maximum of 6-46. It remained at this point until 12 p. m. of the same day, after

EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION 293
which it declined gradually, though w ith some fluctuations, until 12 p. 111. October 26, when the normal was again reached.
Station NO . 4. - The normal chlorine at Blue Springs appears to be 5.78 parts per 1,000,000. Tests were conducted from October 16 to N ovember 4, but 110 variations in the amount of chlorine which could be attributed to the salt inserted at Quitman were observed .
Stalion NO.5. - The normal chlorine at McIntyre Spring is 5.78. the same as at Blue Spring. Samples were taken from October '9 to November 6, but no variations in the amount of chlorine referable to the introduction of salt at Quitman were noted.
Station No.6 . - The normal chlorine in the Boston well appears to be 6.80, and 110 persistent variations were obsen-ed during the interval from October 19 to November 24.
Station NO .7. - The normal chlorine in the Valdosta well is 5.-14. No variations due to the insertion of salt at Quitman were'noted.
From the preceding it will be noted that only three stationsnamely, the \Vater-works well, the Old City well, and the Oglesby well- show variations which can with any degree of certainty be attributed to the effect of salt introduced in the Russell Pond well. It will be observed that the maximum amount of chlorine in the two wells first named occurred at 8 p. m. October IS, just twelve hours after the first introduction of salt into the well. As both of these wells are within a short distance of the Russell Pond well, this result would naturally be expected; yet at the same time it is difficult to explain how the salt made its appearance in the \;Vater-works well, as it obtains its supply from a water-bearing stratum that lies 200 feet below the one into which the salt was introduced. It ,vas surmised that the casing cutting off the upper water-bearing stratum from the one below did not form a water-tight joint at the point where it was driven into the rock, but allowed the water to flow downward when the pump was in action. In order to determine whether this supposition was true or not, the following test was made: - T he pump was started and run for a few minutes when a sample of the water was taken to determine the normal amount of chlorine present. There was then introduced through the 8-inch cas-

294 EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION
ing into the upper water-bearing stratum IS pounds of salt in solu-
tion, and the pump was again started and run continuollsly for a half hour. During the time the pump was in operation samples were taken every five minutes. A nalyses of these samples showed no illcrease of chlorine, demonstrating that the salt had not reached the second water-bearing stratum by the way of the suspected joint at the lower end of the 40-inch casing elsewhere described. Thi s test seemed to show that the chlorine in the original experiment did not reach the water in the second stratum by the way of any defect of the joint at the end of the 40-inch casing. The test, however, can hardly be considered conclusive, owing to the small amount of salt used and the limited time the pump was operated after the salt was introd uced. I t is very probable that if the amount of salt had been larger and the samples had been taken at longer intervals, the presence of the salt would have been detected .
In regard to the Oglesby wel1 it wil1 be noticed that the salt was transmitted in a northwesterly direction. notwithstanding the fact that the general Aow of underground waters of the regi on is supposed to be southward rather than northwestward.
In addition to the variation in the amount of chlorine here explained as probably due to the presence of the salt introduced into the Rus sell Pond well, there are also other variations which, with one exception, are unexplained. The exception referred to occurred at the old City \\later-works well. The diagram for this wel1 shows that the amou nt of chlorine in the samples taken before the experiment was much h igher than the normal. This was probably due to the presence of surface waters which had reached the water-bearing stratum below through the defective casing.
CONCLUSIO NS
From the notes above given on the Quitman experiment the following conclusions may be drawn:-
I. The so-called underground stream, in the ordinary meaning of that term, does not exist in the wel1 s investigated.
2 . The water, which has a motion of probably not over 200 feet

EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION 295
per hour, occurs in a porOllS, cavernous limestone, several feet in thickness.
3. Sewage introd uced into the first water-bearing stratum will contaminate all of the wells in the vicinity that attain a depth of [20 feet or more.
4. The upper water-bearing stratum in the \Vater-works well is not completely cut off from the water-bearing stratum Delow. so that the water from the lower stratum is likely to be contaminated fro11l the stratum above.

CHAPTER XIII
BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA
The blowing springs and wells of Georgia may be divided for convenience of description into two classes: (I) those in which the air passes inward for a time, and after a short period of quiescence reverses its course; (2) those in which the amount of the air is constant and moves in one direction only. One of the best illustrations of the former class of spri ngs is the Grant Blowing Spring near Chattanooga, a description of wh i~h is as follows:-
THe GRANT BLOWING SPRING is located at the base of Lookout lVIountain, near the Georgia-Tennessee line, about three miles from the corporate limits of Chattanooga. The spring has long been kn own, and is much frequented by tourists visiting Chattanooga. It may be reached by the A lton Park electric cars, ;"hich stop only a few hundred yards north of the spring. or by the Chattanooga Southern Railway. The proximity of the spring to Chattanooga and its accessibility have doubtless added much to its notoriety.
In general appearance, the spring is not unlike many other bold springs met with along the eastern base of Lookout Mountain. It Rows from a fissure, at the base pf a limestone bluff, forming a good sized stream. The spring itself reveals but little evidence of the phenomenon for which it is noted. Nevertheless, the phenomenon can readily be detected by holding a smouldering match or lighted paper near the opening from which the water Rows. The motion of the air is to be seen in its full force at an opening in the bluff above, about forty feet distant ; and at an elevation of ten or fifteen feet above the spnng. At this opening, which leads down to the
(2!J6 )

'lIfE UNDERCR OUND' /VATERS OF CEO/{CIA

i'LA TE'.XX// II/

BLOW I NG C A VE, DE CAT U R COUN TY , GEORG I A. TilE AG ITATED 14 Jl:AVES A B OVE TilE ~ I OUT II OF T ilE CAVE S II OW TilE Il:F FJ~C T 0 1' T II H ESCAPING CUH RE N T OF ,A IR .

BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA

297

stream supplying the spring, there is, at times, a strong current of air passing inward or outward, depending on the atmospheric conditions hereafter to be discussed. The writer was informed by Mr. VV. H. Grant, the present owner of the spring, that the opening, above referred to, was formerly of sufficient size to admit the body of a man, and furthermo re that he, together w ith a civil engineer some years ago, entered the opening which leads into a cave having large chambers fifteen feet or more in height. The distance, to which the cave was explored by TvIr. Grant and hi s companion, was not measured, but it was estimated to be nearly a mile. The direction of the cave is said to extend southward parallel with L ookout Mountain. Mr. Grant reported that they noticed no current of air in the cave. This, however, may be accounted for by their using a lantern, which would not be affected except by a strong draught. The stream forming the spring was found traversing the cave. as far as the exploration extended; and many stalactites and stalagmites were reported in the larger chambers.
The formati on, in which the cave occurs and frol11 ,yhich the spring flow s, is one of the lower members of the Carboni ferous rocks, known as the Bangor limestone. It consists of very pure. heavy-bedded blue or gray limestone. which attains a thickness, in the neighborhood of Chattanooga, of about 800 feet. In the imI11e(liate vicinity of the blowing spring, the Bangor limestone dips at a low angle westward toward the axis of Lookout lVIountain. It forms the base of the mountain. and, in places, extends 400 feet or more up its slope, the last outcropping being seen only a short distance below the first line of sandstone bluffs. Underlying the Bangor limestone and extending down to the Devonian black shale below, is about 200 feet of siliceous limestone, belonging to the formati on known as the Fort Payne chert. Both of these formations are highly soluble in carbonated waters; and they frequently gi\e rise to limestone sinks and caves of greater or less extent. This is especially true of the former, which contains but little silica or other insoluble material.

298

BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA

At the writer's suggestion, Mr. Grant made a series of observations on the blowing spring in order to determine the time and direction of the air currents together with the relative temperature of the water flow ing from the spring and the outside air. The results of the observations, which extended from December 21 to December 26, 1905, inclusive, are embodied in the following table:-

TABLE No. I

I DATE

TIME

I TEMPERATURE

IA.M lpM 1 Air IWater

Dec 17 8

44

38

19 9 20 8

42

50 0

46

51

20

4

44

51

21 8

46

52

21 noon

50

55

21

4

48

55"

22 8

36

54

22 noon

52

56

22

4

46

56

23 8

43

56

23 noon

42

54

23

4

40

56

24 8

27

53

24 noon

38

54

24

4

33

55

25 8

2So

52

25

4

38

56

25

10

30

55

26 4

26

54

DIRECTION OF W1ND

In

I

Ont

Strong Very weak Strong Not so strong Weak Strong Strong Strong No current
Strong '" Strong Strong Strong Strong Strong Strong Not so strong Strong Very strong

\Veak current
,

The following barometric readings, furnished by Jvlr. L. ]\1. Tindell, Officer-in-charge, U. S. Weather Bureau, Chattanooga, Tenn.,
show the variations of the atmospheric pressure during the time of M r. Grant's observations : -

BLOWIN G SPRIN GS AND WELLS OF GE ORGIA

29 9<-

TABLE NO.2

Hourly Barometric "eadings, U. S. ~Veatlz er BlIrean, Clzattallooga, T e1ln. , December I7 to 26, 1905, I1I clusive

I I I I I I I I Hour

17

18

19

20

21

I I 22 23 24

25

26

I a. m ., 29 37

2 a m.

. 36

3 a. UI.

.36

<1 a. lll.

. 36

5 a. ~ . . . .36

6 H. m.

36

7 a. m.

37

8 a. lll . .

.38

9 a. m.

39

10 a Ill . .

. 40

a. 111
" 11 . "I p. m .

3~
.36 33

:2 p 1Il ..

.32

3 p. m.

31

4 p. til .

.3 1

5 P Ill . .

. ,32

6 p. m ., .32

7 p. m.

.31

8 p. m .

3 '

9 p. m. , .30

I p.m. . . :;0

II P m.

. 29

1:2 mid .

:27

29 .26 . 27 .28 .26 . 26 . 25 . 24 .24 .25
'5 25
. 21
. 20 20 . 20 . 19 . 19 '0 . 19
. 21
. 22
. 2 .,
23 . 23

29 2I 22
,24 24 .25 26 26 .28 28 28 . 26 .24 23
' 22
.22
22
22
.24 24
. 23
. 23 23 30 . 24

29.20/2885

21

87

.20 .90

. 19 42 . 18 94 .08 97 . ' 0 . 28

12 29 02

.10 .04

05 05

,03 .05

28 99 .05

.98 .05

92 06 .92 .OS

94

10

92 . 13

.85 .1 8

.81 .21

.84 . 24

.85 .2,5

85 .29

"5 29 84 . 29

29 30 29 . 0 9 30 .oi .30 .06 .30 .08

33 .09

33 . ' 3 ;:,3 .13

34 . '5 34 . 20 34 24 .32 .24 .28 . 25

.24 . 24

22 . 24

.22

26

.21 . 26

'19 28

. '9 29 . 19 .30 .18 .32

. ' 5 33
.".14 34 33
.06 , 33

29 35 .36
34 34 34
3 ' 36
37 39 39 . 38 37 . 36 .36 . 36 .36
37 40
4' .42 . 44 44 43 42

2942 .42 . 42 42
42 . 43 .43
44 45 44
<3 40 38 .38 38
39 40 . 42 . 43 44 45 . 45
45 45

2942
45 45 .45
45 .45
44 45 47 47 45 41
37
35 34 33 33
33
_,32
. 32
-32
.32
33 .32

BLOWING CAVE OF DECATUR COUNTY. - Another phenomenon, which may be classed with blowing sl?rillgs of the first class, is the Blowing Cave of Decatur county, located about ten miles north of vVhigham. Thi5 cave occurs in the upper layers of the VicksburgJackson limestone, a calcareous formation of great extent, constituting one of the most important divisions of the Tertiary rocks of South Georgia. The formatio n is noted for its large springs. and, also, for its numerous limesinks and underground streams.' It consists mainly of porous fOSSiliferous ljmestone, which has a gradual dip to the southward.
The Blowing Cave is situated in a typical Vicksburg-Jackson limestone-sink region, about three quarters of a mile distant from what is known as the \ IVater Falls, a deep circular limesink into which a good sized stream cascades and disappears underground. In the immediate vicinity of the cave, which is located in a cultivated field,

300

BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA

the surface is somewhat undulating, due apparently to surface erosion. A clump of hickories and pines marks the exact spot of the Blowing Cave. It is situated on the side of a shallow, somewhat circular limesink, about roo feet in diameter and less than 20 feet deep. On the south slope of the sink, just above the cave, is an exposure of limestone forming layers two feet or more in thickness.
The Blowing Cave itself is very inconspicuou s in its quiescent state. and might be taken for a rabbit's burrow. It is said that its opening, now choked with stones and partially decomposed leaves, was formerly much larger, and that the phenomenon for which it is noted, acted with greater force. At the present time. there are visible only three small openings, or crevices, with a combined cross sectional area of less than 50 square inches. Through these crevices, at the time of my visit at 2 p.m .. December 12. J905. the air was passing outward with such force, that leaves and other light material thrown into the opening were immediately blown out. The air within was much colder than the outside air, and it readily condensed the breath of a person standing near the ca,e. As the early morning was chilly and the afternoon was warm, I would say that the outAowing air more nearly approached the former temperature than the latter. How,,er, as I had no thermometer. I ,,"as unable to verify this statement. The sound produced by the air escaping from the opening was to be distinctly heard thirty feet away. I was informed by a colored man, who lived near by, that the air passed into the cave in the forenoon and reversed its direction in the afternoon. No definite information was secured, relative to the atmosjJheric conditions during the inflowing and outAowing of the air ~ but. judging from the general statement made by the colored man. the action of the air is governed by the daily variation of atmospheric pre ssu re.
THE Bos'roN 'NELL. - The Boston deep well belongs to the second class of !)lowing wells, namely, wells in which the direction of the' air is in only one direction. Boston, the town in which the well is located, is on the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, in the southeastern part of Thomas county, 12 miles east of Thomasville. It has an elevation of 198 feet above sea-level. The surface of the surround-

BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA

301

ing country is comparatively level, though limesinks, produced by the subterranean streams are occasionally met with. The prevai ling rock of the region is Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, overlain by a considerable thickness of clay and sand, the upper part of which seems to be Lafayette, while the lower part is probably Altamaha grit. The thickness of these sands a!,d clays in the Boston well is 90 feet; but, at many places near the streams west of Boston, they have been removed by erosioll, and the V icksburg-Jackson limestone appears at the surface.
The Boston deep wel l, which is six inches in diameter, has a depth of 290 feet. \ Vater was reported at 120, 160 and 286 feet, respectively_ The main water-supply at present is said to come fro111 a subterranean stream in the limestone, at I20 feet. The casing extends to 1 IO feet. The static head of the water in the well, when completed, was 128 feet from the surface, or eight feet below the subterranean stream. Shortly after the completion of the well, Mr. W . Z. Brantley, the mayor of the town, discovered that there was a continuous draft of air passing down the casing; and, by placing hi s ear near tl,e mouth of the well, he was able to detect a sound like running water. This indraft, :1\1r. Brantley reports, was quite strong; and it continued as long as the well was left open. I was unable to verify Mr. Brantley's statement at the time of my visit, ow ing to the well being connected with the pump which supplies the town w ith water.
A similar ,vell to the above, though exhibiting no sucking phenomenon, is the first deep well put clown at Qu itman. This well penetrated, at a depth of 90 feet from the surface, a cavity in the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, iliree feet deep, in which flows a swift stream, that could be distinctly heard several yards from the mouth of the well.
TRE LESTER WELL. - This well, reported by Mr. W illi am Mil-
ler, is also similar to the Boston well. It occurs on Mr. B. E. Les-
ter's plantation, 20 miles south of Thomasville, near I amonia lake. Mr. Miller, in describing tl,is well, says that, at the depth of 154 feet, he struck a stream of water running so swiftly, that he could not pass a 2-pound iron plumb-bob, attached to a fishing-line,

J02

BLOWING SPR INGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA

through it. He reports blowing cre vices in the well at 87, 124 and '44 feet. When the well was being bored, the air from each of these cavities is said to ha ve passed in , in the forenoon, and Ollt, in the afternoon; but, after the completion of the well to the swift movi ng, subterranean stream, the air ceased to pass outwa rd, but was sucked in, with a strong, steady pull, drawing the flame and smoke o f a torch down the casing when held six inches above its o pening. This well is cased to 70 feet, below which point it is said to penetra te a soft white limesto ne.
F OREST FALLS. - Forest Falls is loca\ed in Decatur coun ty, seven miles north of\Vhigham. and about three miles south of Blowing Cave. The geological conditions, met w ith in the vicinity of the Falls are practi call y tlie same as at Blowing Cave. The surface is somewhat rolling; and, with the exception of a superficial layer of sands and clays, about 30 feet in thickness, the formation consists of V icksburg-Jackson limestone. The height of the falls is about 70 feet, and the water makes its descent in a single plunge. The .stream ~orming the falls is small, furn ishi ng not over 400 cubic ieet of water per minute. The water, after its descent into the somewhat funnel-shaped limestone sinkJ makes its escape) as a rapidly Rowing stream) into a subterranean opening a few yards to the .south, and about eight feet below the base of the falls . At the time oi my visit, the rapidly. flow ing water filled the mouth of th is subterranean opening with the exception of a space of about four inches. A pine torch, held near the opening, showed a perceptible and con.stant indraft of air. Almost immediately underneath the falls and .at an elevation of about 12 feet above this opening, is a second opening, which is apparently an additional outlet to the limesink when the stream is swollen by heavy rains. The latter opening, like the former, also showed an indraft of air. Directly in front of the falls, as well as at each sideJ there is a strong current of air) both outward and upward. An attempt was made, by the use of an aneroid barOll1eterJ to ascertain the difference between the air pressure at the b ase of the limestone sink and the air outside oi the influence of the falls; but, owing to the poor condition of the instrument used, the TOsults were unsatisfactory.

BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA

303

BUBBLING SPRINGS. - These springs, which may be classed with continuous blowing springs, are confined chiefly to the Knox dolomite series of Silurio-Cambrian rocks of Northwest Georgia. They often furnish a considerable volume of water, which almost invariably boils up through a bed of white sand. A good illustration of the bubbling springs, here referred to, is the Lukens Spring, located near the Southern Railway in \~I hitfield county, one mile south of Dalton. The spring is quite large; and it is reported to furnish several hundred gallons of water per minute. The bottom of the spring is covered with a layer of white sand, wh ich the water continuollsly agitates, as it forces it way upward through many small openings. Coming up with the water, at somewhat irregular intervals, are numerous bubbles of air. The total volume of air forced up in twenty-four hours is considerable, and only a short time is required to collect a sufficient amount for examination. As far as I was able to learn, the escape of air was quite constant, and unaffected by atmospheric conditions.
Another bubbling spring of like nature is the Kerr Spring in Bartow county, about half-a-mile south of Hall station. The conditions and the phenomenon here exhibited are so similar to those at the Lukens Spring, that it is unnecessary to describe them .
CAUSES OF BLOWING SPRINGS AND vYELLS. - The two classes of blowing springs and wells above described appear to be due to two entirely different causes. T he cause of the fi rst class of which the Grant Blowing Spring and ~he Blowing Cave of Decatur county are good types seems to be due entirely to the difference of atmospheric pressure on the outside and the inside of the cave.
At the time of my first visit to the Grant Blowing Spring, I was of the opinion that the relative temperatures of the air on the inside and on the outside of the cave had something to do with the air currents, but the spring record furnished by Mr. Grant (see table 10. I) shows that the direction of the currents has nothing whatever to do with these relative temperatures. That these currents are due solely to the variation of atmospheric pressure appears to be conclusively demonstated by comparing tables No. I and No.2.
The first of these tables shows, with only 'two exceptions, that at

304

BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA

the time when the observations were made there was an iugoing

current. Table No.2, which gives the barometric readings, shows

that the time of recorded ingoing currents was during the time of

increasing atmospheric pressure, and in the two exceptional cases,'

which showed outgoing or no currents, the atmospheric pressure

was decreasing. In other words the outgoing currents always take

place during rising barometer, and the iugoing currents during fall-

ing barometer. As the atmospheric pressure increases daily from

4 a. m. to 10 a. m. and decreases from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. , it follows

that springs, wells and caves of this class will have an indraft in the

forenoon aqd an outdraft in the afternoon. If the daily variations

of atmospheric pressure were regular, the iogoing and outgoing

currents would also be regular and would take place at the same

time each day. However, as the daily maximum and minimum baro-

metric readings may vary greatly from day to day, due to approach-

ing storms or other causes, the ingoing and outgo ing currents will

not always take place at the same time each day, nor will they always

act with the same energy.

