Georgia jobs for the future : industries and occupations, 1960-1967-1975

GEORGIA JOBS FOR THE FUTURE
Industries and
<kcupa tions
1960 - 1967 - 1975

Sam Caldwell Commissioner

Georgia Department of Labor Employment Security Agency
Walter 0. Brooks Director
Employment Security Agency

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements Introduction Highlights Population and Labor Force Industry Employment Trends Occupational Employment Trends Manpower Requirements Changing Trends in Occupational Demand Methodology Appendix

Page 1 2
5 9 14
32
39 42 47 48

II

GUIDE TO TABLES

Table 1. Total Population and Labor Force Participation Rates for the

Population 14 Years Old and Over, United States and Georgia,

1960, 1965, 1967 and Projected 1975

12

Table 2. Projected Change in the Population and Components of Change

from 1965 to 1975, United States and Georgia

13

Table 3. Georgia's Population in 1970, as Projected and Actual Census

Count, by Selected Age Groups

13

Table 4. Total Employment and Annual Growth Rates for Goods-

Producing and Service-Producing Industries in Georgia, 1960,

1967 and Projected 1975

20

Table 5. Percent Distribution of Total Employment in the United States

and Georgia by Major Industry, 1960 and Projected 1975

22

Table 6. Total Employment in the United States and Georgia, by Major

Industry, 1960 and Projected 1975, with Annual Growth Rates,

1960-1975

23

Table 7. Total Employment in Georgia, by Major Industry, 1960, 1967

and ProjectF.d 1975, with Annual Growth Rates, 1960-196":"

and 1967-1975

25

Table 8. Percent Distribution of Employment by Broad Occupational

Categories in Georgia and in the United States, 1960 and 1965

32

Table 9. Total Employment by Occupational Group in Georgia, 1960,

1_967 and Projections to 1975, with Percentage Change from

1960-1975 and 1967-1975

37

Table 10. Demand for Expansion and Replacement by Occupational

Group in Georgia for the Period 1967-1975

38

Table 11. Total Demand and Percent Distribution by Broad Occupation in

Georgia for the Period 1967-1975

41

Table 12. Estimated Average Annual New Job Entrants Experienced from

1960-1967 and Projected Required from 1967-1975 by Broad

Occupational Categories and Selected Subgroups in Georgia

46

III

GUIDE TO CHARTS

Chart 1. Population Trends, 1890-1970 and Projected 1975

Chart 2.

Employment in Ge.orgia, Total and in Goods-Producing and Service-Producing Industries, 1960, 1967 and Projected 1975 ,

Chart 3. Major Industry Divisions as a Percent of Total Employment in Georgia, 1960, 1967 and Projected 1975

Chart 4. Employment in Major Occupational Groups in Georgia, 1960, 1967, and Projections to 1975

Chart 5, Total Demand For Expansion and Replacement by Major Occupational Group 1967-1975 Period

Page 10
18 27 31 40

IV

GUIDE TO APPENDIX TABLES

Table 1.

Georgia Civilian Work Force Estimates, with Employment of Nonagricultural Wage and Salary Workers (except Domestics) by Major Industry, All Other Nonagricultural Employment and Agricultural Employment, 1960-1970

Page
49

Table 2. Total Employment in Georgia, by Major Industry Group, 1960,

1967 and Projected 197 5, with Annual Growth Rates , 1960-1967

and 1967-1975

51

Table 3. Total Employment in Georgia by Occupation , 1960, 1967 and

Projections to 1975

56

Table 4. Expansion and Replacement Needs by Occupation in Georgia

from 1967-19 7 5

60

Table 5. Estimated Average Annual New Job Entrants B::perienced from
1960-1967 and Projected Required from 1967-1975, by Occupation in Georgia 64

v

GUIDE TO APPENDIX CHARTS
Chart 1. Employment Trends in Georgia by Selected Major Industries, 1940-1970 and Projected 1975

Page 48

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was prepared by members of the staff of Manpower Resources, Manpower Services Division, Employment Security Agency, Georgia Department of Labor, under the general supervision of MariaM. Mallet, Chief, Manpower Resources. Julian B. Brock, Manpower Specialist, served as project manager and prepared the sections on "Population and Labor Force" and "Industry Employment Trends". Margaret A. Hadley, Manpower Specialist, prepared the section on "Occupational Employment Trends", "Manpower Requirements",
~
"Changing Trends in Occupational Demands", and "Methodology". This work would not have been possible without the cooperation and dilligent efforts of many others in the Employment Security Agency.
Many persons in the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and Manpower Administration, contributed materially to the report. We particularly want to acknowledge the technical assistance and support rendered by John Allmaier of the United States Training and Employment Service (USTES) national office and by Richard Dempsey of the national BLS office. Acknowledgements also are due to Vladimir D. Chavrid, Harold Kuptzin, and Irving F. 0. Wingeard, USTES.
The Industry Matrix technique drew on the work of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' Tomorrow's Manpower Needs and the Manpower Administration's draft Handbook for Projecting Employment by Occupation for States and Major Areas. The narrative section on "Industry Employment Trends" drew heavily on pages 16-20 of BLS Bulletin No . 1673, The U, S , Economy in 1980.
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INTRODUCTION
The Georgia Department of Labor and its Employment Security Agency have long recognized the need for projections to determine Georgia's manpower requirements. Projections of employment by industry and occupation are needed by many groups and governmental agencies: Trey are needed for the career guidance of young people and for the use of educators responsible for planning programs of vocational guidance or training. Employers need them so they can plan on-the-job, apprenticeship, and other training programs in line with labor requirements. Workers need them so they can plan to secure education and training which will give the fullest possible development to their potential skills. Government, at all levels, needs them so operations and programs can be planned. Community groups need them so they can identify problems, stimulate action, and give support to the efforts of government, industry, and labor to achieve a state of readiness to meet the challenges that we now face.
One of the first attempts the Georgia Department of Labor, Employment Security Agency, made to provide needed occup<rtional data was a study published in 1958 of the skilled workers in manufacturing in Atlanta - the largest area in Georgia.l/ In October 1961 we published a report of a study that was performed under contract with the Georgia Institute of Technology's School of Industrial Management. This report11 presented an analysis of employment trends in Georgia from 1947 to 1960, with projections of employment by industry and of population and income to 1965 and 1970. In 1962 we contracted with the Georgia Tech School of Industrial Management to do a study on Georgia's current use, future demand and
supply prospects for technical, skilled and clerical workers. 2/ In July 1968 we published a
report of a study we made on employment in March 1968 in water pollution control occupations
with projections to 1970 and 1973. ..Y
In 1968 the Congress amended the Federal Vocational Educational Act to direct the U.S. Department of Labor to provide information needed by vocational educators for planning curricula and developing construction plans for training facilities. The requirements of this Act increased the responsibility of State Employment Securi.ty Agencies under the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 to provide and utilize occupational manpower data. As a result of Congress' directive, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics
prepared and published Tomorrow's Manpower Needs 5./ to provide techniques for the prepara-
tion of projections. A companion volume, Handbook for Projecting Employment by Occupation for States and Major Areas QJ was developed by the Manpower Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor.
Although the methods given in both the BLS and MA publications listed above yield estimates of future employment, by occupation, for states, and areas, the computational work involved in obtaining these estimates is time-consuming. Therefore, in January 1970 the Manpower Administration announced it would make available to State Employment Security Agencies without cost its computer services to aid them in the application of these techniques.
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We began working on the Georgia projections in the summer of 1970 as time permitted. The first step was to develop annual average estimates of employment of wage and salary workers in a very large number of industries, beginning with the year 1958 and continuing through 1969. When this series was completed, the data were run through the computer in Washington for projection to 1975. In December 1970, John Allmaier of the national USTES office and Richard Dempsey of the national BLS office met with personnel from participating states of the Southeastern Region at the Regional Office of the Manpower Administration in Atlanta to discuss and help solve problems we had encountered in our projection research.
In early 197 1 we reviewed the industry projections which had been derived by computer. The review was based on the latest available data, including revisions in the 1969 and 1970 nonfarm wage and salary worker employment series. After we had finalized the wage and salary employment projections, we distributed government employment to various industries and added estimates of self-employed and unpaid family workers to derive "total" employment estimates for each industry. The total employment estimates for 1960, 1967, and 1975, along with 1960 Census of Population occupational employment data, were then sent to Washington where they were processed by computer to produce occupational data for Georgia by use of the national BLS industry - occupational matrix. The final results were prepared in the Georgia Employment Security Agency in accordance with the methods set forth in the MA Handbook.
The manpower forecasts in the Georgia study have been made within the framework of
the assumptions underlying the national manpower projections to 1980; 11 They are as follows:
1. The international climate will improve. The United States will no longer be fighting a war, but, on the other hand, a still guarded relationship between the major powers will permit no major reductions in armaments. This would still permit some reduction from the peak levels of defense expenditures during the Vietnam conflict.
2. Armed Forces strength will drop back to about the same level that prevailed in the pre-Vietnam escalation period.
3. The institutional framework of the American economy will not change radically. 4. Economic, social, technological, and scientific trends will continue, including values
placed on work, education, income, and leisure. 5. Fiscal and monetary policies will achieve a satisfactory balance between low unem-
ployment rates and relative price stability without reducing the long-term economic growth rate. 6. All levels of government will join efforts t~ meet a wide variety of domestic requirements, but Congress will channel more funds to state and local governments. 7. Efforts to solve the problems posed by air and water pollution and solid waste disposal, although they may preempt an increasing amount of the Nation's productive resources, will not lead to a significant dampening of our longrun potential rate of growth. 8 . Fertility rates will be lower than they have been in the recent past.
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We plan to conduct industry and occupational employment projection studies on the State's standard metropolitan statistical areas, beginning with the Atlanta area. We also plan to periodically review and adjust the projections for the State and for the SMSA's. In addition, we plan to submit each year to Vocational Education officials an "Annual Report on State and Area Occupational Requirements for Vocational Education". These should make significant contributions to Georgia's economy.
l/ _Atlanta Skilled Workers in Manufacturing, published by the Georgia Department of Labor,
Employment Security Agency, Atlanta, Georgia, in 1958.
l/ Fulmer, John L., Georgia Employment Trends, 1947-1960, 1965, 1970, prepared in coopera-
tion with the Georgia Department of Labor, Employment Security Agency, Atlanta, Georgia, under contract with the School of Industrial Management, Georgia Institute of Technology. Published in 1961.
_2/ Fulmer, John L., and Green, Robert E., Analysis of Georgia's T_echnical, Skilled and
~Jeri cal Labor Requirements and Training Needs, 1962 to 1967. Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Labor, Employment Security Agency, Atlanta, Georgia, under contract with the School of Industrial Management, Georgia Institute of Technology. Published in 1963.
1/ G~9Igia Manpower Needs in Water Pollution. Control Occupations, published by the Georgia
Department of Labor, Employment Security Agency, Atlanta, Georgia, in 1968.
_'2/ ':f9morrow's Manpower Needs, U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin
1606, Vols.l-IV. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1969.
_6) Handbook for Projecting Employment by Occupation for States and Major Areas, draft
publication of U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower Administration, U.S. Training and Employment Service, Office of Technical Support, Washington, D. C., 20210, April 1, 1970. ]/ The U.S. Economy in 1980, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 1673, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1970.
-4-

HIGHLIGHTS
POPULATION AND LABOR FORCE Georgia added an average of 64,646 persons to its population each year during the
'60's to reach a total of 4,589,575 in April 1970, according to data contained in the advance report of the 1970 Census. Most of this gain was in the working age population. The number of persons 14 years old and over increased by 62,301 a year to climb to 3,311,204. The lowest of four projection series published by the Census Bureau indicates a total population for Georgia in 1975 of 4,928,000. The projection for persons 14 years old and over in this series is 3,642,000. If these projections are realized, the yearly growth between 1970 and 1975 would be 67,685 for the total population and 66,159 for persons 14 years old and over.
Employment grew at a faster rate than the population during the '60's. As a result, the long-term flow of outmigration was reversed and the labor force participation rate for Georgians 14 years old and over increased. The labor force participation rate is expected to rise fractionally in the early '70's and is projected at 58.6 percent of persons 14 years old and older in 1975.
INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT TRENDS Total employment increased by 46,700 jobs a year for an annual growth rate of 3.1
percent from 1960 to 1967. The net gain of 326,900 jobs during the seven-year period boosted employment to an average of 1,707,400 in 1967. Employment will continue to grow to 1975 but at a slower rate. Employment is expected to add 44,600 jobs a year from 1967 to 1975 for an annual growth rate of 2.4 percent. This would put the 1975 total at 2,064,300.
All major industry divisions added workers between 1960 and 1967 except agriculture, forestry and fisheries which continued a long downtrend and lost 36,200 workers. Annual growth rates ranged from a low of 2.3 percent for mining -the smallest major division -to 5.1 percent for public administration ._ Because of the decline in agriculture, forestry and fisheries and greater growth rates in most service-producing industries than in mining, construction and manufacturing, the proportion of all employed workers who were employed in goods-produci industries dropped from 41.6 percent in 1960 to 38.5 percent in 1967. The trend will continue, and by 1975 only 35 of every 100 workers will be employed in goods-producing industries, while 65 will be employed in services.
Factories employed 25.5 percent of Georgia's workers in 1960 with 8 .0 percent of all workers employed in durable goods industries and 17.5 percent in nondurable goods. Manufacturing employment increased by 96,900 from 1960 to 1967 with substantial changes taking place in the industry mix . Lumber and wood products was the only major industry group to register a decline in this period. Annual increases during the 1960-1967 span in the durable
-5 -

goods industries ranged from 200 a year for furniture and fixtures to 1,300 a year for fabricated metal products, including ordnance, and 2,800 a year for transportation equipment (aircraft, automobiles, railroad cars, mobile homes , ship and boat building and repair). Increases in nondurable goods industries ranged from only 100 a year in leather and leather products to 1,800 in textile mill products and 2,900 in apparel.

