GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA S. W. McCALLIE, Slate Geologist BULLETIN No. 15 A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF :i" . " GEORGIA BY S . W, McCALLIE S tate Geologia, PREPARED IN COOPERATI ON WITH THE UNITED STATES GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY 1908 < " o G < z ",-&5 50-51 51-53 53-56 56-58 51H5o 60-62 62- 63 63-66 67-7' 71-72 72-81 8, 81-82 82-&! 84-85 CRAP'I'ER VII DETAILED DESCRIPTION Q~ THE UNDERGROUND W A'I'ERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN BY COUNTn:s - CONTINUED . ... 86-120 Decatur County .. .... .. . . .. . ........ .. .. . .. . .... . .. . , ......... : 86-90 Dodge County ... . .. .. . . . ......... ..... . .. .. ..... ...... . ... ... . .. 90-91 Dooly County .... , . . ... . .. .... . ... . . , ..... ~ .. . . , .. . . : . .. 91-97 Dougherty County ... . ... . ..... ....... . .' ... .... .. . ...... 97-105 Early County ......... ................. . , .... . .... ..... .,;.: 105-107 Effingham . County . . . . . ... .... .. .. .. . . .. ... .. . .. . .. : . .. 107-110 E manu el County. ..... : .. ... . ...... ;. . ... . ... .. .. . .... . : .. . 110-111 Gly:nn County . .. ... ... , . . ... ... .. . ... ............ . . . ... ......... 111-120 (JONTENTS CH AP'r ~R VIn Page DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF' THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CoASTAL PLAIN BY CoUN'l'tts - CONTI NUED ... ... . 120-158 Houston County .... . ....... . .... . .. . .... ...... . . .... . ... . .. .... 120-122 Ir\vin County .. . ... , . . .. . . .. .. . ...... ... . . ... .. ... . ... ... . .. . .. 122- 124 J efferson County ... . . . .. . ... . .. .. . , ... . ....... . . .. . . ... .. . .. ... 124-131 Johnson County .. . .... . , . . . . . , " .. .. .. . . . .. . .... . , . . . " .. 131-132 Laurens County . .. . ... . .. .... .. .. . . : .. .. ... . . . .... ... .. ... 132-133 Lee County .. ... .. . . .. ...... . ....... . ... . . ...... . .. ...... . .. .. 133-137 Liberty County .. ... . .... . .. . .. .. ... .. . .... . ... .... .. ... .. 137-139 Lo\vndes County .. .. ........... .. . .. . . .. .. ......... . ........ .. . 139-142 Macon County .... : .. . . . . .. .... . ... ..... . .... ........ . 142- 146 Marion County . ... . .... . . . ... ...... ... .... I " 146--147 Mitchell County ... ... .. . ...... . . . . . .. . .. . ... . ... . . .... 147 McIntosh County ... .. . . . . ......................... . ........ . . 147- 150 Montgomery County ...... .... . ... .. . .. . ..... . .... . f 150-151 .Muscogee County . . ..... .. ...... .. . . . . . . .. . ..... . .. . ... . . . 151-152 P ierce County . . .:-. . .. .. . . .. ...... . . .... ... . . .. ... .. ... 152-153 Pu laski County ............. .. . .... ......... . ...... . ...... 153-155 Randolph County .. . . .. . ... .. .......... . .... .. ..... .. ........ . . . 155-156 Richmond County ..... . .. . .... . . .. . .... .. . ..... .. ... . .. . . . .. . .. 156-158 CHAPTER I X DETAILED D ESCRI PTION OF THE UNDERGROUND W ATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN BY COUNTIES - CONTINUED .. .. .... 159-197 Schley County...... . . ....... . . .. ... ... . .. ... . . ......... .. ... ... 159 Screven Co unty .. .. . . .. ..... . . . . . ...... .. .. ... . . . . . . .. . .... . . .. 159-164 Stewart County ..... . ........ . ... ......... . .. . ... .. ... . ... .. . 164-165 Sumter County ........ ... ... . . . . ... .... . ... . . . ..... ..... 165-170 Tattnall County . ... . . . .. ..... . ... . . ....... . ...... .. .. ....... . .. 170-171 Taylor County ...... .. .. .... . . . . .. . ... . . .. . .. . ...... 171- 172 Telfair County ...... . .. . .... ... .... .. ..... .. .. ... . .... 172-173 Terrell County ...... ... ... . ... .. .. .... , ... ............ 173- 176 Thomas County .............. . ....... . . . .. . ... .. ............ 176-181 T \viggs County .. . ..... . ... . ........ . ... ... .. ... .. . .. .... .. . 181 Ware County ... ... . ....... .. .. . . . .......... . .. . ... .. . ... . .... . 181-185 Washington County ... ... . . ... ... . .. . .. . ............ . 185-190 Wayne County ........ . . .. .. . . .. ... . . .. .. . . . .. . . 19(>-192 Webster County ........... . .. . ... .. . . . . . . .. . ... ..... .... 192 W ilcox County .. .. ... ... . .. . . .... . . . . . . .. . ... . ... . . . . ..... 193-194 W ilkinson County .. . . . . . . ... ...... . .......................... . .194-195 Worth County . ............ . .. . .. ... .. ... ..... .. .. . ... .. . . ...... 195- 197 CHAPTER X DlttAILED NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYS- TALLINE AREA . . .. .. . .. .. . 198-252 Deep Wells .. . ..... . . . .. . . . . . ..... ... . .. . . ... . . . .. ... . 198-212 Fulton County. '" . . .. . . .. ....... . . . ... .... .. . . .. 1g8-203 Cobb County . . . . .. .. , .. ..... ... . ..... . .. . .. 203-209 10 CONTENTS Page Douglas County . .. .. . .. .. . .... . .. ~.~.~ . o p o r 209-2IQI Troup County .. . ... .. . . .... . ... .. . . . ... . . .. . .. .. .. . . ...... 2 10-211 11cDuffie County ..... . . . . . ...... . .. .. . . P O , 211-212" Shallow Wells ........ . ............... . . .. . .......... . . . . . . . ..... 212-217 Wells in Alluvial Clays ...... _. ... . . . .... or 213-21.6- O ' Wells in Resid ual Clays .. .... .... . .... . . .... . . . .. . . . . ....... 216-217 Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... . ..... . . . . . . . . p o 217-25Z' Common Springs .... . .. . ..... . ...... . .. 218-22Z po ' Mineral Springs .. ..... .. .. . ... .. ....... po 222-25Z CHAPTER XI DETAn.ED NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PAUOZOIC AREA .. .......... ; ..... 253-z8z Deep Wells ..... . .. . .... . .. . ....... .. ................. , ........ 253-z61 Shallow Wells ......... ... . . ....... . ...... . .... ... ..... . ...... . . 261-z6,3: Springs .. . . . .. . .... . .... . ..... . . ...... .. , . . . . . . . . .............. 263-28z Common Springs .. ... ... . ...... ... ....... . ................ 264-Z71 Mineral Springs ........... . ..... ... ....... .. ....... . ... .. . .z~I-z8z CHAPTER XII EXP.ERIMNT RELATING TO PROBLEMS OF WELL CONT.UlJNATION A'r QUITMAN . .. ........ .. ....'... . . . .......... 283-Z95: Introductory ........... . . .. .. .. . ... . ........ , . ....... . . ....... 283-z85 Geography and Geology . ........ . .... . ....... .. ................. 285-287 Description of Experiment. ... . ......................... .... . ... .z87-zss: Description of Stations .. .. . ........ . ............................ z88-291 Samples of \Vater Taken....................... .... ..... .. ...... 291 Correlation of \Vater-bearing Strata ........ . ........... . ........ 291-29Z Results . . .....................................'.... ..'.. . ........ Z92-294Conclusions ................ . .......... .. ..................... . .Z94-295 CHAPTER XIII BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORG1IA . .. . ... . 296-305 The Grant Blowing Spring ...... ... .. . ................. , ....... .Zg6-299Blowing Cave of Decatur County ......... .. ......... . ... . .. ..... 299-300 The Boston \Vell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 0 300-301 The Lester Well ............... . ....... . . , .. . .. ,. ro. ' ... . 301-302" Forest Falls ........ . ......... . .. .. ... . .. . " . .. ,.. .... .... .... . . 30Z Bubbling Springs ............ ... ... . ......... .... ............ . .. 303 Cause of Blowing Springs and Wells.. . ............ . ............. 303-305 ApPENDIX A SOURCE Of WATER SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS . .... 307-3ZJ: ApPENDIX B MISc.ELLANEOU S SPRING RECORDS .. . .. .. . . ...... 325-33J: ApPENDIX C LIST OF FOSSILS FROM TH'E COASTAL PLAJN OF GIORGIA ...... 334-360 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES OPPOS1'I'E PAGR I Fountain at the City Water-Works Pumping Station, Savannah, Georgia, Frontispiece __ _ II Gullies at Andersonville, Sumter county, Georgia, Showing how Small Springs may Originate ____ __ ___ ________________ __ ______ - _ 24. III A View Showing the Unconformity between a Mantle of Lafayette Sand and Fire-Clay Beds at Stevens Pottery, Baldwin County, Georgia_ 48: IV A View on the Chattahoochee River, Opposite Columbus, Georgia, Showiug the Coutact of the Crystalline Rocks and the Overlying Cre taceous and Columbia Formations _______ __ 56. V Providence Spring, Sumter County ___________ 72 VI Lime-Sink, Showing an Underground Stream, near Millen, Burke County ____ __ ________ __ 80 VII Wade's Spring, near Quitman, Brooks County _ 96 VIn Artesian Well at Midville, Burke County, Used to Operate a Small Electric PlanL ____ __ _c _ 104 IX Water-Works Plant at Albany _. __ ___________ 120 X Pntting Down a Deep Well in the Piney Woods, near Doualsonville, Decatur County __ __ . __ 136- XI A Rice Mill at Tarboro, Camden County, Operated by Artesian Wells_ ___ __ ___ __ ___ ____ 152' XII Blue Spring, Four Miles South of Albany, Dougherty County _____ .__________________ 160 (II ) .2 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OPPOSITE PAGB XIII Reservoir and Pumping Station Deep Well , Blakel y, Early County, GeorgiL _________ 168 I XIV Artesian ,,yell, near Brunswick, Glynn County, Used for Irrigating Truck Garden __________ 176 XV Mr. H. W. Lloyd's Artesian 'Well, near Brunswick, Glynn County, Used for Irrigating Truck Farm ____ __ __ ___ ____ ____________ _ XVI A Flowing Artesian Well, at Wadley, Jefferson COlfnty - - - -- c --- - --- -- -- - - - - - - -- --- --- - 200 \ XVII The Reservoir at i\'lontezuma, Macon Connty, Showing Supply-Pipes from Artesian Wells_ 208 XVIII Mr. E . G. Wilson 's Artesian W ell at Montezuma, Macon County, Showing F low which Rises 60 Feet above the Surface_ __ ______ __ 216 XIX P ublic Artesian Well at Oglethorpe, Macon County __ __ ____ ______ __ ___ _.. .___. __ _ ___ 224 XX The T own of Ellijay, Gilmer County___ _____ 232 XX I Cut along the Louisville & Nashville R ailroad at Elli jay, Showing Alluvial Water-Bearing Deposits ___ __ _ ____ ___ __ ___ ____ ______ ___ 240 XXII Due's Mill Spri ng, near Cass, Bartow County __ 248 XXIII Crawfish Spring, near Chickamauga National Park, Walker County _____ .. ______________ 256 XXIV View of Sfteam formed by Crawfish Spring, Walker County _____ ____ _____ _c __ __ .___ __ 264 XXV View Showing ' how Salt was Introdnced into the Well during the Quitman Experiment.._ 272 XXVI Exposure of Miocene Marls and Clays, Porter's Landing, Effingham County ___c o_ __ ___ __ _ 280 XXVII Bluff at Doctorto:n'!', Wayne County', Showing the Contact of the Altam,aha, Grit and the Underlying Mioceue__ __ _______ __ ________ 288 US'!' OF ILL USTRATIONS '3 OPPOSITE PAGE XXVIII Blowing Cave, Decatnr Connty ____ ____ ___ ___ 29& XXIX Blowing Spring, Walker County __. _. ______ __ F,GURES I Outline Map of Georgia , Showing area of Flowing Wells __ _- -. - _. - - - -------___________ __________ 2 Section of Deep Wells, Showing the Depth and the Geological H orizons of the Main Water-bearing Strata __ ___ ___________ ______ ____ ___ ___________ 3 Section of Deep Wells from Columbu s to Valdosta, Showing the Depth and the Geological Horizon of the Main W ater-bearing StratL ___ _. ____ ______ 4 Section of Deep Wells from Fort Valley to S t. Mary's, Showing the Depth and the Geological Horizon of the Main Water-bearing Strata___ __ ___ __ ____ _____ 5 Sketch Map, Showing Location of the Quitman Experiment_____ ____ ___ ___ __ __ ___ __ ___ ______ _____ PAGE 4' 77 102 184 285 MAP I Preliminary Geological Map of Georgia___ __ _______ _ 32 PREFATORY NOTE In submitting this report, the writer wishes to state, that much of the data, here included, on the deep wells of South Georgia, is to be found in his "Preliminary Report on the Artesian-Well System of Georgia," published by the Geologica! Survey of Georgia in r898. That part of the report, therefore, which pertains to these wells, may be considered an enlarged and revised edition of the report of r898. Furthermore, the writer wishes to here acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan and to Dr. W. H. Dal1, of the United States Geological Survey, for the identification of fossils, and for valuable assistance rendered in working out the stratigraphy of the Coastal Plain. Like acknowledgment is also due Dr. R. M. Harper, who furnished important information concerning the distribution of the Altamaha grit and the Eocene limestones. In addition to the assistance here credited, there wil1 be found throughout the report various acknowledgments of aid rendered by well-contractors and others, who, in most cases, took especial pains to furn ish the data desired. In closing this prefatory note, the writer desires especially to express his gratitude to Mr. M. L. Ful1er, chief of the Eastern Section, Division of Hydrology of the United States Geological Survey, for assistance and advice rendered in getting up this report. Atlanta, Ga., February, 1905. THE UN DERGROUND WATERS OF GEORGIA CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY The underground waters of a region, available to man, are derived directly or indirectly from the rainfall. Water, falling on the surface of the earth, whether in the form of rain, snow or hail, disappears by e vaporation, is carried off by surface drainage, or is taken up by the porous soils. Only that part of the rainfall, absorbed by the soils, has any direct bearing upon the question of underground waters. The amount of rain fall, which may be great or sma ll, taken up. depends upon the porosity of the soils, the surface inclination, the rate of precipitation, and the surface evapora- tion. CI!N(RAL CONDITIONS COVERNING THE AMOUNT OF WATER TAKEN UP, BY SOILS POROSITY OF THE SOILS. - It is a well known fact, fam iliar to every observer, that sandy soils take up water much faster than clay soils. The clay soil may be able to retain a higher percentage of water than the sandy soi l; nevertheless, the rate of absorption is al\Va~'s much fa ster in the fanner than in the latter. Thi~ fact is well illustrated by an examination of clay and sandy soils after the passing of a hard shower. I n the one case, the surface w ill be found wet, and probably the small depressions still filled with water ; while in the ther. the surface of the soil may show but little evidence of a recent rain fall. The farmer is familiar with these different soil conditions, and he regulates the distribution and culti"ation of his crops accordingly. Experience has taught him, that his fields, having sandy soils, can be cultivated at times, when it (17 ) INTRODUCTORY would be rulllOUS to his crops to attempt to .cultivate his fie lds having clay soils. H e may not know, that a considerable portion of the rainfall, which is absorbed by the soils, is a perpetual sou rce of supply to ),i s spring ; yet he is aware of the fact, that there is a marked difference in soi ls for taking up \yater. The rainfa ll, when it comes in contact with the surface of the earth, is still impelled downward by gravity. The force, which retards this downward tendency of the rainfall in a soil, is the friction of the water against the sides of the soil pore spaces, through which it descends. \ IVhen these pore spaces are large, as in sanely soils, friction is reduced; the rate of descent of the water is rapid; and, within a very short time, the water escapes beyond the effect of surface evaporation, and joins the permanent supply of underground water. On the other hanel, where the soil pore spaces are small, as in clay soils, friction becomes much greater, :md the water is retained for a longer time near the surface, thus permitting a correspondingly large proportion of the rainfall to be carried off by surface evaporation. The law, governing the flow of water in soils of various degrees of porosity, has been quite extensively discussed by Prof. ehas. A. Slichter,t in hi s paper on the Illotion of underground waters. He finds, that, theoretically, water, when free to move in a vertical direction, as in the case of the rainfall being absorbed by a soil, has a velocity in medium fine sand nearly a hundred times as great as in silt or alluvial soils. In other words, a fine sand will take up, in a given time, much more rainfall than an alluvial soil. This being true, it is evident, that the supply of underground waters of any region must bear a very close relation to the porosity of the soils and the underlying rocks. This relation of porosity to the amotmt of supply of underground water is well illustrated in the case of comlllon shallow wells. In a district, where the clays are of a sandy nature, such wells, other things being equal, always furnish a more copious supply of water than wells in more compact clays. I Water Supply Papcr No.6;, U. S. Gcol. SlIrv., 1902. J.VTRODUCTORY 19 EFFECT OF S URFACE INCLINA'I'ION. - The effect of the inclination of the surface upon the amount of rainfall taken up by a soil, is a very important factor to be considered in the di scl1ssion .of un" derground waters. The amount of rainfall. absorbed by a soil, depends upon the length of time the water is in contact with the surface. \Vhen the surface is inclined, as in a hilly region, the water escapes by su rface drainage, before the pores of the soil can take it up; but, on the other hand, when the surface is level, and there is but little or no surface-flowage, a high percentage of the rainfall will be absorbed by a soi l. This accounts, in a large measure, for the streams in a mountainous district becoming rnuch more swollen after a hard rain than the streams of a more level region. The water, in the one case, owing to the inclination of the surface, esc?pes by surface-drainage; and, in the other, it is largely taken up by the soi l, to become a pali of the underground water-supply. The farmer terraces hi s field, primarily, to keep it from washing; but, at the same time, he increases the absorption of water by his soifs, by decreasing the general surface inclination. He thus turns a destructive agent into a constructive one, by retarding the surface fl ow of the rainfall, lIntil it can .be taken up by the soils. RATE OF PRECIPITATION. - The rate of the rainfall regulates, to a greater or less extent, the amount of precipitation taken up by a soi l. If the rate of precipitation is quite slow. almost any soil, however fine grained, will take up a high percentage of rainfall. Yet, when the rain descends in hard showers, even the most open sandy soi ls may take up only a small propoliion of the total precipitation. Heavy showers overgorge the soil pores, and much of the rainfall escapes in rills, to swell the streams, before it can be taken up. Here, as in the case of soils having a highly inclined surface, the water does not remain sufficiently long in contact with "the surface to be absorbed. As a general rule, the minimum amount of rainfall is always taken up by the soils during heavy showers; and the maximum amount escapes by surface drainage. Each variety of soil has a definite rate of absorbing water, depending, as above stated) upon the size of the pore space. \Nhen the maximum rate of absorption is reached, the surplus rainfall mu st escape by surface drainage or evaporation. 20 INTRODUCTORr SURFACE EVAPORATION. - A considerable proportion of the total precipitation of any region is taken up by surface evaporation, before it has had time.to be absorbed by the soils. It has been shown by Newell,' th at from one-fourth to one-half of the total rainfall of the Southern S tates is ca rried off by streams. Thi s would leave one-half to th ree-fourths to escape by sur face e\aporation. E vaporation, as here used, includes not only the amount of precipitation evaporated from the soi ls, but also that, evaporated from the surface of the streams and taken up by vegetation. It is not known, what propo rtion of evaporation takes place directly from the surface of the soi ls ; however, it must be relativel y large, owi ng to the compltrative areas of the streams and land surfaces. There are several conditions, w hich modify the rate of surface evaporation, the most important of which are temperature, rate of the wind's motion, and the absence or the presence of vegetation. The capacity of the air, for taking up moisture, depends upon its temperature. H ot winds wi ll take up a much larger proportion than cold winds. The rate of evaporation is, therefore, much greater, in the temperate zones, in summer than in w inter. Surface evaporation is also accelerated or retarded by the motion of the air. When there is little or no wind, the air, in contact with the soil, becomes saturated with moisture, and evaporation can only take place by diffusion through the air. A strong wind is continuously changing the air in contact with the soils, and hence accelerates the .process of evaporation. Vegetation retards evaporation by decreasing the effect of the sun's rays upon the surface; and, at the same time, it interferes with the free circulation of the air. Other things being equal, a forest-covered area will, therefore, be more abundantly supplied with underground water, than a region destitute of vegetation. DISTRIB U TION OF THE RAIN FALL ABSORBED BY '],HE SOILS A part of the rainfall, taken up by the soils, is again returned to the atmosphere by evaporation; a part reaches the underground water, and forms a perpetual supply fo r wells and spri ngs; and a part I u. s. Geo!. Survey, Ni neteenth Aunua l Report. l89i-98, p . 9-\. IXTRODUCTORY 21 is taken up in the weathering of the rocks. T he relative proportion, which these different parts of the rainfall, abso rbed by the soils, bear to each other, is quite variable, depending on atmospheric conditions and the physical structure of the soils. King,' in discussing the percentage of precipitation , which penetrates the soil, says, that it may be laid down as a broad proposition, that nearly all the water of the ri vers and small lakes is that which has seeped through the soi ls. He further states, that in the more level portions of the United States, this run-off amounts to from one-fifth to onehalf of the entire precipitation. According to these statements, that part of the rainfall, absorbed by the soils, which reaches the underground waters, va ries from 20 to So per cent. of the total precipitation. The water, taken up by the soil and having escaped beyond the influence of surface evaporation, becomes a part of the permanent water-supply. It, here, below what is known as the permanent water-lc\'cI, occupies the interstices of porous rocks, like sandstone, and fills fis sures and crevices, which have been fo rmed by the folding of the st rata . o r fr0111 other causes. The total amount of underground water, within the crust of the earth, has' been estimated by Prof. Slichter' to be sufficient to cover the entire surface of the earth, to a uniform depth of more than 3,000 feet. This enormous amount of water is held in the pore spaces of the rock , like water in a sponge. Some rocks, such, for instance, as sandstone, will absorb morc than 25 per cent. of their own weight in water. Such rocks, when pierced by the drill, have the power of giving up a large supply of water, and arc, therefore, known as 'water- bearing, or permcable rocks; while those, which furni sh but little or no water, are designated as impermeable rocks. The permeable rocks, or the main underground water carriers, are such clastics as the conglomerates, the sandstones, and the more porous limestones; and the impermeable rocks are the clays, the marls, the shales and the slates. These rocks 'usually form successive layers, one imposed upon the other, like the coating of an onion. It I U. S. Ceo\. Sun.'" 19th Ann . Rept., 1897-'98, p. 95. a Water.Supply Pa~1" No. 67. U. S. Ceol. SUl"v. , ' 902. p . 15. 22 INTRODUCTORV rarely happens, that the layers are perfectly horizontal. They usually slope, at greater or less angles, so that rocks, \\-hich. at one point. outcrop on the surface, may, at another point, probably only a few miles away, lie hundreds' of feet below the surface. The rai nfall. which is taken up by the soils, enters these porolls rocks at their outcropping. \Vhen they are overlain and also underlain by im pervious clays and shales, the water, which they have taken up from the surface, can only find its way to the surface again through breaks in the overlying strata. If this continuity is broken by fissures, or by the wearing away of the overlying rocks by erosion, the water escapes to the surface, in springs or by seepage ; but, if the imperViOllS stratum is pierced by the drill, the water may escape as a fl owing well. In add ition to that part of the underground water, which reaches the surface as springs and flowing ,Yells , there is also a limi.ted amount of underground water, which reaches the surface through shallow wells. The amount of underground water. which reaches the surface through shallow wells, is comparatively small; nevertheless, this source of water-supply is of very great importance. The water, which supplies this class of wells. usually lies within 75 feet or less of the surface, and is generally reached, with but little expense, by mean s of the pick and shm-el. The water of these wells is obtained from the uppermost part of the available underground water-supply; and they, therefore, rarely extend over a few feet below what is known as the water-table, a plain, below which the soil is always saturated. CHAPTER II PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA Physiographically considered, the State of Georgi a is divided into five well marked sub-divisions; namely, the Coastal Plain, the Piedmon t Plateau, the Appalachian Mountains, the Appalach ian Valley and the Cumberland Plateau. Each of these sulrdivisions is comparatively well defined; nevertheless, in some instances, the line of separation can not always be sharply drawn. Often, in places, one sub-division blends with another, so that it is frequently impossible to give any definite boundaries. In such cases, the boundaries of the sub-divisions can only be spoken of, as occurri ng within certain limits. The physiographic sub-divisions of the State, above enumerated, are not peculiar to Georgia alone. They form a part of the main topographic provinces of the Eastern division of the Un ited States, which have been described under the names here given, by Hayes 1 and others. As a whole, these subdi visions may be spoken of as certain well marked land forms, composing belts or zones of variable width extending from New York to A labama. Each subdivision has its own topographic peculiari ties and constitutes a distinct physiograph ic type. They all have a southwesterly trend, and traverse the various States between the limits just giyen. The surface configuration of Georgia, as represented by the physiographic sub-divisions ahove enumerated, are here described in detail. T HE COASTAL PLAIN . - The Coastal Plain comprises all that part of Georgia lying south of an irregular line, known as the fallli ne, connecting the cities of Augusta, Milledgeville, Macon and Columbus. The area here included embraces more than half of the entire State. Generally speaking, thi s sub-d ivision of the State may I U. s. Ceo!. S\l rv~y . "inclC:Cllth Anu. Rept., '897-'<)8. pp. 9-SS. PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA be spoken of as a nearly level plain, having a gentle slope to the southward. The maximum elevation of the plain occurs along the fall-line, where, in places, it reaches a height of more than 600 feet above sea-level. The surface configurations of this area are those, common to lands which have recently emerged from the sea. To the northward, there are slight elevations and depressions, conforming in direction to the course of the rivers. As the fall-line is approached, these surface irregularities become more pronounced; while, to the southward, they gradually decrease in prominence, until they are . finally lost in an almost featureless. sandy, pine-clad plain. Besides the general surface irregularities, here referred to, there are also minor irregularities, which have resulted from local erosion. These surface irregularities, which are mo&t frequently met with, in the vicinity of the larger streams, give to the Coastal Plain, in certain sections, an appearance, not unlike the more hilly portions of the northern part of the State. Topography of this kind may be seen in Decatur, Thomas and other counties in the western part of the Coastal Plain, as well as in some of the counties lying along the fall-line. The streams of the Coastal Plain are numerous, and are usually sluggish. Those rising north of the fall-line are navigable the greater part of the year, for steamboats of considerable size. The larger streams occasionally have, on either side, high bluffs; but, oftener, they traverse low palmetto swamps, or lands having the appearance of a partially filled ri ver-valley, cut by the stream, when the land stood at a higher level. The rivers which flow into the Atlantic enter. it by bays or sounds, protected seaward by a chain of low wave-built islands. The land near the coast is low, ftat and poorly drai ned, presenting quite a contrast with parts of the Coastal Plain, at places near the fall-line. THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU. - The Piedmont Plateau is a wide belt, or zone, of elevated land, stretching frorh the foot of the Appa- Its lacllian Mounta ins to the Coastal Plain. northern limit is an ill-defined line, extending from the extreme northeastern corner of the State to the Georgia-Alabama line, a few miles southwest r ~ >zo '" 'o" Z <. v. ~ ~ ;:: '~" > " n 0 ~ v . z " " n v z..: n ~ 0 , "n > > ~ : /. " -; 0 PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA of Cedartown. It traverses the State from the northeast to the southwest, with an average width of more than 100 miles, and <;omprises an area of something like one-third of the total area of the State. This physiographic sub-division consists of an old land form, which has been reduced by erosion to a pene-plain. Along its northern boundary, it has an average elevation of about 1,200 feet above sea-level; while, at its junction with the Coastal Plain, it is reduced to a little less than half of this elevation. It has, therefore, a slope to the southward of about 5 feet per mile, or about twice the slope of the Coastal Plain. The Piedmont Plateau, when viewed from an elevated point, has the appearance of a level plain, dotted here and there with isol"ted mountains and hills, such as Stone Mountain, Kennesaw Mountain and Pine i\[ountain, which rise from 500 to 800 feet above the general level of the Plateau, and which appear to be remnants of an older and somewhat different topography. The minor inequalities of the surface of the Piedmont Plateall arc entirely overlooked. or minimized. by a view from an elevated point. The region. instead of bein a a level plain, has a broken surface. made up of low, well-rounded hills and ridges, separated by narrow fertile valleys. These minor hilts or ri dges, which usually have a southwesterly trend, have an elevation varying from 200 to 300 feet above the stream-level. 'rhe streams of the Piedmont Plateau are usually rapid, and are frequently marked by cataracts and water-falls. This feature of the streams is especially accentuated along the margin of the Coastal Plain . The river ,"alleys, which are being continually increased in depth by the erosive action of the streams. rarely ever exceed a width of more than a few hundred yards. . THE. ApPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS. - This physiographic sub-di- "gcIoI.Sa~ln-o'tIny'e-n~ISnitel~soscoeaefteBdlianirent,otwahnecdonuoenrxttthyee.nrdnsItpaahsratsfoaarf tshoeutShtaatse' somewhat alona the GeorCarte0rsville the triangular form) be11lg iImlted on the south by the Piedmont Plateau, and on the west by the Appalachian Valley. The western boundary may be said to correspond with what is known as the Cartersville Fault. a 26 PHVSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA great displacement marking the boundary between the metamorphic and the sedimentary rocks in the northwestern part of the State. This division embraces all, or a part of the following counties: - Rabun. Towns, Lumpkin, Union, Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens and Bartow. It is one of the smallest of the five topographic sub-divisions of the State; nevertheless, it comprises an area of more than :2,000 square miles. This sub-division forms the southern terminus of the Appalachian :Mountains. It is preeminently a mountain region, noted for its pi~tllresi:lue scene ry and lofty mountains. The average elevation of the region is less than 2.000 feet; yet, there are numerous mountains within the area, attaining an altitude of more thantwlce this height. The larger mountains occur in groups or masses without definite arrangement. The higher peaks of these groups usually haye precipitous slopes. which. in places. become almost inaccessible. The lesser 11lol1l1tains, and the ridges of the region generally, have a southwesterly .trend, corresponding to the general course of the streams. The valleys are narrow, and are traversed by rapid streams, which, in places, form falls many feet in height. Between the main mountains and the ridges, there is a large area of broken country. with hills ri sing 400 or 500 'feet above the general streamb e!. This portion of the sub-di visi on resembles very closely the more hilly parts of the Piedmont Plateau. THE ApPALACHIAN VALLEY. - The Appalachian Valley may be defined as a low land, lying between the Appalach ian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. This physiographic sub-division, which traverses the northeastei-n corner of the State in a south\vester] y direction, is about 35 miles w ide; and it has an average elevation of about 850 feet above sea-Ieve!. Its western boundary is an irregular line, following the eastern escarpments of Pigeon and L ookout mountains. The region is made up of a number of minor va lleys, separated from each other by sharp or by well-rounded ridges. The former ridges, as in the case of Taylor 's Ridge and Chattoogata IV[ountain. often attain an altitude of 1,500 feet; while the latter rarely reaches a height of more than 1,200 feet. These ridges all ha ve a northeast- PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF GEORGIA 27 "Southwest trend, and give to the region a corrugated appearance. The minor valleys are usually narrow, and are traversed by rather sl.uggi sh streams \vh ich in the northwestern part o f the area Aow north into the Tennessee River: ,,!hile those in the other parts of the area flow southward to the Gulf of Mexico. THE CU"BERLAND PLATEAU. - The Cumberland Plateau occupies the extreme northwestern corner of Georgia, and embraces Pigeon lVlonntain and portions of Lookout and Sand mountains. This subdivision of the State constitutes the extreme eastern margin of the Cumberland Highlands, traversing Alabama and Tennessee further to the westward. Broadly speaking, the area is an elevated tableland, bisected longitudinally by a deep, narrow valley. That part of the area lying east of the valley constitutes Lookout and Pigeoll mountains, and that. to the west, Sand l\Iol1ntain. These mountains have broad, Rat tops, with an average elevation of about 1,800 feet above sea-level. The slopes of the mountains are always precipitous, and are often marked by bold sandstone cliffs, which, in some places, attain a height of 200 feet. Lookout ~ I ountain. as it enters Georgia from Alabama. forms a broad. Rat-top mountain. about 10 miles in width., Some six or eight miles north of the State-line, the mountain sends off to the northward a spur. known as P igeon IVlountain, From th is point to its northern term inus in the vicinity of Chattanooga, it varies in width from two to four miles. Some of the small streams, which take their rise on Lookout, in their descent to the valley below have cut deep and precipitous chasms in the sandstone bluffs which form the brow of the mountain. Sand l\Iollntain, as represented in Georgia. differs from Lookout IVIountain, mainly, in being broader. and in having a more even surface, The valley, above referred to as bisecting the Cumberland Plateau region of Georgia: is the on.ly valley occurring in the physiographic sub-division, It has an average width of abou t three miles, and is traversed by Lookout Creek. a sluggish stream, of considerable size. flowing north into the Tennessee River. The surface of the valley is rolling, but, at the same time, it has a general slope to the northward. CHAPTER I II GI':OLOGY Each of the great time divisions of geological history has representatives in the rocks of Georgia. The southern portion of the State, described under Physiographic Features of the State, as the Coastal Plain, is made up of rocks ranging in age from the Cretaceous to the most recent. To the north of this area, comprising both the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian Mountain regions, occur the Metamorphic, or the Crystalline rocks. Still further to thenorth and west, forming the Appalachian Valley and the Cumberland Plateau, are the unaltered Paleozoics. The line of demarkation, between these three major geologic divisions of the State, is not always sharply drawn. This is especially true of the second and third divisions, where the Crystalline and the unaltered Paleozoic rocks grade into each other, without any sudden or abrupt change. The line, separating the first division, or the recent clastics, from the Crystalline, on the other hand, is more distinct, being marked not only by a very striking unconformity, but also by great change in the lithological character of the rocks. The sub-divisions of the rocks of the Coastal Plain, in descending order, are given in the following table : - I Pleistocene Columbia Sands 2 Pl iocene LaFayette 3 lVliocene Altamaha Grit' Chattahoochee I Recent s tudy of the Altamaha grit seems to indicate that it is p rob..1.bly a phase of tlleLafayette and is therefore Pliocene. GEOLOGl" 29 4 Eocene Vicksburg-Jackson Claiborne Midway-Sabine 5 Cretaceous Ripley Eutaw Tuscaloosa or Potomac PLEISTOCE"E COLUMn!.\, - The Pleistocene rocks of Georgia are mainly represented by the Columbia sands, a superficial deposit covering the greater part of the Coastal Plain, The formation consists chiefly of white and yellow sands, rarely showing any distinct lines of stratification, In places, it contains water-worn pebbles, a quarter of an inch or more in diameter; but generall)' it consists of finegrained sand or loam, which, in the vicinity of the rivers or the coast, may pass into silts. The Columbia sands sometim'es form hills rising 30 feet or more above the general level of the surrounding country. These hills, which are often spoken of as the "Sand Hills," are irregularly distributed throughout the Coastal Plain, from the fall-line to within a few miles of the Atlantic coast. In certain limited areas, known as the "Red Hills," the Columbia sands are entirely absent. a condition due either to the sands not having been originally deposited. or to their subsequent removal by erosion. The thickness of the formation in Georgia may be said to vary from a maximum of 40 feet to a few inches. Tlu-oughout the Piney-woods region, where the surface is practically level, the average thickness probably does not exceed two feet. McGee, in his description of the Columbia formation in the southwestern part of the State, says : "The rivers are flanked by belts of loam with basal p~bble beds more or less closely approaching the fluvial deposit of the type locality. Here, as in the north, the loam is 11lare homogeneous and more closely simi lar not only in its differ"ent parts on the same ri ver but among the various rivers than the phase developed on the divides." GEOLOGY In general, he finds the deposits of Georgia, quite similar to the deposits along the Coastal Plain further north, with, however, one essential difference. In the north, he notes, that what he terms the fluvial phase of the deposit rises only to the level of the interfluvial, or the deposits between the streams: whereas. in Georgia, the fluvial deposits rise far aboye the interfluvial deposits.' PLEOCENE LAFAYETTE. - The Lafayette, whose exact position in the geologic time scale is still debated. like the Columbia formation, is a superficial deposit, covering most of the Coastal Plain. The formation consists of orange and vari-colored clays and sands, with local beds of gravel. The basal member of the formation along the fallline frequently becomes distinctly pebbly. These water-worn pebbles, which consist largely of quartz derived from the crystall ine rocks to the north, Occur irregularly distributed throughout the va ricolored sandy clays, but more often they are found in layers or pockets. They also occur in the basal member, at places, with fragments of white clay forming more or less continuous layers. Th ese phases of the lower di vision of the formation become less pronounced in the southern part of the State, where sandy loam and vari ~colored stratified clays predominate. The upper member of the formation differs from the lower, in being' more uniform, both in physical structure and lithological character. Along the fall-line, at some points, it becomes quite pebbly; however, as a general rule, it is made up almost enti rely of massive reddish or motley sandy clays. Frequently, the massive clays of the upper division are hardened into a coinpact mass, having almost the consistency of sandstone. This indurated layer resists the erosive action of surface-waters; and, by being undermined by the washing away of the layers below, it often stands out in high. perpendicular walls. Excellent illustrations of this mode of erosion are frequently met with, in the vicinity of streams, which have lowered their channels into the underlying formations. The thick ness of the Lafayette format ion is quite variable. At some places, near the northern margin, where it has been protected by the Columbia sands, it attains a maximum thickness of more 1 U. S. Geol. Survey. T,welfth AUIl. Rept. 18<)0-'91, p, 380]. GEOLOGY 31 than 80 feet; at other points, it has been entirely removed by erosion. These eroded areas are quite irregular in outline, and may occur at any point throughout the Coastal Plain. They are more frequently met w ith, however, in the vicinity of the larger streams; yet, they are not enti,ely absent from the leyel piney-\yoods. The marine Pliocene, according to Loughbridge,' occupies a narrow strip of the coast extending fro111 Sa\'annah to St. ::\Jary's. The western bounda ry of the formation appears never to have been accurately traced. However, it is supposed to be an irregular line corresponding with what Loughbridge calls the second terrace, 20 miles or more inland. Deposits. assigned to this formation, haye been found as far inland as the western part of Chatham county; near Jesup in \Vayne county; and at Burnt Fort in Camden county. The formation is also supposed to underlie Okefenokee Swamp, and to extend as far west, along the Georgia-Florida line as the Suwanee River. =! The lithological character of the format io n is varied. It consists mainly of uncon.solidated sands. clays and marl s. No data are at hand . by which to estimate the thickness of the formation. All of the deep wells along the coast, south of the Sa\annah River. penetrate the Pliocene beds; but, in only a few cases, ha\'e cOlilplete samples of the borings been preserved. These samples usually contain but few organic remains, so that it is often practically impossible to determine from them anything defini teo as to the exact depth to which the beds extend. MIOCENE. The ~liocene rocks of Georgia incl ude se\'eral sulxl ivisions. the most important of which are the A ltamaha grit and the Chattahoochee formation . THE ALTAMATIA G IUTJ which is probably the eastern extension of the Grand Gul.! of yIississippi and A labama, covers a much larger area than any of the other subdivisions of the Post-Eocene. Its northwestern limit coincides with the eastern boundary of the Vicksburg-Jackson, except in vVashington and Jefferson counties. where it ~~ in contact with the Claiborne. It form s a belt with a l11axi- l I l'. S. Ceol. S\Ir\',. BUll, "Ko. B4, p. B4 . 2 tb Rettnt study seelns to indicate that th e marine Plioceue is confin ed to a narrow strip along e Atlantle Coast nlld does not include or extend as far west as the Okefenokee Swamp. ,,2 r;EOLOGY mum width .of more than 75 miles, and appears to reach its greatest development along the Oconee River in Laurens and Montgomery counties, where it attains a thickness of more than 200 feet. The Altamaha grit, as the name suggests, is made up largely of heavy-bedded, indurated sands, with a clay and silica matrix. The particles of sand forming the grit are usually sharp; but, in the same beds, the sharp sand has intemlingled with it water-worn pebbles, some of which attain an inch or 1110re in diameter. The lower beds of the formation consist chiefly of clay, which, near the contact of the underlying limestones often become calcareolls. Owing to the absence of fossils in the Altamaha grit, its exact position in the geologic time-scale has never been definitely determined . It has been placed by Dall as early Miocene; while Dr. Eugene A. Smith, State Geologist of Alabama, who thinks it is the eastern extension of the Grand Gulf of Mississippi and Alabama, is of the opinion that it is much more recent, probably Pliocene, or even as late as the early Pleistocene. THE CI-IA'I'TAHOOCHEE FORMATION, whose limits , so far. have not been defined, seems to be best developed along the Georgia-Florida line in Decatur, Grady and Thomas counties, where it has been examined by Langdon. Vaughan and others. The rocks of this formation, at the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee River at the New Chattahoochee landing. the type locality, consist of argillaceous and sandy limestone alternating with beds of purer character. In addition to the sub-division of the Miocene, above given, there is still another, known as the Jacksonboro limestone. I This subdivision. which has been studied by Lyell, Clarke and Vaughan, appears to be well developed in Screven county, near the confluence of Brier and Beaver Dam creeks. The extent of the iormation is unknown; but it is probably confined chiefly to Screven and the adjacent counties- EOCENE The Eocene rocks of Georgia may be divided into three subdivisions; viz., the Vicksburg-Jackson limestolle, the Claiborne and the Midway-Sabine. 1 The recent studies of Dr, 1', "rayland V:m; han show this to be approx imately the Tampa horizon, GEOLOGY 33 THE V,CKSBURG-JACKSON LIMESTONE. - This sub-division of the Eocene rocks is well developed in Georgia . "Vith the exception of a small break, of only a few mi les, in \ iVashington and Jefferson munties, this limestone forms a continuous belt from the Chattahoochee River, south of Fort Gaines, to the Savannah River, 30 miles south of Augusta. This belt is quite yariable in w idth, due chiefly to the o\'erlapping of the Altamaha grit, which forms its southern boundary. In Dougherty, Terrell and Randolph counties. it attains a width of more than 60 miles. It also reaches a like width along the OCl1lulgee Ri\'er. where the overlying Altamaha grit has been removed by erosion. Besides the main body, or belt, of the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone. here noted, there are also isolated exposu res along the streams in Thomas and Brooks counties, near the Georgia-Flo ri da line, and in Crawford county, near the' contact of the Crystalline and Cretaceous rocks. The last exposure is interesting, as it sho\\'s that the Eocene sea, in which the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone was laid down, extended as fa r north as the Crystalline rocks. This northern extension of the formation also explains the absence of surface-exposures of the Claiborne, west of the OClllulgee Ri ver. The Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, as the name suggests, cOl1sists chieAy of limestone. It has a maximum thickness of more than 400 feet. The upper memb"r of the formation is made up of hard and soft limestone. with more or less silica, in the form of cherty concretions, which are usually highly fossiliferous. The lower member contains !110re clay and sand, often in the form of comminuted shells, fragments of corals. and bryozoans, and the disklike tests of forminifera. The whole fon::=,.tiol1: throughout, is highly fossiliferous; and it is noted for its numerous limesinks and underground-streams. TIIJ~ CLATBORKE. - The second subdivision of the Eocene rocks, which includes the Buhrstone series, occurs along the Chattahoochee Rh'er south of Fort Gaines, and also, according to Spencer,' along the Flint Ri "er south of Montezuma; but it reaches its g reatest development between the OCl11uIgee and Sa\'annah rivers, where it I (~eol. ~ur.... , of Georgia, First Report of Progress, 1890"9t, P,51, 34 GEOLOGY forms a belt, from IO to 30 miles in width. This part of the formation, which consists of clays, sands and marls, often indurated and occasionally highly fossiliferous, overlaps, in places, the Cretaceous beds, and comes in immediate contact with the Crystalline rocks. One of these overlaps occurs at Robert's station, a few miles east of Macon, and another, in the vicinity of Grovetown, 17 miles west of Augusta. The most marked lithological characteristics of the Claiborne, east of the Ocmulgee River, are the heavy beds of sands These sands, which are usually stained with iron oxide are frequently indurated, and form, in places, beds of ferruginous sandstone several feet in thickness. An excellent exposure of these sandstones, containing a large number of silicified shells, is to be seen along the Central of Georgia Railroad, near Hollywood station, about ten miles south of Augusta, and at Wren's mill in the northern part of Jefferson county. Other Claiborne rocks, of special interest on account of their containing beautifully preserved fossils, are the heavybedded silicified limestone capping Brown's ~Ioll11ta ill ill Twiggs county, ten miles southeast of Macon. These rocks are also well exposed in a deep ravine, two miles south of GriswoldviIle. Further to the south and west, they appear to pass into marls or impure limestones. The Claiborne clays are usually laminated an;:: porous, partaking of the nature of fuller's ealih. Some of the beds are quite fossiliferous, the most abundant fossils being impressions of leaves. Occasionally, beds of these clays are highly lignitic; but such clays are mostly locally developed, and rarely form beds of more than ~. few feet in thickness. The Claiborne, along the Chattahoochee Rper, is placed by Langdon at 23.2 feet, which is probably much less th"n the maximum thickness attained at .points east of the Ocmulgel River. MID\\Ay-SABI:;E. - This formation, which includes all of the rocks between the Claiborne and the Cretaceous, corresponds to what is often designated as the lower member of the Eocene. It is confined to a narrow belt extending from a point in Macon county east of the Flint River, near Montezuma, to the Chattahoochee River GEOLOGY 35 in the ,-icinity of F ort Gaines. This belt has an average width of about seven miles; but. along the Chattahoochee River, it attairis a width of Jnore than twice this distance. Its northern and southern boundaries are usually quite sinuous, owing to the irregular SUfface erosion and to the overlapping of the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone. The :-lidway-Sabine rocks consist of impure limestone, clays and sands. These sands are often glauconitic; and, in places, they become cemented by iron oxide into ferruginous sandstones. These sandstones, which frequently contain well preserved casts of gastropods, are well developed near the base of the formation. Some of the best exposures of these ferruginated fossiliferous sandstones occur on the Carter plantation, near Quebec, in the southeast corner of Schley county, and in Stewart county, about six miles northeast of Lumpkin. The clays are usually sandy; but they frequently contain much lime., thus passing into maris. Many of the beds are lignitic, and occasionally contain well preserved plant remains. The limestones are argillaceous, and often highly fossiliferous. In some places in the northern part of Randolph county, these limestones become cavernous, and are traversed by subterranean streams. The :Midway-Sabine rocks are best developed along the Chattahoochee River, where, according to Spencer,' they attain a thickne's of about 600 feet. East of the Chattahoochee, they appear to decrease in thickness going eastward, and finally disappea r, or are buried beneath the Vicksburg-Jackson east of the Flint R iver. THE CRETACEOUS The Cretaceous rocks of Georgia form the northern margin of the Coa'tal Plain, where they constitute a belt of variable width ex- tending from the Chattahoochee to the Savannah river. T he maxi- mum width of the belt, which OCCUI"S alonO' the Chattahoochee is bout ,0 Ill''1es. Between the Chattahoocb hee and the O, cmul"ee nvers, the "1dth dDes not average more than 20 mi.les; while, ebast f the OClllulgee. the width is reduced to less than ten miles. Langdon, Smith and others recognize three horizons in the Cre- I ~Ilrv. of G;.t , Report or Pro~r~ss, 18So-'91, p. 42. GEOLOGY taceous rocks along the Chattahoochee River, yiz., the Ripley, the Eutaw and the Tuscaloosa or Potomac. THE RIPLEY. - The Ripley, which seems to be confined entirely to that part of the Cretaceous belt between the Chattahoochee and the Ocmulgee ri \'ers, consists of a great thickness of sand, clay and marl, with a few thin beds of soft. impure fossiliferous limestone. The sands often show cross-beddings, and contain more or less glauconite. They are generally incoherent, and are readily washed into deep gullies by surface waters. The clays are mostly impure kaolins, varying from yellow and gray to almost black. The darker clays are often highly lignitic, and contain more or less pyrite, frequently in the form of nodular concretions. The marls are mostly of a dark-gray or greenish color. They often become indurated. forming conspicuous projecting ledges along the banks of the streams. Some of the marl-beds are made up largely of shells, often beautifully preserv'ed. Shark's teeth, fragments of bones and coprolites are also common in the ITlarl-beds. THE EUTAW AND THE TUSCALOOSA OR POTOMAC. - These two formations differ from the Ripley, mainly in the less frequent occurrence of limestone and marls. They consist chiefly of sands with more or less clay. The clays, which seem to be b(,t developed in the lower division, are well exposed in Taylor county. and also at numerous points between Macon and Augusta. These clays are usually quite pure kaolin1 well suited to the lilanllfactllre 0; crockery. They occur as locally developed beds associated with crossbedded sands. Neither of these clays' or sands are fossil-bearing, east of the OCl11ulgee Ri ver; and, as a consequence, that part of the Cretaceous was mapped solely on its lithological characteristics. It is quite probable, that a part, or possibly all, of these sands and clays, mapped by the writer as Cretaceous east of Macon, may prove, upon further study, to be Claiborne.' THE CARBONIFEROUS The Carboniferous rocks reach their greatest development on the I Since the abo,c was written fossil Jea\"es have; been found by the writer in the clay pit at CUrT'S Station in Hancock County. 2 For a list of fossils of th e Cretaceous and the Tertiary formations see chapter XI. GE OLOGY 37 Cumberland Plateau. They occur also in the Appalachian Valley region, but only a s the lowest members of the series. This system of rocks is ca lca reous below and siliceous above. The calcareous rocks consist of F ort PaYlle ch ert, the Ball gor lim estolle and the FlOI'd shale. T he fi rst two members of this di,ision are made up mainly of limestone; but the Fort P ayne chert contains also a large amount of siliceous material in the fo rm of chert. The Floyd shale is usually quite calcareous : and, in places, it passes into th in-bedded limestones. T he aggrega~e th ickness of the calca reous member of the Carboniferous rocks is more than 2,000 feet. The upper member of the Carboniferous rocks, which are confined almost entirely to Sand, P igeon and Lookout mounta ins, consists of cong lomerates, sandstones and shales, wi th a number of workable seams of coal. Thi s member of the Carboniferous .is diyided into two di visions; viz., the L oolw ll t sOlldsto ll e and the TValdea salldsto lle. The Lookout sandstone has a thickness of about 500 feet, and is made up of conglomerates, sandstones, and thinbedded shales and coal. The "Vaiden sandstone is similar to the Lookout sandstone; but it attains a thickness of nearly 1,000 feet. The upper member of the Carboniferous rocks, or what is generally designated as the Coal Measures, differs from the other division s of the Paleozoic rocks in being almost horizontal. THE DEVONIAN This system of the Paleozoic rocks is poorly represented in Georgia. Until recently, the only rocks assigned to the Devonian series in the State was a thin stratum of black shale, with a maximum thickness of only about40 feet. Hayes recently noted, in the Rome folio of the United States Geological Survey, the occurrence of other rocks which he classifies as Devonian. These recently discovered Devonians occur at various points northwest of Rome. They consist o[ shale and sandstones, of limited thickness, and are apparently of local distribution. THE SILURIAN The Silurian rocks are highly calcareous. "Vith the exception of the uppermost member of the system, they consist almost entirely 38 GEOLOGY of limestones. The rocks of this division of the Paleozoic are divided into three series; yiz., the Knox dolomite, the Chickamau&,a limestone, and the Rockwood formation. The KI/ox do/a Illite, the oldest of the series, is a cherty, heavybedded magnesian limestone, having a maximum thickness of about 5,000 feet. The series forms broad, fiat chert ridges, traversing the Appalachian Valley in a northeasterly-southwesterly direction. The Chickamauga /i1l1eslol1e, the other Calcereous member of the Silurian series, is made up of blue and mottled limestones. In.places, some of these beds become shaley; but they always carry a high percentage of lime; and, as a consequence, they are readily soluble by atmospheric waters. The Chickamauga limestone varies from 600 to 1,800 feet in thickness, and is the main valley-forming rock of the Silurian system. The uppermost member of the Silurian rocks, the Rochwood foymation, consists of sandstones and shales. These sandstones frequently become heavy-bedded, and form sharp-crested ridges, of considerable eminence. The thickness of the formation varies from 600 to I,5 feet, the maximum thickness being attained in Chattoogata Mountain, a yery prominent ridge in the northern-cenh\1.1 half of the Appalachian Valley region. THE CAMBRIAN The Cambrian rocks are best developed along the eastern side of the Appalachian Valley. They consist of quartzites, shales and limestones. The quartzites are often heavy-bedded, and give rise to some very conspicuous ridges. 1\1ountains and ridges of these quartzites are to be seen in the vicinity of Cartersville, and also along the Georgia-Alabama line west of Etna. The shales are usually calcareous; but, locally, they become siliceous or sandy. They attain a great thickness, and are always valley-forming. Intercalated \vith the shales, and often forming strata many feet in thickness, occur also beds of blue siliceous limestones. The Cambrian rocks of Georgia all have the appearance of having been deposited in muddy seas near the shore. GEOLOGY 39 THE CRYSTALLINE The Crystalline rocks of Georgia form a belt, more than roo miles in width, tra versing the nor thwestern part of the State in a southwesterly direction. They constitute both the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian IVIountain physiographic sub-divisions. These rocks were formerly regarded as pre-Cambrian; but more recent study seems to indicate, that they vary in age from Archean to Carboniferous. Van Hise, in speaking of the age of the rocks, says: "In Ollr present very imperfect state of knowledge, to call the whole A lgonkian or A rchean, or even pre-Cambrian, is wholly 1..111warranted. l1 These rocks are wholly or partially crystalline. The former includes the granites, the gneisses, the schi sts, the diori tes and the diabases; and the latter, the limesto nes, the quartzites and the conglomerates. The partially crystalline rocks are found in greatest abundance along the eastern margin o f the area; but they also occur as far to the east as the quartzi te ridges of IvIeriwether, McDuffie and Lincoln counties, those occu rring in IVIeriwether county are known as Pine :'Iountain, and those in McDuffie and Lincoln counties as Gra\-es )'Iountail1. The most abundant rocks are the gneisses and sch ists. I ntimately associated w ith and often cutting these rocks as dikes, occur the granites and diabases. The granites "ar), in texture from coarse-grained pegmatite to fine-grained monumental stone. They frequentl y cover areas of considerable extent, and occasionally form mountains or hills; as, for instance, Stone :\[ountain, wh ich rises 686 feet above the general level of the surrounding country, These acid intrusives seem to be of different ages: however, they all appear to be 111uch older than the diabases, which always occur in the form of dikes. One of the most persistent and cOl1stant characteristics of the rocks of the Crystalline area is their schistose structure. \ Vith the exception of the granites, and the diabases. this physical structure is COm111011 to nearly all the rocks of the area In addition to the schistose structure. the rocks are usually mllch folded and contorted, showing e\'ery e~'idence of ha\-mg been subjected to intense dynamic force. The trend of the rocks throug-hout the region is to the southwest, \yhile the preyailing dip I to the soulheast. CHAPTER IV GENERAL )JOTES ON THE UNDERGROU)JD WATERS OF THE SEVER,-\L GEOLOGICAL FORe-lATIONS OF THE STATE THE COLU'IBL\. - The Columbia sand . by reason of its loose texture takes up a high percentage of the total rainfall. It would indeed be a difficult matter to conceive of a formation more suitable for the absorption of rainfall, than the Columbia sand . In addition to absorbing a large amount of rainfall, the sand also becomes at the same time a perfect filter; and thus it retains near the surface much or all of the organic impurities, which would otherwi se 11taminate the water below. 'While the Columbia sand no doubt i" general forms a very perfect filter, there are instances, however, \yhich ha,"e come under the writer's observation, in which it seemed to produce the opposite effect. These instances were observed only in towns, where the sand formed a thin layer and the surrounding conditions were extremely favorable for surface contamination. One of the cases, here referred to, was a well at a public boardinghouse or small hotel in a town of about 200 inhabitants. The well was situated in the back-yard of the hotel, where the slops from the kitchen were thrown and the cow was penned dl1ring the night. Near-by, scarcely three rods away, were the Ctss-pool and stable, each of which was constantly adding its fetid matter to the thin surficial layer of Columbia sand. An examination of the well showed the following section in the descending order:- I Rather coarse sand stained by carbonaceous material .... 5 feet 2 Imperviol1s clay ................................. . 3 " 3 Sandy clay .......... . .......................... . 8 " 4 Sand ......................................... . ( ?) The most rea sonable deduction from these conditions may be summed up as follows: GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS The rain falls UpOI1 the sandy soils, where it is contaminated by surface impurities; the water, thus loaded with organic materiall is rapidly taken up by the porous sands and carried to the impervious beels of clay below. along- which it fl ows to the \\'ell. which it finally FtG . I.-Outline Map of Georgia Sho wing- the Areas of Flowlllg Wells. Shaded Arl!ns Repiesent Sections in Which Flowing We lls May be Obtained. e. nters. , t0 111.ll1gIe W.ItI1 the purer water at a greater depth. That this IS the trlle explanation of the conditions here exhibited, was oclllarly dthemonstrated by seem. g the 'Impure water tnc.khn.O" down the si.des of e well along strongly-marked colored li nes. b 42 GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS It is no uncommon thing, during the wet season, for the wells penetrating the Columbia to overflow, or for the water to rise within a foot or so of the surface. In some instances, where these sands form heavy deposi ts, se"eral feet in thickness, they give rise to small springs flO\:ving part of the year. THE LAFAYETTE. - This formation. by reason of its greater thickness, is a far more important water-carrier than the Columbia sand. The lower layers, when consisting largely of sand, carry large quantities of water, and may give rise to springs of considerable size fl owing throughout the year. A noted spring, of historic interest, flowing fro111 this form~~on, _ is the Providence spring at Andersonville, Sumter county. \fhe water supplying this spring comes from the lower beds of the hafayette, which, at this point, consists largely of coarse sand. \iVhere the Lafayette formation consists largely of impervious clays, it ceases to become a satisfactory. source of water for shallow wells. In this case, it protects, no doubt to some extent, the eroded surfaces of the porous strata below, and thereby lessens, to some degree, the total intake area of the deep-seated waters for the entire Coastal Plain. THE PLIOCEKE. - The Pliocene deposits probably furnish considerable water for shallow wells along the Atlantic Coast, where the Columbia and Lafayette formations are absent. They are also, no doubt, the source of supply of the small springs, often met with along the larger streams and swamps. Their chief interest, howeyer, as water-carriers is confined mainly to the deep-seated waterbearing horizons, which have been quite extensively explored from Savannah to St. TVlary"s. By an examination of the "arious drill records of the wells along the Atlan ti c Coast, given in this repo rt, it w ill be observed, that there occurs throughout that pprtion of the Coastal Plain two continuous water-bearing strata. These water-bearing strata, which consist chiefly of sand. occur from roo to 200 feet apart, and have a low dip to the south and east. The first stratum, in the vicinity of Brunswick, is encountered at a depth of about 350 feet, and the GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS 43 second, at about 450 feet. At Tarboro, 25 miles southwest of Brunswick, the first stratum is 175 feet below the surface, and the second stratum is 375 feet; while, at St. Mary's, 35 miles south of Brunswick, the depths of these strata vary from 300 to 500 feet.' This would indicate a dip to the southeast, of something less than 10 feet per mile. Should this dip remain constant, the outcl"OP of these water-bearing strata would come to the surface at some point east of Waycross. In addition to the water-bearing strata, here noted, there is also a third water-bearing stratum reported in some of the wells in Camden county. This stratum is reported to occur in the wells in the vicinity of Satilla Bluff, at a depth of only 60 or 70 feet below the surface. It seems to be of local distribution, and is of little economic importance. THE MIOCENE. - The Miocene, like the Pliocene, is largely overlain by the Columbia and Lafayette formations; and, as a consequence, it is probably only occasionally penetrated by shallow wells. The springs of the Miocene area are usually small; but, in some instances, as in the case of Gaskin's Spring in Coffee county, near Douglas, they furnish a considerable amount of water. But little seems to be known, at present, of the water-supply of the deep wells of this formation. The upper water-bearing strata of the Savannah, the Jesup and the \'Vaycross wells are probably Miocene; but, so far, the water from these strata seems not to have been used to any extent. It is also possible, that SOme of the wells of Effingham and Liberty counties receive their water-supply from Miocene beds. However, the records of these wells are so meagre, that nothing can be definitely slated as to their exact horizon. TnE EOCENE. - The Eocene is the most important water-bearing formation of the Coastal Plain. This is especially true of its upper member, the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, which is the source of suPty of numerous large springs and a large number of deep wells. ~omc of the spnngs, Stich as Blue Spring In Dougherty county near Albany, compare favorably in size and in the transparency of I k~l1t lud~' ~C:1US to indicate that th ese water-bearing strata are probably :Miocene. 