In the second class of wells and springs, the constantly outgoing

or the constantly ingoing current is entirely independent of atmos-

pheric conditions. The currents whether outward or inward act

with equal energy during high or low barometer, and always move

in the same direction. The Boston and the Lester deep wells and

,

the Lukens and the Kerr springs are excellent examples of wells

and springs of this class. The phenomenon which they exhibit

seems to be due entirely to the friction of the air on the rapidly mov-

ing current of water. This phenomenon is beautifully illustrated

in the Richards water blast to be found in every well equipped chem-

ical laboratory. In the Boston well, and also in the Lester well, ap-

pear almost exactly the same conditions met with in Richards water

blast. The well itself forms the inlet for the air and the rapldly

flowing stream in the subterranean channel completes the conditions

necessary for an ingoing air blast. As the air in the wells here

named is constantly drawn in, it naturally follows that it must

escape at some other point as an outgoing current, thus giving rise

to continuously blowing caves or springs, or even to bubbling springs

as the Lukens and the Kerr springs.

BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA

305

It wi ll be seen by the description of the Quitman deep well thai not all deep wells penetrating subterranea n channels with sw ift flowing streams are blowing or sucking wells. This may be accounted for by the channel being only partially filled with water, and the ai r being abi<~ to circulate freely within. The essential conditions of continuous suction in wells is that the air once dragged into the underground stream by the friction of the water can not again reach the point of intake.
The current of air above noted at the entrance of the caverns at Forest Falls is also due to the fricti on of the air and water, but as the air is free to escape upward through the mouth of the limesink, the current is feeble. In this instance if the water at the base of the faB s were to escape into a subterranean chamber and the accompanying air could not escape by the way of its entrance it would gi ve rise to a strong blast. As underground streams frequently pass from one bed of rock to another in their subterranean course, they no doubt often form waterfalls which possess all of the essential conditions necessary for producing an air blast and thus gi ve ri se to continuously blowing caves or spr!ngs.

APPE NDIX A
SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS
I n the following table, statistics relating to the sources of water supply of 184 cities and towns of Georgia, are g iven. Every ordinary source, including ponds, streams, springs, artesian wells, dug wells, driven wells, and cisterns, is utilized. In general the supplies are reported as of ample volume and of satisfactory quality. This is especially true of the deeper wells of the Coastal Plain and of springs. In certain valleys, however, the surface deposits are of such a nature that not only are the underground waters likely to be <contaminated, but also, because of the nature of the material, are not perfectly fi ltered. Occasionally epidemics of typhoid fever have ueen known to occur in such localities. In many of the crystalline Tocks, especially where the soil or disintegrated rock is absent, the ,vater enters cracks directly w ithout filtration, and may work its way rapidly into wells. Except in the larger cities, however, pure -water can usually be obtained from mountain streams or springs w ith very little trouble.

308

APPENDIX

Sourr.es oj wflter of
[Reported

No. County

Locality

Most common source

Other sources

:Most satisfac~ tory source

Source of public supply

Appling.. Baxley ........ Artes ian wells Shallo ,"" wel1.s Artesian wells .. Artesian wells ..

2 ......do.

Hazlehurst . Driven wells. Wells

Neither...

None .

S Baker .
, Baldwin

Newton ....

Artesian wells. None .

Stephens POt. Sprinp...
to:ry.

Ponds .. ..

5 Bartow ...... Adaks ville...

, ......do

Carter8ville ..

WeHs ..

Springs .....

Etowah River . Wells

Artesian wells Artesian wells ...

Springs.

Springs

Wells ......

Wells.

River ...

River.

7 ......do S ......do .. 9 Brooks.. .

Kingston Stilesboro.. Q u i t m a n .. . ...

Wells . ......... .. None.,

Wells

Wells ... .....

Cisterns .....

Wells

Cisterns ........ Cisterna.

Artesian wells. Shallow wells.. Artesian wells .. Artesian wells ..

10 Bryan... Pembroke.,. Wells ..

Driven w ells.,. Wells. ......

Wells . ....

11 Bulloch 12 Burke

Register .... Girard ...

.do Wells ...

Springs, streams.
None

Wells

Wells.

13 ......do. 14 ......do 15 Butts 16 Calhoun .

Rogers .. ..

Artesian wells

, 'Vaynesboro .... ......do .. ......

Indian Springs. Springs........

Arlington

Artesian wells

Shallow wells ..

Artesian wells..

...... do

Artesian wells .. ....do .

Wells

Springs.

Springs

Shallow wells.. Artesian wells Artesian wells ..

17 Camden. .. St. Marys........ ......do

18 ......do

Satilill BluIL.. ...do

19 Campbell . Palmetto... ... Wells ..

2Q Carroll .. .. .. Bowdon ....... .. .. ......do

Driven wells.... ......do.

None. ......do ..

Wells ...

Wells .

......do .............. .. ....do

21 ......do .. Carrollton

. ....do .

Springs

Springs.. ... .. ...... ......do . .

22 ......do ...

WhitesbUrg. ......do

None.

W e l l s ...

......do

lThe data contained in this table was first publisbed by the U. S.

APPliNDIX

30 9

, Geo rgia cities a~d towns.

in 1933.]

Ownership

Suffi. ciencyof
supply

Quality

Source of contami-
nation

New supplies contern-
plated

Range of

.~

depths of
wells ;;

2'1-
0

~.
"u Q.

Material

..@...~_.!"!?;

c.'C'

in which water

~.8~ Special uses

." 1

SS" occurs ~"O

. i:~ 1 eE

b

:;


.~!~

'" " " Ft. Ft

Ft.

No

City .... Ample... Soft .... .. None.

1 None

20 40
320 507 f25 Sand .

Manulacturing.

............ Insu m- ...do ... .....do . .....do .

33 40 30 Gravel" . -15 None. .

2

cient . Ample.. ...do

1! ':1 " f .....do . .....do

Rock .... +22 ......do
8SO

,

City.... ...do . ...do .. .....do.

...do .

35 40 40 Sand ..

S ...m

4

I nd i- ...do vidual.
City. ... ...do ...

Hard Soft.

...do . .... Hard .
...... Hard .
City ...do . ...do.

Ind i Insuffi- S o~ t vidual. cient.
...do

.....do. .....do .

20

.....de " .....do ..

20

.....do . .....do

36

None .

60

.....do . .....do .

120

.....do ... Arte s ian 12 well .
15

50 35 Rock .... -20 None. ..

S

40 30 Clay ,

-20 Ma nufactur-
ing.

75 . .....do ..... . ...... ... None

7

100 65 Lime .

8

321 120 Clay ..

-'71 Manufactur 9 ing.

80 15 ... do ..

None ..

10

20 10 ..do ...... ......... ......do.

11

Ind j. Ample vidual.

...do

..do. Hard . . None.

City... ...do .. .. .. Soft . .....do.

....do
..... d o .. ...do.

15 25 15 ........... ....... None.

12

450 800 . ............... .......

13

4" 600 . Sand ....

None ......

14

State ... Limited. Sulphur. ..do. .....do .

25 70 30 Schis t ... -20 ..d o.

15

Ind i- In s uffi Hard . .....d"

.....do ..

300 500 300 Sand........ -so Steam ...

16

vidual. cient.

City . Ample .. Sulp.hur.

". 500 480

+ SO

17

.. .do . ...do ...... None .

350 .65 .65

+ 32

18

... do

Hard . .....do

None .

30 40 as Clay ....

--'lQ None .

19

Ind j ...doJ vidual.

...do . .....do . .....do.

40 60 40 Sand.

- 80 Machinery... 20

...do . In s II ffi. Soft ... .....do. River... .. 30 40 30 Clay ..

-30 Factory..

21

cient.

Town . ...do

...do. . ...do. Creek...

30 SO 35 Rock.

-20 Ginnina-...

22

Gt!ological Survey, Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper 1 02, r904

310

APPENDIX

SQllt'CtS oj waler (If

No. County

Locality

Most common source

Other sources

Most satisfactory source

Sources of public supply

23 Chatham.. . P ooler ...
24 ....d o ... .. Tybee . 25 Chattooga .. Lyerly

Artes ian wells Wells

...do . Wells . ..

None.. ... .....do ..

Artesian wells .. Artesian wells

......do ..... Wells...

. ..... do Wells.

2. ......do

Summerville.. Springs..

2"1 ......do

Trion factory .. Wells . .

28 Cherokee .. Ball Ground... ... .do ...

Wells ....

Springs

River. 8priniS.. .. do .. ...

Springs

Wells .

Springs .. ... ...do . Wells.

'" ......do ...
30 Clarke 81 ..... .do .. 32 Clay,

Canton.

......do ...

Athens. ..

River ...

Whitehall ..

Wells .. ..

Bluffton.. .... .... ......do ..

None.

......do ...

Wells. BPrings.. River . ..

Spring s ..

Wells . ...

..... .do ..

......do ...

sa ......do ....... Fort Gaines.. Artesia.n wells... None. ....

......do ..

......do ... River. Wells .. .....
.do
.. d o

34 Clinch .
,.35 .....do Cobb

Al1nIe. Dupont. . Acwort h ......

Driven wells. Wells.. .. ..

Wells. . .

None

Shallow wells. Springs

Driven wells ...... Driven wells.. ....

Wells ...

Wells ...

......do .

.. .. .do

37 ..... .d o.
88 ......do . 89 Coffee .

Austell ...

Wells .. ...

None .

......do ... .

Marietta ..

. Stream

Wells . ...

.do

Willacoochee . Driven wells .. Driven wells .. ...do

. ..... do
Stream Driven wells

40 Colquitt ... Doerun .

41 .. ... .do

S i g s b c e ..

Wells .... .do

N one Ponds.

.do ..... .do .

Wells. .. ..do

".. Coweta ..
43 ..... .do ... .do

Grantville Newnan .... Senoia .

... do Springs Wells . ......

" Dade

N.w England ... .. .do .
City.

S p r i n g s .. None Spring!!

.. ....do .. Sprine's Wells . ..
Springs

. ...do Springs Wells. .
Springs.

APPENDIX

Georgia cities and towns .

O w~er_

Sumciencyof

Quality

Source of contami-

ship supply

nation

New supplies contemplated

Range of depths of
wells

Material In which
water occurs

3Il

Special
USCIS

No.

Town ... Ample .. Soct ...... None ......

,Ft. Ft.

I

Ft.

460 480 ... ... Shell-bed ...... Steam en - 23 g ines.

...do. ...do

Sulphur. .. ...do .. . .. None ...

155 160 155

+ 15 None .. ... ..

24

In d i- .. .do v idual .

Hard . .. ...do

20 30 25 Lime- - 10 ........

25

s tone.

.. .do. .. ...do . None

25 40 30 ....do .

-20 None

26

Town . Ample.. ...do

.. ...do.... .....do .

40 50 40

-30 Milling...

27

Ind i- Insuffi- Soft

.. ...do .

..do

vidual. dent.

30 70 35 Roek

-30 Manufactur- 28 ing.

.. .do . Ample.. . Hard .... Sewage.. .. ...do ...

...do ...... Soft . None

.....do

.. .do

.do ... ..do

.. ...do .

Ind i ...do vidual.

.. .do. .....do .

..do ..

,.40
30

60 45 Gravel. ... -30 None ...... ..... 29

70 35 Clay.. ...... -30 Steam ..

30

l 50

-15 ............ ... .

45 ROCk. .. ......

at

80 80 36 Sand ..

-30 None .

32

City. Insuffi_ ...do. .. ...do ... .. ...do .

800 900 900 .

-21 ...

33

cient.

Hard .... .. ...do ...... Other w'Js 12 15 12 Clay.

-4 Steam boiler. 34

Ample.... Soft ...... None . None

10 20 20 Sand

Railroad... .... . 35

Indi- ...do

....do. ....do

....do

vidual.

20 40 30 .....do

----20 Steam ........... 36

...do ..... I ns uffi- ....do. dent.

..do .. ....do

City. Ample........do .
Ind.i- Insuffividual. dent.

..do

.. ..d o

....do .... _..do

,.35 160 35 .. 60 25 35 25 ......

- 20 S team Ilnd 37 manufac turing.

3'

....... None

3.

.... . Deep well. 20 30 30 ......

-20 .. ..

40

Indi- Ample .. Soct...... Seepage .. None .. .. vidual.

10 15 15 Clay ..

-7 Milling and 41 m a n u f ac turing.

.. .do . ......do. City... .. .do
Individual.

...do ..... None ...... ....do .

.. .do

....do ... ....do ...

do. ....do ............do

30 60 30 Gneiss . ... ----20 None .. ....... ... 42

30 40 80 Clay ..+.. ..
20 80 35 ......

.. ....do . ... ..do .

."

...do ..... Am ple. .. Hard ..... ....do ...... .. ....do

30 60 35 Lim e l. stone.

.... ..do

APPEl'!DIX

.sourC63 of water of

No. County.

Locality.

Most common source.

Other sources.

Most satisfactory source.

'Source of public supply,

" Dade .
47 Decatur.

Trenton ..... Wells. Attapulgus.... ......do

Springs ... do

Wells .. ...... do.

...................
Wells ....

48 .....do .

Bainbridge ... .. Artesian wells.. Shallow wells.. Artesian wells .. Artesian wells..

49 ..do ... Brinson..

Wells .

None

Wells ...

WelJ.s .

50 ..... ,do. 51 ......do. 52 ......do .
" DeKnJb ...
54 ...do.

Climax

......do .

Donalsonville.... ..do

Faeeville .... ......do

Clarkston

.. ....do

Decatur .

.. ...do.

....do . ... ...do. Springs None .
.... ..do

. ..... do . .. ... d o ..... .do. ... ..do
......do

... ...do . ...... do ...... do ... ...do
...... do

55 Dodge .

Eastman. ...

Artesian Wells... Shallow wells... Artesian wells .. Artesian wells

56 Dooly

Arabi..

...... do

.. ...do

......do

.... ..do

67 ......do ... 58 ....do.

Pinehurst. Richwood

Wells.

Artesian wells.. .. ....do.

Artesian Wells.. Shallow wells ... .. ....do

...... do ...... do

59 ..do .. Vienna.

... d o

None.

.. ....do

...... do

'" Dougherty.. Albany.

...... do

61 Douglas Douglasville ... Wells.

Shallow wells.. .. ....do

Springs ..

Wells ..

...... do Wells

62 Early ..... Blakely .

Artesian Wells .. $hallow wells .. Artesian wells .. Artesian wells...

63 EI~t

Bowman

Wells .. .

None

Wella ... ............. Wells.

64 .... .do

Elberton..

65 Emanuel .. Adrian

...... do .. ...do .

66 Emanuel.. Summit...... ..... ..do .. .

... ...do

......do

...... do

Artesian wells.. Artesian wells..

I
... No ne

Wells.

Artesian wells ... Wells

67 Fannin . Blueridge......... .do

..... 1Springs

......do .

......do

APPENDIX

Georgia cities and towns.

O w~er

Suffi ciencyof

Quality.

Source of contam

shlp. supply.

ination.

N.w
Supplies contemplated.

;.I Range of
depths of d
wells.

.= --c,---I'v~Ii

Material in w hich

~g l wa ter

0.. occurs.

fl

Special uscs.

No .

Ft. Ft.

Ft.

Insuffi- Hard ..... None

None

22 60 ...... Lime

- 18 None

46

cient.

stone.

Individual.

...... Soft ...

City. ... Ample... Hard ..

...do .. .. ..d o

Indi- ....do

...do

vidual.

...do

....do

...d o .. ... Ample... ....do

....do .. ....do

....do ......... 50 60 60 Sand..

-30 ......do

47

....do ......... 700 1.325 280 ......do

-so S tea m and 4.8

....do

35

manuracturing. 40 4.0 Rock. ...... -20 Milli ng .....

.

....do

20 35 ::I~;~~

50

....do ......... S5 45

-25 None .

51

... Soft ......

30 S5 85 Sand........

Machintlry..... 52

lndi- Ample... Hard ..... None ...... None

20 40

Clay....... -15 None

53

vidual.

. ..do ....do ..... Soft .........do ...

From Atlanta.

40 30

.....do .

"

City .........do ... Hard. .. ...d o

None .

680

680 Sand

-120 Manufactur- 65 ing.

Indi- ....do viduaL

....do

....do .. ....do

200 288 288 ......do ......

Steam ........... 56

...do ...... Solt ... ....do .... ....do

20 35 30 Cloy

"

Indi- "..do .... " Hard ....do ...........,do ......... 170 200 170 ....do

-40 None

58

vidual.

Town .... Insuffl- ....do . ....do ...........do cient.

180 200 180 Rock........ -12 Manufactur- 59 ing.

City ..... Ample... Sort

...do ............do .

300 1,500

Sand

+ 30 Steam ........... 60

....do

Hard .. .do ..

...do ......... 35 4.0 35 ............... .

61

City .. ....do Soft. ....do ...........do

250 812 812 Sand

-19 None

62

Individual.

Hard .........do.

....do

80 3ii 35

-25 ......do

63

....do _ ................ ....do ...... Seepage .. Spring

12 150 30 Granite.... - 10 Milling ......... 64.

... .. Ample... I ron ...... None ...... None ........ 300 350 800 Sand....... -60 Milling and 65 manufacturing.

Indi-

Hard.. ....do ............do ......... 16 35 18 Clay

53

vidual .

.... do... Insuffi- Solt ............do.. Stream.... . 20 70 30 Schist.... -20 :r.lanufac_ 67

cient.

turing.

APPENDIX

Sources of wflter oj

No. County.

Locality.

Most common sour ce.

Other sources.

Most satis(ae tory source.

Source of public supply,

68 Floyd ...... Cavesprings 69 ......do......... Lindale .. ...

Springs ......do.

70 Fnmklin., Carnesville ...... Wells...

W e l l s .. Stream
None ,

Springs. ......do
Wells. ,.

Springs. ......do ..
Wells .

71 Fulton . Atlanta.......... .. River .

Wells , springs .. River..

R i v e r .. ..

72 ......do.... Hapeville

Wells ..

Springs

Wells .

Wells.

78 Gilmer....... . Ellijay..... .. 74 Glynn... Brunswick

......do. Artesian wells

. . . . . .d o. .. Shallow wells

Springs. Artesian wells

......do 4rtesian wells

7. ......do. 76 Gordon. ,.

St. Simons.

......do.

Calhoun ... ........ Springs...

. ..... d o. .. ......do....

. ..... d o Springs

..... .d o Springs

77 ... . do.... Sugar Valle" Wells..

None ....

Wells.

Wells

78 Greene. ...... Penfield ... .

...... do.

Springs. ..

. ..... do

......do .

79 ...do..... Unionpoint ...... .... ..do...

60 ......do........ . Whiteplains ..

.do.

81 Gwinnett.... Buford .

.....do.

None. Springs. None

. ....do ..d o
......do

... do ......do
...do

62 ..... .do.

Duluth ...

83 ......do..

Sewanee .

84 Habersham Clarkesville

85 ..do

Cornelia....

......do. .. ......do
..do. .. ......do.

......do

....do.

Springs, creeks ..do

Springs ....

......do .

......do ........ ......do

..do ...... do
. .. .do . ....do .

B6

.do........ . Toeeoa. ....... .

87 Ha ll............ Bellton .....

88 Haralson. Bremen.

89 ......do... ..... Tallapoosa..
00 ......do......... Waw I

....do. ......do. ...... .t .do. ....
Cr e e k s .. . W e l ls .. .

Springa. .. ... ...do

......do ...do
......do

......do ...... do
....do

None ............... Creeks ............... Creeks..........

...do .............. Wells ....

Wells ...

APPENDIX

3 15

Georgia citie. and tOW/l8

, Range of
depths of

d

> 0
o~

Ownership.

Suffici e n c y of s upply,

Source of Quality. Contruni-
nation.

New supp lies contcmp lat ed.

wells.
.eeI ~

~l~

"~b
.C_ O0

Material in which

.'o . wa ter

.8!1;'i
dO' ~]~

S occurs.