Manufacturing employment is expected to show a net growth of 60,500 from 1967 to

1975 when 509,300 will be on factory jobs. The annual growth will be 7,500 jobs, or 1.6

percent a year, compared to the faster growth of 13,900 jobs and 3.5 percent during the 1960-

1967 period. Transportation equipment, which had provided so much of the growth in the early

'60's, is expected to decline because of completion of defense related contracts in the aircraft

industry. Textile employment's gain from 1967 to 1975 will be slight. By 1975 factory employ-

ment's share of all employment will have dropped to 24.7 percent. Durable goods industries'

share, however, will ha ve risen to 8.6 percent of all employment. The proportion in nondurable

goods industries will have declined to 16.1 percent of all employment.

.

1

Agriculture, forestry and fishery employmmt will continue to decline from 1967 to 1975 but at a slower rate than in the earlier period. Mining will have the slowest growth of any expanding industry. The fastest growth rate will be in finance, in s urance and real estate; services; and construction.

OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT TRENDS Indus try changes during the 1970' s will have a strong influence on occupations-which
ones will grow and which will contract. Each industry in the economy requires a specific mix of occupations. As industries react to changes in final demand and in relation to each other, the relative importance of particular occupations also changes .

Beyond the effect of interindustry relationships, industry occupational structures are also affected by internal changes within indus tries. Just as technological ad vance s that increase worker productivity have significantly affected employment and output, these advances significantly affected the occupational structure of the work forc e . As a result of technological innovations, new occupations have emerged; others have expanded, contracted, or even disappeared ; and the content and skill requirement s of a gre at many occupations have been altered. But technology and final demand are not the only factors affecting occupational shifts. Changes can occur as a result of revised work rules, new directions in governmental policy , and severe shortages that force sub s titutions in the kinds of workers hired.

Several long-term occupational trends a re e xpect ed to continu e:

White-collar occupations, the fastest growing oc c upa ti ona l gruup u ve r the past 30 years, will continue in that mode. This group , which surp a s s ed emp loyment in blue-collar occupations
-6 -

in 1960, will account for almost half of all employed workers (45.7 percent) by 1975. Employment in these occupations will rise from 719,750 in 1967 to 944,190 in 1975 .
Blue-collar occupations, a slow-growing occupational group will account for slightly more than one~third (36.9 percent) of e'mployment in 1975 , down from 38.9 percent in 1967. Employment, however, will rise from 663,840 to 760 ,610 in 1975. Many occupations within the group, particularly in the skilled craft and foreman category, require years of specialized training.
Farm occupations will continue to decline- from 5.1 percent of employment in 1967 to 2.9 percent in 1975 -as machines take over many more of the production processes on the farm. Employment will shrink from 87,000 to 59,360.
Service occupations will continue to expand to 1975, increasing by more than one-fourth . Employment will rise to 300,140, up from 236 ,810 in 1967 .
MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS For every 100 new jobs created by industrial expansion 120 jobs will require replace-
ment of workers because of deaths and retirements. This means that from 1967 to 1975 there will be 786,570 jobs to be filled. The occupational categories by volume of needs arc listed tn descending order:
Clerical and Kindred Workers Service Workers Professional, Technical and Kindred Workers Operatives and Kindred Workers Craftsmen, Foremen and Kindred Workers Managers, Officials and Proprietors Sales Workers Laborers, excluding Farm and Mine
Farmers and farm workers comprise the only major category with some replacement needs but with a negative figure for expansion because of the declining trend in agricultural employment.
MANPOWER RESOURCES From 1960 to 1967. an average of 90, -150 workers were supplied annually for expansion
and replacement needs. Projected needs indicate that for the period 196--1975 some 10-1,3"'0 new entrants to jobs will he required annually .
The need during the 196'-19-S period will he moderately to suhstantiaJ!y gre ;ttcr than from 1960 to 196- for professional. technilal and kindred workers; managers, officials and propnctors; sales workers ; and senice workers.
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The need for clerical and kindred workers and operatives and kindred workers will be up slightly from the 1960-1967 period .
Not as many craftsmen, foremen and kindred; labOrers; and farmers and farm workers will be needed in the 1967-1975 period as were required in the 1960-1967 period.
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POPULATION AND LABOR FORCE
Population projections are based on assumed birth, death and migration rates. In October 1967, the U.S . Bureau of the Census released four alternative series of projections for the states from 1965 to 1970, 1975 and 1985. These series, identified as 1-B, ll-B, 1-D, and li-D, were included in Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. 375, " Revised Projections of the Population of States, 1970 to 1985 " .
In the identification of the four series the letters " B" and "D" refer to the fertility assumptions employed and correspond to the national fertility designations given in Series P-25, No. 359. The designations "I" and " II" refer to interstate migration assumptions us ed , with Series I representing a continuation of the migration rates within the range observed in 1955-60 and 1960-65, whereas Series II assumes a change in the rate s of that period toward national levels. Under both assumptions the rates are affected by estimated net migration for the 1960-65 period.
By the time we had begun writing this section, we had received advance reports of the final 1970 Census counts. These counts showed that all of the four series were too high. Although the population of the U. S. went up by 23 ,861,597 during the 1960's, the growth rate was the second-lowest for any decade in the nation ' s history. Total U. S. population on April 1, 1970, excluding 1,580 ,998 federal civilian or military employees and their dependents living abroad, was 203,184,772. Georgia, which had ranked 16th among the states in population in 1960, gained 646,459 or 16.4 percent from 1960 to 4,589,575 in 1970. This moved Georgia up to 15th place among the states.
Because the projections were higher than the actual count, we chose for this report the series which produces the lowest net change from 1965 to 1975. This is Series 1-D. In this series, the national projection for 1970 was 203,940,000. This was only 775,228 or 0.4 percent above the actual count of the population, excluding persons residing abroad. For Georgia this series produced a 1970 projection that was 89,425 or 2.0 percent too high. The reason for this over-estimate may be the unforeseen transfer of military persQnne l and their dependents from the State's military bases and the out migration of workers who were laid off from aerospace and defense-related industries as the federal administration was attempting to wind down the Vietnam War and t.o curb inflation.
Table 1 shows 1960 population counts, estimated population for 1965 and 1967, and the Series 1-D projections to 1975 for the United States and Georgia. Also shown are the projected growth rates for the 1965-75 period. The indicated growth over 1965 for Georgia is 53,700 persons per year or a compound rate of 1.2 percent per year. The number of persons 14 years old and over is projected to increase at a faster rate than the total population. The 1965-75 gain for this age group is projected at 59,800 or 1.8 percent per year.
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Chart 1
POPULATION TRENDS 1890-1970 and PROJECTED 1975

(IN THOUSANDS)
5,000

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000 2,500 2,000

WHI E

1,500

1,000

500

0

1890 1900 10

20

30

40

50

60

70 75

Source:

U . S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Data for 1890- 1960 are from 1960 U.S . Censu s of Population, PC(1) 12B, Table 15-197"0 data are from 1970 Census Advance Report PC(V2) -12 . Projection 1-D data of Current Population.
Reports , Series P-25, No . 375, are used for 1975.

Special Labor Force Report No. 74, "Labor Force Projections by State, 1970 and 1980", was published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 1966. Labor Force participation rates for the population 14 years old and over, including resident armed forces, based on the data in this publication, are shown in Table 1. The participation rates for 1975 show increases over past experience, with the national rate rising to 57.6 percent and Georgia's to 58.6 percent. However, the labor force projection for 1975 for Georgia, based on the assumptions that resident armed forces will be the same as in the 1960 Census and that unemployment will be at a rate of 4.0 percent, indicates that an even greater labor force participation will be necessary to meet manpower requirements in the future. The participation rate derived by this method was nearly 61 percent. The number of persons in Georgia in the prime labor force age group of 18 to 44 years was estimated at 1,584,000 in 1965. This was 52.0 percent of all persons 14 years old and over. Series 1-D projections indicated this group would continue to register steady increases through 1975 and would amount to 1,953;000 in that year. However, in view of the fact the projection for 1970 was 3.1 percent above the actual 1970 census count for persons 18 to 44 years old, the projection for 1975 possibly should be discounted . The age group 18-24, to which manpower resources are directed for higher education in technical schools and colleges increased very rapidly during the sixties but not as much as had been projected. The Series .1-D projection for the 18-24 group in Georgia in 1970 was 40,854 above the census count of 588,146. About 86 percent of the overestimate was in the projection for males and could have been due . to the drafting men for service in the Vietnam War or to the transfer of servicemen from Georgia's military bases. If a large number of draftees should return to the state between 1970 and 1975, the total of persons between 18 and 45 years old might reach the projected total for this group, even though this period will reflect reductions in birth rates.
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TABLE 1. TOTAL POPULATION AND LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES FOR THE POPULATION 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER, UNITED STATES AND GEORGIA, 1960, 1965, 1967 AND PROJECTED 1975 (In thousands as of July 1, except as noted)

April 1,
1960
(Census)

POPULATION

1965

Estimates
1967

1975

ANNUAL GROWTH RATES

1960-1965

1965-1975

No. ot

No. of

Percent

People

Percent

People

United States:
Total Population J.l
Population 14 years old and over
Labor force participation rate .1/

179,323 126,277
55.3

193,811 137,491
56.2

19 7,859 141,723
56.6

214,384 161,852
57.6

1.6

2,897.6

1.7

2,242.8

XXX

XXX

1.0

2,057.3

1.6

2,436.1

XXX

XXX

Georgia:

Total Population 11

Population 14 years old and over

......
N

Labor force participation rate .1/

3,943 2,688
56.4

4,391

4,490

4,928

2.2

3,044

3,140

3,642

2.5

57.6

58.0

58.6

XXX

89.6 71.2
XXX

1.2 1.8
XXX

53.7 59.8
XXX

11 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-25. Population estimates for 1975 were from Series 1-D,
the lowes t of the four projection series in Report No. 375, "Revised Projections of th~ Population of States: 1970 to 1985". Population data exclude armed forces overseas .

..1/ U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, _?pecial Labor Force Report No. 74, "Labor Force Projections by State, 1970 and 1980".
Participation rates for 1965, 1967, and 1975 are interpolated levels based on data in the above publication. These data include resident armed forces but exclude armed forces overseas.

TABLE 2. PROJECTED CHANGE IN THE POPULATION AND COMPONENTS OF CHANGE
FROM 1965 TO 1975, UNITED STATES AND GEORGIA 1 /
(Numbers in thousands)

Net Change

Number

Percent

9 6 5 TO
Births

197 5

Components of Change

Deaths

Net Migration

United States

20,5 73

10.6

36 ,6 10

19 ,826

+ 3,789

Georgia

537

12.2

920

399

+ 16

Perce nt of U. S. Total

2.6

xxxx

2.5

2.0

0.4

!/ Based o n data in the ID projection series published by the U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Cens us, in Current Population Reports, Series P25, No. 375, " Revised Projections of the Population of States: 1970 to 1985". \let migration data in thi s table ha ve been adjusted downward slightly in order to make the components add to the net cha nge co mput ed fr o m estimates shown in Table l.