44 GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS their water with the famous Silver Spring of Florida. These springs are commonly met with, in what is known as the lime-sink region, which usually marks the outcropping of some of the more porous and permeable limestones. In these regions, it is no uncommon thing to see the surface stream disappear underground to reappear again, probably only a few hundred yards away. SU~,regions are !loted for their numerous lime-sinks and small lake or ponds, WhlCh mark the course of subterranean streams. The fl 'w of the large springs. here referred to, is frequently affected by droughts. In some instances. springs, which ordinarily flow several millions of gallons per clay, may, occasionally, during a long drought, entirely cease to flow. In addition to the large springs, here referred to, there are also a gEeat number of smaller springs throughout the Eocene area, which furnish ample and continuous water-supply for domestic purposes. The shallow wells of the E ocene area are confined chiefly to the superficial deposits, Columbia and Lafayette; but, in some localities where these deposits have been removed by erosion, the wells obtain their water-supply from the Eocene beds. The water of shallow wC;lls, when obtained from limestones, is usually considered unwholesome; but, on the other hand, if the source is the sands, it is considered quite wholesome. The Eocene beds, whenever pierced by the drill to any considerable depth, are found to furnish an abundant supply of water. The wells at Savannah, \ iVaycross, Valdosta, Bainbridge and a large number of the smaller towns throughout th~ southeastern part of the Coastal Plain north of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, obtain their water-supply from the Eocene beds. The water-bearing beds consist of porous limestones and sands. In the deeper wells, two of these water-bearing strata, and sometimes three, are encountered. They are ,usually several feet in thickness, and continue apparently with but little change in dip or lithological character, for a long distance. THE CRETACEOUS. - The Cretaceous rocks, as previously noted, occupy only a comparatively small area along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain. These rocks, however, on account of their loose GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS 45 texture and gentle slope to the southwa rd are water-carriers, of collsic;lerable economic importance. The shallow wells of the Cretaceous area obtain their water-supply chieRy fro111 the Lafayette formation. These wells, in some instances, no doubt penetrate the Cretaceous beds: bnt such wells are probably confined largely to places. where the superficial deposits ha\'e been removed. The springs of the Cretaceous area are usually small, and are rarely met with, except along :streams where they mostly occur as seepage rol11 the adjacent hills. There are probably but few springs ill the area that furnish as much as roo gallons per minute. The chief interest in the Cretaceous beds as water-carriers lies in their deep-seated water-bearing strata. These strata seem to be several in number ; but, as a general rule, they are not so continuous o r so reliable as the Eocene strata. Some of the wells, which may be mentioned as obtaining their water-supply from the Cretaceous beds, are the Sandersville well, the Perry well, the Marshallville well, the Dawsonville well, the Fort Gaines well and the Montezuma wells. The lowest "'ater-bearing stratum of the Albany deep well also belongs to the Cretaceous rocks: as well as the lowest waterbearing stratum in the Blakely well. The water from the. deep wells of the Cretaceous deposits is generally soft, and is well suited for domestic and technical purposes. THE CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. - The Piedmont Plateau, ~ncluding the Appa lachian lI.[ountain division, which consists of the Crystalline rocks, is a region noted for its great number of springs and shallow wells. Nearly every ravine and 11011owJ throughout the entire area, is supplied by never-ceasing springs, which, though usually small, furnish ample water for domestic purposes. In addition to these small springs, there a159 occur, in some localities, springs which furnish large volumes of water. The latter are usually found in quartzite and limestone, or other undoubted clastics. Some of the most noted of these large springs occur along Pine lVIolll1tain in ~leri\\'ether and Harris counties, and in Hall county, near Gainesville. Cold Spring, in Meriwether county, furnishes more than 2.000 gallons per minute, and \iVarm Springs, near by, has nearly an equal capacity. These large springs, like the small ones, are but 46 GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS little affected by the drought, and can always be relied upon to furnish a constant supply of water. Tbe abundance of the springs of tbe Crystalline area seems to be due chiefly tq tbe structural geology of tbe region. Tbe rocks, besides being largely of a complex and heterogeneous character, are much folded, contorted, fissured and sbeared. Such rocks absorb a comparatively high percentage of rainfall, whicb, after a short course underground, is again brought to the surface, by folds or fissures of the strata, to form spri~gs. As none of the rocks of tbe area are, strictly speaking, pervious or imperviolls, all may be said to be water-carriers, to a greater or less extent. Springs, therefore, haye no regular distribution, but are pretty evenly distributed throughout the region- The conditions for shallow wells in the Piedmont Plateau are quite favorable. The enti re area is usually covered, to a depth of many feet, with a mantle of somewhat sandy clays, which have resulted from the weathering of the underlying granites, gneisses, schists, etc. These lower layers of the residual clays are almost invariably saturated with water, which is a continuous source of supply to shallow wells of the region, except during long continued droughts. This class of wells has an extensive use throughout the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian Mountain divisions of the State. They are the main source of domestic water-supply for the rural districts, as well as for the small towns. The deep wells of the Crystalline rocks have not, as a general rule, been successful. In the majority of cases, the amount of water secured has been inadequate to supply the demand, for which sucb wells are constructed. In a few instances, however, as in the case of some of the Atlanta and Augusta wells, this class of wells furnish ample water to supply large manufacturing plants. THE PALEOZOIC ROCKS. - Tbe main water-bearing strata of the Paleozoic rocks are the limestones and the sandstones. The Paleozoic limestones and sandstones, together with their associated shales, have been thrown by lateral pressure into a number of long anticlinal and synclinal folds. The anticlinal folds, in most cases, have been decapitated, and are now replaced by valleys of erosion, while GENERAL NOTES ON UNDERGROUND WATERS 47 the synclinal form the intervening ridges. These structural condi- tions are usually unfayorable for flowing-wells: but, at the same time, they materially affect the underground water-supply by per- mitting the rainfall to be freely taken up by the upturned edges of the strata . These structural conditions also account for the nu- merous springs of the region, as \Yell as for their local distribution. The limestones, which are the main source of underground water- supply of the region, are the Chickamauga limestone and the Kn ox dolomite. The former has been quite extensiyely prospected for water by deep borings in the vicinity of Chickamauga Park. The majority of these wells, together with the deep wells in the same formation at Cedartown and Rockmart, furnish considerable water; but. in most instances, the water is obtained from fissures or cavities, and not from any special water-bearing bed. The same conditions, met with in the Chickamauga limestone, seem to occur in the Knox dolomite. at such places as have been prospected with the drill. The sandstones, which are above refe rred to as water-carriers) arc confined chiefly to Sand and Lookout mountains. At seyera! points on these mountains~ bore-holes, put down in prospecting for coal. have fU111ished considerable supplies of water. The various COrti mines, located on these mountains, also show that the sandstones arc water-carriers of importance. In addition to the deep wells, here referred to, there are also present throughout the Paleozoic area "cry favorable conditions for successful shallow wells. The resi dual days of the region. which usually ta ke up a comparatively high percentage of the rainfall. are generally of such thickness, as to re- tain sufficient water to furnish ample supply for all ordinary do- me,tic purposes. The Paleozoic, like the Crystalline area, is noted for its numerous springs. These springs, SOme of which furnish murmous quantities of water, are found most abundant in the 1ime- stone belts. or near the contact of the limestones and sandstones \\ ith the shales. Faults. also. to some extent, often govern the dis- tnbution of springs. The waters of the large springs frequently become muddy ~ after a heavy rainfall', and occasiona lly I duril1Ob ' a long drought. they become much reduced in volume. The smaller prings. On the other hand, seem to be but little affected by the CHAPTER V THE MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE DEEP-WELL WA'rERS OF THE COASTAL PLAt'\". The mineral constituents of the deep-,,ell waters of the Coastal Pla in vary from 70 to 1,160 parts per million. The total amount o f these constituents present, and the ratio they bear to each other, depend largely upon the character of the water-bearing strata. fro111 which the water is obtained . Thus, waters from highly calcareous rocks, such as the E ocene limestone, will carry a higher percentage of mineral matter than waters from the Cretaceous sands. In the -one case, the ch ief mineral constituent is carbonate of lime, and in the other, si lica . Another' element, which governs, to a greater or less extent, the total amount of mineral matter held in solution in the deep-well waters of the Coasta,l Plain, is the depth of the water- bearing strata below the surface. Other things being equal, the -greater the depth, the greater w ill be the amount o f miner,,-l matter l,eld in solution. The water-be",ring strata of the Cretaceous rocks me usually sands; and they therefore almost invariably yield soft waters. This is especially true of that part of the formation west of the Flint Ri ver, as is shown by the analysis of the water from the lower water-bearing stratum of the Albany well, and also by the analyses of the waters from the deep wells at Montezuma, F ort Gaines and Blakeley. all of which get their water-supply from the 'Cretaceous sands,. These soft Cretaceous waters, \yhich are well .adapted for technical purposes, can be had, oyer a large area west of the Flint Ri\'cr, by sinking we lls to a depth varying fr0111 400 to 1,200 feet. In contrast with these soft Cretaceous waters, are the almost uni- versally hard E ocene waters. These hard waters supply the deep wells of a g reater part of the Coastal Plain . They are encountered in the Savannah and \Vaycross wells at depths varying from 400 to (48 ) ;. " ;. /. "/. MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF DEEP-WELL WATERS 49 500 feet, and are the main source of the deer>-well supply, as far 110rth as Dublin and Hawkinsville. These waters usually carry from 50 to 175 parts per million of calcium carbonate, besides a considerable amount of magnesium carbonate. The Miocene and Pliocene deep-well waters usually differ but little from the Eocene waters. They all carry more or less calcium carbonate, and are generally unsatisfactory for boiler use. One rather interesting feature of the deer>-well ' waters of the Coastal Plain, shown by the chemical analyses, is the remarkably high percentage of phosphoric acid present in some of these waters. This peculiarity is ,,'ell illustrated by the analysis of the Baxley deepwell water, \\-hich carries 4 parts per million of phosphoric acid. These waters, with high phosphoric acid contents, appear to be confined to no special geological horizon. They are found in the Cretaceous and Eocene, as '\\,ell as in the Pliocene. It has been suggested, that. if these phosphatic waters were used for irrigation purposes, commercial fertilizers might, in a large measure, be dispensed with; as J 2 inches of water. used in irrigation, would be equal to nearly 200 pounds of commercial fertilizer per acre. C HAPTE R VI DETAILED DE SCRIPTION OF THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAII BY COUNTIES APPLING COUKTY The main sources of the domestic water-supply in Appling county, at present, are the shallow wells. These wells usually vary from 15 to 30 feet in depth, and furni sh an abundant supply of soft water. The source of supply of these wells appears to be mainly the Columbia and Lafayette sands and clays. However, in some instances, it is more than likely, that they penetrate the underlying }Iiocene bed s. BAXLEY. - ( Elevation, 205 feet above sca-Ievel.) The only deep wells in the coun ty are at Baxley, the county seat. One of these wells has a depth of 525 feet, and the other, a depth of 461 feet. The former, which is located about 100 feet from the latter, met with an accident before its completion; and it was finally abandoned. The well, having a depth of 461 feet, is 8 inches in diameter and is cased to 206 feet. The water-supply of this well, at present, is said to come from a water-bearing stratum at 210 feet from the surface. A second water-bearing stratum is reported at 408 feet; but no information was obtained as to the lithological character. or the thickness of these beels. Th e water r0111 the first stratul11 rises to within 90 feet of the surface. It is soft, clear, and well suited for domestic and manufacturing purposes, as is shown by the follow ing analysis. made by Dr. Edgar Everhart. Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia:- (So) UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 5' COllstituents DetermiHcd Parts per :\lillion Sili~ ...................... . . .. .. . . 97. 10 Sulphur Trioxide .................... . l. 34 Ca rbon Dtoxide ............. .. .... . . . 50 . 20 Phosphorus pentoxide ............... . +. 00 Chlorine .. . ....................... . 12.20 Iroll Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . ....... . 16.56 Lime ... . 5.50 ~Iagnes: a ...................... . ... . I. 19 Potash .............. . ..... . .... .... . 533 Soda ..... . ............... . ........ . 1779 Total Hardness ........ . .... .. ..... . 84.70 Probable COll/billalion Potassium Chloride ............... . .. 8.76 Soelium Chloriele ...... . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . 13. 22 Sodium Sulphate .. . ............... . . . .,.14 Sod ium Phosphate .... . .............. . 8.00 Sodium Carbonate ................. .. . 10.14 :\[agnesium Carbonate .. . ............ . 2.50 Calcium Carbonate . .......... .. ..... . 982 Total Solids ........... . ... .. .. . .. . .. 169.24 Grains per U. S. Gallon 5. 662 .080 2.930 ~33 .7 11 97 I .3 21 .06) . 311 1. 0 37 4939 .,SII 77 I . 183 .466 .59 1 .q.6 .57 2 Free Carbon Dioxiele. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40.36 2353 Sandstone, marl and shell rock a re said to have l,1een penetrated in the Baxley wells: but the thickness and oreler of succession of these beds could not be ascertained. The water-bearing strata of these wells are probably upper Eocene or lower Miocene. BAKER CO ~TY Baker county has numerous spr ings: but the chief sources of water-supply for domestic purposes are surface wells. which yary ir'llll 30 to 50 feet in depth. )'lan)" of the springs of the county itlrnish large \'o!umes of water : but they are usually located near the banks of the larger streams , and are subject to o\'erRow dur ing the wet season , Lc:'.ter's Spring on the Flint River, eight miles northeast of KewIon. and the so-called Blue Spring. within the corporate limits of 52 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN Newton, are good examples of the larger springs o ften met with in Baker county. The shallow \\"ells are confined ch ieA y to the Columbia and Lafayette forma tions : thoug h. in some cases, these w ells enter the underly ing Eocene li mestones. The water obtaIned f r0111 the latter deposits is llsually quite ha rel, and is generally regarded as l 111 healthful. NEWTON . ~ T he artesian well at N ewtoll, wh ich was completed 'in October, 1902, is the only deep \\"ell in the coun ty. Thi s well is 't,yO inches in diameter and 825 feet 'deep, and has a constant flo\\- of J 5 gallons per minute. The water ri ses 35 feet above the surface. ~I r. ]. B. Perry gi\'es the following yery meagre and imperfect record of the 1\ewton \\"ell: - 1 Sands and clays ........ ... .... ... . .... ... to 80 feet 2 Rock ... . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '~380 " 3 Qu icksand and rock ..... . ............ . .... a 580 4 Ma rl. sanel and rock ........... . ...... . . . .. " 680 " J ,la r! ......... . ........... . . . ........... " 800 " 6 \ Vhite honeycombed rock ................... II 82 5 " The reco rd o f the well. here gi ven, seems to co rrespond fa irly well with the recorel of the Albany wells ; and the \Yater-supply is, there- fore, thought to come from the upper beds o f the Cretaceous. T he analysis of the water from the N ewton well, made by Dr. Edgar E verhart, Chemi st of the Geological Sun'ey o f Georgi a, is as follo ws : - Parts per Gra ins per COllstitl/ellts Determin ed Million U. S. Gallon Silica . . .... . ... . ...... . ... .. .. . . .... 19. 80 Sulphur Trioxide .... . . . . ........ . . .. . 775 Carbon Dioxiele . ... .. ................. 190 . 80 Chlorine .. . ..... . ..... . . . ..... . ..... 7 . 00 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. . . .. ... 3.56 Lime.. . .. ........ . . . ..... .. . . .. .... 6.3 1 Magnesia . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 25 Potash ... . ... . ..... .. . .. ... . . .. ..... '2 . 32 Soda ................. . ... . 78 . 83 Total Hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.60 Permanent Hardness ...... .. . ... .. ... 22 .80 I.ISS .45 2 II.IIi . 408 .208 . 368 . 306 . 106 4. 656 1.55 1 1.32 9 UNDERGROUND W A TERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN Parts per Probable COIl/billation Milli o n Potass'um Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.68 Sodium Chloride.. .......... .. . .. .. .. 8.65 Sodium Sulphate .... ....... ..... ..... 13.75 Sodium Phosphate .. . ...... . . . ....... trace Sodium Carbonate ............ .. ...... 1I 8 . 39 ~[agllesit1I11 Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I 1.02 Calci um Carbonate ... _. . . .. . . . .. ..... I I .27 Total Solids ........... . ...... . ...... 190.12 Free Carbon Dioxide .............. . ... 130. 92 Grain s per U . S. Gallon . 21 5 .50 4 .802 trace 6. 90 4 . 643 .65 7 11. 087 7. 635 BERRIEN COUNTY Shallow well s are the chief source of the domestic water-supply in Berrien county. No springs of importance are reported. Successful deep \\'ells have been completed at A del, Tifton and Mill- town. : \OEL. - ( Elevatioll, 246 feet above sea-level.) The Adel well, completed in 1893. is 40 inches in diameter and 280 feet deep. The \\'ater ri ses to within r 54 feet of the surface. Mr. J. B. Spencer iurnishes the following record:- Sandy soi l ........ . ........ .. . . . . . . . ... ... . 2 feet 2 Red clay ............. ... ............. . ... . 10 " 3 \\' hite sand ... ................ . ...... 10 " 4- Bille clay w ith sandstone bowlders . .. " ......... . 125 " ,; Fine white sand .... . ...................... . 25 " 6 Limestone with thin layers of flint, .. .......... . 100 " The main water-supply in this \Yell is said to come from the lime- stone. 229 feet from the surface. TIFTON. - ( Elevatioll, 3-13 feet ab ove sea-level.) Cal'!. H. H. Tift's \\'el l. at Tifton , was completed in r 896, at a depth of 360 fee!. It is 8 inches in diameter. \Vater rises to within 80 feet of the surface. Two or three water-bearing strata are reported; but their depths were not given. Limestone is said to have been struck at 260 feet. 54 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN The following analysis of the water from the Tift well was made by Dr. H. C. White. of the University of Georgia:- Sohds Dissolved Grains per Gallon Carbonate of Lime... .... . ...... . .......... 10.642 Carbonate of Soda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbonate of Iron ...... .. . . .. .... . . ... .. ... . 0.579 0.013 Carbonate of Magnesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphate of Potash.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.149 0.536 Sulphate of Soda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride. . . .. . ...... . . . .. .. . . . . . ... . 0.64 I 0.065 Alumina .............. . ...... . .. . ........ 0.614 Silica . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . ....... ... .. . . .. ... . .. .932 Organic lVIatter . .. . . . . ..... . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. .4II Parts per Million Free A lnnlonia ......... . . . . . . ... . .. .. ..... . Albuminoid Ammonia ...... . . . ... .. .... .. . . . none 0.020 Color ................... .. . . . . . .... ... . . . . Odor ...... . . ..... . . . ...... ............. Sediment ........ . .... . . . ..... ... . .. .. . . .. . clear none none The following notes, made by Mr. "V. "V. Bumham on the Tifton Ice and Power Company's well, have been fumished by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Ch,ef of the Division of Hydro-Economics. U . S. Geological Survey:- " The well is located near the station, about 10 ieet abo" e the railroad track. It is 6 inches in diameter, 572;1, feet deep, and is used chiefly to supply an ice factory. The water rises to within II5 feet of the surface. It is rai sed with an air lift having a maximum ca- pacity of '135 gallons per minute. The well cost $2,090, and the pumping plant, $1,000. The section of the well is as follows : - I Surface soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . feet 2 Clay and sand ... .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 " 3 Sand rock ..... . ............ . . .. .... . .. . .. 20 " 4 Rock and clay (20-foot layers ) .. .. ..... . ...... ioo " 5 Qu icksand ........................ . ...... . . 25 It 6 From 270 to 3QO, hard flint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 " , 7 From 300 to 512, porous limestone .. . .. . ... . .. . 212 " \i\Tater in caverns at 340 and 512 feet." UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTIIL PLAIN SS The following field analysis of water from the Tifton Ice and Power Company's well was made bl' Mr. \ V. ' V. Burnham' emlstill/ellts Determined Parts per Million Chlorine . . ..... . .................... . Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate ........ . Scale-fanning Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .. Alkali Carbonates as Sodium Carbonate . . . .. ... . Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate . ........ . Sulphur Triox ide ...... . .. . ... . .. . .... . .... . Iron ........ . .... .. ... . ..... . .. . .. . .. . . . . . 4 0 It6.0 38 . 0 82.6 none 05 Odor (air-lift) Hydrogen Sulphide . . . . . .. . .. . . . Color ...... .. ... . .. . ... . . . Turbidity . . ... . ..... .. .......... . .. .. . . ... . Temperature ... . ...... . . .. ............ . 1.0 none none Analysis of the same water by Boiler Compound Company IS as follows: COl/slill/wls Deterll/il/ed Grains per Gallon Sodium Chloride .......... . ....... .. ....... Calcium Sulphate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :llagnesium Ca rbonate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calcium Carbonate . . ........ . . .. .. ...... . . . . Silica ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . ... ... . .. .... Iron Oxide and Alumina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 18 4. II .99 2. I I . 92 .22 Total .. . ... .. ................ . . .. . .. . . . . 10.26 ~IJUTOIVN. - The G. V. Gress Lumber Company's well, located :.1 :llilltown. was completed October 25th, 1903. T he well is 6 inches in diameter and 260 feet deep ; and it furnishes a good supply of slliphureted water, rising to within 80 feet of the surface. The I F.XI'LASATOR\' :s'OTR -Total carbonates are detennilled by ascertai ni ng :11l10unt of acid 1lRd rily lip lot" b~' the:! aklnll11ity wholly calciulIl of the water. It t."arhollnte. The is expressed in scale fOfming terms of en CO3, bllt may 1I0t necessa carbonates. as determined ill this se. rift, of te'ts, .~h "l\Ild be looked upon rather with suspicion. AS a field method it was a IU'W one aDd had not been sufficiently tried. III the determination of sca le-forming carbonates. the sam. pic wa. boiled, titmted with acid, and calculated as Ca CO. This subtracted from total carbonabolan.RIl\'e the carbo IIUt es preCIp.itatedonbOI' l.ing, win,ch hav~ e been. deSignated as scale-rorul.lugcar I~,. U the :11110 1l1lt o f thes e is correct it prob.."lbly gh'es a fair idea of th e calcium carbona te coaletlt of. the water Total hardness as Ca COs was determined by titrating with a standard :r~lnt\oll and is merely expressed as calcium carbonate in o rder to have some con\'eniellt ':'tIII eo reference, The total h'lrdnes.~. as will probnblv be noticed seeUlS to be dependent UPOIl .ul.llhnle~ ill the water, So that. outside of beil~ g il1 dicnti\'~ of tlte industrial va lue of the Itt, It merely 5en'('s as a check upon the carbonates and sulphates. 56 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CO A STA L PLAIN main water-supply is said to come from sancl, 100 feet from the surface. The water is used fo r drinking and other purposes. The water-bearing strata of the Adel and Tifton wells is Vicksburg-Jackson limestone; but the Milltown welI probably obta ins its supply from the Miocene sands. BIBB COUNTY The fall-line, separating the Coastal Plain from the Crystalline area, divides Bibb county in to two nearly equal divisions. The northern portion, whi ch consists of the Crystalline rocks. is wel! supplied with small springs; but the main reliance for domestic water-supply is shallow welIs. South of the fall-line . or within the Coastal Plain area, in addition to springs and shallow wells. there is also a number of cleep wells. MACON. - (Elevatioll,1333 feet above sea-level.) One of the first attempts to obtain water in Bibb county, by means of deep boring, was made by the Acme Brewing Company in the city of Macon in 1890. This well, which is located less than a mile south of the contact of the CrystalIine rocks with the Cretaceous, is said to attain a depth of 955 feet. With the exception of the first one or two hund red feet, which consist of the Columbia and Lafayette and Cretaceous sands and clays, the well penetrated the Crystalline rocks. These last, and al so the overlying clastics at this poi nt, were found to be practically barren of water. and the well was therefore unsucessfuI. South of Macon, the condition for successful deep wells seem to be more promi sing. However, e\'en in that portion of the county, these wells have not met with success, in all cases. In most instances, water-bearing strata \yere penetrated; but quicksands were often difficult to control, 2.nd, at any time, likely to shut off or decrease the water supply. 1IIr. H. R. Teal, a weII contractor, who has had considerable experience in constructing wells in the southern pa rt of Bibb county, informs the writer, that the water-bearing beds o f the region are very variable, and that, in some places, they appear to be entirely wanting, or furni sh only a meagre supply. > ~ g ;.: ~ r: .::: ::: ::: ~ .i r. a o::: ='1 0 ; ~ ~ ~ = ~ -; ~ ~ ~ g :: .::: ~ _ :-,:i; =;,; :~: ~ / UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 5i The J. D . Whiteside well is located on the Macon-Perry public road, seven miles south of Macon. It was completed in 1899; and it has a depth of 190 feet, and is three inches in diameter. No data were secured concen1ing the various strata penetrated in its construction. The water, at present, is reported to stand within 90 feet of the surface, and to come from gravel beds at some point near the bottom of the well. WALDEN. - Mr. J. B. Willis's well, near Walden, is reported to have a depth of 260 feet, and to yield two gallons per minute. The water rises to within 80 feet of the surface, and is remarkably pure, as is shown by the following analysis, made by Mr. A. M. Lloyd, of Atlanta: - Co"s!i!"e,, !s De!er1llined Grains per U. S. Gallon Carbonate of Lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbonate of Magnesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sesqui-oxide of Iron and Alumina . . . . . . .. .. . . .. Sodium Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2436 o. I 136 0.1456 o. 1654 Potassium Sulphate ............. . ... .. ...... Silica ......... ... ......................... Sodium Silicate..... ....... ..... .. . . . .... ... Organic and Volatile lIlatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1306 0.4785 0.0727 0 .0330 Total Solids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I .3830 In addition to the deep well. just described, there are two others located in the vicinity of \.valden, from which partial reports have heen secured. One of these wells, owned by Mr. B. F. Vinson. is iour inches in diameter, and has a depth of 185 feet. The water, which rises within 80 feet of the surface. is reported to come from sand near the bottom of the well. A water-bearing stratum is also ...aid to occur, 75 feet below the surface. The other well , above re- ferred to. owned by Mr. \.v. J. \Villis, has the same diameter as the \'inson well; but it is only 165 feet deep. The water in this well rises to within 60 feet of the surface, and is reported to come from a bed of coarse sand and gravel at the bottom. lI1r. \.villis notes the OCcurrence of flint (?) rock, 20 feet thick, in this well, at a depth of 115 feet, and also, a soft rock, about the same thickness, only a few reet above the water-bearing stratum. 58 U.vDERGROU.VD WATERS OF THE COASTA L PLAIN The water-supply of all the deep well s in Bibb county appears to come from the basal member of the Cretaceous deposits, or the Potomac formation. Ho\yever, the records of the wells are too meagre, t o give any detai led description of these beds. BROOKS COUNTY \Vith the exception of the town of Quitman, the entire domestic water-suppl y of Brooks county is practically obta ined from the s hallow wells, which penetrate the Lafayette sandy clays, or the underlyi ng I\1iocene beds. There are a few large springs in the county; but they are always located in more or less inaccessible -places; and, as a result, they are only occasionally used for domestic, o r other purposes. There is, however, in the case of the so-called Bl ue or \VacIe IVli neral-spring, a rather marked exception to thi s general rule. This spring, which is located ~ear the right bank of the \ Vith lacoochee RiYer, se,-en miles east o f Quitman. has, in recent years, become quite a local pleasure resort. The improvements consist o f a small hotel, Of boa rding-house, and a number of cottages, for the accommodation of guests. The spring is a typical so-called blue spring, of the limestone region of South Georgia. It seems to be the outlet of a large subterranean stream, which ascends, with considerable force, through a large opening. A t the time of the -writer's visit to the spring, in November, 1903, a rough estimate showed, that it was then flowing about IS million gallons per day. It was learned, however, tha t, during an extremely dry season, some years ago, the spring went dry. A nother of these large springs, kn own as the ).[CIntyre Spring, having probably tw ice the capacity of the Blue Spring. is to be seen in \Vithlacoochee River, near the Georgia-Florida line, 15 miles southeast o f Quitman. QUITMA N. - (Eleva/ ioll, I8I feet above sea-level.) The deep wells of Brooks county are confined to Qu itman and vicinity. The first of these wells. \\"hich is said io ha,e attained a depth of JOO feet, was constructed by the town of Quitman, at a cost of about $3,000, in ,884. UNDERGROUN D WATERS OF THE COASTA L PL.4f.V 59 Dr. J. \\T. Spencer, formerl), State Geologi st of Georgia, giyes the following record o f the \,"ell : - ! Cia), and sand to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70 feet 2 Soft rock in seams to . ......... .. .......... . . roo H Rock 3 ft.. after which the drill fell 6 ft. into a stream of water to .. . .. ....... .. . .. . .. .. ... 109 " 3 Soft rock and sand to ...... . .............. .. . 186 " -I Hard flint rock ... . ......... . ................ thin la)'er 5 Quicksand and hard rock in beds, 1 to 3 ft. thick to . 300 feet 6 Sand and cia)' to ....... , ... . .... . ...... '.. .. . 340 " 7 Sand to ...... .. . ... .... . ...... . .. . ..... . . 385 " Since the completion of the well, here described, three other deep wells have been put down , within the corporate limits of Quitman. One of these wells, which is located at the pumping-station, and now supplies the town with water, has a depth of 32 1 feet. It penetrates water-bearing strata at depth s of 123 and 310 feet. Both of these water-bearing strata funli sh a large supply of \vater. The analysis of the water from the second water-bearing stratum, made by Dr. Edgar E verhart, Chemi st of the Geological Sun'e), of Ceorg ia. is as follo\\"s : - Parts per CO llslilll Cllts Determin ed Million ~ilica ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28.10 Sulphur Trioxide ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace Carbon Dioxide ........ . .. . . .. ....... 176 . 00 Phn' phorlls Pentoxide .. . ... .......... trace Chlorine .............. . ..... ....... 5. 80 Alumina ., ... ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .00 Iron Sesqui-oxide .... .. ..... . . .. .. .. '. 18 . 80 Linlc ... . ........... . ....... . ....... 32 .50 lfagnesia . . .... . . ... . .... . . ," , . ,",. 15,10 POla,h . ...... . .. . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 80 I. ............. . ....... . ......... 5.50 I CeQI Slln'. o f G.~...v..r81.3 , F' l' rst Report of Progre ss, 1891, p. i4 . Grains per U. S. Gallon 1.639 trace 10 . 26 3 trace .338 .291 1. 0 95 1.92 4 .880 .046 .3 21 60 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN Parts per Probable COII/billation MiJ1ion Potassium Chloride .. . ............ .. . 1.30 Sodium Chloride ........... ......... 8.60 Sodium Phosphate ... . . . .. .. .. ... . ... trace Sodium Carbonate ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.80 Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58.00 ).Jagnesium Carbonate . .......... ..... 31.70 Total Solids ............ . ... . . . ..... 153.30 Free Carbon Dioxide . ............... . 133.13 Grai ns per U. S. Gal10n .075 .501 trace .105 3,82 1.848 8.9+0 8764 The two other wel1s . above referred to. within the city limits of Quitman. attain depths of 120 and 310 feet, respecti vely. The shal- lower well shows the following record: - T Surface sands .. . ................ . ....... to 2 feet 2 Vari-colored clay . .......... . .. . .... .. .. . . " 62 " 3 Yellow sand .......... . .................. " 77 " 4 Gray, sandy clay . . . . ..................... " 120 " 5 Porous limestone (water-beari ng). . ...... ... (?) The first water-bearing stratum, in all the deep wells of Quitman , appears to be a cavernous limestone, which is always readily recognized, by the dropping of the dril1 from 2 to 9 feet, when it is first encountered. The deep \\'el1 at the Oglesby Mil1, three-quarters of a mile northwest of Quitman, and also the Quitman Power Company's well, about t\\'o miles northeast of Quitman, each penetrateand receive their water-supply from this cayernOlts limestone. The water-bearing strata in the Quitman \\'ells appear to belong to the Cpper Vicksburg-Jackson rocks. BRYA::\ COUNTY The domestic water-supply of Bryan county is derived almost entirely either from dug or driven welis, which vary from r5 to 30 feet in depth. No springs of any importance are reported in the county. Theonly deep wel1s are located at or near \,yay's station in the eastern part q,f the county, a short distance west of the Ogeechee River. UXDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAI.V O! There are four of these wells, the first of which was put down by the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad, now the Seaboard A;r Line Railway, in 1895. This well, located about half-a-mile west of the river. is three inches in diameter, and 460 feet deep, and furnishes a flow , 20 feet above the su rface. \Vater-beari llg strata are reported at 340 and 440 feet, respectively. The water is used to supply the water-tank of the railroad; and it is also used by the people living near by. for drinking and general domestic pllrposes. The following fi eld-analvsis of ,,'ater fro m this "'ell , made by 11'[r. \\'. \\'. Burnham. was furnished by :\1. O. Leighton. Chief of the Di\'ision of H ydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Sur vey : - Cons/1"'ltCll/S Determined Parts per Million ~I~ine. . . . .... .... . Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .... . .. . . Scale-forming Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate . . .-\Ikali Ca rbonates as Sodium Carbonate ..... , .. . Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate ......... . . Sulphur Trioxide ........ . ......... .. . ..... . Iron ................ . ........ .. , .... . . ... . Odor. Hydrogen Sulphide .... . . . .... ... . .... . Color ....... .. . .. .............. . ........ . . 6. 5 10-1- . 0 21.0 88.0 124. 0 trace 05 2.0 non e Turbidity .................. . .. . .. . .. .... .. . none Temperature, F . (estimated ) .. . .. . .. . ..... 72 Mr. Burnham secured the following notes from Mr. Bailey Carpenter, on his well located at Way's station: Depth, 345 feet: di- ameter, 10 inches; flow, 2S feet above the surface. The water is used for domestic purposes. The field-analysis of the water from the Carpenter well, by Mr. Burnham, is as follows : - COllstituents Determined Parts per Million Ch lorine .. . ....... .... ...... . ..... .. ..... . Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .... .. .. . cale-forming Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .. Alkali Carbonates as Sodium Carbonate ...... .. . Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate .. . ....... . Sulphur Trioxide .... . .... .. .... . .... .. . . .. . Iron ....... . . . . .. . . .. .. ............ . . . . :. 40 I I 1.0 8.0 109 . 0 110 . 0 trace trace 62 UJYDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN Parts per Million Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide. . .. ... ... . .. ... .. .. 3.0 ' Color ....... . .. . .. . ......... .... . ... . .. . .. none Turbidity ... .. .... ........ . .. . . . .. .. ... . . none Temperature, F. (estimated) ... .. . .. .... . 70 BULLOCH COU:- ~ " ~ ~ ~ t>} , "v, = C> ." " / C ;:: = " "C""'~"> / "" > = / " = 6 ,/. ;:; , ~ = ; / :; .". " UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 73 Thunderbolt, five miles southeast of Savannah. The geological conditions in Chatham county are very unfavorable for large springs; but, on the other hand, they are quite favorable for both shallow and deep wells. The latter class of wells, which are quite numerous in the city of Savannah and on Tybee Island, is also to be found at Bonaventure, Thunderbolt and Pooler. SAVANNAH. - The second successful flowing well in Georgia was put down in Savannah by Capt. D. G. Purse, in 1885. This well had a depth of about 500 feet, and furnished a flow only 18 inches above the surface. The success of the well demonstrated, that there existed beneath the city a supply of artesian water; and, in a short time, three other wells were commenced and successfully completed. The city at present obtains its water-supply, amounting to something like eight millions of gallons daily, from 13 of these wells, 12 inches in diameter, and varying fro111 475 to 1,500 feet in depth. These wells are located about 100 feet apart, and are all connected with a comm011 aqueduct leading to the pumpingstation . Formerly, the natural flow of the wells was sufficient to supply the reservoir at the pumping station; but, in the last few years, the flow has been so reduced, that all the wells have now to be pumped in' order to secure sufficient water for the city. It was supposed, at one time, that this decrease in flow was due to the fil1ing of the casings with sand or other material; but it is now generally regarded as due chiefly to an overdraft on the water-bearing strata. In addition to the wells, aboye described, the city has also 25 other wells at the old water-works. These wells vary from four to ten inches in diameter, and from 380 to 500 feet in depth. Besides the city wells, there are also a large number of private wells, making a total within the city limits of probably more than fifty. The character of the water from the Savannah deep wells is shown by the following analysis, made by Dl C. F. Chandler, of Columbia University, New York City, in 1886 : - I Appearance in Two-foot Tube Clear; COlorless, Odorless and Tasteless. 74 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN COllstiltlellts Determilled Grains per U. S. GaJlon Chlorine in Chlorides ........ . ................ . 0. 61 92 Equivalent to Sodium'Chloride ............ . .... . I. 02 18 Phosphates .... . ............. . ....... .. ..... trace Nitrites .................... . ............... none Nitrogen in Nitrates . . . .. . .... ...... . ....... .. . 0.0288 Free Ammonia .. .......................... . . . none Albuminoid Ammonia .... . ............. . ..... . 0. 001 7 Hal'dness, Equivalent to Carbonate of Lime before Boiling ... . .... .. ........... . ............. . 4. 0463 Hardness, Equivalent to Carbonate of Lime after Boiling .......... .. . . ....... . ..... .... .... . 1.7804 Soda .......................... ... .... .. .. .. . 0 . 7987 Potassa .......... . . . .... . ... .. . .... .. . . .. . . . 0. 12 52 Lime... . .. . . . ... .. .............. . .. . 2 .0344 Magnesia ........... . .. . ..... .. ............. 0.7093 Oxide of Iron and Alumina .... . ....... . .. . .. .. . 0. 0233 Silica ..... . ..................... . ... . ..... 3 . 1929 Sulphuric Acid . . ... . .............. . .... . .... . 0.5 160 Equivalent to Sulphate of Lime ..... .. . ... . .. . . . . 0.8772 Organic and Volatile "latter ........ . .. .. .. . .... 0.5832 Mineral Matter ............................. . . 12. 8299 Total Solids at 110 C ............ . . . .. . ...... . . 13.4 13 1 Biological Analysis : - 227 Colonies in I Cubic Centimeter. The foJlo\\'ing field-analyses of the Sa\'annah deep-weJl \\'ater, made by Mr. Burnham, December 15, 1904, was furnished by li1r. 11. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Sun'ey: - Parts per Million COllstitllellts Determilled No. I NO.2 Chlorine .. . ... . .. . ......... .. ...... .... . . 1I.5 Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate .. . . . . . 135.0 Scale-forming Carbonates as Calciu'I11 Carbonate. none 6 .5 103 . 0 7.0 Alkali Carbonates as Sodium Carbonate ...... . 143.0 102.0 'fotal I-Iardness as Calcium Carbonate . .. . ... . . 138.0 Sulphur Trioxide ........................ . 10.0 1I0 . 0 5.0 Iron . . ................................. . trace trace U,YDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAI.V 75 Parts per Million :\: o. 1 1'0. 2 Color ............... .. .. .. .. ... ... ... .. . nOne none Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ...... . .. . .. . .... . 1.0 Turbidity ...... .. ........ .' . .. .. . .. . . .. .. none 3.0 n Olle Temperature, F. (estimated) ............ 78 Sample No. I , from city weli, 1,500 feet deep. Sample No.2, from city weils, varying from 350 to 500 feet. From a series of samples of well borings furnished by the Super- intendent of the Sa\'a1111ah \i\Tater-works, the fo llowing notes have been made by the writer: - I Fine, sandy clay ,dth a few fragillents of fossiliferous limestone, lnc re or less rounded by the motion of the water . ............... .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . to 30 feet 2 D ark grayish green marl containing rounded pebbles and fragments of oyster shells with a few grains of glauconite . ..... .. .............. .. ..... . " So " 3 The same as aboye . ....... . .. . .. . ... . . .. ..... " 60 " 4 The same as above . ..... . .................... H 70 " 5 Very tough, dark-colored clays with quartz pebbles and glauconite .. .. .......... . ............. H 80 " 6 Brownish-colored clay containing dental plates of rays and minute rhombohedrons o f calcite . ..... II 90 " 7 Greenish-gray clay, containing fragments of shells and shark's teeth ...... .. ... . .. . .. . ... . .... H roo " 8 The same as above; it also contains dental plates of rays ............... .. . .. .. ..... ......... . " 120 " 9 Greenish-gray clay, frequently indurated . ....... . " 130 " 10 The same as above . .. . ........ ... ........ .. .. " 160 " II Gray marl with round pebbles and glauconite. Microscopic examinati on shows the marl to consist largely of rhombohedral crystals of calcite .... .. " 180 " 12 Greenish-g ray marl, containing waterworn pebbles of feld spar and quartz. Calcite crystals are also abundant .. . .. . . .. ...... . . .. ...... . .... ... " 190 " 13 The same as above . .... . . . . . .. . .. ..... .. . .... " 200 " 14 The same as above .. .......... .. ..... .. .... . . " 2 10 " IS Dark-g ray clay w ith a few water worn pebbles . .... " 230 " 16 Dark-gray marl, containing fragments of corals, sea- urchins etc . ............ . ....... .. . ... .. . .. " 290 " UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 17 \ ;Vhite, porous, concretionary fossil iferous limestone, foraminifera, fragments of oyster shells, and spines of sea-urchins, com1110n . .... .. . .. ... .. . to 320 feet 18 More or less compact gray limestone, containing fossils similar to those of the overlying beds; also, a few rema in s of gastropods . . . .. ... .... . . . .. "330 H 19 "Vhite, concretionary limestone with fossils simi lar to the above . . . .. ... . .......... . ......... .. H 400 " 20 Gray marl, often hardened into a porous rock containing fragments of oysters, pectens, crino id stems, foraminifera, and sma ll crystals of calcite. If 410 " 21 The same as above, except that it contains fewer crinoid stems .. . . .. ........... . .......... . . "413 " 22 Very white, chalky limestone, made up largely of coral .. ..... . . .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. . ... .. .. .. " 440 H 23 Gray coralline limestone, containing glauconite and many crinoid stems . . .... .. ....... . ... .. . .. . H 450 " 24 The same as above; glauconite ahlmdant . ........ "475 " D ark greenish-gray marl, with glauconite filling casts of corals and foraminifera. The specimen also contains fragments of compact coralline limestone, which probably formed thin layers in the n1arl ........... . ........ . . .. ... . . .... ... " 5 10 It Specimens of fossils from these borings, obtained at 510 feet, were identified by Dr. W. H. Dall, as belonging to the Ocala horizon, which, according to his classification in Bulletin No. 84, U . S. Geological Suryey, pub);Shed in 1892, is Upper Eocene. The material from the surface to 120 feet was found to be mixed; how- eyer, he thought it was "perhaps 1 Iiocene." The number and depth of the different water-bearing stra ta in the Savannah wells are not gi\en; but, judgi ng from the depths of the wells, the first water- bearing stratum occurs between 300 and 400 feet from the surface. TYBEE I SLAND. - The first deep well, constructed on Tybee I sland, was put down by Capt. D. G. Purse, in 1885, shortly after the completion of the first deep well in Savannah. This well is two inches in diameter and 240 feet deep. The water rises IS feet above the surface. Shortly after the completion of this well, two Wren c LOllisville :: :.~-:.': I~~~~~:::(S ,;: ;0... Aft/len ~:-:::::I marl Is ,,,200 " ,Is \, \ . ,,,,,',,,'_i'dJ,s3'00 \ " , , , 'V\ 'r \ %\ 9; 'f$0' f}over c /nar! Eden rSaVclTlllan c marl 1if!ee , , --- '..LZl!.-' 1_ _ _ , " "I___ I ,z!~~, 0" ~s,,.,., t. , ~J8'O' \ \ I. \ ,. ~"-';-;-;'l ~-.2 ~- rt~,:.: 'S, CRETACEOUS nC;, C - CLAY S - SAND /S - L/f/EsrONE I71fr/ \I-~-::,., 5'00' Ftc . 2.-Secli.ons of Dee p \Vclls {rom Wrens, JclTcrsoli Cou nty, to Tybee, Chalhnm County, Showing l he Depth s and the Gcologicalll orizolls of lh~ ~ I nin \Valer-bearing S tra ta. 78 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN others were bored, which attained about the sall,e depth, and furnished a similar fl ow. One of these last named wells, which is located near the steamboat landing at the north end of the island, is said to be sl ightly affected by the tides. The water, which is used largely to supply the hotels and cottages on the island, is of excellent quality, for domestic purposes, as is shown by the following analysis by Dr. C. F. Chandler, Columbia U ni versity, New York City, 1886 : - Appea rance in T wo-foot Tube, Clear, Very Light Straw Color. Odor, none. Taste, none. Grains per U . S. Gallon COllstituellts Deterlllillcd of 231 Cll. inches Chlorine in Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .7231 Chlorine, Equivalent to Sodium Chloride. . . . . . . . 1. 920 Phosphates ........ . .... .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . t r a ce Nitri~.... ........... . . . .... . . . .. .. . .. . .. n~ Nitrogen in Nitrates ...... .... . . . ........ . ! .. 0.0134 Free Ammonia ............................ . 0 .0026 Albuminoid Ammonia ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .0055 Hardness, Equivalent to Carbonate of L ime before ~Iing . .. .... ... .... .. .. .. .. .. . . ....... . Hardness, Equi valent to Carbonate of Lime after boiling ...... .. ..... . ......... . .. . ..... . . Soda . . .......................... . .. . ... .. . Potassa ... .. . . . ... . .. . .. . ....... ... . . .. . . . Linle ............... .. .. . ... .. ... .. . . . .. . . 3 . 77 1 5 1. 3464 0 . 1844 1. 8142 ;"Iagnesia .......................... .. ... .. . 1.0322 Sesqui-oxide of Iron and Alumina ............. . Silica ....... . .. ............ ... .. . . .. . .. . Sulphuric Acid .. . ........ . .. .. . . . . . ... .. .. . Equivalent to Sulphate of Lime .. ... . ... . .. ... . Organic and Volatile NIatter. ....... .. . . . . .. . . :'Iineral Matter ........................... . 0 . 0233 3 . 4902 0.5 691 0 .9675 0 . 5832 6 ..P5 2 T otal Solids at 1 ro O C . .. ....... .. .......... . 6 .9984 UNDERGROUND W.-lTERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 79 Analysis of water from Tybee \ Vell made by Prof. H. C. \Vhite, of the University of Georgia, in 1885 : - Solid Matter Di ssolved Grains per U. S. Gallon Carbonate of Lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 1328 Carbonate of Sodium .... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.441 I Sulphate of Soda .......... . .. . .. . ..... . ... . 2.1263 Sulphate of Lime ........ . . .. ...... . .... .. . . 0.7542 Sulphate of :-Iagnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .0563 Carbonate of Iron . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. 0.0180 Silicate of Soda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. T232 Silica ... . ..... " ..... ....... .. .......... . 0.0655 Organic l\Iatter and Combined \Vater. . . .. . ... . . o. r022 T otal Solids Dissolved .. . .. . .. . ... ..... ...... 10 . 8198 :\itrates, free and albuminoid ammonia practically none. The following additional notes on the T ybee "'ell, made by Mr. \\'. \\T. Burnham, has been furnished by :-Ir. i\I. O. Le;ghton, Chief of the Division of HydroEconomics, U . S. Geological Sun'ey:- The Tybee Artesian, Ice, \i\Tater and Irrigation COll1pally's well is located near the railroad, on Tybee I sland, about 13 feet above sea-level. The well is three inches in diameter, 158 feet deep, and barely furnishes a flow during low tide. The water from this \Yell, which is sulphureted, is used ~or boiler, irrigation and general domestic purposes. The Fort Screven well, put down in July, 1902, near the center of ihe reservation owned by the United Sttates \Var Department, .is six inches in diameter and 156 feet deep. It flows about 42 gallons per minute; but, like some of the other wells 011 the island, it is affected more or less by the tides. The water is used to supply Fort Screven. The field-analysis of the water from this well, made by :-lr. Burnham, is as follows: - COllstitllellts Determined Parts per Million Chlorine ........ . ....................... 6. 5 Total Carbonates as Calcium Ca rbonate . . . . .. 103.0 Scaie-form z " r > c < () o c Z -; ~ c v. ~ o 6 o ,; > UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 105 EARLY COUNTY There are numerous springs reported in Early county; but the main source of domestic water-supply is the shallow wells. These wells, which vary from 20 to 60 feet in depth, obtain their watersupply chiefly from the Lafayette. In the absence or the thinning of this superficial deposit, the wells penetrate the Eocene beds. The water-supply from the latter beds, especially when they consist of what is known as "rotten limestone," is not so satisfactory for domestic purposes, as the water from the former. This is due to the hardness of the water from the Eocene beds. The water from the Lafayette deposit is always soft; and, when not contaminated by surface impurities, it is a most desirable ,:vater for manufacturing and domestic purposes. The deep wells of Early county, which are located at Blakely, Damascus ancl Kara are here described: - BLAKELY. -The Blakely deep well, completed in June, '902. at a cost of about $3,000.00. has a depth of 8, 2 feet and varies from six to ten inches in diameter. Three different water-bearing strata are reported in this well, at 250, 570 and 812 feet, respecti\'ely. The third stratum, wh ich now supplies the city \vlth water, furnishes 290 gallons per minute, without perceptibly lo\yering the static head of water in the well. The water from the third stratum rises to within '9 feet of the surface. The static head of the other waterbearing strata was not reported. The following record of the Blakely well has been furnished by Mr. S. S. Chandler, the well contractor, supplemented by a few geological notes by Dr. T. \\layland Vaughan : - Red, sandy clay ....... . ............. . . . ... from , to 10 it. Coarse, grayish sand . .. . . . . . ........... ~ .. " IO " 20 " Coarse, light-yellowish sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " Yellowish, cllerty limestone (Vicksburg)..... . " Yellowish, or g rayish, sandstone. . . . . . . . . . . . .. " Light-colored, almost white, calcareous sandstone, 20 " 30 " 30 " 40 " 40 " 50 " probably base of Vicksburg-J ackson . . . . . . . . " Gray sands, darker at bottom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. H Greenish sands, with ostrea divaricata . . . . . . . .. H Fine, gray sand, hard ledge at bottom. . . . . . . .. " 50 " 70 " 70 H 140 " '40 " 160 " 160 " 285 " 106 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN Fine sand, with some clay ... . ........ .. ....from 285 to 290 ft. Bluish clay .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 290" 490 " Quartz sand, with glauconite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 490" 500 H Hard sandstone with glauconite. Two oysters, apparently gr,:yp!t((!Q and e_1.~og)'ra costata . . . .. " SOD "SID" Grayish or bluish sands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 5 10 "SSo " From 580 feet to the bottom of the well, limestone interstratified with clays and sands is reported. The third water-bearing stratum, which is probably upper Cretaceous, is said to consist of a coarse sand. The analysis of the water from the third water-bearing stratum, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemi st of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: - Parts per Constituents Determined Million Silica ......... .. .. .... ........ . . . . 8.02 Sulphur Trioxide .. .. .. ... . ... . . . . . . Carbon Dioxide .. ............... . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ............. . Chlorine . . . .. .. . . ... .. . ......... . . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . . . ... . Lime ................... . ........ . ~Iagnesia . .. .. . . .. . ...... , ....... . . Potash ...... . ... . . . ..... . ... . .... Soda ............. . .. . . ... .... . . .. . 9. 18 137 .40 trace 13 .60 0.66 7.50 3 33 10.96 57 . 10 Probable Combillatiolls Potassium Chloride ... ... ......... . . Sodiu111 Chloride . . ...... . . . . ...... . Sodiu111 Sulphate .. . ..... . . .. . ... . . Sodiu111 Phosphate ..... . . _.... . ... . Sodium Carbonate .... . .. . . .... . .. . Calcium Carbonate ..... .. . . .... .. _. ~Iagnesil1m Carbonate ..... . ..... .. . . 1737 8.76 1997 trace 74.78 1339 699 Total Solids .. . . . ....... ... .. .. ... . 13994 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 96 .81 Grains per U. S. Gallon .468 535 8. 014 trace 793 .039 437 .1 93 .639 3.330 1. 01 3 .51 I 1. 165 trace 4 .361 781 408 8.161 5. 6'16 Bya comparison of this ,vater with the analyses of the water from the Fort Gaines, the Newton and the lower stratum in the Albany UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 107 \\"ells, it will be noticed that there is a marked similarity. They all carry a high percentage of sodium carbonate, and are quite soft. DA'IASCUS. - ~Ir. C. C. Green's \\ell at Damascus is two inches in diameter and 547 feet deep. Considerable hard rock is reported in this well; but the exact thickness and character of the various formations were not ascetiained. Two water-bearing strata were struck in the well, one at 200, and the other at 547 feet. \ Vater from the fohl1er ri ses to within 20 feet of the surface, and from the latter, to within seven feet of the surface. Both strata are said to furnish a good supply of water. KARA. - The well of ~Ir. \V. R. Carter, located near Cowart's station on the Central of Georgia Railway, between Blakely and Arlington, which was completed in 1897, has a depth of only 120 feet. It varies in diameter from five to six inches, and penetrates only one water-bearing stratum, which was struck at I 13 feet from the surface. The drill is said to have dropped 7 feet at that point, into a cavity from which the water rose immediately to "'ithin 27 feet of the surface. i\Ir. Carter has furnished the following record of the well: Reddish clay ..................... . ........ from 0 to 30 ft. Sand . . ....... . .. .. . .. . .. ..... . . ...... ... . H 30 H 32 H Limestone; 7-foot cavity at 113 feet .. . .. . . _.... " 32 ff 120 " The "'ater-supply of the Damascus and the Kara wells is supposed to come from Eocene beds. EFFIC\TGHAM COUKTY c. Mr. J. Overstreet, in answer to enquiry about springs in Ef- fingham county, says: "There are very few springs in the county. and the only ones of any importance are in the Savannah Ri\-er swamps, all of which are subject to oyerflows during freshets." The domestic water-supply is obtained almost entirely fr0111 shallow wells, which rarely e,'er attain a depth of 1110re than 40 feet. The water is pure and wholesome, where the wells are properly protected frol11 surface contamination. Successful deep wells haye been sunk at Eden, Egypt, Guyton, Meldrim and Pineora. EDEN. - (Elevatioll, 34 feet above sea-level.) There are two wells located at this place. one 280 feet . and the other 3' I feet in 108 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN depth. E ach well has a diameter of six inches, and furni shes a flow of seyeral gallons of sulphuretec1 water per minute, which rises 1 2 feet above the surface. Only one flow is reported in the well. and this was struck at about 275 feet. The strata penetrated are said to have been clays and marls, with thin layers of hard rock. EGYPT. - (Elevation, I43 feet above sea-level.) This well was sunk by the Central of Georgia Railway. It is reported to be 750 feet deep and four inches in diameter. \ Vater ri ses to within 45 feet of the st11'face. Water-bearing strata were penetrated at 300 and 750 feet from the surface, The strata passed through are said to have been clay, sand and marls, followed by limestone, GUYTON. - iV1r. J. T. Well s' well, which is located about a mile east of Guyton post-office, was completed in 1895 at a cost of $400.00. The well is three inches in diameter a nd 400 feet deep; and it furnishes hard. sulphureted water, rising10 w ithin 18 feet of the surface. The principal water-bearing stratum, which consists of sand, \\'as struck at 300 feet An incomplete record is as follows : - Clay .,.' ...... " . " . . " , . .... ,., .. ,. from 0 to 200 ft. Rock. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. H 200 "20I~" Rocks in beds (sharks' teeth and shells) . .. " 2010 " 396 " Quicksand . . ...... .. .................. H 396 " 400 " Field analysis by :\11'. \Y. \\'. Burnham. of the U. S. Geological Sun-ey :- COllstitllellts Dcicl'llIillcd Parts per :\[illion Chlorine . . ...... , ..... , ... . ....... , .. ,. Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .. .. .... .. Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate. . . A lka li Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate ......... , T otal Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate . ... ,. . . . . .. Sulphur Trioxide .. . . , . , . . , , . ' , ..... , , . , . . . . . . Iron ...... " . . , . . ' ..... .. " ... ,.".,.... .. .. Odor, H ydrogen Sulphide ..... , . . , . . , .. , .. , . . . Color" " ......... . ... . .............. . ...... Turbidity. . . . ........... . .. . . .. . . . . . ....... . . 6.5 98.8 9.2 95 .0 96,5 trace 1.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 Temperature . .. . . . . - The water is cold when pumped. Th e above notes were also furnished by :Mr. VV. VV. Burnham. :\1ELDRIM. - (Elevation, 39 feet above sea-level.) There are two deep wells at Meldrim, one of which was sunk by the Central of Georgia Railway. It is reported to attain a depth of 538 feet. It is UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 109 six inches in diameter and furnishes a good flow, rising four feet above the surface. The daily capacity of this well is said to be about 40,000 gallons. The water is used to supply the locomotives of the Central Railway; and for general domestic purposes. Field analysis by Mr. W. 'v\!. Burnham, of the U. S. Geological Survey:- COllstitnellts Deter/l/;Iled Parts per Million Chlorine .. . . ... . . . ..... .. ...... . .. . .... .. ... 6 5 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonates .......... 108.0 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. .. '3.0 Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . .. IOl. 0 Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate . .... .. .. . .. 124 . 0 Sulphur Trioxide (estimated). . ....... . ..... . ... 5 .0 Iron .. . .... .. ... .. . .. . .. .. . ................. trace Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 Turbidity ............. . ....... ... . . .. . ..... .. 0.0 Color. . ...... ................ .. .. ......... . 0.0 Temperature (estimated) ... ... ... . .. .. ... 70 F . The .other Meldrim well, owned by Mr. C. B. Guyer. is located about 300 yards west of the post-office. It is six inches in diameter and 350 feet deep; and it Ao\\'s about 50 gallons of sulphureted water per minute. The water is said' to rise 50 feet above the surface. It is-;:tsed at present on ly for general domestic purposes j but 1\Ir. Burnham, who furnished these data, notes that it is Mr. Guyer's intention to use the water soon for irrigation. Field analysis by !vIr. W. W. Burnham, of the U. S. Geological Survey:- COllstitneJlts Deler/l/;Iled Parts per Million Chlorine .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . .. 1140 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . 20 . 0 Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate .. .. ..... . IOO.O Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . .. 1240 Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) .. . ...... . . . ...... 5.0 Iron ... .... . .... ...... ........ ... ... '. . . . . . . . . trace Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide.. .. . . ........ . . ... . . 40 Color... . . . .. . ......... ..... .. . .. . . . ......... 0.0 Turbidity .. . ............ . ..... ..... . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 Temperature (estimated) ....... .. . . . . ... 76 F. P,NEORA - No data on the Pineora well were secured. I IO UNDERGROUND I,VATERS OF ' THE COASTAL PLAIN EMANUEL COUNTY Successful deep wells have been sunk in Emanuel county at Swainsboro, Adrian and Stillmore. SWAINSBORO.