~.;i ;is

1 ~ O. ~~ O

5

.!H E
0-

" '"

Special uses

No.

Ft. Ft.

Ft.

Jndi- Ample ... Rani . ... None . _ None v idual .

20 40 30 Clay ...... -2J) Manu f ac- 68 t u ring.

Town .. ... .do . . ... ... .do.. .... do

do ..

40

'" 45 Limestone

-so None .....

"

ro d' 1.... dO..... Alkaline ... do. . vidual .

do .....

40

'" 30 Mica sc hist .. - 30 ... ......d o

70

City .

.do..... Soft.

..... d o. _ ....d o

1 [so 25 60 300 2800

Gneiss . .. -SO Manu(ac
turing.

71

l ndividual .

do

.... do

....do .

2S 30 25 Gneiss..... -15 None ......

72

.do. .do
Mills.. ... .do.

Ample ... .. .do. _ ... .do. Hard. _

.do .. .do ..

do. . .do. .

Drainage Stre a m , " None ..... None .

......d o. . ......do ...

.. ....do. ..

do

20 S5 25 "" do

'''' S50

' SO Sand

....... ........ '65

20 30 20 Clay.,

-18 ........ do.

73

+28 Manufnc- 74 turing .

+32 Boiler

75

-20 Man u fae_ 7'
t uring ,

I nd i ... d o.

. do

...do. . ... . d o

vidual .

30 35 25 Lime-

-20 M a~hi nery.. 77

stone.

.. .d o... .do. _ Soft .... . do.

...d o .

'0

.. do. ... do. . .do, -
do._ .do. . Ha rd. .
.... do. Jnsuffi- Soft. . d ent.

...do. . ...do .... 20

do.

22

...do. N one.

40

70 50 Rock
SO 35 Cla y.
'0 60 .... do.. 50 40 Rock

- 15 Manu(ac- 7.
turing .

-30

do . .....

-so 7' ......

80

-2J) Factory. .... . 81

... .do. .. Ample . . . .do.. ......do.

..d o

... .do .. .do. I ron

......do. .. ....do .

... .do. .. ... .do. . .. Soft. ... . Drainage ... ...do

... .do. .. Insuffi- ... .do. . . None cient.

Wuterworks.

... .do. Ample .. I ro n. ...... do. . None ......

34 65 39 .... ....

None ........... 82

35 65 40 Clay .

Eng ines . ... ... 83

80 35 S5 .... do.

'" '0

20

-20 N one .........

"

....... do . ...... 85

30' 38 35 Roc:k . ..... - SO Factory .., .. 56

... .do.

Soft .....

do ..

... .d o. Imlu ffi dent.
I Town .. Ample S of t
... do. ... Hard

..... do.
.. .... d o . . .do.

......d o .. ....d o
.... do
... ...do ...

'" 15

35 Clay

30 50 20 ..... do. .

20 40 30
1
'1 45 40 Clay

-15 None

87

-'lO Machinery.

68

-20 .......

8.

- 25 Steam.. ... ...... 00

316

APPENDIX

130urces oj wa tpr of

No . County.

Locality.

Moat common source.

Other sources.

Most satisfac_ tory source.

Source of publie supply.

91 Harris.. .. Hamilton..

Wells.

S p r i n g s ...

Wells

Wells.

.'"
9'

... ...do . Hart .... H e a r d . ..

Waverly Hall. Bowers ville...
"'1 Franklin...

..do . .. d o .. ... .. .do...

95 Henry .. .. ... Barnuton ..

......do.

96 ......do.... Loeustg rove... ......do....

None .. .. ..do Springs... . Nonc .. .
... .do ..

......do .do . .do .
......do. .......do .

......do ....... ........do .... ..do ......do ........do ..

'" Houston
98 ......do...

Byron.

.....do.. ..

Fort Valley... ... Springs.

Artesian wells.. ........do ..

None .

Silrings

........do Springs........

99 ......do...
100 Houston. 101 Irwin

Perry

Wells

j }wcns .... Artesian wells.. Streams.... .

Wells.. ..... ..........

Powersville. . Wells.

Streams

Stream .. ...... ..

Fitzgerald. ...... Artes ian wells .. Shallow wells. . Artesian wells .. Artesian wells ...

102 ......do.. 103 J ackson
104 ..... do. . 105 ......do. 106 ......do..

Ocilla ............. Wells.

Harmony

...... do.

Grove. ....

Maysville.. .... .... ..do.

Pendergrass ... do.

Winder

.. do.

Lakes ........

Wells .......... .. do.

WelLs ..
.. ....do...............

None .............. . ... do.

.... .do................

..... do.

.. ....do..... ... ........ .do. ..............

.. ... do..

.do.. .......

do. ..

I'" ,J efl'erBon . Avera .. ....... . lOS ... ..do. . Bartow ......

......do. ...... ......... d~

.do. .....

......do.

Artesian wells ... Shallow wells. Artesian wells ... Artesian wells ...

109 ......do. . Louisville . .

llO ..... do

Wadlpy ..

m Laur"ns ... Dublin . ....

ll2 Lee ............ Smithville..
ll' Liberty ..... Dorchester

Wells.. ............... Artesian wells . Wells. ........ ... .. Wells ... ... ... .

Artesian wells .. Shallow wells. . Artesian wells... Artesian wella...

......do. ........ ..... ......do.

......do. ....

.....do

.. Wells .. _.. .......... None .......... Wells . .........

Wells.

......do................ ......do.. ............ ......do. .... ......... ......do.

APPENDIX

Georgia cities and towns.

Owner ship.

sum-
ciencyof supply.

Source of Quality. contami-
nation.

New supplies contemplated.

I dReapntghes ooJf ;'

-;w-el-ls-. I -.~~%:. l.[aterial

.~
E.

Q,
i,

in which water

"I ~oS occurs.

o
<i

Special uses.

No.

I mB- Ample Sof t

None. ...... N one ..

: 1 Ft Ft. 30 60 30 Gneiss.. ..

None

91

vidual .

... .do... .... do. . ... .d o. ....do.. .... d o... .do. Iron..... . ......do. . ... .do . .. . .do . ... Soft .... ......do. .
... .do. . ..... d o. . Indi- Ample ... .... do. . .... ..do. . vidual .

. do ...... do ... ...do ..... do ..... do

25 30 25 Clay .

-~5 Ginning . ..... 92

30

351 30 ..... do, .

-10 None ..... ..... .. 9B

40

" I1 30 .... do. ......... Ginning. .

94

20 45 , 30 ..... do.

-15 None .

95

30 40 30 .... do. ......... .........do .

96

I nsuffi- Hard. . .. ....do... ......d o ..... 30 100 50 Sand.

-20 Ginning .

97

dent.

City. Ample ... .do.

... do.. ....d o .. ... . 15 50

...do. .

Manufac- 98 turing.

Individual .

Ins ufficient.

Soft

Soft

Seepage.. .. ....do None... None

50 60 55 do. . -30 None ...

99

10 50 30 Sand. ... ......... Railroad . ..... 100

City Ample... Hard. . .. do. .

..do .

140 680 680 Rock. ...... -90 Manufac- 101 turing.

Indi lnsuffi- .... do..

do..

..do ..... . 25 30 25 do.. -30 None

102

vidual. cient.

.do.... . .. do.. Soft ...... Surface ... .. do .

50 60 65 d o..... -65 .: ... ....d o

103

drainage .

. do.. ..

Hard ... ... do. . .... ..do

80 50

. .do. .

Soft ...... None ...... . ....do ...... 30 50

.. . ,do. ..

H ard.

. .do.. Ample.. Soft . .do... .do..... Hard.

. ..d o. .

Waterworks .

... .. do. . .. None

.do..... ......do .

18 45
40 50
....... .........

35 Sand . ... -20 Machinery 104

85 Rock .. .... ........ None.... ..... ... 105

25 .... do

Machinery... 106

40 Sand . ..... .... do.....

None

107

Manufac- l OS turing.

... do... ... .d o. ... Soft.
... .do... .... do. Hard.

{3: .. .. do. .. ......do ....
......do. ..... do ...... 15

450 250 (do . ...

-30 None .. ... ...... 109

70 85

50 15 Clay ......... ......... ..... ..... no

.... do
.. .do..
.. do...

.do. .... do.. ......do. ... ...do .

185

.do..... ... .do.... Drainage Artes ian 20 well.

.do..... SoCt .....

................ 20

295 250 Sand

- 30 Manufac- III turing,

40 ..... .............. -20 ..................... n2

20 25 Sand ....... ......... .-................... l1S

APPENDIX

&>UTC!8 oj water of

No. County.

Locality.

M08tcommon source.

Other sources.

Most 8atisfac~ tory source.

Source of public supply,

114 Liberty ...... Hinesville 115 Lowndes .... ValdOllta.

Driven wells .... Springs ........... Driven wells ... Driven wells .... . Artesian wells ... Shallow wells. Artesian wells... Artesian wells...

116 Macon ..... Marshallville 117 ......do. . ..... Montezuma .. ~18 Madison Carlton

..... do.

......do.

.... do. ..... .... .... ... ....do

Wells............... None

...... do ..... do Wells

.. ... do............... . ... do..... Wells.

119 Meriwether Woodbury

... do.

.. ...do.

......do.

120 Mitchell Pelham ....

..... .do.........

d o . . . . . . . . ..

......do ...............

121 Monroe

Forsyth........... Waterwor'J..s .. .. .. Wells

Waterworks

Waterworks .....

122 Montgom~ Longpond ... .... Wells.
''Y.

None .. ............. Wells .............., . Wells ................

123 Morgan ... . Rutledge. ......... ......do.

......do....................do............... . .. .. .do ........... ..

124 Musc.ogee. . Columbus ........ River..

Wells

River.. .. ............ River... ..............

125 Newton . .... Covington . Wells.........

None ............... Weils ............... Wella ..........

126 ..... do. . ...... Newborn ......... .. .. do.

do.

..... .do.....................do............... .

1Z7 Oglethorpe Lexington . ...... . do

Ponds

..... .do. ... .... ....... do...............

128 Pa~lIding.. Dallas ...................do

Springs

..... .do.

.do..........

129 Pickens. ... Marblehill . Springs..... ........ None .......... ..... Springs

Springs ........... .

:130 .... do. . ...... Nelson......

Streams............. Wells.............. Streams

Streams ............

131 Pierce. ...... Blackshear

Wells................. N,,)ne .........

Wells ................ Wells ......

132 Pike. .......... Barnesville ..... Springs............ ......do

Springs ............. Springs . .......... ..

133 ......do. ...... Concord

Wells .....

..... do.

Wells ............... Wells .......... ..

134 ......do........ Milner................ . do........... ... . ......do. ....

..... do................. do................

135 Polk ......... Cedartown ...... Springe ....... ..... Wells .............. Springs .......... . Springs ............

136 ...... do ..... Rockmart......... WelJa .......... ...... Springs........... Wells ................ Wells ................

137 Putnam Eatonton ......... Streams. ...... ..... Wells ................... do .....................do ....... _......

APPENDIX

319

Georgia cities and towns.

Ownership

Suffieieneyof
'supply.

Quality.

Source of contami-
nation.

Now s upplies contemplated.

Range of 0

. depths of

. wells.
k'l I
'" " " "' Ee b

.::~

.t; 0~

Material in which

o water
3.8 occurs

,;;

0

~tJ.l.:Q9!i

'.! 0

"Or:;~

1w~..+......

5
E

Special u .....

No.

I Ft. Ft.
Town ... 1Ampl... Iron ..... None ...... None ...... I. 2.

Ft.
" Sand ...... .........

114

.. .do.... ....do.... . Hard. ... ..do. ......do.

SOO 500 260 Lime-

-113

115

stone.

... .do. . .... do. .... do. .... .do. ......do.

897

397 Sand ....... -121 ..................... 116

. d o. . . .

.... do. ..... do. . ... .do.

60 500

.... do.. +62 ...... ...... .' ....... 117

Indi-

... . do. ....

.do..... 25 30 20

118

vidual.

.. do... ... .do City. .. Ample ... Soft ..

None

.do. ... 25
,. Deepwell 2.
None.

,.SO 30 Clay .......
50 25
50 Clay . ..... -80

119 120 121

... .do. .

..... .d o . .

30 60

122

Ample. Hard. .

..... .do.

25 50 80 Schist... -20 None ... ....... 128

Indi- .... do. .... Soft .... .. None ...... Spring... 2. vidual.

80 25 Sand ..... - I ' Manufac_ 124
turing .

. do.

.do..... .... : do.

Water-

35 25 Granite. . - I ' Ginning........ 125

do. .. Insuffi- .... do... ......do..

works. None ....

40

,. 60

Clay .

-30 None. ...... ..... 126

dent.

.. do.
do Ample ... Soft .... .. None ...... None
... do.... .... do....

20 80 Granite .. -20 ........ do ...... l2'l

25 50 35

.........do ...... 128
.................... 129

.... do.... .... do.... Soft.

None ...... None .....

50 100 3. Mica

-20 Milling ......... 130

schist.

....do.... ..do. .... Hard.
... Town ... .do..... .... do. None

Artesian 15 well.
None .... .. 20

... Indi- .... do. Soft ...... .....do.. .
vidual .

..do. . .. 25

65 65 Clay ....... -20 None............. 131
35 25 ..do.... -20 Manufac- 182 turing
SO 25 ......do..... -25 None............ 183

.... do.... .... do. ...do..... ..... do.....

do. .

15 30 20 ..... do . ... -12 Ginning.. ...... 134

.... .. City Ample.. . Hanl .. None ..... None .... 20 40 30 Clay........ -30 Manufaetur- 135

lng.

..... Indi- ...do

... do ..... . ....d o ...... ....do ...... 20 120 30 Lime_ -15 None ............ , 186

vidual.
... do .. . ...do ...... SOft. ...... ....do ...... .. ..do ...... 35

,. stone.
60 Sand ...... ......... ..... do ........ L'l7

320

APPENDIX

SUUTrfS of waieT oj

No. County.

Locality.

Most eommon Other 8OUrees" Most satisfae- Source of pub-

source.

tory source.

lic supply.

188 Randolph ... Coleman ........... Wells ............. Springs ............ Wells. ................ Wells ...............

139 ..... . do ..... Sheilman ......... Artesian wells... Shallow wells ..... do 14Q Richmond... Augusta .......... River ............... Wells ............ River , _,

.... do ............ River ........... ..

141 Schley.. Ellaville .... ..... Wells ................ None .............. Wells "

Wells ...............

142 Screven., .. Oliver ....... .

.. .do

Driven wells.... Driven wells.... Driven wells ....

143

do ..... Rockyford . .... Arlesian wells.. SurCae;e wells.. Artesian wells... Arlesian wells...

144 Stewart ..... Lumpkin ......... Springs ............ Wells .. ............ Springs

Springs

145 .._ .. do ...... Omaha

Wells .......... Springs............ Wells ....

Wells . ...

146 Sumter ..

147

do

Amerie;us........ Artesian wells. Shallow wells... Artesian wells.. Artesian wells...

Andersonville. Bored wells ..... Springs ...

Wells ......... 'Veils ... ........... ..

148

. do... DeSoto ........... Artesian wells ... Shallow wells.. Artesian wells... Artesian wells...

149

do

Plains . .....

Wells ................ None ............... Wells .. ........... \Vells ............. ..

150 Taliaferro .. Crawfordville... ......do ... .....

Springs

...do ......... .. .....do .............. .

151 .... .. do .... 152 ...... do .... 153 Tattnllll.

Nye .......... .... Sharon .. . Claxton .. ..

.....do ......... ..... None .. ..

.do ...........

.. do .....

...do .....

Driven wells

.. do ............ .. . do .............. .

. do ......... ..

.. do ...............

......do ......

Driven wells ......

154 ..... do ...... Glenville

......do ..... .... .. ...... do .....

....do ........... 'Vells ...............

155 ..... do ...... Hagan ....... ..... ......do

...... do ..

.. ....do ............. Driven wells ... ..

156 ...... do ...... Reide.ville..

......do ..

None ............... ...do ............... Wells ..............

...1 ...... 157 Taylor ...... Butler ............ .. ....do ............

do

do ............. ..... do ......... .

158 Terrell ...... Bronwood ....... Artesian wells... Shallow wells.. Shallow wells... Shallow wells

159 Thomas ...... Boston ....

......do ..................... do ............ Artesian wells ... Artesian wells ...

ISO ...... do

Cairo .......... Wells ................ None ............... \Vells ............... Wells .........

161 ... do ...... Chastain ......... ......do .............. ...... do ...... ..... ......do ......... ..... ......do ........... 162 ...... do ...... Meigs.....................do ............. ...... do ..................do .. ......... ......do .... .......... .

. AI'PJ!..N.PIX

'32 ,'

Source of Quality. cont" m-
ination.

N.w
supplies contemplated.

L! i ;Range of
depths of

I we118.

O ue~. Material .~ S in which

~'" water

0.. occurs.
--.50....

g

Special
U~.

No_

AmPI..1 Indi-
ViJUlll.

Sort . None ...... None.

Ft Ft.

I

Ft.

40 00 40 Sand. ... ...

None

"Town do . . do do

Sulphur ...do .. _. . . d o

... d o .

:l ndi- Ample ... do , ' idun!.

.. do

.. d o

"Town "' do

do

Inoi- do. . do 'ViduaL

None.
... .do . .do ...do

......do

40

do.

80

do ..... 30

'" do

.. do

150

do

50

30

50 40 .... do 70 40. . d o
70 60 . d o 25 24 ..... do.
200 187 ..... do
I 00 60 ..... do.
'0 40 Gcu"cl

Ginning.

-20 Ma ', ufa clul" 1(0' i ng.

N.." e

1< ,

- , .. do

. do ...... ,. 143
-351. . .do '44

......... .

145

~ itl' .. do l oui- do vidual.
.. do do
J ndi - do "VIJ U"1.

Hard ," ....do Soft . ...d o .

None.. ...do .

do . . do.

... do ....do .. do ......

do . do
do.

'00 1.725 400 Sand
40 70 65 11.... do

-20 S team . ..... .. ' 4(;
1&Ilcr pur- 147
l/ asCI;.

250 265 265 Rock
1
25 50 50 Sand

-13 l N onc .... . do

'"
1<: 9

I

35 '0 25 Clay.. .... -25 Engi nes, .. . ' 5}

do

do

Hard . .....do"

d o ..... 2S

do do

Soft

.... do

......do.

22

do 0

I'sum do clt'nt

Drainage ... . do .

'"

. do Amille ..

None

'" A r t es ian well.

do ... do

Hard , " do. In...uffi- Soft ........do . .

Artesian

"
18

cien t

well.

,d o. A mple do

.. . . d o

'1onl:: ..... 80

do ,_ I ns ulti_ ckllt

... .do

do

30

" I, and........... None

Hi l

26 25 Clay.. ....... . d ol

If2

25 25 ....do .

...... do

153

30 20 ....do ...

do

'5'

lB 18 ....do

I"

20 18 ....do .

-6 Nunc

156

90 40 jSand .... . -30

do ......... 151

00 80 Rock ..... . - 35 Machincry ... 158

"Town.. Aml, l~ FJa rd ,.. ....do

I nn iv idual.

Soft.. ... .do

... do

290

286 Lim e -128 Manufactu r. l Eg

Btone.

ing.

25 40 25

160

... do _ ~o

Am ple ... ....do ........

........... .... None . ..... 20

...... ............... ......... ..................... 161
30 2O . Sand ..... ~ None ............ 162

322

'APPENDIX!

SQUf"Ce3 o.lwater of

No. County

Locality

Moat common Other I50UrcetI MO.!It utisfac- SOUr! of pub-

00."",

tory eource

lic supply

163 Thomas .... Oehlochnee...... Wells............... None .............. We'ls ............... 'Veils ............. .

164 Town. ....... Hiawaasce ......

do ...... ..... do ................do .............

do

165 ...... do ... Young Hania 166 Troup ........ Mountville .....

, ..do ......... ..... Springs........... ......do ...............

do

do .............. None .............. .... do ........... .. ... do

167 " ... do

Westpoint ...... River ......... Cisterns ......... Rive r ........ ...... River .... ...... .....