TABLE 3. GEORGIA'S POPULATION IN 1970, AS PROJECTED AND ACTUAL CENSUS COUNT, BY SELECTED AGE GROUPS

Age Group

1970 Population

I-D

Actual

Projection_l/

Count

Amount Projection Exceeds Census

Number

Percent

All Ages

4,679,000

4,589,575

89,425

2.0

Under 14 years old 14 years old and over

1,333,000 3,346,000

1,278,371 3,311,204

54,629

4.3

34,796

1.1

14 - 17 years old 18 44 years old 45 64 years old 65 and over

371,000 1,763,000
859,000 353,000

366,996 1,709,775
867 , 062 367,371

4,004

1.1

53,225

3.1

8,062

-0.9

-14,37 1

-3.9

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
1/ Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 375, "Revised Projections of the Population of States:
1970 to 1985". .':).!' 19 70 Ce nsus of Population Advance Report PC (V2)= 12, Georgia .

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INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT TRENDS

Georgia is a comparative late comer on the. industrial scene. Its industrial revolution probably should be dated from the beginning of the Civil War . That war forced the State to begin producing some of the manufactured goods it needed. It also ended legalized slavery and resulted in a migration of some of the population from farms to cities .

The textile industry began moving to the south shortly after the Civil War in search of cheaper labor and in order to be nearer the cotton supply. Textiles soon became the dominant manufacturing industry. Other industries followed, but textiles has continued to be the leading factory employer . Each war subsequent to the Civil War has caused Georgia to become more diversified; however, the State remained basically agricultural until after World War II .

First Post-World War II Decade, 1947 - 1957

More than 160,000 workers left farm employment in Georgia during the first decade after World War II. Some of these found nonfarm work in Georgia; some moved to other states or wirhdrew from the job market. Changes in farming increased output substantially and at the same time required fewer workers. Rapid progress in technology and mechanization produced larger and more efficient farms. Farm and forest product diversification stepped up.

Georgia ' s farmers had formerly been heavily dependent on cotton and a few other

row crops for their main cash income. By 1957 livestock and livestock products produced

.

more income than all row crops. Cotton production, unusually low in 1957 due to soil bank participation, brought in less income than poultry and poultry products in that year. The

..1

A
~

broiler industry, first developing in northeast Georgia in the mid-thirties, rapidly expanded

and Georgia became the number one broiler producing state in 1951. Georgia also became

j'

the leading hog producing state in the southeast. A tremendous spurt in pulpwood production

took place, causing Georgia to lead the entire South in the production of pulpwood .

By 1957, the production of major field crops was concentrated in south Georgia where it is more profitable. Agriculture in that section is more diversified than the rest of the State. Production of huge quantities of tomato and other vegetable plants for shipment as far away as Canada became a major seasonal activity of southwest Georgia. Production of millions of pine seedlings each year at forestry nurseries had also become a big industry.

Employment of nonagricultural wage and salary workers (e xcept domestics) had - 14 -

climbed to 759,400 in 1947, only 700 below the average for the peak World War II year of 1943 . After surpassing the World War II high in 1948, nonfarm wage and salary employment declined during the 1949 business recession but maintained an average that was above the 1943 high .
The Korean War gave a new impetus to Georgia's nonfarm employment expansion. Except for an interruption in 1954 when cutbacks in defense-related industries resulted in a decline, nonfarm wage and salary employment continued upward to 1957 . The average number of such workers on jobs in 1957 at 997,400 represented a gain of 238,000 or 31.3 percent over 1947.
The industry mtx changed considerably during the first decade after World War II. Nonmanufacturing industries, excluding private households, added 182,200 wage and salary workers for a gain of 37.7 percent. Nonmanufacturing as a percent of nonfarm wage and salary employment increased from 63.7 to 66.8. All major nonmanufacturing industry divisions increased in percent of the total except transportation, communication and public utilities , which declined from 9.5 to 7.4 percent as a result mainly of railroad losses, and services which held the same percentage at 10.9. The largest increase was in government which rose from 14.1 to 16.8 percent .
Government gains were due to greater population, demand for more services, and expansions at defense establishments. One major new federal installation was constructed during the 'SO's, the U.S. Marine Corps Supply Center at Albany. The sprawling Robins Air Force 8ase -Warner Robbins Air Materiel Area in the Macon area and a number of other defense establishments underwent civilian employment increases because of the Korean War and the subsequent "cold war" situation.
The number of wage and salary workers on manufacturing jobs rose substantially during the 1947 - 1957 period, but the gain was not as great as in nonmanufacturing. Factory jobs in 1957 average 331,300, up 55,800 or 20.3 percent from 1957. Manufacturing as a percent of total nonfarm wage and salary employment was down from 36.3 in 1947 to 33.2 in 1957 .
Although the 1947 - 1957 manufacturing gain was not as spectacular as the nonmanufacturing increase, a better industry balance was achieved. Employment in durable goods industries had a net increase of 24,700 workers and dropped by only 0.1 percent to 10.8 percent of total nonfarm wage and salary employment.
Most of the durables gain was in high wage industries. A World War II aircraft plant, said to be the largest aircraft plant under one roof in the world, was reopened in the Atlanta area. Substantial gains took place in automobile assembly plants and mobile
- 15 -

home plants as well as at the aircraft plant to jump transportation equipment employment from 3,900 in 1947 to 30,600 in 1957. The only durable industry to record a loss ~as the comparatively low-wage lumber and wood products industry which declined 15,100 to an average of 31 ,4 00 in 1957.
Nondurable goods industries added 31,100 between 1947 and 1957, but this group's share of nonfarm wage and salary employment dropped from 25 .4 to 22.4 percent. All industries gained except textiles and chemicals. Textile employment declined 5,100 , and its s hare of nonfarm wage and salary employment fell from 14.0 to 10.1 percent. It still remained the largest manufacturing employer, however : Chemical employment decreased by 1,100 and its s hare dropped 1.3 to 0.9. The los s was due partly to less demand for agricultural chemicals because of government crop control progra ms and other factors such as the purchase of farms by pulpwood companies. Substantial employment gains were made in food , apparel , paper and printing and publishing . Apr:- -d moved its percentage of nonfarm wage and salary employment up from 3.5 to 4.1 and paper rose from 1.0 to 1.7. Food ' s percentage decreased slightly , from 4.2 to 4.1.
Recessions
Employment in textiles, the leading manufacturing industry, began slipping in January 1956 when it dropped by 500 from the December 1955 level of 107 ,000. Textile employment continued downward until July 1958 when a low of 93,200 was reached . The important transportation equipment industry began descending in February 1957 and fell to 23 ,200 in April 1958, 9 ,500 under the January 1957 level. (A further sharp temporary dip in May 1958 to 15 ,200 was the result of a labor-management dispute.)
Manufacturing employment provided more than one-third of Georgia's nonfarm wage and salary jobs in 1956. The effects of manufacturing declines -primarily in the two industries mentioned above- on total employment were great. Gains in trade , service, government and other types of johs did not offset the drop in manufacturing . As a result, total nonfarm wage and salary employment in 1958 was down to 989,100. This was 8,300 under the prevwus year.
Factory employment did a turnabout in 1959 with a pickup in textile and transportation equipment activity. The increased demand for' textile mill products in 1959 came primarily from two sources: tire manufacturers and apparc l producers .
The 1958- 1959 upturn in business activity in Georgia failed to last , however. Manufacturing employment in 1961 averaged 333,000, which was 7,800 under 1960 and 5,800 under 1959. Employment in the State ' s cotton textile mills a nd woolen and synthetic fiber production and fa brication plants dropped substantially . Tr 1ns portation equipment was down
- 16 -

due to cutbacks in the work force at a major aircraft plant. Slackened demand for automobiles accounted for part of the loss. Employment in lumber and wood industries - mostly sawmills fell due to less demand for construction materials..
Expansion
Employment on nonfarm wage and salary jobs, upon recovering from the 1960- 1961 recession, began a long expansion that saw the average for all industries climb to new highs each year.
The national administration's policy in the early 1960's was to spur the economy. But after the economy began to move upward, large amounts of deficit spending were required to finance the Vietnam War in which we had gradually become more and more involved. This led to inflation and to dissatisfaction on the part of many of the nation's citizens . President Richard Nixon announced plans to fi3ht inflation and to wind down the Vietnam War. The policies of the national administration and of the Federal Reserve System designed to fight inflation resulted in a business recession that began in the latter part of 1969 and continued through 1970.
Although the State's economy was slowing down in 1970, average employment on nonfarm wage and salary jobs reached an all-time high of 1,545,700. Manufacturing employment, however, which had increased annually beginning in 1962, declined 14,100 from 1969 to average 462,200 in 1970.
Many new manufacturing plants were built and many existing plants expanded during the 1960's. Much of the gain of 143,300 in average manufacturing employment from the recession low of 333,000 in 1961 to the high of 476,300 in 1969 was in transportation equipment and textiles -the two industries that seem to be the bellwether industries of Georgia. Transportation equipment rose from a recession low of 20,300 in March 1961 to a peak of 60,000 in November 1969. Employment in transportation equipment declined 17,100 from November 1969 to March 1971. Most of the earlier gain and subsequent loss took place at a major aircraft plant as a result of government contracts. Textile employment had climbed from a low of 95,300 in May 1961 to 121,600 in February 1969. From that month to March 1971, a textile employment loss of 8,400 occurred. Textile manufacturers blamed cheap foreign imports, mainly from Japan, for much of the loss.
- 17 -

Chart 2

EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA TOTAL AND IN GOODS-PRODUCING AND SERVICE-PRODUCING INDUSTRIES
1960, 1967, and PROJECTED 1975

LEGEND

-

Total

C J Goods-Producing Industries J::::::::::::J Service-Producing Industries

EMPLOYMENT (IN THOUSANDS)

0

250

500

750

1,000

1,250

1,500

1,750

2,000 2,250

1960

1967 1975

EMPLOYMENT IN GOODS-PRODUCING AND SERVICE PRODUCING INDUSTRIES AS A PERCEN-T OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT

0

10

20

30

40

.50

60

70

1960

l

1967

I

1975

I

Total Employment 1960 - 1967 - 1975
The previous sections gave an historical discussion of employment trends. Much of the discussion was based on the oldest employment series developed by this Agency employment of nonagricultural wage and salary workers (except domestic servants in private households). Annual averages for the State for this worker category by major industry division are published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in Employment and Earnings, States and Areas. The series began in 1939. Data for major manufacturing industry groups were published beginning in 1947. Annual averages for the nonfarm wage and salary worker category, for the "all other nonagricultural" (self-employed, unpaid family and domestic) and agricultural worker categories are given in appendix Table 1 for the 1960-1970 period.
For projection purposes, it has been necessary to break data down into finer estimating cells, to distribute government employment through various industries, and to combine employment of nonagricultural wage and salary workers, nonagricultural self-employed, unpaid family workers and domestics, and agricultural workers. This "total employment" concept was used so that the estimates would correspond as nearly as possible with industry employment definitions used in the 1960 Census of Population. Appendix Table 2 shows detailed industry breakdowns of total employment for 1960 and 1967 and projections to 1975.
The most dramatic change in industry employment in recent years has been the employment shift towards service-producing industries. Data in the 1940 Census showed that only about 4 in every 10 workers were in service industries. By 1950, the weight had shifted to just under 5 in every 10 in service industries. Table 4 shows that by 1967, the proportion in service industries had grown to slightly over 6 in every 10.
Employment in goods-producing industries slowed drastically between 1940 and 1950 and declined in 1960 because of sharp reductions in agriculture, forestry and fisheries that more than offset increases in manufacturing, construction and mining. Trends in the various goods-producing industries continued in the same direction between 1960 and 1967, but the group showed a gain of 83,800 jobs because the drop in agriculture, forestry and fisheries of 36,200 was less than the increase of 120,000 in nonagricultural goodsproducing indus tries.
Employment projections to 1975 reflect additional changes expected in the industrial composition of the economy. The proportion in service industries is expected to rise to 6.5 in every 10- or 1,341,700. Employment in goods-producing industries also will rise between 1967 and 1975 but to a lesser extent than from 1960 to 1967. About 3.5 out of every 10 workers- or 722,600- will be employed in goods-producing industries in 1975.
- 19 -

. , ...&!<.~ ~~

TABLE 4. TOTAL ALL EMPLOYMENT AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATES FOR GOODS-PRODUCING AND SERVICE-PRODUCING INDUSTRIES IN GEORGIA,
1960, 1967 AND PROJECTED 1975 (Employment in thousands)

Industry

1960

Annual Average Employment 1967

1975

Annual Growth Rates 1/

,__

1960 - 1967

1967 - 1975

No.of

No. of

Percent Jobs

Percent Jobs

All Industries

1,380.5

1, 707.4

2,064.3

3. 1

46.7

2.4

44.6

Goods - producing indusuies _!/ Percent of total

573.8 41.6

657.6 38.5

722.6 35.0

2.0

12.0

I

Service- producing industries .1/

i

806.7

1,049.8

1,341. 7

3.8

34.7

Percent of total

58.4

61.5

65.0

~/ Includes agriculture, forestry and fisheries ; mining; construction; and manufacturing.