- Messrs. Jesse Thompson & Company's deep well at Swainsboro is 400 feet deep and six inches in diameter. The water ri ses to within 80 feet of the surface. The water-bearing stratum, which supplies this well, was struck at a depth of 370 feet from the surface. A trial test with a pump, having a capacity of 30,000 gallons per day, is said to have had no effect upon the static head. The borings from the well are reported to have shown, that the different strata penetrated consisted of sand, clay, blue marl and hard and soft rock, the last named being most abundant. A second deep well at Swainsboro, owned by l\Ir. R. J. \Villiams, has the same depth as the first well; but it is only two inches in diameter. The water in this well is said to rise to within 90 feet of the surface. Three different water-bearing strata are reported to have been struck; but their depth from the surface is not gi ven. No information was obtained concerning the formation penetrated. The static head of the water in th is well is said to vary slightly, from time to time. The amount of water furnished per hour is about 600 gallons. In addition to the two deep wells here descri bed, there is a third well in Swainsboro, which was put down by the town authorities. No infonnation, however, has been received concerning the well, except that it is 889 feet deep, and supplies the town with water. ADRIAN. - A deep well at Adr ian, owned by the town, has a depth of 300 feet. It furnishes a good supply of wholesome water, which rises to within 60 feet of the surface. There are, also, two other deep wells reported in Adrian. and one on the Ohoopee River, about one mile west of Adrian ; but no record of these wells has been received . STILL'IORE. - :'Ir. G. :'I. Brinson's \,-ell, located with in the corporate limits of Stillmore, has a depth of 679 feet, and is six inches in diameter. It furnishes an abundance of water, which ri ses to within 70 feet of the surface. The water, which has been used UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN I II largely for steam purposes, is said to be hard and forms scale ill boilers. This difficulty has been partly obviated, however, by mixing the water with that of shallow wells, before introducing it into the boilers. \Vith the exception of the towns above named, the domestic watersupply of Emanuel county is obtained almost entirely from shallow wells. Springs, no doubt, occur in the county; but their locations have not been reported. The water-bearing strata, supplying the deep wells, appear to be Eocene. GLYNN COUNTY "Vith the exception of the city of Brunswick, the main source of the domestic water-supply of Glynn county is the shallow wells. These wells, which rarely ever attain a depth of more than 20 or 30 feet, obtain their water-supply from the Pleistocene or Pliocene sands and clays. The water obtained from this source is usually soft and especially well adapted to manufacturing purposes. The springs of Glynn county are few in number and small in size. There occur, at a few points in the county, small springs, whose waters are impregnated with hydrogen sulphide. These have a local interest, on account of their supposed medicinal properties. A spring of this description is to be seen near the shell-road, a short distance west of Brunswick. The spring is small, furnishing only a few gallons of sulphureted water per hour, and is apparently of little consequence. Glynn county has a large number of artesian wells, more than a score of which are located within, or near, the city-limits of Brunswick. These are all flowing wells. They furnish a large supply of wholesome water. BRUNSWICK. - The City of Brunswicl, is at present supplied by three deep wells, located at the pumping-station near the Southern Railway depot. There are also a 11tjmber of private wells in the city. Nearly all the large manufacturing plants, as well as a number of individuals, own one or more deep wells. Since the completion of so many wells in the city, it is said, that the amount of flow has been perceptibly decreased. The wells at the water-works, which originally furnished ample water by natural flow, have now to be II2 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN pumped, in order to furn ish the necessary supply. The cause of this decrease in flow is no doubt due to an overdraft on the water-bearing strata. These wells usually vary from about 300 to 400 feet in depth. There are, however, two or three wells, which attain a much greater depth Col. C. P. Goodyea r's well, for instance, located in the southern part of the city, is reported to reach a depth of 822 feet. This well penetrated water-bearing strata at 302,425 and 525 feet, the latter stratum furni shing a flow of 250 gallons per minute. The water from these different horizons rises about 12, 28 and 57 feet, respectively above the surface. :fi1 r. Fred Baumgardner, the well contractor, who put down many of the Brunswick wells, has furnished the survey the following record of the high school well : - Yellow sand .. . . . .. .... . . ... ............. from o to 55 ft. Thin layers of sandstone interlaminated with clay. " 55 "112" Blue clay or marl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 112 "212" Soft, porous limestone with shells . . . . . . . . . . . .. H 31 2 "33 2 " Coarse sand and pebbles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u 332 H 357 H Hard rock .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... H 357 "359 " Blue marl or clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 359 "459 " Thin layers of limestone with clay and sand . . . . " 459 "479 " Very fine, white sand at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 H The folIow ing additional notes are made on samplesof well-boring, furnished by Mr. Baumgardner and Mr. L. L. Deering: - -Grayish sandy clay, with fragments of shells and diatoms ... .... . ..... . .. . ... . . .. . . ..... from 50 to 120 ft. The same as above. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 120 H I SO " White sand, with glauconite, marked first water- bearing stratum .. . ........ . .. . .. . .. . ... H I SO H 30 7 " F ossils identified by Dall as " Pleistocene mate- rial" at .. . ...... ... .. . ........ . .. . .... . Coral identified by Dall as Pliocene at ... . ..... . 350 " 460 " The analysis here given, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is made from water obtai ned from the first water-bearing stratum:- UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN Parts per COllstituents Determined Million Silica ......... .... . ... . ...... . . . .. . Sulphur Trioxide ........ . .... ...... Carbon Diox ide ... .. .... .. . .. . .. . .. . Phosphorus Pentoxide .............. . 2420 52 .94 97. 80 tra ce Chlorine .. .... . ................... . 17.50 Iro n Sesqu i-ox icle and A lumina . . ... .. . . Lime ............ . ..... .. ..... . . . . . Nlagnesia ....... " .... ... ..... . .. . . Potash ................. . . . . .. . . ... . Soda .................. .. .... . .. . . . 5-40 43.56 30 .70 9. 20 30 . 85 P"obable C011lbi1lation Potassium Chloride .. . . . .... . .. .. . .. . Sodium Chlorid e .. ... : . .. .......... . Sodium Sulphate ...... . . . . . . . ...... . Sodium Phosphate ........... . ... . .. . 'Magnesium S ulphate .............. . . . t..,ragnesium Carbonate . .. . . .. . . ... . .. . Calcium Carbonate .......... . .. .. .. . . 1457 17 . 38 49 .56 tracr 59. ,6 23. 06 . 77.78 Total Solids . ......... . ....... . 27 .1 . I I Carbon Dioxide .. . ............ .. ... . 51 .50 Grains per U. S. Gallon 1.41 I 3. 087 5.70 3 tra ce T .02 [ .3 1 5 25-+0 1.790 537 1799 . 850 1. 0 14 2 .890 trace 3.450 1 345 4 .53 6 15 8 1 1 The character o f the wate r from the second water-bearing stratum is shown by the follo\ving analysis, also made by Dr. Edga r E,'cr- hart, in the laboratory 'of the Geological Survey of Georgia: - Parts per Collstitltenis Deterlllined Million Silica ....... . ....... . ............. . 15. 20 Sulphur Trioxide ........... . . ..... Carbon Dioxide ...... . .. . . . . . . ... . . . Phosphorus Pentox ide ............... . Chlorine ... .. ........... . .. . ...... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and A lum ina . . .. . . .. Linlc ......................... . ... _ i\Iagnesia .... . ..... . ..... . ......... . Potash ............ . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . Soda ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . .. . 70 .4 1 87 .00 1. 75 27. 20 27. 12 46 .-++ 12 -44 2.9 1 67.5 2 Grai ns per C. S. Gallon .886 4. 110 5 .0 70 .1 02 1.586 1.581 270P 7?' . 17<- 393b 1'4 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN Probable Combilla!ioll Potassiulll Chloride ........ .. ... . ... . Sodiulll Chloride ... .. . .. ........... . Sodiulll Sulphate ................ . . . . Sodiulll Phosphate ...... . . . . .. ... .. . . rVIagnesiull1 Sulphate ........ . .. . .... . IVragn esil1111 Carbonate . ........ . ..... . Calciulll Ca rbonate ....... . .. . .... . .. . Total Solids ..................... . Free Carbon Dioxide ................ . 4 62 41.20 r02 .11 2.6[ 19.32 12.60 8294 30 7.7 2 43.90 .270 2 . 40 3 5955 . 15 2 1.130 735 4. 837 17.946 2 .560 The sample of water, from which the last analysis was made, was obtained from Mr. I-I. \V. Loyer s wel l. located two miles north of Brunswick. The well is 485 feet deep and four inches in diameter. The water rises 27 feet above the surface, and is used chiefly for irr igation purposes. )'II1'. Freel Baumg ardner's well. located at hi s re~iclence near Mr. Loyd's, is also used for irrigation. .h "YI, ISLAND. - The well of the Jekyl Island Cl ub. which fur- nishes 250 gallons per minute, is six inches in di ameter and 480 feet deep. The flow of the well is said to have perceptibly dec reased since its completion. vVhether this decrease is due to an acc umulation of sand in the casin g, or to an overdraft o n the \Vater-be~ rill g stratum, is not known. The superintendent of the J ei'yl I sland club has fur- nished the following analysis of this water, made by Prof. I-I. C. \ Vhite . of the Gni"ersity of Georgia:- COlls!';tllell!s Determ';ned Grains per U . S. Gallon Carbonate of L ime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .c83 Sulphate of Soda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride .... . . . . .. . . . . .... .. ... . PotassiU111 Chloride ...... . ............... Sulphate of Lime .. ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .864 1 457 0.085 1.32.. S ulphate of Magnesia ........... . .... ... . Si lica ......... .. , .... . . .. .... .. . . .... . . 0.615 0.068 Organic lIIatter and Combined vVater. . . . . . . . 1 .256 T otal ............................ .. . . 16.752 Ui\DERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN "5 ST. SIMON'S ISLAND. - There are four artes ian wells reported 011 St. Simon's Island, varying in depth from 438 to 465 feet. The only one of these wells, from which anything like a detailed account has been presened. is the Hilton & Dodge Lum l:er Company"s well at St. Simon's Mills. Thi s well. which was sunk in 1880, is six inches in diameter and 438 feet deep. It furni shes 250 gallons of su lphureted water per minute. The water ri ses 40 feet abO\"e the surface. It is largely used for steam purposes. The first flow in this well was struck at 350 feet. It yielded eight gallons per minute. The second flow began at 435 feet, and gradually increased to the bottom of the well. The following notes on the different strata penetrated in the well are made from a series of borings furnished by the Hilton & Dodge Lumber Company:- Very fine, gray sand to........................ 10 feet Dark-colored marsh-mud containing fragments of shells to. 20 .I Rather coarse gray sancI, with fragments of oyster and other shells to .... .................................... 40 H Quite similar to overly ing sand . somewhat coarser, with only a few shells to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50 It Coarse gray sand and water-worn pebbles of quartz and feldspar. The peiJbles are often an inch or more in diam- ~rw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ Very coarse sand and .water-worn pebbles of quartz and feldspar. The pebbles are often an inch or more in diame- ter to .................. . ................. . .... .. 70 If :.roderately coarse sand and pebbles and comminuted shell s to ...................... .... .................. . 80" ["ine dark-gray sand and pebbles to .................... 9:) H Fine brown sand and a few angular quartz pebbles. with clay to ........................................ . TOO " Fine dark-gray sand, similar to that found at 90 feet ...... I TO It A conglomerate of quartz pebbles and coarse sand with clay matrix. There occur in the conglomerate a fe\\' dark . or brown-colored, small, rounded particles. consisting large- ly of calcium phosphate to . ........................ J 15 " Coarse gray sand and fragments of shells. The sand gran- ules are well rounded and consist of feld spar of dark color to .... . .................................... r28 " The same as above. except that the fragments of shells are more abundant to ........ . ....... , ............... . 125 " , ,6 UNDERGROUND IVATIiRS OF THE COASTAL PL.IfN Fine gray sand \\'ith some mica to ..................... 133 feet Fine gray sand and quartz pebbles to ................... 1-+3 H Similar to the above, except darker and \vith less clay to .. 153 I< Fine gray sand with mica to ......................... ] 6::::> " The same as above to ..... . ................. : .. 170 I< Fine gray sand to .................................. 180 " Fine. light-gray sand with mllch mica to. . ...... .. '90 II Fine. dark-gray, clayey sand with mica . diatoms an ~l f pic- LIles of sponges to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 200 " The same as aboye. but darker to. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 230 H Fine sand with numerous diatoms and spicules of spo nges to 25.0 " Diatomaceous earth, containing an innumerable number of microscopic rhombohedral crystals of calcite to. . .3 10 H Fine, light-gray, micaceous sand with mica and small teeth resembling those of the gar-pike to ................... 320 H Rather coarse, gray sand containing sharks' teeth, dental plates of rays (I), fragments of bones. and smal\ pieces of clay conta ining diatom shells and sponge spicules to .. 32.~ H Gray sa ndstone, or quartzite, containing casts of shells and glauconite to .. . .. .................. . ............ 327 " Moderately coarse gray sand to ........................ 330 " Coarse, water-worn sand, with small sharks' teeth to ...... 350 " The same as above, except that it contains fragments of shel\s, to ........................................ 360 " Dark-gray marl, made up largely of microscopic crystals of calcite, to . . . .. ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370" Dark-gray marl, as above, to ....... .... . . ..... .......... 380 " The same as above to . ..... : ............ . ............ 390 " The same as above to ...... . ........................ 400 " Very compact, fine, dark-gray clay, slightly tinged ",ith green, to ................... . .. . .......... . ..... -+ TO" Fine, dark-gray clay, frequently indurated. Glauconite. more or less a bundant. to .......................... -+20 " Coarse. dark-colored, glauconitic sand, containing smail teeth of sharks, to .... . ............................ -+30 " Coarse, dark sand, with rounded pebbles of quartz and feldspar to .. ..435 " Fine, white sand to ................................ 438 " The following field analysis of the water from the Hilton & Dodge Lumber Company's well has been furnished by 1\1r. 1\1. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, United States Geological Survey: - UNDERG RO UND WATER S OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 117 Field analysis by Mr. "V. W. Burnham. of the U. S. Geological Survev: - COllslilll cllls Delel'lllilled Parts per Million Chlorine .................................. '\1.0 Total Carbonates, as 'Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . 1 2 1 . 0 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. 22.7 Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate. . . . . . . . 103.0 'Total I-Jarciness as Calcium Carbonate ... . ..... 221.0 Sulphur Triox ide ........... . ..... . ........ 69 .0 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ................. . . 3.0 Iron .......... . .... '" .... . . ....... .... . .. 0. 8 Color ............................. . . ... .. . 0.0 Turbidity ... .' . ................. . .......... 0 .0 BLADE" . - ( Elevalioll, IS (?) feet above sea-level.) Th e Bladen deep well. owned by lVIr. J. A. "Vard, has a depth of 480 feet It is three inches in diameter. and fl o ws abo ut 100 gallons per minute. The water, which is used for domesti c and ste:l111 pl1rp0 SCS, ri ses 30 feet above the surface. It is hard and su lplmreted . \ Vater-bea ring strata are repo rted at 160 . 260 and 475 feet. respectively. Nothing is kllo\\"11 o f the strata penetrated in the well, except that they consist of clay and san::L \yith a few beds of rock and oyster she:ls. EVERETT C[1V.-(Elevalio ll, I6 f eet above sea-level.) lVIr. R. H. Everett's well. at E verett City. was put down in 1894. It is 460 feet deep and .two inches in diameter, and it furnishes a fl ow 38 feet abo \e the surface. The water is hard and sulpil uretec1. and is used for domestic and steam purposes. No record of the well was s ecu red. T he folJowing field analysis has been furnished by Mr. iVL O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Survey : - Field analysis by Mr. \V. \ \T. Burnham, of the U. S. Geological SUl'l'ey : - COllslilllellts Deter/llilled Parts per Million Chlorine .. ....... .. ................... .. .. . .. . . 2I . 5 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . . .... ; . . . . . II I. 0 Scale-formi ng Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonates . . . . . . II . 0 Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 .0 Total Hardness, as Calci um Carbonate .. . . . ..... . . .. . 207 .0 r rB UND ERGROUND W ATE RS OF TH E COAS TA L PL A I N P arts per Mil\ion Sulphur Trioxide . . ........ . ..... . ........ 90 . 0 Iron .... . ....... . ...... . .. . . ... . . . .. . ..... . ... . trace Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 3 .0 Color ........... . .......... . ........ . .. . ... . .. 0 . 0 Turbidity .. . . ...... . .......... . ...... . . .... . 0 .0 Temperature ( estimated ) ... . .. .... .. . . . 7-1 F. C RI SPI:\,. - A flo wing we ll , o\Y ll cd by ~ Ir. I-l arry Gig ni ll iat. Vhite clay ..... . ........... . ... . ..... . ...... 8 " 4 Yellow sand .. . ............. . ..... . .. . . ... . .. . 40 " 5 White clay ..... . .. . .. . ........ . .......... ..... . TO " 6 Quicksand with pebbles ..... . .. . ..... ... ........ . 400 " 7 Hard rock ............... _... .. . .... .Thickness not g iven 8 Qlll'Cksand ..... . .... . .. . ..... ...... . . . " "" At a depth of 300 feet from the surface, a water-bearing stratum is reported to have been struck, which forced the water for a few minutes 20 feet above the surface; but the pressure was soon relieved, and the water subsided to 100 feet below the surface. Other (I20) THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF GEORGIA PLATE I X WA T EH -\\O RK S P I.AKT A T A L BA N Y , GEO Il G I A . UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 12, water-bearing strata were struck in the well below 300 feet; but the static head remained unchanged. A second well was attempted by ::\lr. I-Ia rri s. by what is kno w11 as the dry metho d o f well-boring: but the process was found unsuccessful in the quicksands, and the well was finally abandoned. PERRY. - The well at this place, which was put clown by the town authorities, is foul' inches in diameter and I38 feet deep. The water rises to within about 42 feet of the surface. The only waterbearing stratum reported in the well occurs at 136 feet. The well. \yhich is supplied with a hand pump, is used only to a limited extent, owing to the water tasting strongly of iron . The following record of the well has been given:- Red massi\'e clay . ............ . ..... from 0 to 10 feet White clay .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 10 " lOy) " Yellowish sand, with 4 inches of imper- vious iron Ofe at its base .. . . . . . . . .. " lOy) " 50 " Sand with thin partings of clay. . . . . . .. " 50 " 132 " Dark carbonaceous material - possibly hgl11 te ......................... . " 13 2 " 136 " Coarse gravel at. ..... .. .. . . . ...... . 136 " The following analysis of the \\'ater from the Perry well \\'as made by :\1r. \V. H. Hollinshead, of Vanderbilt University:- COlls!':!l/ell!s De!erm.,':ued Grains per U. S. Gallon Alumina .... . . . ... ........... . . . . ...... . ....... Iron Sesqui-oxide ..... ... ...... ..... . .......... " Zinc. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. Calci lllll ...... .. .. . .. . . . ... .. . . ....... . ... . . .... Magnesium .. ........ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Sodium ...... . .. . . . ........ . .... . . ...... . . . . ... P o tasSilll1l .. . .......... ... . .. . .... . ......... . ... Lithium .................. . ..... . . . .. . ...... . .. . Chlorine ... , ...... .. .... . . .. .. . .... . ....... : .. Sulphuric Acid. . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . .. . .... . . . .. Silici c Acid....... ... . . ... . . ... . .. .. . .. .... .. . . . Phosphoric Acid . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.460 0 . 3 02 0.55 1 O. 256 0 .078 0.354 trace trace 0.126 0.453 0.648 0 .092 T otal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 20 122 U_VDERGROUND W A TERS OF THE COASTA L PLAIN The zinc shown in the analysis is supposed to ha"e been derived fro111 the galvanized pipe of the pump. BYRON. - ( Eleva /ioll, 515 feet above sea-level.) The following notes on Mr. J. H. Peavey's well. located at Byron. are furni shed by :'1r. \\T. \\1. Burnham, o f the U_ S. Geological Survey: - "The well was completed in June, ' 902. a t a cost of $335. It is three inches in diameter and 310 feet deep; and it penetrates water-bearing strata at 210, 275 and 3 10 feet. \ ,yater ri ses to within 185 feet o f the surface, the maximum supply being 50 gallons per minute. The well is now abandoned. The well record is as follows: - Sand a nd "Chalk" ( Ka olin ) .............. fro m o to 250 feet Quicksand and "Chalk" (Kaolin) in 3-foot layers. \l\.' ater-bearing stratum, coarse Sand If 2 50 " 310 " Th e water-suppl y of the deep wells of Houston county is obtained from the Cretaceous. IRWIN COUNTY There are nl1merous small springs in Irwin county. but the main source of domestic water-supply is the shallow wells. Successful deep wells have been sunk at Fitzgerald and Ocilla. Fnzet RALD. - (Elevatioll, 430 feet above sea-level.) There are three deep wells within the corporate limits of Fitzgerald, one of wh ich supplies the town with water. Thi s well is eight inches in diameter and 825 feet deep; and it has a capacity of 5,000 gallons of water per hour, without perceptibl y lowering the static head. The ,,:ater rises to within '50 (?) feet of the surface. It is said to come from a porous limestone, at a depth of from 370 to 500 feet from the surface. T he record of the Fitzgerald Ice Company's well, which attains a depth of only 38 r feet, is as follows: - Red Clay and Sand ...... .. ........... . . from a to 10 0 feet Quicksand (?) ................... . .... . " " 100 -~? - )" Limestone with some Clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. II 225 " 381 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 123 The data obtained from the Fitzgerald wells are very meagre, and are not considered reliable. An analysis of the water from the city well, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemi st of th e Geological Survey of Georgia, is as fo l- lows : - Parts per Grains per COllstitlfCllts Determil1ed Million U . S. Gallon Silica .. , ......... ' " ... . . . .. .. . .. . Sulphur Trioxide . ................ . Carbon Dioxide .. . . . . ... . . . . ...... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ... .. . . ..... . . . Chlorine .. . .. . ....... . . .......... . fra n Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . ...... . Linlc .... . .. . ............... . . . . . . ~\rlagnesia ..................... .. .. . Potash . . ........... .. . . . ... . .. . .. Soda .......................... .. . '3 .0 7 3 .06 76 .20 trace 2 0-40 10. '9 27.78 8.62 2.26 I I . IS 762 .180 4444 t r ace ,. '90 594 1.620 .50 3 .073 . 65 0 Probable C01llbillaliolls Potassium Chloride .... .... . . .... .. . Sod iulll Chl oride ............ . ..... . Sodiulll P hosphate ........... . . . .. . . :'\ IagnesiUI11 e hloride ..... . ........ . . I\Iagnesiul11 Sul phate ....... ..... ... . ~Jagl1 es it1l11 Carbonate ......... . ... . . Calcium Carbo nate ...... . . .. . .. . . .. . 3. 58 21 .04 trace 7.92 459 7. 89 49. 6, . 208 1.227 trace . 4 62 .268 4. 60 2.893 T otal Solids II7 89 6.292 "reo Carbon Dioxide . ........... . . . 50 . 2 4 2.930 The water-bearing strata supplying the Fitzgerald deep wells are probably Eocene. OCILLA. - There are fi ve deep wells at Ocilla; but from only one. nan;.ely, th e Ensign Oskamp Company"s ,\\'ell has the \\Titer been ab le to secure data. The info rmatio n here g iven concerning the well was secured by Mr. \Y. W. Burnham from the chief engineer of the Ensign O skamp Company. Thi s wel l. which was put down in I900 at a cost o f $ T,200. is s ix in ches in diameter and '=;12 feet cleep. The water ri ses to within 40 feet of the surface; but, by continuous pumping, it is lowered to ] 2 0 feet. The maximum 124 UNDERGROUND !VATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN yield is 35 gallons per minute. The water is used with surface water, after being treated with boiler compound, for steam purposes. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 312 and 496 feet. respectively. The f;lIowing record of the well is from memory : - Soil and clay . . .. . . . from 0 to 60 feet Soft rock Sand . . .. . .. . ... . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. " " 60 " 76 " 76 " 105 " Rock " lOS " 300 " Very hard rock . . .. . . " 300 " 312 " Porous limestone with cavities 4 feet deep. " 312 " ST2 " Field analysis by Mr. \V. \V. Burnham. of the L.;. S. Geological Survey: - Constitllellts Deterlllilled Pa rts per Million Chlorine ............. . ... . ..... . ...... . ........ T otal Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . A'kali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate....... .... .. Total Hardness . as Calcium Carbonate .............. . Sulphur Trioxide .............. '" ... ... . .. . . . .... 4. a 108.0 22.0 9'0 0.0 Iron ........................... . ........... . ... 1.0 Odor. Hydrogen Sulphide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 Color.. .... ........ .......... . .. . ...... ........ 0.0 Turbidity ....... . ................. . .. . .. . ...... 0.0 Temperature (estimated) .......... . ... . ...... 60 F. JEFFERSON COUNTY Jefferson coullty has a large number of deep wells: but the main source of water for domestic purposes is shallow wells, which obtain their water-supply from the Lafayette, or the underl ying sands and clays. The water of these wells is usually soft, and is regarded by the inhabitants as being very wholesome. The maximum depth of these wells rarely ever exceeds 50 feet. They are often more or less affected by droughts; but, as a general rule, they furnish an ample supply of water for farm and domestic purposes. e,'en during the dryest seasons. There are several large springs in Jefferson county; but the onl)' one visited by the writer was the large spring known as Blue Spring. UADERGROUND WATeRS OF THe COASTAL PLA IN located near the Burke county line, about nine m iles east of Lou isville. This spring, which furnishes sufficient water to operate a gr ist-m ill, boi ls up through white sand in the bottom of a circular blsin. several feet in d iameter. The water is clear, and is said to be quite who lesome. The deep wells of Jefferson county, whi ch are located at Louis,ille. \\"adley. Bartow. Old Town and \\'ren are desc ribed as fol- 10\\'5:- L OU ISVILU':, - There are fiye artesian wells in or near Louis"ille. \'aryillg ill depth f rom 350 to 450 feet. \Yater.-bearing strata were struck in these wells at 200 and 300 feet, the main watersupply being obtained from the latter stratum. Only those wells wh ich are located o n low ground furnish a flow, The foll owing notes, on the strata penetrated in putting down the Louisvilfe deep wells, were obtai ned from M r. G. H . Harrell, of Louisville: - Red, motley clays .. ..... .. ........ .. . . ...... .. 25.0 feet 2 Fine yellow sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40.0 " 3 Quicksand .. ....... ... .. . ... ..... .. . . . .. . .. .. 6.0 " 4 Marl, with fragments of shell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 .0 " J Blue marl ...... ....... ..... ......... .. ..... . 100.0 " 6 Flint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 0.5 " 7 Marl, honey-combed rock and lignite ...... . ...... . 100.0 " 8 Coarse sand with mica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ( ?) In addition to the wells above noted, there is also another well located at a water-stat ion, two miles south of L ouisville, on the Loui s"ille and \\fadle)' Rail road. Th is is a four-inch well. 325 feet deep; and it furn ishes 20 gallons of water per minute. Two waterbearing strata were struck in th is well, one at ISO, and the other at 300 feet from the surface. The fonner furnishes only a small flow; while the water from the latter rises 20 feet above the surface. The folJowing analysis by Dr. Edgar. Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Sur vey of Georgia, was made from the water obta ined from the flowing well, which is located at the F air Grounds near lhe corporate limits of Louisville:- .26 UNDERGROUND !VATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAI.Y Parts per COllslillt""ls Delermilled Million S ilica ............. . ......... . .... . Sulphur Tri ox ide ........ .. ... . .. . . . Ca rbon Dioxide ............... _... . P hosph orus Pentoxide .. . ........... . C htorine ................... ... . _.. . 39. 22 7 75 53.90 2.50 8 .16 Iron Sesqui-oxicle and Al umina . . Lime ....... . ..... ... ........... . ).Iagnesia .................... . . .. . Potash .......... . ................ . Soda ................... . .. . .. . 4. 12 46 .44 2 .3 1 3 .36 -+. 18 P"obable COIJI.i>illalion Potassium Ch loride ........... ... .. . Sodium Chloride .................. Sod ium Phosphate .... . .. .. ........ . lVlagnesilll1l Chloride ... . .. . . .. .... . . Magnesium Sulphate : . ............. . Calciun; Sulphate ....... . . . ... .. ... . Calcium Carbonate ..... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 553 7. 88 359 I. I I 555 6.89 77. 84 T otal Solids .................... . Free Carbon Dioxide .. .. . . .. .. . .... . Grains per U. S. Gallon 2. 287 .450 3.140 .146 .476 .240 2.70 8 .128 . 196 .24-+ .3 22 .460 . 209 .059 .3 22 401 4.540 8.790 1.146 OLD TOWN . - There are two artesian well s at Old Town, both having about the same flow, and furni shing water of similar character. \ Vater-bearing strata are reported at 160 and 200 feet. Clays, sands, marls and limestones are said to have been passed through, in sinking the well; but their thickness and depth from the surface are not given. The wells are about 225 feet deep, and flow 28 feet above the surface. WADLEY .-(Elevaljoll. 2-13 feel above sea-level.) There are several flowing wells at Wadley, varying from 330 to 450 feet in depth . Three different water-bearing strata are reported in all the deepest wells, the first occurring at 170, the second at 330, and the third at 430 feet. The water from these different strata rises from four to twenty feet above the surface. All attempt was made some years ago, to run a mill by water from two or three of these wells; but U,\DF:RGROUND 'VATERS OF THe CO.4STAL PLAIN 127 the experiment proved unsuccessful. The water is used only for general domestic purposes. Mr. M. M. Caldwell has furnished the following record of one of the Wadley deep wells:- Yellow Clay .. ... . . . .. ............... . . . ..... . . 60 feet 2 Blue Marl . . .. ...... . ..... ..... . . . . ..... . ...... 100 " 3 Sand ........................ .. . .. . .. ......... 2 " 4 Marl and Limestone . ... .. ........ ... . . .. . . .. .... 250 " 5 Sand ... .. . .. . . ..... .. ......... . .. . .... . . . ... Not given An analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows:- Parts per COllstitll ellts Determined Million Silica' .. ......... . ..... . .......... . Sulphur Trioxide .................. . Carbon Dioxide .. . .. . .... ..... .. . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . ........... Chlorine .... . ........ . .... " . . , . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. .... . . Lime .. . ..... . . .. .. . ............. . 13. 00 9. 14 150 .60 trace 4.70 1 . 80 80.40 Magnesia ... . .... . .... . .... . . . ... . Potash ....... . . .... . ........ . .. .. . Soda . . ......... . .............. . . 5 14 355 1240 Probable Combinations Potassium Chloride ................ . Sodium Chloride .. .... . .. ... ....... . Sodium Sulphate ... .. ....... . . . .. . . Sodium Pho?phate ................. . Sodium Carbonate .. . .. . .. . . . ... . .. . Magnesium Carbonate ........... ... . Calcium Carbonate .. . , . . .. .... . .... . 5. 62 3.31 19 .88 trace 3 .36 lO79 14357 Total Solids .. . ............ . .... . 191 .33 Free Carbon Dioxide . . .............. . 80.38 Grains per U. S. Gallon .758 533 8.783 trace . 274 . lOS 4. 689 .300 . 207 . 72 3 .3 28 .193 1. 159 trace .196 . 629 8 .372 11. 158 4. 688 BARTow.- ( Elevation, 237 feet above sea-level.) There are three deep wells at Bartow, which vary from 160 to 525 feet in depth. The deepest wells are said to penetrate water-bearing strata at 60, 128 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 225 and 350 feet, the two last strata furnishing flows which rise from seven to ten feet above the surface. Mr. L. B. Clay, who sunk the deepest well in Bartow, has furnished the following record from memory : - Red sandy clays . . .................... . . from o to 12 feet Coarse gravel (?).. . .. . ................ " 12 " 52 " Marl and sand (water-bearing). . .. . . ..... " 52 " II2 " Blue marl with an occasional layer of rock.. " II2 " 362 " Same as above, with sharks' teeth and shells. " 362 " 52 5 " \VREN. - The following data o n the \Vren well. receiyed from l\Ir. \ V. W. Burnham, was furnished by Mr. !VI. O. Leighton. Chief of the Di"ision of Hyelro-economics, U . S. Geological Sun'ey:- This well, which belongs to Mr. \Iv. J. Wren. is located within a few hundred feet of the railway station. It is six and four inches in diameter and 556 feet deep, and it furnishes a maximum yield of 80 gallons per minute. The principal water-bearing stratum is at 525 feet from the surface ; and the water rises to w ithin 20 feet of the surface. It is used for general domestic and boiler purposes. The well was put down in 1897, at a cost of $400. The field analysis of the water, which is said to form scale in boilers, is as follows: - Field analysis by i\.lr. W . IV. Burnham. of the C S. Geologica l Survey:- Com/i/llell/s De/erlllilled Parts per :,1illion Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . 5 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . 3 .4 Alkali Carbonates, 'as Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6 Sulphur Trioxide .. .... .. .. . .... . ................ trace Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II O. 4 Iron...... ... . . . . . . ... ... . ..... .. . ........... .. 4.0 Color ......... . .. .. ........... . .. . ......... . ... trace Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .0 Turbidity . .. . ....... . ....... .. . . .. . ... ... . ...... 0.0 OIL PROSPECTING "VELL. - The location of this well is about 30 miles south west of Lo ui sville o n what is known as the Black farm. Mr. J ames Tague, the contractor, gives the following record of the well : - UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 129 Mixed clay and sand .. ... . . . .from Sand and rock. Blue clay . .. . Blue clay and s Blne clay .. . Sand Hard rock . Soft sand rocl( Sand . . . Hard rock . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . .. . . and. ..... . . ... . . . . . .. . .. . .. .... .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. ... .. . . . . ... . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " " " .. Sand' . . . .. . Soft rock . .. . .. .. . . . . . " " Hard rock Blue clay . ... .. .. . . .. . .. . . ... ... . " " Sand rock Sand and clay .. .. ... .. . ... " " Blue clay . . . . . ..... . . . . . .. " Sanel . Blue clay and shale .. . ... . ...... " " Harel rock ... . .. . " Blue clay and sand layers . . . . . .. . " Harel rock Sand . . . . .. . Harel rock Blue and white clay. . ... . .. . .. .. . . . . .. ... . " " " " .. Harel rock . Sand . Shale . . Sand . Blue clay and Fine sand . . . . sha le . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . " " " " " " . Clay F ine Sanel and sa nd s h a le . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . " " " Red clay . .. . .. . . SRHWRaeeanhddrdidtacelncadcl.yalaywyhi..t.e....c...l.a...y.... .............................................. . Clay ... . . . Sand with gas .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ............ .. .. " " " " " " " " Sand with hard laye rs . .. . . " 0 to 68 " 74 " 76 " 91 " 93 " 96 " 96 " 99 " 113 " 114 " II6 " II9 " 120 " 132 " 142 " ISO " 169 " 171 " 176 " 177 " 184 " 188 " 204 " 205 " 208 " 209 " 21 3 " 219 " 223 " 269 " 275 " 298 " 307 " 505 " 5 10 " 532 " 562 " 581 " 583 " 584 " 588 " 599 " 68 feet 74 " 76 " 91 " 93 " 96 " 96 " 99 " !I3 " 114 " II6 " 1I9 " 120 " 132 " 142 " ]50 " 169 " 171 " 176 " 177 " I8.j. " 188 " 204 " 205 " 208 " 209 " 21 3 " 21 9 " 223 " 269 " " ?- ,.. - /0 298 " 307 " 505 " 510 " 532 " 562 " 581 " 583 " 584 " 588 " 599 " 661 " ' 3D UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COAST,IL PLAIN Mixed clay . from 66 1 to 665 feet Sand Mixed clay Sand Clay Sand Tough clay " .. .. . . .. . ' .'. ., . . .,. " " ,". , , " 665 " 70+ " 7+1 " 75 1 " 759 ",. 775 704 " 7+' " 75 1 " 759 " . 775 " 783 Sand Hard layer Sand Sandy clay Sand l\Iixed clay " " " .. .. " .. " " .. . ' " 783 " 793 " 798 " 800 ;: 8+3 " 853 " 793 " 798 " 800 " 843 " 853 " 870 " Sand " IIIixed clays " Sand Clay White and yellow sand. White clay ... . .. .. .. .. " .. " ." , 870 " 896 " 913 " 929 " 9+8 " 955 " 896 9[3 ." , 929 " 9+8 " 955 " 965 " Sand Shale Clay .. .. .. " 965 " 976 " " 976 " 979 " .. " 979 " 999 " Sand .. " 999 " 1001 " Clay .. " TOO l " 1006 " Hard layer Blue clay Sand Clay Sand ... .. .. .. " 1006 " 1006 " " 1006 " 1027 " .. " T027 " 1035 " .. " 1035 " 1052 " .. " 1052 " 1058 " S hale " 1058 " 1062 " Sand Clay . " 1062 " 1068 " .. " 1068 " J088 " Clay and shale '" Very hard shale Cemented gravel .. " .. " .. .. " 1088 " ] 1 1 [ " II I I " 1133 " 1I33 " '140 " Hard rock " 11+0 " 1'+3 0: In addition to the weil record above given, ).1r. Tague also furnished thirty samples of well borings which seem to verify fairly well his well record. The only samples in the collection of borings, which contained organic remains, that throw any light whatever on the geological formations penetrated, are from depths 250, 380 and UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAf,y 131 I,I.-t3 feet from the surface. Sample frol11 250 feet cOl1cains 11Umerous fragments of oysters and other shell s. together with a slllall coral, which is one of the C0l111110n fossils of the Claiborne or LowelTertiary formation. Sample from 380 feet is a fragment of a turtle shell. found . as far as I kno\\'. only in the Upper Cretaceous formati on. Sample fro111 I, LU feet contains fragments of a dioriteschist. one of the typical crystalline rocks met with throughout the Piedmont area of Central Georgia. JOHNSON COUYTY As far as was reported, there are no springs of any importance in Johnson county. The domestic water-supply is obtained chiefly from shallow wells. The only deep well reported in the county is at \VrightsviJle, the county seat. This ,,-ell is four inches in diameter and 578 feet deep. The water ri ses to within 62 feet of the surface. Water-bearing strata are reported at 430 feet. and also near the bottom of the well. The \\'ell at present furnishes about 30 gallons of water per minute. the capacity of the pump. which supplies the town. The water is said to be quite \yh olesome, and to possess medicinal properties. An analysis of the water, made by Prof. H. C. \Vhite, of the Gni\'ersity of Georgia, is as follows: - Grains per Solid Matter Dissolved U . S. Gallon Carbonate of Lime ........... . ..... . .......... . 8935 Carbonate of Iron ............................. . .276 Sulphate of Lime . ...... . . ....... . .. .. ......... . Sulphate of Magnesia .. . . ,' ... . . . .... .. ......... . Sulphate of Soda .............................. . Sodium Chloride .... . ....... . ........... . . .... . Silica ..................... . ....... . ........ . . . Organic }Iatter and \Yater Combined ............. . .210 . 62 3 .3 2-+ 543 753 2 ..PS There is dissoh-ed in the water considerable carbon dioxide. and also some hydrogen sulphide. The stratum, from \\"hich the water is obtained in the \Vrights\"ille well, seems to be Eocene. '3 2 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN LAURENS COUi\TY The only successful deep wells, reported in L aurens county. are at Dublin, the county seat. These wells. whi ch are all Ro\ying, are said to yary from about 300 to 850 feet in depth. \ Vater-bearing strata are reported at 185 and 295 feet. the latter yielding a flow w hi ch ri ses about 30 feet above the surface. The various forma- tions, passed through in these wells. ar~ reported by 1\1r. Deering, one of the well contractors, to be "ery similar to those penetrated in the Hawkinsville wells, except that the limestone occurs near the surface. The \yater-beari ng strata of the Dublin wells are Eocene. A n 'analysis of the water from one of the city wells, made by Dr. Edgar E"erhart, Chemi st of the Geological Sun'e), of Georgia, is as fo ll ows : - COJ/stitnents Determi'l'led Parts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon Silica .... . .......................... 20. 32 Sulphur T rioxide .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.68 Carbon Dioxide .... . ....... . .... . .... 216.00 Phosphorus Pentoxicle ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace Chlorine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.60 Iron Sesqu i-oxide and A lumina. . . . . . . . .. 2 . 62 Lime ..... . ..... . ......... . ..... .. .. 9-+. 81 Magnes ia .... . ................ . ..... 6.00 Potash .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 78 Soda . . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . ... . . . ... .. .. 8 .91 1. 185 . 798 1 2 5 97 trace . 32 7 . 153 5.5 29 . 350 . 220 .5 20 Probable COlllbinations Potassium Chloride . ... . . .... ... . ..... 6.00 Sodium Chloride . .. . . .. . .. ... . . . . .. .. 4.53 Sodium Sulphate ............. . ...... 13 . 31 Sodium Phosphate ......... . .... . . . . .. trace Magnesium Sulphate ... .. . ... . . . . .. . .. 9.27 Magnesium Carbonate ............. . ... 6. I I Calcium Carbonate . .. .. .... . .... .. .... 169.30 .3 50 . 264 . 776 trace .540 .356 9. 873 Total Solids ...... . ..... . . ... .. . .... 23 1.46 13.498 Free Carbon Dioxide .. . .... . .......... 137.31 8.008 The only large springs, visi ted by the writer in Laurens county, are situated on the right bank of the Oconee Ri ver, some miles south U.VDERGROUXD lV,ITERS OF THE COASTAL PL A IN 133 of Dublin. These springs, locally known as the \Vell Spring. the Rock Spring and the \Vilkes Spring, emerge as large streams, flowing se\-erai million gallons daily . The springs are fro111 three to five miles apart; but they all are located within a few rods of the ri\-er, and near the contact of the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone and the Altamaha grit. The domestic water-supply is obtained mainly from we ll s yarying from 20 to 60 feet in depth. The wells obtain their water-supply from the Lafayette sands or the underlying Eocene or IVl iocene beds. The watel" is usually soft, and is considered quite wholesome. LEE COUNTY Lee county is noted for its llumerous underground streams, which often appear at the surface in lime-si nks. \?Vhen the channels of these underground streams become obstructed, the water frequently fills the lime-si nks along its course, and thus gives rise to a chain of ponds or small lakes. The waters of these ponds may disappear in a night, or they may remain an indefinite period. There are a few bolel springs in the cQunty, but no ne of very large size. The main dependence for domestic water is shallow wells, which vary frol11 30 to go feet in depth. In recent years, these well s have been bored or driven. \Vells of this cla ss are usua lly sho rt lived, unless properl y cased. H owever, the cost is generally less than that of dug wells. Successful deep wells ha ve been sunk in Lee county at Leesb:lrg, Smithville and Armena. LEESBURG. - The Leesburg deep well was put down by the tow n in 1893, at a cost of about $1,200.00. It is 540 feet deep, and it furnishes an abundant supply o f water, which rises to within twelye feet of the surface. No record of the well was preserved. The character of the water, which is used for general domestic purposes, is shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Suryey of Georgia: - 134 UN DERGROUN D W A TERS OF TH E COA ST A L PLA IN Parts per COllst illlellls D clerlllill ed Mi llion S ili ca ..... . ................ . ........ 35 . 30 Su lphur Tri ox ide .... . .. . . . ........... J 1 . 26 Carbon Dioxide . ....... . . . ............ 86 .60 Phosphorus Pentoxi de .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace Chlorine.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5. 25 Iro n S esqui -oxide and A lumina . . . . . . . . .. 6 . 20 Lime ............... . ........ . ...... 37. 00 Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 .60 P otash ........... .. .... .. ........... 6 .00 Soda ...................... .. ...... . 35.92 Pro bable C01ll billali.olls Potassium Chloride .. ......... . . . . ... . 9.40 S odium Chloride ....... . . . ... . . . . . . .. . 1. 19 Sodium Phosphate ...... .... . ..... . . . trace Sodium Sulphate ......... . ........... . '9 99 Sod ium Carbon ate . ...... . ........ . .. . 45 . 4 1 Calcit1l11 Carbonate .................. . . 66 . 07 .lVlagnesilllTI Carbonate . ............... . Iro n S esqui-oxi cle and A lumina . ........ . "6 .. 7260 T otal Solids ........................ 195. 32 Free Carbon Dioxide . ................. 32 . 52 Grains per U. S . Gallon 2 .059 . 657 5 .0 50 trace .297 . 362 2. 158 . 32 7 . 350 2.095 . 548 . 069 trace , . ,66 2.648 3. 853 .686 . 362 Mr. \V. M. J ohnston's well. located on his plantation. two and a half mi les west of Leesbt,lrg , has a depth of 150 feet, and it furni shes a Row six fee t abo ve the s urface. T wo water- bearing strata are reported , but o nly the second stratum fu rni shes a flow . Th e well is three inches in diameter, and fl ows about 18 gall ons per 111 i~lute. The fl ow is sa id to be some what reduced in dry seasons. The following record has been furn ished : - Clay .... ,.,., ..... .. ..................... from o to 9 ft. Limestone . . ...... . . .......... .. ... .. ..... " 9" 13 " Cavity ......... . ..... . .... . .. .. . . . . . . .... " 16 " 24 " 1vIarl .... . ................... . ..... .. . ... " 24 " 104 " Limestone w ith Rin t .. .................... . " 104 " 144 " Sand ( water-bearing) .' .............. .. . ... . " 144 "ISO H In addition to the well here described, M r. J ohnston also has three UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN '35 other wells on his plantation, varying from 100 to 384 feet in depth, but none of these wells furnish a flow. The water is used only for general farm purposes. SMITHVILLE.- (Elc-va.tioll, 319 feel above sea-level.} There are four wells at Smitln'ille, two of which belong to the Central of Geor- gia Railway, and two to the town One of the railroad wells, which is three inches in diameter, attains a depth of 900 feet. Two waterbearing strata are reported in this well; one at 500, and the other at 900 feet. "Vater ri ses 20 feet above the surface. It is used to supply the railroad water-tank. The Aow at the surface is about 50 gallons a minute. Mr. G. "V. \"arwick, the well contractor, has furnished the following partial record:- I Clay and sand to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 feet 2 Clay of variolls colors to ...... ................... . 140 " 3 Cavernous rock . ( ?) to ........ . ........ . .. . ....... 240 " 4 Blue clay with shells and sharks' teeth to . ....... . ..... 340 " 5 Limestone 345 " 6 Cavernous limestone with corals ..................... ( ?) At the bottom of the \\'ell, the drill struck very hard rock, that could not be penetrated. Field analysis by Mr. W. W. Burnham, of the U. S. Geological Survey: - COllslill/ellls Delerlllilled Parts per Million Chlorine ................ .. ... ........ ............ .. ... a Total Carbonates. as Calcium Ca'rbonate ............ . .... 9' .a Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .... . . .... ' 3 .0 Alkali Carbonates. as Sodium Carbonate . . .... .. ......... 82.6 Total Hardness. as Calcium Carbonate ........... . ...... - - Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) ....... . .. . ..... . .. . . .. .. 5 .0 Iron ...... .. ........... . .. . .... . . .. ......... .. .. . . trace Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ...... , ............ . ....... 2 . 0 Turbidity .. . ............... . . . . . . ........... .. .. .. . 0.0 Color ......... .. .. . ........... . .. . . .. .. . .......... 0.0 The town wells. which have been recently completed, are said to be of the same depth as the Central of Georgia Railway well, above described. 136 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN AR'I ENA . - The deep wells at A rmena, owned by i\Ir. 1. P. Cocke. are three in number. They vary in depth from 290 to 450 feet. They are all non-flowing wells, and they were sunk chiefly to obtain water for plantation uses. The water ri ses to a varying height of from 24 to 68 feet o f the surface. ~Ir. Cocke gives the following record of one of hi s wells:- B1 ue ciay .. .... . .. . ........ .. .... ..... . .. from o to 40 ft. Lilllestone ..... . ..... . ....... .. ..... . .... " 40 " I90 " Quicksand ......... .. .. . . . ............. . . " 190 "250 " Flint (?) .. ............... . .. .. .......... " 250 "280 " Cav ity, frolll which water rises to within 25 feet of the surface ... .. ............ .. ...... . " 280 "290 III The analysis of the water from this well, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Suney of Georgia, is as follows : - Parts per Collstituents Determined Million Silica ... .. .......... . ... . . .. .. ...... 9.20 Sulphur Trioxide .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 .90 Carbon Diox ide .. . . ........ ... . .. .... 154.45 Phosphorus Pentoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace ~l o ri~ .............. .. ....... . .... 6.32 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ......... 2.06 Lime .......... . . . ......... . ........ 84.40 :Magnesia .......... .. ......... . . . .... I. 10 Potash. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .90 Soda ......... . .......... . . . .. .... ... 2 .56 Grains per U. S. Gallon 537 .286 9. 008 trace .368 .II7 4 . 9 22 . 064 .052 .149 Probable Combillatiol1s Potassium Chloride... . . . . . . ... . . .. ... 1.42 Sodium Chloride........ . ........ .. . . 4.83 Sodium Phosphate .... . .... . ......... . trace Calcium Carbonate .. .. ........ .. . ..... 145.07 Calcium Sulphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.68 Magnesium Sulphate .. ...... . ..... . .. . . 57 Magnesi um Chloride ........ .. . . ...... 3 .62 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . . . . . . . . .. 2 .06 . 083 .282 trace 8460 .448 .033 .211 . 117 Total Solids . ...... . ...... . ....... 174-45 IO.I7 I Free Carbon Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84 .20 49 IO THE UNDERGROU.\-D WATHA'S OF GEORGIA PLATE X P U T T ING DOWN A I) I<: Il:J> WELL I N TilE ]'(NEY WOOD S, NE .-\H ]) O XALI)SON V ILLE, DEC ATU H COUNTY. GEO BGI.A. UNDERGROUND IVdTERS OF THE COdSTAL PLAIN 137 The upper water-bearing strata in the Lee coullty wells are Eocene, and the lower, probably Cretaceous. UBERTY COUNTY The domestic water-supply of Liberty county is obtained largely from driven wells. These wells. which vary frol11 J5 to 30 fef.!t in depth, obtain their water from what appears to be Pliocene, or possibly, Pleistocene sands. Near the coast, it is said, that water in the wells is frequently struck at from 12 to 15 feet from the ,surface; but. unless they are extended beyond what is known as the first stratum of black rock, the water is unsatisfactory, owi ng to its containing fine sand. The water from these wells is soft, and is generally regarded as quite wholesome. There appears to be no springs of importance in the county. Successful deep wells have been sLInk at Riceboro and Dorchester, and on St. Catherine's Island. RICEBORO . - There are two Riceboro flowing-wells: one, 430, and the other, 460 ieet deep. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 350 and 450 feet, the latter stratum furnishing a Row, rising about 20 feet above the surface. The water is suJphuretecl, and is regarded as e.xcellent for drinking purposes. Sand, clay. marl, and some thin layers of hard rock are said to liave been penetrated in these wells; but their thickness and depth fr0111 the surface were 110t learned . One of these wells, located at the station. supplies the water tank of the Seaboard Air Line Railway, by a natural flow. The analysis of the water from this well is as follows: - Field analysis by Mr. \\T. W. Burnham. of the U S. Geological Survey :- Parts per Million ~~ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 6.5 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. : . .' . . .. . . .. ... !I 8. a Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .... . . .. 21.0 Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate .. . . .......... r03. a IJS UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COAS'FAL PLAIN T otal Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate ....... . ........ '52.0 Sulphur Trioxide ( estimated ) ............ . ..... . . ... 20. 0 Iron ... . ................................ . ... . .. .. 1. 0 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide. . .... . . .......... . . . . ... . . 4.0 Color..... ... ... . .. ........... .. ..... ... .... ..... 0.0 Turbidity ............... . .. . .. : ...... . . .... . ...... 0.0 Temperature ( estimated ) ...................... 70 F The other Riceboro well, owned by i\1r. A. E. \Vinn, and located on a plantation about one mile northeast o f Riceboro station, is twoancl-a-half inches in diameter, with a strong fto w. The water is llsed for general domestic and stock purposes. An analysis of it is as foll ows : - Field analysis by 11r. W. W. Burnham. of the U. S. Geological Survey: - COllslill/ ellls Delerlllilled Parts per Million Chlorine ... .. . . .................. . ...... . ......... 65 Total carbonates. as calcium carbonate .. .... ....... .... 105.0 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . ......... - .. Alkali Carbonates. as Sodium Carbonate. ....... . ....... - - - Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate .. ........ .. ..... 152.0 Sulphur Trioxide ..... . .. . ... . .. .. . . .............. 33.0 Iron . . ......................... . . . ........... . ... 05 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide.. . .. . ... . ... ... . .. . . . . .... 4.0 Color.. . ... ...... . .. . .. . . . .... . . ... . .. . ... .. .. .. .. 0.0 Turbidity. ........ . ... .. ......... ... ........ . . .... 0.0 Temperature ( estimated ) .... . '.' . . . .. . .......... 78 F. DORCHESTER. - Se\'en deep wells have been sunk in, or near, D orchester. These wells, which are all flowing-wells, vary from 308 to 465 feet in depth. One of the wells, owned by Mr. W. P. \ >\fait, located on his plantation two miles west of D orchester, is six inches in di ~meter and 450 feet deep, and it furni shes T,200 gallons per minute. The water, which is used for the irrigation of rice lands. rises 30 feet aboye the surface. Another well, owned by the same gentleman, but located in the village of Dorchester. is reported by :-Ir. Burnham to be three inches in diameter and 470 feet deep, UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLA/.V 139 with a Aow of about 100 gallons per minute. The field analysis of the water fro111 the last named \yell is as fo 11 ows : - Field analysis by 11r. W . W. Burnh am, of the U S. Geological Survey: - COl/stitl/ el/ts Deterlllil/ed Parts per Million Chlorine ......................................... 65 T otal Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate ................ 104.0 Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . .. 0.0 Alkal i Carbonates, as Sod ium Carbonate ... .. .......... 110.0 Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate .. . . .. ........... - - - Sulphur Triox ide . ... . .......... .. . . ............... 42.0 Iron (estimated) .................................. 05 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide....... . . . ........ ... . . . .. . 40 Turbidity ..... . .. . .. . ............................. 0.0 Color............... ... ........ . . . ..... ...... . ... 0.0 Temperature (esti mated ) ................. . .... 78 F ST. CATHERINE'S ISLAND. - The St. Catherine Island wells. ow ned by Mr J. Raners. of Savannah. are fi"e in number. They are said to attain an average depth of about 300 feet. They are three inches in diameter, and each furnishes a Row rising about 33 feet above the surface. The Aow is said to be slightly affected by the .tides. which cause a eli fference of pressure equal to a variation o f about 18 inches in head. Four of these wells are cased to a depth of 200 feet, and have sho wn no perceptible yariatioll in Row since their completion : while the fifth. cased to a much less depth. has become filled with sand . and has ceaseeJ to flow. The formations passed through are sai d to consist mainly of sand and marl, with 2. few thin layers of hard rock. The water. which is sulphureted, is used for general plantation purposes. The deep wells of Liberty cOllnty seem to obtain their water-slIpply from the same geological horizon as the Brunswick well s. LOWNDES COUNTY The o nly springs of any importance in Low ndes county, kn own to the writer. OCCt1r in the \ Vithlacoochee River. The domestic waterslIpply seems to be obtained almost entirely from shallow wells. 140 U.VDERGROUND WATE RS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 'these wells obtain the ir water from the Lafayette or the underlying )'liocene deposits. The water is considered quite wholesome; and, in the deeper well s it appears to be but little affected by droughts. In some instances, these wells are driven: but more frequently they are dug. and curbed with boards for part of their depth. The only deep wells in Lowndes county are at Valdosta, the county seat. The first of these wells was completed in 1893, at a cost of about $1,600.00. This well varies from 4;/, to 10 inches in diameter, and is 522 feet deep. Mr. J. A. Durst. the well con- tractor, reports water-bearing strata at 260 (?), 460 and 5r 5 feet, the water-bearing stratum in each case being a po rous limestone. The water rises to within I r 3 feet of the surface. Prof. H. C. \Nhite. Chemist, University of Georgia, has furni shed the following analysis of the water from the different strata of the well: - S olids Dissolved Grains per U. S. Gallon No. I NO.2. NO.3. Carbonate of Lime .................. 5 . .124 4.726 5 -429 Sulphate of Lime ............ . ....... 0.763 0.654 0.8 r~ Sodium Chloride ..... . ..... . .... . ... 0-461 0.398 0.268 Sulphate of Soda ......... .. . . . . . .... 0.074 0.086 0.085 Sulphate of Potash .......... . ....... 0.oS5 0.072 0.038 Sulphate of Magnesia ................ 0. 165 0.193 0. 20 1 Oxide of I ron ........... . .......... 0. TOI 0.096 0.121 Alumina ................... .. ....... 0. 065 Silica .............................. 0.392 Organic :\1atter and Combined \Vater .... 1. r6r N itrates . . . ... .... . .. . . ... ... .. .... none 0.054 0468 '.3 7 tra'ce 0. T04 0.7 14 0.95 trace' Total .. ..... . ...... : .... . . . .... . .876I 8.055 8.724 Suspended Sediments ....... . ......... - - 1 . 3 21 No. I, from a depth of 360 feet. No.2, from a depth of 460 feet. NO.3, from a depth of 5I 5 feet. A second well , put down by the city of Valdosta in '900, has a depth of 500 feet, and is 8 inches in diameter. This well is said to furni sh daily a maximum of 500,000 gallons of water, the capacity of the present pump, without perceptibly lowering the static head, which remains constant at 120 feet, from the surface. From a U.VDERGROU.YD WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAl!I' 14' series of borings frol11 this well, togetller wi th some notes furnished by ~Ir. Dana Griffin, the Superintendent of the City \Yater-works, the following incomplete well record has been compiled:- Superficial sand .............. . ............ from 0 to 2 ft. '{ellow sand .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Il 2 II 2:2 , . Sand and g ra vel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 22" 72 " Blue marl ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .." 72 H 80 H Soft coral rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 80" I I 7 (: Sandy clay, often indurated and phosphatic . . . .. " ISO '1176 I: Rather compact, brownish gray limestone contain- ing minute grains of transparent quartz sarid. . " 186 H 208 II \Vhite porous limesto l1e, water-bearing. . . . . . .. " 240 II 260 II Same as above. with fragments of sea-urchin. .. " 325 H 360 H \Yhite porous limestone, said to continue to bot- tom of well at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 ,. The analysis of the water from this well, made by Dr. Edgar Eyerhart. Chemi st of the Geological Suryey of Georgia. is as fol- 10ws:COllsfitllellts Detcl'lIlillrd :'.1I"ts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon Silica . .................... . .. ... ... . '-t. 85 Sulphur Trioxide ........... . .... . . . . . 20.20 Carbon Dioxide .. . ..... . .... .... .. .. 71 . 00 P hosphorus Pentoxide ................ . trace Chlorine ................... . ....... . . 5 -4+ Iron SesCjui-oxide and Alumina .. . . . .... . 6 .12 U= .... . ............ . .. . .. . ...... . 3494 Magnesia ... . . ........ . ......... . . .. .. 5. 19 Potash ................ . ..... . . .. ... 1. 34 Soda .. .. .. .................. .. . .. .. 3 .85 .866 1.178 3. 2 54 trace .3 ' 7 357 2.038 .30 3 .078 .225 Probable Co""bi"atiolls Potassium Chloride .. . . . ... . ... . .... . . 2 . 21 Sodium Chloride .... . .... . ........... 7.27 Sodium Phosphate ............ . . .. ... trace Magnesium Sulphate .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . 15.57 Calcium Sulphate .. . .. . ... ... ........ .. 16.69 ' Galcium Carbonate ........... . .. . . . . . . 50 . 12 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina.. . . . .. . . 6.12 Total . . . .. . . .. . ... . ..... .. .... .. .. II 2.83 . '39 .424 trace .908 973 2 .923 357 6.5 80 Free Carbon Dioxide .... .... .. .... .... 48.95 2.855 142 U,YDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN I n addition to the wells here described, there are two or three other deep ,,-ells in Valdosta_ These wells all obtain their watersupply apparently from the Eocene limestone. Fossils, brought up frol11 360' feet from the surface in the new well at the \yater-works station, haye been identified by Dr. Dall as belonging to the Ocala or Peninsular limestone horizon . :'IIACO:\T COU"TY The cleep \yells of ~lacon county are located at ~Iontezul11a, Oglethorpe and :\Iarshallville. MONTEz"'IA. - (Elevatioll, 300 feet above sca-Ievel.) :'I1011te- Z1I111a has IS flowing wells. \'arying fro111 60 to 500 feet in depth. Mr. E. J. \\-ilson . the contractor \\'ho put do\\'n several of these wells, gi\'es the following record of the deepest well:- I Sand to ....... . ............................ 6 ft. 2 White clay to . .... ..... . .. ... .... . . ... . .... 18 " 3 Limestone to ........................... . ... 20 " -t Sand and clay to .... ........ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50 " J Bluish tough clay to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60 " 6 Sand with mica to ............. ... ,"........... 75 u 7 Blue clay to .. . .......... ... . ....... . ........ 95 " 8 Sand and blue clay to ..... .... . . . .... .. ....... 155 H 9 Fine, micaceous sand to ...................... 160 It 10 Sand and clay to .................. __ ....... . 190 " 1 I Sand wi th thin layers of flint to .... ...... . ..... . 3 10 It 1 2 Clay and fossil \\'ood to - ......... . ..... .. .... 350 " 13 Limestone containing shells to ...... '.' ......... 35 2 I. L+ :Micaceous sand to ..................... 356 H ] 5 Clay interstratified with sand to ...................p6 H 16 Fossiliferous limestone ,,-ith layers of sand to ..... 480 " '7 Clay to .............................. _..... 496 " 18 Sand to ....... - ........ ..... .. .... ..... ... 500 " The first \\"ater-bea ring stratu1l1, struck at 60 feet, flowed eight feet abo\"e the surface .: the second water-bearing stratum, struck at 150 feet, flowed 20 feet above the surface; the third water-bearing stratum, struck at 350 feet, flowed 30 feet alXlve the surface ; the fourth water-bearing 'stratum, struck at 500 feet, flowed 62 feet above the surface. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 1+3 Three of the Montezuma wells obtain their water-supply from the first stratum, fourteen from the third, and one from the fourth. So abundant is the flow fro111 the deep wells, that an attempt was made to use the water to furnish power to operate a cotton gin. but the attempt was not sllccessful. The total amount of water furnished claily by these wells is yery great; and it must necessarily cause a very heavy draught o n the water-supply. ~e\'ertheless, it is stated that there has not ret been any perceptible "ariation in the static head. The followi ng analysis by Dr. Edgar E"erhart, Chemi st of .the Geological Survey o f Georgia, was made 1'0111 a sample of water taken from the city water-works reservo ir. which is supplied with water from the fourth water-bearing stratum: - Parts per COllstitlfClIls Determilled ~lillion Silica ......................... . .. . Sulphur Trioxide ................. . Carbon Diox ide ......... . ......... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ........... . . . . Chlorine ......................... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . ... .. . . Linle ..... . .. . .. . .. . ..... . ....... . Magnesia ....... . .... . ... . ....... . . Potash ............. . . ............ . Soda .......................... . .. 39.98 lO45 36 .80 '75 6.80 3. 12 18 .50 2.50 639 29. 07 Probable Combillatiolls Pota5si um Ch loride ... . ..... . .... . . . Sodium Chloride ................ . . Sodium Sulphate ... . ..... . ........ . Sodium Phosphate . . . . .. .. . . . .. ... . . Sodium Carbonate .............. . .. ~Iagnesium Carbonate . ............. . Calcium Carbonate ............ . . . . . . 10.12 3. 26 22.72 254 27.92 5. 2 5 33. 0 3 Total Solids ......... .. .. . . .. ... . '3794 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 7.92 Grains per U. S. Gallon 2 .8-16 . 6lO 2.150 .102 397 .1 82 1.079 .1-16 373 1.695 .590 .190 1.3 2 5 .1-18 , .628 36 , .926 8.0-13 -460 The following field analysis, made by l\Ir. \ Y. IV. Burnham, has 144 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLA IN been furni shed by i\Ir. i\I. O. Leighton. Chief of the Di"ision of Hydro-Economics, U . S. Geological Suryey:- COllstituellts DetcrJll illcd Parts per i\Iillion I II III Chlorine ..... . ....... . .......... . -+.0 T otal Carbonates as Calci um Carbonate 25-+ Su lphur Trioxide ................. . 5. 0 T o tal Hardness, as Calciu111 Carbonate. 82 .8 Iron .......... . ................. . 4. 0 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide .......... . 2.0 Color .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 46 . 0 4. 0 32 . 2 10.0 69 0 7 3 0 6 5 36 . 2 trace 69 1.5 3 0 Turbidit'y .... . .................. . 0.0 0 0 Flow per lIIinute in Gallons ... . '4.0 60 250 Temperature (estimated) .. . ........ 62 F. 60 F. 60 F. Distance of strata from the surface. . .. 60 ft. 350 ft. 500 ft. OGLETHORPE. - The deep well at Oglethorpe, the county seat of 1\lacon county, which was sLInk by the town authorities in 1894, has a depth of 500 feet, and furnishes a st rong flow. The strata peneboated in thi s ,\ell are said to be practically the same as in the Montezuma we ll. The analysis of the water from the well. made by Prof. H. C. White. of the University of Georgia, is as follows:- Grains per So/ids Dissolved U . S. Gallon Sulphate of Lime .. ..... . .......... .. ... . . . ... Sulphate of Soda .. . .. . .. . 0 0 0 : Sulphate of Magnesia .... ... . .... 0 Chloride of Sodium . . ..... .. . . . .. . .. . . .... .. ... . Carbonate of Soda . . ... .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . Carbonate of Li me .... . . . . ... . ...... .. . . . . . .. . . . 1.184 3434 0.956 2.654 0.384 O. I 20 S ilica ... . ......... . .. . . ..... . ...... . .. . .. . . .. . o. II4 Organic Matter and Combined W'ater ...._.. .. . . .. .. . 0.430 Total . ... . .. . ... ... . . .. .. .... . .. .. . .. ... . .. . 9 . 2 76 MARSHALLVILLE .-(Elevation, 500 feet above sea-level.} T he deep well at this place, put down by the town counci l in 1901 at a cost of about $1,200.00, has a depth of 397 feet. It is a 6-inch UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 145 well, reduced to 3 inches near the bottom; and it furnishes about 3.000 gallons per hour, the capacity of the pump. The water rises io within 121 feet of the surface. Nir. 1\1. N. Brewer, the well contractor, furnishes the following record of the Marshallville well: - Yellow clay .. ... . .sand with some pipe clay . Fine gray sand . . . Brownish sandy clay . . . .. ... . . . frol11 . .. " .. . .. " .. " I --j0'" 90 ,Ss to " " " -? 