168 Upson
169 ...... do 170 Walker 171 Walker 172 Walton

Thomaston ...... Wella ......... None ............ WelIs .............. Wells .......... ..... .

yatesville .............do ...............

Cedargl"Ove ...... Springs ........... Wells .. ........... Springs ........... Springs ...........

Lafayette ........ Wells ..............

\Vells ............ . \Vells ............... .

l'Itonrue ..... ...........do ... ............ None ........ . ... ... ......d o ................. ....do .............. .

1'13 Ware ........ Wares boro... ......do ............... ... .. . do ... .............. do .............

do .............

174 Warren ..... Barnett .. ......... ..... do ............... Springs..... .............do .............. .. do ...............

1'15 \Vash'gton. Harrison.... ..... ..... do ............. None ........ ........... . do .................... do ..............

176 ...... do

Sandersville...........do ..............

17'7 Wayne

Jesup............... ......do ............... Artesian well!. Artesian wells .. Wells ............... .

178 ...... do

Waynesville.. .........do ............... Sprina:s ................ do ................... do .............

1'19 Whitfield ... Dalton ............. Springs ............. Wells ............... Springs ............ Springs ........... ..

180 ..... do ...... Tilton ...... .. ...... Wells ......~........ None ............... Wells ........ ...... Wella ............... .

181 Wilcox. .... Abbeville ........ Artesian wells... Shallow wells.. Artesian wells ... Artes ian wells... 182 ...... do ...... Seville . ............ Wells ............... Artesian wella. 183 \Vorth. ....... As hburn ........._ ......do -............ None ...... ........ Wells ............... \Vells ................

184 ...... do ...... Willingham ...........do .................... do ........... .. ...do ... ................ ..do ......... ......

APPENDm

323

GQlrgia citif" and tMOn!.

Ownertihip

sum
eie 'lcyof
lIypply

Qua ily

Source of contami-
nation

New supplies contem_ p ia...

Range of
depths 0 1 wells

!.. .-- EI
0

I

~ I?

uQ. Material
'<~ in which
~. water
S~ occu rs
:;
~
Q

~>l-.s

S" oiI:"'a

..'...i1I0,,.50

00
~

, 0

~ .~-+ E

.~

~

Special uses

No

I ntli vidual do

I
Soft .,.... None
Insuffi- Iron .....I....dO
dent.

Fl Ft.

Ft.

None.. ..... 20 .0 20 Clay .....,

.................... 163

do .... 30 35 35

-'lO None ..... .... , 164

do ... do

""It ...do .. ..

.... ............... ......do .....

Han! None

.....do .....

80 20

'" as Gravel .. - 30 do ......... 165

70 35 1<o<k ......

..... do ...... .. 166

Town ... Ample .. Soft ,..... ..do

J ndi v idual.

.... Had ...do

.....do ...... ......do ...... 20

. 25

Manufaetur- 167 ing.

None,

1"

S:lft ...... ...do
.. Ample .. Han! ....d o

.....do ..... do

., 25 35 30

-20 ...... do

lGO

20

20 Roek ......

.................... liO

Ample ... H ard ..... None ..... None ........ 30

Indi- ...... ...... Solt. ..... 1Drainage Water-

80

vidual.

works.

... do Ample...

None. None ........ 12

... do .... do ...

............... '0

... do

...... Soft. ..... ............... None ........ 25

...do ... ............. Artesian 30

well.

Indi- Ample... Hard ..... ............... None ...... 25

vidual.

... do ... ..... do ...

Drainage ...... do _... 15

City ..... ..do Hard .. None ..... ...... do ..... 20

I ndi vidual

.. ......do ... ..... d o ...... do ..... 30

... Ample ... ......do ... ...... do ..... do _... 20

.. do ... .... do .. ...... do .. ..... do ..... 25

Indi-

...... SOft. ......

.. .... do _... W

viduaL

... do ...

...... ..... ...... None ...... ...... do

10

33 30 Clay .. .'"

None ...... .... 171

........ 70 35 ...... do

-30 ..... do

172

.30 15 ...... do

-20 .................. 173 ............... 174

35 25

None ........ 175

" 60 Sand. ...... -35 .................... li6

35 30 .... do ... -20 None ..... ..... 177

20 15 Clay.. .... .........

178

.0 1 25 ... do ... -20 Manu(ae_ ". Luring.

.0 30 Sand.... -5 None ............ ISO

... '0 30 ...... do

-25 Steam.. ......... 181

-, 30 25 Clay... ....

Ginni ng .. ...... 182

30 20 ...... do ' "

None ............ 183

100

Milling ......... 184

AP PEN DI X B
MISCELLANEOUS SPRING RECORD
Springs are very numerous and sometimes of considerable size in the northwestern Paleozoic belt of rocks, especially in the limestone areas, where subterranean streams are of not unC01111110n occurrence. I n the crystalline area the springs result from the emergence of seepage waters from the weathered rocks. They are very numerous and evenly distributed, but are smaIJ in size. In the Coastal Plain belt the springs are not of so common occurrence, but as the coast is approached numerous springs emerge from the porous limestone or other beds. Some of these are of very large size, giving rise to strong streams at the very start.

APPENDIX

Miscellaneoutl ,.Prinll

No County

Locality

Owner

Odor

Taste

Sedi. ment

Mineral deposit

Quality

,I 1 Bartow....... Cartersville. ...... Bartow Manganese None ...... Iron..... .. None .. None ..... Iron... . and Mining Co.

'1el .....do ......... Hall
21......dO .... Barnesley

... J. C. Karr... ........... ...do. . ............................ .....do .

.do ...do .

:20 CampbelL ... Fairburn ... ... .... Henry Roan.... ............do

...do

.a ......do. .............. .d o. ........ ....... W. Y. Wright.

.....do ...... None

4. Catoosa........ Beaumont ........ W. P. Henry. .

.....do ........do

...do ......,.do ...........do ..

..do .......do .....d o ......

f:. . .......do ... Iron. "':d:O .

.....do
~f:~

.s ......do ... ...... Catoosa Springa Ge neral Baldwin ...do ... Saline.

..do ... Saline...

,'6 ......do ...............do ......................do ............ . . .....do ...... No ne

......do

......do .............. ... ....do .... ...................do ..... Saline...

...do ., ' .....d o ...... Hard ... . ..do ...do . ....do .....

..8 ..do . 9 .do . ...... do

......do .......................do .......................do .....do .....do ........do

...do

. Ringgold. ......... W. T. Parka.. .. ..........do None ........do ........do. .. SOft. ...

.. Wilmot .. .......... B. S.DiIl:t.....

Sulphur... Iron........ Iron .... Sulphur... I ron, S uI phur.

11 Chattooga ... Menlo ......................................., ... None .. . .....do . .....d o ... Iron

I ron

12 .....do ......... Summerville ..... J . S. Cleghorn ...........do ..... . None . ... . None ..... ....... ..... Hard .

13 ...do.

.. ....do ....... ... ..... T. R. Knox .................do . .....do .

..... ... ................do

"ICobb........... Marietta

D . F . McClatchey ..... do .....do ...... None ... No r c ...... sort. ... .

15 ......do ........ Powder Springs J . W . Morrow. . Sulphur... Sulphur........do ...d o . Sulphur

16 Coffee.. ....... Douglas.. ........ .. ...... Gaskins.......... None ..... None .....do .....d o .. .

171 .....do ..............do ......

................ ......... Bad

. Sulphur...

I18 COlquitt. .. .. Cool Springs..... Coo I S p r i n g a Sulphur .. None ...... None Church.

19 Dade......... Trenton.
I 2() Decatur. Calvary

..... -Case .. J. F. Dorsey.

.. None Sulphur... Yes ..... Sulphur...'Sulphur.H

..do ..... None ...........do .. .

II50ft..

:71::

.. Near Bainbridge Russell ... ..................do

.... Climax.

..... W. E. Powell

......do ...........do

.... IH...

Iron..............do ... Iron........ .. ...... ...... .

22 .....do

Whigham ...

Whigham ........ .. ...do ...... None ...... None ... None ... Soft ........

23 ......do

......do .......

........do ...... .... .... .........do ...........do ..... ... ...do ........do ...........do ......

24 Dooly. ... Cordele... .... ....... Cordele .......... ........ .....do ...........do .... .... ...do _ ......do ...... lIard .....

25 Dougherty... Albany .............. Unknown ...................do ...........do ...........do ........do ........ ...do .... ..

1 These spring records were first published by the U. S. Geological

~C01'dJ of Georgia)

Principal mineral or gaseous
constituents

Supply po. minute

GaUa~ Iron _...............

Manner of emer-
gence

Material from which sprin&, i.-
.u~

Age of material from
which IIpring jQues

Improvements No

Stream. Granite............... ......_........ MediCina.1...... ..... .INone ......... ....... .. 1

Many
Many. ......_do .......... ..

...do ..... Limestone........_........................ ...................................... ......... . la.
..do ..............do ......................._........................................................... 2
,2a

Magnesia ......... % ...do ...... Black shale... Cumbrian... Medicinal

Hotel. _............... 5

........do ............

2 .....do . ....._do ............ ... ..do .................do ............... .. ...de .......... :. ... 6

......_d o .......... ..

2 .....do ..............do .....

..do ................do .......................do ............... 7

........do ............

3 ..._do ...... Shale ........ .

.do ............_...do .......................do ......... .. .... 8

Lima............... 100 ...do ...... Limestone .... SiluliD.n (7) ..... Milling.......... .. .... None .................. 9

Iron _............................_do ...... Shale ...... ... ... Silurian.. ....... Domes tic ...................do ............... 10

......_~o ...... .....

.....do ...... Black shale ... Devonian . ..... Medicinal. ........... Hotel. _.............. 11

Lime carbonate 1,()()() .....do ...... Limestone ... Cambrian. None. ............ . None ................. 12

........do ............ 2.,000 .....do ........do ..................do ........ Domestic ... ... .

.....do ..

13

........................ ....... ... .....do ...... Mica schiata......................... Medicinal. ...... ..

...do ..

14

Sodium chi 0- Few Seepage. Schist... ride,

Unknown...............do .......................do ............... 15

. ................... .... Many......do ...... Al1~vial ._..... Tertiary ........ Drinking, hath- Bath house, etc... 16 ing .

Stream.

. ... Drinking ............ None ................. 17

.....do ...................... . Tertiary .. _ . ........do ....

.. ...do

18

Few. Seepsge. Limestone ... Silurian.......... Medicinal ......... .. Hotel ._............... 19 Stream. Clay _............ Tertiary ..

..................... .. Many...._do ...................................do ................................................ ............. .. 20a

..._do ...... Sand. ............ .. .....do ........ Medlcina1..............._...do ............... 21

1 ...do ...... Clay.............. Eocene........... Domestic .......... ....._...do ............... 22

3 .....do ..............do ......... Tertiary ......... Drinking ..............._...do ............... 23

.:':' ::.:::: .: ~:: ~.i.~::.~.~.::: ~~:.::n.~.:::::: :::~~.: : : : : : Limestone....... Many.
Calcium ............ 50.000

:::::::::::::::1 :

Survey, 'Vater-Supply and Irrigation Paper 102,1904.

328

N o County

Loeality

'APPENDIM

Jlucellaneou8 Spring>

Odor

Tnste

S ed I~ Mi nera I mcnt deoosit Quality

2& Doug las.... Lithia S prings... E . W . Ma rsh estate None .. .. . Saline..... N one ... None ... .. Saline _..~

2'1 F loyd

Armuchee ._...... J . F . Martin................00 None .....do '.......do ... Hard

28 ....d o ... COvespr ings ..... . COvesprings . ............_do ...... .....do ...........do

...d o

29 ......do .. ...... . Coosaville. .. ..... Mitche ll Cooper..........d o

...d o ...... Some ... N on e

so .do ......... Floyd S prings .. Mrs. E. T. Ma ni- .....do ........ ...do . .. Small ... I ron. .. Iron, Sul-

"'n.

ph ur.

31 ..do

Linda le ...... ...... T . H. Booze

.....do ...... Iron......... No ne n. No ne ...... Hard

82 ..do 33 .....do
" ......do
35 ...do 86 ...do

.. . Nea r- Rome" . M.rs. Battey..... .....d o ...... None ..........do . .. ...d o .. ...d o

......do ..... .... ...... M rs. M . E. Bu nt. ........do

..d o ...........do. ..."d o ...... Soft

.... G. J . Bryant........... ..do . .........do

...... Hard

... N ear Rome....... A lex J ohnstone. . .....do

...do ...... None .. None

...d o

............ J . H . Reese

.....do ...........do ...........do. .. ...do ..........do

37 ......do .

... .. Alex Smit h

..do .....do.

...do. ... ..do

38 .... ..d o

.... .... J . P. Tippens.............d o

.....do . . None ........do . .....do

8' ..do
40 ..do 41 Fulto n

.... . . ....d o .....d o
Nea r Atlanta..... W . M. Dockins. .....do

.......do

...........d o

..do

............ Soft ..

..d o ...... None ... None

42 ... ...do.

Atlan ta. Pone;e Atlanta................. None ...... None ...... I ron .. " Iron ......" I ron .... .. Dc Leon.

..

. .d o . .

Atla nta, Inman Atlanta .......... ..... .......do .. Par-k.

..do ..... N one. ......do .. ....do

..do .. Nca r- AUanta..................... .. ................. do ... _ ......d o .....do .. None . ......do .

.do. ..............do ......... ...... Atlanta Minera I ..... do ... _ ......d o

"do. .. ..d o .... SQft

Water Co.

(6 Gilmer-

Whitepath .... ..... J. M. Dorn. ..................do ..... I ron ........ Iron ... .. Iron ....... Iron

.(7 Gordon _.. 'as h ................. - - Dew................ ......do ..._ None . .... None ... NQne .... Ha rd .. ....

48 B a ll ..

Bowdre.. .........._ ..... ........................ Sulphur _ Sulphur _ Yes ..... Sulphur- . Sulphur- __

49 ......d o

Ga inesville _...... J . W. Os lin .... .. ...... N one .. .. . None ..... Iron ..... I ron .. .. .... I ron ..

50 ......do ...............do ............... P~let ~anu fae;- .....do ...... ..._ d o..... None ... None .. ... Ha rd tu r-mg L;o.

51 B arr-b ...... . . Wutpoint .. .... ... . C. Blaatoa.. ....... .. ...do .... .. _...do ....... .. ......... I ron ........ Soft

52- L umpkla ..... D~......... W. P. P rice........_.... ...do .. .... .....do ......................do ..... . I ron 63 .. .. ..do. .... ..... .._ .do. ____ _ B. B. lJDdvwood.. _ ._do ...... ..._do .... .. S mall ._ Yes ........ Soft ..._...

'dPPENDIXJ

P ri ncioal m in _ e ral ur Itaseo us
c:on~lit ue ntll

S uppl y pe r mi n-
u"'

Manner of emer-
genee

Material from which !!pring is-
auea

Ago otm.te-l rial fTOm whi~h 8p ri ng
...u ~

U"';

Improvements

Sodium c h lo r ide.

... Stream ... fo neisa . ... ..... U nknown..... ... Medicinal'............ Hotel. .tc............ 2&

Lime carbonate ltlnny......00 ...... Limestone . .. ... ..._.......... ..... Dorneat i ............ _..._......... .......... 27

.....d o

20 ..do .... ...00

,. ....do ......... Cambrian........ Drinking ............ None ................. . 2.
......... ......... ...... .................. Domes tic .......__ ........do ......... .....

Iron

....... ...d o . .. .... .. ..... .... ... Cambrian....... Non e .... . .......... .. .. .....do ... .. ....... . 3

Li nes to ne...

fa n,.......do

Lhneetone . .. ... ......do ..... .......... .. ....... ..............._ ..do ............... . 81

....do ....

...do . .....do ..............do ... .... ...........do ......... None ................ _ ...110 .............. 32

......... ..................do ........do

" .d o ........... .....do .............. . .....d o .............. .

Lime

...d o ........do .. Limellw ne . .. ......d o

..do .. ............. 24.

Lime carbonate

7 ...do . . . Rock. .... ..

. .d o

Domestic .................._d o .. ..

Li me.

..... Ma ny.. .....d ...... Limest one .. ..

..do ................................

....d o

..d o

...do ........do

....do

.d o ........................... .

......do

........d o.

. 0 .......do

..do

.....do ............. .............

..do

.....do .

...do .......do .

.....do .. .. ...... ........do .....

..85
s.
.as

. .. ....d o

..do

.do ... U n k n own. ..... .

4.

S ilica ............... Sev'l. ..do ...... Granite.... .............do ......... Domestic ............ No ne ...... ............ 41

lron. ...........

Seep.lilge . Gne isa . ......... Unknown.... Medicinal .................d o . ............... 42:

...... do

... ...d o ......do.........

.do

... ......do .............. .. ......do

. .. ... d o None.

~1 ... ...d o ..... .do.....

.do

S Stream ... ......do..

.do

.... ..d o .......... ......do ......do ............... .do ....

......... ............... lofan y..
1,.200 Lime Carbona te.

-_IL.- do Slates..

Cambrian(!) ........do ................ Hotel, etc .......... 46

.d o ... ...........>....-.ne.... Unknown _ Milling ......... ...... None ..... ............. 47

I H yd r ogen. Sul- Few .................. Schists phid e.

Iron.

.... F ew ... Seepage .......do.

..do ........... . Medicina l ..... ... .... H otel ......do .... ........ ... .. .d o ............... _ None ...... ............

.4'

N o ne. .... .. ......... Many . Stream ........do. _.. .................... .......... Domestic .................do ......... ......_ ro

600 .. ....do. _... Grav eL..... ................_......... Milling, drinking ......do ... ...... ........ 5l! Iron. ......... ............ ..... _ Seepage .. Sch ista ......... U n k now n.... .... Medicinal .... ....... .... .. .do ................ . 52
~ '" ...:....:..................... ...._ S tream ... ......do._......... .... :.d o ............!Domestle. ........_ ......110......_. _ _

330

ARPENDIX,

Miaeellaneous sprtng

No. County

Locality

Owner

Tute

Setliment

Mineral Depcsit

Quality

54 Lumpk in.. .. Porter Springs. Mrs. Garrie Farrow N one ..... None ...... None ... None .. I ron

55 Meriwether. Bullochville ..... United States fish - .....do ..........do ...... 'n'

56 ......do

Warm Springs .. ChWJ. Davis...

...do ..... ..do

Sof t Hard ... ...

57 Murray ..... Carters ........... S. M. Carter's ES- ....do .. .... Lime. tate.

.. ...d o .

.58
59

do ..... . Cohutta Springs H. D. Huffaker...........do . Iron ........ Iron..._ Iron

......do

.....do........ ........

.....do ...........do

.....do ...do

.."'0

.. FortMounbin ... Mrs. Starll.. ..... ..........do ..... None

...do . .....do

(n>n ..do ... .
....do .

61 ...do

Springplace ...... C. A. King. .

...do ... ... I:.ime.. None ... None ...... Alkaline..

62 ..... .d o.

... ..do............... A. L . Keith

.. .....do ..........du .....do .................. Hard ......

f3 Polk

... Arago n ....._...... Aragon Mill ..

.....do ..... None .....d o .. None ...... .....do ...

64 ..... .do .... ..... Cedartown........ - - Dodd

.....do .....do . ...do ..do .... ... ..do ..... .

65 ......do .

......do.......... ..... - - Green........ ..... ...d o

.....do . .. .......d o .....do.

...do ......

...do

.do. ............... - - Peek ....................do .....do .....do ........do

..do ......

(;7 ....do

......do. .. ..... J. H. Philpot .............do .......... do ..........do ........d o

...do .

.,68

.do

.... do

70 ..do

11 ......do

......do. ........... ... ,V. R. Ray.............. .

..... Sulphur. . Some ... Some .....do

.do

... J. O. Waddell

None ..... None ...... None .. None ..........do

.do. ........ - W eat....... .

.....do ..... . .....do . ..._do ........do

.do .....

.... Pasco..

. N. Cochran.................do ...... Lime.... .......do . ..do ..........do

do ......... Rockmart ......... R. W. Everett........ .....do Non e ..........do .......do

...do

73 ......do ......... .....d o............. loin. J ones................_do

..d o

...do ... ..do . .....do ..... .