N

.1/ Includes transportation, cormtunication and public utilities ; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate;

0

services; and public administration.

1.2

8.1

3.1

36.5

Table 5 shows the relative importance of employment in the various major industries in 1960 and as projected to 1975. In most major industry divisions the. change is in the same direction for the State as for the Nation. There are notable exceptions, however. The percent of all employment that is in transportation, communication and public utilities and the proportion that is in wholesale and retail trade are expected to increase in Georgia but decline in the Nation. The proportion in mining will decline in the Nation but remain the same in Georgia. The percent of the total is expected to be larger in 1975 in Georgia than for the Nation for construction; manufacturing; transportation, communication and utilities; trade; and finance, insurance and real estate . Employment will be a smaller proportion of the total in 1975 for Georgia than the Nation in agriculture, forestry and fisheries; mining; services; and public administration.
The kind and level of manpower requirements of the 1970's are intertwined with the nature of the industrial changes that seem likely to occur to 1975. General trends and growth factors that are expected to affect industry employment are described below for the major
divisions. 1/ (See Table 6 for comparison of Georgia with the Nation for 1960 and 1975.
Table 7 gives annual average employment for 1960, 1967 and 1975 and annual growth rates for the State.)
JJ This section depends heavily on the explanation of reasons for projected national changes
detailed in pages 16-20 of The U.S. Economy in 1980, Bulletin 1673 of the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Where the wording in this bulletin fits conditions in Georgia, it has been incorporated unchanged into this report.
- 21 -

TABLE 5. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES AND GEORGIA BY MAJOR INDUSTRY, 1960 AND PROJECTED 1975

Industry

Percent Distribution

United Stateu/

Georgi a

1960

1975

1960

1975

All Industries

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries .Y

8.5

3.8

9.7

3.4

Mining

1. 1

0.7

0.4

0.4

Construction

6.2

6.4

6.0

6.6

Manufacturing

26.1

24.4

25.5

24.7

Durable goods manufacturing

14 .8

14.5

8.0

8.6

Lumber & wood products, excluding_ furniture

1.0

0.7

2.4

1.4

Furniture & fixtures

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.6

Stone, clay & glass products

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.9

Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products 2./

1.9

1.5

2.1

2.1

0.3

0.5

0.6

1.1

Machinery, except electrical

2.3

2.6

0.7

0.8

Electrical machinery, equipment, supplies

2.2

2.5

0.3

0.6

Transportation equipment
Other durable goods J./

2.6

2.4

1.2

1.2

1.9

2.2

0.4

0.5

Nondurable goods manufacturing

11.3

9.9

17.5

16.1

Food & kindred products

2.7

2.0

3.4

2.8

Textile mill products

1.4

1.1

7.2

5.5

Apparel ;1 related products

1.9

1.8

3.5

3.9

Paper & allied products

0.9

0.8

1.3

1.4

Printing, publishing & a llied industries

1.6

1.4

0.8

0.9

Chemicals & allied products

1.3

1.3

0.8

0.8

Leather & leather products

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

Other nondurable goods j_/

1.0

1.1

0.2

0.6

Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities

6.8

6.1

6.3

6.9

Trade, Wholesale & Retai I

20.1

19.3

19. 5

20 .6

Finance, Insurance & Real Estate

4.3

_4.6

4.0

4.7

Services

22.0

28.9

23.9

27.4

~ublic Administration 6/

4.9

5.8

4.7

5.3

.....

l l Distribution for the United States is based on estimates published by the U.S. Department of Labor,

1

Bureau of Labor Statistics, in Supplement No. 2 to Tomorrow's Manpower Needs.

,i

?:.! Includes farm production and agricultural services, forestry and fisheries .

l l Includes ordnance, except sighting and fire control equipment (SIC 19, except 194).

.Y Include s professional scientific and controlling instruments (SIC 38 and 194) and miscellaneous

manufacturing industries (SIC 39).

2/ Includes tobacco (SIC 21), petroleum refining and related industries (SIC 29), and rubber and miscellaneous
plastic product s (SIC 30).

. I Includes public administration employment only. Government agencies engaged in educational and medical

services and in activities commonly carried on also by private enterprises, such as construction, manufacturing,

transportation, etc., are classified in their appropriate industry.

- 22 -

TABLE 6. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES AND GEORGIA, BY MAJOR INDUSTRY, 1960 AND PROJECTED 1975, WITH ANNUAL GROWTH RATES, 1960- 1975 (Employment in thousands)

Industry

All Industries

Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries 11

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Durable goods manufacturing

Lumber & wood products, excluding furniture

Furniture & fixtures

Stone, clay & glass products

N

Primary metal industries

v.>

Fabricated metal products_l/

Machinery except electrical

Electrical machinery, equipment & supplies

Transportation equipment

Other durable goods_A/

Nondurable goods manufacturing

Food & kindred products

I

Textile mill products

Apparel & related products

Paper & allied products

Printing, publishing & allied industries

Chemicals & allied products

Leather & leather products
Other nondurable goods 2/

Continued

Annual Average Employment

United States l/

1960

1975

1960

Geor9ia 1975

65,778

87,390

1,380.5

2,064.3

5,591 720
4,056 17,144 9,701
684 393 611 1,224 1,356 1,491 1,458 1,676 808 7,443 1,803 914 1,232 593 1,036 829 360 676

3,360 585
5,600 21,330 12,665
655 570 730 1,320 1,825 2,255 2,155 2,135 1,020 8,665 1,780 940 1,585 745 1,245 1,120 340 910

133.6 5.7
82.6 351.9 110.3
32.9 8.2
10.9 4.8 8.0 9.1 4.9 26.3 5.2 241.6 47.2 99.9 48.0 18.7 10.7 10.6 3.7 2.8

69.4 7.4
136.5 509.3 175.7
28.0 11.7 18.1 10.9 22.4 16.7 12.8 44.6 10.5 333.6 58.0 114.3 80.8 28.5 17.5 16.9 4.4 13.2

Annual Growth Rate (%) 1960 - 1975
United States Georgia

1.9

2.7

-3.3

-4.3

-1.4

1.8

2.2

3.4

1.5

2.5

loB

3.2

0.3

-1.1

2.5

2.4

1.2

3. 4

0.5

5.6

2.0

71

2.8

4.1

2.6

6.6

1.6

3.6

1.6

4.8

1.0

2.2

-0.1

1.4

0.2

0.9

1. 7

3.5

1.5

2.8

1.2

3.3

2.0

3.2

-0.4

1.2

2.0

10.9

TABLE 6. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES AND GEORGIA, BY MAJOR INDUSTRY, 1960 AND PROJECTED 1975, WITH ANNUAL GROWTH RATES, 1960- 1975 - continued (Employment in thousands)

Industry

Annua I Average Employment

United :)totes 1/

Georg io

1960

1975

1960

1975

Annual Growth Rote (%) 1960- 1975
United States Georgia

Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities Trade, Wholesale & Retoi I Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Services Public Administration_/

4,508 13,210 2,832 14,508 3,209

5,340 16,870 4,040 25,240 5,025

87.4 269.8
55.0 329.3
65.2

142.4 426.1
97.9 565.7 109.6

1.1

3.3

1.6

3.1

2.4

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.0

3.5

] / U.S. Deparcmenr of Labor, Bureau of Labor Scaciscics, Tomorrow's Manpower Needs; Supplemenc No. 2, Table 2.
1) Includes farm produccion and agriculrural services, forestry and fisheries.
_l/ Includes ordnance, except sighcing and fire control equipmenc (SIC 19, except 194).
_j/ Includes professional, sciencific and concrolling inscrumencs (SIC 38 and 194) and miscellaneous manufacturing induscries (SIC 39).
N _2/ Includes cobacco (SIC 21), pecroleum refining and related induscries (SIC 29), and rubber and miscellaneous plascic produces (SIC 30).
A .fl./ Includes public adminiscracion employmenc only. Governmenc agencies engaged in educacional and medical services and in activicies commonly carried on
also by privace emerprises, such as conscruction, manufaccuring, cransporcacion, ere. ,. are classified in their appropriace induscry.

~~ "'-<._;-~~...

. ~~<\.._. .

TABLE 7. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA, BY MAJOR INDUSTRY, 1%0, 1967 AND PROJECTED 1975, WITH ANNUAL GROWTH RATES, 1960- 1967 AND 1967 - 1975 (Employment in thousands)

lndustr

All Industries

Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries ~/

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Durable goods manufactu.ring

Lumber & wood products, except furniture

Furniture & fixtures

Scone,, c~<t. Y & glass products

N

Prim.uy metal industries

V'l

Jl Fabricated metal products

Machinery, except electrical

Electrical machinery, equipment & supplies

Transportation equipment
J! Other durable goods

Nondurable goods manufacturing I Food & kindred produces

Textile mill products

Apparel & related products

Paper & allied products

Printing, publishing & allied industries

Chemicals & allied products

Leather & leather products
Other nondurable goods .2/

1960

Annual Average Employment 1967

1975

1,380.5

1,707.4

2,064.3

133.6 5.7
82.6 351.9 110.3 32.9
8.2 10.9 4.8 8.0 9.1 4.9 26.3 5.2 241.6 47.2 99.9 48.0 18.7 10.7 10.6 3.7 2.8

97.4 6.7
104.7 448.8 155.7
30.1 9.4 14.4 7.I 17.3 13.9 9.0 46.1 8.4 293.1 51.0 112.6 68.0 23.5 14.3 13.1 4.6 6.0

69.4 7.4
136.5 509.3 175.7
28.0 11.7 18.1 10.9 22.4 16.7 12.8 44.6 10.5 333.6 58.0 114.3 80.8 28.5 17.5 16.9 4.4 13.2

Annual Growth Rates 1/

19ll0. 1967

1967- 1975

No. of

No. of

Percent

Jobs

Percent

Jobs

3. 1

46.7

2.4

44.6

-4.4

-5.2

2.3

0. 1

3.4

3.2

3.5

13.9

5.1

6.5

1.3

0.4

2.0

0.2

4.1

0.5

5.8

0.3

11.6

1.3

6.2

0.7

9.1

0.6

8.~

2.8

7.1

0.5

2.8

7.4

1.1

0.5

1.7

1.8

5.1

2.9

3.3

0.7

4.2

0.5

3.1

0.4

3.2

0.1

11.5

0.5

-4. 1

-3.5

1.2

0. 1

3.4

4.0

1.6

7.5

1.5

2.5

-0.9

0.3

2.8

0.3

2.9

0.5

5.5

0.5

3.3

0.6

2.3

0.4

4.5

0.5

0.4

-0.2

2.8

0.3

1.6

5.0

1.6

0.9

0.2

0.2

2.2

1.6

2.4

0.6

2.6

0.4

3.2

0.5

-0.6

10.4

0.9

... ~,.::.,_;;,:_":: ~:;.:..~.-.~~ ~.

~--~

..:..... -~

. _. - ~

TABLE 7. 10TAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA, BY MAJOR INDUSTRY, 1%0, 1967 AND PROJECTED 1975, WITH ANNUAL GROWTH RATES, 1%0- 1967 AND 1967 - 1975 -continued (Employment in thousands)

Industry

1960

Annual Average Employment 1967

1975

An:1ual Growth Rates j j

1960. 1967

1967 - 1975

No. of

No. of

Percent

.Jobs

Percent Jobs

Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities Trade, Wholesale & Retail Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Services
Public Administration 1l/

87.4 269.8
55.0 329.3
65.2

112.9 341.0
73.4 430.2
92.3

142.4 426.1
97.9 565.7 109.6

3.7

3.6

3.4

10.2

4.2

2.6

3.9

14.4

5.1

3.9

2.9

3.7

2.8

10.6

3.7

3. 1

3.5

16.9

2.2

2.2

.Less than 0.1 thousand.