0- 90 IS5 230 feet " " " ... Fine gray sand . . . . . . . . . .. . . . " 230 " 270 " Sand and blue marl . . Clay . . . . . .. .. . . . . .... " " 270 " 320 " 3 20 " 370 " Thin layers of lirnestone Very hard rock . .... .... " 370 " 380 " 3S0 " 390 " Sand (water-bearing) " 390 " 397 " The following field analysis of the water from the ~Iarshallville well, by Ml'. \V. \V. Burnham. has been furni shed by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics. U. S. Geological Survey:- COllstitl/ellts Deterll/illed Parts per Million Chlorine .. .... . .. . .. . .. . .... . . . ...... . ........ . ... 1.5 Total Carbonates as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ....... . . IO. 0 Total Hardness as Calcium Carbonate .. . .. . .. . .. . ..... 4' .4 Iron ..... . ........................ . ... .. ..... . .... 2.0 Color ............................. . . .............. 0.0 Odor of Hydrogen Sulph ide ........ . .. . .............. 3.0 Turbidity (estimated) ............. .. .. ... .. .. . .. .... 5.0 Temperature (estimated) .... . .. . ... . .. . ........ 6, 0 F. \Vith the exception, probably, of the upper water-bearing strata in the Oglethorpe and Montezuma wells. the water-supply of the deep \Yells of Macon county appear to come from the Upper Cretace- -DUS. No springs of any importance are reported in the county. The cloll)cstic water-supply is secured chieRy frolll shallow wells varying from 20 to 60 feet in depth. The water of these \\'ells. which is obtained mainly from the Lafayette sands and clays. is soft. and is -. usually considered wholesome. 146 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN MARION COUNTY Marion county is fairly well supplied with small springs; but the main reliance for domestic water-supply is shallow wells. These wells obtain their water from the Lafayette sands and clays, or the underlying Cretaceous beels. The former source of water is usually more satisfactory than the latter, owing to the absence of lime. The only deep well, reported in Marion county, is located at Buena Vista, . the cou nty-seat. This weIl is ten inches in diameter and 583 feet deep. The water rises to within 240 feet of the surface. Mr. E. J. vVilson, the well contractor, gi ves the foHowing record of the Buena Vista well:- Blue clays ....... . ... . . . . .... . . . .. .. . .... from o to 35 ft. Sand and clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 35 5 II 10 H Soft limestone .... .... . . . ...... . ..... . .. .. " 105 " 155 " Marl . ....... . . . ...... . . . .... ..... . . ..... " 155 "158 " Rock ............................... . .... " 158 "159 II Marl . ...... .. .......... . .. .. ... . .... .. .. " 159 "25 2 " Flint ... . . . ... ... . .... . .......... . . .. .... II 25 2 "254 " Indurated marl . . ......... . ... ..... . .. . . . . " 254 H 263 II Hard rock . . ................. . .......... " 263 "270 H Marl . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . ......... ... ... . " 270 "297 " Limestone (water-bearing) . ......... . .. .. . . " 297 "33 1 " Coarse, gray sand ..... .. . .. .............. . " 33 I "343 " Marl (water-bearing) . .. . .. ..... . . . . . .. ... . " 343 "364 " Marl .. . .. . ................... . .... . .. . . . " 364 "55 1 " Hard, compact rock ... . . .. ................ . " 55 1 "583 " Two water-bearing strata are reported in the well, one at 33I, and the other at 364 feet from the surface. The first of these beds is said to have yielded a large quantity of water; but it was found impossible to keep the bore-hole from filling with quicksand. Several weeks were spent in trying to control the inflowing sand; but all efforts were unsuccessful. The quicksand was finally cased off, and the well was continued to the depth of 583 feet, when the appropriation made by the town council was expended, and the well was abandoned. The water-bearing strata of this wel1 are Cretaceous. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN '47 MITCHELL COUNTY Springs are reported at various points in the western part of Mitchell county along the Flint River; but none of them appear to be of very large size. The main dependence for domestic watersupply is shallow wells. Successful deep wells have been sunk at Camilla and Pelham. The well at the former place is said to be 600 feet deep, while the latter is only 293 feet deep. The Pelham well, which is only two a nd a half inches in diameter, is said by the Mayor to have penetrated the following strata: - Red and yellow clays . .... .. .. ............ from o to 25 ft. Yellow clays with thin layers of sand. . . . . . . . .. " 2j HI 55" Limestone with varying degrees of hardness. . .. " 180 "293 " This well and also the deep well at Camilla obtain their water,upply, no doubt, from the Vicksburg-J ackson limestone. McINTOSH COUNTY McIntosh county has a number of deep wells, all of which are flowing. They furnish an abundant supply of sulphureted water. These wells vary from about 400 to 550 feet, and, apparently, they obtain their water-supply from the same horizon as the Liberty and the Glynn .county wells . DARIIlN.-The first attempt to obtain artesian water at Darien was made in 1885, by sinking a four-inch well to the depth of 492 feet. This well supplied the "town with water, until ,89', when the large eight-incll well, now in use, was completed . The eight-inch well is 530 feet deep. It flows about 200 gallons per minute. The water is hard and sulphureted, but quite wholesome. It rises 15 feet above the surface. The main water-bearing stratum is said to be near the bottom of the wells. Other strata are reported nearer the surface, though the flow is unsatisfactory. The following notes were made from a partial series of borings obtained from the county ordinary: - 14 8 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN Very coarse sand and pebbles. The pebbles, which con- sist of both qt1artz anel feldspar, are only slightly rounded, and are often incrusted wi th a yellowish ochreot1s eleposit at ............................ 125 feet Dark-gray marl, having a greenish tint, and containing numerous microscopic rhombohedral crystals of caI- CIte. at ..................................... 133 \'?.) " Very fine. gray sand with considerable clay; also a few large, well-rounded quartz grains, at .. . . ........ . 143 " Fine brown sandy clay and fragments of shells, at. . . . 167 " ,Coarse sanel, pebbles anel fragments of shells, at. ...... 176 " 1'he same as the above, except that it contains glaucon- ite, at .................................... .. 188 " Gray marl, made up largely of minute crystals of calcite with a few grains of coarse sand, at . ............ . 220 " Fine, gray, micaceolls sand and a few fragments of shells, at ................................... 22 I " Diatomaceous earth, of a greenish g ray color, at . .... . 258 " Diatomaceolls earth, with a few small crystals of sele- nite, at . ......... . . .. ... . ................... 280 " Diatomaceous earth, in which spicules of sponges are oommoo,at 3~ " Diatomaceous earth and a few particles of glauconite, at.350 " Diatomaceous earth at ........... . ............... 375 " Coarse sanel anel pebbles forming conglomerate. which contains sharks' teeth. small elental plates (possibly of the ray), fragments of shells, and pieces of lignite, the last often an inch in diameter, at . . .... . ....... 385 " Rather fine, gray sand, with sharks' teeth, glauconite, a few diatoms, and fragments of bone and shell, at. .. 388 " Indurated, highly calcareous light-gray marl resembling , chalk. at .... . .. . ......... . .................. 391 " Fine. dark-gray sand containing small Rakes of mica, diatoms. spicules of sponges and glauconite. at ...... 400 " Fine, yellow sand, with fragments of shells, glauconite and diatoms, at .......... . ... . ...... .. ....... 420 " I-Iard, compact greenish clay, breaking w ith conchoidal fracture, at .... . ............................. 440 " The same as the above at ... . ...... .. ............. 500 " Fine, dark-gray glauconitic sand, at ................. 5 r5 " "The same as the above, except with fragments of shells, at ................. . .. . .................. , . . 524 " l-Iard, compact clay-stone and sand, at ...... . ........ 530 " UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN '49 The following field analysis of the water from the Darien well, made by Mr. VV. W. Burnham, has been furnished by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, U . S. Geological Survey: ---.:.. COllstitllellts Detenll';lIed Parts per Million Chlorine ............................. . .. . ....... . I I. 5 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .............. 125. 0 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . .. 0.0 Alkali Carbonates. as Sodium Carbonate .... . .... . ..... 125.0 Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate ...... . .......... '79.0 Sulphur Trioxide ........ . . . ... . .... .. .. . ......... 93.0 Iron ......... .. .................................. I . 0 Color...... ....... .. . ... . . .. . . ........ . . . ... ..... 0.0 Odor. Hydrogen Sulphide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.0 Turbidity ........ ........... ......... ....... .... . 0.0 Temperature (estimated) ...................... 72 F. BARRING'fON. - The deep well at Barrington. sUllk by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in r895. for the purpose of securing water to supply its locomotives, is three inches in diameter artd 450 feet deep. It furnishes 200 gallons of water per minute, and the water rises 20 feet above the surface. Two flows are reported in the well, one at 350 feet, and the other at 450 feet. The formations penetrated are said to be simi lar to those in the Brunswick wells. The following field analysis of the water from the Barrington well was made by Mr. 'yV. 'yV. Burnham and furn ished by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Survey: - COllstitllellts Deterlllilled Parts per Million Chlorine ..... . .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11.5 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate ............... 1 r;). 0 Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . .. 8.0 Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate ........... . ... IT r .0 Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate .. . . . ........ . . . 178.0 Sulphur Trioxide ...................... . . . . . .. ..... 105.0 g~;~r' ...... .......... . .. ........... .. ........................................ ~:~ Turbidity ...... . .......... . .... . .. . .. . .. .. ........ 0 . 0 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ................. .. ....... 3.0 Temperature (estimated) .. . . .. .. . . .. .... . .. .. . 72 F 150 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN \ VOLF ISLAND. - This well was completed in 1891, at a cost of $500. It is a two-inch well, 500 feet deep. The water, which is strongly sulph ureted, rises 45 feet above the surface. No record of the well has been preserved. CRYTON ISLAND. - The Creyton Island well, owned by Mr. George E. Atwood, has a depth of 4[4 feet. It is three inches in diameter, and furnishes a flow which rises 50 feet above the surface. A dark colored rock, 20 feet in thickness, is reported to have been struck in this well at 320 feet. Samples of this rock, forwarded to the writer by lVIr. Atwood, were found to be impure manganese ore. Coral rock and beds of gravel are said to have occurred in the well; but neither their depth nor their thickness was gi\en. DOBOY. - Mr. J. C. Woodhull's well at Doboy is 128 feet deep, and furnishes a flow which rises JO feet above the surface. This well is interesting, as it is the only deep well in the county where a Aow is obtained near the surface. The water-bearing stratum furnishing this flow probably occurs in other deep wells in the county; but its presence has not been reported. In addition to the deep wells here described, there are also deep wells at Inwood and Ridgeville, and on Union .and Sapelo Islands. McIntosh county appears to ha ve but few springs. Shallow wells are the chief reliance for the domestic water-supply. MONTGOMERY COUNTY No information has been received concerning the distribution of springs in Nlontgomery coullty. Springs, no doubt, occur in this county in considerable numbers. However, judging from the character of the underlying formations, they are probably small and of but little importance. Shallow well s are to be found at nearly every farm house. They vary from 20 to 50 feet in depth, and furnish an abundance of water for all domestic purposes. T he only deep wells reported in the county are at McArthur, Higgston and Ochwalkee. McARTHuR .-(Elevatioll, 247 feet above sea-ll!'"uel.} The McArthur well is t hree inches in diameter and 900 feet deep. \Vater rises UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 151 to within 60 feet of the surface. Mr. J. B. Spencer has kindl y fur- nished the following record of the well: - Sandy soil ... ... . . . .. ....... .. ... : .. . .... from o to 4 ft. Red clay ........ ... . . ........ .. . . ...... . " 4 " 20 " Coarse sand ............ .. ..... . ........ . . H 20 " 30 " Blue clay with thin layers of sandstone. . . . . . . . . &~ . ..... . ... . .......... . .. . .. . ...... " " 30 H 250 " 250 " 350 " Limestone with some water ........ . . . . . . . .. " 350 H 500 " Flint ............... . ......... . .......... " 500 " 502 " Sandstone .................. . ..... . ...... " 502 " 52 5 " Shell formation ....... . .............. .. ... " 525 " 625 " \hite limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 625 " 890 " "Vater-bearing strata are reported in this well at 419 and 890 feet. The water from both strata is said to have about the same static head. H1GGSTON. - Mr. T. M. Barker's well at this place was completed in 1902. It is six inch ~s in diameter and 353 feet deep. The water rises to within 73 feet of the surface. No record of the well has been secured. The water-bearing strahml probably occurs near the bottom of the well, and corresponds possibly with the second water-bearing stratum of the McArthur well. OCHWALKEE. - The deep well at Ochwalkee, owned by the Hilton & Dodge Lumber Company, is 228 feet deep and three inches in diameter. It has a flow of 25 gallons per minute. The water, whic!l is used chiefly for domestic purposes, rises 20 feet abQ\'e the surface. No record of the well was secured. The source of the water, supplying the deep wells of Montgomery county, seems to be Eocene limestones; while the shallow wells obtain their water-supply from the Lafayette, or the underlying Altamaha formation, MUSCOGEE COUNTY The main source of domestic water-supply of Muscogee county is shallow wells, whicll vary from 20 to 60 feet in depth. The water of these wells is obtained largely from the superficial Lafayette. 152 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN However, in the absence, or thinning, of this deposit, the wells obtain their water fro111 the underlying Cretaceous sands and clays. The water of these shallow wells is usually soft, and is regarded as quite wholesome. The springs of the county are small and few in number. They are often met with, along the larger streams and near the margins of the ri ver and creek valleys . Springs of this character are to be' seen along the banks of the Chattahoochee River. within the corporate limits of Columbus; and also along the second river terrace east of the city. These springs rarely ever furnish more than five or ten' gallons of water per minute; and they are more or less affected by drought. The only successful deep well in Muscogee county is located on the Bass plantation) about four miles south of Columbus, near the mouth of Bu ll Creek. This well is three inches in diameter and 425 feet deep. The water rises four feet above the surface. The only water-bearing stratum reported in the well occurs at about 400 feet from the surface. \Vhen the well was first completed, it is said to ha\"e flowed between 90 and 100 gallons per minute; but, at present, the Row is only about two-thirds this amount. This decrease in Row is thought to be due to the filling of the casing with sand. The source of the water suppl ying t he Bass well is supposed to be the base of the Cretaceous. However, as the well is w ithin less than three miles of the Crystalli ne rocks, it is not at all improbable that the source may be the upper part of the decomposed gneisses and schists, upon which the Cretaceous beds have been deposited. PIERCE COUNTY The only deep well reported in Pierce county is at Offerman. This well, owhed by the Southern Pine Company of Georgia, is located on the west side of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, almost a quarter of a mile north of the Atlanta, Birmingham & Atlantic Railroad junction. The well was put down in 1898 at a cost of $500. It is eight inches in diameter and 125 feet deep. Originally, the well was 515 feet deep, but it subsequently filled with sand to 125 feet- The water, which is llsed for boiler purposes and for drinking, rises to > UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN within J08 feet of the surface. The maximum yield of the ,,"ell is 40 gallons per minute. Rock is reported at 98 and 500 feet from the surface, the former bed extending to 108 feet, at which point waterbearing sand was struck. The above notes, together with the follow ing field analysis of the water, have been furnished this Survey by Mr. \Y. \Y. Burnham:- COllstitlf.ents Determilled Parts per Million Chlorine ......................................... 9.0 T otal Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.4 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .. ..... . Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate .............. . Total Hardness. as Calcium Carbonate ..... . ......... . 124.0 Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) ...................... 5.0 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . .. 2.0 Iron , ................... .. .. . .. . .. . .............. 0.5 Color.... ... ... .... ............. ... ... .......... 0.0 Turbidity ........ . ......... .. ..... . ........ . ..... 0.0 Temperature (estimated) .. ." ............ . ........ 65 0 F. Pierce county has no springs of importance. Shallow wells are the principal source of domestic water-supply. PULASKI COUNTY Shallow wells se~111 to be the main source of domestic water-supply in Pulaski county. There is no doubt, that there are numerous springs in the county; but no informati on has been received COI1c~rn ing their location and oWl:tership . Deep wells haye been put down at Hawkinsville and Cochran. H;'WKINSV1LLF. .-(Elevatioll, 235 feet above sea-lll'"uel.) There are a number of deep wells within the corporate limits of Hawkinsville, five of which belong to the city. These wells, which vary from two to eight inches in diameter, attain a depth from 300 to 500 feet. Two water-bearing strata were struck in the deeper wells at 265 and 490 feet from the surface. Both strata furnish flowing water, which is hard and sl ightly slllphllreted. The water from the second stratum rises about 12 feet abo,'e the surface. 154 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN The following record of one of the Hawkinsville wells is g iven by Mr. Dearing, a well contractor : - Red and yellow clays .... . .. . ....... .... .. . from o to 40 ft. Limestone with layers of blue clay. . . . . . . . .. " 40 " 180 " White limestone and clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 180 "220 " Blue clay . . ........ . . .. . .. . . ............. " 220 "260 " Coarse water-bearing sand containing sharks' teeth . . .. . . .. .. . . . ...... . ...... . .. . .. .. " 260 ".360 " Limestone interstratified with clay . . . . . . . . . . .. " 360 "490 " Coarse water-bearing sand at ............... . 490 " The following analysis by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, was made from the water from the second stratum: - Parts per Grains per COlls!illlellts Determined Million U. S. Gallon Silica . .............. . ... . . .. .. . ... . 30.80 Sulphur Tri oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 12 Carbon Dioxide ... ..... ........... 137.80 Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace Chlorine .......... . ........... ..... 18.20 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alum ina. . . . . . . .. 5.30 Lime .................... . .. . ...... 86.70 Magnesia .... . .. . .. . ....... . ... . .. . 3 .60 Potash . . ..... . . . ... . . . ... . ....... 4.41 Soda .................. ... ......... 22.26 1.796 357 9.786 trace 1. 05 I .30 9 5. 0 58 .210 .257 I. 298 Probable Combinatio1lS Potassium Chloride .................. 6 .99 Sodium Chloride ............ . .. . ... 24.40 Sodium Sulphate . ............ . .. . .. . 13 . 31 Sodium Phosphate ...... , . . . . . . . . . . . . trace Sodium Carbonate.. . .. . .. ......... .. 6.02 Magnesi~ll11 Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.56 Calcium Carbonate .. .... .. .. .. . .. . .. . 154 .82 408 1.42 3 776 trace .35 1 44' 9 .006 Total solids ......... . ... ... . . .... 249.20 I4533 Free Carbon Dioxide .. ... .... . .. .... 63.22 COCHRAN.-(Elevation, 341 feet above sea-level.) The Cochran . deep well, completed in 1895, is six inches in diameter and 365 feet UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COA.STAL PLAIN 155 deep. The water rises to within 85 feet of the surface. It is hard and sulphureted, and is used for general domestic purposes. The only water-bearing stratum reported is at 350 feet. The record of the well is said to be similar to that of the Hawkinsville well. RANDOLPH COUNTY Large limestone springs are said to be common 111 Randolph county in the limestone districts. A spring of this nature may be seen in Greer's Cave, an interesting limestone cavern located in the northern part of the county. Small springs are numerous; but the main source of the domestic water-supply is shallow wells. These wells, which vary from 30 to 50 feet in depth, usually furnish an abundant supply of soft water throughout the year. The only deep wells in the county are at Cuthbert and Shellman. CUTHBERT.-(ElevMion, 432 feet above sea.-Ievel.) The Cuthbert deep well, sunk some years ago by the town of Cuthbert to obtain water for domestic purposes, is said to attain a depth of 1,000 feet. It varies from four to six inches in diameter. The only information secured concerning the Cuthbert well is contained in the following meagre notes by Dr. J. VV. Spencer, former State Geologist of Georgiat :- "This well was sunk to a depth of 1,000 feet, but the record was not kept. From a point between 340 and 400 feet, water rose to within 30 feet of the surface; and at 550 feet. the water rose to within 70 feet of the surface." The Cuthbert well is now abandoned. However, there seems to be no reason why it could not be used to supply the town with water. SHELLMAN. - The deep well at Shellman, which supplies the town witll water, was completed in I902. It is six inches in diameter and 4IO feet deep. The only water-bearing stratum reporteu occurs near the bottom of the well. The water rises to within 70 feet of the surface. Mr. J. E. Cole, the well contractor, has kindly furni shed the following record: - I Geological Survey of GeorgiA, First Report gf Pr.ogress, P.79. 18$0 , 156 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF T HE COASTA L PLAIN Red clay . . ...... ... ... . .. . .. . .. . . . ...... from o to 18 ft. Quicksand ... .. ......... . ... . . ...... ..... " rS "148 " Blue marl ............................... H 148 "300 " Very hard limestone .............. . ....... " 300 "-too " \ Vater-bearing formati on ................... If 400 If 410 " From specimens furnished by 1\[r. Cole, the writer has made the following additional notes : - Green, sandy, glauconitic marl ... ........ . .. . . . ...... . 250 feet The same as above, but with more sand .. . ..... .. .... . . 350 " Quartzose and calcareolls sand .. .. ... . .............. 400 " The foll owing analysis of the water was made by Dr. Edgar E verhart, Chemi st of the Geological Survey of Georgia:- Parts per COllstituents Determined Milli on Silica ........ . . . .. .. . .. ........... 27. 02 Sulphur T rioxide ........ .. .... . .... . 10.20 Carbon D ioxide ................ . ... . 93.50 Phosphorus Pentoxide .. .. . .......... trace Chlorine ................... . . . . . .. . 5.40 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina .. .. ... . 4. 62 Lime .. . .. . .. . . , ... . . . .......... . . . 65. 69 Magnesia ................ .. .... ... . 239 Potash ......... . .... . ..... ...... .. 233 Soda .... . ................ ........ 654 Probable Combinatiolls Potassium Ch loride ....... .. .. . ...... 3.69 Sodium Chloride ..... . . . . ........ . .. 6.06 Sodium Sulphate .. ..... .... .. .. . .... 7.33 Sodium Phosphate .. . .. . . ..... . ... . . trace ~Iagnesium Sulphate ... . . .... .. ...... 7. 17 Calcium Sulphate . . .... .. ..... . .. .... 1.90 Calcium Carbonate .................. lIS 91 T otal Solids ................ . .... 173.70 Free Carbon Dioxide ... . ............ 42.50 Grains per U. S. Gallon 1.576 595 5 -453 trace ..326' 97 3. 831 .139 .136 .38 1 . 2I 5 353 .42 7 trace . 41 8 . II I 6757 10.130 2479 The water-bearing strata of the Cuthbert and Shellman wells appear to be lower Eocene, or possibly Upper Cretaceous. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE c..OASTAL PLAIN '57 RICHMOND COUNT Y There are sa id to be several deep wells in Richmond county, all of which are located in or near the corporate limits of A ugusta. One of these wells, owned by the Georgia Chemical Company, attains a depth of 897 feet. It is six inches in diameter, and is said to penetrate the following water-bearing strata or seams : - I Between J So and 190 feet, water rising to within 90 feet of surface. 2 Between 200 and 300 feet, water rising to within 80 feet of s urfa ce . 3 Between 5 00 and 600 feet, water rising to within 75 feet of surface. 4 Between 600 and 700 feet, water ri sing to within 75 feet of s urface. S Between 800 and 900 feet, water rising to within 45 feet of surface. \i\rater from the fourth water-bearing stratum is said to be somewhat bracki sh ; while that obtained from the other strata is hard and slightly' chalybeate. The greater part of this well was driven in hard, compact crystalline rock. The first water-supply is probably obtained near the base of the Cretaceous sands and g ra vels, overlying the Crystalline schi sts and gneisses. The A rsenal deep well in Summerville, a suburb of A ugusta, is 814 feet deep and eight inches in diameter. It is thus descri bed by Capt. D. M. Taylo r, of the Ordnance Department, U. S. A. : - "Three water-bearing strata were struck in the well at 500, 600 and 700 feet, respectively . As much as 1,080 gallons per hour have been pumped from the well without perceptibly lowering the static head. The water is hard and sl ightly chalybeate. The first 85 feet passed through consisted of sand, red clay and gravel. Hard chloritic slate was reached at 280 feet, which was followed by a similar rock, with occasional thin layers of quartz, to 700 feet. The rock varies in hardness, occasionally being comparatively soft, but generally very hard and tough, the soft.er rock being met with imme- 158 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN diately above the water courses and including them, and the hardest immediately below these water courses. Near the bottom of the well was found a g reenish quartz rock." Capt. Taylor is of the opi nion, that there is another water-bearing stratum not noted above, between ISO and 200 feet. This belief, he bases on the fact, that there are several wells in the city and one at the arsenal, which are supplied with water from this depth. In a letter to the writer, Capt. Taylor says of these wells : - "I have one at the Arsenal, from which the main supply of water is now obtained. It is about 160 feet deep, and five or six feet in diameter, and the water stands in it at a constant depth of between 90 and I I feet, not varying at all, from local rains or droughts. It is usually pumped dry every day, and fills again for the next day's pumping. This water I consider much better than that from the artesian well." All the deep wells in Augusta and vicinity obtain their water-supply from the sand beds at the base of the Cretaceous, or from fissures and seams in the underlying Crystallines. CHAPTER IX DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN (Concluded) SCI-ILEY COUNTY The domestic water-supply of Schley county is obtained mainly from shallow wells varying from 20 to 70 feet in depth. The water is usually soft and well suited to manufacturing purposes. The most common source of the water is the Lafayette sands. Some of the deeper wells, no doubt, penetrate the upper beds of the underlying Cretaceous; but such wells are probably confined chiefly to the valleys or low-lands, where the Lafayette sands and clays have been removed. The springs of Schley county are small, but quite abundant. They are confined mostly to the heads of small runs, where the Cretaceous beds are exposed. These waters may be either hard or soft, depending upon the c11aracter of the beds from which they flow. Occasionally the waters from these springs carry iron oxide. A spring of this character is to be seen on the Burtz farm, three and a half miles east of Ellaville. On the same farm, also, occurs a bold limestone spring, furnishing 20 gallons or more per . minute. No attempt has, so far, been made in Schley county to secure water by deep borings. SCREVEN COUNTY Screven county has several deep wells, which are located at Millen, Rocky Ford, Dover, Sylvania and Scarboro. All these wells apparently obtain their water-supply f rom the V icksburg-Jackson limestone. M ILLEN. - (Elevation, IS? feet above sea-level.) The Millen wells, seven in number, vary from 320 to 500 feet in depth. They are from four to six inches in diameter, and all furnish flows, rising (159) 160 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN from three to twenty feet above the surface. The deeper wells are sa id to have penetrated water-bearing strata at 260, 300 and 3g>o feet. and between -ISo and 500 feet. l\It-. H. F. Loyd, the well contractor. reports red and yello , clays to the depth of 90 feet, beneath which, and extending to the bottom of the wells. occur blui sh marl s interlam inated with beds of limestone varyi ng from two to sixteen feet in thickness. Lignite and py rite are also reported in the wells; but their depth from the surface could not be ascertained. The water from all of the wells is used for general domestic and boiler purposes. It has a very decided odor of hydrogen sulphide. Thi s odor, however, dis- appears, upon the water being exposed a short time to the air. T he character of the water obtained from one of these wells located a few rods from the railroad station is shown by the follow- ing analysis by Dr. Edgar E,erhart. Chemist of the Geological Sur- vey of Georgia : - COllstitllcnts Determined Parts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon 38 . Silica . . . . . . . . . .. .! _ . 00 Sulphur Trioxide . ..' .............. . . . 949 Carbon Dioxide .................... . 92 . 20 Phosphorus Pentoxide .... ...... .. .. . h:ace Chlorine ....... . .................. . 8 .00 Iron Sesqui-oxide and A lumina ..... ... . I. 25 Linle ...... .. ..... ..... .. . .... .... . 56 .38 :Magnesia ......................... . 6.00 Potash .... .. ..... .... .......... .. . . 299 Soda ............. . ......... . . .... . 7-49 2 .2,6 553 5377 trace . 466 .073 3 . 288 . 35 0 . '74 437 Probable CombillatiollS Potassium Chloride .. .......... . . .. .. 4 75 Sodium Chloride .................. . . 8 .24 Sodi um Phosphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trace SodilUll Sulphate ... . ..... . . . ... . .... 7 '3 Magnesium Sulphate ................. 8.24 :Magnesi um Carbonate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.82 Calciulll Carbonate . .......... .. . .. .. '00.67 Iron SesC]ui-oxide and A lumina ........ , . 25 .277 .48 , t ra ce 4,6 .48 1 . 398 5 . 87 1 .073 Total Solids ......... .. ........... '75. IO 10.21 2 Free Carbon Dioxide ... ............. 44.3-1 2 . 586 o '" "oc ~ n o cz : -~ " UNDERGROUND WElTERS OF THE COASTA L PLAIN 161 ROCKY F ORD. - (E levation, I IT teet above sea-Ie"uel.) Rocky Ford has se\'en deep wells, each attaining a depth of about 180 feet and furni shing a fl ow, rising IS feet abo\'e the surface. A ll these well s, which are said to be fO llr inches in diameter, haye been put dowl1 in th e last ten years at an a\'erage cost o f about $200 each. Th e wa ter is sulphllreted . and contain s calc ium carbonate, magnesium salts and other mineral matter. The fi rst fl o w is said to ha ve been obtained at roo feet from the surface, g raduall y increasing to the bottom of the well s. Sand, clay, marl , and fi ve or six beds of hard rock. probably limestone, are reported to have been penetrated, in sinking these wells. The following fiel d analysis of the water from the Rocky F ord to wn well, made by lVIr. \l\r, Vl . Burnham, has been furn ished by Mr. M. O. Leighton, Chief of the Di vision of Hydro-Economics, U. S. Geological Survey : - C Ollslill/ ellls D el e/'II/illed Parts per Million Chlorine ......................................... 6 .5 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate .. .. ...... . ... I J 5.0 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate ........ 19 7 Alkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate . ... . ..... . .. . . 101.0 T otal Hardness. as Calcium Carbonate . ................ 124.0 Sulphur Trioxide ... .. ..... . ............ _. . . .. ... .present Iron ( estimated ) .......... .... .... ................ 05 Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. 3.0 Color ........................ .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. 0.0 Turbidity ............. . ... . __ .. . . . _.............. 0.0 Temperature ( estimated) .. . ............... . .. 68 F. SYL.VANIA. - There are two wells at Sylvania , one of which is owned by lVlr. 1'. A. Marks, and the other by Mr. L. H. Hilton. The former well, located in a valley just below the post-office, was put down in 1895, at a cost of $900. It is four inches in diameter and 697 feet deep; and it furnishes a maximum of 50 gallons of water per minute. The water rises to within 70 feet o f the surface; and it is used fQr general domestic purposes. Hard rock, 30 feet thick, is reported at 200 feet from the surface. The following field analysis of water fr0111 the Marks well, together with the above 162 UNDERGROUND W A TERS OF THE COASTA L PLA IN notes on thi s ,,-ell , were furni shed by :\1r. \\T_ ,,-_ Burnham. of the United States Geological S111',-e),: ~ COllstitll ellts D eterll/illcd P a rts per 1\1illion Chlorine .............................. " ....... 4.0 Total Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate . . ...... . . . .. 93. I Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . 0. 0 A lkali Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate .. - . . . . . . . . . . . 99.3 Total Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125.0 Sulphur Trioxide ....... .............. .. . . ..... _. trace Iron . . . . .. .. .. . ... , ... . , . , . . .. . . ... . ....... . ". .. I .0 Odor . ...... . ...... . . . . .. . .. . .... .. . . .. . . ..... . chalk), Color ............ _. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 Turbidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 Temperature (estimated ) .. . .. . ...... .. . .. ... 68 F. i\Ir. L. H. Hilton's well, which :\1r. Burnham reports as unsucc essful , ,,-as put clown in 1895, at a cost of $ 350 . The \yell is 3 lnches in diameter, and 28 5 feet deep. The \\'ater ri ses to within 80 feet o f the surface. T he only wa ter-bea ring stratum. reported, occurs at 280 feet. The fo llowing record is furni shed: - I Red clay .. . .................. . .. .. ....... . . . . . 60 feet 2 Light-colored clay .. ................ _........... 100 " 3 Thin layers of hard rock, interlaminated \"jth coa rse black sand to the bottom of the well. SC ARBORO. - ( Elevatioll, IS7 f eet above sea-level.) The Scarboro well, o wned by 1\1r. M. C. Sharpe, was put down by ilfr. H . F. L oyd in 1902, at a cost of $650. The well is four inches in diameter, and 505 feet deep. The water ri ~e s to within I S feet of the surface. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 180 and 300 feet; but the main supply is said to come from a depth of 375 feet. The well is located in the public square of the town, and the water is used for d rinking and general domestic purposes. The following incomplete record is g iven:- I Sand .. ....................................... 4 feet 2 Blue marl ........ ............ .... . . ..... ... . .. 100 " 3 Soft rock with cavities ......... . ... . ... .. .. . .... 40 " 4 Hard rock at 200 feet extending to bottom of well. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 163 A field analysis by i\Ir. \Y. W. Burnham, of the U nited States Geological Sur vey, is as follo,,'s : - COlls!itllellts D eterlllilled Parts per Million Chlorine ....... .. .... . ......................... "5 T otal Ca rbonates, as Calcium Carbonate.............. II 2 3 Scale-forming Carbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . 8.8 Alkali Carbona tes. as Sodium Carbonate.. ... ......... II O.O Total Hardness. as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '25 .0 Sulphur Trioxide ..... . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . ...... slight trace Iron' .... .. ... .. ..... . ... . .............. . . . .... '.5 Odor, H ydrogen Sulphide.. . . . . .. . .. . . .... . . . . . . . . 3.0 Color... ..... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . ...... ... . .. ....... 0.0 Turbidity .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 Temperature (estimated ) ... . .......... .. .... 70 F. DOVER. - This well, which was completed in F ebruary, '903, by the Central of Georgia Railway, at a cost of $300.00, is three inches in diameter, and 350 feet deep. The water rises '9 feet above the surface. \ Vater-bearing strata are reported at 125 and 225 feet) both of which furnish flows. The water is used chiefly for steam purposes by the Central of Georgia Rai lway. An analysis of this water, made by Dr. Edgar E,-erhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as foIlO\,-s: - Parts per COllstitllellts Deterlllilled Silica ... . ..... ..... . .. ......... .. . Sulphur Trioxide ... .. .... .. . ...... . Carbon Dioxide .. ... .. . ..... . .. . .. . Chlorine .................. .. ... . .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . .. .. . . Linle ..... . .. . ...... . ......... . .. . Magnesia ........... . .. . ..... . ... . . Potash ..... . . . .. .... . . . ... . .. . .. . Soda ......................... . .. . i\Iillion 49. 88 3 . 26 97-40 29 . 22 4 '9 49 .80 ro3' 8 55 27. 00 Probable C01ll.billa.t;01ls Potassium Chloride ........ . . . ... .. . Sodium Chloride ...... .. ....... . . . . . Sodium Phosphate . . .... .. ..... . .. . . Sodium Sulphate . .. .... ... . .. . . .. . . '355 37 5' trace 5 79 Grains per U. S. Gallon 29'0 . ' 90 5. 680 1.702 . 2-14 2.90 4 .60' .496 I. 574 .790 2. ,87 trace .338 l S ) me of the iroll may have come from the casing. 164 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN Probable COli/billa/ion Parts per i\Iillion Sodium Carbonate .............. . ~lagl1esium Carbonate .............. . Calcium Carbonate . ................ . Iron Sesqui-oxicle and Alumina ... .... . 7. 86 21.65 8893 4 19 Total Solids .............. . ..... . 229.36 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 43. 67 Grains per U. S. Gallon .458 1.262 5. 186 .244 '3.378 2547 \Vith the exception of the towns above referred to, the main source of domestic water-supply of Screven cOllnty is shallow wells. There are a few springs reported in the county : but, in most cases, they are said to be located in the swamps along the Savannah River, and are subjected to oyerf1ow during freshets. STEWART COUNTY The chief source o f domestic water-supply in Stewart county is shallow wel1s. The water, which supplies these wells, is usually soft, and is said to be quite wholesome. In most instances, it is probable; that these shallow wells obtain their water from the Lafayette sands; but the deeper ones, no doubt, penetrate the underlying Cretaceous beds. There are numerous springs in Stewart county; but they are usual1y small, and are located in the heads of deep ra vines or along streams, thus being more or less inaccessible, or liable to overflow during freshets. Lumpkin, the county-seat. is supplied from springs of this character. The partial chemical analysis of water from Lumpkin springs, furnished by the Mayor, shows that the water is very pure, having less than two grains of mineral matter per gallon. The only deep wells, reported in Stewart county, are located on the Bradley plantations near the Chattahoochee River, and at Richland. Three of the wells, owned by Mr. 'yV. C. Bradley, vary in depth from 290 to 315 feet. They are three inches in diameter; and they furnish flows from 3 to 20 feet above the surface. No hard rock is reported in the wells, the formations being clay, marl and sand. The water-supply from each of these wells comes apparently from the same stratum. Notwithstanding this, the quality of the water is said to be entirely different. The water from well No. I UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN .65 contains sulphur and iron; from well K o. 2, sulphur ; and frol11 well NO.3, magnesia. The water is used for general domestic purposes. In addition to these Rowing wells, Mr. \Y. C. Bradley reports t\\'o non-flowing \Yells 011 his plantation. One of them was continued to the depth of 7' 5 feet; but no increase of static head was obtained below the 315-foot level, at \\'hich point the water rose to within 16 feet of the surface. Both of these \\'ells are no\,- supplied with pumps. and they furnish all the water necessary for farm purposes. Another well in the same vicin ity, owned by ~I r. Daniel Bradley, located on more ele\'atecl ground, is reported to attain a depth of 740 feet. This is a non-flowing. 3-inch well. furnishing water highly charged with hydrogen sulphide. The water-bearing stratum is said to have been struck in this well at 475 feet. i\'Ir.' Bradley has kindly furnished the following well record: - 1 Clay ... .. .... . ............... . ................. 12 feet 2 Sand ..................... . ................. : .. 60 H 3 lVIarl. w ith an occasional stratum of hard rock, to the bot- tom of the well. RICHLAKD.-(Elct'atioll, 680 feet abo,'e sea-level.) The Richland well. which ,,-as put down in r898. is six inches in diameter. and 425 feet deep. The water rises to within 100 feet of the surface, or 580 feet aboye sea-level. The supply, which is 50 gallons a minute, is used for drinking and general domestic purposes. Hard rock is reported at 300 feet. Besides the well here described, an unsuccessful attempt was made at Lumpkin, the county seat; but no data were secured concerning the well. All the deep wells in Ste\\-art county obtai n their water-supply from Cretaceous sands. SUMTER COUNTY Shallow wells are the main source of domestic water-supply in Sumter county. They \'ary from 20 to 70 feet in depth, and obtain their water-supply mainly from either the Lafayette sands or the 166 U_VDERGROU.vD WATERS OF THE COaSTAL PLALV underlying Eocene beds. The latter beels are often calcareous, and furnish what is generally reported as unwholesome water. There are many springs in Sumter COllnty, none of which, ho\Ve\"er, are of very large size. Among those, which may be mentioned as of some local importance, on account of being favorite resorts for summer picnics and fishing parties, are Holly Spring: 1Iyrtle Spring, 1Iagnolia Spring, Summerford's Spring and Proyidence Spring. The last named spring, which was located within the stockade of the olel Confederate prison at Andersonville. has more than a local reputat ion, on account of its association with the famolls Andersonville prison and its supposed origin. The story is told, that this spring had no existence prior to the construction of the prison; but that it burst forth one night after a hard rain, in answer to the prayers of the Federal soldiers. The spl;ng is a small one, furnishing only a few gallons a minute. It is located near the base of the elevated ground, on which the prison stockade was erected. Its origin at the opportune time, which seemed to be a special act of Providence, is accounted for by the heavy night rain, which washed a\vay the overlying clays and sands, and exposed the underlying water-bearing stratum. Spi'ings of similar origin are frequently met with. in deep washouts or gulleys, where the overlying sandy Lafayette clays have been cut away to some impervious clay. The geologic conditions in the vicinity of Andersonville are especially well adapted to the origin of springs of this character. The deep wells of Sumter county are located at Americus, Huguenin, Andersonville, Old Danville, Leslie, DeSoto and Bagley. A)IERICUS_ - (Ele-dation, 348 feet above sea-level.) Fi,-e deep wells are reported within the corporate limits of Americus_ Three of these wells, supply the city waterworks, one, the ""indsor hotel, and the other, the water-tank at the Central of Georgia Railway station. The 'Windsor hotel well, which is said to attain a depth of 1,725 feet, was put down in 1883_ I t varies from four to eight inches in diameter. Several water-bearing strata are reported in this well; but only the one at about 1,000 feet had sufficient head to bring the water to within 30 feet of the surface. UXDERGROU,VD WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 167 The city wells are four and six inches in diameter, and yary frol11 258 to 670 feet in depth. These wells are located on lower ground than the \Vinclsor well; and, as a consequence, the water stands nearer the surface by 20 feet. Dr. ]. ,V. Spencer, formerly State Geologist of Georgia. gi,'es tIle following partial record of one of the city wells: ' - .. Surface clay ............................ . ...... . 3.0 feet Blue clav .. : ............... . ... . .... . ...... ... . . 70 . 0 ,Yhite n;arl and limestone ........................ . 11.0 " Hard limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 .0 " Blue clay ........ . ........ .. ..... . . . . .... . ... . . 7.0 " .. Limestone layer ......... . .......... .. .......... 0 . .3 " "'hite sand ............. . .......... ' . . , .... . , . .. 5.0 Rock and clay . ... . ........... ... ... , ..... . ...... J 23 .0 " The main water-supply, which is furnished to the city, is said to be deri,'ed from the 350-foot le\'el. The following analysis o f the water from these wells was made by Prof. H, C. "'hite, of the uni,'ersity of Georgia, some years ago:- Grains per U. S, Gallon Carbonate of Lime ...... . . ......... . ..... , Chloride of Sodium .......... . ............ , ..... Chloride of Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphate of Soda .......... ', ... . , .. " , ... . , . . . . Sulphate of Lime .... , . .......... , ........ .. .. , . Sulphate of :-1agnesia .... . ...... , ... , .. , .. . , . ,.. Silica ............ . ...... . ....... ,,' ..... ,..... Organic ~Iatter and Combined \Vater . . . .. . . .. . . . . . 6.322 1.306 o . 1'+ '0.552 1. 015 0.125 o. 10+ 1.1 20 Total Solids Dissolved 10.658 "Sulphureted I-Iycirogen gas dissolved, 125 c. c. per gallon." Field analysis of water from city well ~o. 1,258 feet deep. by :-1r. VV. ,V. Bt1rnham, of the United States Geological St1rvey:- 1 First Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Georgia, p. 74, 1590. 168 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN COl/stitl/cl/ts Determil/cd Parts per Mil1ion Chlorine... ...... ... .. ... ... ............ .... .. . q.O Total Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate, . . . . . . . . 127. a Scale-forming Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate.. . ... Alkali Carbonates. as Sodium Carbonate ..... . .... .. T otal Hardness, as Calcium Carbonate ., ..... . .... . . 40.0 92,2 Sulphur Trioxide (estimated ) ........... . .... . .... Iron ........................................... Odor, Hydrogen Sulphide ..... ,.. . . . . .. ... . .. . . .. Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . IO. 0 1.0 1, 0 a a T urbid ity " .............. . . . . ................... 0 0 The Central of Georgia Rail\\'ay \\'el1, \\'hich is located on lower ground than the other \\'ells within the corporate limits, is a flowing well: but the water does not rise to a sufficient head to force it in to the tank. The depth of the well is said to be 480 feet. A field analysis of the ,,'ater from the \\'ell. made by :'11'. \\'. \V. Burnham, of the Cnited States Geological SurFey. is as follo\\'s: - CollstitlfCIl ts Detcr1l1 ill cd Parts per :'1illion Chlorine ................ , .. , .......... .... . 1.5 T otal Carbonates. as Calcium Carbonate .............. . 80.2 'fotal Hardness . as Calcium Carbonate ..... ... . ..... . Sulphur Trioxide (estimated) .. .... , .. .. . . . ....... ' ,). 0 Iron ....................... ' , ........... , . .. , .. 05 Odor. H yd rogen Sulphide ..... , .. , .......... , .. , .. . 4. 0 Color ............. . ... .. .. ... . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. ... 0.0 Turbidity .......... .. ..... . ......... . .. ... ...... . 0.0 In addition to the wells, abo\'e described. there are two wells near the city limits of Americus, one of "'hich is o wned by l\Ir. E. C. Speer, and located one and a half miles north of Americus. This well is four inches in diameter. and 212 feet deep. The water. which is said to be apparently inexhaustible. ri ses to within 102 feet o f the surface, and is used for drinking purposes; a l s~,. to supply a ginnery and a saw-mill. The other well. owned by l\I essrs. Perry & Brown, is two and a quarter miles southeast of A mericus. It is 284 feet deep and four inches in diameter. The water ri ses to within roo feet of the surface. Both the Speer well and the Perry & Brown well are located on elevated ground, which accounts for the low static head . ; % 0 ~ ""Q~" c, : :;: ~ " Z ~ "'Q" "->;' j 0 z ." '"" Q " " ~ ~ >-; -; ~ ~ r > "ttl r r.; < 0 ,,;<.,l , < "r ' r " r > "r.; ::l < t:l > ~ , () 0cz: --< ~ ::; 0 ~ t- " > ~ i;j " ~ ~ ~ UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAfN 169 of the water. Hard rock is reported in the Perry & Bro\nl weJl at 270 feet. AbO\e the rock, occur sands. clays and marls. The principal water-supply is said to come fro111 a cavity two or three feet deep in the rock, at the bottom of the well. A second water-bearing stratum is reported at TOO feet; but this is cased off. and the only water used is fr0111 the first mentioned stratum. The water, which is elevated by the means of a deep-weJl pump, operated by a ,,ind-mill. is used for genera( farm purposes. It is said to contain iron and sulphur. I-IUGUENI:-.r. - The Huguenin wells, located 0 11 the Huguenin plantation near the Flint River, in the extreme southeastern corner of Sumter county, are several in number: but only one furnishes a fl ow. Mr.]. M. Johnson, of Macon. Ga. , the present owner of the Huguenin plantation. states, that the flowing \Yell on his property is located at Huguenin station. one mile west of the Flint River. This well is four inches in diameter and 167 feet deep: and it flows 10 gallons a minute. 1\Ir. Johnson reports six or seven other welJs on the property. varying from 75 to 220 feet in depth: but they are all located on high ground, and are .non-Aowing. AKDERSO~V ILLH. - The Andersonv ille ,,"ell, which is located on )'II". A. F. Hodges' farm, near Andersonville is three inches in di- l ameter, and 244 feet deep. The ,,ater ri ses to within 13 2 feet of the surface. It is cased to a depth of 200 feet. and is supplied with a sleep-well pump. operated by a wind-mill. The water: which is said to be quite wholesome. is used for general domestic and farm purposes. IVl r. H odges was unable 'to give a complete record of the well; but he states that a thick bed of kaolin was penetrated, at a depth of something like 100 feet from the surface. OLD DANVILLE. - iVI r. C. S. S. Horne's well , located near Old Danville, was completed in 1900. The well is three inches in diameter and 355 feet deep. The water, which ri ses to within 90 feet of the surface, is said to come from a porous rock, first struck at about 300 feet. The static head of the water is lowered by long continued pumping. The well is cased to hard rock,at 114 feet. The water is used for domestic purposes. '70 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CO,ISTAL PLAIN LESLIE. - Leslie has seyeral bored wells, yarying from 100 to I25 feet in depth. These wells are all small, and are reported to haye struck hard rock at 50 feet. The water rises to points yarying from Lt to 40 feet from the surface, depending upon the location of the well. L ong pumping is said to lower the static head of the water. The water-bearing stratum is sand, which occu rs near the bottom of the well. Besides the wells, above described, there are also deep wells at DeSoto and at Bagley station; but no report has been recei,ed from them. The geologic horizon of the water-bearing strata of the deep wells of Sumter cOllnty yaries from the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone to the Upper Cretaceous. The \Vindsor hotel well at A mericus evidently enters the Upper Cretaceous. whereas the wells on the Huguenin plantation apparently obtain their water-supply from the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone. TATT)JALL COUKTY. The domestic ,yater-supply of Tattnall county is obtained prinCIpally from shallow wells. Ko springs of any importance are reported. Deep wells are located at Collins, Hagan, Lyons and Cl1anassas. COLLINS. - (Elevatioll, 238 feet above sea-level.) The Collins well is eight inches in diameter and 800 feet deep. The water, which is said to rise to within I...p feet or the surface, is reported to come fr0111 a water-bearing stratum near the bottom of the well. Xo record has been preserved. HAGAN. - The Hagan well, put down by the Perkins Lumber Company in I 900, is three inches in diameter and 4-+7 feet deep. The water rises to within 60 feet of the surface. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 230 and ++7 feet. The following is a partial secti on of the well: - Grayish sand .. . .. . .. : . . ... . ..... . .... fr0111 Reddish sandstone ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. " \Vhite pipe clay and sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. If Blue marl and sand .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. It 0 to 20 " 28 " I20 " 20 feet 28 " 120 " 230 " UNDERGROUND 1fI.~TERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 171 Lyoxs. - This well, which was put down by the town autho rities in J900, at a cost of $350, is two and a half inches in diameter and 450 feet deep. The water, which is used for general domestic pur- poses, ri ses to within 85 feet of the surface. Several water-bearing strata are reported in the well; but the present water-supply comes from 450 feet, the bottom o f the well. MAXASSAs.- (E levatioll , 2 If feet above sea-level.) The Manassas well, owned by AIrs. AI. F . Cummings, was completed in 1895 . at a cost of $-150. It is six inches in diameter and -180 feet deep. The water rises to within 10 9 feet o f the surface. Three or four water-bearing strata are reported. the main supply of water coming from near the bottom of the \yell. . The principal water-bearing strata of the Tattnall deep \\'ells are probably the upper beds of the Vicksburg-J ackson limestone. 'L-\YLOR COU:\TY The onl y deep \\'e11 in Taylor county is the Central of Georgia Railway well, located at Reynolds about four miles \\'est of the Flint Ri ver. This \\'ell is said to haye attained a depth of 700 feet. It \\'as originally a bored well, haying a diameter of eight and four inches; but, later, it was enlarged to 13 feet to a depth of 80 feet. and walled with brick. The \Yater rises to \\"ithin 75 feet o f the surface. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 75 and 250 feet. . \ partial section of the \\'ell is as follo\\'s : - Yellow sand Variegated clay Sand \\'hite clay . . .. ... from :: .. H 0 to .. . 6 .. 3' 3-1 6 f.eet 3' H 3-1 37 " Coarse gravel Reddi sh sand White clay . . .. " ." , 37 .", -I' -11 -1-1 " " -1-1 62 " Yellow sand " 62 " 76 " At 600 feet, a hard, dark-colored rock is reported, which extends to the bottom of the well. This hard stratum is probably the Crystalline rock, which outcrops along the Flint River about se\en miles '7 2 U.YDERCROU.YD WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN north of Reynolds. The ,,ater from the 7S-foot water-bearing stratum is said to te Cjuite soft. It is used by the Central of Georgia Railway for steam purposes. Shallow wells, which vary from 20 to 100 feet in depth, are the principal source of the domestic water-supply of Taylor county. There are many springs: but they are usually small, and their waters are only occasionally used for domestic purposes. TELFAIR COUNTY Telfair county has no large springs. The domestic water-supply is obtained mainly from shallow wells. The only deep wells reported are at ~IcRae and Lumber City. i\ICRAE. - (Elevalioll, 229 feel abo7.'e sea-level.) The :\IcRae ,,ell, owned by the town. has a depth of 287 feet. It is four inches jn diameter, and is said to penetrate water-bearing strata at 200 and 287 feet. The water rises to within 70 feet of the surface. LUMBER CITy .-(Elevalioll, I45 feel above sea-le~el.) There are 11 deep flowing wells within the corporate limits of Lumber City. They yarl' from 300 to 430 feet in depth, and are from two to four inches in diameter. 1'he first flow in these wells is obtained at 300 feet, the water ri sing three feet above the surface; the second Row, at 400 feet, rises 14 feet above the surface. !lIr. J. B. Spencer gives the following section of one of the deeper \\"ells : - .. Top soil ........ . ..... . . . ............. from 0 to 4 feet Red clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 4 20 " Coarse sand ............ . ........ .. .... " Hard, blue clay, with a few layers of sa\ldstone 20 " 30 " (Altamaha grit) ...... . .............. " 30 " 250 " Quicksand ......... .. .................. " 250 " 350 " Limestone with _water-seams from 380 to 430 feet. Limestone containing fragments of Eocene shells ..... ......... .. ....... ' " 350 " 430 " The following analysis was made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the UNDERGROUN D WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 173 laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, from a sample of water from the public well near the station: - C Oll sfitll Cll tS Determined Silica ..... . .. . ..... .. ... . . . ...... . Sulphur Tri oxide ... . ....... . . ..... . Carbon Dioxide ................... Phosphorus Pentoxide ............ .. . Chlorine ......................... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . Linle .. . .. . ..... . . .. .. . .. . .. . .... . 11Iagnesia ........... . .. . ....... . . . Potash .. ......... . ............... Soda .......... .. .. .. ........ . .... . Parts per ~Iilli on 8 .28 25- 10 104. 80 trace 10.21 17. 19 56 . 12 8.56 3. 24 10.89 Probable COlllbillatiolls Potassium Chloride ..... ... .. ...... . Sodium Chloride .................. . Sodium Phosphate ........... . ..... . Sodium Sulphate . ... . ... .. . . .. . . . . . Nlagnesillm Sulphate. . .... . ......... . Calcium Sulphate ........... . .. . ... . Calcium Carbonate .. . .. ... . .. . .... . . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . 5. 13 1279 trace 943 25. 68 4 54 96 .87 1i19 Total Solids ........... . . .. ... . .. . 179.91 Free Carbon Dioxide .. . .. . . . ....... . 62.18 Grains per U. S. Gallon .+83 1.460 6.111 trace 595 1.003 3. 2 73 499 .188 .635 .299 .746 trace .550 1+97 . 26 5 5. 649 1.003 10.492 3. 626 TERRELL COUNTY The domestic water-supply of Terrell county is obtained principally from shallow wells in the Lafayette sandy clays. There are many small springs in the county; but none of large size have been reported. Successful deep wells have been put clown at Dawson, Groves station and Sasser. DAWSON.-(Elevatioll, 326 feet above sea.-level.) There are 10 deep wells within the corporate limits of Dawson. These wells vary from 300 to 660 feet in depth. The water rises to within about 30 feet of the surface. There are several water-bearing strata reported 174 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN between 100 feet and the bottom of the well; but their exact depth and the static head of the water o f each were not gi,'en. Dr. J. \V. Spencer, former State Geologist. giles the following Tecord of o ne of the Dawson ,,ells : - I Clayey white sand to ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 feet 2 eoarse sa ncl to .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 " 3 Limestone. followed by sand and rock, repeated to .... 650 " 4 Quicksand to ....... . ..... . .... . . .. . .. .... . ..... 660 " The Dawson wells begin in the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, and the deeper ones seem to extend into the Cretaceous sand s. The following analysis by Dr. Edgar E verhart, Chemi st of the Geological Sun'ey of Georgia, was made from water taken fr0111 the public weli, located in the center of the tOlm near the hotel: - Parts per Constitllents DcterlJlillcd Million Silica .... . ........... . ........... . Sulphur Trioxide . ......... . . .. . .. . . Carbon Dioxide . .... ........... . .. . Phosphorus Pentoxide .... . ......... . 23. IO 19. 60 77 . 2 0 trace Chlorine . ........................ . 8 . 16 Iron Sesqu i-oxide and A lumina . ...... . .56 Linle .......... .. ........... .. . . . . 60.80 nIagnesia ............. .. . .. . . ... . . P otash ....... . . . ......... . . . ..... . 5 61 1.68 Soda ....... . ......... . ..... . . . .. . 10.22 Probable COlllbillatiollS P otassiul11 Chloride ....... . . .. ..... . "Sodiul11 Chloride .. . ....... . . .... . . . Sodiul11 Sulphate .......... . .. . .... . Sodium Phosphate ...... . . .. ... . .. . . l\Iagnesiu111 Sulphate ..... . .. . .... . . . Calcium Sulphate .... . . . .. . ........ . Calcium Carbonate ....... . . ..... .. .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . 2.66 11 35 964 trace 16 .83 5. 02 10 ... 89 .56 Total Solids ..... . ..... . . . ... . .. . 174. 0 5 Free Carbon Dioxide ... .. . ..... . . . . . 31 . Oj Grains per U. S. Gallon 1 347 1.143 4.501 trace 475 .033 3545 .327 .097 . 596 .155 .665 .5 6 2 trace .981 .290 6. II8 .033 10. ISO 1.8, , UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN ' 75 GROVES S'l'A'fIOK. - T,,'o deep "'ells haYe been put dO\nJ near Groves station. one by 11r. J. B. Groves, and the other by 11r. \ Y. D. Da\"idsol1. The former \Yell is three inches in diameter and 32I ieet deep. \Yater rises to within So feet of the surface. Se"eral layers of hard rock, 20 feet thick, are reported in this well. and a marl bed at 150 feet. Ko data have been recei,'ed concerning the Da\'ic1son well. SASSER. - There are se\'er~l non-flowing deep wells in the yicinity of Sasser. They vary from 2'4 to 540 feet in depth, and furn ish a copious supply of water, rising fro111 28 to 60 feet fr0111 the surface. 1\Il l'. 1\L N. Brewer, a well contractor, has kindly fur- nished the following record of :'\1r. J. H. "Yooten's well, located two miles southwest of Sasser:- Clay .. .. ... . .. Red sand Limestone . . . ... . . . . . .. . . .. . \\-hite sand. water-bearing .. .. . fro.,m ,. ,. 0 to 50 feet So " 80 80 90 "., 90 120 ," . " Limestone .. White clay -- . . . - . " 120 " 130 " . . . . ... " 130 " LiO " Limestone with thin layers of flint. Fine wh ite, water-bearing sand Hard rock . ,vater-bearing .. .. " .... . . " Lio " Li7 Li7 " 160 ," . 160 " 16S " Bluish sand .. " 165 " -?? -J- " Limestone with thin layers of flint. Gray marl ," . 225 " 260 " 260 " 300 " Hard rock White water-bearing sa nd " Limestone with layers of Aint Blue marl - Hard flint .. . . . Gray marl and white clay Hard rock, water-bearing .. .. " " . .. . " ... " .. - . . .. - " " " 300 " 30 3 " 303 " 3 fO " 3 '0 " 340 " 3..0 " 4 28 " 42 8 " 43 1 " 43 I " 504 " S04 " 530 " Another well, seven miles east of Sasser, owned by 1{r. J. M. King, attains a depth of only 214 feet. \'Yater-bearing strata are reported in this well at 96, 'So and 214 feet, respectively. The water from the 214-foot stratmll rises to within 28 feet of the surface. 17 6 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CO.'lSTAL PLAIN The deep wells in the vicinity of Sasser all begin in the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone: but, as no fossils ha\"e been identified fr0111 the borings, the geological horizon of the \'arious water-bearing strata is not k11O\n1. Ho\\"ever. the lith ological character of the beds, penetrated in the \\'ooten ,,ell. seems to indicate that this well probably stops in the Midway-Sabine limestone, or the U pper Cretaceous. THO:-'1AS COUNTY Mr. \V. ,vI. Jones, Ordinary of the county, has furnished the following li st of important springs in Thomas county: the Allgood Spring, the Bold Spring, the McTyre Spring and the lVliller Spring. The A llgood Spring is the only spring from which a report has been obtained. It is located in the northeastern part of Thome.s county, about 20 miles from Thomasville. This spring, which is ' said to furnish 100 gallons a minute, is situated in a basin or depression surrounded by hillocks. The water is said to be always clear and slightly alkaline; but it forms a brownish precipitate upon sta nding. It issues with considerable force from a cavity in the rock, in the bottom of the basin. Small springs are quite generally met with throughout the county; but the chief source of domestic water-supply is shal low wells driven into the Lafayette sands and clays. Successful deep wells have been put down at Thomasville, Boston and Susina. THOMASV1LLE.- ( ElevalioH, 258 feel above sea-level.} Thomasville has three deep wells, varying from 390 to 1<)00 (?) feet in depth. These wells, which supply the city-waterworks, are from eight to ten inches in diameter. The water rises to points in these wells varying from 175 to 210 feet from the surface, depending on the elevation. The only water-bearing strata reported occur at 210 and 410 feet. Dr. J. W . Spencer, formerly State Geologist of Geor- gia, gives the following incomplete record of one of the Thomasville wells: - ' I Firs' Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Georgia, p. 50, 1890 . 'FUH UN.lJH A'GA'O UNI) /VATHR S OF GEONG/A PLATE X/V ~\HTE S I AN WEL I~ O N Ti l E P IlOPEnTY OF ,\l It. FR I DEH.I C K BAU.i\IGA R DNE H , NEAH BltUNSW I CK, ,G JIOH G IA , US ED Fon [[( HIG A TI NC A TH UCK GA HDEN . UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 177 I Red and blue clay and sand to ... . ..... . ......... ' I62 feet 2 Limestone to .... . ................ . .. . ......... 225 " 3 . Shell-rock with water to ....................... . 3'O " 4 Rubble rock at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 360 " From this leve l, water rises to with in 2 10 feet of the surface. S Shell-rock with copious flow at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4'O " 6 "Vater at .......................... .... .. ..... I,400 " 7 Bottom of limestone .............. . ............ 1,680 " 8 Quicksand, thence to .. . .. . ...... .. ............ T,820 " The Thomasville deep wells seem to begin in the Altamaha grit; but they obtain their water-supply from the Vicksburg-Jackson lime- stone. The qu icksand below 1,680 feet IS probably Cretaceous. The following analyses by Dr. Edgar Everhart were made, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia. from samples of water taken from two city wells, which are abo ut a quarter of a mile apart: - WELL NO. I Parts per Constit",eJl ts Determi1led . Mill ion Silica .. . ..... . ..... .. .. . ...... . .. . 20.00 Sulphur Trioxide ............ . .. . . . . 67 60 Carbon Dioxide ................ .. . . 129.30 Phosphorus Pentoxide .... .. .. ... ... . trace Chlorine ............. . . . .. . . ..... . T1.90 Iron Sesquioxide .. ................ .20 Alumina . . ..... . .......... .. . .... . 1.40 Lime .............. . . . ..... .. .... . 67.30 Magnesia . ..... ...... ........... . . . 36 .80 Soda .... . ........ . .. . .. . . ... . ... . 12.20 Potash ............ . .. . .... ' ...... . 3. 