....do ...............do. .............. G. W . Mo rgan .............do . .... ..d o ...........do .. .

.do

.do.

.. Porte r JonC3. ...... ... _...do ..........do ...........do ... None ..... Hard

.. d o

.do. ... ................................. ..........._do .....do

._do ......_do ...........d o

'77 Sumter. ... ... Americus.... ....... C. A. Chambliss.... . .. _do ...... .....do ...... ...do .......do ...... Hard(!) . _

78 .....do .......... .....do................ Lee Hansford... ..... _...do ..........do ....... ....do ... .....do ...... Hard ..... .

19 ......do ... ...... Leslie .............. J. M. Summerford_ .....do ...... .....do ...........do ........do ....... ....do ..... .

APPEN D!XJ

records oj Georgi(l~

-

Sup Principal min p ly eral or RaseoUIil oer conlltiluenl.3. min
u '~

l-~

~

M anne~

Materia l from which

of erner- spring

gence.

luues..

Age of mate. rial from
which spring iuues.

u....

33 1
Improvement.. No.

Galho

2 Stream.. .. Sch ists ......... Unk now n ...... D~i nk ing. bath- Hotel f or 125

54

lng.

g u ests.

Silica

2,025 .....do...... Qu artzite............do ............ United States Va rious............... 55 fi.she r y .

Lime.
Lime carbonute.
Iron ...
....d o.
...... do.
Lime carbonale.
.do .

1,890 .do...........do................deJ ............ Bath ing ............. Large hotel, ete... 56 ......do. .... Limestone..... Silurian ......... Drinking ............ None .................. 57

}II ..... .do. Blnck shale .. Algo nk ian(?} . Me<lic inal ....... ..... Sma ll hoteL ....... 58

Y:I ......do..... Shale ...

I ......do ..................do ............ .... Cottages ............ 59

I

....do ..... Granite ..... ... Cambr ia n (!} ..... .do ................. None .................. 60

loa .....do .. Llmestone(?) Cambrian .. Domestic...... ............do ................. 61

()33 ....do ...

.do.

...............................do ................. ..d o ................. 62

. .GO ............ :\Ianv .. .....do.. .. ....do....... .... Silurian. ....... Drinking. wash .....do ..............._ 63 ing and manufactu ring.

......do...... "n" :'rIany . ......do.

....do ... .

..do ........... Domestic ..................do ...... ........... 64

...do

...do..........do ......do...

......do

........do .................. .do

65

do .. d o .

300 ..... .do ......do..

... ..do

None .................. .....do

"

10 ... ...do... .. ... .do....... .... Cambrian ........ Dome!Jtic .................do ......... ......_ 67

L ime.

1.4')() ..r.o...... Grovel... ....... Silurian ...... MedicinaL .......... Cottages.............. 68

..d'l.......~., ... fafany ......do..... Limestone .... ......do .... . None .................. No ne .............

66

.do.

...do .........do. .. ....do .......... Sil uria n(?) ..... Domestic ............ .d o

70

Lime car bon_

do. ......d o... ..... Cam brian (?) .. Drinking .................d o ................. 7l

Il l e .

......do

I...... ...do ... dO... ......do........... . .i ilurian(!} .... None ...... .. .. .. ...... ..... .do ................. 72

L ime.

do

do ......do........... Silurian ......... Domestic .................d o ................. 73

":do :::r:::'::dO:::'

......do ...........:None ......................do ....

"

L ime.

...d o

..do..... Liml'stone

.do

.. Domestic.

......do

,,~ ......do .... ...... ...do ."...do. .. ....do ................do ........... .1. ....do ............ ......do

"

.......... ... Many, ......do .................... Ter tiary ..............do ........................................

77

.. ...................... Ma ny .......do

......do ............ .....do ......_.........

78

Ca leium car- Man.Y.......do. .... Sand ............ ....do ..................do ................ None .................. 73 bona te.

190 """do.N'" "''',, .............. .. ' ..do ...... .......Drini:ing .

80

ifPPENDI~

Miscellaneous sprinf]'

No County

Loeallty

O w n. .

Odor

., Taste

Sedi ment

Minernl del)OSit

Quality,

81 Thomas ...... OcblO('hnee ....... Healde estate........ Sulphur... Sulphur... N ene . . None. . Soft

S2 Towns ...... ... Hiawaasee.. ....... W. K . Heddon........ None ...... None.. ...do......do ...........do ..... .

83 ......0.0 ...............do ............... ......do .........................do.~_........do. ...do. .... ...do ,_,

...do

84 ......do ........ Hunt ........... ...... J. N. Gibson........... .... do......: ., ..do.........do..... ..do ........ ....do

85 Uni{)f1.
86 ......00
" Iupson
sa ......flo

Blairaville ........ . T. J . Irwin................do...........do .........do.......do _..........do

....... ...do
.... Molena..

So!t. ...... Butu &. Welborr.' Sulphur . Pleasant. Yee ..... Iron........

Sul_

phur.

T. J. Willingham .. None ...... None . None... NOl'le ..... SofL

..... Thunder

. Z. Lawrence..............do..

..do .........do..... .

........do

8'J IwalkeT. . ..... Crawfil'lh Spring Gordon Lee...... .. .....do. . ...do

.do ..... None ..... . Hard .

90 Iwan-en...... WI-ightsboro ..... - Smith .....

.. ...do...........do

do

.do .. .. Solt

91 Whitfield ... Near Dalton ...... Olive A. Lukens..........do. .....do

do.. ...do

Ham

92 ......do ........ COhutta. ........... W. L. Williams .....do ...........do .........do... ...do ........ Foit (1 .. .

93 ....do ........ Cove City.. . . R. G. Houston

..do......... _do ...... . .do. ..d o ....... Hr.ud

9~ .....do ......... Dalton..

Crown Cot ton ..do...........do Mills. '

...do

.do.. . .....do

95 .do ... Near Dalton...... Mrs. V. A. Ham .....do.

...do

mond.

.do.. .do

.....do ......

96 .do

Near Varnelll!l... Mrs. Lulu Horn ....... do.

..do. ...do. .do .. ...do ........

97 ......do .... Near Dalton ..... - Martin ..

..... .do ...... Iron.. .........do ..... Iron

. Iron ........

:::I...... !..... 9S ......do .
99 ..do ...

McCutchen ..... W . 1:1. Freeman .........do .. Lime ........do.................... Hard ......

dO ..

. ..d o .

.. ...do...... Sulphur ...do..... None ...... dO ...._

100 .do ... Tilton.

.. ... Robert Nance............do..... ..INone .........do........do ........ Soft ......_

"

A PPEN DIX

333

-records of Georgia.

P rincipal m in-
.era l!)r gaS,)()U9
consti luenU

SUI)
ply p" min-
ut.

'Ma n ner of emer-
~ n c:e

Material
from wliich sp ri n ~ is-
sues

Age 01 mate_ rial from '
w hich lIpr ing issues

Improvements No

........ ..lNone. 2 Stream ... Sand ........................M ......... Domestic:

"N on e

2 ..do ...... SChiat............ Unknow n ...... Drinking

.. ... do

..... do .... F lint. ................. do... ,....... ......do.......

do

........................................ do ... Rock................... do............ Dome&tic

...... do

~':n dioxide

2 ..... do .......

. do............ Drinkina'

...... ..... d o _... Schist&.

.. d o........... No ne ..

. ~. ..:: ..... Q~~:: i~::::::: ':';:~;;.'

.do .do ..
':::1 :: ..

1 .. Calcium c a r - 10,400 ..... do ..... Limestone..... Cambrian........ Domestic bonale.

Hotel

.... do ..

.............................. ......do_........ . None

Lime carbonate 11,000(1 .. do ..... Limestone..... Silurian...............do.......................do

.. d~

...... Many. ... do

.do

Silurian (1) None .......................do

......do .............. 2,100 ... do

.do

Silurian.......... DomesUc ............. .do ............

..do _............ 7,000 ..._ do ........do ................do

.. OomelJtic and Sprin2 walled manufacturing. (rock)

.do _............ 1,000 ..._ do ...........do _.... Cambrian

Domc"tic ............ None .... .

81
85 S6 87 8S
"
90 91 92 93 94 95

.do.............. 5,000 ..._do ......... .... .. ............ d.o

None ...._............ .... .do ...

96

Iron................. %; ..... do ..... Black Shale._ Devonian ...... MedicinaL ...............do ......_..... . 97 Limeearbonate ................ rto _... LimHtonc ..... Cambrian (1) .. None .........._..... . ......do ......_..... ... t8

Lime............ ............ ... ..... do _.........do ........... Silur ian (1)

..... on ..

... ..... do ....... ....do ....... Cnmbrian ..

......do. . ........ .. ..........do ................ . 99 .....do. ... ......... ........do ................ . 100

.1

APPENDI X C
LIST OF FOSSILS FROM THE COASTAL PLAIN OF GEORGIA
The following fossils identified chiefly by Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan, of the U. S. Geological Survey, were collected during 1904 and 1905 by the writer while engaged in studying the underground waters of the Coastal Plain of Georgia.
CRETACEOUS HOR1Z0N
Locality.' - A cut on the public road near the Central of Georgia Railroad bridge, across Kinchafoonee Creek, 5 miles northwest of Buena Vista, Marion county.
Veniella. Cardium dumosum Conr.
Locality.' - Lanneyhassey Creek, 4 miles south of Buena Vista, Marion County.
Exogyra costata Say. Panoprea.
Locality.' - The Bivins plantation on Dry Creek, 3 miles west of Pineville, Marion county.
Exogyra costata Say. Gryphrea vesicularis Lam. Anomia argentaria Morton. Paranomia saffordi Conr.
J These localities all appear to be the Ripley horizon.

APPENDIX

335

Locality! - A cut on the Columbus-Albany branch of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, 16 mile-post, Chattahoochee county.
Exogyra costata Say, principal fossil.
Chelonian plate.

Locality.' - A. D. Ray's farm on Hannahachee Creek, 7 miles northeast of Lumpkin, Stewart county.
Exogyra costata Say. Gryphrea.

MIDWAY-SABINE HORIZON
Locality. - Flint river at the county bridge, 1 mile northwest of Montezuma, Macon county.
Turritella mortoni Conrad. Ostrea crenl1limarginata Gabb.
Locality. - Wall's Crossing, 4 miles west of Ellaville, Schley county.
Ostrea crenulimarginata Gabb. Venericardia planicosta Lam.
Locality. - G. W. Cole's farm, 2 miles south of Preston, Webster county.
Ostrea crenulimarginata Gabb.
Locality. - ] . F. Carter's farm, 1 mile southwest of Quebec, Schley county.
Ostrea crenulimarginata Gabb.
. Locality. - A. D. Ray's farm on Hannahachee Creek, 60 miles northeast of Lumpkin, Stewart county.
Turritella mortoni Conrad. Venericardia planicosta Lam.
I These localities all appear to be the Ripley horizon.

33~

APPENDIX

I,,,cality. - Green's Cave, near the Cuthbert-1.umpkin. puJjJj~ road, 9 miles from Cuthbert, Randolph county .
Ostrea crenulimarginata Gahl).

Locality. - Edward Bell's farm, z)/, miles northeast of Preston, Webster county,
Impressions of Leda. NUCltla . Venericardia, etc.

Locality. - On the Cuthbert-Lumpkin public road, 8 miles from Cuthbert, Randolph county.
Ostrea crenulimarginata GalJb.

Locality. - Prof. "V. B. Merritt's farm, 4 miles northeast of Preston, near Bull's Mill, "Vebster county.
Ostrea thirs", Gabb.

CLAIBORNE ' HORIZON

Locality. - The Fiskes' clay pit at Grovetown, Columbia county.

Turbinella (Psi locochlis) mccalliei Dall.

Ostrea.

Modiolus texanus Gabb.

j\lIociiolus alabamiensis Aldrich?

Large pyruloid gastropod, n. sp.

Calyptrea aperta Solander.

N l1cula magnifica Conrad.

N ucula ovula Lea.

Leda z sp.

Cytherea ovata var. greggi Harris.

Balanus sp.

if,

Plants :' A Palm near to the living Sabal adansoni: Castanea resembling Castanea dentata; Quercus sp.? Ficus sp. ?
I Determined by Dr. F. H. Kn owlton..

APPENDIX

337

Locality.-A clay pit, I mile south of Grovetown, Columbia county. Arca, apparently cuculloides Conrad, small or young specimen. Imprints of a pelecyod, suggestive of Lucina greggi Harris.

Locality. - W. G. Farver's farm, 6 miles south of Hephzibah, Richmond county.
Lutraria, like lapidosa Conrad .

Locality. - One mile northwest of Hephzibah, Richmond county. Modiolus texanus Gabb. Turbinella.

Locality. - A bluff on the Central of Georgia Railroad, Hollywood station, Richmond county.
Crepidula lirata Conrad. Venericardia planicosta Lam.
Locality.' - 'Waynesvi lle-Augusta public road, 10 miles south of McBean's station, Richmond county.
Diplodanta sp. Corbula densata Conrad. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Bulla sp.
Locality.' - One-fourth mile south of McBean's station, RiclilllOllll county.
Pteropsis lapidosa Conrad. Ostrea sellreformis Conrad. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Crassatellites. Modiolus. Tellina. Dentalium. Corbula densata Conrad.
I Fossils ide:utified by Dr. W. H. DaB.

APPENDIX
Locality.' - Two miles north of Vv'aynesboro, Burke county, near Central of Georgia Railroad.
Scutella sp., Luci na sp., Spondylus sp. Mreginella sp., and Mesalia vetusta Conrad.
Locality. - Griffins Landing, Savannah River, Screven county. Ostrea georgiana Conrad.
Locality. - The English plantation, I Yo miles north of Gibson,
Glascock county. Flabellum cunei forme Lonsdale. Endopachys maclurei Lea. Mazzalina inaurata Conrad. Pecten willcoxi Dall. Venericardia planicosta Lam. Venericardia alticostata Conrad. Panoprea af!. oblongata Conrad.
Locality. - The Hannah property, I y,( miles northeast of Gihson, Glascock county.
Venericardia planicosta Lam. Corbula alabamiensis Lea.
Locality. - The Gibson-Mitchell public road, 200 yards west of Jumping Gulley Branch, Glascock county.
Flabellum cunei forme Lonsdale. Turritella carinata Lea. Mesalia vetusta Conrad?
Locality. - Frank Pitman's property, 3 miles south of Avera, Jefferson county.
Flabellum cuneiforme Lonsdale. Turritella af!. carinata Lea. Mesalia sp. Calyptrea aperta Ell. & Sol.
t Fossils idt:ntified by Dr. W. H. Dall.

APPENDIX

339

N ucula aff. ovula Lea. Ostrea sell<eformis Conrad? Lucina. Vener icardia. Calyptrea aperta Ell. & Sol. Leda. N ucula. Modiol ... Corbula alabamiensis Lea. Numerous sharks' teeth, plates of the carapace 01 a turtle.

Locality. - Wren's Mill, 2 miles south of Wren's station, Jefferson county.
Ostrea, not positively determinable, probably young or small specimen of O. georgiana Conrad.
Locality. - Three miles northwest of Louisville, on the road to Clark's Mill, Jefferson county.
Scutella or Clypeaster. Mesalia vetusta Conrad.

Locality. - Near Cowart's bridge, Ogeechee River, 20 miles southeast of Louisville. Jefferson county.
Ostrea georgiana Conrad.
Locality. - L . R. Farmer's property, Bostick Mill Creek, 30 miles soutAwest of Louisville, Jefferson county.
Turrite1la carinata Lea. Cytherea perovata Conrad.

Locality. - Bethel Church, 40 miles southwest of Louisville, Jefferson county.
Turitel1a carinata Lea.
Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Glycymeris n. sp. Cytherea perovata Conrad. Spisula p"",bably praetenuis Conrad.

340

APPENDIX

. Locality. - Old Town, 7Yz miles southwest of Louisville, Jefferson

county. Olivella sp. Turritella carinata Lea. Glycymeris staminea Conrad. Glycymeris n. sp.

Diplodonta ungulina Conrad. Lucina aff. pandata Conrad. Venericardia alticostata Conrad. Cytherea perovata Conrad. Spisula praetenuis Conrad.

Locality. - The Buhrstone Quarry, 8 miles so.utheast of I,ouis ville, Jefferson county.
Turritella carinata Lea. )IesaEa vetusta Conrad. Corbula densata Conrad.

Locality. - Central of Georgia Railroad well, 30 ft. below the SlIfface, vVadley, Jefferson county.
Flabellum cuneiforme Lonsdale. Platytrochus stokesi Lea. Endopachys mac1urei Lea. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Calyptrea aperta Solander. N uculus ovula Lea. Leda multilineata Conrad. Meretrix perovata Conrad? Venericardia alticostata Conrad. Corbula densata Conrad. Lunulites sp., very large species.

Locality. - vVadley-Mount Vernon Railroad Swamp Creek, Jefferson county.
Scutella sp. Turritella sp. Cytherea sp.

bridge,

William's

APPENDIX

34'

Locality. - The Wadley-Midville public road, 60 miles from Wadley, Burke county.
Turritella carinata Lea. Pecten Cytherea perovata Conrad.

Locality. - Railroad cut two miles southwest of Chalker, \\Tashington county.
Flabellum cunei forme Lonsdale. Cucullaearca cuculloides Conrad. Cerithium 2 sp.,; both apparently new. Turritella carinata Lea. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Ostrea georgiana Conrad? Venericardia. Cytherea. Corbula alabamiensis Lea.

Locality. - T . W . Smith 's farm, 2)4 miles south of \~rarthen, \\Tashington county.
Scutella or Clypeaster. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. C.alyptrea aperta Ell. & Sol. Cerithil1m, probably new. Glycymeris trigonella Conrad. Glycymeris staminea Conrad?" Young. Lucina alveata Conrad. Lucina papyracea Lea. Lucina sp. Corbula alabamiensis Lea. Cytherea discoidalis Conrad. Macoma or Metis sp. Crassatellites protexta var. lepida Dall. Solen or Tagelus sp.

34 2

APPENDIX

Locality. - Clifton Shepherd's plantation, on the Sparta-Sandersville road, 30 miles northwest of. vVarthen, Washington county,
Flabellum sp. Turritella carinata Lea.

Locality. - Ben Rollins \;Yell , y,; miles southwest of the court house,
Sandersville, Washington county. Scutella, the same species as the one found at the other lo-
calities. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Nucula sp. Ostrea, probably georgiana Conrad. Panopaea.

Locality. - Lime Sink, I mile southwest of the court house, Sandersville, vVashington county.
Scutella sp., the same as the species listed above, and the same as the one found at vV. T. Smith's farm. 20 miles southeast of vVarthen.
Locality. - Spring, I mile south of Sandersville, vVashingtotl county.
Ostrea georgiana Con. val'.

Locality. - North Branch of Limestone Creek, 2 miles south of Sandersville, \;Yashington county.
Scutella sp., the same as the one at T. W . Smith's farm, &c. Ostrea georgiana Conrad.

Locality. - Roadside from Limestone church, 4 miles west of Sandersville, vVashington county.
Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Nucula d. ovula Lea. Leda.

APPENDIX

343

Pecten wahtubbeanus Dall. Diplo"donta (SphaereUa ) . Corbula d . oniscus Conrad. Corbula d. densata Conrad.

Locality. - The big gullies, on the Upper Milledgeville public road,

50 miles northwest of Sandersville, \Vashington county.

A species of the Volutidre, new genus and new species -

previously collected by Mr. McCallie.

.

Locality. - Old lime kiln, y.; mile west of depot, Sun Hill, Wash-
ington county. Flabellum cuneiforme Lonsdale. Pecten d. wahtubbeanus Dall. Venericardia alticostata Conrad. Crassatellites d . protexta var. lepida Dall .

Locality, - Cut on the Central of Georgia Railroad between mileposts I38 and I39, \Vishington county.
Endopachys maclurei Lea. Scutella sp., the common Eocene species of eastern Georgia. Glycymeris staminea. Glycymeris trigonella Conrad. Ostrea alabamiensis Lea. Crassatellites protexta var. lepida Dall: Crassatellites alta Conrad. Corbula alabamiensis Lea? Corbula oniscus Comad?