_ll Percents are those by which employment is compounded annually. Number of jobs may not add to total due to rounding.

~ Includes farm production and agricultural services, forestry and fisheries.

Na-.

3/ Includes ordnance, except sighting and fire control equipment (SIC 19, except 194).
_j/ Includes professional, scientific and controlling instruments (SIC 38 and 194) and miscellaneous manufacturing industries (SIC 39).

_1/ Includes tobacco (SIC 21), petroleum refining and related industries (SIC 29), and rubber and .miscellaneous plastic products (SIC 30) . .!!,/ Includes public administration employment only. Government agencies engaged in educational and medical services and in activities commonly carried on also by

private enterprises, such as construction, manufacturing, transportation, etc., are classified in their appropriate industry.

Chart 3
MAJOR INDUSTRY DIVISIONS AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA 1960-1967 and PROJECTED 1975

AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & FISHERIES MINING

11 1960 D 1967



1975

CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE J
FINANCE, INSURANCE AND REAL ESTATE
SERVICES

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

GOODS PRODUCING INDUSTRIES

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Large increases in productivity, small gains in output, and a continuing concentration of employment on large farms will result in further decline, about 28,000 in agriculture , forestry and fishery employment between 1967 and 1975. The share this division has of total employment will decline from 5.7 in 1967 to 3.4 in 1975.

Mining : Employment has increa s ed slightly during recent years, primarily in metal mining and in nonmetallic mining and quarrying , but this has remained the smallest industry division in the state. Emplo yment is expected to rise from 6,700 in 1967 to 7, 400 in 197 5 . As a proportion of total employment , mining is expected to remain at 0.4 percent. Future employ ment growth will be limited by the increasing use of new and improved labor-saving device s and techniques .

Cons truction : This industry may benefit from intensive application of existing technology that would increase the output per man-hour. Already, prefabricated panels and shells for houses show promise of more widespread use . At the s ame time national housing goals call for the construction of millions of new housing units by private industry and increases in production of new and rehabilitated units with public assistance in one form or another. This will spur growth in the construction industry , which is expected to grow at a rate of 3 .4 percent per year to 1975 . Additional demand will come from an expansion in state and local government needs , particularly for highway construction and new and rehabilitated housing units, and frc.m expanding investment in industrial plants. Employment will rise from 104,700 in 1967 to 136,500 in 1975 .

Manufa cturing : Manufacturing employment had supplanted agricultural employment as the

I

larges t single source of jobs in the State ' s economy by 1950 , according to Census of Population

data , a nd rem a ined a s the biggest indu s try divi s ion in 1967 . It will continue to grow but by

1975 will be surpassed by the services division including domestics and health and educational

serv1ces. Manpower requirements in manufacturing will increase at a slower pace, at 1.6 per-

cent a year , than that experienced during the 1960-196 7 period, 'chiefly be ca use the increases

in employment in the ' 60's in industrie s heavil y oriented toward defense-a ircraft and parts ,

ordnance , etc .-are not expected to continue at the same pa ce. Total ma nufacturing employment,

however , will rise from 448,800 in 1967 to 509,300 in 1975.

As in the past , changes in employment in individual ma nufacturing industries are expected to vary widely, depending on the impact of technology as well as s hifts in demand . The increasing application of technological innovations to ma nufa cturing proces s es is expected to continue to reduce unit labor requirements in ma nufacturing. Ma jo r technological developments that will continue to limit growth in ma nufa cturing employment include numerical control of ma c hine tool s, new metal processing methods , machiner y improvem e nts , improved materi a l s handling (including layout), new and impro,cd ra w materi a ls a nd product s , instrumentation and automatic controls, and electronic computers .
- 28 -

SERVICE-PRODU<;:ING INDUSTRIES

Transportation, Communications, and Public Utilities: Employment in this industry division is expected to increase to 142,400 in 1975, up from 112,900 in 1967. Its share of total employment is expected to rise from 6.6 percent in 1967 to 6.9 percent in 1975. Gains in trucking; atr transportation; telephone communication; electric and sanitary services; and most other industries should more than offset continued declines in railroads and taxis.

Trade: Wholesale and retail trade, the second largest of the service industries, is interwoven throughout the economic system in a network of wholesale and retail establishments. Trade employment changes are expected to parallel those of the whole economy. Trade's relative share of total employment is expected to increase slightly - from one-fifth of total employment in 1967 to 20.6 percent in 1975.

Retail trade employment will expand most rapidly in general merchandise stores, drug stores and eating and drinking establishments. Technological developments such as vending machines, other self-service gadgets, and electronic computers for inventory control and billing will tend to retard employment growth.

Wholesale trade employment will increase more rapidly than that of retail trade. Employment in motor vehicles and automotive equipment; dry goods and apparel; electrical, hardware and plumbling goods;and machinery equipment and supply will be among the faster growing areas.

Finance, Insurance and Real Estate: Employment in these industries is expected to increase

at a faster rate to 1975 than totar employment and to account for a slightly larger share- 4.7

percent- in 1975 than in 1967. Employment will rise from 73,400 in 1967 to 97,900 in 1975.

Banking employment is expected to grow at a slower pace as advancing automation eliminates many clerical functions. Increase in the size of firms may also limit employment gains.

Employment in stock brokerages and investment companies should increase at a slightly faster

,

.I

pace. Insurance employment will be constrained somewhat by the computerization of record-

keeping functions but will continue to grow because of the rising population. Real estate

employment will grow_ at a slightly faster pace than in the '60's: it is little affected by tech-
nological advances but highly responsive to the rising number of family formations.
i

Services: These industries, including private household employment, will increase their share

of total employment by 1975, rising from 25.2 percent in 1967 to 27.4 percent in 1975 and at a

faster rate than total employment. Employment will rise to 565,700 in 1975, up from 430,200

in 1967.

Employment growth in this heterogenous group of service industries, which includes personal, business, health and educational services, will be related to a substantial increase in population, a rapid rise in personal disposable Income , expanding economic activity, and a

- 29 -

growing demand for medical, educational and other services. The output of these laborintensive industries is less affected by technological change than many other industries, hence their employment growth is not restrained very much by productivity advances.

Within the services division, employment growth is expected in most major industries between 1967 and 1975. Growth in business services is expected to be particularly rapid as firms rely increasingly on advertising services to sell their products; on accounting, auditing, bookkeeping, and computing services to handle their record-keeping ; on contract firms to provide maintenance service ; and on audit bureaus and collecting agencies to cope with mushrooming consumer credit.

Public Administration : (Government workers engaged in activities unique to government are

classified as public administration; those engaged in activities also carried on by private

enterprises, such as construction, manufacturing, transportation , medical and educational

s ervices, etc., are classified in the appropriate industry .)

::.
:; Employment has grown faster in public administration than in any other major industry divi-

sion. From 1960 to 1967 employment grew at the rate of 5.1 percent a year, compared to only

3.1 percent for total employment. The sharp ri s e in recent years has been stimulated ,

however, by the needs of the Vietnam War as well as by the rapid growth in population, the

increasing proportion of young and old persons in the population who require more services ,

and the general growth in demand for more and better government services. Employment ts

projected to rise more slowly to 1975 -at 2.2 percent a year -reaching 109,600, up from

92,300 in 1967 . Employment among postal workers will rise only slightly, but other federal

I

public administration employment will rise at the same rate as that for all public administra-

'l

tion . Rates for other sectors will be slightly higher- 2 .7 percent a year for state and 2.3 percent for local public administration employment.

I

- 30 -

Chart 4
EMPLOYMENT IN MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS IN GEORGIA 1960-1967 and PROJECTIONS to 1975

Professional, Technical & Kindred Managers, Officials, Proprietors Clerical & Kindred Workers Sales Workers

266,110

11111960
0 1967
111975

205,980

339,300

Craftsmen, Foremen & Kindred Operatives & Kindred Workers Service Workers Laborers except Farm & Mine

157,620

258,580

361,670

407,270

300,140

Farm and Mine Workers

Number Employees 0

50,000

100,000 150,000

200,000 250,000

300,000 350,000 400,000

450,000

OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT TRENDS

The broad occupational makeup within the state of Georgia is expected to change from 1960 to 1975 . (Refer to Table 8). The basic pattern in Georgia will be similar to the nation as a whole. White collar workers will increase from 40 percent of total employment in 1960 to 46 percent in 1975, while farm workers will decrease from 9 percent to only 3 percent. Blue collar workers and service workers are expected to maintain the same proportion of total employment in 1975 as they did in 1960: 37 and 14 percent respectively.

TABLE 8. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT BY BROAD

-I

OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES IN GEORGIA AND

IN THE UNITED STATES, 1%0 AND 1975

Occupational Category

1960

Percentage Distribution

U. S.J./

Ga.

1975

1960

1975

All Occupations

100

100

100

100

White Collar Workers 2/
Blue Collar Workers ....3./
Service Workers Farm Workers

43

49

40

1\6

37

34

37

37

12

14

14

14

8

4

9

3

J / U SDL, BLS, Bulletin No. 1599, Occupational Employment Patterns for 1960 and 1975.
May not add to 100 percent due to rounding.
]/ Includes professional and technical workers, managers, officials and proprietors, clerical workers and sales workers.
__2/ Includes craftsmen and foremen, operatives and nonfarm laborers.

There are many reasons for the change in the broad occupational makeup of the state. One of the most important is different rates of industry employment growth resulting from influences suth as shifts in consumer demands or industrial needs. Among the other factors are: (1) growth in population and its changing age compositi_on, which for example, has an effect on the need for teachers; (2) government policy, which determines such matters as the size of defense and space programs and expenditures for research and development; (3) supply-demand conditions, which may cause substitution of workers in one occupation for urgently needed workers in another, such as technicians for engineers and; (4) ins ti tu tional factors such as union management relationships and practices. Another important factor that affects the occupation structure of the economy is technological change. As advances in technology are made, some jobs will become obsolete while other totally new jobs will become part of the job market.

The following analysis of broad occupational groups and subgroups ts intended to highlight the major occupational developments in Georgia over the study period. For the State as a whole, all occupations are expected to increase about 49.5 percent from 1960 to 1975 and about 20.9 percent from 1967 to 1975. With the exception of farmers and farm workers, employment in
- 32 -

"l all broad occupational categories is expected to increase during the 1967-1975 period as well as the 1960-1975 period. In 1975 the percentage of total employment found in each of the major occupational groups will be as follows - (in de,scending order): operatives and kindred workers (19.7); clerical and kindred workers (16.4); service workers (14.5); professional, technical and kindred (12.9) ;.craftsmen, foremen and kindred (12.5); managers, officials and proprietors (10.0) ; sales workers (6.4); laborers except farm and mine (4.5); and farmers and farm workers (2.9). The high proportion of operatives and kindred workers represent the largest group because of the predominance of the textile industry within the state . The relative significance is declining over time , however , because growth in textile occupations is at a lower rate than increases in other occupational categories.
PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS Professional, tecnnical and kindred workers will represent the fastest growing occupa-
tional group from 1960 to 1975 in Georgia. From 1960 to 1975 addition of in excess of 130,000 expansion jobs will be created, or an increase _of 95.9 percent to a 1975 high of well over a quarter of a million jobs in this category in the state of Georgia.
Engineers are expected to increase to 25,860 by 1975, representing a 136.8 percent increase in the 15 year period from 1960 to 1975. The pace of increase from 1967 to 1975 is at a slower though still rapid rate. The vast technological changes resulting in even more complicated pro.ducts and processes has the most significant impact on this occupational area.
With the advent of Medicare and Medicaid increasing the use of medical facilities by the elderly, medical and other health occupations are expected to show strong steady gro~th. An increaseof 64.8 percent will be experienced from 1960 to 1975 to a high of 39,560 jobs. Additional factors accounting for the increase in health care are increased awareness by individuals of its importance and growing per capita income. The occupations _experiencing the sharpest growth will be dental and medical technicians, psychologists , physicia,ns and surgeons and professional nurses.
Employment requirements for teachers are expected to increase 88 percent from 1960 to 1975. The projected demand of 72,070 teachers by 1975 includes teachers in all categories with elementary teachers representing 40.3 percent of the total; secondary teachers, 36.0 percent ; college teachers, 14.8 percent; and other teachers , 8.9 percent. The previously rapidly growing demand for elementary school teachers has partially slowed down due to the decrease in birthrates which prevailed at such a high level following World War II. There are other factors beyond birth rates to be considered which influence the need for teachers, however. The two main considerations are lower student-teacher ratios and proposed kindergarten programs. Since these are proposals for the future, it is difficult to define their exact effect at this time. College teacher demand will increase 164.0 percent from 1960 to 1975 as more individuals continue on to college . Teachers grouped as " other " are those employed in
- 33 -