10 Grains per U. S. Gallon I.166 3.942 7.541 trace .694 .012 .082 3.925 2.146 7 II .181 P"obable Combinatio1ls Potassi um Chloride ......... . .. . ... . Sodium Chloride ...... ... ........ . . Sodium Sulphate . . .. . .... . ... . .... . Magnesiuni Sulphate .... . . . . ... . .. . Magnesium Carbonate ..... ........ . . Calcium Carbonate . . . ...... .. . ... . . . Alum'inul11 Sulphate ..... . . .. ....... Sodium Phosphate .. . .. . ..... . . . . . . . Iron Carbonate .. . , ....... . ...... . . 4 .91 '575 8.82 87.41 15.5 8 120.18 4.76 trace 0 . 32 .286 . 9 18 5L~ 5. 0')8 .90') 7. 009 . 278 trace .01 9 Total Solids .. ..... . . ... . . ... .. . 27773 Free Carbon Dioxide .. . . .... . . . . .. . 68.50 16 . I47 3995 178 U.VDERCROU.VD WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN WELL NO.2 Const itu ents Determined Parts per M illion Silica .. .......... . ........... . .. . . Sulphur Trioxide .................. . Carbon Dioxide ..... .. .. ...... .. . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. ....... . .... . Chlorine ... . ............... . ..... Iron SesCj ui-oxide . ........ . .. ...... . A lumina ................... .. .... . Linle ...... . ... . , ... .. . .. ....... . . lVl agnes ia ........ . .... . .. ... . . .... . Potash . .. . .. . .... . .. . ...... . .. . . Soda .............. . .... .. ....... . 20.40 68.40 135.30 trace 1I. 9 0 .20 1.20 67. 10 36 . 40 2 . 50 10.60 Probable Coll/billatious Potassium Chloride ........ . . . . . . . . . Sodium Ch loride .... . ........... Sodium Sulphate ...... . . . . .. . ..... . Sodium Phosphate .... . .. . .. .. ..... . Magnesium Sulphate ........ : ...... . Ivlagnesiul11 Carbonate ... . . .. .... . . . Calcium Carbonate ................ . Aluminum Sulphate ........... . .... Iron Carbonate ............... . . ... . Total Sol ids . .......... ..... .. . . . Free Carbon Diox ide 4 .00 16 .50 4.26 trace 96 .54 8 .86 119. 8:; 2.84 0 .32 273 57 77. 91 Grains per U. S. Gallon r. I89 3 . 989 7 . 890 trace . 69+ .OI2 .070 3.9 13 2 . I23 .1 46 . 6 18 . 233 .962 . 248 trace 5. 630 .5 1 7 6.989 .166 .01 9 15 953 4544 The following analyses, made by Dr. H. C. \\' hite. of the U niversity of Georgia, -show the sanitary condition of the Thomasville deep-well waters, which supply the city, the date of the analyses be- ing October 8, 1900:- Parts per One Million by 'weight Sa"ita.ry Aualyses No. I NO.2 NO3 NO 4 T otal Solids .. ......... 285.562 286.430 285 .964 286 . 124 Carbonate of Lime . ... ... 160.362 161 .409 160.436 160.92 3 Chlorine .... . .......... 21 . 551 22.060 22.40 4 22 .138 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 179 Parts per One Million by \Veight No. I Equi\'alent to Sodium Chloride 35559 Organic Kitrogen .. .... . 0.080 Nitrogen in Ammon ia ... . none N itrogen in N itrites . .. . none Nitrogen in Nitrates .. .. . 0.850 Total Combined Nitrogen. 0.930 Required Oxygen ... .. . 0935 No.2 36 . 399 0.075 none none 0.900 0975 0.876 NO.3 36 .967 0.082 none none 0.873 0955 0.946 NO.4 3 7 . 5 28 0.07 1 none none 0 . 90 5 0.976 0.8ST , Points at '\lhich Samples '''fere Obtained. - No. I Standpipe; NO.2 Main at Lee Brown's; NO.3 Cistern; NO.4 Air-lift. Physical Examination - Appearance in Two-foot Tube. - No. r clear, bright, colorless; NO.2 clear, bright, colorless; NO.3 clear, bright, colorless; NO.4 clear, bright, colorless. Odor - NO.1 None; NO.2 )lone; NO.3 ;one; NO. 4 None. Taste-No. I None; NO.2 None; NO. 3 None; NO.4 None. BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES "Cultivation in tubes of glucose jelly for 72 hours, after heating at 37. S C. for 48 hours, gave no gas formation in the case of either of the samples of water. Gelatine plate culture for 48 hours (begun immediately on receipt of the samples in sterilized bottles) gave the fO llowi ng numbers of colonies per cubic centimeter of water : - Colonies per Cubic Centimeter - No. 1 315; NO.2 298; No. 3 372 ; NO 4 384." BOSTON. - (Eie-va.tion, I97 feet above sea-ie-vel.) The Boston well, which suppl ies the town with water, is six inches in diameter and 290 feet deep. The watet- rises to within 128 feet of the surface. ' ''fater-bearing strata occur at 120, 160 and 286 feet. respectively. The well, which is supplied with a steam-pump, furnishes the town 50,000 gallons of water daily_ 180 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN The following record, made out by Mr. S. S. Chandler, was obtained ' from Dr. T. \Vayland Vaughan, of the U . S. Geological Survey: - Yellow clay ..... . .. . ... . . .. .. . ..... . . from 0 to 90 feet Limestone with flint ................... " Hard, brown rock, water-bearing....... . . r: 90 " 130 130 " 220 ",. Hard, brown rock . . ... . ............... " 220 " 260 " Soft, brown rock ...................... " 260 " 305 " Hard, brown rock ... . ............ . ..... " 30 5 " 320 " The water-bearing stratum in the Boston \\"ell is Vicksburg-Jackson limestone. An analysis of the water by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows:- Collstitltcnts Determined Parts per Million Silica .. . .. . .. . .. . . . ... . ...... . ... . Sulphur Trioxide . .. . . .. . ... .. .. . .. Carbon Dioxide ............. . ..... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ........... . .. " Chlorine ..................... . .. . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumna .. ..... . Lime .. . ........... . .. ... . . .. . ... . l\1agnesia ...... . .... .. .. . ........ . Potash .. . .... . ..... .. .. . .. . .. . .. . Soda ........................... . 2040 7.36 I09 60 1. 12 9.52 18.43 56 . 19 6.64 2.42 7. 29 Probable Col.1,bill atiollS Potassium Chloride ................ Sodium Chloride .. . . . ... .. . . .. . .. . . Magnesium Chloride ...... . .... . . .. . Sodium Phosphate ... . ...... . ...... . Magnesium Sulphate . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . Magnesium Carbonate . ....... ~ ..... . Calcium Carbonate .. . ..... . ........ . Iron Sesqui-oxide and A lumina . ... . . . 3. 86 11. 64 .81 2.24 11.04 5.50 10034 18-43 Total Solids ................ . ... . 174. 26 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 6257 Grains per U . S. GJ lion 1. 189 .429 6 . 391 . 064 555 1.074 3. 2 76 .387 .14 1 .42 5 .2 2 5 .679 . 047 .130 .644 .3 21 5. 852 1.075 IO. 163 3. 640 SUSINA . - Thi s well , owned by Mr. S. 11'1. Beach, is located in the southern part of the county, near the Georgia-Florida line. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 18 1 It is six inches in diameter and 110 feet deep; and it furnishes a copious supply of water, ri sing to within 40 feet of the surface. Solid rock was struck at 85 feet. The only water-bearing stratum, reported, occurs at the bottom of the well. TWIGGS COUNTY Twiggs county has no deep wells, the main sou rce of domestic water-supply being shallow wells, which vary from 20 to 90 feet in depth. These wells obtain their water from the Lafayette formatio n, or the underlying Claiborne, or the Cretaceous sands. The springs of the county are usually small, furnishing ten gal- lons or less per minute. Such springs are often met with, near the line of contact of the sil iceous Claiborne beds and the Cretaceous clays . WARE COUNTY WAYCROSs.-(Elevation, 140 teet above sea-level.) The city of \Vaycross has two 12-inch deep wells. The first 6f these was COI11- pleted in I893, and the second, which is within a few feet of the first, in r895. Each well, w ith casing, cost about $3, 750.00, and will furnish, without decrease in static head, 750 gallons a minute. Two different water-bearing strata are reported as occurring in the wells; one, in a bed of coarse sand or gravel, about 300 feet from the surface. The water from this stratum rises to within 50 feet of the surface; but the supply was thought to be insuffi cient for the needs of the city; consequentlYl the wells were continued to the second water-bearing stratum, 670 feet from the surface, from which the city water-supply is now obtained. The water from thi s second stratum rises to within 60 feet of the surface, which at this point has an elevation of 140 feet above sea-level, T he following is a descriptio n of the \"ari ous specimens of wellborings, obtained from Mr. H. Murphy, Chai rman of the \ Vater \Vorks Commission : - 182 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN Surface sand to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 feet l\IIotley reel, yellow and white clays at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 " A rather coarse-grained, water-worn, reddish sand at. . .. 20 H A specimen of sand differing mainly from the above in being of a reddish-brown color, at . ................. 30 H Coarse quartz sand cemented by ir011 oxide at . . . . . . . . 40 H Dark-gray plastic clay at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50 " Very coarse white sand at .......................... JJ II The same as above at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80 . Dark gray clay at ....................... . ........ 100 " Yellow sandy clay at ................... _. , _.. .. ... 115 u Fine gray sa nd containing glaucon ite at. . . . . .. . . . .130 " Dark gray clay at .............. . .. . ....... . ...... 140 " Sandy clay with glauconite at. .................. . ... . 145 " Fine glauconitic, sandy clay at . ...................... r60 a Coarse white sand with glauconite at. ........ . ... . .. . 18 5 " Dark-gray greenish marl at ........................ . 215 " nIedium fine-grained glauconitic sand at. ............. . 21 7 H I-Iard, flinty, sandy. drab-colored claystone at . . .. . .... . 226 " Drab-colored . calcareous, sandy clay with fragments of flint and limestone at ........... . ............... . 228 " Hard, vitreous. glauconitic sandstone at. ............. . 230 " Gray, glauconitic marl at . ....... . .................. . 232 " Fine. dark-g ray sand with fragments of shell at . .. ... <. 234 " Blue clay at ........................... , , , .. , , , , . . 236 " Gray sandy marl at ., , , . , , , ............... , ..... , ,275 H Coarse sand and phospbatic pebbles; sharks' teeth, dental plates of rays, and glauconite at ..... , ... , ....... , , ,300 " Fine sand with glauconite at ". , , , .. , .. , .. , , .. , , . : . , 302 " Hard, compact sandstone at .. ,., .............. , .. ,.3 10 H Dark, sandy clay with dental plates of rays, and glauconite at , ... , ...... , ....... . , .... " ..... ,. " ...... ,312 " Gray marls, fragments of pectens, spines of sea-urchins etc., at ................ , ...... , ..... , ', . " . " ,.325 " Very hard, compact sandstone at " .... , ...... , .... , ':- 340 " Fine, gray glauconitic sand at .. , ........... , .. , .... 343 " n'Iiocene or Upper :Miocene shells at . . , . , , .. . , .. , , , .. . 380 " Shell marl at ... ,' , ..... , .. , .. , .. " ..... , ..... , .. 400 " Highly fossiliferous limestone, Tampa horizon at. ....... 415 " Gray marl, pectens and spines of sea-urchins at . .. , . , .. , , 425 " \ 'Vhi te. chalky, sandy limestone at .. . ...... . ......... 440 " Fossiliferous limestone, having a concretionary structure at ., , , , ... , , , ... , . . , .. " " "" , "'. ' ........ . 450 H UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN "'hite, chalk)r, arenaceous limestone at. ................ -+55 feet Gray, sandy marl at ............... . .. . ...... . ..... -475 " Fi ne, yellow, argillaceous sand at. ............ ... .... -+80 " Gray sandstone and claystone at .. . .................. 500 " \Vhite. chalky limestone at ......................... 5TO " Compact, dark-gray limestone, with fragments of corals and shells at . . ................................. 525 " Shell marl at ..................................... 527 " \ Vhi te. chalky limestone at ......................... 530 " Dark-gray marl, with fragments of shells at. ......... . 550 " Hard, compact. dove-colored. glauconitic claystone at. ... S.i5 " \Vhite, chalky limestone at .................... . .... 560 " Gray, porous Jimestone, with casts of gastropods at. . . .. . 600 \\lhite, chalky limestone at ....... ' .................. 610 ," . \Vhite, compact. fo ssil iferous limestone at ............. 650 " Peninsular limestone. coral, foraminifera and bryozoans in abundance at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 " \Vhite. chalky limestone at ...... . .................. 670 " \Vhite limestone made up largely of the tests of foraminif- era. some of which are an inch or more in diameter. at .. 675 " \Vhite. chalky limestone at .. . ................ . ...... 680 " Dark-gray fossiliferous limestone at ................. . 685 " Fossiliferous limestone. Zeuglodon horizon, at. ........ . 691 " Following is an analysis of the wat~r from the \ Vaycross wells, made by Dr. H . C. White, of the University of Georgia:-- Solids Dissolved Grains per G. S. Gallon Carbonate of Lime .... . .... . .. . ... . ............ . Carbonate of Iron ......... . . . .................. . Sulphate of Lime . ........... . ...... . ......... . . . Sulphate of :Magnesia ......... .. .. . .. .. .. ... . . .. . Sulphate of Potash ............................. . Sulphate of Soda ....................... . .... ... . Sodium Chloride (Common Salt) .......... . ..... . . Silica, .............................. . ........ . Organic Matter and Combined "Vater ........... . .. . 7.502 0.120 0.53 1 0 . 162 0.06r 0. 084 0 3 -+9 0 .582 0 . 96 5 Total ............. .. .... . ......... . ....... . 10.356 "The water is faintly turbid frol11 suspended silica. This, however, speedily settles on standing, and becomes clear and limpid. It possesses no odor, and was found to be organically pure." rort Yalley ltarrKt'nSYllle Eastman LumberCity .Baxley Waycross &/'fmy:S c "'" n ~cs RQi~ \-" H~ds I':. 10 s s \~ c \"'- s \',.".... s \'~ c s .... .... - c.. --- 1./0 "~...o. I I '~~~~, Il,:oo' mm\!s c S .:::.:-:. 7narl I I I I \ \ I I ~ 1300 I" \" I')"\ II"", 10 Ie. IV> I I I 4-90' ~-<"9c:::~ LS I \ ot/oS 1::::d52!/ /s -- --- '~4-00' 408' \c. ~ \'; \", \9-, \'\"~ \ marl \ \ s \ \ \ marl \ \ /, \ \ S \ ___.000' /, C - CLAY \ S - 5AND \ Is - LlI1STON \=~6 1 0 FIG. 4.-Sections of Deep \Vells from Fort Valley, Houston County , to St . Mary's, Camden County. Showing the Depths and the GeC'logical Horizons of the Main Water-bearillg Strata . UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN 185 Another well with in the corporate limits of Waycross, owned by the Satilla Manufacturing Company, has a depth of 647 feet It is a 6-inch weIl , with a capacity of 500 gallons per minute. . The same water-bearing strata occur in this well as in the city wells, and the static head of the water is also practically the same. No springs of importance are reported in \Vare county. The domestic water-supply is obtained almost entirely from shallow wells, which vary from IS to 40 feet in depth. These wells appear to obtain their water-supply mainly from the Lafayette and Miocene sandy clays. \VASHINGTON COUNTY vVashington coullty has a number of springs, of considerable size. These springs are all associated with exposures of Claiborne limestone. They often make thei r appea ra nce at the mouths of caverns, or in the region of limesinks. S uch spri ngs OCCllr near the corporate limits of Sandersville and Tennille, and also near SunhilL These springs, before they emerge on the surface, fOfm, in places, underground streams. which can be traced by a chain of iimesinks. The shallow wells of the county usually vary from 30 to 80 feet They obtain their water-supply from the Lafayette sands. or the underlying Claiborne beds. The water from these wells is usually soft, and well su ited to both domestic and technical purposes. This class of wells is often more or less affected by long droughts; but they usually furnish ample water for fa rm purposes, the obj ect for which they are generally put down. The only deep wells in the county are located at Sandersville, Tennille and Davisboro. SANDERSVILLE. - There are four deep wells within the corporate limits of Sandersville, two of which are owned by the city, and two by individuals. The first city well was put down in 1900, at a cost of $800.00. This well, which is 40 inches in diameter, has a depth of 43' feet. ,Vater-bearing sancls are reported at 70. 120, 185. 325 and 425 feet, respectively. The static head of the lower water-bearing stratum is said to be '34 feet below the surface. The water of the first and second strata is repo rted to rise a short distance aboye 186 UNDERGROUND WATERS Or. THE COASTAL PLAIN the point, where they were first struck; but, as the well was in- creased in depth, it subsided to '34 feet. This decrease in the static head ot the two upper water-bearing strata is evidently due to the waters in the lower strata having a natural outlet at a lower le\'el than the upper strata. The capacity of these various waterbearing strata is estimated at from 20 to 120 gallons per minute, the lowest furnishing the maximum amount. rrhe second city well, which is within 2 0 0 feet of the first, was completed in '904. This well attains a depth of only ' 95 feet. It is six inches in diameter, and is reported to furni sh ISO gallons per minute. The following record was made from samples of the borings from the first city deep well, kindly furnished by Mr. C. E. VVarthen : - 'White and dark clays with pyrite ................... at 35 feet vVhite, sandy limestone . . . .. . .................... " 85 " Gray limestone, with fragments of shells .... . ........ " 103 " Dark clay . ....... . .................. : . . . . . . .... " ,60 " Yellow, coarse sand .. . . .. . ..... . ...... . ........ . " 215 " White kaolin .............. . ...... .. .... .. ...... " 270 " Fine, white sand .... . . ............... . ..... . .. .. '( 285 " Dark, pyritiferOU5 sand . ... . . .. ..... . ..... .. ..... " 335 " White kaolin . . ................................. " 370 " Rather coarse, brownish sand . ..... . . .. ....... . ... . " 387 H White sancl ........................ . ........... " 426 " Fine, white sand ....... , , . , . , . , " , . , , .......... , ." 436 " The character of the water from this well is shown by the follow- ing analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia : - CO1lstituen ts Determined Parts per Grains pel~ Million U. S. Gall')n Silica ........................ ... . . Sulphur Trioxide ...... .. . .. . .. .... . Carbon Dioxide ..... . . .. . .. .. . . ... . Phosphorus Pentoxide .............. . Chlorine ............. . ... . ... . . .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . Lime ............... . .. .. .... .. .. . Magnesia ........................ . Potash ...... . . .. ..... .. .......... . Soda .... ... .... .. . .... . ........ . . 27, 12 3 47 '39. 00 trace 6 .80 10,25 '05.40 4.50 2.29 '3 34 1.581 .202 8.106 trace . 39 6 597 6.147 .262 .133 777 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIX I~7 Probable Combinatiolls Parts per ~'Iillion Potassium Chloride ................ . Sodiu111 Chloride .................. . Sod iu111 Sulphate ...... . ..... ... .. . . Sodium Phosphate ................. . Sodiu111 Carbonate ................. . lVI agnes iun1 Carbonate . ............. . Calciu111 Carbonate ..... . .. . .. . ..... . 3. 63 8 35 5. 98 trace 1079 9-45 188.22 Iron SesCJui-oxide and Alu111ina . ...... . 10.25 Total Sol ids .................... . 263 .79 Free Carbon Dioxide . ........ .. . +677 Grains per U. S. Gallon .2r6 . +87 3+9 trace .629 .55 1 10976 . 598 15. 38+ 2 . 7 28 The t\\"o pri,ate deep wells of Sandersville. one owned by ~Ir. Lewis Cohen, and the other, by Dr. C. G. Rmdins. each has about the same depth as the deeper city well, and penetrates sim ilar strata. TEN"ILLE.-(Elevatioll, 477 feet above sea-level.) Tennille has two deep wells, one put down in 1892, and the other in '90+. The first well, which was unsuccessful, is said to have attained a depth of 990 feet. It begins as a 12-inch well, but it was finally decreased to 4 inches. The two principal water-bearing strata, reported, occur at 380 and +26 feet. ,Vater fr0111 the first stratum is said to rise to within 90 feet of the surface, wh ich is greater by about 100 feet than the static head of the second stratU111. The following is a record of this deep well, copied fr0111 the notes of the well contractor : - Sandy clay ............ .. .... . . . ..... . from 0 to 38 feet ,~l hite clay ...... . ..................... " 38 " S2 " Yellow, sandy clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. fr 52 " 80 " Vlhite sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " Yellowish limestone, in the form of boulders. " Gray sand .. . .. . ....... . .. . ..... .. .. . . " \iVhite sand ........................... H \ i\fhite sandstone containing shells . . . . . . . .. H Bluish marl .......................... . " Yellow clay .... . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .... H 80 " 91 " 996' " " 96 " 103 " 103 " 130 " 13 " 140 " 140 " 185 " 185 " 194 " Brownish colored sand, containing sharks' teeth and fragments of oyster shells. . . . . . " '94 " 210 " Blue 111arl ............................. " 210 " 260 " I!lS UNDERGROUND !VATERS OF THE COASTAL PLAfN Qui cksand . . . . Blue marl . . .. .. .. . from . . .. " .... White clay . . . . . .. ...... " Blue clay .. .. . .. . . . .. " .. Blue and gray sands . . ... " . Blue clay ..... .. Quicksand . .. .. White clay and sand. .. .. . .. . ... . .. .. . . . ... .. .. " " " . Coarse, white sand .. White, "sticky" clay. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . " " 260 to 270 " 300 " 310 " 350 " 360 " 404 " 436 " 440 " 470 " 270 300 3 10 350 360 404 43 6 440 470 500 feet " " " " " " " " " Red clay .. " 500 " 530 " \\"hite clay . . .. . . " 530 " 550 " Clay and sand, except at 820 feet, where sand- stone occurs " 550 " 990 " The following field-analysis of the water frol11 the Tennille deep well, m ~ de by Mr. \;y. W . Burnham, has been furn ished by i\Jr. ill. O. Leig hton, Chief of the Division of Hydro-Economics. U nited States Geological Survey:- COI/stitl/ellts Deterll1ined Parts per lVIillion Chlorine. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4.0 T ota1 Ca rbonates, as Calcium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . I I 5. 0 Carbonates (scale-forming ) . as Calcium Carbonate ... . . Alkaline Carbonates, as Sodium Carbonate ........... . Sulphur Trioxide ............ .. .. . ........ . . . ... . Total Hardness ........ ....... . ......... . .. . . . I ron .... . ........................... . ......... . Odor, H ydrogen Sulphide .... . . . . .. . . ... . .... . ... . Color ........... .. . ....... . .. . . .... .... . .. . . . . . Turbidity ...................................... . trace 166.0 0.0 1. 0 0.0 0.0 DAnsBoRo. - The Davisboro deep well, put dow n by the town authorities in 1888, has a depth of 325 feet. It is a 2-inch well, fl owi ng fi ve gallons per minute, the water ri sing three feet above t he surface. The water-bearing strata are reported at 88 and 100 feet. respecti,'ely, the latter, only, flo wing. iVIr. T. L . Brown; of Davisboro, has furni shed the following record of the Davi sboro well:- UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE COASTAl. PLAIN 189 Sand ......................... ... ...... from o to 20 feet Brownish clay with white pebbles. . . . . . . . . .. If 20 " 40 " Coarse, white sand ................ . . .. . . " 40 " 60 " Dark, greenish marl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 60 " 80 " Shell-rock, with sha rks' teeth. . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 80 " 88 " \Vater-bearing sands, with fragments of shells, which continue to quicksand at the bottom of the well ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " 88" 100 " The following analysis of the water from the Davisboro well was made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia : - Parts per . COIIS/,:tlfCllts Determillcd Million Silica ..... . ........ . ............. . Sulphur Trioxide ....... . .......... . Carbon Dioxide ...... . . . .. .. .. . . . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ... . .. . ... . . .. . Chlorine ................ . ......... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . Lime .. . .. . .. . ..... . ..... . ..... . . . Magnesia .... . ................... . Potash ............. .. .... .. . ..... Soda . . . . . .. ......, . ............ . 1 2.72 595 rr848 trace 5. 60 402 8257 3. 05 447 18 . 92 P'robable Combillatialls Potassium Chloride . .. .. . . ..... .. . . . Sodium Chloride ........ .... .. .... . Sodium Sulphate . .... . .......... . Sodium Carbonate . ........ .. .. . . . . . Sodium Phosphate ........ . . . . . .. .. 7. 08 3. 62 10.56 21.15 trace Magnesium Carbonate ... . .. .. ...... . 640 Calcium Carbonate ............ ..... . 147 45 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina . ...... . 402 Grains per U. S. Gallon . 742 347 6910 trace . 327 . 234 4. 81 5 .178 .261 1. 103 .413 . 2I~ .616 1.233 trace 373 8599 . 234 Total Solids .. . .. . . . ... . . .... .. . . 21 3. 00 12422 Free Carbon Dioxide ........ . .. .... . 41 47 2 . 418 All the deep wells in vVashington county commence in the Claiborne and probably stop in the Lower Cretaceous. The main watersupply in most of these wells probably comes from the lower Claiborne beds. 190 UX DERGIW UND W A TERS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN WAYNE COUNTY Shallow wells, varyi ng from IS to 60 feet in depth, are the chief .source of domestic water-supply in \i\Tayne coullty. No spring s of allY importance are reported. The only eleep we lls from whi ch data have been received, are at Jesup and near Doctortowll . Thi s well , put down by the town council in 1890, at a cost of $500.00, is said to be 500 feet deep. \Vater-bearing strata are reported at 287 and 500 feet. Dr. J. \V. Spencer, formerly State Geologist, gives the following Tecorcl: - I . 1 Sand to ........ . . . . .. .. ........ .. .. . ......... 10 feet 2 Quicksand to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. J4 " 3 Yellow clay soil, with layers of quicksand to ......... 26 " 4 Quicksand to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52 " 5 Limestone to ....... . ..... . ... . .. . .... . .... . .. . 55 " 6 Quicksand to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 " 7 Limestone to .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78 " 8 Clay with sand to .. . ............... . ...... . .... 233 " 9 Soft spongy rock to .. . ......... . ............... 237 " "10 Blue marl to ......................... . ..... . .. 490 " II "Vater-bearing quicksand. \tVater rose to within 33 feet of the surface. This well begins apparently 111 the A ltamaha grit and extends l'robably into the Eocene. . DOCTORTOWN. - The following log of a prospecting oil well, located about one mile south west of Doctortown, Wayne county, was furnished by Mr. C. A. Gil son, well contractor: - :Sand . . .............. . .. . ........ . . from Sand and yellow clay with some shells . .. " Sand and laminated clay. . . . . . . . . . . . .. H Conglomerate and marl. Water rises to within 20 feet of the surface.. . . . . . .. " -Sand, gravel and laminated clay. . . . . . .. " Greenish-gray marl and chalky limestone with some pebbles .. .... . .. . ... . . .. H o to 20 If 5S H 80 " 95 " 135 " 20 feet 55 " 80 " 95 " 135 " " I ceological Survey of Georgia; First Report of Progress, 18347' 3744 206 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA Parts per Million 'Calcium Sulphate .... . ............ . 153. 20 Calcium Carbonate ....... . ... . . .. . . 189.30 Aluminum Sulphaie .. . . .. .. . ....... . 3.90 I ron Carbonate .................... . .90 Total Solids ........... . .... . .... 2, I 59 . 20 Free Carbon Dioxide . .. . .. .. . ....... . 80.00 Grains per U. S . Gallon 8934 11.040 . 228 .052 I25 920 The water from this well has a somewhat extensive sale as a min-eral water. The supply, which is several gallons per minute, is said to be but little affected by the seasons. I n addition to the two wells here described, there are four other .deep wells within the corporate limits of Austell. Two of these are within a few hundred feet of the railroad station; they are used chiefly for domestic purposes. One of them has a depth of ISO feet, and the other, 133 feet. In the deeper well which is six inches in -diameter, the water rises to within IS feet of the surface, or ten feet higher than in the shallower well. Each well is said to furnish several gallons of water per minute. The water is derived from .small seams or fissures in the gneissoid rock, at variolls depths from the surface. The water appears to be comparatively free from minerals. It is soft and well suited to domestic purposes. One of the other wells above referred to, is located at the Lithia Springs hotel. This well, which was completed in 1901, is located in the back-yard of the hotel. It is five and a half inches in diameter and ISO feet deep, and it is said to furnish ten gallons of water per minute. The \vater is soft, and is considered quite wholesome. It is said to enter the well from fissures in the gneissoid rock. The fourth well, above referred to, is the Brunk well near Spring Street, about half-a-mile south of the station. This well, which was completed in May, 1903, is six inches in diameter and 110 feet deep. The water-supply is re'ported to come from fissures in the gneissoid granite, struck at 35 and 100 feet from the surface, the main supply being from the deeper fissures. The well is said to furnish about ten gallons of water per minute. The water is soft; and it is llsed for drinking .and for general domestic purposes. The estimated amount of water given above, as furnished by the several wells, appears, in most cases, to have been made on insuffi- UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 207 cient tests. In most instances the \:vells are not in continuous use; and, as a result, it is not known what the actual capacity of the wells would be, if subjected to continuous tests for a long period. Departing somewhat from the order of discussing the underground waters of the Crystalline area of the State, as previously outlined, there is here introduced the description of two shallow wells, that have recently been completed in the vicinity of Austell. These wells are here described, because they are drilled wells, and differ from the other wells of the district only in depth and in the higher mineralized conditions of their waters. The Medlock well, the first of these wells put down, is located a near the left bank of Sweetwater Creek, five-eighths of mile northwest of the Austell station, and only a few hundred yards southwest of the "Sulpho-Magnesia Artesian" well. The Medlock well, which was completed in May, 1903, is six inches in diameter and 65 feet deep. The water, which is highly impregnated with sodium chloride (common salt), is obtained from a fissure neai' the bottom of the well. The supply is said to be several gallons per minute. The water rises to within five feet of the surface. The formations, penetrated in the well, consisted first of an alluvial deposit, five feet thick, followed by compact gneissoid-granite. The character 'of the water from this well is shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chem ist of the Geological Survey of Georgia:- Parts per Constituents Determined M illion Silica .. . .. . . ........ . ..... ...... .. 26.20 Sulphur Trioxide . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .... 641 . 60 Carbon Dioxide ........... . .. .. . . . 93 .38 Phosphorus Pentoxide .............. o. I I Chlorine ........ . .... .... . .. . .. ... 4,769 . 26 I ron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina. . . . . . . . 18.40 Manganese ...... .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . trace Lime .. .. .... ................. .. .. 667 oS Magnesia . . . . .. . .. ...... ...... .. .. 89. 20 Potash .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . 77.47 Soda ... .. . . .... . ........ . ... 3,759 . 19 L ithia . .... .. .... . . .. .. ... . . ... . . . 14.45 Grains per U. S. Gallon 1 . 528 374J 7 5.446 .006 278 . I44 1.073 trace 38 .901 5. 202 4 . 518 219.228 . 843 208 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA Probable COII/binations Parts per Million Lithium Chloride ... .. . .. . .. . . ...... 41.86 Potassium Chloride ...'.. . ... ... . .. " 122.80 Sodium Chloride ...... . .... . .. .. . . . 7,093 .80 Sodium P hosphate ..... . .... ... ... . 0 .20 Magnesium Carbonate ......... . . .... 267.60 Calcium Sulphate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787.40 Calcium Carbonate .......... . . . : . . . . 40.70 Calcium Chloride .. . . .. .. . ... . . . .. . . 634 .40 Manganese Carbonate . . . .......... trace Total Solids ... .... .. . ... . . ... .. 9,058.00 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... 93.38 Grains per U. S. Gallon 2.'441 7. r61 41 3. 696 .012 15. 607 4 5 . 9 20 2 782 36 .997 trace 528 . 244 j.+46 The Medlock well is located within a few rods of the old :VIedlock Spring, which is no longer used, but which formerly had consid- erable local reputation as a mineral spring. The Lauch well, the second of the shallow wells, is the J. H. L ouch well. This well was completed October, 1903-' It is lo- cated about a hundred yards from the Medlock well. The Louch well is six inches in diameter and 80 feet deep; and it furnishes about 1,500 gallons of water in 24 hours. The water rises to within five feet of the surface. The rocks penetrated by this well are prac- tically the same as in the Medlock well. The Louch well, at present, puts on the market daily about I jO gallons of water, which is used chiefly for medicinal purposes. An analysis of the water from thi s well, made by Dr. Edgar E\'erhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as fol- lows: - Constitllents Determined Parts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon S ilica .. .. .. . . ..... . ........... . .. . 11.60 Sulphur Trioxide ............ .. .... 485. IS Carbon Dioxide . .... .. ...... . .. .. .. 95.79 Phosphorus Pentoxide ... ... . ....... trace Chlorine ....... . ... . .. . .. .. . . . .... 3,134.16 Bromine . . ................. . .. . ... 2 .82 Iron Sesqui-oxide ....... . .. . ...... .64 Alumina. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . ... .40 .677 28.293 j 5 81 trace 182777 .121 .037 . 023 :c o z c',."; UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 209 Parts per Million Manganese .. . .. .. ................ . trace Barium Oxide . . ................. . . 0.25 Lime ........ ...... .. . ... .. .. . 276 . 21 Magnesia .. . .. . .. . . ... . .. . .. . ..... 44.43 Potash .......... . .... .. .... .. .... 76.94 Soda .. ... ...... . ............... 2,687. 58 Lithia ............. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . 8.76 Probable Comb';natiolls Lithium Chloride . . ........... . ... . 24 .67 Potassium Chloride .. . .. .. .. . ...... II9. 50 Potassium Bromide ............ . .... 4.20 Sodium Chloride .. . .. . . ... . ........ 5,070.90 Sodium Phosphate .. .... . .. . . ... . .. . trace Magnesium Sulphate ..... .. .. ...... I33. 30 Calcium Sulphate . . .. .. .. . .. .. ... 670.80 Barium Sulphate ........ .. ........ Aluminum Sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron Carbonate .. . .. . ... . ......... .38 I .36 I. 22 Total Solids .................... 6,096. 00 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 70 . 10 Grains per U. S. Gallon trace . 01 5 J6. I07 2.59 1 4.487 156 .734 .5 11 1.430 6.969 .245 295.72 5 trace 7774 39. 120 .022 . 079 .07 1 355.507 4088 The waters from the last two described wells, and also the water , .. from the "Artesian Lithia" well, are rather remarkable waters, on account of the high percentage of sodium chloride. This is especially true, when it is taken into consideration, that the water, in each case, is obtained from gneissoid-granite rocks, and that all the rocks for miles around are all highly crystalline. DOUGLAS COUNTY THE SWEETWATER PARK HOTEL \~IELL. - Two deep wells are reported to have been sunk in Douglas county, one at Douglasville, and the other at Sweetwater Park hotel. The latter was put down in May, 1898, in order to obtain water for the hotel. Th is well is six inches in diameter and 539 feet deep. It cost about $3,500. It furnished, when first completed about five gallons of water per minute. The water, which ri ses to within 20 feet of the surface, is said 210 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA to be soft, and well suited for general domestic purposes. The well penetrated gneissoid granite its entire depth. The water enters the well by several fissures, struck at various depths. The water-supply of the well being insufficient to supply the hotel. the well has been abandoned. The Douglasville well, which is owned by Mr. J. B. Duncan, is said to have attained a depth of 125 feet without securing water. This well, judging from the geology of the surrounding country, penetrated granite or gneiss its entire depth. TROUP COUNTY 'NEST POINT DEEP \VELLs.-Probably the most satisfactory deep wells, so far constructed in the Crystall ine area of Georgia, is the group of wells belonging to the Lanette Cotton Mills at 'West Point. These wells, wh ich are located on the second bottom of the Chattahoochee R iver, are seven in number. Each well has a diameter of eight inches; but they are quite variable in their depth, as well as in the water-supply, as may be seen by the following table : - No. Depth Gallons Per Minute I ISO feet 50 2 90 3 " IS 3 506 " 98 4 604 " 75 5 550 " 45 6 225 " 25 7 250 " 20 ( ?) These wells are all located within 250 yards of the river, and within an area, whose radius does not exceed 200 feet. The pumping of one well, with only two exceptions, is said not to affect the static head of the water in the other wells. This appears to be due to the water-bearing seams in each well being largely independent, and having no immediate connection with the water-bearing seams of the other wells. The water from all of the wells, however, seems to have about the same mineral constituents. Mr. Lanier, President of UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 2II the Lanette Cotton Mills, in speaking of the character of the water from these wells, says: - "The water is quite pure, and well suited both for bleaching and dyeing purposes, for which it is chiefly used." All the ~rest Point wells penetrate practically the same formations. These formations consist of allu vial deposits and decomposed rocks to a depth, varying from 60 to roo feet, foll owed by crystalline rocks, chiefly gneisses, to the bottom o f the wells. The water, which -in most cases ri ses to within a few feet of the surface, enters the we ll by fi ssures or cracks in the gneisses at various depths. One well, when first completed, is said to have furnished a small /low. The surface of the alluvial soil, at the point where the wells are located, is only a few feet above the high-water mark of the Chattahoochee River. McDUFFIE COUNTY THE THOMSON DEEP \NELL. - The only deep well reported in YlcDuffie county is located at Thomson, the county seat. The Thomson deep well, which was put down by the town authorities in 1902~ at a cost of about $2,500.00, va ries fr0111 six to eight inches in dia meter, and attains a depth of 506 feet. The water rises to with in ten feet of the surface; but du ring wet weather it is said to furnish a slight flow. The formation penetrated by the well is reported as follows : - I Bluish clay . . . .. . .. . .. ........ .. ............... 23 feet 2 Yellowish clay . ....... ......... .. .... . . ........ 50 " 3 Decomposed granite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 " 4 Granite with occasional fissures .... . ............... 423 " The first 75 feet of this well penetrates clays, which are probably Cretaceous, or of a more recent age. The g ranite below, from which the water comes has a gneissbid structure. It is rather coarsegrained; but, otherwise, it differs but little from the gran ites of the Crystalline area. Three water-bearing fi ssures are reported in the well at 125, 327 and 450 feet, respectively, the main water-supply being derived from the two lower fissures. The well supplies daily about 12,000 gallons, which is used mainly for drinking purposes. 212 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA A n analysis of the water from the Thomson well, made by Mr. J. M. McCandless, State Chemist, is as follows: - Parts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon Sodium Chloride ................... . Sodium Sulphate .......... . ... ..... . Sodium Carbonate .. ........... . ... . Potassium Carbonate ............ . .. . Calcium Carbonate ........... . .... . . Magnesium Carbonate ............. . . Oxides of Iron and Alumina .... . ..... . Silica ...... .. . . .. .. . . .... . . . .... . 5 45 7.3 1 30 .77 6.68 4794 7. 26 1.60 31 . 60 .3 1 77 .4263 17944 .3896 27957 .42 34 .0933 1.8428 Total ............. . .. . ... . ..... . 138 . 61 8. 0832 SOllitm'y Allalysis Free Ammonia .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A lbuminoid Ammonia .. . .. . ... . . . .. .. ...... . .. . ... Nitrogen as Nitrates ...... .. . . . .... ... ,... . . . . . ... Nitrogen as Nitrites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .012 .036 none none In addition to the deep wells of the Crystalli ne area, here described, the deep wells of Macon and A ugusta, as has been before noted under the description of the deep wells of the Coastal Plain, may also be considered as belonging to the Crystalline area, as they all penetrate in their lower depths the Crystalline rocks. Nevertheless, as the water-supply from these deep wells is probably, in a great measure, derived from the superficial beds of the Coastal Plain sands and clays, it is thought best to describe them as belonging to that physiographic division. It is likely, that there are several other deep wells in the Crystalline area besides the ones above described . However, no definite information has been obtained, in regard to such wells. SHALLOW WELLS As elsewhere stated in this report, the shallow wells of the Crystalline area are the main source of domestic water-supply, not only for t he rural districts, but also for the majority of the small towns. The water, supplying these wells, is from two sources, namely, the residual clays, and the alluvial deposits in the valleys of the larger streams. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 213 "VELLS IN ALLUVIAL CLAYS. - The number of wells receiving their water-supply from all uvial clays is notgreat; but, at the same time, this class of wells requi res special attent ion, on account of the liability of the water becoming contam inated by surface sewage. In general, the cond itions commonly met with in these wells, may be summed up as follows: - Many of the rivers and larger streams of the Crystalline area traverse valleys of erosion, which vary from a few hundred feet to half-a-mile or more in width. T hese valleys, parts of which r10w frequently lie several feet above the present flood-plain of the rivers, are usually covered to a depth of many feet by alluvial deposits, left by the streams when they flowed at a higher level. The deposits are usually in two layers. The lower layer, which lies directly upon the eroded upturned edges of the underlyi ng Crystallines, consist chieRy of coarse, water-worn g ra vel and rounded boulders. This layer var ies in thickness from a few inches to several feet, depend ing somewhat upon the irregular eroded surface of the underlying rocks. The upper layer, which is generally Illuch thicker than the lower layer, is made up of silt, or sandy clays. The two layers are conformable, and correspond in dip with the slope of the eroded surface of the underlying rocks, thus giving to the entire surficial deposit a gradual slope to the center of the valley. It often happens, that the upper of the two alluvial beds has been removed by erosion along the margin of the valleys, thereby exposing the underlying gra"e! beds. The exposed edges of these gravel beds present a most favorable condition for taking up the surface waters as they escape to the valleys from the adjacent .hillslopes, a fter a passing shower. Owing to the porous and open condition of these beds, they form vel)' imperfect filters; and, as a consequence, wells obtaining their water-supply from such beds are quite likely to become contaminated with .surface impurities. Many of the smaller towns of the Crystalline area of North Georgia, located in the river valleys, depend almost entirely upon wells penetrating the above described all uvial deposits for water. In laying out these towns, it has been the usual plan to locate the business houses and the residences near the center of the valley; and the barns, stables, etc., along the margin of the valley, near the line of outcropping of the gravel beds which supply the wells with water. 214 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALIJNE AREA Two towns, located along the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, were selected for special study. They obtain their water-supply chieAy from shallow wells, with geologic conditions sim ilar to those named above. Both of these towns, namely, Ellijay and Canton, are located in river valleys; and they depend mainly on shallow wells, sunk into alluvial deposits for domestic water-supply. Ellijay, the county-seat of Gilmer county, is located at the conAuence of the Cartecay and Ellijay rivers. It is a typical mountain town, of about 600 inhabitants .: and, for many years. it has been much frequented in summer by people from the southern part of the State. The town has experienced, once or twice, very serious epidemics of typhoid fever. The writer was informed by one of the leading physicians of the tOWIl, that, during the rage of this disease, some 10 or IS years ago, not a family in the town escaped. ,ith probably a half-dozen exceptions, the entire population depends upon shallow wel ls for drinking water. These wells vary from 25 to 35 feet in depth ; and they usually penetrate, near the bottom. a layer of water-worn gravel or of coarse sand, ro111 which the main supply of water is generally obtained . Overlyi ng the water-worn gravel or sand, occurs a bed of river silt. This bed, when not partially re- moved by erosion, often attains a thickness of IS feet or more. The wells all furnish a good supply of water, but they are more or less affected by long droughts. During the month of September, 1903, the writer secured samples of water fro111 several of these weils, and submitted them to Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, fo r analyses, with the following results: - San';lmy A1/Qlyses I Free Ammonia . .... . 0 . 04 Albuminoid Ammonia 0.06 Chlorine .. .. . ..... 7. 00 Ni trites . . ........ . 0.02 Nitrates ...... . .. .. 0 . 50 Oxygen Required to Oxidize Organic Matter ..... " . .. 2 . 00 Parts per IVIilliol1 2 3 4 0.044 0 . 340 23. 100 0.04 0.08 7 . 50 0 .01 0.02 0.04 6.00 trace 0.60 0.50 4.500 2.50 1 . 5 0 5 0.08.'3 0.290 15.400 7. 000 UNDeRGROUND WATeRS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 21 5 Hard ness ..... .... 20.00 Organic and Volatile Matter ...... .... 25 . 00 Mineral l\lIatter . . ... 74.00 Total Soli ds .. . . .. 99.00 Parts per Million 38 .000 22.00 19. 00 34 000 2700 24. 00 87. 000 78 . 00 73. 00 13 1 . 000 IO~ .00 97. 00 47.500 40 .000 74. 000 Jl4 000 1 T he Cox well; 2 The P ubl ic weli; 3 The Kelley well; 4 The Watkins well ; 5 The Hyatt Hotel well. Ey an examination of these analyses, it-will be noted, that there are evidences of contamination in the water from each well. This is especially true of weJ1s Nos. 2 and 5.' The shallow wells, which supply the tow n of Canton, penetr"!" ~lIuvial deposits, similar to those penetrated by the E llijay welle. This town has also had an epidemic of typhoid fever. In the fall oi I903, at the time the writer visited the town to examine the wells, he was informed by the mayor, that there were the n 17 cases of typhoid fever within the corporate limits. The following analyses of the water from three of the wells of Canton, located in different portions of the town, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Su.rvey of Georgia, show evidence of surface contami- nation: - Sal/ita.,.y A1lalyses Parts per Million 1 2 3 Free Ammonia .... . .... . .......... . 0.01 Albuminoid Ammonia ....... ,' ...... . 0.05 Chlorine .......... . ...... . ....... . . 6 .30 Oxygen Required to Oxidize Organic Matter ................. ___ . . . . .. 1.00 Hardness ....... . .............. . ... 19.00 Organic. and Volatile Matter . . . . ... . .. 19.00 Mineral Matter ..................... 40.00 Tdtal .. . .. .... . . .. . . .. . .. . ...... S9. 00 0.16 0 . 10 7. 00 1.00 '9. 00 19. 00 42 .00 61.00 0.02 0.24 2870 7.50 34. 00 28.00 90. 00 Jl8.00 These sanitary analyses, together with the occasiol1al development of epidemics of typhoid fever in towns obtaining their watersupply from shallow wells penetrating alluvial deposits, would seem , to indicate, that wells o f this class are often objecti onable, and can I Since the abo\'e was written th e hotels of the tOWII h ave pllt ill private water-\vorks and ~hey arc IIOW su pplied from a spring located a ll the mountain-side some distance beyollc' the corporate limits_ 216 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF TlfI1 CRYSTALUNE AREA not always be considered as healthful sources of drinking water for to\\-115. Especially is this true of towns ullsuppiieci with sewerage s y s tem s. IVELl,S IN RF.SroUAL CLAYS. - The other class of \\'ells, above referred to, namely, shallow \Vells~ which obtain their water-supply frol11 the residual clays, afC the main source of domestic water-sup'ply throughout the Crystalline area. These wells vary in depth Irom 20 to 80 feet, the average depth being probably about 35 leet. Occasionally, wells o f this class are met with, attaining a depth of go to TOO feet; but sllch we1Js arc rarc, an d are usually located on ridges or hills, which ri se many feet above the general stream-level. In digging this class of well s, \\'-hich arc generally from three to fOllr feet in diameter, there is usually encountered for the first 10 or 20 feet, a reddish or grayish sandy. micaceous clay. often containing numerous fragments of quartz which have resulted frol11 the breaking down of the quartz yeins. Beneath this heterogeneous material, which is the advanced stage of decay of the underl ying crystalline rocks. is a medial stage of decay. This material, which is partially decomposed earthy rock, still retaining its original structure. is the main source of the water-supply of the shallow wells of the Crystalline area. In some instances, the water is obtain ed from the more -compact and unweathered rocks below; but the percentage of wells, receiving their water-supply from this source, is comparati\'ely small. The amount of water, furnished by the wells. is \'ariable. depending somewhat on their depth, the dryness or wetness of the seasons. and the character of the water-bearing beel, Shallow wells. during continued droughts, often become d r y. while deep wells continue to furni sh water. though o ften in reduced quantity, In general. it might be said . however. that the shallow wells of the Cr~'s tallille 'area usually furni sh ample water throughout the year. to supply the needs, for all domestic purposes, in the slllall to\\'ns. ancl for farm uses, In some localit ies, where the conditions appear to be unusually favorable. the wells furnish sufficient water for operating .gins and small factories, Such wells, howe\'er. may be said to be the exception. rather than the rule. The water from the wells is usually soft, and carries less than 'six grains of mineral matter per gallon. During the dry season, > ~ '"~" ~ :t "'~" z ~ ~ r'" r ~ '"<) ~ " ~ 0 z ~ ~ ~ '" ~ ""''~"" ~ ~ 0 =n "OJ = ~ <) "'<"") ~ ~ ~ '"w~ 0 w '" ~ ~ 0 > " ;; " Ci ':"< "~ :::: '" 0 r ~ 0 8'3 ~ ~ ~ 0z ~ ~ > ~ ~ N " 0 < ::: " > ~ ::: ::; > "'">'"" "0z " 0 " " " z ~ -~ ""'0,~~ ". ~ "r ' ." 0- ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 '" " ~ UNDERGROU N D WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 21 7 when the water in the wells is low. it frequently becomes turbid, and filled with floating scales of mica. This is especially true of the shallower wells, which are not properly curbed. The sanitary condition of the water from some of these wells has been inycstigated; and, in some instances, the water has been fonnd to show evidence of contamination. The cause of this contaminatio n, in most cases, was undoubtedly eke to the improper care of the well s. Ko precaution was taken to prevent water spilt about the surface from running back into the well, carrying with it more or less organ it matter, collected from the well covering and nca r-by soil. The wooden curbing, noted in one casc, was allowed to decay. and furnished food and lodgment for slugs and wooel ants. whose bodies, from time to time, fell into the water to undergo putrefaction. 'These sources of contamination are purely accidental, and they ,,-auld not occur in wells properly cared fo r. There seem to exist in the Crystalline area no geological conditions whatever, that would appear to be favorable to the surface contamination of shallo w wells. On the contrary, the conditions seem to be very favorable for complete filtrati on. In order that the water may reach these wells, it has to pass, as a general rule, through se,-eral feet of sandy clay, which forms a very effecti"e filter. There are, no doubt, many of these wells, which furni sh unwholesome water: but. in the majority of cases, this is due solely to improper attention, and not to natural conditions which can not be remedied. SPRINGS The springs of the Crystalline area are here considered under two separate headings; namely, COmmOI1 springs and mineral springs. Common springs, as here llsed, include those springs, whose wate rs -contain a normal amount o f the usual mineral constituents : while mineral springs include those, whose waters generally contain an abnormal amount of mineral constituents, and are used for the internal and external treatment of diseases. Springs of the former 6 -class are everywhere abundant throughout the Crystalline area, and furnish, in the aggregate, an enormous amount of water, suitable for domestic and manufacturing purposes. The latter springs, on the other hand, are only occasionally met with. Nevertheless, they 218 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA are of considerable economic importance, on acco unt of their reputeu medicinal properties. The classification of springs, as here made, is probably of little scientific value, owing to the great difficulty of defining the normal and abnormal mineral constituents. However, this difficulty is largely overcome, if the uses of the water are taken into consideration. All springs, whose waters are well known for their healing properties, though they may contain only a normal amount of mineral cOllstiruents, will be considered under the head of lIIilleral springs} and all others, under the head of co mmon springs. COMMON SPRI NGS Some idea may be. had o f the large number o f common springs of the Crystalline area, when it is stated, that nearly every landlo t, o f r60 acres, throughout the area has one or more of these springs. It is true, that the majority of the springs are small) and furni sh only a few hundred gallons of water daily; yet they are usually of sufficient size, to suppl y an abundance of water for farm s and for general domestic purposes. :rvlany of these springs are but little affected by droughts. Thi s is especially tnte of the springs located in the va lleys and a long the streams) with their outlet many feet below the general level of the surrounding country. The char- acter of the water fro111 the springs) coming) as it does, from the fi s- sures and seams in the granites, gneisses, schi sts and quartzites, is almost im'ariably soft. Some idea may be formed of the amount and the nature of the mineral constituents of these waters, by a n examinatio n of the two following analysesl made by Dr. Edgar Ev- erhart, Chemi st o f the Geo logical Survey of Georgia;- Parts per r30llstitl/.eJlts Deterlllillcd Milli on Silica .. ... .... . ......... . ..... . . . . Sulphur Tri ox ide ..... . .. . ......... Carbon Dioxide ........ . . .. .. . .... . Phosphorus Pentoxide . . ..... . ...... . Chlorine . . . .. .......... .. .. . .... .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide . . . .. ... . . . ...... . . 25.50 5. 60 58 .80 O. I I 5. 10 0.70 Grains per U . .S. Gallon 1 ...87 .32 7 3.429 .06.. . 29 7 .040 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 219 Parts per Million AluIllina ....... . ....... . .... . . ... . 0 .80 Linle .. . .... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . 1vIagnesia .. ..... ... ... .. ..... . .. .. . 4.90 3. 00 P otash .... . .... .. . . ..... . .. .. . o 4. 00 Soda .................... 0 00 9.50 Probable Combillatiolls P otassium Ch loride .... . ........... . Sodium Chloride .. . . .. . ... 0 Sodium Sulphate .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Sodium Phosphate ........ 0 Sodium Carbonate .. ..... 00 0 lVlagnesium Carbonate .. ... . .... .. .. . Calcium Carbonate .. . .. ........ . ... 6.30 3 .50 994 0.20 354 6 .60 875 Total Solid s . . . . . . . . . 0 0 63. 83 Free Carbon Dioxide ... .. .. . .. . . . . . . 49.90 Grain s per U. S. Gallon .047 .286 . 175 . 233 554 . 367 . 204 .580 .012 .206 .385 .5 10 Parts per COllstituents DeterJllilled :-lillion Silica .... . .......... .. ....... 0 Sulphur Trioxide .. .. . ........ 0 '545 11 .00 Carbon Dioxide .. ....... .... . . . . .. . 80 .40 Phosphorus Pentoxide .. .. . . ... 0 " trace Chlorine ....... . . .. .. . . o 5. 60 I ron SesCiui-oxide ........... . .. . ... . 2 .60 Alumina .. .. . .. . .. . ......... ... .. . .30 Linle , ....... , ....... . . .. ... . . . .. . 700 :Magnesia .......... : ... . .. . .. . . . . . . 1. 55 P otash .. . .. . ................ 0 2.04 Soda ....... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . 6.89 Probable COInbinatiolls Potassium Chloride ..... . ..... . .... 0 Sodium Ch loride .. . .. . . .... . . ... .. . Sodium Sulphate ...... 0 Magnesium Sulph ate .......... . .... o Calcium Sulphate ... . ...... . . ..... . . Calcium Carbonate .... . . ..... . ... .. . Aluminum Sulph ate . . . . 0 Iron Carbonate ....... . ... . .. .. . . . . . 3. 24 6.70 7. 65 4. 65 6.10 8.02 1.00 3. 80 T otal Solids .... . .. .. ... .. ...... . 56 .61 Free Carbon Dioxide ......... 0 0 7444 Grai ns per U . S. Gallon . 901 .6-l1 4. 689 trace .327 . lSI . oT7 . 408 . 090 . IT 9 402 . 189 .39 1 .446 .2jI 356 .468 .058 . 222 3.302 4 399 220 UNDERGROUND "VATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA The first analysis above given is from water obtained from what is known as the Cascade Spring, located on the Battle Hill road, six miles southwest of Atlanta. The water has a considerable local sale in Atlanta as a pure drinking water. The second analysis is frol11 a sample of water obtained from Mr. J. H. Dockins' spring, located near Tampa, six miles northwest of Atlanta. The spring furnishes about 10 gallons per minute. The water from this spring has also a considerable sale in Atlanta as a drinking water; and it is at present sold under the name of "Crystal Spring Chalybeate-Lithia \i\Tater." The total amount of mineral materials found in the waters of these two springs is probably somewhat lower, than the average for the small springs of the Crystalline area, Nevertheless the kinds and the relative proportions of the mineral constituents, as here shown, are probably quite constant for all such springs throughout the area. In addition to the lesser springs, above referred to, there are, as is elsewhere noted in this report, a limited number of large springs to be found in the Crystalline area. These springs are generally met with, in the vicinity of quartzites, or rocks having an undoubted clastic origin. They are often located at the base of rathe,' prominent ridges or hills, whose summits evidently form the catchment area for these waters. Some of the most noted of these spri ngs occur along the base of Pine Mountain, in the southeastern portion of the Crystalline area. Two of these springs, on account of their large size, are here described in detail. COLD SPRING, the most noted of the two springs, here referred to, and the largest spring to be found in the Crystalline area. is located near Bullochville, at the base of Pine Mountain, a quartzite ridge in the southern part of Meriwether county. The spring. which at present furnishes water for the United States Fish H atchery, located at that point, has a daily capacity of 2,916,000 gallons. The water escapes to the surface in a number of "boils," which continuously agitate the white sand, that covers the bottom of the large artificial basin, which is surrounded by a substantial wall of masonry. Escaping with the water from the various "boils," there is to be seen from time to time bubbles of gas rising to the surface. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 221 According to Prof. A. Means,' formerly of Emory College, Oxford, Ga., this gas is carbon dioxide; and, from a surface of five square feet, it amounts to 4,341 cubic inches per hour.' An analysis of this water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, shows it to contain mineral .constituents, as follows:- Constitu e1lts Determined Parts per Mi llion Silica ........... . .. . .. . .. . . , ... . . . Sulphur Trioxide ........ . . . , . .. . ". Carbon Dioxide . . ... . .. . .. . . " .... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ....... , . .... , . Chlorine . . .. ... . ....... .. .. .. " .. . . Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. . .. .... . ..... . Alu111ina .. ................. . ..... L ime .... . ... . .. . ..... . ... , ... .. , . Magnesia .. .. ..... , .... , ..... , .... . Potash .. . .. . . . . . . .... . , . ... . .. ... . Soda .. . . .................. . . .. .. . . ro. ro trace 57. 60 n Olle 4.76 1.40 . roo 1.00 1. 30 1.64 954 Probable Combillatiolls Potassium Chloride .. ....... .. . , .. . . . Sodium Chloride ........ , .... .. .... " Sodium Sulphate ......... . .. . , , . . . , , Sodium Carbonate ............ , .... , n1agnesi um Carbonate ... . .. . ....... . Calcium Carbonate ... .. . .. . . .. ..... . Iron Carbonate ......... , : ... . . .. .. . Total Solids ......... , . .. .. , . .. . . Free Carbon Dioxide ............. . . . 259 580 t race 11.06 273 1.80 2.03 36 . 21 50 .00 Grains per U. S. Gallon .589 trace 3359 none .278 .082 .006 . 058 .076 .oq6 .556 . 15 1 .338 trace .645 .159 . lOS .Il8 2.111 2 . 9 16 Blue Spring; the other large spring, above referred to, is also located at the base of Pine Mountain, in Harris county, about six miles southwest of Hamilton, the county seat. The water rjses to the surface from a large circular, funnel-shaped cavity, varying from two to eight feet in diameter, and having a depth of many feet. The form of this spring is not unlike those frequently met w ith in limestone regions, and usually designated as "well springs," 1 White's Statistics of Ceo rgia, p. 425, 18.(9_ '2 A recent eXllminntioli o f lhe gas from the Cold Spring by Dr. Everhart shows that it is only air. 222 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA on account of the shape of the cavity, through which the water ascends to the surface. The capacity of the spring is about 1,000,000 gallons per da),. The water is always clear, and is said to be but little affected by the seasons. There is a plan on foot, at present, to pipe the water of this spring to Columbus, 17 miles distant, to suppl), the cit)' with water. An analysis of the water, made b)' Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: - Parts per Coilstituell Is Determilled Million Silica ...................... . ... . . . Sulphur Trioxide .................. Carbon Dioxide ... .. .. . .. . .. .. ... . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ......... .. ... . 'Chlorine ... . .......... . ..... . ..... . Iron Sesqui-oxide and' Alumina .... ... . Lime ............................ . Magnesia . ... . .. . ........... . ... . . . Potash . .. .. . .... .. . ..... . . . .. ... . . Soda ........................... .. 14. 80 4. 09 72 . 60 trace 4. 80 462 8.63 1.06 2 78 9 .03 Grains per U. S. Gallon .861 . 238 4 . 2 34 trace .280 . 269 .50 3 .062 . r63 . 52 7 Probable Combillatiolls Potassi um Chloride ................ . Sodium Chloride ...... .. ....... . .. . Sodium Sulphate .. . . ... . .. . .... . Sodium Phosphate ................. . Sodium Carbonate . .. .. . . . . ........ . Magnesium Carbonate ........... ... . Calcium Carbonate ....... . .. . ... . .. . Total Solids .. . . ...... ..... . .. .. . Free Carbon Dioxide ...... . ...... ... . 441 4-45 7. 26 trace 6.00 2.22 15.41 59 17 62.04 .257 .259 .42 3 trace .350 . 129 .899 3.45 1 3 6r8 Other large springs of the Crystalline area occur 111 Hall and (lther counties in the northern part of the State. MINERAL SPRIN GS The mineral springs of the Crystalline area are quite numerous; but comparatively few of them have, so far, attained anything like a national reputation. This is due, not So much, probably, to the UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 223 character of the waters themselves, as to the lack of business enterprise in the owners, in not presenting the merits of the waters to the public. In a few cases, where the management of these springs has been in the hands of business men, they have been the source of an ever increasing revenue to their owners. This is especially true of those springs, whose waters have been offered on the market, supported by the analysis of some reputable chemist. One great difficult)' with the owners of this class of-springs is, that they make such unreasonable claims for their waters, that the public has become more or less skeptical as to their healing properties. It is no uncommon thing to see, in the advertisements of sllch springs, certificates stating that the water has accomplished some remarkable cure, when an analysis of the water shows that it is practically impossible for it to have produced any such therapeutic effect. In the description of the mineral springs, which follows, the writer has confined himself entirely to description of the springs, their improvements, and the chemical composition of their waters, without any consideration of their medicinal qual ities.' It should be remembered, that the list of mineral springs, here described, is not complete; nevertheless, it includes a large majority of those which have become more or less noted for their real or supposed therapeutic value. INDIAN SPRING. - This spring is located near the main line of the Southern Railway in Butts county, 37 miles northwest of Macon. Prior to the settlement of this part of the State by the white people, this spring is said to have had quite a reputation among the Indians, on account of the healing qualities of its waters. This statement is substantiated by the fact, that, during the treaty of 182 1 with the whites, the Creek Indians, then inhabiting that region, reserved the right to the spring, together with 1,000 acres in the immediate vicinity. After the removal of the Indians from Georgia, the spring, together with the 1,00G acres of land, became the property of the State. Subsequently, all the land was disposed of to individuals, except eight or ten acres immediately surrounding the spring, which 1 A special report 011 the mineral waters ofthc Stale is soon to be issued by the State Geological Sun'cy, which will discuss the therapeutic effect of the lUineral waters. 224 UN DERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA is still the property of the State. The State, at present, leases the property to parties, who, within the last few years, have constructed, within a few hundred feet of the spring, an excellent hotel having accommodations for 300 guests. The spring flows from a small fissure in the gneissoid rock, at the base of a low elevation, on which the hotel is situated. The capacity of the spring is less than a gallon per minute. The water has a distinct odor of hydrogen sulphide; and it forms, in the bottom of the shallow basin into which it flows, a slight precipitate of sulphur, of a grayish or whitish color. The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following analysis by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia: - Parts per Constit1lents Determined Millidn Silica ... . .............. . .. .. ..... . 