Locality. - P . L. Fair's well, near Poplar church, 130 miles west
of Sandersville, 'vVashington county. Nucula ovula Lea. Glycymeris trigonella Conrad. Ostrea alabamiensis Lea. Modiolus aff. texanus Gabb.

:344

APPENDIX

Locality. - Cut on the Georgia Railroad, at Central of Georgia
Railroad crossing. 1;4 miles east of Roberts station,
Jones county. Cylichna sp. Volutilithes petrosus Conrad. Clavelithes sp. Turritella apita de Gregorio. Turritella sp. Natica sel11ilunata Lea. Calyptrea aperta Sol. Adeorbis n. sp. ? Nucula ovula Lea. Yoldia aff. psaml110taea Dall. Leda aff. albirupiana Harris. Leda parva Rogers. Trigonarca pulchra Gabb. Glycymeris trigonella Conrad. Pecten (Pseudamusium) aff. dalli Clark, the Georgia speci-
men is sl ightly more acute than those from Miss., Va. and Md. Modiol us alabal11iensis Aldrich. Psal111110bia - apparently 2 sp., P. blainvillei. Lea and Psal111110bia (Gobraeus) papyria Conrad, however the specimens are too poor for positive identification. Lucina papyracea Lea. Lucina d. pandata Conrad. Venericardia, young, probably several species. Cytherea aequorea Conrad? juv. Corbula oniscus Conrad. Corbula alabamiensis Lea.

Locality. - The Gordon-Macon public road, 2 don, \;Yilkinson county.
Platytrochus stokesi Lea. Volutilithes petrosus Conrad. N ucula ovula Lea. Leda bella.

miles west of Gor-

APPENDIX

345

Leda coelata Conrad? Leda sp. Tagelus sp. Diplodonta (Sphaerella) aff. inflata Lea. Lucina aff. claibornensis Conrad. Cytherea sp.

Locality. - J. W. Huckobee's farm, rYl miles west of Lewistown,
Jones county. Endopachys Maclurei Lea. Turbinella sp. Turritella carinata Lea. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. N ucula ovula Lea. Glycymeris aff. stami nea Conrad. Lucina d. pandata Conrad. Venericardia planicosta Lam. Crassatellites protexta Conrad. Corbula oniscus Conrad. Corbula alabamiensis Lea.

Locality. - J. R. Van Buren and Company's property, [Yl miles
west of Griswoldville, J ones county. Platytrochus stokesi Lea. Flabellum cuneifol'me wailesi Conrad. Endopachys maclurei Lea. Turbinolia pharetra Lea. Turbinella sp. Volutilithes sayanus Conrad? Levifusus trabeatus Conrad. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Calyptrea aperta Solander. Dentalium aff. blandum de Greg. N ucula ovula Lea. N ucula magnifica Lea. Lucina carinifera Conrad.

APPENDIX
Protocardia sp. Crassatellites protexta Conrad. Corbula alabamiensis. Corbula oniscus Conrad? Panopaea sp.
Locality. - Gallemore station, Twiggs county. Volutilithes petrosus Conrad. "Calyptrea aperta Solander. Turritella carinata Lea. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Leda sp. Glycymeris sp. Diplodonta ungulina Conrad? Lucina alveata Conrad. Corbula sp.
Locality.-H. "v. McCrary's farm, 2 miles north of Jefferson viUe,
on the Jeffersonville-Irwinton public road, Twiggs coun ty. Turbinella (Psilocochli s) mccalliei D,,]). Buccinanops altile Conrad. Muricidea sp. nov. Cerithium sp. nov. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. N ucula. Cytherea discoidalis Conrad. Cytherea sp. Venericardia planicosta Lam. Corbula alabamiensis Lea.
Locality. - The Carlton Clay Works, % mile west of Pike's Peak,
Tlvigg's county. Nucula aff. ovula Lea. Ostrea georgiana Conrad. Crassatellites protexta Conrad.

APPENDIX

347

Locality. - Brown's IVIountaill, 9 mil es southeast of J\1;1l1J1l. Hi),1 1 county.
Flabellum cunei forme Lonsdale. Endopachy maclurei Lea. Scutella. Calyptraphorous velatus Conrad. Turritella carinata Lea. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Calyptrea aperta Sol. N ucula oVltla Lea. Pteria. Pecten wahtubbeanus Dall. Venericardia Lucina carinifera Con. .Cytherea - 2 sp. Protocardia sp. Crassatell ites protexta Con. Panap<ea. Corbula oniscus Con. Corbula densata Conrad?

Locality. - Macon-Marion public road, 9 miles southeast of Macon, Bibb county.
Scutella sp. , the same as the one found at Lime Kiln, [ mile east of Bond P. O.
Levifusus trabeatus Conrad.

Locality.~Macon-Marion public road, IO miles south of Macon,. Twiggs county. .
Nucula ovula Lea. Diplodonta sp. Crassatellites protexta Conrad.
Several species of fossil leaves, but as they have not been studied, they at present furnish no information of value in determining the horizon.

APPENDIX
Locality. - Perry-Elko public road, 4 miles south of Perry, Houston county.
Turbinolia pharetra L ea. Flabell um cunei forme Lonsdale. Volutilithes petrosus Conrad. Levifusus trabeatus Conrad. Turritella carinata Lea. Mesalia vetusta Conrad. Calyptrea aperta Solander. Dental ium thalloides Conrad. Nucula ovula Lea. Leda n. sp.? Glycymeris trigonella Conrad. Glycymeris sp. Pteria sp. Lucina alveata Conrad. Lucina aff. claibornensis Conrad. Venericardia planicosta Lam. Venericardia alticostata Conrad. Cytherea sp. Crassatellites protexta Conrad. Corbula oniscus Conrad. Pteropsis lapidosa Conrad.
VICKSBURG-JACKSON HORIZON.
Locality. - Bluff, R ing Jaw Landing, Oconee River, 2 miles west of Kittrell's, J ohnson county.
Orbitoides sp. Flabellum cunei forme Lonsdale. Platytrochus stokesi Lea. Endopachys maclurei Lea. Scutella or Clypeaster. N uc ula ovula Lea. Leda. Pecten fragment, nuperus Conrad or perplanus Morton_ Ostrea trigonalis Conrad.

APPENDIX

34 9

Lunulites - large species. Pleurotoma. Volutil ithes. Glycymeris. Corbula. Cytherea. Tagelus?

Locality. - Magnolia Spring, 5 miles north of iVlillen, Burke county.
Pecten sp., probably an undescribed species.
Locality. - Martain's Mill, Battle Field Branch, I mile north of Kite, Johnson county.
Ostrea georgiana Conrad.

Locality. - Pumping Station, City Water-vVorks, Dublin, Laurens county.
Turritella sp. Glycymeris d. arcatata Conrad. Pecten d. poulsoni Morton.
Locality. - "Well Spring," Oconee River, 9 miles southeast of Dublin, Laurens county.
Orbitoides? casts. P.ecten poulsoni Morton.

Locality. - The McRea farm, 3 miles east of Westlake, Twiggs county.
Scutella. Pecten perplanus Morton. Amusium ocalanum Dall.

Locality. - Macon-Cochran public road, Twiggs county, one mile east of Westlake.
Platytrochus stokesi Lea.

350

APPENDIX

Endopachys maclurei Lea. N llcbla ovu la Lea. Venericardia. Lucina. Panopaea, &c.

L ocality. - Macon-Cochrall.public:road, on Shell Creek. near \Vestlake, Twiggs county.
Pecten perplanus Morton.
Locality. - Lime Kiln. I mile east of Bond P. 0 .. Bibb county. Endopachys sp. Scutella sp.. the same as at locality 2 miles south of Perry. Pecten nuperus Conrad. Cytherea sp. A foliaceous bryozoan.

Locality. - Harry \'Jimberly's farm , 9 miles northeast of Cochran, on Macon-Cochran public road, Pulaski county.
Cassidulus. Clypeaster or Scutella. Turritella mississippiensis Conrad?
Locality. - Public road, near the water tank, Southern Railway, I mile northeast of Coley, Pulaski county.
Cassidulus. Clypeaster. Pecten.
Locality. - Right bank of Ocmulgee River just below tlje wagon bridge, Hawkillsville, Pulaski county.
Orbitoides. Clypeaster.
Locality. - Railroad cut, near tile depot, Hawkinsville, Pulaski county. .
Orbitoides. Cytherea sobrina ConracL

APPENDIX

35 1

Locality. - Railroad cut, y,lmile north of Bonaire, Houston county. Scutella sp. Caricella sp. Turritella sp. Pecten perplanus Morton. Cytherea, at least 2 sp. Basilosaurus sp., probably B. macrospondylus Harlan.

Locality. - Public road two miles south of Perry, Houston county. Orbitoides mantelli Morton. Orbitoides papyracea Boulx'e. Scutella sp. Pecten perplanus Morton.
Locality. - Perry-Elko public road, 3y,1 miles southeast of Perry, Houston county.
Volutilithes petrosus Conrad. Fusoficula d. filia Meyer. T~trri tella sp. Calyptrea alta Conrad. Calyptrea aperta Solander. DentaliuJ11 thalloides ConraLl. N ucula ovula Lea. Leda multilineata Conrad. Leda sp. Glycymeris sp. Pecten d . nuperus Conrad. Cytherea 2 sp. Venericardia d. rotunda Le.!. Spisula d . funerata Conre,1. Corbula wailesiana Harris . Lunulites sp. Pecten perplanus Morton . 'Numerous bryozoa.

35 2

APPENDIX

Locality. - Big Creek, Elko-Unadilla road, 10 miles south of Elko, Houston county.
Orbitoides papyracea Boubee. Conus sp. Pecten perplanus Morton. Cytherea sobrina Conrad.

Locality. - Taylor's church, Elko-Unadilla road, 4 miles south of Elko, Houston county.
Orbitoides sp. Ceri thiopsis sp. Tunitella sp. Glycymeris n. sp., aff. arctata Conrad. Glycymeris n. sp. ? Pecten nuperus Conrad. Cytherea sobrina Conrad. Pitaria sp., imitabilis Conrad? Young. Chione. Lucina sp. Crassatellites mississippiensis, Conrad.
Locality. - Perry-Henderson public road, 534 miles south of Perry,
Houston county. Flabellum cuneiforme Lonsdale. Endopachys sp. Turritella. Leda multilineata Conrad. Leda, very large species, d. pharcida, Dall, but apparently
new. Lucina sp. also found in the clay bed at Rich Hill. Protocardia nicoletti Conrad. Corbula, apparently wailesiana Harris.
Locality.- Rich Hill, Crawford county. Scutella. Ostrea georgiana Conrad. Ostrea sp.

APPENDIX

353

Pecten perplanus Morton. Bryozoa, not determined, many species. Volutilithes. Calyptrea aperta Solander. Venericardia. Lucina, found alsQ 5)4 miles south of Perry. Panopaea.

Locality. - Brook's farm, 12 miles southwest of Marshallvi lle, Macon county.
Scutella sp. Pecten - apparently fragments of P. perplanus Morton. Bryozoa numerous.

Locality. - Three miles east of Marshallville, Houston county. Scutella sp., the same as the species found at Rich Hill. Bryozoa, numerous.
Locality. - Cooper farm, just east of Hogcrawl Creek, 13 miles southeast of Marshallville, Macon county.
Glycymeris d. arctatus Conrad. Pecten perplanus Morton.

Locality. - Rock dam on Hogcrawl Creek, 8 miles east of Monte-

zuma, Macon county.

Lyria costata Sowerby.

Turritella sp.



Glycymeris sp. Cytherea sabrina Conrad.

Protocardia, large sp.

Locality. - Three miles west of Coney, at Seaboard Air Line Railroad bridge.
Orbitoides. Pecten perplanus Morton.

354

APPENDIX

Locality. - U. S. Lockett's farm on Seaboard Air Line Railroad,
2.0 miles southeast of Americus, Sumter county.
Orbitoicles.
Glycymeris d. arctatus Conrad.

Locality. - C. H. Spring's farm on the Isabella-Albany public road, 50 miles west of Isabella, VVorth county.
Orbitoides and probably Nummulites. Turbinella wilsoni Conrad?
Locality. - Rock Pond, r0 miles north of Camilla, Mitchell county.
Glycymeris sp. Pecten 2 sp.

Locality. - Preston-Friendship public road, 6 miles northeast of Preston, 'Webster county.
Orbitoides. Clavelithes, Vicksburg species. Pecten poulsoni Morton?

Locality. - Richland-vVeston public road, near Mt. Zion church, about 3 miles northwest of vVeston, vVebster county.
Pecten perplanus.

Locality. - Black farm on the vVeston-Preston public road, r mile northeast of \ \leston, vVebster coullty.
Orbitoides, very abundant. Pecten perplanus Morton. Cytherea sobrina Conrad.
Local ity. - J. W. T illey's farm, Oil Weston-Parrott public road, 4
miles no rth of Parrott, \;1,1ebster county. Orbitoides, very abundant.

Locality. - Parrott-Dawson public road, one mile south of Parrott. Orbitoides. Casts of several species of mollusks.

t/PPENDIX

355

Locality. - Cut on Central of Georgia Railroad, atDawson, Terrell county.
Cassidulus sp. Glycymeris arctata Conrad? Pecten pei-plan us Morton. Crassatellites sp.

Locality. - On Fowltown Creek, I mile noith of Armena, Terrell county.
Orbitoides, very abundant.

Locality. - Cuthbert-Lumpkin publ ic road, 20 miles north of Cuthbert.
Cassidulus sp. Pecten perplanus Morton.

Locality. - Elder's Quarry, I mile west of Cuthbert. Randolph county.
Cytherea sobrina Conrad? A rca mississippiensis Conrad?
Locality. - Martin Harrell's farm, I I miles north of Whigham. Orbitoides. Pecten.

Locality. - Rock Pond, r I miles north of vVhigham, Decatur county.
Glycymeris. Ostrea. Pecten, &c. Bill of a duck-like bird.

Locality. - Jas. Hornsby's property, I mile northeast 0' Whigham
and :y,; mile north of railroad.
Orbi toides papyracea Boubee.

APPENDIX
Locality. - One mile northwest of Faceville, Decatur county. Operculina. Nummulites. '
Locality. - L. A. Baron's farm, 4 miles northeast of Forest Fall, Decatur county.
Orbitoides and other foraminifera.
Locality. - Dan Morris's well, 3 miles north of Forest Falls, r6th district, Decatur county.
Orbitoides. Pecten perplanus Morton.
Locality. - Twelve miles north of Bainbridge and 3 miles west of Flint River, near E . 'B. Jones' residence.
Ormitoides. Cassidulus. Clypeaster. Amusium ocalanum Dall. Spondylus dumosus Morton. Crassatellites, &c.
Locality.' - Forest Falls, 7 miles north of Whigham, Decatur county.
Cardium. Pecten.
Locality. - Bluff on the Flint river about 8 miles below Bainbridge, Decatur county.
Aturia. Echini. Turritella.
I According to Dr. Dall's interpretation ot the fossils collected by the writer at Forest Palts, the upper part of the section belOllg5 to tbe Tampa silex bed, and the lower part to the Peninsular limestone.

APPENDIX

357

Locality. - Blue Hole, 8 miles northeast of Bainbridge, Decatur county.
Cerithium. Diplodonta. Mitra. Teredo. Cardium. Glycymeris.

Locality.' - Boston Phosphate \\lorks, Thomas county. Teredo, etc.

Locality.' - McIntyre's plantation, I I miles south of Thomasville, Thomas county.
Turritella indenta Conrad. Coral (Orbicella) .

Locality.' - New bridge, the Withlacoochee River, on the ValdostaMadison public road, IS miles south of Valdosta, Lowndes county.
Orbicella. Pyrazisinus sp. Turri tella.

Locality.' - Banks of the A llapaha River, Statenv.ille, Echols county.
Orbi to id es . Echini.

Locality.' - Prescott plantation, Allapaha River at the GeorgiaFlorida line, Echols county.
Helix.

Locality. - Camp Perry, F lorida, at the end of the Coast L ine Railroad bridge.
Rangia sp. O r b i toi des .
I The fossils froln these localities seem to point to the Peninsular or the Ocala lim estones, which limestones arc: often overlaiu by sandy clays belonging to the Chattahooc:hee horizon.

APPENDIX
MIOCENE HORIZON (INCLUDING UPPER OLIGOCENE)
Locality.' - The Sink of the Level, 10 miles north of Whigham, Decatur county.
Pecten.
Locality.' - Old P hosphate \~rorks, 3 miles west of Boston, Thomas county.
Coral.
Locality.' - McIntyre's plantation, I I miles south of ThomaS\ille. Thomas county.
Coral.
Locality.' - Boston-Monticello public road, 40 miles south of Boston, Thomas county.
Siderastrea. Ostrea.
Locality.' - J. C. Burrow's place, 4 miles northeast of F orest Falls,
Decatur county. Siderastrea. Ostrea.
Locality.' - New Graveyard, 10 miles east of Quitman, Brook county.
Siderastrea.
Locality.' - Lucas T . Lane's property, 2 miles northeast of Clyattsville, Lowndes county.
Siderastrea.
J Chattahoochee horizon here, consisting of sandy clays, is underlain by the Peninsular or the Qalla limestones.

APPENDIX

359

Locality.' - New bridge on the Valdosta-Madison public road, IS miles south of Yaldosta, Lowndes county.
Siderastrea.

Locality.' - College Creek, Livingston plantation, 18 miles west of Brunswick, Glynn county.
Pecten sp. Too poor for determination.

Locality. - Well at Brunswick, 50-62 feet.

Glycymeris, fragment of large species.

Pecten madisonius Say.

Astarte undulata !'lay.

Chione athleta Conrad.

Venericardia.



Locality. - Bluff on Alatamaha River, about 2 miles above Doctortown, Wayne county.
Pecten eboreus Conrad.

Locality. - Bluff on the Altamaha River at Doctortown, Wayne county.
Pecten eboreus.
Locality. - Porters landing on the Savannah River, Effingham county.
Pecten eboreus.
I Chattahoocht:e boriu)U bere, consisting of sandy clays, is underlain by the Peninsular or the OcIlla limestones
'2 It seems .to be more than likely that this locality is Pliocene .

APPEN DIX
PLIOCENE HORIZON
tocality. - Waverly, Camden county. Charcardon megalodon Agassiz. Cetacean vertebra. Equus complicatus Leidy.
Locality. - James King's plantation, on Big Satilla River,S miles south of Atkinson, Wayne county.
Rangia cuneata Gray.

INDEX

..

Pnge

Abbeville Artesian Well.......

193

Acme Brewing Company's Arte-

sian Well at Macon.........

56

Adel Artesian Well Record.....

53

Adrian Artesian Well........... 110

Albany Artesian Well .......... 97-10]

Allgood Well ................. . 260-26 1

Alluvial Clay, Wells in ......... 213-215

Altamaha Grit, The ........... 31-32

Americus Artesian Wells .... . .. 166-169

Analysis ot Albany Artesian

Waters ...................... 99-101

Americus Artesian Water .. 167-168

Aragon Spring Water. . .... 268

Argon Spring ,Vater....... 25 1

Armena Spring Water..

136

Artesian Lithia Well Wa-

ter

......... 205-206

Atlanta Deep Well Waters

199-200-201

Bagwell Deep Well Water.

257

B ainbridge Artesian Water.

89

Barrington Artesian Water 149

Baxley Artesian Water

51

Blakely Artesian Water...

106

Blue Spring ,Vater

222

Boston Artesian Water

180

Bowden Lithia Spring Water229-230

Brunswick Artesian Water.112-114

Canton 'VeIls Water .....

215

Cascade Spring Wate l' ... . . 218-219

Catoosa Springs W a ter

272

Chalybeate Spring Water.. 273

Cherokee Spring Water.

273

Cloud Spring Deep Well Wa

ter . .....................

256

Cohutta Spring Water ..... 278-279

Cold Spring Water ....... . 221

Cordele Artesian Water ...

92

Cr awfish Spring Water.

265

Daniel Mineral Spring Wa

tel' ................ . . . ... 240-241

Davisboro Artesian Water.. 189

Dawson Artesian Water

174

Donaldsonville ArteSian Wa

tel' ..... .. .... .. .. .......