privately operated commercial and technical schools, military training programs, poverty programs, corporate training programs and other activities. This "other" group is expected to more than double between 1960 and 1975 .
Complex technology also has impact on natural scientists and technicians other than medical and dental. These groups are expected to grow 139.2 percent and 132.6 percent, respectively, from 1960 to 1975. Interest in environment will rapidly boost occupations such as chemists, biological scientists and agricultural scientists.
Social scientists including economists, statisticians and actuaries, and other social scientists will increase an anticipated 121.4 percent from 1960 to 1975. Increased need and demand for demographic, economic, statistical and research data and analysis will account for this dramatic increase.
The other professional, technical and kindred worker group consists of a variety of occupations. including accountants and auditors, airplane pilots and navigators, editors and reporters, lawyers and judges, librarians, personnel and labor relations workers, photographers, social and welfare workers, teachers and workers in arts and entertainment as well as professional, technical and kindred workers not elsewhere classified. The fastest growing of these occupations between 1960 and 1975 are airplace pilots and navigators (231.6%), personnel and labor relations workers (129.5%), and designers (105.3%) and the residual groupN.E.C. (168.9%). This last group is expected to add 17,300 jobs from 1960 to 1975 to a high of 27,540. The rapid growth in this group is primarily accounted for by rapidly increasing demand for programmers and analysts connected with burgeoning use of electronic computers. Computer programmers and systems analysts are included in the "not elsewhere classified" group.
MANAGERS, OFFICIALS AND PROPRIETORS The number of managers, officials and proprietors is expected to increase by about
49.8 percent from 1960 to 1975. The rate of growth will be significantly higher than the comparable national rate. Managers are employed in all industries. Industries which employ large numbers of managers are retail trade; durable and nondurable goods manufacture; wholesale trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; construction; and public administration.
Nationally, the number of proprietors is decreasing steadily, as are self-employed managers. This is true in Georgia as the small grocery, neighborhood drugstore, and hand laundry have been taken over by large chains able to buy in volume and in many cases offer goods and services for less. Most of this transition has taken place and the rate of decline is currently being limited by quick-service food stores, fast-food establishments and selfservice laundries.
Growth patterns among different segments of managers, officials and proprietors varies widely. Creditmen; purchasing agents; and officers, pilots and engineers, shipping
- 34 -

are expected to grow 109.8 percent, 72.3 percent and 70.0, respectively, from 1960 to 1975. On the other hand, postmasters and assistants and railroad conductors are to decline 14.3 percent and 11.6 percent, respectively,from 1960 to 1975. The single largest segment is a "not elsewhere classified" containing 96.2 percent of all managers, officials and proprietors and is expected to gain 49.7 percent from 1960 to 1975.

1

CLERICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS

I

Additional demand of 151,670 jobs are expected in clerical and kindred workers from 1960 to 1975, to a new high of 339,300 jobs -an increase of 80.8 percent. The fastest grow-

ing segment are bank tellers, cashiers, and office machine operators. All will increase more

than 100 percent from 1960 to 1975. The rapid increase in clerical workers as a whole re-

flects not only growth of the economy, but also growth in the size and complexity of modern

business organizations and government. As more correspondence is initiated, more reports

required, more technological advances made in the area of electronic data processing, and

specialization within retailing establishments will have a composite effect of additional

demand for clerical workers.

SALES WORKERS Sales workers are expected to increase 52.8 percent from 1960 to 1975 to a total of
132,800 jobs. Most sales workers are employed in retail establishments and trends in sales occupations should follow closely trends in retail trade. Self-service general merchandise stores and other self-service retail establishments have tended to reduce the upward trend but increased capital and consumer goods account for ever increasing retail and wholesale outlets. Use of sales workers in manufacturing industries is expected to increase markedly. Both real estate and insurance agents and brokers are expected to increase quite rapidly from 1960 to 1975, 81.3 percent and 120.0 percent, respectively.

CRAFTSMEN. FOREMEN AND KINDRED Employment in the craftsmen, foremen and kindred group is expected to increase from
157,620 in 1960 to 258,580 in 1975- an increase of 64.1 percent. There is a wide variety of craft occupations with widely varied growth rates. Construction craftsmen will increase 44.7 percent from 1960 to 1975. Even though construction is increasing, the innovation in standard and prefabricated items lowers the growth rate - affecting carpenters, painters and paperhangers, plasterers, brickmasons and electricians. Metalworking craftsmen will increase 54 .8 percent from 1960 to 1975.

Mechanics and repairmen will have the largest increase of craftsmen, foremen and kindred workers from 1960 to 1975. The increase of 86.9 percent is primarily accounted for by industry's need to have craftsmen to repair and maintain automatic conveyor systems, sensing and measuring devices and other equipment which is indicative of modern industrial processes. Business will require repairmen for office machinery in larger numbers than ever before. The consumer, with more dollars to spend, will require repairmen to maintain the volume of appliances now standard in the American home.
- 35 -

Printing trades craftsmen will increase from 3,580 to 5,330 (48.9 %) from 1960 to 1975.

._,

Almost 75 percent of this increase is in two types of occupations - photoengravers and litho-

graphers, and pressmen and plate printers.

More workers will be needed for expansion in transportation, communication, and public utilities, but those jobs connected with railroad transportation are not among the growth occ upatwns .
"Other craftsmen and kindred workers" includes a wide variety of occupations with varied growth patterns during the 1960 to 1975 study period. The category as a whole rose 55.7 percent from 1960 to 197 5. Glaziers and cranemen are expected to grow significantly116.1 percent and 92.9 percent, respectively from 1960 to 1975. This is probably accounted for by new construction of larger commercial buildings within the state.

OPERATIVES AND KINDRED WORKERS Operatives and kindred workers will be the largest single category in 1975 - represen-
ting 19.7 percent of total jobs. This group includes principally assemblers; checkers, examiners, and inspectors; drivers and deliverymen; filers, grinders , and polishers ; packers and wrappers; sewers and stitchers; welders and flame cutters; and production painters. Technological innovations will have the greatest impact on semi-skilled occupations - numerical controlled machines for standard machin~ng operations such as boring, milling, drilling and lathing should decrease the number requirements for machine tool operators. Machine tool operators are expected to increase 45.4 percent from 1960 to 1975 but decrease 10.7 percent from 1967 to 1975. Increases in production generated by rising population and rapid economic growth, as well as an increasing trend in motor truck transportation of freight, are expected to be the main factors contributing to increased employment requirements. For additional occupational detail, see Appendix Table 4.

SERVICE WORKERS Employment for service occupations is expected to increase 58.2 percent from 1960 to
1975 -to a high of 300,140 workers. Food service workers will show sharp gains as people have more disposable income and quick service food establishments increase rapidly - an increase of 96.5 percent is expected from 1960 to 1975.

LABORERS, EXCEPT FARM AND MINE Laborers except farm and mine are expected to wcrease by only 13.7 percent from 1960 to
1975- from 83,370 to 94,760 workers. The growth is expected to slow considerably during the period from 1967 to 1975 when only a 2.9 percent growth will be experienced.

FARMERS AND FARM WORKERS

Farmers and farm workers are expected to decrease by more than 50 percent from 1960

to 1975. As agriculture becomes more automated and the efficient size for an individual

farm increases rapidly , farmers and farm workers will decrease from 123,320 individuals to a

low of 59,360 by 1975.

- 36 -

MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS
In the previous chapter occupational requirements were discussed from a standpoint of growth or decline because of increases or decreases in industry. Additional manpower is required for replacement due to death or retirement as well as occupational growth. Replacement has been based on separation rates for both males and females by occupation based on national averages. All occupations are sensitive to replacement needs and in many instances replacement requirements are greater than those for expansion. Over one half of the total demand for workers in Georgia from 1967 to 1975 is for replacement needs. For additional detail refer to Appendix Table 4.

TABLE 10. DEMAND FOR EXPANSION AND REPLACEMENT BY OCGJPATIONAL GROUP IN GEORGIA FOR THE PERIOD 1967-1975
-:-;
-'l
.).

Occupation

Expansion Needs

Replacement Needs

Total Demand for Workers

Replacements As a Percent of Total Demand

Totals

356,900

429,670

786,570

54.6

Professional, Technical & Kindred Engineers, technical Medical and other health workers Teachers Natural scientists Social scientists Technicians, except medical and dental Other professional, technical and kindred

79,540 8,380 9,740 19,100 3,520 670 9,720
28,410

50,860 2,240 10,530 18,430
810 290 2,360 16,200

130,400 10,620 20,270 37,530 4,330 960 12,080 44,610

39.0 21.1 52.0 49.1 18.7 30.2 19.5 36.3

Managers, Officials, Proprietors

41,680

36,990

78,670

47.0

Clerical and Kindred Workers

75,280

94,550

169,830

55.7

j
:q j

Stenographers, typists, secretaries Office machine operators

20,870

30,360

51,230

59.3

5,590

4,200

9,790

42.9

"1

Other clerical and kindred

48,820

59,990

108,810

55.1

J '

l

Sales Workers

27,940

27,470

55,410

49.6

Craftsmen, Foremen and Kindred Construction craftsmen Foremen, n.e.c. Metalworking craftsmen, except mechanics Mechanics and repairmen Printing trades craftsmen Transportation, public utility craftsmen Other craftsmen and kindred

48,490 9,090 8,120 1,170 18,180
840 2,690 8,400

34,020 10,540
5,340 2,640 8,980
690 1,020 4,810

82,510 19,630 13,460 3,810 27' 160
1,530 3, 710 13,210

41.2 53.7 39.7 69.3 33.1 45.1 27.5 36.4

- 38 -

TABLE 10. DEMAND FOR EXPANSION AND REPLACEMENT BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP IN GEORGIA FOR THE PERIOD 1%7-1975 CONTINUED

-,
Occupation

Expansion Needs

Replacement Needs

Total Demand for Workers

Replacements As a Percent of Total Demand

Operatives and Kindred Workers Drivers and dcliverymen Semiskilled metalworkers Transportation and public utilty operators Semi-skilled textile occupations Other operatives and kindred

45,600 19 ,900 2,480
20 1, 750 24,950

72,830 6,980 2,840 44 0 19,020
43,550

118,430 26,880 5,320 460 17,270 68,500

61.5 26.0 53.4 95.7 100.0 63.6

Service Workers Private household workers Protective service Food service workers Other service workers

63,330 15,960
2,150 14,400 30,820

88,370 38,620
3,920 13,390 32.440

151,700 54,580 6,070 27,790 63,260

58.3 70.8 64.6 48.2 51.3

Laborers, except Farm and Mine

2,680

12,710

15,390

82.6

Farmers and Farm Workers

-27,640

11,870

-15,770

100.0

Source: Appendix Table 4.

As shown in Table 10, of the major groups shown - clerical and kindred workers,

I

operatives and kindred workers, service workers, laborers except farm and mine, and

farmers and farm workers all expect more need of manpower for replacement than expansion.

These categories all are expected to have expansion increases of less than 30 percent from

1967 to 1975.

Table 11 shows the percent distribution by broad occupation. Note that professional, technical and kindred and clerical workers represent the two largest groups from 1967 to 1975 in portion of total number of workers required for expansion. For replacement,however, the top two are clerical workers and service workers. These two groups are also largest in total demand.

39

Chart 5
TOTAL DEMAND FOR EXPANSION AND REPLACEMENT BY MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS 1967-1975

Professional, Technical and Kindred Managers, Officials, Proprietors

130,400 78,670

Clerical and Kindred Workers Sales Workers

55,410

169,830

Craftsmen, Foremen and Kindred

82,510

Operatives and Kindred Workers

Service Workers

Laborers, except Farm and Mine



15,390

Farmers and Farm Workers



-15,770

118,430 151,700

Number of Workers

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

':..,;o;,~.a.L:'!L'::-.:...::..:'

-~.:.,_-,:.,,:,_._~:.

~.,."..!.- ~i\lo'.t:-.,~-

TABLE 11. TOTAL DEMAND AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY BROAD OCCUPATION IN GEORGIA FOR THE PERIOD 1967-1975

Occupation

Total

Professional, Technica l and Kindred

Managers, Officials and Proprietors

Clerical and Kindred Workers

Sales Workers

Craftsmen, Foremen and Kindred

Operatives and Kindred Workers

Service Workers

Laborers, except Farm and Mine

.J.:.:.>..,.