23.50 Sulphur Trioxide .. ......... . . . . . . . . 21.16 Carbon Dioxide . . .. .. . .. ... ....... . 62 .86 Phosphorus Pentoxide ... .. ......... . Chlorine .. . ...... . .. .. . . ........ . . . Arsenic .... .. .. . ..... ..... ... . . . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ... . ... . Lime ... ... . ....... .............. . Magnesia ..... . . .. ...... '" ... . ... . Potash .. ......... . . . . . .... ....... . Soda . ... . .. . ...... . ...... . ...... . Lithia ...... . ........ .. .. .. . . .. .. . 40 1470 trace 1.00 17 . 12 3.30 274 40 . 69 .046 Grains per U. S. Gallon 1.370 1. 234 3. 666 0. 025 .857 trace .058 . 998 .192 .1 60 2 373 .002 Probable Combillations Lithium Chloride ... .. ..... .. . . . .. . . Potassium Chloride ... .. ........... . Soditun Chloride ..... . ... . .. .. ... . Sodium Sulphate .. . ...... . .. . ..... . Sodium Phosphate ... . ... . ...... . .. . Sodium Carbonate ............... . . . Magnesium Carbonate ... .. . .. . ..... . Calcitun Carbonate .... .... . .. . . . . .. . Total Solids ......... . .. . .. .. . .. . Free Carbon Dioxide . . ............ . . 0.13 4. 25 20.71 37.56 0 .92 2275 693 30 .57 14740 36 .34 .007 . 248 1.208 2.190 . 054 1.32 7 404 1. 783 8.596 2 .119 POWDER SPRINGS. - This group of mineral springs is located at o " ~ (3 " ~ > UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALUNE AREA 225 Powder Springs station, on the Southern Rai lway, in the southwestern corner of Cobb county. They have been known for more than 50 years, but their reputation is only local. The springs are all small, none of them furnishing more than a gallon or so per minute. 'fhe waters from springs Nos. I and 2, located near Powder Springs Creek, have a slight odor of hydrogen sulphide. Analyses of the waters from three of these springs, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, are as follows: - SPRING NO. I Parts per CoHst-itnents Determined Million Silica . ... . .... . ................. . Sulphur Trioxide ...... .. . .. . .. .... . Carbon Dioxide .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . ... . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . .. . ... . .. .. . 24. 20 7500 105.90 Arsenic .......................... . Chlorine ................ . ... .. . .. . 107 .80 Hydrogen Sulphide . .. . . . . ......... . 1.00 Alumina .... . . .. ............ . . . .. . 1.00 Iron ..... . ............ . .. .. .... .. Lime ......... . .. ................ . Magnesia . ... . . .... . . .... . . . ... . . Potash .. . ... .. . . . . .. . . .......... . . Soda . . ... . . .................. ... . Lithia ........................... . .04 38 . 80 7.90 4. 80 95 .40 .012 Probable Combinations Lithium Chloride ............... . .. Potassium Chloride .......... .. . ... . Sodium Chloride . ..... .. . ....... Sodium Sulphate .... . .. .. . .. .. .... . Sodium Phosphate ................. . Sodium Carbonate ..... . .. . .. . . .. .. . Magnesium Sulphate .. . . . ..... . . . .. . Magnesium Carbonate .......... . ... . Calcium Carbonate ....... . ........ . Aluminum Sulphate . . . .. .. ... . ... . . . Iron Carbonate . .. . ... . . ... .... . ... . 0.04 7 50 171.70 10.20 none 16-40 500 none 3.30 1.00 Total Solids .. ................ 433. 83 Free Carbon Dioxide ...... . .... . ... . 103.30 Grains per U. S. Gallon 1.41 I 4374 6.176 6. 287 .05 8 .058 . 02 3 2.26~ .461 . 280 5.564 .007 .003 437 10. 01 3 595 none .956 .292 none .192 .058 25.59 1 6. 024 226 ('.YDERGROUND WATERS OF, THE CRYSTALLINE AREd SPRING NO.2 C01ls/ituen/s Determined Parts per Million Silica . ..... ...... . ... ... .... . . .. . . Sulphur Trioxide . ........ . .... .. . . Carbon Dioxide ........ . . . ........ . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . ... . ... . ... . Arsenic ........... . ............ .. . Chlorine . . ......... ... . .. ... ...... . Hydrogen Sulphide .. .. .. . .. . .. , ... . Alumina ....... ....... . ...... . ... . Iron . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .... . ........ . Linle .. . .. . .. .... .... . . . .. .. .. . . . . Magnesia .... .... . .. .. . . . ........ Potash ....... . ........... .. . . .. .. Soda . ... . .. . ................ . ... . L ithia . .. .. . . ............. .... . .. 34.90 6, .00 6040 trace trace 8400 1.00 1.50 1.00 37. 20 8.20 5.70 105.70 .09 Probable Combinations Lithium Chloride . ... . .. ...... . . ... . Potassium Chloride .. . .. . ... . ...... . Sodium Chloride ........... . . . .. .. Sodium Sulphate ............... .. . . Sodium Phosphate .. . ... . . ...... .. . . Sodium Carbonate .......... . ..... . Magnesium Sulphate ...... .. ....... . Magnesi um Carbonate .. . .. ... . ..... . Calei um Carbonate ... .. ... . .. . .. . .. . Aluminum Sulphate .......... . ... .. . Iron Carbonate ... .. .... ........... . .028 8.70 ' 3I .30 82 . 70 trace nOlle 2I.60 3. 00 6640 3.50 240 Total Soli ds .. . .. .. . . .. ... . . .... . 377 .08 Free Carbon Dioxide 22 . 20 Grains per U. S. Gallon 2.035 2 557 3.5 22 trace trace 4 .899 .058 . 08 7 . 05 8 2. 169 .478 .33 2 6. 164 .005 .002 .50 7 7. 657 4. 82 3 trace none 1.259 .175 3. 872 . 204 .139 21.986 2 945 SPRING NO.3 Coustitl/en!s Determined Parts per Million Silica . .. .. ...... . . .. ....... . ..... Sulphur Trioxide .. . .. .. . ... . . ..... . Carbon Dioxide .... . . .. . . .. . .. ... . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ............'.. . Arsenic ........ . .. . . ... ...... . ... . Chlorine ..... . .. . ... .. . . .... . . ... . 35.30 11.00 77.90 trace trace 5 .60 Grains per U. S. Gallon 2 .059 .642 4543 trace trace .32 7 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 227 Parts per Million Hydrogen Sulphide .. . . .. .. . .. . .... .80 A luI11i na ............ . . . .. . ..... .. . Iron ....... . ........... . ......... . Lime .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. ... ..... .... Magnesia .. . .. . . ... . . .. . ... ... ... . Potash .... . ..... ........ ..... .... Soda ....... . ... . . . .. . ........ Lithia .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . ... . I. 10 1.00 27.5 0 10 . 00 6 . 30 11.50 .05 Probable CombillOtions Lithium Chloride .. .. . . ... .. .. .. .. . . Potassi um Chloride ............... . . Sodium Chloride .................. . Sodium Sulphate .. . . ... . ...... . . .. . Sodium Phosphate . .. . ..... . ..... .. . Sodium Carbonate ......... .'....... Magnesium Sulphate ..... . .. .... .. . . Magnesium Carbonate .. .. .. . .. ..... . Calcium Carbonate .. ............... . A luminum Sulphate ........ .. .... . . . Iron Carbonate . . .... . ... .. .. . ... . . . . 01 5 10 .00 1.60 19.50 trace 3.70 none 21.00 49. 10 3-40 I. 45 Total Solids ... .. . .. . ........... 187. 00 Free Carbon Dioxide .. ..... . . ...... . 43. 80 Grains per U. S. Gallon .047 .064 .058 1.60 4 .583 .367 .67 1 .003 .009 .583 .093 1. 137 trace .216 none 1.225 2. 863 .198 .075 10.90 5 2554 TRENTHAM SPRING. - This spring is situated in the southern part of Campbell county, about four miles west of Fairburn, the county seat. Some years ago, the spring is said to have been quite a popular health resort; but it is now seldom visited, except by the people living in the immediate vicinity. The flow is about two gallons per minute. The water, upon standing a short time, throws down a rather copious yellowish brown precipitate of iron sesqu ioxide. The spring is located some distance from the nearest farmhouse, in a rather wild and picturesque section; but there are no improvements whatever about it. The hills are unusually high and steep, for that part of the State. The character of the water is shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia : - 228 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA Parts per Constituents Determilled Million Silica., ............ . ......... .. .. . 37. 60 Sulphur Trioxide ........ . ..... . ... . J8.00 Carbon Dioxide ...... . ... . ... . .. .. . 93 .60 Phosphorus Pentoxide ..... . ........ . .90 A rsenic .. . ...... . .. . ..... . .. ... . . . trace Chlori ne ....... . ....... .. ... . .. .. . I ron Sesqui-oxide .................. . 4.90 9. 00 Alumina . ........ . .... . .......... . .63 Lime ................... . .... .. . . . Magnesia ......... . ..... . .... . .... . Potash ........................... . 30 .75 7. 25 .83 Soda ........... . .. ... .. ... . .... . . 14.90 Probable Combil1atiolls Potassium Chloride .. .. ......t , ..... Sodium Chloride ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .... . Sodium Sulphate . . ..... . .. . . ..... . . Sod ium Phosphate .. ............... Sodium Arsen ite .......... . .... . ... . Magnesium Sulphate .... . .......... . Magnesium Carbonate .......... . ... . Calcium Carbonate ......... .... . . . . . Aluminum Sulphate ............ . ... . Iron Carbonate . . ... . .......... . ... 1. 31 7. 0 3 25.58 1.80 trace 539 ll45 6344 255 12.60 Total Solids .................... . J68. 85 Free Carbon Dioxide .......... . ..... . 58 .49 Grains per U. S. Gallon 2 . ' 93 1.050 5459 .05 2 trace .286 .5 2 5 .037 1793 .423 .048 .869 .076 .4 10 1.49 1 . 105 trace ..636' 48 3.700 149 735 9. 851 3.4 1I BOWDEN LITHIA SPRING. - The Bowden Lithia Spring, formerly known as HSalt Spring," is located near Lithia Springs station on the Southern Railway, in the northeastern part of Douglas county, 21 miles northwest of Atlanta. Prior to the settlen]ent of thi s part of the country by the whites, the spring was known to the Cherokee Indians, the original inhabitants, as a "deer-lick," from the frequent visits of these animals to the spring, to lick the rocks in o~der to get salt. Some years ago, shortly after the present company obtained 'possession of the Bowden L ithia Spring property, an effort was made to increase the capacity of ' the spring by blasting. The UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 229 result of this work was ruinous to the spring, owing to a stream of fresh water having been struck. This mishap led to the opening of the present spring, which is situated only a few hundred feet from the o riginal spring. The spring, now in llse. flows into a large basin blasted out of the granitoid rock, forming a reservoir. The basin is surrollnded by a substantial wall of masonry, which is protected above by a glass covering. Connected with the basin is an overflow pipe and two other pipes, the latter being connected with pumps, which draw the water from the basin as it is used. The sanitary conditions of the spring seem to be well nigh perfect, and every precaution is taken to keep the water, during the rainy season, from being diluted by seepage. The capacity of the Bowden Spring at present is about three gallons per minute. The water fl ows into the artificial bas in through small fissures in the granitoid rock. From a finan cial point of v iew. the Bowden Lithia Spring is. so far, the 1110St important mineral spring in the State. The water has an extensive sale throughout the South, and it is also kept on sale in many of the northern cities. During the y~ar 1903, the aggregate value of the water shipped from the spring was more than $25,000. The Sweetwater Park H otel, owned by the Bowden Lithia Spring Company, is located within a short distance of the spring. The hotel is a modern building, with every convenience, and can accommodate about 300 guests. 'rhe mineral constituents of the Bowden Lithia Spring water are shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia: - Parts per C01lstituents D etermined Million S ilica ... ......... . ...... . ........ 32 . 60 Sulphm: TrioxicJe ... . .. .. ..... . .. .. . 15 1 . 20 Carbon Dioxide .. . .. . .... .... .. . .. . 129. 80 Phosphorus PentoxicJe ....... . .... . . . .20 Arsenic . . .. . ...... ... . . . . . .. .. .. . . .10 Chlorine ... . . . . .. .......... .. .... . 1,101 . 60 Bromine .. . ...................... . 20.70 Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. . . . . .... . . .. . I. So Grains per U. S. Gallon 1 . 9 01 8.818 7.570 .0[ 2 .006 64. 2 43 1.207 .087 230 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA Parts per Million A lumina .......... .. ............. . Manganous Oxide ..... . . . . . .... . .. . Baryta ........................... Lime .. . . .. ..... . .. ...... ..... .. . . Magnesia ........ . .... . .. . .. . . . . . . Potash ....... . .......... ..... ... Soda ...... .. .. ........ . ...... .. .. Lithia . . ..... . .......... ... .... . . . 2.50 .20 .20 163.40 1 5.30 2 4.50 946.00 12.00 Propaple Compillatio1ls Lithium Chloride .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. 34. 00 Potassium Chloride ........ . ....... .30 Potassium Bromide .. ..... .. ... ... . . 30 .80 Sodium Chloride . . . . ..... .. . . ... .. . 1,785. 00 Sodium Sulphate ......... .. ....... . .30 Sodium Phosphate . ..... .. . . .... .. . . .So Sodium Arsen ite ........ . ........ 40 iVlagnesium Sulphate ... . ........... . 45.90 Calcium Sulphate .. ........... .. . .. . IS390 Calcium Carbonate ........ . .. . ..... . 1 56 .60 Barium Sulphate .. .. . ..... ..... .. . . .30 Manganese Carbonate .. ....... . .. .. . .50 Aluminum Sulpha te ................ . 10.90 Iron Carbonate .. .. .. .. . .. .. .... ... . 440 Total Solids .... . .. .. .. .......... 2,286.60 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . Grains per U. S. Gallon . 146 . 012 .01:3 9.529 .S9 2 1.429 55. 169 .700 1.983 .018 1.796 104. 0 98 .01S .047 . 02 3 2.677 10.72 5 9 133 .O IS . 029 .636 .257 'rHE FRANKLIN SPRING. - The Franklin Spring is situated in the extreme southeastern part of Franklin county, about nine miles southeast of Carnesville, the county-seat. The nearest railway stati on is Royston, two miles distant. The spring is a rather bold chalybeate spring, located in a deep hollow near the public-road leading from Royston to Danielsville. It has quite a local reputation. The improvements .consist of a few cottages and a small hotel. The water, as it flows from the spring, forms quite a precipitate of reddish-brown iron sesqui-oxide. It appears to come to the surface through fissures in the mica-schist, the prevailing rock of the region. The flow is about three gallons per minute. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLlN l, ,11,"./ 231 An analysis of the water, made by D r. Edgar E,erhart. ('hemi.t of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows : - Collstitnents Detennined Parts per Million Sil ica ........................ . ... . Sulphur Trioxide ... . .. .. . .... . . . .. . Carbon D ioxide .... ..... . .. ... . ... Phosphorus Pentoxide .... . ....... . Chlorine . . . . .. . ...... .... . ... . . . .. Iron Sesqui-oxide .. ... . ..... . . .. .. . . Alumina .. ........... ..... .. .. . . . . Manganous Oxide . ... . .. . ... . . . . . . Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ...... ... . Th1agnesia .. .. ..... . ...... ... ..... . Potash ..... . .. . .. . . . , ........ . . . . . Soda ...... ..... ... . .. .. . . . . .. ... . 34 .40 8 . 24 77. 80 trace 6.12 12 . 00 40 .30 4.30 375 3.52 14. 84 Probable Combinatiolls Potassium Ch loride . . . ... . . .... . . . . . Sodium Chloride .... . .. . . . ... . . . . . . Sodium Sulphate ...... . .. . .. .. ... Sodium Phosphate .. . . .. . .... .. . . .. . Sodium Carbonate ... .. . . . ... . ..... . Magnesium Carbonate .. .. ..... . . . . . Calcium Carbonate ..... . .. . . ... . .. . . Manganese Carbonate ... . ... . .. . . .. . A lumi num Sulphate .. ........ . . . .. . Iron Carbonate ....... ... ...... . . .. . Total Solids ... . .. .. . .......... Free Carbon Dioxide ................ . 5.58 5.70 12.96 trace 1053 7.87 7. 68 .48 1.34 '7.40 103 94 6575 Grains per U. S. Gallon 2 . 006 48 l 4957 trace 357 . 700 . 023 . 0 17 .257 . 21 9 . 205 . 865 .3 25 . 332 .756 trace .614 459 448 .028 .078 1. 01 5 6.06, 3 .834 PONCE DE LEON SPRING. - This spring, which is said to have been discovered about 1870, is located in the northeastern part of the city of Atlanta, in what is known as Ponce de Leon park It is a small chalybeate spring, furnishing less than two gallons per minute. The water is used chiefly by the visi tors to the park, and by the people li ving in the immediate vicinity. The spring, which is surrounded by a strong stone wall, flows from a fissure in the gneissoid rock, in a small ravi ne near the eastern margin of the park An analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar E verhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: - 2':32 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA Parts per COllsfit"ellis Deter11lined Million Silica .......................... . . . Sulphur Trioxide . . ....... .. ..... . . Carbon Dioxide ............. . . . . . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ............. . 30 . 20 3.50 47.50 trace Chlorine ...... .. ... . ... . . .. . .... . . Iron ;esqui-ox icle ....... . ........ . . . Alum ina .......... ". . . ..... . . '. ' . , . 6.30 5 .00 0.80 Linle ............ . ...... .... ..... . lVIagnesia .. . ..................... . Potash ....... . .. . .. . .. .. . ... ..... . Soda .".................. . .. . .. ... . 7. 0 0 4. 60 345 470 Probable Combillatious Potassium Chloride .. . .. ... .... .. .. . Sodium Chloride .............. .. . . Sodium Sulphate .... . . . ....... . . . . . Sodium Phosphate ..... '. .. .... . .... . l\1agnesiw)1 Sulphate ..... . .... .. ... . Magnesium Carbonate .. . ... ... .. . . . . Calci um Carbonate .. '...... . .... . . .. . Aluminum Sulphate ... .. ..... . . . ... . Iron Carbonate . . .... .. . .. ... . . .. . . . 547 6 .10 339 trace 2 39 7.98 12.50 2.70 7. 2 5 T otal Solids ........... ... .... . 77.98 Free Carbon Dioxide .. . .. ......... . . 35 .0 7 Grains per U. S. Gallon 1.752 . 204 2770 trace .367 .292 .047 .408 .268' .20[ .274 ..335' 69 . [98 trace . [39 .465 .729 .157 .423 4.538 2.045 I NMAN PARK MINERAL SPRING. - The Inman Park Mineral Spring, also known as "the Spa Spring," is located in Inman Park, a' beautiful residence park in the eastern part of Atlanta. The spring is smai l, furnishing less than one gallon a minute. It is surrounded by a heavy wall of ITIaSonry, and is apparently well protected from loca~ surface drainage. The water, upon standing forms a heavy reddish-brow n precipitate of iron sesqui-oxide. It has a slightly astringent taste; but it is otherwise a pleasant drinking wate r. The mineral constituents, as shown by the following analysis by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, are as follows : - ~ :::: ~ " ~ ~ 6 ~ " ~ ~ ">. z 0 i""3 ~ r ~ r ~ ~ > ~ ~ >. 'C" l Cl :r : '"n" ~ " ~ C> ~ " ~ 0cz: .; -~ Cl 0'" "Cl ;: ~ ~ ~ "t:: "0z \.~ , "'''C0"""l ~ ~ ~ < ~ " ~ ot- 0 "~. ~ ,~. z ~ '" ~ t>i ~ UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 233 Parts per COllstitnellts Determined Mil1 ion Silica ...... '" ........... . .... . ... . Sulphur Trioxide .... .. .. . .. . . . .... Carbon Dioxide ... . .. . . . .......... . Chlorilie ....... . . . .. . . ..... . ... . . . Iron Sesquioxide ... . .. .. . . , . .... Alumina .. ..... . .. .. . . . .... . ..... . Manganous Oxide .......... . ... . . . . L ime .. .. ..... . ..... .. .... ... ... . . ~1agnesia . .. .. .... .. . .. ........... . Potash ...... . . . . .... . ...... .. .. .. . Soda .... .. ...... .... ...... .. .... . 7. 20 .60 33.40 5.50 6.60 .20 trace I. 20 1 . 22 .20 5.40 P'robable Combvllatiolls Potassi UI11 Chloride ............. . . Sodium Chloride ... .. .. . . .. . . ... . . . Sodium Sulphate . ............... . . . Sodiul11 Carbonate ...... . .... ... . .. Manganese Carbonate .. . . ... . . ..... . Calciul11 Carbonate .. . .. . ..... . ..... . Magnesiul11 Carbonate . . ... .. . . ... .. . Iron Carbonate ... . . . . ... . ..... ... . .30 8.82 .23 I. 04 trace 2.14 2.56 957 Total Solids ............ . .. .... . . 32 .55 F ree Carbon Dioxide ............. . . . 2708 Grains per U. S. Gallon .420 .035 1.948 .3 21 . 385 . 012 trace .070 .07' .OI2 .315 . 01 7 .5 14 . 01 3 .061 trace . 125 .149 .558 1.857 1579 SrLO!-\M SPRING. - This spring is situated in the southeastern portion of Fulton county, near Lakewood, about four miles south of Atlanta. The spring is a sl11all chalybeate spring, furnishing less than a gallon per minute. The water, which has a limited sale in Atlanta, has a slightly astringent taste; and it forms, upon standing, a slight reddish-brown precipitate of iron sesqui-oxide. The spring is surrounded by a stone curbing, but othe~' \Vise, there is no improvement. An analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: - 234 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA Parts per Constituents Determined Mil1ion Silica .. . ................... . ..... 27. 60 Sulphur Trioxide . .. . .. .. ... ... .... . Carbon Dioxide ....... .. . . . ....... . Chlor ine .. ... . .................. Iron Sesqui-oxide .......... ... . .. .. . Alumina . .. ... ....... .. . . ........ Lime .. . . .. .. . .. .... ..... . .... . .. . Magnesia .... .. ....... . . . . ... .. . . . Potash ... ... ... .. .. . . ....... . . .. . . 1. 75 40 .40 6.30 4.50 .30 5. 60 4. 80 2.16 Soda ..... .. .. . .. . .... .. .... ..... . 848 Probable Combinotiolls Potassium Chloride . . .......... . .. . Sodium Chloride ...... .. .. . . ...... . Sodium Sulphate . ............. . .. . . Sodium Carbonate .. .. .... . ........ . Magnesium Carbonate . ... , . ..... ... . Calcium Carbonate . ...... . ..... . ... Iron Carbonate ........ . . .... . . .... . 343 7.7 3 . 2 3' 4.91 IO.08 IO.OO 6.98 Total Solids ................ . ... 74. 2 4 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 26.20 Grains per U. S. Gallon '.6,0 . I02 2.356 .367 . 262 .01 7 . 32 7 .280 .126 495 .200 .450 .188 .286 . 588 .583 407 4329 1 . 5 28 \;VHITE SULPHUR SPRING. - This spring, also called Oconee White Sulphur Spring, is located in the northeastern part of Hal1 county, about two miles east of White Sulphur, a small station on the Southern Railroad, six miles northeast of Gainesville. Prior to the Civil War, White Sulphur Springs is said to have been one of the most attractive watering-places in the State.. At present, during the summer months, the spring is well patronized, but it has not yet regained its former popularity. The improvements consist of a hotel and a number of cottages. The spring is a smal1 sulphur spring, furnishing less than two gallons per minute. The water has a distinct odor of hydrogen sulphide, and it forms a slight white precipitate of sulphur about the spring. The fol1owing is an analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia:- UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE ARI:A 235' Parts per Const-itllellts Determined Million Silica . ... . .. . ... .. . . .. .. . . ..... . . . Sulphur Trioxide .................. . Carbon Dioxide ..... .... .. . .. . . . . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . .... . . . . . . . . A rsenic .......... . . . .. .... ... ... . . 22 .00 3. 64 10400 trace trace Chlorine .. . .. .... . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . Iron Sesqui-oxide ........ . .... ... . . . 5. 2 5 1.60 Alu l11ina .................. .. . .. . ',' Linle ...... .. . .. .......... . . ..... . Magnesia ..... . ..... . . .. ........ .. . Potash .... .. ............... .. .... Soda . . . .. .... .. ....... . .. .. ... .. . Lithia ......................... . . :40 2240 559 554 38 . 16 trace Probable C01llbillOtioilS Lithium Chloride .............. .. .. . Potassium Chloride . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . Sodium Chloride ................... Sodium Sulphate .................. . Sodium Phosphate .. . . .. ...... ..... Sodium Arsenite ....... . ..... . .... . Sodium Carbonate ...... .. . . ... . . .. . Magnesium Carbonate ... . ......... . . Calcium Carbonate ...... . .. ........ . Aluminum Sulphate .. . .. . ......... Iron Carbonate ........... . ........ . Total Sol ids ...... .. . ....... . .. . trace 8 . 78 1.76 479 trace trace 60.14 I I .74 40.00 1.34 2.3 2 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . Grains per U. S. Gallon 1 . 283 .212 6. 065 trace trace .306 .093 . 02 3 1.306 .3 26 .3 2 3 2.225 trace trace .5 12 . r03 .279 trace trace 3.50 7 .685 2333 . 078 .135 7. 638 3 16r GOWER SPRING. - Gower spring is located only a few hundred yards from the corporate limits of Gainesville, the county seat of Hall county. Some years ago, this was a very popular resort; but, since the destruction of the hotel by fire, the spring has been neglected, and it is now but little used. It is a small spring, furnishing less than a gallon per minute. The water, upon standing, throws down a light, reddish brown precipitate of iron sesqui-oxide. The following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, shows the mineral constituents of the water: - 236 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA Parts per COllstitllellts Deterlllined Million Silica .................. .. .. . ..... Sulphur T rioxide .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . Carbon Dioxide .... . .............. . Chlorine . . ...... . ................ . Iron Sesqu i-oxide ..... . ... . . . .... .. . Alumina ........ . ................ . Li111e ....... .. .. .. . . . . .. . ... . .... . Magnesia .... . .. ... .. .... ... ... ... . Potash ............ . .. . ...... . ...... Soda ......... _................. .. 9. 00 40 52 . 00 4.70 5. 20 . IO .70 I. IO I. 26 424 Probable Combinatiolls Potassium Chloride ...... .. . .. .. . .. . Sodium Chloride ............... . .. . Sodium Sulphate . . ....... .. . .. .. . . . Sodiulll Carbonate .. . ...... . . .. .. . . Magnesiu111 Carbonate- .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . Calciu111 Carbonate ................ A lu111inu111 Sulphate ....... . . .. .... . . Iron Carbonate ... .. . ........... . . . . 2.00 6.28 .28 I. 35 23' 1. 25 . 26 754 Total Sol ids .................... 30 . 2 7 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 4737 Grains per U. S. Gallon .5 2 5 . 023 3. 0 32 .274 .30 3 .006 .041 .064 .073 .247 .II7 .356 .oI6 .079 . I 35 .073 .OIS 440 1.746 2.763 GAR"ET SPRING. - This spri ng is located in the eastern part of Habersham county, about olle and a half miles west of Toccoa, and on ly a short distance fro111 Toccoa Falls. The spring is frequently visited by the guests of the T occoa Falls hotel near by, and also by parties from Toccoa. The water, which is impregnated with iron salts, flows from a crevice in the gneissoid rocks. The only improvement is a rough stone wall surrounding the spring. The flow is not more than one gallon per minute. 'rhe mineral constituents of the water as sho wn by an analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, are as follows: - UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYST,lLLINE AREA 237 Conslitl/ ents Determined Parts per Million Silica .. . .............. . . .. .. . .... . Sulphur Trioxide . . ........ . ....... . Carbon Dioxide ......... ... . .. . .. . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . .. . .. . . , ... . Chlorine ........ .... ... . . . .. . .. . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide ......... .. . .. .... . Alumina ........ . ............... . . i\Ianganotls Oxide ........... .. . ... . Linlc ............. . . . ... ........ . . Potash .... . .... . ........ . ... . . .. . . Soda ................. . . .... .. ... . ~1agnesia ....... . . .. . . ........... . 27. 10 10.00 72 . 60 trace 5. 2 5 2.20 40 trace 24.30 2.60 8.48 9. 0 4 P1'Obabie Combillatiolls P9tassium Chloride .. . .. . .. . ...... . . Sodium Chloride ...... . ... . ....... . Sodium Sulphate .......... . . ... . .. . Sodium Phosphate .. . ....... . ...... . Magnesium Sulphate ...... .. . .... . . . ~'Iagnesil1m Carbonate .. .. . .. . .. . ... . Calei um Carbonate ........ ... . . . ... . l\'Ianganese Carbonate .. ...... . .... . . Aluminum Sulphate ........... .. ... Iron Carbonate .......... . .. ....... . 4. II 537 12 .89 trace 4.I I 16. II 43.40 trace 1. 35 3. 19 Total Solids .................. . . 117. 63 Free Carbon Dioxide .. .... .. . .. .... . 43. 85 Grains per U. S. Gallon 1.580 .583 4234 trace .306 .128 . 023 trace 104 1 7 .15 2 -495 .5 2 7 .240 .3 1 3 .75 2 trace .240 939 253 I trace .079 .186 6.861 2557 THE \VHITE PATi! MINERAL SPRINGS. - The White Path Minerai Springs are located near 'White Path station, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, in the northern part of Giltner county, six miles northeast of Ellijay, the county-seat. These springs are much frequented during the summer months, by parties from the southern part of .lhe State.. The location of the springs is excellent for a summer resort. They are situated at the base of one of the spurs of Turniptown Mountains, whose highest peaks attain an altitude of nearly 4,000 feet above sea-level. The temperature during the hottest days in summer is always pleasant, and the breezes from the nearby mountains are quite invigorating. The scenery, although not so 238 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA wild and picturesque as some other places in the State, is nevertheless such as is only to be met with in distinctly mountainous regions. 'rhe hills are steep and rugged, and the small streams flow in deep canyon-like gorges. The prevailing rocks of the region are schists, slates, quartzites and conglomerates. The water of the mineral springs fl ows from the fissures or seams in the schists or slates. There are two of these spri ngs, one known as the chalybeate, and the other as the magnesia spring. The former spring, which is the one chiefly used, flows from two to three gallons per minute. The water from th is spring yields, upon standing a short time, a rather heavy reddi sh-brow n precipitate of iron sesqui-hydrate. The taste is that common to chalybeate waters. The "Magnesia" spring is a smaller spring, than the chalybeate spring . The water from this spri ng is not unlike the waters of common freestone springs, often met with through-out Georgia. The improvements at '\fhite Path Mineral Springs consist of a small, poorly constructed hotel. or boarding-house, and a few cottages. Analyses of the waters of these two springs, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chem ist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, are as follows:- CHALYBEATE SPRING Parts per C01ls/tltellts Determined Million Silica ......... . . . . . ........ . .. ... . Sulphur Trioxide . . ....... . ..... . .. . Carbon Dioxide ........... . .. . .... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ..... . . . ...... . Arsenic ........... . . .. . .. . .... . . . . 32 . 60 II . 90 46 .60 .70 trace Chlorine . .. .. . . ... . ...... .. ..... Iron Sesqui-oxide . .. . ... . .... .. . .. . . Alumina ........ . . . . .. . . .. . ...... . Lime . ..... . .. . ... . . .. . .. ... . ... Magnesia .... .... . . ... .. .... . . . . . . Potash .... . ... . .. ........ .... . .. 4.90 400 40 15. 00 3. 80 .60 Soda ................ . ........... . II .60 Grains per U. S. Gallon I. 901 .694 2 . 7 18 . 041 trace .286 .233 . 023 .875 . 221 .035 .675 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 239 Parts per Probable Combinations Million Potassium Chloride .. . . ............ Sodium Chloride ... .... . .. . ....... . Sodium Sulphate ....... .. .. ....... Sodium Phosphate ........ ... .. . . .. . Magnesium Sulphate ... . .. .. ....... Magnesium Carbonate ...... . ... . ... . Calcium Carbonate . . . .......... . ... 95 733 1768 I. 40 2.9 1 594 26 .80 Aluminum Sulphate . .. .. .... . .. . ... . 135 Iron Carbonate ........ ... ... .. . .. . . 560 Total Solids . ..... . . .. ..... .. . .. . 102.56 Free Carbon Dioxide ....... . ...... . . 29.50 Grains per U. S. Gallon .055 .427 1.03 1 .082 . 170 .346 1.563 .079 .327 5.781 1.720 MAGNESIA SPRING Parts per Constituents Detennined Million Sil ica . . ... . . .. . . ............... . . IO .82 Sulphur Trioxide . . . .. .. . ......... . 1. 2 5 Carbon Dioxide . . ... . .. . .... .. . ... . 28.12 Phosphorus Pentoxide .......... . . .. none Arsenic .. .. ...... . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . none Chlorine .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . ........ . . Iron Sesqui-oxide . ... . .... ...... . Alumina ... . ................. . .. . Lime .. .... .. . .. ..... . ... . . . .... . Magnesia .. .. . .. . . ... .. . . ..... . .. . Potash . .... ... . ..... . . .... .. . .... . Soda .... . ........... . ......... . . 3.50 2 . 56 . 38 3. 20 2 44 . IO 3. 20 Probable Cotizbinations Potassium Chloride ............... . . Sodium Chloride .. . .. . .. . . ..... .. . . Sodi um Sulphate ... ............... . Sodium Phosphate ................. Magnesium Sulphate . . : . . . . .. . . . . . . Magnesium Carbonate ... .. ......... . Calcium Carbonate .... . ... . .. ... ... Aluminum Sulphate ...... . ........ . . Iron Carbonate .... . ........ . ..... Total Solids ...... . ... . ......... . Free Carbon Dioxide ........ . ...... . .18 5. 63 46 none I. 19 4 28 5.71 .30 3 .71 32 . 28 19. 66 Grains per U . S. Gallon .588 .073 I. 640 none none .204 . 149 . 022 . 187 .142 .006 . 187 .010 . 328 . 02 7 none . 069 .250 333 .01 7 .236 1 .858 I. 146 240 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA DANIEL MINERAL SPRING. - This spring is located in Green county, seven miles northeast of Union Point. It is a small spring, furnishing about one and a half gallons of water per minute. The spring has long been known; but only within the last few years has its water been placed upon the market. The annual sale of the water at present is said to be about 30,000 gallons. The chief points of shipment are Atlanta and Augusta. ~r ith the exception of one or two small cottages, there are no improvements around the spring, other than a curbing, which keeps the spring from being flooded by the creek near by, duri ng high water. The rocks in the vicinity of the spring consist mainly of mica and hornblende schists and gneisses. The character of the water is shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia: - Parts per Constit.,.en!s Determined Mi lli on Silica ... . . .. . . . . . .. . ...... . . . . . . . . Sulphur Trioxide . . ...... . ......... Carbon Dioxide ...... . .. . . .. . . .. .. . Phosphorus Pentoxide ........ . . .. .. . 43 . 2 0 933. 60 95.40 .20 Chlorine ........... . .. . . . ........ Iron Sesqui-oxide ........ . . . .. . . ... . Altllnina ..... . .. . ..... .. .. . . . .. . . . Lime .. ............ . . .. . . ........ Magnesia .. . . . . .. .... .. .. ......... . Potash ...... .. . . .. .... .. . . ... . ... . Soda .. .. . ........... . ... . ...... . Lithia ......... . . . .. . ...... . . . . ... . 7.50 1.00 .50 636 .90 56 .30 5. 00 44-40 trace Probable CombillatjollS Lithium Chloride . ..... . . . ...... . . . . trace Potassium Chloride .. .. .... . .. . .... 7.92 Sodium Chloride ........ . .......... 6. '4 Sodium Sulphate .................. . 94. 2 5 Sodium Phosphate . . ... .. ...... ... . . 40 Magnesium Sulphate . . . . .. .... . .... . 168.60 Calcium Sulphate ........ .. . .. .. ... 1,30 5. 10 Calcium Carbonate .. .. .. . ... . ... . . . 177. 70 Grains per U. S. Gallon 2.5 9 54.44' 6 5.564 .012 437 .058 . 029 36 .781 3. 283 .29 2 2.589 trace trace 462 .360 5497 . 023 9. 832 76 . III 10.363 (l c; ~ ~ s>"- % " j ,'; '"~ ~ ~ ""''~"" s'B" c: :! 0 7. '5" 0 ~ ~ ,." -; ;:; % ~ ~ "".'"" "'"";~"; ~ c: '=<" < r >- .:: ,.r ~ 0 ,. -i ::: <5 r ~ '" 0 Yo ,;, 0 ~ ~ >- ~ = ~ ii ..; r r .>- 'c,": ~ >- <. " r " <. -; r ~ ~ ~ '" " S~ 0cz: ~ ~ <. " ~ ;:; ~ i:J 0 '" ">- '" 0 ~ :'"..' c"z"o' ~ ,'~" "~"' UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 24' Parts per Milli on Aluminum Sulphate ..... . .... ..... . . Iron Carbonate ....... . ............ . 2. 18 2.90 T otal Solids ... . .. .. . .. .... . .... 1,80839 Free Carbon Dioxide . . . . .. . ........ . 26.00 Grains per U. S. Gallon . 127 . 169 105.462 1. 5 16 PARKER MINERAL SPRING. - T hi s is a small chalybeate spring, located about one mile north of Hamilton, the county seat of Harris county. It furnishes less than one gallon per minute. The water has a slight astringent taste ; and it throws down, upon standing, a rather copious reddish brown precipitate of iron sesCJui-hydrate. The spring has co nsiderable local reputation; but, so far, it has not been improved. The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the follow ing analysis made by Dr. Edgar E verhart in the labo ratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia: - Parts per COllstitllellts Determined Million Silica ......... . ......... . .... . .. . . Sulphur Trioxide . . . .. ... . . . ....... . Carbon Dioxide .. ................ . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . .. . .. . .. . . . Chlorine ....... . .......... . . . .... . Iron SesCJui-oxide . . . . . ...... . . . . ... . Alul11ina . ........................ Manganous Oxide ... .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . Lime ................. . . . .. .. .... IOAo .82 54. 00 trace 476 7.40 .40 1.20 1.60 Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . : . .... . 1. 60 Potash ........................... . Soda .. . .......... . .. . .. . .. . .... . . 2 . 20 5. 80 Probable CombinG.tions Potassi um Chloride ... . ...... . . .... . Sodium Chloride .. . .. . ... . . . ... . .. . Sodium Sulphate ...... .... . . . .. .... . Sodium Phosphate . . . .. . .. ........ . Sodium Carbonate .. . ...... : ... . ... . Magnesium Carbonate ........ . .. ... . Calcium Carbonate ..... . . . ... . ..... . 3 .48 5. 16 1.45 trace 4. 22 3.36 2.86 Grains per U. S. Gallon . 607 . 048 3 149 trace . 278 .432 . 023 . 070 . 093 . 093 .1 28 . 338 . 203 .301 .084 trace . 246 . 196 . 167 242 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA Parts per Million Manganese Carbonate .............. . Aluminum Sulphate ... . .. .. . .. . ... . . Iron Carbonate . . .... .. ..... ...... 1.94 1.35 8.86 Total Solids .' ................... 43. 08 Free Carbon Dioxide .. ............. . 45. 00 Grains per U. S. Gallon .II3 .079 5'7 2.5 12 2. 624 PORTER SPRINGS. - This popular summer-resort is located in the northeastern part of Lumpkin county, about eight miles north of Dahlonega. Gainesville, the nearest railroad station, is 28 miles e1istant. The spring is situated at the base of one of the foot-hills of Cedar 1\'Iotlntain, a prominent peak ri sing 3,000 feet above sea- level. There are several excellent views in the vicinity of the spri ng, frol11 which Black n10untain and other high mountains in North Georgia may be seen to the northward. From a ,scenic point of view, this spring is most favorably located. It is within eight miles of Blood Mountain, one of the loftiest peaks of the Blue Ridge MOLT'ntains, and is only a short distance from the Chestatee River. The improvements at the spring consist of a hotel and a ,few cot- tages. The main part of the hotel was constructed some years ago, and is now somewhat in need of repairs. The spring is a small chalybeate spring, furnishing only a few gallons of water per minute. The water, upon stand ing, throws down a rather copious reddish brown precipitate of iron sesqui- hydrate. The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following analysis, by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia:- COllst-itltellls Determined Parts per Grains per Million U. S. Gallon Silica .................... . .... ... . Sulphur Trioxide .. .. . ............. . Carbon Dioxide . . ..... ...... . . .... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ...... . .. : . ... . Arsenic .. .. .... . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .... . Chlorine .................... . .... . Iron Sesqui-oxide .. .. . . .. ....... . . . . ' 3. '0 3. 22 34 . 72 trace trace 5. 10 9. 60 764 . , 88 2. 025 trace trace .297 .560 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA '43 Parts per Million Alumina .. . . .. ... . .. . ............ . IvIanganous Oxide .... . . ........ ... . Lime . . . .. . .... . ... . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . rVIagnesia .. ...... . ..... .. ...... . .. . Potash . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ......... .... Soda . . . .. .. . . .. ... . ..... . .. . . . .. . . 30 trace 3. 10 I. 70 139 782 Probable Combillotiolls Potassium Chloride . . .. .... ...... . .. . Sodium Ch loride . . ...... .. .. ... ... . Sodium Sulphate . . ..... . ..... .. .. . . Sodium Phosphate .. . ... . . . . . . .. ... . Sodium Carbonate ..... . . . . . . ...... . Magnesium Carbonate .. . .... . ...... . Calcium Ca rbonate . . , .... . ........ . . Manganese Carbonate . ... . .. . . . ... . . Aluminum Sulphate ............ . . . Iron Carbonate ....... .. .. . . . .. . ... 2.20 6.67 399 trace 437 357 5 53 trace 1.00 '3 .92 T otal Solids ... . . ..... ... .. . . . .. . 5435 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 23 33 Grains per U. S. Gallon . 01 7 trace .181 .099 . 081 .456 .1 28 .389 .23 2 trace .255 .208 . 322 trace .058 . 812 3. 168 1 . 361 SILOAM MINERAL SPRING. - In addition to the spring, above described, there is also another mineral spring in Lumpkin county, which is sa id to have had, some years ago, quite a local reputation. This spring, known as S iloam !\1ineral Spring, is located in a broken, hilly country, four miles west of Dahlonega. It is a small chalybeate spring, furnishing less than one gallon per minute. A qualitative analysis of the water, by Prof. "V. ]. Land, formerly State Chemist of Georgia, shows that the principal mineral constituents are iron carbonate, soda and calcium carbonate. There are no improvements, at present. about the spring. However, Col. VIf. P. Price, the owner of the spring, in a letter to the writer, says, that a <:ompany in New York stands read y to build a san itorium at the s pring, as soon as invalids can be transferred from Gainesville in s afety. \,yARM SPRINGS. - The spring, which has made this place prominent as a watering-place, is the best-known thermal spring in the State. It is located on the Southern Rai lway at the base of one 2<;4 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA of the foot-hills of Pine Mountain, in the southern part of Meriwether county. This spring is one of the most noted and popular watering-places in the State. The improvements consist of (l modern hotel, having a capacity for about 200 guests, a large number of neat and well constructed cottages, a li very stable, a large natatorium and numerous. pri vate baths. The grounds are well laid out and are kept in good condition. The nearness of Pine Mountain, which attains an altitude of 1,200 feet, or more, above sea-level, adds greatly to the natural beauty of the place, and at the same ti me produces the mountain breezes, which are so refreshing during the hot summer ni g h ts. The spring fl ows from a quartzite ledge at the margin of a small meadow. rfhe temperature o f the water, taken at the poi nt where it enters the baths, was found to be 85 F. It is said that the water, as it fl ows from its natural outlet into the enclosed basi n, which supplies the baths, has a temperature of 90 F. Thi s statement, however, could not be verified owing to the natural outlet being inaccessible. The capacity of the spring is 1,890 gallons per minute. The water is always clear, and it is supposed to possess marked medicinal properties. The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory. of the Geological Survey of Georgia, to be as follows : - Col1st;tllents DeterlIIilled Parts per Million Silica .. . . .............. .. . . . . .. . . . Sulphur Trioxide .. ............. Carbon Dioxide ..... . . . . ......... . . Chlorine Iron Sesqui-oxide ........... . .. .. .. Alumina ...... .. ...... . . ......... . Linle . . . .. . . . ... .. . .......... . ... . Magnesia . . ..... . . ......... . . . .. . . . Potash ...... .. ..... . .. . .... . . . . .. . Soda ...... . . ....... . . . .... . . . . 2275 5 . IO 83. IO 4. 20 r5 1.00 28.00 17.70 35 5. 00 Grains per U. S. Gallon 1. 327 . 297 4. 846 .245 . 08 7 . 058 1. 633 1. 032 .026 . 292 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 245 Probable COlllbinations Parts per Million Potassium Chloride ..... ... . ....... . Sodium Chloride . .. . .............. . Sodium Sulphate ..... . .... . . . .. .. . . Magnesium Sulphate ....... . .. ..... . Magnesium Carbonate .............. . Calcium Carbonate .. . .. .... .. . . .. .. . Aluminum Sulphate ......... .. ..... . Iron Carbonate ......... . .... . ..... -55 4. 84 3.30 1.26 36 . 28 50 .00 2.70 r.80 T otal Solids ..... . .. . . . ..... .. . . 123.48 Free Carbon Dioxide . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . 41 . 2 7 Grains per U. S. Gallon .03 2 . 282 .192 .073 2. 116 2.9 16 . .157 .105 CHALYBEATE SPRING. - This spring, known also as the Grant Mineral Spring, is located among the foot-hills of Pine Mountain, seven miles southeast of \Varm Springs, in the extreme southeastern corner of l\1eriwether county. The spring, some years ago, was a noted summer resort; but, at present, it is only occasionally vis-. ited by health seekers.' The improvements consist of several cottages and a hotel, which are all now in a more or less dilapidated condition. The main spring from which the sample of ,vater was taken for analysis, is a bold chalybeate spri ng, furnishing probably ten gallons of water per minute. The water has a distinct iron taste, and deposits a rather abundant brownish precipitate of iron sesqui-hydrate. An analysis of thi s water by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological S\1rvey of Georgia, is as follows: - Parts per Constituents Detcn:' ;lled Million Silica . ... . ... ................ . . . . . 21.00 Sulphur Trioxide ... .. . .. . .. .. . .... . 8.07 Carbon Dioxide ... . . .. .... . .. .. ... . 64.90 Phosphorus Pentoxide ..... .. .. .. .. . . . none Chlorine .. . ......... ..... .... . ... . 3. 00 Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. ....... . ... . . . 480 Alumina ... . . ........ . . . ..... .. .. . .80 Grains per . U. S. Gallon 1.225 . 469 3 . 785 none . 175 .280 .046 t Since the abo,'c notes werc~ written the A. B. & A. Railroad has located a station a t Chalybeate Spring, Bud it seems quite probable that the Spring will soon regain its former popularity as a watering place. 246 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA Parts per Million Manganous Oxide ... . ............. . Lime ..................... . ...... . Magnesia .................. . ...... . Potash ................. . . ........ Soda ............ .. ............. .. 0-40 18 .69 IO.66 2 40 4. 20 Probable Combillatio1ls Potassium Chloride ...... . .. .. ... . . . Sodium Chloride .. ............... . . Sodium S'ulphate . . .. . . .. .. ... ..... . Magnesium Sulphate .... . .. . .. ... .. . Magnesium Carbonate . ............. . Calcium Carbonate ... . ........ .. .. . ~1anganese Carbonate ............ .. . Aluminum Sulphate .. . ... . . . .. . .... . Iron Carbonate ............. . ..... . . 3. 80 1.96 7. 26 6.00 18.18 30 .78 0 79 270 6.96 Total Solids ................. . .. . 9943 Free Carbon Dioxide .... ..... . .. .. . . 4040 Grains per U. S. Gallon . 023 1 . 090 .622 . . 140 .245 .222 . I04 .42 3 .350 1.060 1.195 .046 .157 .40 6 5. 188 2.356 In add ition to the spring, here described, there are several ,others in the immed iate vicinity, which are said to possess mineral proper- , ties; but the waters from none of these springs were secured for analysis. \\THrn: SULPHUR SPRING. - V\lhite Sulphur Spring, in Meriwether county, is located near the Central of Georgia Railway, nine miles west of \Varm Springs. This spring, like the chalybeate spring of Meriwether county, was formerly a much frequented summer resort; but, at present, it is almost wholly abandoned as a watering-place. The several cottages and other buildings are greatly in need of repair.' The spring is a small sulphur spri ng furni shing less than two gallons per minute. The water has a distinct odor of hydrogen sulphide, and it forms, at a point where it overflows the basin in which it collects, a grayish-white precipitate of sulphur. The country in the vicinity of the spring presents an undulating surface. 1 Since the writer's visit to this spritlg, the property has be~ll Pilt ill good shape, and the ";Meriwether" holel is nowopell Ie. 1,,'1.lel-ts, mult r the proprietorEhip of,Messrs. SCOville & Tigner. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 247 The mineral constituents of the water of \Nhite Sulphur Spring are shown by the follow ing analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia: - Collstitltents Determined Parts per Million Silica ... . .. .. . . .. . . ... ...... .. .. . . Sulphur Trioxide ... .. .. . ... . . ..... . Carbon Dioxide . . .. .. .. .. . . . . ... . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . ... . .... . . . . Chlorine ............... . . . .. . . . . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide . ...... . . . . .. . . .. . . Alumina ... .. ..... . .. ... . . . .. . ... . Manganous Oxide .. : .. . . . . .. . ..... . Linle .. . . . ... . .. ... . . . ... . .... . . . . Magnesia . . . ',' ........ . . . . . .. . .. . . . Potash .. . . . . . ... ... ....... . ... . . . . Soda .............. . .... .. .. . .. . .. 47. ro 6.60 roo.oo trace 7. 00 3. 60 -40 trace 24.50 6.00 3.40 14. 26 Probable Coll/billations Potassium Chloride .. . .. . . . . .... . .. . Sodium Chloride ...... . . .. .... . . . . . Sodium Sulphate . . . . .. . . . . ..... . .. . Sodium Phosphate .... . ..... .. .. . .. . Sodium Carbonate ..... ... . .. . . . . . . . Magnesi um Carbonate ..... . ........ . Calcium Carbonate ..... . . . . .. .. .. .. . Manganese Carbonate ... .... ... . ... . Alumin um Sulphate ...... . . . . . . .. .. . Iron Carbonate . ... . . ..... . ... ..... 539 7.30 ro.03 trace 16.64 12.60 4375 trace 1. 35 5. 22 T otal Solids ... .. ..... .......... 149.38 Free Carbon Dioxide . .. . .... ... . . . . . 70 .48 Grains per U. S. Gallon 2747 .385 5. 832 trace 408 .2IO .023 trace 1.429 .35 0 . 198 .832 .3 14 . 4 26 .585 trace .970 735 2.55 1 trace .079 .304 8 . 7 11 4110 There are three or four other springs in the immediate vicinity of the one here described, but samples of their waters were not secured for analyses. MADISON SPRING. - Madison Spring is in the northern part of Madison county, about ten miles north of Danielsville, the county seat. Previous to the Civil War, this spring was a popular resort; but it is now only occasionally visited. T he improvements, which were once quite extensive, are now all gone, except a few buildings, which are sadly in need of repair. 248 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF Tim CRYSTALLINE AREA The spring is small, furnishing less than hvo galions per minute. 'fhe water, on standing, throws down a reddish brown precipitate of iron sesqui-hydrate. T he mineral constituents of the water are shown by the follow ing analysis, by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia:- Parts per Constituellts Determined M illion Si li~ ..................... .. . .. . . . Sulphur Trioxide ......... . . .. ... .. . Carbon Dioxide ... ... .. ... . . . .... . . P hosphorus Pentoxide ...... .. .. .. .. 38 .60 9. 28 38 .80 trace Chlori ne ....... .. . . ...... . ..... . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide .... ...... . . .. . . . . . 5. 2 5 1.00 A lumina .... . . .. . ... ... ... .. . .... . . IO Lime ... .. .......... .. . .. . . ... ... . 9. 10 Magnesia .. . .. . ................... . Potash ....... . . ... . . . . . . . ... . .. .. . Soda ..... . ... . . .. .. . .. . .. . ...... 3. 86 3. 0 4 12 .30 Grains per U. S. Gallon 2.25 1 .54 1 2. 263 trace . 306 .058 . 006 .53 1 .225 .177 .717 Probable Combillations Potassium Chloride . . .. .... .... ... . Sodium Chloride .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . Sodium Sulphate .... . . . .. .. . .. .... . Sodium Phosphate .. .. . . .. . .. ...... Sodium Carbonate ........... . .... . . Magnesium Carbonate ... .. . . . ..... . . Calcium Carbonate . ..... . .......... . Aluminum Sulphate . ....... . . . .. . . . . Iron Carbonate ....... , .. . .. .... ... Total Solids . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . Free Carbon Dioxide ... . ......... . . . 5.40 4.42 16 46 trace 4 . 72 8. IO 16 . 25 34 1. 55 95. 84 24.90 . 3 15 .258 .960 trace . 275 .472 . 948 .020 .090 5.589 1.45 2 'vVATSON'S MINERAL SPRING. - This spring is located in the extreme southwestern corner of Oglethorpe county, eight miles west of Maxeys, a small station on the Athens branch of the Georgia Railroad. It has a considerable local reputatiOli, and is much visited during the summer by the people of the region. The improvements consist of a boarding-house, recently built, and a few cottages. The spring is walled and is enclosed by a small neat wooden pavilion. > o ~ c ~ c: z ~ > UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTAl.LINE AREA 249 The capacity of the spring is only one gallon in five minutes. The water has a faint odor of hydrogen sulphide ; but it does not deposit any precipita e. The scenery in the vicinity of the spring is varied. The hills are usually well rounded and the valleys, narrow. The Oconee River, near by, presents a good opportunity for boating. The character of the water is shown by the following a nalysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia : - COilstituents Determined Parts per <:;rai ns per Million U. S. Gallon Si lica ...... .. .... .. . .. . .. .. . ..... Sulphur Trioxide ............. ... .. . Carbon Dioxide .. . . ... .... . ....... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ........ . ..... Chlorine .. . .. .. . ...... . . ..... . . . . . Iron Sesqui-oxide ..... ... ... ...... . . Alumina . . .. . ..... .... ..... ...... . Linle .. .. ...... . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . Magnesia .. . . .................... Potash ... . .... .. . .. ..... .. . . . . . .. . Soda ...... . ................ .. ... . 35.40 3. 00 II3 80 trace 3-40 1.00 .20 48.20 11.50 1. 27 16: 70 2. 064 . 175 6 .637 trace .198 .058 .012 2.8,1 .67 1 .074 974 Probable Co1llbillotions Potassium Chloride . .. ....... . .. .. . Sodium Chloride .... ..... . ........ Sodium Sulphate . . ... . ... .... . . .. . . Sodium Phosphate .... .. . . .. . . ... .. . Sodium Carbonate ..... . . . ... . .. ... MagnesiUll1 Carbonate .. . . ..... . . . .. . Calcium Carbonate .. . .. . .. . . ... . . .. . Aluminum Sulphate . .... .... .. .. ... Iron Carbonate ..... . ... ... ..... . . . . 2 .0! 402 4-47 trace 21 54 24 15 86 .07 .68 1.45 . 117 . 234 .26, t ra ce 1. 2 56 1.408 5. 016 . 040 . 08 5 T otal Solids ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . '7979 10.481 Free Carbon Dioxide ... .. . . .. .. .... . 53. 81 3. 1 38 In addition to the spring here described, there are also other - springs in the immecl'i'ate vicinity, which are said to possess mineral properties; but, at the time of the writer's visit, they were not in use, and samples of the water were not secured for analysis. T ALLULAH FALLS MINERAL SPRING.- The Tallulah F all s Mineral Spring is located at T allulah Falls, only a few rods north of the 250 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA Blue Ridge Rail road, between the L odge and the Cliff House. The spring flows from a fi ssure in the gneissoid rock, near the bottom of a deep ravine, which leads down into Tallulah Gorge only a few hundred yards away. The spring furni shes less than two gallons of water a minute. It has an astringent taste, and it forms a rather copious reddish-brown deposit of iron sesqui-hydrate. T he spring is unimproved; bilt it is much frequented by the guests of the near-by hotels. An analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows : - Parts per Collstit"e"ts Determined M illion Silica ...... .. . . ... . ...... . . . ..... Sulphur T rioxide .. .. . ...... ...... . . Carbon Dioxide ..... . .. . .. . .... . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . Chlorine . . .... . ..... .. . ... ...... . . 8.10 4. 2 5 4' .80 trace 2.80 Iron Sesqui-oxide . . . .. . . ... . . ... .. . . Alum ina .. . .. . . .. . .... . ....... .. . Manganous Oxide .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . Linle .. . ..... . .. . .. .. ...... . . ... . . 9. 10 .70 trace 2 .60 Magnesia ...... . . . . ..... . . .... . . . . Soda ... ...... ...... .. . .... .. .... Potash . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . ... . . I. 20 4. 10 .20 Probable ColJlbi.llatiolls Potassium Ch loride ..... . ... . .... .. Sodium Chloride ......... .. . .. .... . Sodium Sulphate ................ . . . Sodium Phosphate .. ...... .. ....... Magnesium Sulphate ..... . .. ...... . . Magnesi urn Carbonate .. ... . ... .. . .. . Calcium Carbonate ........ ...... .. Manganese Carbonate .. .. ......... . . Aluminum Sulphate .. . ............. . Iron Carbonate .. . ..... : .. . . .. . . ... . Total Solids . .. . . .......... . .. . . . Free Carbon Dioxide ....... . . . . . ... . . 32 440 410 trace 293 .46 4. 64 trace 2.20 '3. 20 40 .35 34.50 Grains per ' U. S. Gallon .472 . 248 2 .438 trace . 163 .53 1 . 041 trace . 15 2 . 070 . 239 .012 . 01 9 .257 .239 trace .1 7 1 . 027 ~71 t ra ce .128 .770 2 354 2 . 0 I2 ARGON SPRING. - This spring, which is also known as the "Antinausea Spring," is located on the "Vashington branch of the Georgia UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA 25< Railroad in the eastern part of Taliaferro county, about a quarter of a mile from Hillman station. It is only a few yards from the so- called Hillman electric rock, which is claimed to have performed some remarkable cures by its shocks. The spring is situated on low ground, at the base of a hill of quartzose schist. It is surrounded by a curb, and is also protected by a small house. The flow of the spring is somewhat variable; but Mr. Hillman estimates that the average is about ISO gallons. an hour. Some years ago, there was a large hotel near the spring. for the entertainment of guests; but it was destroyed by fire, and there now remain only a few small buildings. The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia: - Parts per Constituents Determi1led Million Silica ... . . .. .. . ...... . ..... .... . . . Sulphur Trioxide .................. . Carbon Dioxide .......... . ..... . .. . Chlorine ......... . .... . .......... Iron Sesqui-oxide ...... . .. .. . . ..... . 39.42 1.20 74.3 2 6.30 .80 Alumina . . .... .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .... . 45 Lime . .. .. ....................... . 10.31 M:agnesia .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . ..... . Potash ............... . . .......... . Soda . ... . .. . ..... . .. . . .. .. . . . .. . 405 245 13. 05 Grains per U. S. GallOl1 2.299 .070 4334 .367 .047 . 026 .60 1 .236 .143 . 761 P,'obable C0111 binGtious Potassium Chloride .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. Sodium Chloride ... .. . .. .... . .. . .. . Sodium Sulphate .......... ... . . .. . Sodium Carbonate .. . .. . .. . . . .. .... Magnesium Carbonate .. ..... . ..... . . Calcium Carbonate .. . .. . ..... . .. . . . . Aluminum Sulphate . ............... . Iron Carbonate ... . .. .. ... .. ... . . .. . 3. 89 7.32 35 1349 8.50 18.41 1.49 1. 16 .227 .42 7 .020 .787 -496 1.074 . 08 7 .068 Total Solids .. . .. . ........... .. ... . 104. 03 Free Carbon Dioxide ..... . . .. .. . . .. . 55 73 5.485 3. 250 EADY MINERAL SPRING. - This is a small spring located in the northern part of Heard county, on Mill Creek, only a few hundred yards from the point where it empties into the Chattahoochee River. 252 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE CRYSTALLINE AREA The spring, which furnishes only a gallon a minute, is just below a beautiful waterfall, formed by Mill Creek. The scenery is picturesque; it resembles that o ften met with in the more mountai nous part of the State. The prevailing rocks of the region are gneiss, granite and schists. The first forms the declivity over which the creek cascades near the spring. Some years ago, th is spring is said to have had quite a local reputation ; but, at present, only a few people visit it. There are no improvements in the vicinity o f the spring, except a small cabin and a mill-house. The water has a faint odor of hydrogen sul phide, which entirely disappears after standing for a short time in an open vesse l. A n analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart. in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: - Parts per CoJ/ slif"eJ/ts Determined Million Silica .. . . .. . .. .. . . ..... .. .... ..... . Sul phur Trioxide .. .... .. .. . . .. . . . . . Carbon Dioxide ................... . CI)lorine ........... . .. . .. . .. . . ... . Iron Sesqui-oxide ............ , . .... . A lumina ........ . .. . .. . . ........ . . Manganous Oxide ... . . . ... : . . . .. . . . Ume .. . . . ... . . ... ... . . . . ....... . Magnesia .............. . . . ..... . . . Potash . .. .. . .. .. .. . ..... . . .. . .. .. . Soda ..................... .. .... .. 10 . SO 1.45 4557 6.65 8 .50 0.25 trace 3. 65 trace 347 9 .40 Probable CO'InbiJ/atioJ/s Potassium Chloride ........ ..... . . . . Sodium Chloride ........ .. ........ Sodium Sulphate ..... . .. . . . . .. . .. . . Sodium Carbonate ........ . .... .. .. . Magnesium Carbonate .. .. . . ..... . .. . Calcium Carbonate . . . .. , ... . . . .. .. .. Nlanganese Carbonate ... .. . .. ...... . Aluminum Sulphate ....... . .... . .. . . Iron Carbonate .... . . . . . . .... . .. . . . . 5.50 6.64 257 8 . ~4 trace 6.5 2 trace .78 12.3 2 T otal Solids . . .......... . . . . .. . . . 52.97 Free Carbon Dioxide . . .... .. . . . .. . 34.65 Grains per U. S. Gallon .612 .085 2 . 65 8 .388 .496 . 01 5 trace . 21 3 trace .202 .548 .3 21 .387 . 150 475 trace .380 trace .045 .7 19 3. 089 2.020 C HAPTER XI DETAILED NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA DEEP WELLS The deep wells of the Paleozoic area are few in number. This is due to two causes: (I) the small cost of constructing shallow ;vells, which usually furnish ample water for household purposes; and (2) the prevailing unfavorable geologic conditions for successful flow ing wells in the region. The geologic conditions, here referred to, may be readily understood by an examination of the geologic map of the Paleozoic area by Dr. J. W. Spencer; or, what is still better, the several geologic folios of the United States Geological Survey of the region, by Dr. C. 'vV. Hayes. It will be noticed, by an examination of these maps, that the structural geology of the region is entirely different from that of the other divisions of the State. In the Cretaceous and Tertiary areas, it has been previously pointed out, that the strata lie nearly hori zontal, with a gradual dip to the southward; while, in the Crystalline area, the structure is so varied and complicated, that it is difficult, or impossible to work out. In contrast with these structures, but at the same time occupying a somewhat intermediate stage bet\V~en the two types of structures, is the folded and faulted rocks of the Paleozoic area. The region is one, in which the dynamic forces ha ve acted with such great energy, that the limestones, shales and sandstones, with an aggregate thickness of several thousand feet, have been compressed by lateral forces into a number of huge unsymmetrical parallel folds . In some instances, where the rocks were unable to withstand the intense pressure to which they were subjected, the strata ( 253) :254 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA were broken, and the tension was relieved by faulting. These faults, which often represent displacements of many hundred feet, are technically known as thrust faults. The structural cond itions of the Paleozoic area, as here outlined, would seem to be not espe-cially unfavorable for successful flowing wells. These conditions, 110wever, have been in a great measure changed by subsequent erosion, as may be seen by an examination o f the geologic sections ac o z > r oocz .; ~ "'o" ~ " > UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 257 water, which is quite saline, is reported to come from within a few feet of the bottom of the well. It ri ses to within 70 or 80 feet of the surface. At th e time of the writer's visit, the capacity of the well had never been tested, and nothing definite seemed to be known about the amount of water-supply. The mineral constituents of the water from the Bagwell well are show n by the following analysis, made by Mr. J. M. McCandless, State Chemist: - Specific Gravity at 60 F., 1.0520 Per Cent. Sodium Chloride.. ... ...... . ........ .. . ... .. .. ... 5.479' Potassium Chloride .......... .. . .. . . .. . . .... . . .. . 0 . 0335 Lithium Sulphate . .. .... . . . .. . ..... .... .... . . .. ... 0.0225 Magnesium Chloride.. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .... . . ...... . .. 0.5265 Calcium Sulphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.1883 Calcium Chloride . .. . .. ..... . . . .. . .. .. ..... . .. .... 0 .483 I Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.0 192 Magnesium Bromide.. . . ....................... 0.0494 Sodium Iodide . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. ..... . . . . . .. . . . ... 0.0023 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.0053 S ilica ..... . .. ... . .... ... . ....... . . . .. .... .. .. .. o .Ob45 Water ......... ......... ....... ... .. ... .. . . ..... 93.1865 T otal . . . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . ........ . ... . . . .... . .. . 100 . 0002 The mixed salts in this water, amounting to 6.8137 per cent., when reduced to a dry condition, have the following composition :- Sodium Chloride ............ . .. .. . .. ..... . . . . .. . . Potassium Chloride . . ...... . ..... . .. . . . . ... . .. .. . Lithium Sulphate ..... . .. . . . . .. . ... . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . Magnesium Chloride .. . .. . . .. .... . . .. . ........ .. . Calcium Sulphate ........ . . . ... .. . . .. . . .... ...... Calcium Chloride . .. . .. . . . .... . . . .. . . ... . ... .... Calcium Carbonate ..... ..... .. . ...... . .. .. . . .. .. Magnesium Bromide .. . ... .. . . . ... . . . . . ... . ... .. . . Sod ium Iodide .... . ........ .. . . . . ...... . .... .... Silica .. .. . .. . .... . .... ......... .. .. ....... .. .. Oxides of Iron and Alumina .. .... .. . . ... . . . .. ... .. . T otal ..... . . .... ... . . ..... . .... . .. . .. . ... .. . . 80.42 0-49 033 773 2. 76 7 09 0.28 0 .72 0.03 0.07 0.08 100.00 This water, it will be noticed, carries about twice as much sod ium 258 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA chloride as common sea water, and a rather unusual amount of lithium, bromine and iodine. It is difficult to explain the occurrence o f this remarkable well, as no water o f similar nature is known at any other point in the Paleozoic area. Besides the wells above described, there are also a number of other pri vate deep wells in the vicinity of the park, but no detailed description of these wells was secured. THE "V. M. SCOTT \~'ELL. -Th is well IS located in the northwestern part of Gordon county near the eastern base of H orn Mountain, three and a half miles south west of Sugar Valley. The well whi ch was originally put down as a prospect hole in search for coal by Mr. W . M. Scott, of 'Atlanta, about' 5 years ago, is two inches in diameter and '56 feet deep'; and it flows, through a 'Y;-inch discharge pipe, two gallons. of .water per minute. This well, together with the well ,located near Cloud Spring in Chickamauga Park, are the only two deep flowing wells reported in the Paleozoic area. The Scott well begins in the lower 'beds ' o f the Fort Pay ne chert, and extends to the base of the Chaitil1100ga black shale. As the water is repo~ted i~ Ijave be~ n struck in fissl;l:e's' in the rock lying just below the black shale, it no.doubt comes from the upper part of the Rockwood formation, which constitutes the upper division of the Silurian wcks of Georgia. Structurally .cQnsi,lered, the well is, situated on the eastern limb of an anticlinal fold, the rocks of which, at that point, have a steep dip eastward'. T he water h,ts a rather strong iron taste, and forms about the overflow pipe a heavy yellowish precipitate of iron sesCJui-hydrate. Locally, the water has quite a reputation as a mineral water. An analysis of the water by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Stirve), of Georgia, is as follows : - Parts per Cal/stit'ueILts Determined Milli o n Silica .. . ..... . .. . .. ...... . . ... . .. . 20.20 Sulphur Trioxide ......... .... .. . . . 