88

l'agH

Analysis 01' Douglas ArLeslun

'Vate)' ............. . ..

S3

Dockins Spring Water .... 219

Dorchester Artesian Water. 139

Dover Artesian Water .. 163-164

Dublin Artesian Water .... 132

Eady Mineral Spring Water 252

Eastman Artesian Water ..

90

Ellijay 'Wells ViTater , .. ' ... 214-215

Everelt City Artesian Wa-

ter .. " .................. 117-118

Eyerett Spring Water

280

Fitzgerald Artesian Water. 123

Fort Gaines Artesian Water

82

Fort McPherson Deep Wells

Water

...... 202-203

Franklin Spring ,Vater ... 231

Garnet Spring Vi'ater

237

Gordon Spring Water ..... 274

Gower Spring ,Vater .. ,... 236

Guyton Spring " ' ater ..... 108

Hampton Spring Water

279

Hawkll1sville Artesian \'i'a

tel'

.. ........

154

Hughes Mineral Well Wa-

ter .......... . .......... 262- 263

Indian Spring Water

224

Inman Park Mineral Spring

Water ..... , .....

233

Jekyl I sland Artesian Wa-

ter ...................... 114

Leesburg Artesian Water.. 134

Lindale Springs Water .,'

270

Louch Well Water ......... 208-209

Louisville Artesian Water.. 126

Lumber City Artesian Water 173

Madison Sprin g Water .... 248

Major I\Iineral Spring Water 277

Marshallville Artesian Wa-

ter

145

Martin' s Minera l Wat,er

275

Medlock 'Well Water .. , ... 207-208

Meldrin Artesian Well Wa-

ter ..................... 109

Mlddvll1e Artesian Water.. 65-66

Millen A r tesian Water .... 160

Montezuma Artesian Water.14.3-144

INDEX

Page

Page

Analysis of Moultrie Artesian

Anal)'sis of White Sulphur

'Vate r

84-85 Spring Water, Hall County... 235

Newton Artesian Well 'Va-

Meriwether County,... 247

tel' ..................... . 52-53

Vi' ren Artesian Water",."

128

Ocilla Artes ian Water ..... 124

Wrightsville ArteSian Wa-

Offerman Artesia n Water .. 153

ter ..... ".",., .... . ,... 131

Oglethorpe Artesian Water. 144 Andersonville Artesian ~rell

1G9

Parker Minerai Spring Wa-

Appalachian Mountains, The " 25-26

ter ...................... 241-242 Appalachian Valle y, The ,..

26-27

Perry Artesian 'Vate r ..... 121-122 Appling County .. "", ... " . .. 50-51

Ponce de Leon Spring 'Vu-

Ar ago n Spring .""., .........250-251

tel' ...................... 232 Arlington ArteSian Well ......

71

Porte r Spring 'Va ter ...... 242-243 Armena Artesian Wells .

136

Poulan Artesian Water .... 197 AI'senal Artesia n Well ... "., .156-157

Powde r Springs 'Vatel' .... 225-227 Artes ia n Lithia Well ... "" ... 205-206

Pretoria ArtesIan Water... . 104 Artesian Wells (See also Deep

Quitman Artesian Water . . 59-60 'W e lls) at

Riceboro Artesia n Water .. 137-138

Abbevllie

193

Rocky Ford Artesian Watel' 161

Adel , ............. ,..

53

Roland Spring Water ..... 281-282

Adrian

... ", .. . . ".,. 110

Sandersville Artesian Water 186-187

Albany." ..... ",...... 97-10 1

Sava nnah Artes ian W a ter.. 74-75

Americus, ........ , ........ 166-169

Scarboro Artesian Water... 163

Andersonville

169

Scott Deep Well Water ..... 258-259

Arlington ........

71

Shellman Artes ian Water... 156

Armena.

... ",.,.136

Silvan Spring 'Vater....... 234

Augusta .. " ... , ... " ,156-157

Smithville Artes,an 'Vater. . 135

Bailey's Mill ,... . .........

70

States boro Artes ian Wate r

Bainbridge

88-89

(Davis Well)

62

Barrington .....

149

St. Mar y's Al'teslan 'Va ter.

67

Bartow

..... 127-128

St. Simon's Island Artesian

Bass Plantation

152

Water

117

Bladen ".""".",.,.".

117

Sulpho-Magnes la W e ll W a -

Blakely , ... "., ........ . , .105-l0G

ter ..

' , . . . . . . . . . 204

Boston , ...... " ........ " .179-1sn

Sylvania Artesian Water.

162

Bradley Plantation ... , .81, 164-165

Tallulah Falls Mineml

Brunswick ........... , .... 111-114

Spring 'Vater

250

Buena Vista ..... ,....

146

TennlIle Artesia n Water., .. 188

Byromville ... ,., .. . , . .

96-97

Thomasville Artesian 'Va

Byron

. ,,,,,' ..

120

tel' ........... , .... . .. 177-179 Tifton Artes ian Water .. . 54- 55

Camilla .. ".". , . . .. . "... 147

Chauncy

.... ,..... . .

90

Trentham Spring 'Va ter .. .

228

Cochran ......... . .. . ...... 154-155

TI'e nton l\'!Ineral Spring Wa

Collins

...... ........ .

170

tel' ..

, ......... .

276

Coney ....... . ......'..... .. 92-94

l.'ybee Island Artesian W a -

Co rdele

91-92

ter ..

76-80

Creyton Island "..

150

Valdosta Artesian Water ... 140-141

Crispin , .. ,.,."

.. , 11S-119

'Vadley Artesian Water.

127

Cumberland Island ",., .. , 67-6S

\Valde n Artesian ,Vater,

57

Cuthbert ........... " . ,... 155

,Varm Springs 'Vater, ..... 244-245

Damascus ......... . , . . . . 107

Watson's Mineral Spring

Darien

... . ........... 14.7-149

WaleI'

249

Dnvlsboro .... , .......... 188-189

Wayc ross Artes ia n Watel.. 183

Dawson ".,.,",., ..... ,.,173-174

'Vaynesboro Artesian Wa

Doboy ., ..... "." .. , .. ,., 150

tel' ....... ,..............

64

Doles .... " ..... " . . , ... , 195

'Yay's Station Artesian Wa-

Donaldsonville .. . .. " ... " 87-88

ter .,....................

61

Dorchester ... . ..... . , .. , .138-139

White Path Mineral Sorings

Dovel' .............. . , .... 163-164

Wnter .... , .. ,.""., ,238-239

Douglas ... , ...... ,. . ...... 83-84

INDEX

Page

Artesian Wells at Dublin.. . . . .. 132

Dueker's Station ...... . .... 101-1 03

Eastman ................. .

90

Eden ................. . ... 107-108

Egypt. ...... ......... . .. 108

Evelyn ........ . ........... 119

E verett City....... ... ..... 117

Fenn ................. . ...

96

Fitzgerald ......... . .. .. 122

Fort Gaines ....... . ...... 81-82

Fort Valley ........ . , ..... 120-121

Gordon ............. . .... 195

Groves Station ......... . .. 175

Guyton ... . ............... 108

Ha.gan ........... . ....... 170

Hardaway Station

103

Hawkinsville ......... , .... 153-154

Herndon ............. ....

64

H lggston .............. . ... 151

Huguenin ........... . .... 169

Irwinville ............... 194

.Jekyl Island..... ....... .. 114

Jesup

.. .. . . ........ 190

Kara

107

Kingsland

68

Leary

72

Lecsburg

............133-135

Lesllc

170

Louisville ............... 12 5-126

Lumber City .... ... . ...... 172-173

L~'ons

1il

Macon

56

Manassas .................. 171

Marshallville ...... . .. . .... 144-145

1\-[cArthur . ... .. .... ..... 150-151

1I1c Rae ................ ,..

172

Meldrln ....... . ........... ] OS-109

ltJldvtlle .............. ... 65-66

Millen ......... . . . ....... 159-160

Milltown

.. . ........ 55-56

"1I{ontC7.uma ..... . , . . ...... 142-144

:Moultrle .................. 84- 85

Newton .... ... .......... 52-53

Ochwalkee .............

151

Oc illa ..... . ........ .... 123-124

Ort'erman .. . ..... . .........152-153

Oglesby 1\1111 ....... . ..... .

60

Oglethorpe ....... .. ....... 144

Old Danville .............. 169

Old Town

126

Owens Ferry.. .. ..... ....

70

Pelham .. ....... ... .... . 147

Penla ....................

96

Perry . .. .................. 121-122

Plneora ............. . ... 109

Pineview .... .. ... .. . .. .. 194.

Poulan ........ . ... . ..... ..196-197

Pretoria .... .. .. . ... .. , .103-104

Page

Artesian ~re ll s at Quitman..... 59-GO Reynolds .............. , .. 171-172 Riceboro .................. 137-138 Richland .............. . ... 165 Richwood ......... . ... . .. 94-95 Rochelle .. , .. ,.... . ....... 193

Rocky Ford.""., . .. "". 161

Sandcrsvllle .. . ........... 185-187

Sasser ............. ...... 175

Satllla Blurt. ......... .....

70

Savannah .......

75-76

Scarboro ................. 162-163

Shellman ............. . .... 155-156

Smithville........ .

135

StatesbOro ................. 62-63

St. Catheri ne I sland........ 139

Stillman .,...

. ........110-111

St. Mary's..........

67

St. Simon's Island ......... 115-117 Suslna .................... 180-181 Swainsboro ................ 110 Sylvania .................. 161-162

Tarbol'O ................. 68-70

Tennllio ......... ...... ... 187-188

'l'homasvllle .............. 176-179

'.rl[ton ........ ... . ........ 53-55

Toomsboro

194

Tybee Island ...

76-80

Unadilla. ... ....

95

Valdosta ................. 13!)-142

Vienna. ..... .......

96

Wadley ....... ..... ....... 126-127

"'Vaiden..

..........

57

Walker Sta tio n ........... . 103

Warwick ........... . ...... 197

Waverly .................

70

Waycross ........ . ........ 181-185

"\"Vaynesboro

. ........ 63-64

'Way's Station ............. 60-62

White Oa l.: ................

68

Whlteslcle's. J. D...

57

WoH Island ........... . ... 150

Woodbine ............. . ...

68

Worth .................... 19 '7

Wren ..................... 128

Wrightsville .............. 131

Atlanta Deep Wells ........... 198-201

Augusta Artesian Wells ....... 156-157

Austell Deep Wells ........... . 203-209

n

Bacteriological Analysis of

Thomasville Artesian Water.. 179

Bagwell Deep 'Vell ............ 256-257

Balley's 1\1111 Artesian Well.....

70

Bainbridge Artesian Wells . .... 88-89

Baker County..... .. . ... . .. . . . 51-53

Bangor L~mestone, The . . ... ,..

37

INDEX

Page

Page

Barrington Artesian Well. ..... 149 Chattahoochee Formation, The.

32:

Bartow Artesian Wells ........ 127-128 Chauncy Artesian Well. ... . . ..

90

Bass Artesian Well ........... 152 Cherokee Spring .............. 272-273

Baxley Artesian Wells

50-51 Chert, Fort Payne, The..... .. .

37

BerrIen County..... . .......... 53-56 Chickamauga Limestone, The..

38

Bibb County ................... 56-58 Chickamauga Pari;;: Deep Wells.254-2SS:

Bibliography of Mineral Waters 282 CIties and Towns, Source ot

Big Spring

... ........

268 'Vater Supply of. ............ 307-323

Bladen Artesian Well.......... 117 Claiborne Horizon, Fossils [rom.336-34S

Blakely Artesian Well . . ...... . 105-106 Claiborne, The .

33-34

Blowing Cave of Decatur County299-300 Clay County .................. 81-82:

Blowing Phenomenon of Forest

Cleghorn Spring

. . . . . . . . . . 269

Falls.... ....... ........ ..... 302 Cloud Spring Flowing Well

255

Blowing Spring

........ .. 266 Cobb County

...... 203-209'

Grant, The .............. 296-299 Cortee County...........

82-84

Blowing Springs and Wells of

Cohutta Springs

...... 278-279

Georgia ................. 296-305 Cold Spring, Description of .... 220-221

Causes of

............. 303-305 Collins Artesian Well....

170

Blowing ViTell, Boston ......... 300-301 Colquitt County .............. 84-85-

Lester ..................... 301-302 Columbia Sands............... 29-30

Blue Spring. Baker County.. . . 51-52 Columbia, The ..........

40-4Z'

Dougherty County

1?4 1 Common Springs. ~ efi nitiOn Of.21i-;~S

Blue (or Wade) Mineral Spring.

as

of the PaleOZOIC Area ...... 264-_11

Blue Spring, Meriwether Coun-

Minerai Constituents of ... 21S-219

ty, Description of .......... 221-222 Coastal Plain, The............. 23-24

Boston Artesian Well ..........179-1S0

Fossils from ............... 334-360-

Boston , Yell, Blowing ......... 300-301

D eep Wells, Mineral Con-

Bowden Lithia Spring

... 22S-230

stltuents of

4S-49

Bradley Artesian Wells ..... Sl, 164-165

Rocks of, Subdivisions.... 2S-29-

Brooks County................ 5S-60 Cochran Artesian ,Vell ...... 154-155

Brun l< ,Yell ................... 206 Con c lusions on Well Contamlna-

Brunswick Artesian Wells ...... 111-114 tion.....

. ........... 294-295

Bryan County ................ . 60-62 Coney Artesian Wells......

92-941

Bubbling Springs . .... ........ . 303 Contamination of Underground

Buena Vista Artesian Well .... 146 Waters at Quitman ..........283-295

Buhrstone Series, The.........

33 Contamination of Waters, Sur-

Bulloch County. .... .. ....... 62-63 face

40-42

Burke County

. . . ......

63-66 Contamination of Wells. Conclu-

Byromville Artesian Well.

96-97 sions on ...

.294-295

Byron Artesian ,VeIl

1 22 Cordele Artesian Wells

!"Il-9Z'

Correlation of Water-bearing

c

Strata In Well Contamination

Calhoun County

.. . ....... 71- 72

Cambrian, The ......... . ......

38

Camden County ............... 67-71

camilla Artesian Well ........ 147

Canton Shallow Wells.. .. ... .. 215

Carboniferous, The .......

36-37

I.,;ascade Spring .......... . .... 218-219

Catoosa Springs ........ .. .... 271-272

Causes of Blowing Springs and

Wells .... . .................. 303-305

Cave, Blowing, Decatur County.299-300

at Quitman

...... 291-292

Crawfish Spring ...............264-265.

Cretaceous, The .. . ...... 35-36, 44-45

Cretaceous Horizon, Fossils

from ........................ 334-335

Creyton Island Artesian Well.. 150

Crispin Artesian Well ......... l1 S-U9

Crystalline, The ...............

39

Crystalline Rocks, The

45-46:

Cumberland Island Artesian

Wells ....................... 67-68

Cumberland Plateau, The....

27

Cave Spring ............. . .... 266-267 Cuthbert Artesian Well

155

Cedartown Spring ........ . .... 267-268

Chalybeate Spring ............ 245-246

D

Chat.lam County ..............

72 Damascus Artesian Well

lOT.

Chattahoochee County .........

81 Daniel Mineral SprIng ......... 240-24l!

INDEX

Page

Darien Artesian Wells ........ 147-149

Davisboro Artesian Wells ..... 188- 189

Dawson Artesian Wells ........ 173-174

Decatur County ...... . ... . .... 86-89

Dew's Mill Spring ..... . .......

265

Deep Wells (See Artesian Wells)

Allgood ....... . ........... 260-261

at AtIan ta ..... . .... . ..... 198-201

at Austell ..... . ...... . .... 203-209

at Bagwell . .... .. ... . . . ... 256-257

at Chickamauga Park ..... 254-256

at Douglasville ........... 210

at Fort McPherson ........ 201-203

at Lookout Mountain

261

at Sweetwater ParI;: Hotel. 209-210

at Sand Mountain......... 261

at 'I'homson ..... . ... . ..... 211-212

at West Point .............210-211

Definition of

198

Mineral Constituents of

48-49

of the Paleozoic .......... 253-254

Rome Petroleum & Iron

Company's

......... 259-260

Standard Cotton Mill

260

Scott, The W. M ............ 258-259

Devonian, The

...... .. .

37

Distributi on of Rainfall In Solis 20- 22

Doboy Artesian Well.......... 150

Dockins Spring

219

Doctortown Prospecting 011

Well .................. . ..... 190-192

Dodge County ................. 90-91

Doles Artesian Well ........... 195

Dolomite. The Knox ..........

38

Donald sonville Artesian Well s. 87-88

Dooly County ................. 91-97

Dorchester Artesian Wells .... 138-139

Dougherty County ............ 97-101

Springs 01' ...............

104

Douglas Artesian Well........ 83-84

Douglas County ............... 209-210

Douglasville Well ............. 210

Dovel' Artesian Well .......... 163-164

Dublin Artesian Wells ........ 132

Ducker's Station Artesian Well.l0l-l03

E

Eady Mineral Spring ......... 251- 252

Earl y County ............ . .... 105-107

Springs 01' ..............

105

Eastman Artesian Well .......

90

Eden Artesian Wells ......... . 107-108

Effingham County ........ .. ... 107-109

Springs 01' ........ . ......

107

Egypt Artesian Well .......... 108

Ellijay Shallow Wells ......... 214- 215

Emanuel County .............. 110-111

Page

Eocene, The ... . .......... 32-35, 43-44

Eutaw, The .. ... ..... . ........

36

Evelyn Artesian Well ......... 119

Everett City Artesian Well. . .. 117

Everett Spring............. ... 280

Experiment on Well Contamina-

tion .................... . . . .. 283-295

Description of . . .......... 287-288

F

Fenn Artesian Well ...........

96

Filtration, Soil ................

40

First Artesian Well in GeorgIa . 101

Fitzgerald Artesian Wells...... 122

Flow oC ,'later in Sol1s........

IS

Flowing Well at Barrington .. 149

Bartow.... ..... . ... .. ..... 128

Bass ... .... .......... . .... 152

Bladen .................... 117

Bradley Plantation ..... 81, 164-165

Brunswick ................ 111-114

Cloud Spring .............. 255

Creyton Island . .... ... . ... 150

Crispin ........... . ....... lIS

Darien .............. .. .... 147-149

Doboy ..................... 150

Dorchester .......... . . . .. 138- 139

Dove r

........ 163-164

Evelyn ............ . ... ... .

11~

Evel'ett City ...... . ....... 117

J-Tn wkinsville ............. 153-154

Huguenin ................. 169

Jekyl Island .............. 114

Leesburg. . .. . ............. 134

L ouisville ................ 125

Lumber City .......... . ... 172-173

Marshallville .............. 144-145

Millen..... . . .. . . . ... ... 159- 160

Montezuma ............... 142-144

Ochwalkee ....... . ........ 151

Oglethorpe ......... ... ... 144

Old Town ....... . . ....... 126

Riceboro .................. 137-138

Rocky Ford .... .... .... ... 161

Smithville ................. 135

St. Catherine Island .... .. . 139

St. Simon's Island..... .... 115

Wadley ....... . ........ . . . 126

Wolf Island ..... . . . .. . ... . 150

Floyd Shale, The ... .. ....... . .

37

Forest Falls, Blowing Phenome-

non ot .... . ...... ... ..... ... 302

Fort Gaines Artesian Well .... Sl-SZ

Fort McPherson Deep WeBs ... 201-20~

Fort Payne Chert, The ........

37

Fort Valley Artesian Wells ... .120-121

Fossils trom Claiborne Horizon.336- 34S

-::oastal Plain ....... .. ..... 334-3GO

INDEX

Page

Page

Fossils trom Cretaceous Horj

K

zon ............... . ......... 334-335 Midway-Sabine Horizon ... 335-336 Miocene Horizon (Including Upper Oligocene) ... . ... 358-359 Pliocene Horizon ........ ... 360 Vicksburg-Jackson Horizon348-357

Kara Artesian Well ........... 107

KenSington Spring ... ..... .. . 269-270

Kerr's SprIng . . ............... 269

Kingsland .<>..rtesian Wells.....

68

Knox Dolomite, The . .. . . . . . ..

38

Franklin Spring .......... .. ... 230-231

L

Fulton County ............ . ... 198-200 La Fayette, The ............... 30-31, 42

G

Laurens County ....... ...... .. 132-133

Leal'Y Artesian Wells ..... . . ...