Farmers and Farm Workers

Demond for

Expans ion

Number

Percent

356,900

100.0

79,540 41,680 75,280 27,940 48,490 45,600 63,330
2,680 -27,640

22.3 11.7 21.1 7.8 13.6 12.8 17.7 0.7 -7. 7

Demond

Replacements

Number

Percent

429,670

100. 0

50,860

11.8

36,990

8.6

94,550

22.0

27,470

6.4

34,020

1.9

72,830

17.0

88,370

20.6

12,7 10

2. 9

11,870

2.8

Total

Demond

Number

-Pe-rce-nt

786,570

100.0

130,400

16.6

78,670

10.0

169,830

21.6

55,410

7.0

82,510

10.5

118,430

15.1

151, 700

19.3

15,390

1.9

-15,770

-2.0

CHANGING TRENDS IN OCCUPATIONAL DEMAND

The highly dynamic job market requires a widely varied labor supply in different occupations through time. Chapters preceding have dealth primarily with forecasting man power requirements. It is also important to consider manpower resources - particularly on an estimated annual basis in order to plan training facilities and programs effectively. This chapter is devoted to an appraisal of the adequacy of supply of manpower in broad occupational groups and selected subgroups in Georgia. This chapter deals with how many individuals will be needed annually according to occupation.

In the rapidly changing job market sources of workers for various occupations are numerous. Sources include training programs, armed forces, other occupations, in-migration from other areas, and new and re-entrants into the labor force. Workers at the same time are continually leaving occupation's for a wide variety of reasons - including death, retirement, occupational transfers, out-migration to other areas, marriage, birth of children, and other reasons. Projecting labor supply techniques are not as sophisticated as those for projecting labor demand. Throughout the country workers are free to change locations or occupations at will. This is desirable for the individual worker, but complicates the process of measuring labor supply. Past experience becomes orie tool available to approximate the millions of individuals making individual choice regarding place and type of work. There are separation rates for occupations on a national basis which ca11 form a good starting point to estimate replacement needs.

As there are various ways to forecast labor demand, there are various ways to fore-

cast labor supply. Selection of method, however, depends upon availability of technical

staff, the desired volume and precision of the estimates, and the time and resources available

I

to accomplish the objective. The approach selected for Georgia was simple, inexpensive, and

fast. For these advantages, some prec1s1on was sacrificed.

The technique selected involves a comparison of annual estimated new entrants to an occupation over a recent period of time with a projection of the number that will be required
I
annually in a future period for expansion and replacement in specific occupations. As such, these measures indicate whether the current rate of new worker input to an occupation must be expanded, contracted, or maintained at the current level in order to meet future needs. The measures do not take into account the total supply of workers.

To achieve the occupational growth experienced in Georgia from 1960 to 1967 an average of 90,450 workers were supplied annually for both expansion and replacement needs. The projected requirements for the 1967-1975 period for expansion and replacement are 104,370 workers. This is an increase in annual average new entrant requirement of 15.4 percent.

- 42 -

All of the broad occupational groups and subgroups are presented in Table 12. For

analytical purposes, the ratio of the projected required new job entrants for the period 1967-

a
.,~
:.1

1975 to the experienced need during the 1960-1967 period is presented in the same table.

For some occupations - based on the projections - not as many new workers will be

needed in the period 1967-1975 as were required in the 1960-1967 period. These are

identified by ratios less than unity (1.0). For some occupations, however, the projected

need in the 1967-1975 period will be greater than that in the period 1960-1967. These are

ratios greater than unity. Finally, for some occupations the projected need 1967 to 1975

will approximate that of the 1960-1967 period and are ratios of unity or near unity.

Therefore, these ratios serve to point out possible imbalances in certain occupations. It should be kept in mind that changes in occupation makeup are not as smooth and unvaried as they are being treated here for the purpose of a broad overview within a span of time. In some years one occupation will require a large number of new workers and the next year may only need one half of that number. On the w.hole, however, these cycles should average out to approximate annual average new entrant requirements discussed in this section. More detailed information on workers entering occupations during the 1960-1967 period and the projected number that will be required during the period 1967-1975 is presented in Appendix Table 5.

PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL AND KINDRED

Indications are that the projected required need for professional, technical and kind-

red workers will be about one-third greater from 1967-1975 period than was experienced

during the 1960-1967 period. The total need for expansion and replacement needs during

the 1967-1975 period is expected to be 16,610 new entrants per year while in the 1960-1967

period it was 11,950 new entrants per year. The requirement for technicians, except medi-

cal and dental, which includes such occupations as draftsmen, radio operators, and

surveyors is expected to show the sharpest increase, requiring 570 more new entrants in

annually in the 1967-1975 period than were required in the 1960-1967 period . Technical

engineers will need only 220 more new entrants annually during the 1967-1975 period than

,.

were required from 1960 to 1967. The need for teachers, while increasing, is not increasing

,;

as rapidly as other occupations in the professional field. This change is the partial result

of sharply reduced birth rates. New teachers are expected to be needed in the 1967-1975

period at an annual amount of 4,710 new entrants.

MANAGERS, OFFICIALS AND PROPRIETORS There will be a substantially greater need for managers, officials and proprietors
during the 1967-1975 period than was experienced during the 1960-1967 period. Annually 2,2 30 more new entrants will be required during the 1967-19 75 period than were needed yea rly from 1960 to 1967 . Expansion in man y area s will account for this demand, but the primary need will be in esta blishments undergoing technological changes and fast service food place s.
- 43 -

CLERICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS The experienced need for clerical and kindred workers from 1960 to 1967 amounted to
19,920 new entrants per year while the projected required need for the period 1967-1975 is estimated at 21,250 new entrants per year. The ratio is 1.07 which is very close to unity and it may be assumed that current volumes of training and re-entrants patterns will continue to satisfy the demand which is increasing only slightly. However, half again as many office machine operators will be needed during the projected period than were required from 1960 to 1967. Postal and shipping and receiving clerks show a marked decline during the projected period 1967-1975 as opposed to the experienced period 1960-1967.

SALES WORKERS During the 1967-1975 period an estimated 6,930 new entrants will be required annually
as opposed to requirements of 5',370 annually experienced during the 1960-1967 period. This is an increase of 1,560 new entrants each year in sales occupations. The increase is probably substantial enough to warrant some additional training, though perhaps it can be instituted at currently existing facilities.

CRAFTSMEN, FOREMEN AND KINDRED WORKERS Craftsmen, foremen and kindred workers represent one of the largest broad occupatio-
nal groups in Georgia. The projected annual average need for new entrants from 1967 to 1975 is 9,870. This is a decrease of 1,030 workers each year from the 10,900 new entrants that were required from 1960 to 1967. Most of the broad subgroups within this category (refer to Appendix Table 5) have a ratio of change very close to unity and only minor adjustments should be required in existing training programs. Metalworking craftsmen except mechanics, however, will require less than half the new entrants annually from 1967 to 1975 than were experienced from 1960 to 1967.

OPERATIVES AND KINDRED WORKERS

Operatives and kindred workers required 19,470 new entrants annually from 1960 to

1967 and are expected to need 20,930 each year from 1967 to 1975. The ratios for all of

these occupations are within .10 of unity and very little adjustments in existing training

., ',,

patterns are expected to be required.

SERVICE WORKERS Service workers required new entrants annually of 15,560 from 1960 to 1967. This
will increase by 3,430 to 18,990 new entrants each year from 1967 to 1975. Although the ratio only shows moderate growth - the additional 3,430 new entrants will require training and training facilities, because a serious imbalance will probably result.

- 44 -

LABORERS, EXCLUDING FARM AND MINE; AND FARMERS AND FARM WORKERS The last two broad occupational groups, including laborers and farmers and farm
workers , have been combined for neither group will present a problem with regard to training. Only three quarters of the number of laborers will be required annually from 1967 to 1975 as were required from 1960 to 1967. Farming occupations will continue to decline- losing 3,060 workers annually from 1960 to 1967 but only 1,980 workers from 1967 to 1975.
~I
- 45 -

~-:,~~ ,;

~-----

.. ' . -'~-j~ -----':~'-~

.r~,,;._ ~~.~;;_. ~

TABLE 12. ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNl)AL NEW JOB ENTRANTS EXPERIENCED FROM 1960-1967 AND PROJECTED REQUIRED FROM 1967-1975 BY
BROAD OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES AND SELECTED SUBGROUPS IN GEORGIA

Occupation

Experienced Need

Professional, Technical and Kindred Engineers, technical Medical and other health workers Teachers Technical, except medical and dental
Other professional, technical and kindred 1/
Managers, Officials and Proprietors

11,950 1,120 1,880 3,820 930 3,780
7,610

Clerical and Kindred Workers

.j>..

0\

Sales Workers

19,920 5,370

Craftsmen, Foremen and Kindred Construction craftsmen Foremen, n. e. c. Metalworking craftsmen, excluding mechanics Mechanics and repairmen
Other craftsmen and kindred 1/

10,900 2,990 1,790 1,020 3,450 1,020

Operatives and Kindred Workers

19,470

Service Workers

15,560

Laborers, Excluding Form and Mine

2,730

Farmers and Farm Workers

-3.060

1/ Ones not inc! ude natural and social scientists.
:l/ Does not inc! ude printing trades, transpottation and public utility craftsmen.

SOURCE: Appendix Table 5.

Annual Average New Jab Entrants

Projected

Ratio of Projected Required

Required

to Experienced N~ed

16,610

1.39

1,340

1.20

2,760

1.47

4,710

1.23

1,500

1.61

5,620

1.49

9,840

1.29

21,250

1.07

6,930

1.29

9,870

.91

2,450

.82

1,690

.94

450

.44

3,410

.99

1,210

1.19

20,930

1.07

18,990

1.22

1,930

.71

-1 980

.65

METHODOLOGY
The methodology used in this report is substantially that outlined in the Bureau of Labor Statistics' publication Tomorrow's Manpower Needs and described in the draft version of the Manpower Administration's Handbook for Projecting Employment by Occupation for States and Major Areas. The projections were developed in two major phases: initially projections were made for specific industries in Georgia for 1975 , then these industry projections were applied to the national industry-occupational matrixes to obtain projections of occupational distribution for 1975.
To develop industry projections time series data from 1958-1969 were developed for each of the industries. These data were submitted to a computerized regression analysis. Three basic relationships were figured: (1) between state employment in each industry and time, (2) the logarithm of state employment in each industry and time, and (3) ratio of state to national employment in each industry and time. These various projections were checked for validity and reasonableness and adjusted by a local analyst with solid economic knowledge of the area. Final industry projections were made by careful analysis.
To obtain occupational projections, these industry projections along with industry employment in 1960 and 1960 occupational data from the Census were submitted to a computerized system to be applied to the national matrix. Occupational projections were received and adjusted, balanced and analyzed. After occupational projections had been finalized, replacement needs (based on national separation rates by sex) were determined to yield replacement demand. An aggragate figure showing total demand by occupation was calculated.
Because 1960 Census estimates and industry totals for 1960 were quite close, adjustments for commuting and migration were not made before submitting tabulations for the second computer phase. It was felt that to do so would distort rather than clarify the picture.
.,.I I
- 47 -

'.l,
)l
~
APPENDIX
'

Appendix Chart 1
EMPLOYMENT TRENDS IN GEORGIA BY SELECTED MAJOR INDUSTRIES 1940-1970 and PROJECTED 1975

500

(THOUSANDS)

400
AGRICULTURE
300
200

,
, ,,,/
GOVERNMENT

100
----

0 1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

NOTE: Nonagricultural Industries exclude self-employed and unpaid family workers and domestic workers in private households.

~ .:.:~.:::. ::.. ~~' ~ .': :.: ~

\ ' .... _.;.:t:: .~;J.~.

APPE:-.!DIX TABLE 1. GEORG IA CIVILIA~ WO RK FOR CES ESTIMATES, WITH E ~IPLOYMENT OF :\O>:AGR ICULTURAL WAGE Ai\DSA L ARYWORKE RS (EXCEPT DOMESTICS) BY MAJ OR INDUSTRY, ALL OTHER NONAGR ICU L TU R AL EMPLOB1E~ T AND AGR ICUL TliRAL B l PLODIENT, 1960-1970
(Es rimares in Thousands)

Item

Civ ili an Work Forc e

Unem ployme nt , Numbe r P e rc ent of civili an w ork fo rce

Em p lo y m!'nt, T ot o!
Non a gric ultural wage & salary ,
exce pt do mes t ics 11

Manufa c turin,L:

l)urable ,L:Oods

L umber & wood products

Furniture & fixtures

~

St<lllt' , eLl\' & g l ass products

'-0

Primary metal ind ust r ies

Fabricated me t a l p roduc t s

Machinery , excluding elec tric

Electrical mach inery

Transportation equipment Other durable goods~/

Nondurable goods ,

li ood & kindred products

Textile mill produc ts Appare l

.