59. 60 Carbon D ioxide ... ... . : : ... . ... .. . 14' :40 Phosflhorus Pentoxide ... :: . . .. .. . . . . trace Chlonne : . : . . .. .... ... . .. .......... .. . , .. ' 560 . Iron Sesqui-oxide ....... . '.' ..... ... . 1.80 Grains per U. S. Galton ,. '78 3.476 8.981 trace . 32 7 . 105 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 259 Parts per Million AluI11ina .. .. . ............... . .... . Magnesia .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . L ime .... . .. . .......... ... . .... Potash .... . .. .... ...... . . . . ... ... . Soda ................... . ........ . 040 21.60 68.30 3.50 8.20 Probable COll/binations Potassium Chloride .............. . . . Sodium Chloride ...... . ..... ... . .. Sodium Sulphate . .. . .. . .. ... .. .... .. Magnesium Sulphate ....... : . .. .. . . . Aluminum Sulphate . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . Calciwll Sulphate ............ . ..... . Calcium Carbonate ...... . . .. .. . . .. Iron Carbonate ........ ........... 555 4. 88 12.87 6480 , 34 '3 .96 II 1. 70 2 . 61 Total Solids . .... . .. . . . ..... . . .. . 2379' Free Carbon Dioxide . . ............ . . 91.26 Grains per U. S. Gallon .023 '.260 3.983 . 204 .478 .32 4 .258 .75 1 3 779 .078 .814 6514 . 15 2 THE ROME PETROLUM & IRON COMPANY'S 'NELL, No. J. - The Rome Petroleum & Iron Company's well No. I is located in Floyd county, about four and a half miles northwest of Rome. The well, wbich was put down in 1902 and' '903, has a total depth of about 1,200 feet. It is six inches in diameter, and is said to furnish ten gallons of hard water per minute. The water is reported to come from fissures in limestone at the following depths from the surface: 40, 180 and 960 feet, respectively. Below the 960-foot fissure, it is claimed that the well furnishes but little or no water. It is said that the water from the water-bearing fissures rose in the well, for 'Some distance above the points at which it was struck; but, in no instance, was there a flow. This well was commenced in the lower -divi sion of the Carboniferous, known as the Floyd shale, and it was stopped apparently in the Rockwood formation, the upper member of the Silurian rocks. THE ROME PETROLEUM & IRON COMPANY'S 'NELL, j o. 2.This well is situated in what is known as the flat-woods region about eight miles west of Rome. It also was put down in '902 and '90~, a in search for oil. It is six inches in diameter, and is reported to at- tain depth of 1,850 feet. Water is said to have been struck in 260 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA fissures in the rock at 60, 240, 400 and 900 feet, respectively; but the water from none of the fissures ri ses nearer than to within two or three feet of the surface. The maximum water-supply of the well is reported to be ten gallons per minute. It is said to be a mineral water, but the character and amount of the mineral constituents were not ascertained. The geologic formations penetrated in this well are probably about the same as those penetrated in well No. 1. THE STANDARD COTTON MILL \VELL. - This well is located within the corporate limits of Cedartown, the county seat of Polk county. It was put down in 1902, for the purpose of supplying the cotton mill. The well is six inches in diameter and 96 feet deep; and it has furnished as much water as 3,200 gallons per hour, the capacity of pump. The water, which rises to within 16 feet or of the surface, is reported to come from a fissure cavity in the limestone near the bottom of the well. The strata encountered in sinking this well are said to be residual clays for 14 feet, followed by limestone with thin partings of shale. The residual clays, here referred to, are probably derived from the weathering of the Knox dolomite which forms a hill only a few hundred yards to the eastward . The underlying limestones, with their shale partings, seem to be the lower beds of the Chickamauga limestone, which, at this point, has a low dip to the west. One or two ,other deep wells were put down at Cedartown some years ago, in the western part of the town; but no definite information concerning these wells was obtainable. THE ALLGOOD "VELL. - NIr. H. C. Allgood's well is located near the Southern Railway depot at Rockmart, a small town in the eastern part of Polk county. The well is six inches in diameter and 167 feet deep; it furnishes about ten gallons of water a minute. The water, which is said to be hard, rises to within 27 feet of the surface; it is reported to come from smail fissures in the limestone. \ Vith the exception of the first ten feet, which is clay, this well is said to penetrate limestone its entire depth. This limestone, which has been mapped by Hayes as belonging to the Chickamauga formation, in the vicinity of Rockmart, as shown by the surface exposures, is highly argillaceous; it is, therefore, as the wells attest, UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 261 not a very satisfactory water-bearing formation. In addition to the well here described, there are three other deep drilled wells within the corporate limits of Rockmart. These wells, which vary from 75 to 100 feet in depth, penetrate formations similar to those penetrated by the Allgood well, and they furnish about the same quantity of water. THE SAND MOUNTAIN AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN \\fELLS. - Other deep borings, besides those above described, occur on Sand IVIountain bf Dade county. These bore holes, which were made in prospecting for coal, vary from 75 to 350 feet in depth. The holes, w ith but few exceptions, are said to haye struck water in greater or less abundance. As they were put down, however, only for the purpose of locating coal seams, no effort was made, in any case, to ascertain the amount of the water-supply from the di fferen t waterbearing strata. Deep borings, of like character, have also been put down on Lookout ~1011ntain in \".'alker county; but, likewise, no information was obtainable, concerning the extent and character o f the different water-bearing strata penetrated. As these two 1110l111 tains are formed largely of sandstone and conglomerate, interstratified with impervious shales, there seems to be no reason, why deep bore-holes, located near the center o f these mOl1ntains, which are broad synclinal folds of carboniferous strata, should not furn ish a copious supply of water. Such bore-holes, in places, no dou bt might furnish Rowing water; as, at many places, the brows of the mountains are from 50 to 100 feet higher than their central axes. SHALLOW WELLS Favorable conditions for successful shallow wells are .general throughout the Paleozoic area. These wells, in nearly all cases, obtain their water-supply from the residual clays derived from the decay and disintegration of the underlying rocks. In some in stances, the wells penetrate. for a short di stance, the underl ying limestones, sandstones or shales; but the great majority penetrate only the overly ing clays, which may vary in thickness from 20 feet, or less, to a maximum of 90 feet. The clays differ greatly in mineral composition, as well as in physical structure. Those derived from cherty 262 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA limestones, as the Knox dolomite, or from sandstones, are highly siliceous and porous; while those derived from the shales contain a high percentage of alumina, and are in a large measure impervious to water. The wells penetrating the former clays almost, invariably furnish a more copious supply of water than the latter. The wells which penetrate the more porous clays, however, are usually more or less affected by droughts; and, as a consequence, they are not always so reliable, during dry seasons, as the wells in the less porous clays. The character of the water from these shallow wells may be soft or hard, depending largely upon the nature of the clays which they penetrate. \iVhen the clays are derived fr0111 limestone. and the calcium carbonate has not been thoroughly leached out, the waters are almost invariably hard; but, on the other hand. where the clays are derived from sandstones, argillaceous shales, or even frol11 the highly siliceous layers of Knox dolomite, the waters are soft. In a few instances, where these well s obtain their water-supply from aluminous shales, as in the case of n'lrs. Hughes' mineral well, located in Floyd county, two miles west of Rome, the waters contain an abnormal amount of mineral matter, as is shown by the followi ng analysis made by Dr. Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia: - Parts per COHstitlUwls DeterJ/l,'iH ed Million Silica ............................ . '5. 87 Sulphur Trioxide ............... . .. . 227 .90 Phosphorus Pentoxide . . . .. . .. .... . . . trace Carbon Dioxide ................... . 32 7. 00 Chlorine ... ........ . .......... .. . . 38 .50 Iron Sesqui-oxide and Alumina ....... . I. 44 Magnesia ............. . . .. .. . .. . . . 7790 Linle ......................... .. . . 258 . 2 5 Potash ...................... .. ... . I. 54 Soda ..... . .. . .. . .. .. . . .......... . 47. 20 Probable Combinatio/ls Potassium Chloride ... .. ...... ..... . Sodium Chloride ............ . .. ... Sodium Sulphate ... .. .... . .. . . . ... . 244 6, .53 334' Grains prr U. S . Gallon 0 .92 5 '3 . 290 trace '9. 069 2.245 0.084 4.542 '5. 066 0. 089 2.75 2 o. '42 3.588 1.948 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 263- Parts per Million Calcium Sulphate _.... . . . .. .. . .. .. . . 80_59 Calcium Carbonate .. . . .... . ... . .. . 39+- 55 Magnesium Sulphate .. ..... . ... . .. . . 233.70 . Total Sol ids .. . .. . .. . . .......... . 823-53 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . I5340 Grains per U. S. Gallon 4'.699 23. 008 '3 628 48 . 02 5 8946 The shallow wells, which are the chief source of supply of drinking water in the rural districts, as well as in the small towns in the Paleozoic area, have an average depth of about 30 feet. These wells, in most cases, require no curbing; and, as a consequence, they can be put down at small cost. This accounts. no doubt. in a great measure, for the general lise of shallow wells throughout the region. SPRINGS The Paleozoic, like the Crystalline area, is noted for its numerOllS springs. They are of frequent occurrence in nearly all the valleys through out the region . In many instances, the springs are of large size; but the great majority are small. furnishing only a few hundred gallons per hour. The distribution of the larger springs, as shown by their location, is governed by certain geologic conditions. These conditions, which have been referred to elsewhere in this report, are the folded and faulted condition of the formations, together with a succession of more or less porous and fissured limestones with compact and impervious shales. In locating the larger springs on a geologic, map, it will be found that they are nearly always situated near the contact of the Knox dolomite with some more impervious limestone, or shale. \Vhen these conditions are wanting, the springs are found along fault-lines. One of the most favorable positions for the occurrence of large springs seems to be at the contact of the Knox dolomite and the Chickamauga limestone, or at the contact of the former with the Connasallga shale. The smaller springs, on the other hand, seem to be confined to no special geological horizon and they are likely to occuf at almost any point along the valleys where the rocks come to the surface. 264 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA COUl1ll0n Springs. , The springs of the P aleozoic area, like those of the other divisions of the State, consist o f common springs and mineral springs. A few of the largest and most important of the C0I11111011 springs, which have been visited by the writer are here described in detail. CRAWFISH SPRING.-Crawfish Spring, which furnishes about 14,000,000 gallons of water per day is the largest spri ng in the PaleoZOIC area. The spring is located in the northern part of \\Talker county, about two miles southeast of Chickamauga Park, and within a few hundred yards of Chickamauga station, a small town on the Central of Georgia Railway. The water, as it Aows from the base of a small dolomite hill, forms a beautiful stream several rods wide and from two to five feet deep. This stream, wh ich joins Ch ickamauga Creek about half-a-mile away, contains several other large spri ngs, which, in the aggregate, are said to furnish an amount of water equal in volume to Crawfish Spring. The geological position of Crawfish Spring is near the contact of the Chickamauga limestone and the Knox dolomite. The latter formation forms a very prominent chert ridge, known as Missionary Ridge, a short distance to the west, which appears to be the catchment area that suppl ies the springs. The only improvement in the immed iate vicinity of the spring is a large, well-constructed hotel, which, during the mobili zation o f the troops at Chickamauga Park, at the beginning of the Spanish-American war, was used as a hospital. There seems to have been an effort made, some years ago, to establi sh a summer resort at Crawfish Spring; but the undertaking appears to haye been unsuccessful. An effort was made, at o lle time, to utilize the spring for power purposes; but that project likewise seems to have been unprofitable. The character of the water from Crawfish Spring is shown by the follow ing analysis. furnished by H on. Gordon Lee, the owner of the spring ;- < ... ~ 0 >'" v. -i ~ ~ > :::: a ~ (:; " ~ ~ " > ~ "- y.. ~ z " ;r, ~ 0"c Z -i t i' ";3; > , L (~, "<- ~ ~ t t ,t.>,i ::: " UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 265 Collstit1tents Determined Grains per U. S. Gallon Bicarbonate of Lime .. ... ................ . .. . .. Bicarbonate of Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride .. ....... . . .. . . .... . . .... . . . .. Potassium Chloride ..... ... ........ . .. . . .. . .. . Silica ............... . .. . . . ... . . .... . . ... . ... . Free A mmonia . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A lbuminoid Ammonia ....... ..... . ... ... .. .. . . . Oxygen Absorbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7530 4.5440 0.8560 0.0480 0.0537 0.0029 0.0025 0.0310 Total Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 .7742 DEW'S MILL SPRING. - This spring is located in Gordon county about eight miles east of Calhoun, the county seat. I t is a very large spring, furnishing, according to Nlr. B. IV1. Hall, Consulting Engineer, U. S. Geological Survey, 7,200 gallons of water per minute. The spring flows from a large cavernous opening at the base o f a bluff, near the contact of the Knox dolomite a nd the underlying Connasauga shale. The water fro111 the spring forms a good sized stream, which operates a flour mill, located only a short distance from the spring. The flowage of the spring is said to be but little affected by the seasons. The water is hard , and nearly always transparent. The catchment area of the spring seems to be the dry, cherty Knox dolomite ridges lying to the west. THE LUKENS SPRING. - This spring, which is owned by M rs. Olive A. Lukens of A tlanta, is located in Whitfield county, about one mile south of Dalton. The capacity of the spring, according to Mrs. Lnken s, is 1,500,000 gallons a day. It is said to be unaffected by droughts, and never becomes muddy after hard rains. The water is hard and transparent, and no precipitate results on standing. There escapes with the water, ~t irregular intervals, bubbles which seem to consist of air. The spring emerges at the base of a hill near the line of contact of the Chickamauga limestone with the Knox dolomite. The Lukens Spring at present is used only to supply a fi sh pond near by, and a small farm house located on the hill just a bove the spring. THE HAMILTON SPRING. - The Hamilton Spring, which is owned by the Crown Cotton Mills, is located within the corporate 266 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOrC AREA limits of Dalton. The. spring is said to furnish about lO,OOO,OOO gallons a day. The water, which is hard, is used to supply the Crown Cotton .Mills and the city of Dalton. The spring is located near the contact of the Chickamauga limestone with the. Knox dolomite. The flow of" the spring is reported to be affected by long droughts, but the water never becomes muddy after heavy rains. HUSTON SPRING. - Huston Spring is in the southwestern part of W hitfield county about one and a half miles north of Carbondale and within a few hundred yards of the Southern Railway. The spring emerges from a sag at the base of one of the foot-h ills of Chattoogata Mountain, near the contact of the Connausauga shale (Cambrian) and the Floyd shale (Carboniferous), which are here brought into juxtaposition by a fault representing a displacement of several hundred feei. The flow of the Huston spring is 2, lOO gallons a minute. It is said to be unaffected by droughts, and never becomes muddy after rains. The water is hard and, according to Th1r. Sidney Cooledge, of Boston, NIass., contains 36.80 grains of calCium carbonate per gallon. OriginaIly the water from this spring was utilized in operating a small mill, but. at present. it is llsed only for domestic purposes. McFARLAND SPRING. - This spring is located within the corporate lin;its of Rossville in the extreme northeastern corner of \IVhitfield county. It gushes from a cavern in the hillside as a bold spring near the line of contact of the Knox dolomite and the Ch ickamauga limestone. The water, which is hard, is used for general domestic purposes; it also supplies a small fish pond. BLOWING SPRING. - Blowing Spring, so called on account of a current of air alternately passing in 'and out at the cave-like opening from which the water flows, is situated near the Chattanooga Southern Railroad in 'Walker cot;nty, about two and a half miles north of Flintstone, and within a few hundred yards of the Georgia-Tennessee line. This spring, which furnishes several gallons of hard water a minute, flows from the Bangor limestone. The water is used only for domestic purposes.' CAVE SPRING. - This spring is located in the southern part of 1 FOT an explanation of the wind currents of this spring see pp. 295-301. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 267 Floyd county, within the corporate limits of the village of Cave Spring. It emerges from the base of a Knox dolomite hill, nea r the line of contact of the Connasauga shale and the Knox dolomite. On the hill-slope just above the spring, is a cave which extends down to the underground stream which supplies the spring. T hi s. spring is much used by the residents of the tow n for general domestic purposes; and it also supplies the Georgia Deaf and Dumb Asy lum, located near by. The water is hard and clear, never becoming turbid after rains. The flow of this spring, measured by the U. S. Geological Survey in I 904, is 3.444,868 gallons in 24 hours. In addition to this spring, there are several other springs with in the corporate limits of Cave Spring, none of them, however, being as large as the one above described. The catchment area ohthese springs appears to be the dry, cherty Knox dolomite ri dges lying a short distance to the east of the town. CEDARTOWN SPRINC. - This is a very large limestone spring at Cedartown, the county-seat of P olk county. The capacity of the spring is said to be about 2,500,000 gallons a day; It emerges as a larg e stream from ca"ities in the limestone rock, at the base oi a small hill near the center of the town. This spr ing, which furnishes the town with water, is surrounded by a substantial wall of masonry. Thi s wall, in addition to its protecting the spring from surface drainage, is also used as a part of the foundation of the power house of the pumping station, which forces the water to the stand-pipe located on a hilJ in another part of the town. Some anxiety has been expressed, from time to time, as to the possibl e surface contamination of the Cedartown Spring. It has been thought by some, as the spring becomes muddy after rains; that a certain lime-sink in the neighborhood has connection with the subterranean stream \\hich supplies the spring. This supposition seems never to have been conclusively demonstrated; but the writer has been informed that the tow n authorities have taken steps to guard aJ!ainst any contamination frol11 this source. Besi des the spring here described, there are thr.ee or four other springs in the neighborhood of Cedartown which furnish frop, 500,000 to 2,000,000 gallons a day. These springs all have th e same 268 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA general character as the Cedartown Spring, and they flow from the Chickamauga limestone near its contact with the Knox dolomite. ARAGON SPRING. - This spring is located at the Aragon Mills, in the northeast part of Polk county near the contact of the Chickamauga limestone and the Knox dolomite. It emerges as a bold stream from the base of a small rocky hill, only a few hundred yards from the Aragon Cotton Mills, which it supplies with water. The spri ng is said to be unaffected by either rain or droughts. Its daily capacity is 1,800,000 gallons. The water is always clear and colorless, and has a temperature of 62 F. The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following analysis furnished by Mr. T . C. 'vVolcott, Treasurer of the Aragon Cotton Mills: - Parts per Million Total Solids .................... . ............ . .. 219.4 Organic and Vegetable Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.7 Calcium Carbonate . ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.8 Magnesium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 . 9 Sulphates ... . .. . .......... . . .. ................. trace Near the spring here described, is another spring, owned by the Aragon Cotton Mills, with a daily flow of 1,760,000 gallons. The mineral constituents of the water are said to be practically the same as those from the spring which supplies the Aragon mill. There are three other limestone springs within a mile, or less, of Aragon. One of these springs, known as Randall spring, located on the bank of Euharlee Creek, has a capacity of 500,000 gallons per day. The other two springs are said to each furnish about twice as much water as the Randall spring. The catchment area of this group of springs is apparently the Knox dolomite ridges west of Aragon. BIG SPRING. - This spring is loc 482 . 4 408 . 2 5 2 4 , 0 2 7 24 77 3 28. 133 23 So9 80 28 93 .68 6000 3. 692 4 .682 5 46.1 3499 11 . 27 757 3 0 2 344 .657 441 .177 15 .90 16 .96 800 . 234 .92 7 .989 . 467 PROBlLBLE C Ol\!BINATIONS . ..... PotassiuDl Chloride. Potassium Sulphate .. 9..3.3. II. 75 7. 14 Sodium Chloride. . 3 52 .. 10, 14 2 00 ... .4. .7..8 . . . 5.4.4. .685 .4 16 .591 . 279 11 7 . .... . 4.3 2 . 205 ..... . .252 .. Sodium Sulphate . 430 36 41 Sodium Phosphate . trace trace 42 .07 . .. . 13 08 . .25 1 trace 2 . 123 trace . 2. .4.5..3 .763 Magne s ium phate .. .... ..S.u.l-. Calcium Sulphate . Calcium Carbonate. l Sg .go 847. 89 112 . 26 240 .84 7 11 . I I 212 98 28 1.04 923. 54 182 36 ISo 00 11 .075 14 .045 16 390 10 497 970 70 49 44 7 4 1 .471 53 SS9 56 .609 15 27 6547 12-421 10.635 Sgo - - - - - - - - - AluminumSulphate Iron Carbonate . .. . . 3 79 335 3 35 1 . 98 422 ---4 .3-5 - -6.46- - -1..1-4 .221 .246 . 195 . 254 .195 3 77 .0I6I 57 -- Total Solids .... 1.193. 36 1,224 .36 1,520 96 1,208.02 69 594 93 AI 8 886gg 70 .449 t Epsom Spring . 2 Coffee Spring. 3 Buffalo Lithia Spring. 4 Cosm'!tic Spring. CHEROKEE SPRIN G. - This is a bold chalybeate spring, located in a small valley at the western base of \'Vhite Oak Mountain, about two miles east of Ringgold. This spring is said to have been much frequented some years ago by health seekers, but it is now only occasionally vi sited. There are no improvements near the spring, except a farm-house. The water, which yields quite a copious precipitate of iron sesqui-oxide, flows from a small fi ssure in the dark o ~ o ~ ,'". r ~ o " " c () w " z " c z " UNDERGROUN D WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AflEA 273 aluminous rock, only a few feet below an outcropping of the Devonian black shale. A n analysis of the water by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as foll ows : - Parts per CoJ/stitu.eJ/ts Determined Million Si lica . .................... ....... Sul phur Trioxide .. .. . .. ..... ...... .. Carbon Dioxide ...... .. ... . ..... .. . . Phosphorus Pentoxide ....... . . .... _. Chlori ne ..... _. ......... . ... . . ... . . Iron Sesqui-oxide ........... .. ..... . Alumina .... . .... .. .. . . . . ... . . .. L inle ................. .. . . ... . . . . . Magnesia .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .... .. . . . . Potash ........... .. .... . ........ . . Soda ... .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . ... . 19.30 16.60 123. 80 trace 4.90 15. 20 1.20 61.20 3. 60 3.40 5. 60 Probable Co'lllbiJ/Q.tioJ/s Potassium Chloride . ... . .. . . . ... . .. . . Sod ium Chloride . .. . ...... .. ..... . . Sodium Sulphate ..... . ...... . ...... . Magnesium Sulphate .... . .. .. .. ... . . Calcium Sulphate .......... . . .... . . . Calcium Carbonate .. ....... . ....... . Aluminum Sulphate ........ . .. . .. . . . Iron Carbonate ................... 5.40 3. 84 8.18 10.80 335 109. 29 4-02 22 .04 Total Solids ........ . .. . .. . . . ... . 186.22 Free Carbon Dioxide . .. .. . .. . . .. ... . 6773 Grains per U . S. Gallon 1. 125 -937 7. 220 trace . 286 .886 .070 3.569 .210 .198 .32 7 3 15 .224 477 .630 .195 6374 .234 1. 285 10.859 3.950 GORDON SPRING. - Prior to the Civi l \~raI', Gordon Spring was a very popular summer resort; but since then, it has been allowed to decline. The buildings, with the exception of one or two smaller ones, have all been burned or otherwise destroyed, so that there are at present practically no facilities whatever for the accommodation of guests. The spring is located at the eastern base of Taylor's Ridge, in the western part of V/hitfield county, about twelve miles west of Dalton. It is a small chalybeate spring, furnish ing about th ree gallons of water per minute. The water is clear, but on standing, throws down a precipitate of iron sesqui-oxide. In addition 274 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA to the main spring, from which the sample of water was secured for analysis, there are several other smaller springs near by, w li ich are also said to possess medicinal properties. These springs are all lo- cated in a small depression, or basin, at the foot of Taylor's Ridge, near the line of contact of the Carboniferous shales and the Silurian sandstone. Gordon Spring is well located for a summer resort, but, unfortunately, it is too far from the railroad to attract visitors. The mineral constituents of the water are shown by the following analysis made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey 0i Georgia: - Parts per Grains per COllstitllwfs Determined M illion U. S. Gallon Silica .. . . . . .. .. . ... .... . .. . .... . . . Sulphur Trioxide ... . . . .... . .. . . .. . . Carbon Dioxide . . . ..... ... . . . ...... . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . Chlorine . . ... . .. . . . .. . . .... . . .. .. . Iron SesCJui-oxide ..... . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Alumina ..... . ..... . . . . .... . ..... . Nlanganese ......... . .... . ...... . . . . Lime. IVlagnesia ... . ... . . . .... . . ... .. .. . . Potash ........ ... ......... . ... . . . . Soda .. . .. . .. . ... . .... . .. . .. . .. ... . 15 . 50 14.78 182 -40 trace 5. 60 5.40 040 trace 82.00 I276 2.80 10.60 .904 .86~ 10 . 637 trace .3 27 . . 032' 5 3 trace 4.782 744 . 163 . 618 Probable Colllbillatiolls Potassi um Chloride .. . . .... .. .. . .. . . Sodium Chloride .... . ..... . ........ Sodium Sulphate ... . .. . .. . . . . . . ... . Sodium Phosphate .. . . ..... . .... . .. . Magnesium Sulphate . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . Nlagnesium Carbonate ... . . . . ...... . . Calcium Carbonate . . . ... .. . . . . .. . .. . Alum inum Sulphate .. .. ... .. .... .. . . Iron Carbonate .. . ..... . . . . .. ...... . Manganese Carbonate .. .... . .... . . . . 4 44 575 I7 3I trace 755 21 . 50 146 . 43 1.35 7. 83 trace . 259 335 , . 033 trace 440 1. 254 8.540 .079 457 trace Total Solids ..... . ... .. ... .. . . . .. . 227.66 Free Carbon Dioxide .. . . . .......... . 103 . 75 '3 . 301 6 . 050 MARTIN'S MINERAL SPRING. - This spri ng, owned by Mr. W . C. Martin, is located among the foot-hi lls of Chattoogata Mountain, UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 275 about two miles southwest of Dalton. It is a small chalybeate spring, furn ishing only 30 gallons of water an ho ur. The water, which has the distinct taste peculiar to compounds of iro n, issues from the De\'onian black shale. There are no improvements whatever in the immediate vicinity of the spring. I-Iowever, it is much visited during the summer months by the people of Dalton, who seem to ha ve great faith in the curative properties of the water. An analysis of the water made in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia, by Dr. Edgar Everhart, is as follows : - Parts per COlls!itllellis De!ermilled Million Silica ............................ . 28.50 Sulphur Trioxide .................. . Carbon Dioxide .. . ....... . .. . ...... Phosphorus Pentoxide .............. . 17.92 63. 20 trace Chlorine ........... . .. . ... . ... .. . . 5. 10 Iron Sesqui-oxide ........ .. ........ . 10 .30 Alumina ... .. . .. . .. . ........ ... ... 1.00 lVIagnesia .......... .. ......... . ... . 12.61 Lin1e .... . .. . .... . . . .. .. . ........ . 21.40 l\Ianganese ........ . .... . . .... . ... . trace Potash .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . ... : ..... . Soda ..... . .................. . ... 400 8.66 Probable Co"lllbillotiolls Potassium Chloride .. . .. . .. .... .... . Sodium Chloride ................... Sodium Sulphate . . . .. .... .. ..... . . . Sodium Phosphate ............. .. .. Magnesium Sulphate ... .. . .. . .. . . .. . Magnesium Carbonate .. . ........ . . . . Calcium Carbonate ...... .. . .. ..... . . Aluminum Sulphate . ............ .. . Iron Carbonate .......... . .. . ..... . . Manganese Carbonate .. .. . . ..... . . . . 6.23 3.46 1564 trace 10. I I 19.40 38 . 21 335 1494 trace Total Solids .. . ... '...... . .. . ..... . Fi'ee Carbon Dioxide . ..... . .. . ... ..... . 31.00 Grains per U. S. Gallon 1.662 1. 0 45 3. 686 trace .297 .601 .058 735 1.248 trace .233 .50 5 .363 .202 .9 12 trace .584 I.13 1 2.228 .195 .87 1 trace 8.148 1 .808 TRENTON MINERAL SPRING. - The Trenton Mineral Spring is located within the corporate limits of Trenton, the county seat of 276 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA Dade county. It is a small sulphur spring, furni sh ing on ly 30 gallons of water an hour. The water is clear, but it forms a white precipitate about the overflow pipe, and has a distinct odor of hydrogen sulphide. The water is much used in Trenton for drinking purposes. The spring issues as a minute stream frol11 a small fissure in the Chicamauga limestone. An analysis of the water by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows:- Parts per COJlstituellfs Determin ed Million Silica .. .... .. ...... .... ... . . ... . . Sulphur Trioxide ............. . .. .. Carbon Dioxide . . .. . . ......... . .... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ... . .... . . . . .. . Chlorine .... . . . . . . .. .... . ........ Iron Sesqui-oxide .......... . . . .. . . . . Alumina ........ . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . Magnesia .............. . .... . ..... . Lithia . .. . . .. .. . .. .... . ... . . . ... . . 17 8c 10.20 297. 00 0.30 12.25 5.40 235 41 .9<: trace Linle .. ............ '" ...... . ..... . Potash ..... .. .. .. . . ..... .. . . .... . Soda .......... . ......... . .. ... .. . 84.90 5. 20 38 . 00 Probable ColllbillatiollS Potassium Chloride ................ . Lithium Chloride . .. . ...... . ....... . Sodium Chloride ............ .. .. ... . Sodium Phosphate ... .. . .. . . ....... . Sodium Sulphate . .. ..... . ......... . Sodium Carbonate .... . . .. ... . .. .. . . Nlagnesium Carbonate . .... . ........ . Calcium Carbonate ....... .. . ... . .. . . Aluminum Sulphate . ............... . l\'Ianganese Carbonate .. . .. . ..... . . . . Iron Carbonate ......... . . . . .. ..... . 8.2+ trace 13.71 0.60 18.10 38 .58 8799 15 1 . 61 9.40 trace 7. 82 Total Solids ....... . . . : . . ..... ,. 353. 85 Free Carbon Dioxide .. . .... . ....... . 165. 10 Grains per U . S. Gallon 1.038 595 17.320 . 01 7 .7 14 .3 15 .137 2444 traCt! +.95 1 . 303 2.:n6 481 trace .800 .035 1.056 2.250 5. 131 8.842 .548 trace .45? 20. 627 9. 628 MAJOR MINERAL SPRING. - This spring is located in the western part of Chattooga county, near the corporate limits of Menlo. It is UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 277 a small chalybeate spring, furnishing one gallon of water 9- t11inute. The water, which deposits quite a precipitate of iron oxide, has an astringent taste. The spri ng issues as a small stream froni fi ssures in the Devonian black shale. The improvements consist of a poorly constructed boarding-house located on the hill just above the spring. Locally, Major Spring has quite a reputation, and is much visited during the summer by people from Chattooga and the surrou nding counties. The following is an analysis of the water made by Dr. Edgar Everhart in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia: - Parts per COllstitllellts Dete'nJlilled Million Silica . . .................... . ..... . Sulphur Trioxide . ..... . . . . . . ... . .. . Carbon Dioxide .......... . . . ...... . Phosphorus Pentoxide ... ... ..... . . . . Chlorine ... .. ........ . ... .. .. . ... Iron Sesqui-oxide ................. . Alumina . .... .. ..... ... ... . .. . . .. . . Manganous Oxide ............ . ... Lime . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . ...... . . lVIagnesia .. ..... . ............ . . . . . 65 .30 137. 00 77.90 trace 5. 60 49.50 40 .50 1.40 ' 3.30 6.00 Potash ............ .. .. . .......... .92 Soda ..... . . .. ...... . ...... .. ..... . I I. 60 Probable CombiJlatioJls Potassium Chloride .... ..... .. . . ... . Sodium Chloride .... .. .... . ..... ,. . . Sodium Sulphate . ......... . .... . .. . Sodium Phosphate ...... ..... ...... . Magnesium Sulphate . .... .......... Calcium Sulphate ......... .. . . ... .. . Iron Sulphate ......... .. ... ...... . Manganese Carbonate ... .. ... . . ... .. Aluminum Sulphate .. . ............. Iron Carbonate .................. . . I. 46 735 '7. 63 trace 18 .00 32 ..30 I. 40 3. 00 13580 66.28 Total Solids ..................... . 338 .5 2 Free Carbon Dioxide ............... . 51.36 Grains per U. S. Gallon 3. 808 7.990 4543 trace .32 7 2 .304 2.362 .082 776 .35 0 .053 .676 . 08 5 .429 , .028 trace 1.050 , .88'4 .082 . '75 7.920 3. 282 19744 2 995 'is UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA COHUT'I'A SPRINGS: - Cohutta Springs, a summer resort of local importance, is in the northern part of Th1urray county, at the base of one of the spur ridges of Cohutta Mountain, about 18 miles northeast of Spring Place. The spring, from which the resort takes its name, was known to the early settlers of Murray county; but it seemed not to have attracted attention until about 50 years ago, when the first Jog cabin was built near the spring. Since that time it has been much vis ited in the summer months by the people from Dalton and the surrounding country, who have constructed small cottages in the vicini ty of the spring, for the accommodation of their families. These cottages, together with one or two small boarding-houses nea r by, are all the improvements about the spring. The location of Cohutta Springs is surpassed by but few summer resorts in the State, from a scenic point of view. It is within less than three miles of Grassy Mountain, which has an altitude of nearly 4,000 feet above sea-level; and it is only a short distance from some picturesque gorges and beautiful water-falls. The spring furnishes only three gallons of water per minute. The water, \'{hich throws down a rather copious precipitate of iron oxide, issues from a small fissure in the dark pyrytiferous Cambrian shales. An analysis of the water from the spring, by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Survey of Georgia, is as follows: - Parts per COllstituellts Determined Million Silica .. . . .. .. . .. .. ..... . . .. . . . . .. . Sulphur Trioxide ......... .. . .. . .. . . Carbon Dioxide .... . . .. ........... . 15. 00 653 28.00 Chlorine ......... . . .... . . . .. . .. ... . I ron Sesqui-oxide . .. . .... . .... ... .. Alumina ......... . . . . . . ..... . .. . . . Lime ... . ................. . . . ... . Magnesia . . . . ... . .. . ..... . ....... . Potash ..................... .. . . .. . Soda ........... .. .... ... .. ... ... . 7. 00 1044 1.25 5. 81 3. 20 2.05 7. 09 Probable Combi"atioJ/s Potassium Chloride ... .. .... .. . . . ... . Sodium Chloride ...... . ...... .. ... . Sodium Sulphate .. . . ... . .... . . .. . .. . Magnesium Sulphate ... ... . . ....... . 3. 2 5 8.98 534 0.87 Grains per U. S. Gallon .875 .381 1.633 48 . 609 .073 339 .187 .120 . 4 13 .190 .524 .3 1 I .05 1 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 279 Parts per M illion Magnesium Carbonate .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . 6. II Calcium Carbonate . . ... .. . .... .. ... . Aluminum Sulphate ..... . .. . .. . .. . . . I ron Carbonate . . . . .. ... .. . ... . .... . 1037 4'9 '5. 14 Total Solids . . .... .. . . ......... 69. 2 5 Free Carbon Dioxide .. . ....... .. ... . 14.51 Grain s per U. S. Gallon .356 .60 5 .244 .883 4. 0 39 .846 HAMPTON SPRING. - T hi s spring is located along the edge of a deep, narrow hollow or gorge, about o ne mile east of Cohutta Spring. The spring is a small chalybeate spring fl owing less than two gallons o f water per minute. The only impro\'ements ne:lr the spring are a few ill-constructed cottages, owned by indi vidual s, who move their families to the spring for a short time during the hot summer months. T he character of the water is shown by the following analysis, made by Dr. Edgar E verhart, in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Georgia : - Parts per COllstitu.ents Determined Million Silica ........... . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . 12.,75 Sulphur Trioxide ......... . ...... . . . 6 . 12 Carbon Dioxide .... . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . 24 40 Chlorine .............. . .... . .. . .. .. 6.30 Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. . . ........... . 9. 66 AluI11ina ........ . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . 1.45 Lime ............. . . .. ... ... ..... . 4.50 Magnesia ........ . . . ........ . ..... . 2 .61 Potash ... .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . ... . . . Soda . .. . . ..... . . . ......... . ..... .. I. 55 5. 08 Grains per U . S. Gallon 744 357 1.42 3 . 367 .563 . 08 5 .262 . 15 2 . 090 .296 Probable Combinatiol1s Potassium Chloride ........ . . ..... . . Sodium Chloride . . ... . ..... . ..... . Sodium Sulphate .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . Magnesium Sulphate . .. . . . .. . ...... . Magnesium Carbonate ....... ... . . . . . Calcium Carbonate .. ..... . ..... . .. Alumi num S ulphate .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Iron Carbonate .. ... . .............. . Total Sol ids . . . . ..... .. .. .. .. ... . . Free Carbon D ioxide .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 244 845 1. 39 3 'S 3.27 8 .03 4 .86 1400 58 . 34 13 .85 .142 493 .08, .184 .4'968' . 283 . 816 3.442 .808 280 UNDERGROW/D WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA E VERETT SPRING. - Everett Spring is in the extreme northern part of Floyd county, about six miles west of Reeves, a small station on the Southern Rail way. It is located in a narrow, picturesque valley between H orn and]ohn ~1ountains, near the highway lead ing from Armuchee Valley to Rome. The spring is of local reputation only, and has no improvements near, except a farm-house and a small country store. 'fh e water emerges as a stream from the Carboni ferous shale. The flow, which is said to be but li ttle affected by the seasons, is less than one gallon a minute. A n analysis of the water, made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, in the labo ratory of the Geological Sur vey of Georgia, is as follows:- COllstituents Determined Parts Der Million S ilica .. . ........ . .... ...... ..... . . Sulphur Trioxide .. . .. . . . . .. ... .. .. . Carbon Dioxide ........ . .... . . .. . . . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . ........... Arseni c ..... ................. .. . . . Chlorine ...... .. . .. .... .. . .. .. . . . . I ron Sesqui-o~ide ..... . .... .. .. .... A lu1l1ina ........... . ... .. ... . ... . . Linle ............. . . ... . ... . ..... . Magnesia .. ... . .. . . . . . .. .. . ..... . . . Potash .. . .... . ............ . .. . . . . 1\1allganese .. . ........ . . . ... . '. ... . Soda ......... '" ......... . ... . .. . 20 . 50 8.86 '3 "OO trace trace 10.20 7 . 20 3.40 90 .40 I2.20 2 .83 trace II. 82 Probable COlllbinotions P otassium Chloride .. .... .. . . .. .. .. Sodium Ch loride ....... . . . .. . ... .. . Sodium Phosphate . . ... ........... . . Sodium A rsenite ........ ... . . ... . . . Sodium Sulphate .. . .. ..... . . . .. . . . . . Sodium Carbonate ....... . .. ... .... Magnesium Carbonate . . . . . . . ... . . . . . Calcium Carbonate ............ . . .. . Aluminum Sulphate . . .. .. . . .. .. .... Iron Carbonate .......... . . . ... . ... . Manganese Carbonate .. . ..... . ..... . 4.48 '3 28 trace trace I. 52 704 25. 62 r6, .03 II .40 IO 44 trace Total Solids ......... . ..... . ...... . 2553 I Free Carbon Dioxide . . . . ..... . .. . .. . 39 .67 Grains per U, S. Gallon 1. I96 .5 17 7. 640 trace trace 595 .420 . I98 5. 272 7 I I . 165 trace . 689 ,26, 780 trace trace . 089 .4I I I ,494 93' I . 665 . 60 9 trace I4 889 23I.f ~ '""~ <<::: ";'"5 "c:' "'" """'''""" 0 '" ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 "('l Z t"'l ~ > "l" "'""" ".." 0 "";: z>"' 0 " r > ~ "' ;5 " ~ t:::j t::J Z ~ > ~ cz"0: ~ ~ "'0" " " > ." ""~ '~" ~ " ~ UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA 28[ ROLL'NO SPRINGS. - These springs, which have long been known as a summe~ resort, are situated in a broken, hilly country in Bartow county, six miles northeast of Cartersville. Prior to the Civil. "vVar, Roland Springs was one of the most important resorts in the State. \'Vhite, in his Statistics of Georgia published in [849, in speaking of these springs, says: - "Roland Springs are too well known to need a particular description. They are becoming every season the center of fashion. Multitudes from every part of the State resort here, to partake of the excellent water as well as the liberal fare of the worthy proprietor." In recent years, this resort has lost its former popularity. The buildings, which were said to have accommodated at one time as many' as 600 guests, have all been destroyed, with the exception of one or two, which are now badly in need of repair. The resort is at present only occasionally visited. The people from Bartow and the surrounding counties now rarely frequent the springs. There are two main springs, each furnishing about the same quantity and quality of water. They are both rather bold chalybeate springs, issuing from fissures in a coarse granite, which seems to be an intrusive mass penetrating the Cambrian quartzites. The water has the peculiar taste of iron compounds; and, upon standing, it yields a rather copious precipitate of iron hydrate. The following analysis by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Chemist of the Geological Su rvey of Georgia, was made from a sample of the water taken from the stone-curbed spring, a short distance north of the building; - Parts ....er C01lstituellts Determined Million Silica ....... . . .. . . . .. . .... ....... . Sulphur Trioxide .. .... .. . .. .. ..... Carbon Dioxide . .. .. . .. ...... . ..... . Phosphorus Pentoxide .. . .. . . . ...... 41 .50 6 .80 138 .60 trace Chlorine .. ...... ..... . ....... . . ... . Iron Sesqui-oxide .. . .. . ... .... . .... . Altunina .. .. . . .............. .. . .. . Lime . .. ....... ... ............. . . . 476 5.40 0.50 26.20 lVIagnesia . .. ...... .. . .. ...... . . . . 5 .91 Grains per U. S. GaHon 2.42 0 397 8.093 trace .278 .3 1 5 . 029 1.5 28 345 282 UN DERGROU/ ID WATERS OF THE PALEOZOIC AREA Parts per Million Manganous Oxide .. . .. .. . . ........ . Potash ......... . ............... .. . Soda .. . .. .... .............. .. . .. . 0.20 3.52 '5.90 Probable Combillatiolls Potassium Chloride .. .. . ....... . .... . Sodium Chloride ..... . .. . .. . ... . ... . Sodium Phosphate . . . . .. .. . .. ...... . Sodium Sulphate ....... . ........ . . . Sodium Carbonate . . .. . . .. .. . . . .... Magnesium Carbonate ... . .. . ..... . . Calcium Carbonate. ............. . .. . . Aluminum Sulphate .. . .. . .. .... .. .. . Manganese Carbonate ............ . . . Iron Carbonate .. . ... .. ..... .. .... . . 5.5 8 3.46 trace 999 16.60 12.41 46.80 1.67 0.32 7. 83 Total Solids .................... 146. ,6 Free Carbon Dioxide 101.5 2 , Grains per U. S. Gallon . .012 . 205 .927 .32 5 .196 trace .583 .968 .724 2739 .097 .01 9 457 8.5 28 5.920 B,BLIOGRAPHY. Statistics of Georgia, by George White, 1849. Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada, by Geo. E. Walton, 1872. Mineral Springs of North America, by J. J. Moorman, 1873. Mineral Springs of the United States, by A. C. Peale, Bull. U . S. Geological Survey, No. 32, pp. 8,-85. Mineral Waters of the United States and thei r Therapeutic U ses, by James K. Crook, 1899. The Mineral Springs of Georgia, by J. R. Duggan, M.D., 188 r. CHAPTER XII EXPERIMENT RELATING TO PROBLEMS OF WELL CONTAMINATION AT QUITMAN, GA.' INTRODUCTION During the summer of I903, a boring for a deep well, constructed by the tOWIl of Quitman, Ga., to impro ve its water-supply, penetrated, at a depth of I23 feet from the surface, in limestone, what appeared to be a cavity 6~ feet deep. Immediately after the cavity had been penetrated by the drill the water rose to within 77 feet of the surface, at which point it remained. In extending the bore hole beyond this depth it was fOllnd that all of the water forced into the well to carry out the drillings, and also the drillings themselves, appeared to pass off by the cavity. It was further discovered that any quantity of water, however great, that was forced into the bore hole, did not rai se the level of the water in the well above 77 feet, and, on the other hand, that continuous pumping was equally ineffective in lowering the level. After the sinking of the well to a second water-bearing stratum, at a depth of 321 feet. another well was constructed with a view of testing more fully the water-carrying capacity of the undergrOU!ld cavitYI which was supposed to be a channel o f a large subterranean stream. The second weill 6 inches in diameterl was put down a few hundred ya rds southwest of the first well, and only a few feet from the margin of Russell Pond, a small body of stagnant water occupy- 1 This paper was first pnbiished by the U. S. Geological Survey ill water.supply and irrigation paper No. 110, 1905. 284 EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION ing a nearly circular depression having the appearance of a partially filled lime sink. This well having been extended to the cavernous limestone, a canal was dug to connect it with the pond, and the water was allowed to flow from the pond into the well. The pond, which contained about one-half million gallons of water, was drained by the well in a few hours, without apoarently affecting the level of the water in the bore hole, which remained constant at 77 feet from the surface. This test was conclusive to the town authorities that the underground cavity had a capacity to carry off an illimitable amount of water, and it was at arlee suggested that the town might be able to make use of th is so-caJled underground stream for sewage dis- posal. This suggestion was soon taken up by the press of south Georgia, and within a short time Governor Terrell received a n11I1;- ber of letters importuning him to interfere to prevent the Quitman authorities frol11 using deep wells for sewerage purposes. At the request of the Goyernor, the writer, who at that time was engaged in the study of the undergroull.d waters of Georgia for the State and the United States Geological Stlrvey, made a trip to Quit- man to investigate the reports and, if they should be found true, to point out to the people of Quitman the possibility that such a sew, erage system might contam inate the wells and springs in that region. \Vhen the writer arrived at Quitman he found that the town authori- ties were seriously considering- the question of disposing of the sewage as reported. They were w illing, however, to give up the id~a of using the supposed underground stream for sewerage purposes if it could be shown that such use would prove injurious in any way whatever. Furthermore, they were willing to cooperate with the State and the United States surveys by paying the greater part of the expense of any experiments that might be necessary to establish this fact. . After some delay, arrangements were finally made with the United States Geological Survey for conducting an experiment to determine the possibility of contamination of adjacent wells and springs, the plan adopted for this purpose being what is known as the chlorine method of tracing underground watercourses. The well into which the chlorine (sodium chloride, common salt,) EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION 285 was introduced in carrying out this experiment was the Russell Pond well, referred to above. The well has a depth of I20 feet, and shows the following section: - Section of well at Rllssell Pond, Ileal' Qllitlllall, Co.. Feet I Surface sand ............ .. .... . . . . . ......... .. . . 2 2 Varicolored clay .. . . ................. .... ... . . . . . 60 3 Yellow sand ......... . .. . ..... .. ........... . ... 15 4 Gray sandy clay ............... . .... . . .. . .. .. . .. . 43 5 Limestone (water-bearing). The water, which rises to within about 77 feet of the surface, comes from the cavernous limestone found in all of the deep wells of Quitman and vicin ity. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Before the experiment is described in detail a few general notes wi ll be given on the geography and geology of the region, both of which have a certain bearing on the question 1111cler consideration. That part of South Georgia covered in conducting the Quitman experiment lies along the Georgia-Florida line, and includes the southern part of Brooks and the adjacent portions of Thomas and Lowndes counties. This part of the State is comparatively le\'el, but in parts of Brooks county the surface is more or less rolling, and depressions caused by lime sinks are occasionally seen. The streams, which all flow southward, are usually sluggish, and at points in their course frequently traverse cypress swamps of considerable extent. The springs of the region are few in number, but are usually large. They are generally found in or near the larger streams, and are often submerged during the wet season. The geology of the region is typical of the portion of south Georgia that lies' along the State line west of Thomasville, and that has been described by Spencer and others. Nearly everywhere throughout the piny woods or the cultivated fields of this section is to be seen a superficial covering or veneer of fine sand, wh ich at some points attains a thickness of 2 feet or more. This sand corresponds "286 EXPERIME N T RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION vrobably to McGee's Columbia formation, as it lies directly upon the orange and reddish Lafayette clays. The Lafayette clays, which are well exposed in numerous cuts .along the Coast Line Railroad both east and west of Quitman, are usually stratified below and massive above. On the more elevated lands they attain a thickness of many feet, but along the larger Boston FIG. 5.-Sketch M Ip showing L'>cation of the Quitman Experiment. .streams they have been partially or wholly removed by erosion so as to expose underlying clays, which at certain points along 'vVithlacoochee River, notably at McIntyre Spring, contain large masses of coral. These lower clays are probably Miocene, and belong, no donbt, to Langdon's Chattahoochee group. Beneath these Miocene clays there is a thick limestone, which is the source of the water supply of all the deep wells at Quitman, Boston, and Valdosta. This limestone seems to belong to Conrad's Vicksburg group, which, according to Dall, forms the lowest member of the Oligocene beels in the southern Tertiary series. As is ,shown by samples of borings from deep wells, this rock is somewhat variable in character, but seems to consist largely of thick beds of comminuted shells and corals interiaminated with layers of hard, .compact limestone. The upper beds of this limestone appear to be EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION 287 cavernous, for cavities, shown by the dropping of the drill. are frequently found in it in the deep wells throughout the region. These cavities are said to vary in depth from 3 to 9 feet, and are always filled with water having a static head that is 40 feet or more higher than the point at which the cavities are struck. The order of occurrence and the approximate thickness of these several formations a re shown in the section of the Russell Pond well, above given. The Boston and the Quitman wells also show similar sections. The dip of the formations is supposed to be toward the south at a few feet per mile. DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT The chlorine method of tracing underground streams, as carried out in the Quitman experiment, was adopted at the suggestion of Prof. C. S. Slichter, consulting engineer of the United States Geological Survey. A reconnoissance topographic survey of the region surrounding Quitman was made, with the view of finding all spri ngs and wells whose waters stood at a lower level than the water in the Russell Pond well, where the salt was to be introduced, altitudes being determined by aneroid barometer. From all such springs samples of water were collected for determination of the amount of chlorine present. Each of the springs and wells thus sampled was made a station from which, at regular intervals, samples of water were collected by observers who were advised how and when to collect samples. The various stations having been established and samples collected for the determination of the normal ai110unt of chlorine contained in the waters, 2 tons of salt (sodium chloride) were introduced into the Russell Pond well. 'rhe salt was put into the well in the form of solution, its introdllc.tion beginning at 8 a. m. October IS, and continuing until 8 p. m. October 20. The first ton of salt put into the well was introduced continuously for twelve hours at the rate of 166% pounds an hour, while the second ton was put into the well continuously for one hundred and twenty hours, or five days, at the rate of 16% pounds an hour. <88 EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION In order to introduce the salt into the well at the above rate and also to insure as complete saturation of the water as possible, five 50-gallon barrels were set about 20 inches apart upon a level platform at the well and connected with one another by pieces of 2-inch iron pipe, firmly screwed into the barrels by right and left screws cut on their opposite ends. The iron pipe was inserted into the barrel nearest the well about 2 inches from the bottom, while the pipe between each succeeding barrel was elevated abo ut 4 inches, so that the one uniting the last two barrels entered them about halfway up. \ iVhen everything was in read iness for the experiment to begin, each barrel was filled with salt up to the point at which the outRow pipe entered it. The water was then turned into the barrel farthest from the well through a hydrant connected with the public water supply. As the water rose in this barrel to the point of entr~lI1ce of the pipe it Rowed into the next barrel, and so on until the entire chain of barrels was filled . The water now being more or less completely saturated, having Rowed over the salt in the bottom of each barrel, was tunled into the well through a stopcock so adjusted as to deliver the desired amount of water per minute. By a nice adj ustment of the stopcock at the well and of that at the hydrant it was found that this plan of delivering a gi ven amount of brine to the well in a stated time was practically automatic, the attendant having nothing to do except to keep the bottoms of the barrels supplied with salt. DES CRIPTION OF STATIONS The stations from which water was collected were seven in nUIllber and are described below. Their locations are shown by the sketch map (fig. 5). Station No. I . - The station is the well at the public water-works, 1,000 feet nort heast of the Russell Pond well. The well is 32 I feet deep and supplies the town with water. It is cased with 8-inch casing to 122 feet, only a short distance above the first water-bearing stratum. Within the 8-inch casing is inserted a 4Y> -inch casing which extends from the surface to a depth of 309 feet, at which point it was driven securely into a hard rock so as to form what was supposed to be a water-tight joint, cutting off all the water from the EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION 289 123-foot water-bearing stratum above. The town water supply is pumped through this 40-inch casing fr0111 the second water-bearing stratum, 3 1 I feet below the surface. The second water-bearing stratum has a static head 2;)4 feet greater than that of the fir st stratum. Nevertheless, it was thought that in case the 4 0-inch casing was not absolutely water-tight at the point where it was driven into the rock, continuous pumping might lower the static head of the water from the second stratum sufficiently to set up a current from the stratum above, in which event sewage introduced into the upper stratum would contaminate the lower. Station NO.2. - This is the "Old City well," 1,500 feet northeast of the Russell Pond well. The well used for this station is 500 feet deep, and was completed in 1884. It was originally cased to a point some distance below the nrst water-bearing stratum. but its lower part becoming obstructed by sand or some other material, the 6-inch casing was burst by an explosive at the first water-bearing stratum, in order to obtain water for publi c use. "Vhile the experiment here reported was being carried on, this well, which had not been in use for some months, was connected with the pumps at the water-works station, so that the water might be procured at regular intervals. Station NO . 3. - This is the Oglesby well, located at the Oglesby Mills, three-fourths of a mile northwest of Quitman. This well was completed in May, 1903, and is only 92 feet deep. It is 6 inches in diameter and is cased to 78 feet. Th e water-bearing stratum was struck at 87 feet, at which point, it is said, the drill dropped into a cavity 4 feet in depth and immediately thereafter the water rose to within 48 feet of the surface. It will here be noted that the waterbearing stratum in the Oglesby well is much nearer the surface than the first water-bearing stratum encountered in the wells within the corporate limits of Quitman, and also that the static head of the water is nearer the surface. This difference, however, is due entirely to the fact that the ground at this point is lower than that at neighboring wells, and not, as might be supposed, to the occurrence of a different water-bearing stratutll. 290 EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION Station NO .4. - This station was established at Blue Spring, near the right bank of the \Vithlacoochee River, 6 miles east of Quitman. By aneroid measurement the spring was found to be about en a level with the static head of the water in the Russell Pond welI. so that it seemed to be a possible outlet for the supposed underground stream into which the salt was introduced. At the time the samples were collected Bille Spring was flowing approximately 15,000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. It was learned, however, that at one time during an extremely dry season, several years ago, the spring entirely ceased flowing. Station NO.5. - This is McIntyre Spring, about,s miles southeast of Quitman, only a short distance from the Georgia-Florida line. The spring is located partially in the Vv'ithlacoochee River and appears to furnish a much greater volume of water than Blue Spring. Owing to the great distance of this spring fro111 Quitman it was found impracticable to determine its elevation by aneroid barometer, but judging from the fall of the river it must be several feet below Blue Spring. A Aood in the river during the time the samples were being collected submerged IVIclntyre Spring for some time, so that only a limited number of samples were procured from thi s station. Station No.6. - This is a deep well at Boston, Thomas county, '4 miles west of Quitman. The Boston well has a depth of 290 feet and was completed in June, '900. It is reported that three waterbearing strata were penetrated in this well, at 120, r60, and 286 feet. The static head of the water in the third water-bearing stratum is said to be 69 feet above sea-level, which is 70 feet below the static head of the water in the Russell Pond' well. Station NO.7. - This station is one of the deep wells at Valdosta, '7 miles east of Quitman. The well from which the samples were taken at Valdosta was the 8-inch well, now used to supply the city water-works. This well is 500 feet deep, but its main water-supply is said to come from a stratum at a depth of 260 feet, where the drill is reported to have entered a cavity 4 feet in depth. The static head of the water now in this well is lOS feet above sea-level, which is 24 feet below the static head of the water in the Russell Pond well. EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION Additio1lal Station. - In addition to the stations here described there was also one kept up for a short time at the Quitman cotton factory; but, as the well was afterwards found not to be of sufficient depth to reach the water-bearing stratum into which the salt was introduced, it has been omitted in the tables showi ng the variation of chlorine in the samples of water collected at the various stations. SAMPLES OF WATER TAKEN 'rhe time at which the samples of water were taken at each sta- tion, the inten'als between samples, and the number of samples them- selves are shown in the following table:- Place, time, and ,,/tl1tber of samples of water taken STATIONS No. I. . . No. 2 .. . . . . ... . No. No. 3 4 ... ..." . No. s . No. 6 ... ..... . No. 7 Date of First Sample Oct. 15, 12 1I00n. do ..... Oct. IS. 4 p. Dl Oct. 16,6 a. III Oct. 19.6 n. m Oct . 19,8:l . m . ... do Interval between Samples Hours 4 4 ~ .2 24 24 24 No. 36 3' ,;0 40 an 6.6 3' a Full number of samples not collected on account of high water. b Fourteen samples lost by breakage in shipment. COHRELA'fION OF WA'tER-BEARING S'rRA'r A In regard to the different water-bearing strata above noted in the Valdosta and Boston wells it might be stated that it was found impossible, with the meager data at hand, to correlate any of them with the water-bearing stratum in the Russell Pond well. In the absence of other data, an attempt was made to correlate the strata by means of chemical analyses of the water, but the results were unsatisfactory. 292 EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION \\fhile it does not seem possible at present to cor;elate any of the strata with the Quitman stratum, into which the sal t was introduced, there is but little doubt that they all occur in the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone. Furthermore, as previously noted, the static head of the water in the Valdosta and Boston wel ls is greater than the static head of the water in the Quitman well by 24 and 69 feet, respectively. This would seem to indicate that the water-bearing strata are not continuous throughout the entire region, or that there is a flow converging toward Quitman, a condition not probable. RESULTS Station No . I. - The normal chlorine in the water-works well was determined as 5-44 parts per 1,000,000. Four hours after the introduction of the salt in the Russell Pond well the amount of chlorine in the water, as shown by the samples, began to increase, reaching a maximum of 6.80 at 8 p. m. October IS , or twelve hours after the introd UCtion of the salt. From this time on the water continued to show excess of chlorine in varying quantities for about five clays, or as long as the salt water was poured in at the other well, finally subsieling to its normal amount on October 21. Station NO.2. - The normal chlorine in the old \Vater-works well appears "to be 5.44, although a sample taken just before the experiment showed 6.12. The chlorine content of the water of this well began to ri se within four hours after the introduction of the salt, reaching a maximum .of 6.97 at 8 p.m. on October IS. from which time it gradually declined, with several fluctuations, until S p.nl. October 19, after which it remained constant until October 21, at its normal amount. Station NO . 3. - The normal chlorine in the Oglesby well is 5-44. The water of this well was examined at intervals from October 'S to October 29. From October 'S to October 21 there were some fluctuations in the amount of chlorine, which, however, appear to have no relation to the introduction of the salt in the Russell Pond well. At 12 p. m. on October 21 a decided rise was noticed, which continued until 4 p. 111. Oct'ober 22, when it reached a maximum of 6-46. It remained at this point until 12 p. m. of the same day, after EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION 293 which it declined gradually, though w ith some fluctuations, until 12 p. 111. October 26, when the normal was again reached. Station NO . 4. - The normal chlorine at Blue Springs appears to be 5.78 parts per 1,000,000. Tests were conducted from October 16 to N ovember 4, but 110 variations in the amount of chlorine which could be attributed to the salt inserted at Quitman were observed . Stalion NO.5. - The normal chlorine at McIntyre Spring is 5.78. the same as at Blue Spring. Samples were taken from October '9 to November 6, but no variations in the amount of chlorine referable to the introduction of salt at Quitman were noted. Station No.6 . - The normal chlorine in the Boston well appears to be 6.80, and 110 persistent variations were obsen-ed during the interval from October 19 to November 24. Station NO .7. - The normal chlorine in the Valdosta well is 5.