72

Garnet Spring ................ 236-237 Lee County ............. .. .... 13 3-137

General Notes on the U nder-

L ...~sbu rg A r tesian Wells . ..... 133-135

ground Waters . . .. . . .... .... (0-47 Leslie Artesian Wells ......... 170

Geography and Geology of Quit-

Lester Blowing Well .......... 301-302

man Section ................. 285-287 Lester's Spring ................ 51-52

Geology ..................... .. 28-39 Libe rty County ................ 137-139

Geologic Conditions in the Pale-

Limestone, Ban gor, Th e .......

37

ozoic ............ . .. . ........253-254

Chickamauga, The. .... . ...

38

Glynn Co unty .............. . . .111-119

Vicksburg-Jackson, The...

33

Spl'ings of ................ 111 Lindale Springs ............

270

Gordon Artesian Well . .. ...... 195 Lithia Springs H otel Well

206

Gordon Spring ....... ... ...... 273-274 Lookout Mountain Deep Wells. 261

"GOwer Spring ..... .. .......... 235-236

Sandstone, '.rhe ............

37

Grant Blowing Spring ......... 296-299 Louc h W e ll

.. 208-200

Grant Spring ................ . . 2(5-246 Louisville Artesian 'Veils ...... 125-126

Grit. The Altamaha ............ 31-32 Louls\'i1le Oil Prospecting Wel1.128-131

Groves Station Artesian Wells. 175 Lowndes County

... ... .. . 139-142

Guyton Artesian Well ......... 108 Lukin's Spring......

265

Lumber City Artesian Wells ... 172-173

R H agan Artesla.n Well ..........

,. Lyons Artesian "Well
170

171

Hamilton Spring .........

270

"H ardaway Station Artesian

Well ........

103

H a wkinsville Artesian Wells .. 153-15(

Herndon Artesian Well

64

Rlggston Artesian Well ...

151

Houston County

........ 120-121

Hughes Mineral ,Yell .......... 262-263

Huguenin Artesian Wells

169

Huston Spring .........

266

)'lacon Artesian 'Veil (Acme

Brewing Company) .. .

56

Macon Coun ty .............. . .142-145

Madison Spring..

. .247-248

Major M ineral Spl'ing

.... 276-277

Manassas Artesian Well....

1il

Manganese Ore in Creyton

I s la nd We ll

.. . ....... .. 1 50

f.'larlon County ................ 146

Marshallville Artesian Well ... 144-145

I

Martin's Mincral Spring ....... 274-275

McArthur Artesian Well ..... .. 150-151

Impe rmeable Rocks ...........

21

Indian Spring ........... ... ... 223-22(

Inman Park MineraI Spring.... 232-233

Introductor y .................. 17-22

.Irwin County .................. 122-124

Irwinville Artesian Wells

194

McDuffie County .............. 211-212

McFarland Spring.. .. ......... 266

McIntosh County .............. 14.7-150

McIntyre Spring ..............

58

McRae Artesian Well....... . .. 172

Me dlock Well .................. 207,-208

Meldrin Artesian Wells ......... 108-109

J

Midville Artesian Well ........ 65-66

Midway-Sabine Horizon, Fossils

Jef'ferson County .............. 124-131 from ........................ 335-336

Jekyl Isla nd Artesian Well. .. .

114 1\'lldway~Sablne , The.. .. .... . .. 34-35

Jes up Artesian Well . .. .... .. . 190 Millen Artesian Wells .. . . ..... 159-160

..Johnson County . . ...... .. ..... 131 Milltown Artesian Well ....... 55-56

INDEX

Page

Mineral Constituents 01' Coastal

Plain Deep Wells ......... . . 48-49

Mineral Spring (Blue or Wade)

58

Mineral Springs, Definition 01' .. 21 7-218

Description of ............. 222-223

of the Paleozoic ........... 271-282

Mineral Waters, Bibliography of 282

Miocene, The ................. 31- 32,43

Miocene Horizon (Including Up-

per Oligocene), Fossils from. 358-359

Miscellaneous Spring Records .. 325-333

Mitchell County ............... 147

Montezuma Art~slan Wells .... 142-144

Montgomery County ........... 150-151

Mountains, Appalachian, The .. 25-26

Muscogee County ..............151-152

Moultrie Artesian Wells

84-85

Page

Pleistocene, The ............. . . 29-30

Pliocene Horizon, Fossils from. 360 P liocen e, The .... . _.... . ... 30-31, 42-43 Ponce de Leon Spring .. . . . ... _23 1-232 Porosity of SoIls _.. .. __ ....... 17-1 8

Porter Springs ... _.............242-243

Potomac, The ........... _. . ...

36

Poulan Artesian Wells ........ 196-197

Powder Springs ............... 224-227

PreCipitation, Rate of .........

19

PretorJa Artesian Well .... . .. 103-104

Pu)askl County

......... 153-155

Quitman Artesian Wells

59-60

N

n

Newton Artesian Well

52-53

o

Ochwalkee Artesian Well

151

Ocilla Artesian Wells .... . .. 123-124

Olterman Artesian Well ........ 152-153

Oglesby Mill Artesian Well. .

60

Oglethorpe Artesian Well..... . 144

011 Prospecting Well at Doctor-

town....

. ........... 190-192

Louisville ................. 128-131

Old Danville Artesian Well. ... 169

Old Town Artesian Wells...

126

Owen's Ferry Artesian Wen

70

p

Paleozoic. Common Springs of

the

........... 264-271

D eep Wells of the

.253-254

Mineral Springs of the ..... 271-282

Rocks, The ........ . .... _. 46-47

Shallow Wells of the _. _... 261_263

Springs of the ....... _.... 263_281

Parker :Mineral Spring . _

_241-242

Pelham Artesian Well . _

147

Penia Artesian Well

96

Permeable Rocks "

21

Perry Artesian Well ....... .. 121-1 22

Phoenix Spring

269

Phosphoric Acid In Deep Well

'Vaters

. . ....... .. .... .

49

Physiographic Features of Geor-

gia ........... _. ........

23-27

Piedmont Plateau, The..

24-25

Pierce County.......... . .. 152-153

Plneora Artesian 'Veil..

lug

Pineview Artesian Wells

194

Plateau, Cumberland, The

27

Piedmont, The ..... _. . ..... 24-25

Rainfall in Soils, Distribution ot 20-22

Randolph County ........... . .155-156

Rate of Precipitation .... . .....

19

Record of Abbeville Well..... . 193

Adel Well ..... . . .......

53

Albany Well " .... .... . 98-99

Americus Well

167

Arlington 'Well

it

Armena ,VeIl ..

llSti

Bainbridge ,\'ell .......

88

Bartow Well ...........

128

Blakely " Tell

....... 105-106

Boston "\,\Tell ... .... ... ... . . 180

Bradley Well .. ............ 165

Brunswick Wells _......... 112

Buena Vista Well ......... 146

BYl'omvill e Well ......... 96-97

Byron Well

... " ... .. 122

Coney Wells

.... . ..... 93-94

COrdele 'Veil

...... ...

91

Crispin Well ....... . ..... 118-119

Darien t'\'ell ............... 148

Davisboro Well............ 189

Da wson Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Doctortown Well ....... . .. 190-192

Doles Well ................195-196

Donaldsonville Well . . .....

87

Ducker's Station Well... .. 103

Fitzgerald Well ........... 122

Fort McPherson Wells.... . l::u2

:Ji'Ol't Valley Well .......... 120

Guyton Well .............. 108

Hagan "Tell............... 170

Hardaway Station Well ... 103

Hawkinsville Well ........ 154

Jesup Well ...... . ....... . 190

Kara Well ................ 107

Leary Wells..... ..... . ... .

72

Leesburg Well.... ........ . 134

Louisville Oil Well ........ 128-131

INDEX

P age Record of Louisville Well...... 125

Page-
s

Lumber City Well... . . . .. Marshallville Well ... .. .. . McArthur Well......... . ..

172 145 151

Samples of Water taken tOr Well Contamination Experiment ........................

291'

Midville Well ............. Mtllen Wells ..... . ........ ):Iontezuma Well..... . .... Newton Artesian Well ..... Ocllla. Well . . .............

65 160 142
52 124

Sandersville Artesian Wells .. .lS5-1ST

Sand Mountain Deep Wells..... 261'

Sandstone, Lookout, The ......

37

Walden, The ..............

37:

Sani tar), Analysis of 'rhomas-

Pelham Well ..............

147 ville Artesian Water ........ 178-179'

Perry Well . . ....... . . . ....

121 Sasser Artesian Wells. . ....

175

Pineview Well....... . .. . .

194 Satilla B l uff Artesian Wells

70

Poulan 'VeIl . . ...... . . . ...

196 Savann ah A r tesian Wells...

73-7 6:

Quitman 'Veil

59-60 Scarboro Artesian "'ell ..... . .162-163

Reynolds 'Veil .... .. . . ..

171 Schley County .............

159'

R ichwood Well.... ... . . .. Rochelle Well ......... . .. .

95 193

Scott. V';r. 1\1., Deep 'Vell . . .... :258-259

ScreYm County ....

. .159-164

Rogers Well ............. Sa.ndersville Well ..... . ... Sasser Well...... . ........

65 186 17 5

Shale, F loyd, The

37

Shallow 'Veils.... .

.21 2-217

Definition of ... .. ......... 19S

Savannah Well.... . . . . . ... 75- 76

of the Paleozoic............ 261-263

Scarboro Well ........... ..

162 Shellman Artesian \'i'ell ....... 155-156

Shellman Well ...........

156 Silvan Mineral Spring

.... 243-244

Smlthv1Ile Well ........ . ..

135 Siloam Spring ................. 233-234-

St. Simon's Island Wells . . . 115-116 Silurian, The .............

37-38

Sylvania Well ............

1ti2 Smithville Artesian "'ells

135

Tarboro Wells ............

69 Soil Filtration

.... . ....

40 '

TennllIe Well ............. 187- 188 Source of Water Supply ot CIties

Thomasville Well .......

177 and Towns .,.,..... . .... , .307-323'

Thomson Well ............

211 Spring, Aragon ............. . .

268!

UnadIlla Well .............

95

Argon

.250-251

Valdosta Well .........

141

Big .. ,............

268;

"'adley 'Veil WaycrOss We11

127 ....... 182-J 83

Blowing ... , ... , ..... '

266:

Blowing, Grant

.. 296-299

'Vaynesboro ,"Veil ....

63

Blue

51-52

Springs. Miscellaneous ... . 325-333

Bluo

... . ..221-222.

Residua l Clays. 'Ve 11 s In ...... . 2J6-217

Bowden Lithia

.... 228-23'0'

Results of Experiments on Well

Cascade

. , . 218-219

Con tamlnatlon

...... 292-294

Cave ... ,...... .

. ... 266-267

Reynolds Artesian We11 ..... 171-1 72

Cedartown .... . . . ....... 267- 268-

Riceboro Artesian We11s .......137-138

Chalybeate .... . ....... , ... 245-246

Richland Artesian Well

1 65

Richmond County ............. 156-157

Richmond Artesian Wells .... . 94-95

Cherokee ......

, ...... 272-273

Cleghorn ......... , . . ... ,.. 269

Col d ...... , .... . .......... 220-221'

Crawfish .. " .......... , ... 264-265

Ripley, The .................. .

3.

Daniel Mineral ........... 240-241

Rochelle Artesian Well ... . Rocks of Coastal Plain. Sub-
divisions of ......... . Rockwood Formation, The

193
28-29 38

Dew's Mill .............. 265

Dockins ...................

21 9'

Eady Mineral ..... . . ..... 251-252'

Everett ..... . ............ , 280

Franklin ........... . ..... ,230-231

Rocky Ford Artesian Wells

161

Garnet ......... . .......... 236-231

Rogers A'rteslan Well . .... . ....

65

Roland Springs ......... . . ... . 280-281

Gordon ....... .. .. . . . .. . .. 273-274' Gower ........... . .. . ..... 235- 235' Grant .. . ......... .. ..... 245-2 46'

Rome Petroleum & I ron Company's Wells ..... .. . . . . . .... 259-260

H amilton . . ... . .. ........ 265-2 66' Hampton ........ . .... . ... 27 9

Rounsavllle SprIng . . . . . .... . . . 270

H uston ......... . ... ...... .. 26&

INDEX

Page

:Spring, Indian ............ .. ... 223-224

Inman Park MineraL ....... 232-233

Kensington . . .......... , .. 269-270

I{err's

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Lester's ................... 51-52

Lukens ..... . ....... . ... ,. 265

Madison ............... , ... 247-248

Major Mineral

......... 276-277

Martin's Mineral ..... .. ... 274-275

Mc Farland ....... . .. . ..... 266

McIntyre ..................

58

Parker Mineral . ........... 241-242

Phoenix ................. . . 269

Ponce de Leon .......... . .. 231-232

Rounsaville ....... ... ..... 270

Siloam ................... 233-234

SlIvan Mineral ............ 243 Tallulah Falls MineraL . , .. 249-250 Trentham .............. . . . 227-228

T r enton Mineral ..... . . . ... 275-276 'Vatson's MIneral ...... . .. 248-249 White Sulphur, Hall Co .... 234-235
Meriwether Co ......... 246-247

Springs. Bubbling .. . .... . ..... 303

Catoosa ................... 271-272

Cohutta ................... 278- 279

Definition of .............. 217-218

Lindale ................... 270

Miscellaneous Records or ... 325-333

Porter ............. ....... 242-243

Powder ....

. ......... 224-227

Roland .................... 281-282

Warm .............. . ...... 243-245

"'hite Path Mineral. .... . .. 237-239

Springs or Baker County. ......

51

Berrien County. .. ..... . ...

53

Bibb County ........... . ..

56

Brooks County ............

58

Bryan County ..... ... . ,..

GO

Bulloch County. ...... .....

63

Burke County ,............

66

Camden County . .. ........ Calhoun County . . ..... . ... Chatham County . ... ...... Chattahoochee County . .. .. Clay County. .......... .... Cotree County ..... ,... .. ..

67 71 72 81 82 82 - 8 3

Colquitt County ........... Decatur Coun ty . ... .... . .. Dodge County. ... ..... . ... Dougherty County . ... .. ... Early County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effingham County... . . ... . Houston County, ...... ,. .

84 86 90-91 104 105 107 120

Irwin County.... ... ....... 122 .Jefferson County . .. , .... .. 12{-125 Laurens County ... .. .. . . .. 132-133 Lee County .. ,. . . .. . . . . . .. 133

Page

Springs of Lowndes County... . 139

McIntosh County ...... . .. . 150

Macon County. ..... . ... ... 145

Marlon County ..... . .... .. 146

Mitchell County ...... . .... 147

Montgomery County....... 150

Muscogee County . ......... 152

Paleozoic Area ............ 2G3-281

Pierce County. ............ 153

Pulaski County........... . 153

Randolpq. County......... . 155

Schley County.......... . . . 159

Screven County .. .. .. . .. 164

Stewart County .. . ....... 164

Sumter County. . .... . .. .. . 166

TaUnall County........... 170

Taylor County.. ... . . ... .. . 172

Telfair County .. . ... .. .... 172

'errell County .... . . ... . . 173

Thomas County. ........... 176

Twiggs County. ........ . . 181

Ware County . . . ,......... . 185

Washington County

185

Wayne County .......... . 190

Webster County.......... . 192

Wilcox County : ...... . .. .. 183

Wilkinson County. . . . ... . . 195

Worth County.. .. .. . ... . . . 195

Standard Cotton M111 Well..... 260

Statesboro Artesian Wells .. .... 62- 63

Sta tions used In Well Contami-

nation Experiment . ... .. . ... 288-291 St. Catherine Island Artesia.n

Wells ........ . ..... . ........ 139

Stewart County . ... ..... . ..... 164-165

Stillman Artesian Well .. . ...... 110-111

St. Mary's Artesian Well.......

67

St. Simon's Island Artesian

Wells .... .. ................. 115-117

Subdivision of Rocks of Coastal

Plain ....... ... ............ . 28-29

Sulpho-Magnesla. Artesian Well.204-205

Sumter County .... . . . ,., . . .... 165-170

Surface Contamination of Wa-

ters ............ . ... .. ...... . 40-42

Evaporation . ... .... ... ....

20

I nclination, Etrect of. . . .. ..

19

Suslna ArtesIan Well . . .. . ...... 180- 181

Swainsboro Artesian Wells ... ,. 110

Sweetwater Park Hotel Well., .209-210

SylvanIa Artesian Wells ........ 161-162

T
Ta.llulah Falls Mineral Spring., 24.9-250 Tarboro Artesian Wells . ..... .. 68-70 Ta.Unall County . ... .. ..... .. .. 170-171 Ta.ylor County .... ...... .... .. 171-172 Teltalr County ............ . .. 172-173

370

INDEX

Page

Page

Tennille Artesian Wells ........ 187-1 88 Ware County

........... 181-18S

Terrell County ...... . ...... .. . 173-176 'Varm Springs ............. . 243-245

Thomas County .. ....... ...... 176-181 'Varwlck Artesian Well.... .... 197

Thomasville Artesian Wells .... 176-179 'Vashlngton County ........... 185-189

'I'homBOD Deep Well ........... 211-212 'Vater -bea ring Formations .... 40-47

Tifton Artesian Well.. . .... .... 54-55 Water-Carriers...... . ...... . .. 40-47

Toomsboro Artesian 'VeIls. . ... 194 'Vater Supply ot Cities and

Trentham Spring ... ... ...... .. 227-228 Towns. Source at ... "......... 307-323

Trenton Mineral Spring .... . ... 275-276 W a tson 's Mineral Spring ... ... . 24 8-249

Troup County ..... . .... .... . . . 210-211 \Vaverly Artesian Well... .. .. . .

70

Tuscaloosa, The...... . .. .. ....

3S Waycross Artesian Wells ...... 181-185

Twiggs County...... ... .. .... . 181 " rayne County ...... .......... 190-192

T y bee Island Artesian Wells ... 76-80 Waynesboro Artesian Wells . . .. 63- S4

Way's Station Artesian Wells... 60-62

u

W ebster County . . ...... . ...... 192 Well Contamination at Quit

Unadilla Artesian Well .... ..... . 96 Underground Streams ot Deca-
tur County ...... .... .... . ... . 87 Underground Waters or the
Crystalllne Area .. .. ......... 198-252
Paleozoic Area ....... .. ... 253-282 Gen eral Notes on the. . .. . .. 40- 47

man ....................... .. 283-295 Conclusions on . . ........ . . 294-295
Well, Hughes Mineral. ........ 262-263 Louch .. . ........ . .. .. . .. . 208-209 Medlock ....... . . . ..... . . . . 207-208 Deep ............. . . . ...... 198
Wells In Alluvial Clay....... .. 213-215 in Res idual Clays .... ... ... 215-217

v

Shallow ......... . ..... 198, 212-217 Shallow, Canton........... 215

Valdosta Artesian Wells ... . ... 139- 142

Valley, Appalachian, The..... . . 26-27

Vicksburg-Jackson Horizon, Fos-

sils trom .............. . ..... 348- 367

Vicksburg - Jackson Limestone, The ...... . ..... ... ......... .
Vienna Artesian Well ...... . ... .

33 95

Ellijay ............... . 214-215

West Point Deep Wells ....... . . 210- 211

White Oak Artesian Well . . . ...

68

White Path Mineral Springs .... 237-239

Whiteside, J. D., Artesian Well .

57

White Sulphur Spring, Hall

County . .... . . .... .. .. . ...... 234-235

Meriwether County ........ 246-247

w

Wilcox County . ...... ....... . . 193-194 Wilkinson County ........ . . ... 194-195

Wolt Isla nd Artesian Well ..... 160

Wade (or Blue) Minerai Spring.

58 Woodbine Artesian Wells......

58

Wadley Artesian Wells ......... 126- 127 Worth Artesian Well . ........ . . 197

Walden Artesian Wells.. ... ...

57 Worth County ..... .. ....... . . 195- 197

Walden Sandstone, The........

87 Wren Artesian WelL ....... _.. 128

Wal ker St ation WelL. .. ....... 103 Wrightsville Art esian W elL.... 131