-14. No variations due to the insertion of salt at Quitman were'noted. From the preceding it will be noted that only three stationsnamely, the \Vater-works well, the Old City well, and the Oglesby well- show variations which can with any degree of certainty be attributed to the effect of salt introduced in the Russell Pond well. It will be observed that the maximum amount of chlorine in the two wells first named occurred at 8 p. m. October IS, just twelve hours after the first introduction of salt into the well. As both of these wells are within a short distance of the Russell Pond well, this result would naturally be expected; yet at the same time it is difficult to explain how the salt made its appearance in the \;Vater-works well, as it obtains its supply from a water-bearing stratum that lies 200 feet below the one into which the salt was introduced. It ,vas surmised that the casing cutting off the upper water-bearing stratum from the one below did not form a water-tight joint at the point where it was driven into the rock, but allowed the water to flow downward when the pump was in action. In order to determine whether this supposition was true or not, the following test was made: - T he pump was started and run for a few minutes when a sample of the water was taken to determine the normal amount of chlorine present. There was then introduced through the 8-inch cas- 294 EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION ing into the upper water-bearing stratum IS pounds of salt in solu- tion, and the pump was again started and run continuollsly for a half hour. During the time the pump was in operation samples were taken every five minutes. A nalyses of these samples showed no illcrease of chlorine, demonstrating that the salt had not reached the second water-bearing stratum by the way of the suspected joint at the lower end of the 40-inch casing elsewhere described. Thi s test seemed to show that the chlorine in the original experiment did not reach the water in the second stratum by the way of any defect of the joint at the end of the 40-inch casing. The test, however, can hardly be considered conclusive, owing to the small amount of salt used and the limited time the pump was operated after the salt was introd uced. I t is very probable that if the amount of salt had been larger and the samples had been taken at longer intervals, the presence of the salt would have been detected . In regard to the Oglesby wel1 it wil1 be noticed that the salt was transmitted in a northwesterly direction. notwithstanding the fact that the general Aow of underground waters of the regi on is supposed to be southward rather than northwestward. In addition to the variation in the amount of chlorine here explained as probably due to the presence of the salt introduced into the Rus sell Pond well, there are also other variations which, with one exception, are unexplained. The exception referred to occurred at the old City \\later-works well. The diagram for this wel1 shows that the amou nt of chlorine in the samples taken before the experiment was much h igher than the normal. This was probably due to the presence of surface waters which had reached the water-bearing stratum below through the defective casing. CONCLUSIO NS From the notes above given on the Quitman experiment the following conclusions may be drawn:- I. The so-called underground stream, in the ordinary meaning of that term, does not exist in the wel1 s investigated. 2 . The water, which has a motion of probably not over 200 feet EXPERIMENT RELATING TO WELL CONTAMINATION 295 per hour, occurs in a porOllS, cavernous limestone, several feet in thickness. 3. Sewage introd uced into the first water-bearing stratum will contaminate all of the wells in the vicinity that attain a depth of [20 feet or more. 4. The upper water-bearing stratum in the \Vater-works well is not completely cut off from the water-bearing stratum Delow. so that the water from the lower stratum is likely to be contaminated fro11l the stratum above. CHAPTER XIII BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA The blowing springs and wells of Georgia may be divided for convenience of description into two classes: (I) those in which the air passes inward for a time, and after a short period of quiescence reverses its course; (2) those in which the amount of the air is constant and moves in one direction only. One of the best illustrations of the former class of spri ngs is the Grant Blowing Spring near Chattanooga, a description of wh i~h is as follows:- THe GRANT BLOWING SPRING is located at the base of Lookout lVIountain, near the Georgia-Tennessee line, about three miles from the corporate limits of Chattanooga. The spring has long been kn own, and is much frequented by tourists visiting Chattanooga. It may be reached by the A lton Park electric cars, ;"hich stop only a few hundred yards north of the spring. or by the Chattanooga Southern Railway. The proximity of the spring to Chattanooga and its accessibility have doubtless added much to its notoriety. In general appearance, the spring is not unlike many other bold springs met with along the eastern base of Lookout Mountain. It Rows from a fissure, at the base pf a limestone bluff, forming a good sized stream. The spring itself reveals but little evidence of the phenomenon for which it is noted. Nevertheless, the phenomenon can readily be detected by holding a smouldering match or lighted paper near the opening from which the water Rows. The motion of the air is to be seen in its full force at an opening in the bluff above, about forty feet distant ; and at an elevation of ten or fifteen feet above the spnng. At this opening, which leads down to the (2!J6 ) 'lIfE UNDERCR OUND' /VATERS OF CEO/{CIA i'LA TE'.XX// II/ BLOW I NG C A VE, DE CAT U R COUN TY , GEORG I A. TilE AG ITATED 14 Jl:AVES A B OVE TilE ~ I OUT II OF T ilE CAVE S II OW TilE Il:F FJ~C T 0 1' T II H ESCAPING CUH RE N T OF ,A IR . BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA 297 stream supplying the spring, there is, at times, a strong current of air passing inward or outward, depending on the atmospheric conditions hereafter to be discussed. The writer was informed by Mr. VV. H. Grant, the present owner of the spring, that the opening, above referred to, was formerly of sufficient size to admit the body of a man, and furthermo re that he, together w ith a civil engineer some years ago, entered the opening which leads into a cave having large chambers fifteen feet or more in height. The distance, to which the cave was explored by TvIr. Grant and hi s companion, was not measured, but it was estimated to be nearly a mile. The direction of the cave is said to extend southward parallel with L ookout Mountain. Mr. Grant reported that they noticed no current of air in the cave. This, however, may be accounted for by their using a lantern, which would not be affected except by a strong draught. The stream forming the spring was found traversing the cave. as far as the exploration extended; and many stalactites and stalagmites were reported in the larger chambers. The formati on, in which the cave occurs and frol11 ,yhich the spring flow s, is one of the lower members of the Carboni ferous rocks, known as the Bangor limestone. It consists of very pure. heavy-bedded blue or gray limestone. which attains a thickness, in the neighborhood of Chattanooga, of about 800 feet. In the imI11e(liate vicinity of the blowing spring, the Bangor limestone dips at a low angle westward toward the axis of Lookout lVIountain. It forms the base of the mountain. and, in places, extends 400 feet or more up its slope, the last outcropping being seen only a short distance below the first line of sandstone bluffs. Underlying the Bangor limestone and extending down to the Devonian black shale below, is about 200 feet of siliceous limestone, belonging to the formati on known as the Fort Payne chert. Both of these formations are highly soluble in carbonated waters; and they frequently gi\e rise to limestone sinks and caves of greater or less extent. This is especially true of the former, which contains but little silica or other insoluble material. 298 BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA At the writer's suggestion, Mr. Grant made a series of observations on the blowing spring in order to determine the time and direction of the air currents together with the relative temperature of the water flow ing from the spring and the outside air. The results of the observations, which extended from December 21 to December 26, 1905, inclusive, are embodied in the following table:- TABLE No. I I DATE TIME I TEMPERATURE IA.M lpM 1 Air IWater Dec 17 8 44 38 19 9 20 8 42 50 0 46 51 20 4 44 51 21 8 46 52 21 noon 50 55 21 4 48 55" 22 8 36 54 22 noon 52 56 22 4 46 56 23 8 43 56 23 noon 42 54 23 4 40 56 24 8 27 53 24 noon 38 54 24 4 33 55 25 8 2So 52 25 4 38 56 25 10 30 55 26 4 26 54 DIRECTION OF W1ND In I Ont Strong Very weak Strong Not so strong Weak Strong Strong Strong No current Strong '" Strong Strong Strong Strong Strong Strong Not so strong Strong Very strong \Veak current , The following barometric readings, furnished by Jvlr. L. ]\1. Tindell, Officer-in-charge, U. S. Weather Bureau, Chattanooga, Tenn., show the variations of the atmospheric pressure during the time of M r. Grant's observations : - BLOWIN G SPRIN GS AND WELLS OF GE ORGIA 29 9<- TABLE NO.2 Hourly Barometric "eadings, U. S. ~Veatlz er BlIrean, Clzattallooga, T e1ln. , December I7 to 26, 1905, I1I clusive I I I I I I I I Hour 17 18 19 20 21 I I 22 23 24 25 26 I a. m ., 29 37 2 a m. . 36 3 a. UI. .36 <1 a. lll. . 36 5 a. ~ . . . .36 6 H. m. 36 7 a. m. 37 8 a. lll . . .38 9 a. m. 39 10 a Ill . . . 40 a. 111 " 11 . "I p. m . 3~ .36 33 :2 p 1Il .. .32 3 p. m. 31 4 p. til . .3 1 5 P Ill . . . ,32 6 p. m ., .32 7 p. m. .31 8 p. m . 3 ' 9 p. m. , .30 I p.m. . . :;0 II P m. . 29 1:2 mid . :27 29 .26 . 27 .28 .26 . 26 . 25 . 24 .24 .25 '5 25 . 21 . 20 20 . 20 . 19 . 19 '0 . 19 . 21 . 22 . 2 ., 23 . 23 29 2I 22 ,24 24 .25 26 26 .28 28 28 . 26 .24 23 ' 22 .22 22 22 .24 24 . 23 . 23 23 30 . 24 29.20/2885 21 87 .20 .90 . 19 42 . 18 94 .08 97 . ' 0 . 28 12 29 02 .10 .04 05 05 ,03 .05 28 99 .05 .98 .05 92 06 .92 .OS 94 10 92 . 13 .85 .1 8 .81 .21 .84 . 24 .85 .2,5 85 .29 "5 29 84 . 29 29 30 29 . 0 9 30 .oi .30 .06 .30 .08 33 .09 33 . ' 3 ;:,3 .13 34 . '5 34 . 20 34 24 .32 .24 .28 . 25 .24 . 24 22 . 24 .22 26 .21 . 26 '19 28 . '9 29 . 19 .30 .18 .32 . ' 5 33 .".14 34 33 .06 , 33 29 35 .36 34 34 34 3 ' 36 37 39 39 . 38 37 . 36 .36 . 36 .36 37 40 4' .42 . 44 44 43 42 2942 .42 . 42 42 42 . 43 .43 44 45 44 <3 40 38 .38 38 39 40 . 42 . 43 44 45 . 45 45 45 2942 45 45 .45 45 .45 44 45 47 47 45 41 37 35 34 33 33 33 _,32 . 32 -32 .32 33 .32 BLOWING CAVE OF DECATUR COUNTY. - Another phenomenon, which may be classed with blowing sl?rillgs of the first class, is the Blowing Cave of Decatur county, located about ten miles north of vVhigham. Thi5 cave occurs in the upper layers of the VicksburgJackson limestone, a calcareous formation of great extent, constituting one of the most important divisions of the Tertiary rocks of South Georgia. The formatio n is noted for its large springs. and, also, for its numerous limesinks and underground streams.' It consists mainly of porous fOSSiliferous ljmestone, which has a gradual dip to the southward. The Blowing Cave is situated in a typical Vicksburg-Jackson limestone-sink region, about three quarters of a mile distant from what is known as the \ IVater Falls, a deep circular limesink into which a good sized stream cascades and disappears underground. In the immediate vicinity of the cave, which is located in a cultivated field, 300 BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA the surface is somewhat undulating, due apparently to surface erosion. A clump of hickories and pines marks the exact spot of the Blowing Cave. It is situated on the side of a shallow, somewhat circular limesink, about roo feet in diameter and less than 20 feet deep. On the south slope of the sink, just above the cave, is an exposure of limestone forming layers two feet or more in thickness. The Blowing Cave itself is very inconspicuou s in its quiescent state. and might be taken for a rabbit's burrow. It is said that its opening, now choked with stones and partially decomposed leaves, was formerly much larger, and that the phenomenon for which it is noted, acted with greater force. At the present time. there are visible only three small openings, or crevices, with a combined cross sectional area of less than 50 square inches. Through these crevices, at the time of my visit at 2 p.m .. December 12. J905. the air was passing outward with such force, that leaves and other light material thrown into the opening were immediately blown out. The air within was much colder than the outside air, and it readily condensed the breath of a person standing near the ca,e. As the early morning was chilly and the afternoon was warm, I would say that the outAowing air more nearly approached the former temperature than the latter. How,,er, as I had no thermometer. I ,,"as unable to verify this statement. The sound produced by the air escaping from the opening was to be distinctly heard thirty feet away. I was informed by a colored man, who lived near by, that the air passed into the cave in the forenoon and reversed its direction in the afternoon. No definite information was secured, relative to the atmosjJheric conditions during the inflowing and outAowing of the air ~ but. judging from the general statement made by the colored man. the action of the air is governed by the daily variation of atmospheric pre ssu re. THE Bos'roN 'NELL. - The Boston deep well belongs to the second class of !)lowing wells, namely, wells in which the direction of the' air is in only one direction. Boston, the town in which the well is located, is on the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, in the southeastern part of Thomas county, 12 miles east of Thomasville. It has an elevation of 198 feet above sea-level. The surface of the surround- BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA 301 ing country is comparatively level, though limesinks, produced by the subterranean streams are occasionally met with. The prevai ling rock of the region is Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, overlain by a considerable thickness of clay and sand, the upper part of which seems to be Lafayette, while the lower part is probably Altamaha grit. The thickness of these sands a!,d clays in the Boston well is 90 feet; but, at many places near the streams west of Boston, they have been removed by erosioll, and the V icksburg-Jackson limestone appears at the surface. The Boston deep wel l, which is six inches in diameter, has a depth of 290 feet. \ Vater was reported at 120, 160 and 286 feet, respectively_ The main water-supply at present is said to come fro111 a subterranean stream in the limestone, at I20 feet. The casing extends to 1 IO feet. The static head of the water in the well, when completed, was 128 feet from the surface, or eight feet below the subterranean stream. Shortly after the completion of the well, Mr. W . Z. Brantley, the mayor of the town, discovered that there was a continuous draft of air passing down the casing; and, by placing hi s ear near tl,e mouth of the well, he was able to detect a sound like running water. This indraft, :1\1r. Brantley reports, was quite strong; and it continued as long as the well was left open. I was unable to verify Mr. Brantley's statement at the time of my visit, ow ing to the well being connected with the pump which supplies the town w ith water. A similar ,vell to the above, though exhibiting no sucking phenomenon, is the first deep well put clown at Qu itman. This well penetrated, at a depth of 90 feet from the surface, a cavity in the Vicksburg-Jackson limestone, iliree feet deep, in which flows a swift stream, that could be distinctly heard several yards from the mouth of the well. TRE LESTER WELL. - This well, reported by Mr. W illi am Mil- ler, is also similar to the Boston well. It occurs on Mr. B. E. Les- ter's plantation, 20 miles south of Thomasville, near I amonia lake. Mr. Miller, in describing tl,is well, says that, at the depth of 154 feet, he struck a stream of water running so swiftly, that he could not pass a 2-pound iron plumb-bob, attached to a fishing-line, J02 BLOWING SPR INGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA through it. He reports blowing cre vices in the well at 87, 124 and '44 feet. When the well was being bored, the air from each of these cavities is said to ha ve passed in , in the forenoon, and Ollt, in the afternoon; but, after the completion of the well to the swift movi ng, subterranean stream, the air ceased to pass outwa rd, but was sucked in, with a strong, steady pull, drawing the flame and smoke o f a torch down the casing when held six inches above its o pening. This well is cased to 70 feet, below which point it is said to penetra te a soft white limesto ne. F OREST FALLS. - Forest Falls is loca\ed in Decatur coun ty, seven miles north of\Vhigham. and about three miles south of Blowing Cave. The geological conditions, met w ith in the vicinity of the Falls are practi call y tlie same as at Blowing Cave. The surface is somewhat rolling; and, with the exception of a superficial layer of sands and clays, about 30 feet in thickness, the formation consists of V icksburg-Jackson limestone. The height of the falls is about 70 feet, and the water makes its descent in a single plunge. The .stream ~orming the falls is small, furn ishi ng not over 400 cubic ieet of water per minute. The water, after its descent into the somewhat funnel-shaped limestone sinkJ makes its escape) as a rapidly Rowing stream) into a subterranean opening a few yards to the .south, and about eight feet below the base of the falls . At the time oi my visit, the rapidly. flow ing water filled the mouth of th is subterranean opening with the exception of a space of about four inches. A pine torch, held near the opening, showed a perceptible and con.stant indraft of air. Almost immediately underneath the falls and .at an elevation of about 12 feet above this opening, is a second opening, which is apparently an additional outlet to the limesink when the stream is swollen by heavy rains. The latter opening, like the former, also showed an indraft of air. Directly in front of the falls, as well as at each sideJ there is a strong current of air) both outward and upward. An attempt was made, by the use of an aneroid barOll1eterJ to ascertain the difference between the air pressure at the b ase of the limestone sink and the air outside oi the influence of the falls; but, owing to the poor condition of the instrument used, the TOsults were unsatisfactory. BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA 303 BUBBLING SPRINGS. - These springs, which may be classed with continuous blowing springs, are confined chiefly to the Knox dolomite series of Silurio-Cambrian rocks of Northwest Georgia. They often furnish a considerable volume of water, which almost invariably boils up through a bed of white sand. A good illustration of the bubbling springs, here referred to, is the Lukens Spring, located near the Southern Railway in \~I hitfield county, one mile south of Dalton. The spring is quite large; and it is reported to furnish several hundred gallons of water per minute. The bottom of the spring is covered with a layer of white sand, wh ich the water continuollsly agitates, as it forces it way upward through many small openings. Coming up with the water, at somewhat irregular intervals, are numerous bubbles of air. The total volume of air forced up in twenty-four hours is considerable, and only a short time is required to collect a sufficient amount for examination. As far as I was able to learn, the escape of air was quite constant, and unaffected by atmospheric conditions. Another bubbling spring of like nature is the Kerr Spring in Bartow county, about half-a-mile south of Hall station. The conditions and the phenomenon here exhibited are so similar to those at the Lukens Spring, that it is unnecessary to describe them . CAUSES OF BLOWING SPRINGS AND vYELLS. - The two classes of blowing springs and wells above described appear to be due to two entirely different causes. T he cause of the fi rst class of which the Grant Blowing Spring and ~he Blowing Cave of Decatur county are good types seems to be due entirely to the difference of atmospheric pressure on the outside and the inside of the cave. At the time of my first visit to the Grant Blowing Spring, I was of the opinion that the relative temperatures of the air on the inside and on the outside of the cave had something to do with the air currents, but the spring record furnished by Mr. Grant (see table 10. I) shows that the direction of the currents has nothing whatever to do with these relative temperatures. That these currents are due solely to the variation of atmospheric pressure appears to be conclusively demonstated by comparing tables No. I and No.2. The first of these tables shows, with only 'two exceptions, that at 304 BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA the time when the observations were made there was an iugoing current. Table No.2, which gives the barometric readings, shows that the time of recorded ingoing currents was during the time of increasing atmospheric pressure, and in the two exceptional cases,' which showed outgoing or no currents, the atmospheric pressure was decreasing. In other words the outgoing currents always take place during rising barometer, and the iugoing currents during fall- ing barometer. As the atmospheric pressure increases daily from 4 a. m. to 10 a. m. and decreases from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. , it follows that springs, wells and caves of this class will have an indraft in the forenoon aqd an outdraft in the afternoon. If the daily variations of atmospheric pressure were regular, the iogoing and outgoing currents would also be regular and would take place at the same time each day. However, as the daily maximum and minimum baro- metric readings may vary greatly from day to day, due to approach- ing storms or other causes, the ingoing and outgo ing currents will not always take place at the same time each day, nor will they always act with the same energy. In the second class of wells and springs, the constantly outgoing or the constantly ingoing current is entirely independent of atmos- pheric conditions. The currents whether outward or inward act with equal energy during high or low barometer, and always move in the same direction. The Boston and the Lester deep wells and , the Lukens and the Kerr springs are excellent examples of wells and springs of this class. The phenomenon which they exhibit seems to be due entirely to the friction of the air on the rapidly mov- ing current of water. This phenomenon is beautifully illustrated in the Richards water blast to be found in every well equipped chem- ical laboratory. In the Boston well, and also in the Lester well, ap- pear almost exactly the same conditions met with in Richards water blast. The well itself forms the inlet for the air and the rapldly flowing stream in the subterranean channel completes the conditions necessary for an ingoing air blast. As the air in the wells here named is constantly drawn in, it naturally follows that it must escape at some other point as an outgoing current, thus giving rise to continuously blowing caves or springs, or even to bubbling springs as the Lukens and the Kerr springs. BLOWING SPRINGS AND WELLS OF GEORGIA 305 It wi ll be seen by the description of the Quitman deep well thai not all deep wells penetrating subterranea n channels with sw ift flowing streams are blowing or sucking wells. This may be accounted for by the channel being only partially filled with water, and the ai r being abi<~ to circulate freely within. The essential conditions of continuous suction in wells is that the air once dragged into the underground stream by the friction of the water can not again reach the point of intake. The current of air above noted at the entrance of the caverns at Forest Falls is also due to the fricti on of the air and water, but as the air is free to escape upward through the mouth of the limesink, the current is feeble. In this instance if the water at the base of the faB s were to escape into a subterranean chamber and the accompanying air could not escape by the way of its entrance it would gi ve rise to a strong blast. As underground streams frequently pass from one bed of rock to another in their subterranean course, they no doubt often form waterfalls which possess all of the essential conditions necessary for producing an air blast and thus gi ve ri se to continuously blowing caves or spr!ngs. APPE NDIX A SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS I n the following table, statistics relating to the sources of water supply of 184 cities and towns of Georgia, are g iven. Every ordinary source, including ponds, streams, springs, artesian wells, dug wells, driven wells, and cisterns, is utilized. In general the supplies are reported as of ample volume and of satisfactory quality. This is especially true of the deeper wells of the Coastal Plain and of springs. In certain valleys, however, the surface deposits are of such a nature that not only are the underground waters likely to be 0 o~ Ownership. Suffici e n c y of s upply, Source of Quality. Contruni- nation. New supp lies contcmp lat ed. wells. .eeI ~ ~l~ "~b .C_ O0 Material in which .'o . wa ter .8!1;'i dO' ~]~ S occurs. ~.;i ;is 1 ~ O. ~~ O 5 .!H E 0- " '" Special uses No. Ft. Ft. Ft. Jndi- Ample ... Rani . ... None . _ None v idual . 20 40 30 Clay ...... -2J) Manu f ac- 68 t u ring. Town .. ... .do . . ... ... .do.. .... do do .. 40 '" 45 Limestone -so None ..... " ro d' 1.... dO..... Alkaline ... do. . vidual . do ..... 40 '" 30 Mica sc hist .. - 30 ... ......d o 70 City . .do..... Soft. ..... d o. _ ....d o 1 [so 25 60 300 2800 Gneiss . .. -SO Manu(ac turing. 71 l ndividual . do .... do ....do . 2S 30 25 Gneiss..... -15 None ...... 72 .do. .do Mills.. ... .do. Ample ... .. .do. _ ... .do. Hard. _ .do .. .do .. do. . .do. . Drainage Stre a m , " None ..... None . ......d o. . ......do ... .. ....do. .. do 20 S5 25 "" do '''' S50 ' SO Sand ....... ........ '65 20 30 20 Clay., -18 ........ do. 73 +28 Manufnc- 74 turing . +32 Boiler 75 -20 Man u fae_ 7' t uring , I nd i ... d o. . do ...do. . ... . d o vidual . 30 35 25 Lime- -20 M a~hi nery.. 77 stone. .. .d o... .do. _ Soft .... . do. ...d o . '0 .. do. ... do. . .do, - do._ .do. . Ha rd. . .... do. Jnsuffi- Soft. . d ent. ...do. . ...do .... 20 do. 22 ...do. N one. 40 70 50 Rock SO 35 Cla y. '0 60 .... do.. 50 40 Rock - 15 Manu(ac- 7. turing . -30 do . ..... -so 7' ...... 80 -2J) Factory. .... . 81 ... .do. .. Ample . . . .do.. ......do. ..d o ... .do .. .do. I ron ......do. .. ....do . ... .do. .. ... .do. . .. Soft. ... . Drainage ... ...do ... .do. .. Insuffi- ... .do. . . None cient. Wuterworks. ... .do. Ample .. I ro n. ...... do. . None ...... 34 65 39 .... .... None ........... 82 35 65 40 Clay . Eng ines . ... ... 83 80 35 S5 .... do. '" '0 20 -20 N one ......... " ....... do . ...... 85 30' 38 35 Roc:k . ..... - SO Factory .., .. 56 ... .do. Soft ..... do .. ... .d o. Imlu ffi dent. I Town .. Ample S of t ... do. ... Hard ..... do. .. .... d o . . .do. ......d o .. ....d o .... do ... ...do ... '" 15 35 Clay 30 50 20 ..... do. . 20 40 30 1 '1 45 40 Clay -15 None 87 -'lO Machinery. 68 -20 ....... 8. - 25 Steam.. ... ...... 00 316 APPENDIX 130urces oj wa tpr of No . County. Locality. Moat common source. Other sources. Most satisfac_ tory source. Source of publie supply. 91 Harris.. .. Hamilton.. Wells. S p r i n g s ... Wells Wells. .'" 9' ... ...do . Hart .... H e a r d . .. Waverly Hall. Bowers ville... "'1 Franklin... ..do . .. d o .. ... .. .do... 95 Henry .. .. ... Barnuton .. ......do. 96 ......do.... Loeustg rove... ......do.... None .. .. ..do Springs... . Nonc .. . ... .do .. ......do .do . .do . ......do. .......do . ......do ....... ........do .... ..do ......do ........do .. '" Houston 98 ......do... Byron. .....do.. .. Fort Valley... ... Springs. Artesian wells.. ........do .. None . Silrings ........do Springs........ 99 ......do... 100 Houston. 101 Irwin Perry Wells j }wcns .... Artesian wells.. Streams.... . Wells.. ..... .......... Powersville. . Wells. Streams Stream .. ...... .. Fitzgerald. ...... Artes ian wells .. Shallow wells. . Artesian wells .. Artesian wells ... 102 ......do.. 103 J ackson 104 ..... do. . 105 ......do. 106 ......do.. Ocilla ............. Wells. Harmony ...... do. Grove. .... Maysville.. .... .... ..do. Pendergrass ... do. Winder .. do. Lakes ........ Wells .......... .. do. WelLs .. .. ....do............... None .............. . ... do. .... .do................ ..... do. .. ....do..... ... ........ .do. .............. .. ... do.. .do.. ....... do. .. I'" ,J efl'erBon . Avera .. ....... . lOS ... ..do. . Bartow ...... ......do. ...... ......... d~ .do. ..... ......do. Artesian wells ... Shallow wells. Artesian wells ... Artesian wells ... 109 ......do. . Louisville . . llO ..... do Wadlpy .. m Laur"ns ... Dublin . .... ll2 Lee ............ Smithville.. ll' Liberty ..... Dorchester Wells.. ............... Artesian wells . Wells. ........ ... .. Wells ... ... ... . Artesian wells .. Shallow wells. . Artesian wells... Artesian wella... ......do. ........ ..... ......do. ......do. .... .....do .. Wells .. _.. .......... None .......... Wells . ......... Wells. ......do................ ......do.. ............ ......do. .... ......... ......do. APPENDIX Georgia cities and towns. Owner ship. sum- ciencyof supply. Source of Quality. contami- nation. New supplies contemplated. I dReapntghes ooJf ;' -;w-el-ls-. I -.~~%:. l.[aterial .~ E. Q, i, in which water "I ~oS occurs. o UTC!8 oj water of No. County. Locality. M08tcommon source. Other sources. Most 8atisfac~ tory source. Source of public supply, 114 Liberty ...... Hinesville 115 Lowndes .... ValdOllta. Driven wells .... Springs ........... Driven wells ... Driven wells .... . Artesian wells ... Shallow wells. Artesian wells... Artesian wells... 116 Macon ..... Marshallville 117 ......do. . ..... Montezuma .. ~18 Madison Carlton ..... do. ......do. .... do. ..... .... .... ... ....do Wells............... None ...... do ..... do Wells .. ... do............... . ... do..... Wells. 119 Meriwether Woodbury ... do. .. ...do. ......do. 120 Mitchell Pelham .... ..... .do......... d o . . . . . . . . .. ......do ............... 121 Monroe Forsyth........... Waterwor'J..s .. .. .. Wells Waterworks Waterworks ..... 122 Montgom~ Longpond ... .... Wells. ''Y. None .. ............. Wells .............., . Wells ................ 123 Morgan ... . Rutledge. ......... ......do. ......do....................do............... . .. .. .do ........... .. 124 Musc.ogee. . Columbus ........ River.. Wells River.. .. ............ River... .............. 125 Newton . .... Covington . Wells......... None ............... Weils ............... Wella .......... 126 ..... do. . ...... Newborn ......... .. .. do. do. ..... .do.....................do............... . 1Z7 Oglethorpe Lexington . ...... . do Ponds ..... .do. ... .... ....... do............... 128 Pa~lIding.. Dallas ...................do Springs ..... .do. .do.......... 129 Pickens. ... Marblehill . Springs..... ........ None .......... ..... Springs Springs ........... . :130 .... do. . ...... Nelson...... Streams............. Wells.............. Streams Streams ............ 131 Pierce. ...... Blackshear Wells................. N,,)ne ......... Wells ................ Wells ...... 132 Pike. .......... Barnesville ..... Springs............ ......do Springs ............. Springs . .......... .. 133 ......do. ...... Concord Wells ..... ..... do. Wells ............... Wells .......... .. 134 ......do........ Milner................ . do........... ... . ......do. .... ..... do................. do................ 135 Polk ......... Cedartown ...... Springe ....... ..... Wells .............. Springs .......... . Springs ............ 136 ...... do ..... Rockmart......... WelJa .......... ...... Springs........... Wells ................ Wells ................ 137 Putnam Eatonton ......... Streams. ...... ..... Wells ................... do .....................do ....... _...... APPENDIX 319 Georgia cities and towns. Ownership Suffieieneyof 'supply. Quality. Source of contami- nation. Now s upplies contemplated. Range of 0 . depths of . wells. k'l I '" " " "' Ee b .::~ .t; 0~ Material in which o water 3.8 occurs ,;; 0 ~tJ.l.:Q9!i '.! 0 "Or:;~ 1w~..+...... 5 E Special u ..... No. I Ft. Ft. Town ... 1Ampl... Iron ..... None ...... None ...... I. 2. Ft. " Sand ...... ......... 114 .. .do.... ....do.... . Hard. ... ..do. ......do. SOO 500 260 Lime- -113 115 stone. ... .do. . .... do. .... do. .... .do. ......do. 897 397 Sand ....... -121 ..................... 116 . d o. . . . .... do. ..... do. . ... .do. 60 500 .... do.. +62 ...... ...... .' ....... 117 Indi- ... . do. .... .do..... 25 30 20 118 vidual. .. do... ... .do City. .. Ample ... Soft .. None .do. ... 25 ,. Deepwell 2. None. ,.SO 30 Clay ....... 50 25 50 Clay . ..... -80 119 120 121 ... .do. . ..... .d o . . 30 60 122 Ample. Hard. . ..... .do. 25 50 80 Schist... -20 None ... ....... 128 Indi- .... do. .... Soft .... .. None ...... Spring... 2. vidual. 80 25 Sand ..... - I ' Manufac_ 124 turing . . do. .do..... .... : do. Water- 35 25 Granite. . - I ' Ginning........ 125 do. .. Insuffi- .... do... ......do.. works. None .... 40 ,. 60 Clay . -30 None. ...... ..... 126 dent. .. do. do Ample ... Soft .... .. None ...... None ... do.... .... do.... 20 80 Granite .. -20 ........ do ...... l2'l 25 50 35 .........do ...... 128 .................... 129 .... do.... .... do.... Soft. None ...... None ..... 50 100 3. Mica -20 Milling ......... 130 schist. ....do.... ..do. .... Hard. ... Town ... .do..... .... do. None Artesian 15 well. None .... .. 20 ... Indi- .... do. Soft ...... .....do.. . vidual . ..do. . .. 25 65 65 Clay ....... -20 None............. 131 35 25 ..do.... -20 Manufac- 182 turing SO 25 ......do..... -25 None............ 183 .... do.... .... do. ...do..... ..... do..... do. . 15 30 20 ..... do . ... -12 Ginning.. ...... 134 .... .. City Ample.. . Hanl .. None ..... None .... 20 40 30 Clay........ -30 Manufaetur- 135 lng. ..... Indi- ...do ... do ..... . ....d o ...... ....do ...... 20 120 30 Lime_ -15 None ............ , 186 vidual. ... do .. . ...do ...... SOft. ...... ....do ...... .. ..do ...... 35 ,. stone. 60 Sand ...... ......... ..... do ........ L'l7 320 APPENDIX SUUTrfS of waieT oj No. County. Locality. Most eommon Other 8OUrees" Most satisfae- Source of pub- source. tory source. lic supply. 188 Randolph ... Coleman ........... Wells ............. Springs ............ Wells. ................ Wells ............... 139 ..... . do ..... Sheilman ......... Artesian wells... Shallow wells ..... do 14Q Richmond... Augusta .......... River ............... Wells ............ River , _, .... do ............ River ........... .. 141 Schley.. Ellaville .... ..... Wells ................ None .............. Wells " Wells ............... 142 Screven., .. Oliver ....... . .. .do Driven wells.... Driven wells.... Driven wells .... 143 do ..... Rockyford . .... Arlesian wells.. SurCae;e wells.. Artesian wells... Arlesian wells... 144 Stewart ..... Lumpkin ......... Springs ............ Wells .. ............ Springs Springs 145 .._ .. do ...... Omaha Wells .......... Springs............ Wells .... Wells . ... 146 Sumter .. 147 do Amerie;us........ Artesian wells. Shallow wells... Artesian wells.. Artesian wells... Andersonville. Bored wells ..... Springs ... Wells ......... 'Veils ... ........... .. 148 . do... DeSoto ........... Artesian wells ... Shallow wells.. Artesian wells... Artesian wells... 149 do Plains . ..... Wells ................ None ............... Wells .. ........... \Vells ............. .. 150 Taliaferro .. Crawfordville... ......do ... ..... Springs ...do ......... .. .....do .............. . 151 .... .. do .... 152 ...... do .... 153 Tattnllll. Nye .......... .... Sharon .. . Claxton .. .. .....do ......... ..... None .. .. .do ........... .. do ..... ...do ..... Driven wells .. do ............ .. . do .............. . . do ......... .. .. do ............... ......do ...... Driven wells ...... 154 ..... do ...... Glenville ......do ..... .... .. ...... do ..... ....do ........... 'Vells ............... 155 ..... do ...... Hagan ....... ..... ......do ...... do .. .. ....do ............. Driven wells ... .. 156 ...... do ...... Reide.ville.. ......do .. None ............... ...do ............... Wells .............. ...1 ...... 157 Taylor ...... Butler ............ .. ....do ............ do do ............. ..... do ......... . 158 Terrell ...... Bronwood ....... Artesian wells... Shallow wells.. Shallow wells... Shallow wells 159 Thomas ...... Boston .... ......do ..................... do ............ Artesian wells ... Artesian wells ... ISO ...... do Cairo .......... Wells ................ None ............... \Vells ............... Wells ......... 161 ... do ...... Chastain ......... ......do .............. ...... do ...... ..... ......do ......... ..... ......do ........... 162 ...... do ...... Meigs.....................do ............. ...... do ..................do .. ......... ......do .... .......... . . AI'PJ!..N.PIX '32 ,' Source of Quality. cont" m- ination. N.w supplies contemplated. L! i ;Range of depths of I we118. O ue~. Material .~ S in which ~'" water 0.. occurs. --.50.... g Special U~. No_ AmPI..1 Indi- ViJUlll. Sort . None ...... None. Ft Ft. I Ft. 40 00 40 Sand. ... ... None "Town do . . do do Sulphur ...do .. _. . . d o ... d o . :l ndi- Ample ... do , ' idun!. .. do .. d o "Town "' do do Inoi- do. . do 'ViduaL None. ... .do . .do ...do ......do 40 do. 80 do ..... 30 '" do .. do 150 do 50 30 50 40 .... do 70 40. . d o 70 60 . d o 25 24 ..... do. 200 187 ..... do I 00 60 ..... do. '0 40 Gcu"cl Ginning. -20 Ma ', ufa clul" 1(0' i ng. N.." e 1< , - , .. do . do ...... ,. 143 -351. . .do '44 ......... . 145 ~ itl' .. do l oui- do vidual. .. do do J ndi - do "VIJ U"1. Hard ," ....do Soft . ...d o . None.. ...do . do . . do. ... do ....do .. do ...... do . do do. '00 1.725 400 Sand 40 70 65 11.... do -20 S team . ..... .. ' 4(; 1&Ilcr pur- 147 l/ asCI;. 250 265 265 Rock 1 25 50 50 Sand -13 l N onc .... . do '" 1<: 9 I 35 '0 25 Clay.. .... -25 Engi nes, .. . ' 5} do do Hard . .....do" d o ..... 2S do do Soft .... do ......do. 22 do 0 I'sum do clt'nt Drainage ... . do . '" . do Amille .. None '" A r t es ian well. do ... do Hard , " do. In...uffi- Soft ........do . . Artesian " 18 cien t well. ,d o. A mple do .. . . d o '1onl:: ..... 80 do ,_ I ns ulti_ ckllt ... .do do 30 " I, and........... None Hi l 26 25 Clay.. ....... . d ol If2 25 25 ....do . ...... do 153 30 20 ....do ... do '5' lB 18 ....do I" 20 18 ....do . -6 Nunc 156 90 40 jSand .... . -30 do ......... 151 00 80 Rock ..... . - 35 Machincry ... 158 "Town.. Aml, l~ FJa rd ,.. ....do I nn iv idual. Soft.. ... .do ... do 290 286 Lim e -128 Manufactu r. l Eg Btone. ing. 25 40 25 160 ... do _ ~o Am ple ... ....do ........ ........... .... None . ..... 20 ...... ............... ......... ..................... 161 30 2O . Sand ..... ~ None ............ 162 322 'APPENDIX! SQUf"Ce3 o.lwater of No. County Locality Moat common Other I50UrcetI MO.!It utisfac- SOUr! of pub- 00."", tory eource lic supply 163 Thomas .... Oehlochnee...... Wells............... None .............. We'ls ............... 'Veils ............. . 164 Town. ....... Hiawaasce ...... do ...... ..... do ................do ............. do 165 ...... do ... Young Hania 166 Troup ........ Mountville ..... , ..do ......... ..... Springs........... ......do ............... do do .............. None .............. .... do ........... .. ... do 167 " ... do Westpoint ...... River ......... Cisterns ......... Rive r ........ ...... River .... ...... ..... 168 Upson 169 ...... do 170 Walker 171 Walker 172 Walton Thomaston ...... Wella ......... None ............ WelIs .............. Wells .......... ..... . yatesville .............do ............... Cedargl"Ove ...... Springs ........... Wells .. ........... Springs ........... Springs ........... Lafayette ........ Wells .............. \Vells ............ . \Vells ............... . l'Itonrue ..... ...........do ... ............ None ........ . ... ... ......d o ................. ....do .............. . 1'13 Ware ........ Wares boro... ......do ............... ... .. . do ... .............. do ............. do ............. 174 Warren ..... Barnett .. ......... ..... do ............... Springs..... .............do .............. .. do ............... 1'15 \Vash'gton. Harrison.... ..... ..... do ............. None ........ ........... . do .................... do .............. 176 ...... do Sandersville...........do .............. 17'7 Wayne Jesup............... ......do ............... Artesian well!. Artesian wells .. Wells ............... . 178 ...... do Waynesville.. .........do ............... Sprina:s ................ do ................... do ............. 1'19 Whitfield ... Dalton ............. Springs ............. Wells ............... Springs ............ Springs ........... .. 180 ..... do ...... Tilton ...... .. ...... Wells ......~........ None ............... Wells ........ ...... Wella ............... . 181 Wilcox. .... Abbeville ........ Artesian wells... Shallow wells.. Artesian wells ... Artes ian wells... 182 ...... do ...... Seville . ............ Wells ............... Artesian wella. 183 \Vorth. ....... As hburn ........._ ......do -............ None ...... ........ Wells ............... \Vells ................ 184 ...... do ...... Willingham ...........do .................... do ........... .. ...do ... ................ ..do ......... ...... APPENDm 323 GQlrgia citif" and tMOn!. Ownertihip sum eie 'lcyof lIypply Qua ily Source of contami- nation New supplies contem_ p ia... Range of depths 0 1 wells !.. .-- EI 0 I ~ I? uQ. Material '<~ in which ~. water S~ occu rs :; ~ Q ~>l-.s S" oiI:"'a ..'...i1I0,,.50 00 ~ , 0 ~ .~-+ E .~ ~ Special uses No I ntli vidual do I Soft .,.... None Insuffi- Iron .....I....dO dent. Fl Ft. Ft. None.. ..... 20 .0 20 Clay ....., .................... 163 do .... 30 35 35 -'lO None ..... .... , 164 do ... do ""It ...do .. .. .... ............... ......do ..... Han! None .....do ..... 80 20 '" as Gravel .. - 30 do ......... 165 70 35 1 Odor Tnste S ed I~ Mi nera I mcnt deoosit Quality 2& Doug las.... Lithia S prings... E . W . Ma rsh estate None .. .. . Saline..... N one ... None ... .. Saline _..~ 2'1 F loyd Armuchee ._...... J . F . Martin................00 None .....do '.......do ... Hard 28 ....d o ... COvespr ings ..... . COvesprings . ............_do ...... .....do ...........do ...d o 29 ......do .. ...... . Coosaville. .. ..... Mitche ll Cooper..........d o ...d o ...... Some ... N on e so .do ......... Floyd S prings .. Mrs. E. T. Ma ni- .....do ........ ...do . .. Small ... I ron. .. Iron, Sul- "'n. ph ur. 31 ..do Linda le ...... ...... T . H. Booze .....do ...... Iron......... No ne n. No ne ...... Hard 82 ..do 33 .....do " ......do 35 ...do 86 ...do .. . Nea r- Rome" . M.rs. Battey..... .....d o ...... None ..........do . .. ...d o .. ...d o ......do ..... .... ...... M rs. M . E. Bu nt. ........do ..d o ...........do. ..."d o ...... Soft .... G. J . Bryant........... ..do . .........do ...... Hard ... N ear Rome....... A lex J ohnstone. . .....do ...do ...... None .. None ...d o ............ J . H . Reese .....do ...........do ...........do. .. ...do ..........do 37 ......do . ... .. Alex Smit h ..do .....do. ...do. ... ..do 38 .... ..d o .... .... J . P. Tippens.............d o .....do . . None ........do . .....do 8' ..do 40 ..do 41 Fulto n .... . . ....d o .....d o Nea r Atlanta..... W . M. Dockins. .....do .......do ...........d o ..do ............ Soft .. ..d o ...... None ... None 42 ... ...do. Atlan ta. Pone;e Atlanta................. None ...... None ...... I ron .. " Iron ......" I ron .... .. Dc Leon. .. . .d o . . Atla nta, Inman Atlanta .......... ..... .......do .. Par-k. ..do ..... N one. ......do .. ....do ..do .. Nca r- AUanta..................... .. ................. do ... _ ......d o .....do .. None . ......do . .do. ..............do ......... ...... Atlanta Minera I ..... do ... _ ......d o "do. .. ..d o .... SQft Water Co. (6 Gilmer- Whitepath .... ..... J. M. Dorn. ..................do ..... I ron ........ Iron ... .. Iron ....... Iron .(7 Gordon _.. 'as h ................. - - Dew................ ......do ..._ None . .... None ... NQne .... Ha rd .. .... 48 B a ll .. Bowdre.. .........._ ..... ........................ Sulphur _ Sulphur _ Yes ..... Sulphur- . Sulphur- __ 49 ......d o Ga inesville _...... J . W. Os lin .... .. ...... N one .. .. . None ..... Iron ..... I ron .. .. .... I ron .. 50 ......do ...............do ............... P~let ~anu fae;- .....do ...... ..._ d o..... None ... None .. ... Ha rd tu r-mg L;o. 51 B arr-b ...... . . Wutpoint .. .... ... . C. Blaatoa.. ....... .. ...do .... .. _...do ....... .. ......... I ron ........ Soft 52- L umpkla ..... D~......... W. P. P rice........_.... ...do .. .... .....do ......................do ..... . I ron 63 .. .. ..do. .... ..... .._ .do. ____ _ B. B. lJDdvwood.. _ ._do ...... ..._do .... .. S mall ._ Yes ........ Soft ..._... 'dPPENDIXJ P ri ncioal m in _ e ral ur Itaseo us c:on~lit ue ntll S uppl y pe r mi n- u"' Manner of emer- genee Material from which !!pring is- auea Ago otm.te-l rial fTOm whi~h 8p ri ng ...u ~ U"'; Improvements Sodium c h lo r ide. ... Stream ... fo neisa . ... ..... U nknown..... ... Medicinal'............ Hotel. .tc............ 2& Lime carbonate ltlnny......00 ...... Limestone . .. ... ..._.......... ..... Dorneat i ............ _..._......... .......... 27 .....d o 20 ..do .... ...00 ,. ....do ......... Cambrian........ Drinking ............ None ................. . 2. ......... ......... ...... .................. Domes tic .......__ ........do ......... ..... Iron ....... ...d o . .. .... .. ..... .... ... Cambrian....... Non e .... . .......... .. .. .....do ... .. ....... . 3 Li nes to ne... fa n,.......do Lhneetone . .. ... ......do ..... .......... .. ....... ..............._ ..do ............... . 81 ....do .... ...do . .....do ..............do ... .... ...........do ......... None ................ _ ...110 .............. 32 ......... ..................do ........do " .d o ........... .....do .............. . .....d o .............. . Lime ...d o ........do .. Limellw ne . .. ......d o ..do .. ............. 24. Lime carbonate 7 ...do . . . Rock. .... .. . .d o Domestic .................._d o .. .. Li me. ..... Ma ny.. .....d ...... Limest one .. .. ..do ................................ ....d o ..d o ...do ........do ....do .d o ........................... . ......do ........d o. . 0 .......do ..do .....do ............. ............. ..do .....do . ...do .......do . .....do .. .. ...... ........do ..... ..85 s. .as . .. ....d o ..do .do ... U n k n own. ..... . 4. S ilica ............... Sev'l. ..do ...... Granite.... .............do ......... Domestic ............ No ne ...... ............ 41 lron. ........... Seep.lilge . Gne isa . ......... Unknown.... Medicinal .................d o . ............... 42: ...... do ... ...d o ......do......... .do ... ......do .............. .. ......do . .. ... d o None. ~1 ... ...d o ..... .do..... .do S Stream ... ......do.. .do .... ..d o .......... ......do ......do ............... .do .... ......... ............... lofan y.. 1,.200 Lime Carbona te. -_IL.- do Slates.. Cambrian(!) ........do ................ Hotel, etc .......... 46 .d o ... ...........>....-.ne.... Unknown _ Milling ......... ...... None ..... ............. 47 I H yd r ogen. Sul- Few .................. Schists phid e. Iron. .... F ew ... Seepage .......do. ..do ........... . Medicina l ..... ... .... H otel ......do .... ........ ... .. .d o ............... _ None ...... ............ .4' N o ne. .... .. ......... Many . Stream ........do. _.. .................... .......... Domestic .................do ......... ......_ ro 600 .. ....do. _... Grav eL..... ................_......... Milling, drinking ......do ... ...... ........ 5l! Iron. ......... ............ ..... _ Seepage .. Sch ista ......... U n k now n.... .... Medicinal .... ....... .... .. .do ................ . 52 ~ '" ...:....:..................... ...._ S tream ... ......do._......... .... :.d o ............!Domestle. ........_ ......110......_. _ _ 330 ARPENDIX, Miaeellaneous sprtng No. County Locality Owner Tute Setliment Mineral Depcsit Quality 54 Lumpk in.. .. Porter Springs. Mrs. Garrie Farrow N one ..... None ...... None ... None .. I ron 55 Meriwether. Bullochville ..... United States fish - .....do ..........do ...... 'n' 56 ......do Warm Springs .. ChWJ. Davis... ...do ..... ..do Sof t Hard ... ... 57 Murray ..... Carters ........... S. M. Carter's ES- ....do .. .... Lime. tate. .. ...d o . .58 59 do ..... . Cohutta Springs H. D. Huffaker...........do . Iron ........ Iron..._ Iron ......do .....do........ ........ .....do ...........do .....do ...do .."'0 .. FortMounbin ... Mrs. Starll.. ..... ..........do ..... None ...do . .....do (n>n ..do ... . ....do . 61 ...do Springplace ...... C. A. King. . ...do ... ... I:.ime.. None ... None ...... Alkaline.. 62 ..... .d o. ... ..do............... A. L . Keith .. .....do ..........du .....do .................. Hard ...... f3 Polk ... Arago n ....._...... Aragon Mill .. .....do ..... None .....d o .. None ...... .....do ... 64 ..... .do .... ..... Cedartown........ - - Dodd .....do .....do . ...do ..do .... ... ..do ..... . 65 ......do . ......do.......... ..... - - Green........ ..... ...d o .....do . .. .......d o .....do. ...do ...... ...do .do. ............... - - Peek ....................do .....do .....do ........do ..do ...... (;7 ....do ......do. .. ..... J. H. Philpot .............do .......... do ..........do ........d o ...do . .,68 .do .... do 70 ..do 11 ......do ......do. ........... ... ,V. R. Ray.............. . ..... Sulphur. . Some ... Some .....do .do ... J. O. Waddell None ..... None ...... None .. None ..........do .do. ........ - W eat....... . .....do ..... . .....do . ..._do ........do .do ..... .... Pasco.. . N. Cochran.................do ...... Lime.... .......do . ..do ..........do do ......... Rockmart ......... R. W. Everett........ .....do Non e ..........do .......do ...do 73 ......do ......... .....d o............. loin. J ones................_do ..d o ...do ... ..do . .....do ..... . ....do ...............do. .............. G. W . Mo rgan .............do . .... ..d o ...........do .. . .do .do. .. Porte r JonC3. ...... ... _...do ..........do ...........do ... None ..... Hard .. d o .do. ... ................................. ..........._do .....do ._do ......_do ...........d o '77 Sumter. ... ... Americus.... ....... C. A. Chambliss.... . .. _do ...... .....do ...... ...do .......do ...... Hard(!) . _ 78 .....do .......... .....do................ Lee Hansford... ..... _...do ..........do ....... ....do ... .....do ...... Hard ..... . 19 ......do ... ...... Leslie .............. J. M. Summerford_ .....do ...... .....do ...........do ........do ....... ....do ..... . APPEN D!XJ records oj Georgi(l~ - Sup Principal min p ly eral or RaseoUIil oer conlltiluenl.3. min u '~ l-~ ~ M anne~ Materia l from which of erner- spring gence. luues.. Age of mate. rial from which spring iuues. u.... 33 1 Improvement.. No. Galho 2 Stream.. .. Sch ists ......... Unk now n ...... D~i nk ing. bath- Hotel f or 125 54 lng. g u ests. Silica 2,025 .....do...... Qu artzite............do ............ United States Va rious............... 55 fi.she r y . Lime. Lime carbonute. Iron ... ....d o. ...... do. Lime carbonale. .do . 1,890 .do...........do................deJ ............ Bath ing ............. Large hotel, ete... 56 ......do. .... Limestone..... Silurian ......... Drinking ............ None .................. 57 }II ..... .do. Blnck shale .. Algo nk ian(?} . Me..rtesian Wells..... 68 Knox Dolomite, The . .. . . . . . .. 38 Franklin Spring .......... .. ... 230-231 L Fulton County ............ . ... 198-200 La Fayette, The ............... 30-31, 42 G Laurens County ....... ...... .. 132-133 Leal'Y Artesian Wells ..... . . ... 72 Garnet Spring ................ 236-237 Lee County ............. .. .... 13 3-137 General Notes on the U nder- L ...~sbu rg A r tesian Wells . ..... 133-135 ground Waters . . .. . . .... .... (0-47 Leslie Artesian Wells ......... 170 Geography and Geology of Quit- Lester Blowing Well .......... 301-302 man Section ................. 285-287 Lester's Spring ................ 51-52 Geology ..................... .. 28-39 Libe rty County ................ 137-139 Geologic Conditions in the Pale- Limestone, Ban gor, Th e ....... 37 ozoic ............ . .. . ........253-254 Chickamauga, The. .... . ... 38 Glynn Co unty .............. . . .111-119 Vicksburg-Jackson, The... 33 Spl'ings of ................ 111 Lindale Springs ............ 270 Gordon Artesian Well . .. ...... 195 Lithia Springs H otel Well 206 Gordon Spring ....... ... ...... 273-274 Lookout Mountain Deep Wells. 261 "GOwer Spring ..... .. .......... 235-236 Sandstone, '.rhe ............ 37 Grant Blowing Spring ......... 296-299 Louc h W e ll .. 208-200 Grant Spring ................ . . 2(5-246 Louisville Artesian 'Veils ...... 125-126 Grit. The Altamaha ............ 31-32 Louls\'i1le Oil Prospecting Wel1.128-131 Groves Station Artesian Wells. 175 Lowndes County ... ... .. . 139-142 Guyton Artesian Well ......... 108 Lukin's Spring...... 265 Lumber City Artesian Wells ... 172-173 R H agan Artesla.n Well .......... ,. Lyons Artesian "Well 170 171 Hamilton Spring ......... 270 "H ardaway Station Artesian Well ........ 103 H a wkinsville Artesian Wells .. 153-15( Herndon Artesian Well 64 Rlggston Artesian Well ... 151 Houston County ........ 120-121 Hughes Mineral ,Yell .......... 262-263 Huguenin Artesian Wells 169 Huston Spring ......... 266 )'lacon Artesian 'Veil (Acme Brewing Company) .. . 56 Macon Coun ty .............. . .142-145 Madison Spring.. . .247-248 Major M ineral Spl'ing .... 276-277 Manassas Artesian Well.... 1il Manganese Ore in Creyton I s la nd We ll .. . ....... .. 1 50 f.'larlon County ................ 146 Marshallville Artesian Well ... 144-145 I Martin's Mincral Spring ....... 274-275 McArthur Artesian Well ..... .. 150-151 Impe rmeable Rocks ........... 21 Indian Spring ........... ... ... 223-22( Inman Park MineraI Spring.... 232-233 Introductor y .................. 17-22 .Irwin County .................. 122-124 Irwinville Artesian Wells 194 McDuffie County .............. 211-212 McFarland Spring.. .. ......... 266 McIntosh County .............. 14.7-150 McIntyre Spring .............. 58 McRae Artesian Well....... . .. 172 Me dlock Well .................. 207,-208 Meldrin Artesian Wells ......... 108-109 J Midville Artesian Well ........ 65-66 Midway-Sabine Horizon, Fossils Jef'ferson County .............. 124-131 from ........................ 335-336 Jekyl Isla nd Artesian Well. .. . 114 1\'lldway~Sablne , The.. .. .... . .. 34-35 Jes up Artesian Well . .. .... .. . 190 Millen Artesian Wells .. . . ..... 159-160 ..Johnson County . . ...... .. ..... 131 Milltown Artesian Well ....... 55-56 INDEX Page Mineral Constituents 01' Coastal Plain Deep Wells ......... . . 48-49 Mineral Spring (Blue or Wade) 58 Mineral Springs, Definition 01' .. 21 7-218 Description of ............. 222-223 of the Paleozoic ........... 271-282 Mineral Waters, Bibliography of 282 Miocene, The ................. 31- 32,43 Miocene Horizon (Including Up- per Oligocene), Fossils from. 358-359 Miscellaneous Spring Records .. 325-333 Mitchell County ............... 147 Montezuma Art~slan Wells .... 142-144 Montgomery County ........... 150-151 Mountains, Appalachian, The .. 25-26 Muscogee County ..............151-152 Moultrie Artesian Wells 84-85 Page Pleistocene, The ............. . . 29-30 Pliocene Horizon, Fossils from. 360 P liocen e, The .... . _.... . ... 30-31, 42-43 Ponce de Leon Spring .. . . . ... _23 1-232 Porosity of SoIls _.. .. __ ....... 17-1 8 Porter Springs ... _.............242-243 Potomac, The ........... _. . ... 36 Poulan Artesian Wells ........ 196-197 Powder Springs ............... 224-227 PreCipitation, Rate of ......... 19 PretorJa Artesian Well .... . .. 103-104 Pu)askl County ......... 153-155 Quitman Artesian Wells 59-60 N n Newton Artesian Well 52-53 o Ochwalkee Artesian Well 151 Ocilla Artesian Wells .... . .. 123-124 Olterman Artesian Well ........ 152-153 Oglesby Mill Artesian Well. . 60 Oglethorpe Artesian Well..... . 144 011 Prospecting Well at Doctor- town.... . ........... 190-192 Louisville ................. 128-131 Old Danville Artesian Well. ... 169 Old Town Artesian Wells... 126 Owen's Ferry Artesian Wen 70 p Paleozoic. Common Springs of the ........... 264-271 D eep Wells of the .253-254 Mineral Springs of the ..... 271-282 Rocks, The ........ . .... _. 46-47 Shallow Wells of the _. _... 261_263 Springs of the ....... _.... 263_281 Parker :Mineral Spring . _ _241-242 Pelham Artesian Well . _ 147 Penia Artesian Well 96 Permeable Rocks " 21 Perry Artesian Well ....... .. 121-1 22 Phoenix Spring 269 Phosphoric Acid In Deep Well 'Vaters . . ....... .. .... . 49 Physiographic Features of Geor- gia ........... _. ........ 23-27 Piedmont Plateau, The.. 24-25 Pierce County.......... . .. 152-153 Plneora Artesian 'Veil.. lug Pineview Artesian Wells 194 Plateau, Cumberland, The 27 Piedmont, The ..... _. . ..... 24-25 Rainfall in Soils, Distribution ot 20-22 Randolph County ........... . .155-156 Rate of Precipitation .... . ..... 19 Record of Abbeville Well..... . 193 Adel Well ..... . . ....... 53 Albany Well " .... .... . 98-99 Americus Well 167 Arlington 'Well it Armena ,VeIl .. llSti Bainbridge ,\'ell ....... 88 Bartow Well ........... 128 Blakely " Tell ....... 105-106 Boston "\,\Tell ... .... ... ... . . 180 Bradley Well .. ............ 165 Brunswick Wells _......... 112 Buena Vista Well ......... 146 BYl'omvill e Well ......... 96-97 Byron Well ... " ... .. 122 Coney Wells .... . ..... 93-94 COrdele 'Veil ...... ... 91 Crispin Well ....... . ..... 118-119 Darien t'\'ell ............... 148 Davisboro Well............ 189 Da wson Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Doctortown Well ....... . .. 190-192 Doles Well ................195-196 Donaldsonville Well . . ..... 87 Ducker's Station Well... .. 103 Fitzgerald Well ........... 122 Fort McPherson Wells.... . l::u2 :Ji'Ol't Valley Well .......... 120 Guyton Well .............. 108 Hagan "Tell............... 170 Hardaway Station Well ... 103 Hawkinsville Well ........ 154 Jesup Well ...... . ....... . 190 Kara Well ................ 107 Leary Wells..... ..... . ... . 72 Leesburg Well.... ........ . 134 Louisville Oil Well ........ 128-131 INDEX P age Record of Louisville Well...... 125 Page- s Lumber City Well... . . . .. Marshallville Well ... .. .. . McArthur Well......... . .. 172 145 151 Samples of Water taken tOr Well Contamination Experiment ........................ 291' Midville Well ............. Mtllen Wells ..... . ........ ):Iontezuma Well..... . .... Newton Artesian Well ..... Ocllla. Well . . ............. 65 160 142 52 124 Sandersville Artesian Wells .. .lS5-1ST Sand Mountain Deep Wells..... 261' Sandstone, Lookout, The ...... 37 Walden, The .............. 37: Sani tar), Analysis of 'rhomas- Pelham Well .............. 147 ville Artesian Water ........ 178-179' Perry Well . . ....... . . . .... 121 Sasser Artesian Wells. . .... 175 Pineview Well....... . .. . . 194 Satilla B l uff Artesian Wells 70 Poulan 'VeIl . . ...... . . . ... 196 Savann ah A r tesian Wells... 73-7 6: Quitman 'Veil 59-60 Scarboro Artesian "'ell ..... . .162-163 Reynolds 'Veil .... .. . . .. 171 Schley County ............. 159' R ichwood Well.... ... . . .. Rochelle Well ......... . .. . 95 193 Scott. V';r. 1\1., Deep 'Vell . . .... :258-259 ScreYm County .... . .159-164 Rogers Well ............. Sa.ndersville Well ..... . ... Sasser Well...... . ........ 65 186 17 5 Shale, F loyd, The 37 Shallow 'Veils.... . .21 2-217 Definition of ... .. ......... 19S Savannah Well.... . . . . . ... 75- 76 of the Paleozoic............ 261-263 Scarboro Well ........... .. 162 Shellman Artesian \'i'ell ....... 155-156 Shellman Well ........... 156 Silvan Mineral Spring .... 243-244 Smlthv1Ile Well ........ . .. 135 Siloam Spring ................. 233-234- St. Simon's Island Wells . . . 115-116 Silurian, The ............. 37-38 Sylvania Well ............ 1ti2 Smithville Artesian "'ells 135 Tarboro Wells ............ 69 Soil Filtration .... . .... 40 ' TennllIe Well ............. 187- 188 Source of Water Supply ot CIties Thomasville Well ....... 177 and Towns .,.,..... . .... , .307-323' Thomson Well ............ 211 Spring, Aragon ............. . . 268! UnadIlla Well ............. 95 Argon .250-251 Valdosta Well ......... 141 Big .. ,............ 268; "'adley 'Veil WaycrOss We11 127 ....... 182-J 83 Blowing ... , ... , ..... ' 266: Blowing, Grant .. 296-299 'Vaynesboro ,"Veil .... 63 Blue 51-52 Springs. Miscellaneous ... . 325-333 Bluo ... . ..221-222. Residua l Clays. 'Ve 11 s In ...... . 2J6-217 Bowden Lithia .... 228-23'0' Results of Experiments on Well Cascade . , . 218-219 Con tamlnatlon ...... 292-294 Cave ... ,...... . . ... 266-267 Reynolds Artesian We11 ..... 171-1 72 Cedartown .... . . . ....... 267- 268- Riceboro Artesian We11s .......137-138 Chalybeate .... . ....... , ... 245-246 Richland Artesian Well 1 65 Richmond County ............. 156-157 Richmond Artesian Wells .... . 94-95 Cherokee ...... , ...... 272-273 Cleghorn ......... , . . ... ,.. 269 Col d ...... , .... . .......... 220-221' Crawfish .. " .......... , ... 264-265 Ripley, The .................. . 3. Daniel Mineral ........... 240-241 Rochelle Artesian Well ... . Rocks of Coastal Plain. Sub- divisions of ......... . Rockwood Formation, The 193 28-29 38 Dew's Mill .............. 265 Dockins ................... 21 9' Eady Mineral ..... . . ..... 251-252' Everett ..... . ............ , 280 Franklin ........... . ..... ,230-231 Rocky Ford Artesian Wells 161 Garnet ......... . .......... 236-231 Rogers A'rteslan Well . .... . .... 65 Roland Springs ......... . . ... . 280-281 Gordon ....... .. .. . . . .. . .. 273-274' Gower ........... . .. . ..... 235- 235' Grant .. . ......... .. ..... 245-2 46' Rome Petroleum & I ron Company's Wells ..... .. . . . . . .... 259-260 H amilton . . ... . .. ........ 265-2 66' Hampton ........ . .... . ... 27 9 Rounsavllle SprIng . . . . . .... . . . 270 H uston ......... . ... ...... .. 26& INDEX Page :Spring, Indian ............ .. ... 223-224 Inman Park MineraL ....... 232-233 Kensington . . .......... , .. 269-270 I{err's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Lester's ................... 51-52 Lukens ..... . ....... . ... ,. 265 Madison ............... , ... 247-248 Major Mineral ......... 276-277 Martin's Mineral ..... .. ... 274-275 Mc Farland ....... . .. . ..... 266 McIntyre .................. 58 Parker Mineral . ........... 241-242 Phoenix ................. . . 269 Ponce de Leon .......... . .. 231-232 Rounsaville ....... ... ..... 270 Siloam ................... 233-234 SlIvan Mineral ............ 243 Tallulah Falls MineraL . , .. 249-250 Trentham .............. . . . 227-228 T r enton Mineral ..... . . . ... 275-276 'Vatson's MIneral ...... . .. 248-249 White Sulphur, Hall Co .... 234-235 Meriwether Co ......... 246-247 Springs. Bubbling .. . .... . ..... 303 Catoosa ................... 271-272 Cohutta ................... 278- 279 Definition of .............. 217-218 Lindale ................... 270 Miscellaneous Records or ... 325-333 Porter ............. ....... 242-243 Powder .... . ......... 224-227 Roland .................... 281-282 Warm .............. . ...... 243-245 "'hite Path Mineral. .... . .. 237-239 Springs or Baker County. ...... 51 Berrien County. .. ..... . ... 53 Bibb County ........... . .. 56 Brooks County ............ 58 Bryan County ..... ... . ,.. GO Bulloch County. ...... ..... 63 Burke County ,............ 66 Camden County . .. ........ Calhoun County . . ..... . ... Chatham County . ... ...... Chattahoochee County . .. .. Clay County. .......... .... Cotree County ..... ,... .. .. 67 71 72 81 82 82 - 8 3 Colquitt County ........... Decatur Coun ty . ... .... . .. Dodge County. ... ..... . ... Dougherty County . ... .. ... Early County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effingham County... . . ... . Houston County, ...... ,. . 84 86 90-91 104 105 107 120 Irwin County.... ... ....... 122 .Jefferson County . .. , .... .. 12{-125 Laurens County ... .. .. . . .. 132-133 Lee County .. ,. . . .. . . . . . .. 133 Page Springs of Lowndes County... . 139 McIntosh County ...... . .. . 150 Macon County. ..... . ... ... 145 Marlon County ..... . .... .. 146 Mitchell County ...... . .... 147 Montgomery County....... 150 Muscogee County . ......... 152 Paleozoic Area ............ 2G3-281 Pierce County. ............ 153 Pulaski County........... . 153 Randolpq. County......... . 155 Schley County.......... . . . 159 Screven County .. .. .. . .. 164 Stewart County .. . ....... 164 Sumter County. . .... . .. .. . 166 TaUnall County........... 170 Taylor County.. ... . . ... .. . 172 Telfair County .. . ... .. .... 172 'errell County .... . . ... . . 173 Thomas County. ........... 176 Twiggs County. ........ . . 181 Ware County . . . ,......... . 185 Washington County 185 Wayne County .......... . 190 Webster County.......... . 192 Wilcox County : ...... . .. .. 183 Wilkinson County. . . . ... . . 195 Worth County.. .. .. . ... . . . 195 Standard Cotton M111 Well..... 260 Statesboro Artesian Wells .. .... 62- 63 Sta tions used In Well Contami- nation Experiment . ... .. . ... 288-291 St. Catherine Island Artesia.n Wells ........ . ..... . ........ 139 Stewart County . ... ..... . ..... 164-165 Stillman Artesian Well .. . ...... 110-111 St. Mary's Artesian Well....... 67 St. Simon's Island Artesian Wells .... .. ................. 115-117 Subdivision of Rocks of Coastal Plain ....... ... ............ . 28-29 Sulpho-Magnesla. Artesian Well.204-205 Sumter County .... . . . ,., . . .... 165-170 Surface Contamination of Wa- ters ............ . ... .. ...... . 40-42 Evaporation . ... .... ... .... 20 I nclination, Etrect of. . . .. .. 19 Suslna ArtesIan Well . . .. . ...... 180- 181 Swainsboro Artesian Wells ... ,. 110 Sweetwater Park Hotel Well., .209-210 SylvanIa Artesian Wells ........ 161-162 T Ta.llulah Falls Mineral Spring., 24.9-250 Tarboro Artesian Wells . ..... .. 68-70 Ta.Unall County . ... .. ..... .. .. 170-171 Ta.ylor County .... ...... .... .. 171-172 Teltalr County ............ . .. 172-173 370 INDEX Page Page Tennille Artesian Wells ........ 187-1 88 Ware County ........... 181-18S Terrell County ...... . ...... .. . 173-176 'Varm Springs ............. . 243-245 Thomas County .. ....... ...... 176-181 'Varwlck Artesian Well.... .... 197 Thomasville Artesian Wells .... 176-179 'Vashlngton County ........... 185-189 'I'homBOD Deep Well ........... 211-212 'Vater -bea ring Formations .... 40-47 Tifton Artesian Well.. . .... .... 54-55 Water-Carriers...... . ...... . .. 40-47 Toomsboro Artesian 'VeIls. . ... 194 'Vater Supply ot Cities and Trentham Spring ... ... ...... .. 227-228 Towns. Source at ... "......... 307-323 Trenton Mineral Spring .... . ... 275-276 W a tson 's Mineral Spring ... ... . 24 8-249 Troup County ..... . .... .... . . . 210-211 \Vaverly Artesian Well... .. .. . . 70 Tuscaloosa, The...... . .. .. .... 3S Waycross Artesian Wells ...... 181-185 Twiggs County...... ... .. .... . 181 " rayne County ...... .......... 190-192 T y bee Island Artesian Wells ... 76-80 Waynesboro Artesian Wells . . .. 63- S4 Way's Station Artesian Wells... 60-62 u W ebster County . . ...... . ...... 192 Well Contamination at Quit Unadilla Artesian Well .... ..... . 96 Underground Streams ot Deca- tur County ...... .... .... . ... . 87 Underground Waters or the Crystalllne Area .. .. ......... 198-252 Paleozoic Area ....... .. ... 253-282 Gen eral Notes on the. . .. . .. 40- 47 man ....................... .. 283-295 Conclusions on . . ........ . . 294-295 Well, Hughes Mineral. ........ 262-263 Louch .. . ........ . .. .. . .. . 208-209 Medlock ....... . . . ..... . . . . 207-208 Deep ............. . . . ...... 198 Wells In Alluvial Clay....... .. 213-215 in Res idual Clays .... ... ... 215-217 v Shallow ......... . ..... 198, 212-217 Shallow, Canton........... 215 Valdosta Artesian Wells ... . ... 139- 142 Valley, Appalachian, The..... . . 26-27 Vicksburg-Jackson Horizon, Fos- sils trom .............. . ..... 348- 367 Vicksburg - Jackson Limestone, The ...... . ..... ... ......... . Vienna Artesian Well ...... . ... . 33 95 Ellijay ............... . 214-215 West Point Deep Wells ....... . . 210- 211 White Oak Artesian Well . . . ... 68 White Path Mineral Springs .... 237-239 Whiteside, J. D., Artesian Well . 57 White Sulphur Spring, Hall County . .... . . .... .. .. . ...... 234-235 Meriwether County ........ 246-247 w Wilcox County . ...... ....... . . 193-194 Wilkinson County ........ . . ... 194-195 Wolt Isla nd Artesian Well ..... 160 Wade (or Blue) Minerai Spring. 58 Woodbine Artesian Wells...... 58 Wadley Artesian Wells ......... 126- 127 Worth Artesian Well . ........ . . 197 Walden Artesian Wells.. ... ... 57 Worth County ..... .. ....... . . 195- 197 Walden Sandstone, The........ 87 Wren Artesian WelL ....... _.. 128 Wal ker St ation WelL. .. ....... 103 Wrightsville Art esian W elL.... 131