Paper & a l lied p roducts

Printing & publish ing

Chemica l s & a llied p roducts

Leather & leat her prod ucts Other no ndurable goods j_/

1960 1, 466 .2

1961 1,4 82. 4

1962 1, 491 .4

1963 1,530 .8

1964 1, 568 .6

1965 1,634 .4

1966 1,712.4

1967 1, 768 . 3

1968 1,830.8

1969

- 19701/ .. ..

1, 905 .2 . 1,928. 2

85 .3

105 .8

83 .4

76.6

70.6

62 .9

57 .6

59 .9

60 .6

55 . 0

70 .7

5.8

7. 1

5. 6~

5.0

4. 5

3.8

3 .4

3 .4

3 .3

2.9

3.7

1,3 80.5 1,375. 8 1,407 .6 1,453 .4 1,497 .2 1,570 .6 1,653 .0 1,{ 07 .4 1,769 .1 1, 847.8 1,853 .9

1, 051.1
340.8 103.5
~9 . 3
7.9 10 .6 4.7 6 .9 8.7 4 .8 25 .5 5.1

1,050 .7
333.0 97 .6 26.7 7.7 10 .9 4 .5 7.2 8.5 5.I 22.1 4.9

1,092,..7
349.6 106.4 26.0
8.4 11 .5 4.9 . 8.4
9.1 5.5 27.2 5.4

1' 13.9.7
362 .9 11 '5.3 26.4
7.9 12 .3 5 .0 10.3 9.3 5.9 32.3 5.9

1,186 .7
377.9 122 .2 26.3
8.3 13.4 . 5.6 11.6 9.9 6.2 34.8 6.1

1, 257.1
403.0 134 .2 26 .8
8.8 14 .4 6.2 12.2 10.7 7.3 40.7 7.1

1,337 .9
430.5 146.7 26.7
9.3 14. 2 6 .6 14.6 . 12.6 8.4 44 .9 9.4

1,394 .7
437 .8 148 .7 26.2
9.0 14 . 1 7.0 14.7 13.4 8.9 45 .0 10.4

1, 455 .6
451.8 152.1 25.8
9.4 13 .7 6.7 16.2 13.7 9 .7 46 . 7 10 .2

1,530 .9
476.3 167 .5 26 .3 10.6
14 . 1 7.2 17.( 14 . 1 10 .9 56.5 10.1

1,545.7
462.2 154 . 9 25.1
9.8 13.7 8.2 16.6 13.9 11 .5 46.7 9.4

237.3 44.9 99.6 -17.6 18.6
9.9 10 . 2
3.7 2.8

.235 .4 41 .6 96.7 47.6 19 .3 10.1 10.3 3.8 3.0 '

243.2 44.9 97 .2 52.6 19.9 10 .5 10.7 4.0
3.4

247.6 45.2 9 7. 1 55.2 20.3
l(J. 7
11 .4 3~9
3 .8

255.7 45.9 98.8 58 .0 21.2 11.4 11.6
4.2 4.6

268 .8 46.9 103.6 63.4 21 .6 11.7 12 . 1 4 .4 5.1

283 .8 48.9 109.2 67.4 22 .8 12.6 13 . 1
4.7 5 .1

289.1 49.3 112.3 67 .5 23-.4 13.11 12.6
4 .6 6.0

299 .7 49.4 117 .8 68.'9 24.4 13.9 12.6
4.7 8.0

308 .8

307.3

50.4

52.3

119.8

115.9

69.9

69.4

25.8

24.6

15 .0

15.3

13.0

13.4

4.7 ~

4 .8

10.2

11.6

----~

,_~~~

... - ---

" - ' - --'- -~

_,.:....; _-;:~ ;;::_!!"..''

---~--~

APPENDIX TABLE 1. GEORGIA CIVILIA~ WORK FORCES ESTIMATES, WITH EMPLOYMENT OF :-.JO:-.JAGRICULTURAL WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS (EXCEPT DOMESTICS) BY MAJOR INDUSTRY, ALL OTHER ~ONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AND AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, 1960-1970 - continued
(Estimates in Thousands)

..;._ :.r~- ...:.;.:._

It em

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970 JJ

Nonmanufacturing

Mining Co ntr ac t constru c tion Transportation & utilities Trade, wholesale & retail Fin ance, insurance & real estate
Services and mi sce llaneou s .21
Government {i/ Federal _} State & local

All other nonagricultural .:I./

'

Vl
0

Agriculture

I

Persons invo lved in labor-management disputes

710.3
5 .6 55.3 73.2 224 .9 49 .1 116.1 186.1 62.4 123.7
200 .9
128 . 5
0.4

7 17.7
5.5 51.9 73 .0 223.6 51.2 120.6 191.9 63 . 1 128.8
204.0
121.1
0.8

743.1
5.4 57.5 73.8 229.6 53 .3 126 . 3 197.2 66.4 130.8
207.0
107.9
0 .4

776.8
5 .7 63.2 76.4 239.0 56 .3 132.2 294 .0 67.8 136.2
210.1
103.6
0 .8

808.8
'5.5 65.4 79.4 250.1 59.0 138.6 210 .8 67.4 143 .4
213 .2
97 .3
0.8

854 .1
5.5 72 .0 83 .2 264 .0 61.2 145 .4 222 .8 68.9 15 3.9
216.2
97.3
0.9

907 .4
6.1 73 .2 89.1 280.9 63 .0 151.2 243.9 77 .9 166.0
219 .3
95 .8
1.8

956.9 1,00).8 1,05 4.6 1,083.5

6.5 74.6 94 .5 291.3 66.) 160.7 263.0 84 . 1 178.9

6.7 79.4 97.3 )06.9 69.1 169.1 275.3 83.2 192 . 1

6.8 81.3 102.3 324.6 73.3 181.0 285.3
8 .~.4
201.9

6.9 76.5 106.7 330.8 77.5 187.3 297.8 83.5 214.3

222 .3

225 .4

228 .5

231.5

90 . 4

88 . 1

88 .4

76 .7

1.0

1.1

2.4

3 .6

J / Preliminary estimates. 11 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistic s and Manpower Administration.
} / Includes professional, scientific and co ntrolling instruments and mi sce ll aneous manufacturing indu st rie s . Also includes o rdnance, beginning in 19()(,.
j / Includes tobacco manufacture, petroleum refining and related industries, rubber and misc ellaneous plastic products.
.5/ Miscellaneous segm<'nt includes agricultural se rvi ces, fores try and fisheries . !J/ Prior to 1966 includes employment in a government ordnance plant . .1/ Nonagricultural se lf- emp loyed and unpaid family workers and domestic workers in private households.

. . ~~ .-:, .:..~

..:...i~....i- '::~.1!...~'

APPDIDIX TABLE 2. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA, BY MAJOR I~DUSTRY GROUP, 1960, 1967 AND PROJECTED 19 75, WITH ANNUAL GROWTH RATES, 1960-1967 and 1967-1975 (Employment in Thousands)

Industry j /

Totol, All Industries

Agriculture, Forestry & F isheries.l/

A~riculturc

Forestry

f

Fisheries

Mining

Metal mining

Coal mining

Crude petroleum & natural ~as

\,J_\.

Nonmetallic minin~ & quarrying

I
Construction Industry

Manufacturing

Durable goods manufacturin~ l.umlwr & wood produns Lng~in~ camps & contractors ~awmills, millwork , miscellaneous Wood products Furnirurt' & fixtur<s Stonl', day & ~lass produces (;lass&. glass produces C:t'menr, n>nneee & pla se<r Strunural day produ<ts Pott<ry &. rdaeed produns Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral & stone products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces & steel works Othl'r primary metal industries Primary nonferrous metals

-1-96-0
1,380.5

Employment Annual Avera11e
1967

197'5

1,707.4

2,064.3

133.6 131.1
2.2 0.3

97.4

69.4

94. .

65.5

..o

3.6

0.3

0.3

5.7

6.7

7.4

0.1

0.3

0.4

0

0

0

0

0

0.1

5.6

6.4

6.9

82.6

104.7

136.5

351.9

448.8

509.3

110.3 32.9 8.5 24.4 8.2 10.9 1.4 3.9 2.8 0.1 2.7 4.8 1.3 1.1 2.4

155.7 30.1 8.0 22.1 9.4 14.4 1.6 6.0 3.6 0.1 3.1 7.1 1.7 1.6 3.8

175.7 28.0 7.5 20.5 11.7 18.1 2.0 7.9 4.5 0.2 3.5 10.9 1.8 2.4 6.7

-...A!!_~ual Gro_!!_!h Rates

1960-1967

1967-1975

Per

No. of Per

No. of

Cent

Jobs

Cent

Jobs

3.1

46.7

2.4

44.6

-4.4

-5.2

-4.1

-3.5

-4.6

5.3

-4.4

-3 .6

4.5

0.1

2.3

0.1

0

0

0

0

2.3

0.1

1.2

0. 1

17 . 0



3.7

u

0

0

0

0

0

1.9

0.1

0.9

0.1

3.4

3.2

3. 4

4.0

3.5

13.9

1.6

7.5

5.1

6.5

1.5

2.5

-1.3

0.4

0.9

-0.3

-0.9

-0.1

-0.8

-0.1

1.4

-0.3

-0.9

-0.2

2.0

0.2

2.8

0.3

4.1

0.5

2.9

0.5

1.9



2.8

0.1

6.3

0.3

3.5

0.2

3.7

0.1

2.8

0.1

0

0

9.1



2.0

0.1

1.5

0.1

5.8

0.3

5.5

0.5

3.9



0.7



5.5

0.1

5.2

0.1

6.8

0.2

7.3

0.4

... .. ~~.:.. ~~ ;;;.:.:,.:.___-:_'

_~.:...::-:...:~( :..-~~

APPENDIX TABLE 2. TOTAL EMPLOYMEN1 IN GEORGIA, BY MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP, 1960 , 1967 AND PROJECTED 1975, WITH ANNUAL GROWTH RATES, 1960-1967 and 1967-1975- continued
(Employment in Thousands)

..!..J:..:O~ ~). !:~

Industry .J/

Fabricated metal products 3/

Nonelectrical machinery

Farm machinery & equipment

Office machinery

Miscellaneous machinery

Electrical machinery

Transportation equipment

Motor vehicles & equipment

Aircraft & engines

Ship & boatbuilding & repairs

\

Railroad & other transportatim equipment

V\ N

Instruments & related products 4/

Instruments, except clocks

Watches & clock devices

Miscellaneous manufacturing

Nondurable goods manufacturing . Food & kindred produ(tS
I
Meat products Dairy products Canning, preserving & freezing Grain milr products Bakery prcd,ucts Beverages Other food products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill prodijcts Apparel & miscell1neous fabricated textile products Paper & allifd prod,ucts Pulp, paper 11c pap~rboard mills Paperboard containers & boxes All other paper products

1960

Employment Annual Avero9e
1967

1975

8.0

17.3

22.4

9.1

13.9

16.7

1.8

2.5

3.0

0.1

0.1

0.4

7.2

11.3

13 .3

4.9

9.0

12.8

26.3

46.1

44.6

11.1

14.0

15.5

12.6

26.5

19.5

1.7

1.7

1.5

0.9

3.9

8.1

1.1

2.4

3.5

0.4

1.2

2.0

0.7

1.2

1.5

4.1

6.0

7.0

241.6 47.2 11.7 4.9 5.3 4.2 7.6 5.7 7.8 0.8 99.9 48.0 18.7 11.5 4.7 2.5

293.1 51.0 14.8
5.0 . 5.0
?3 8.:3 6.9 7.7 0.7 112.6 68.0 23.5 13.6 6.5 . 3.4

333.6 58.0 16.7 5.3 6.4 3.1 9.4 9.0 8.1 0.8
114.3 80.8 28.5 15.3
8.7 4.5

Annual Growth Rates

1960-1967

1967-1975

Per

No. of

Per

No. of

Cent

Jobs

Cent

Jobs

11.6

1.3

3.3

0.6

6.2

0.7

2.3

0.4

4.8

0.1

2.3

0.1

0

0

18.9



6.6

0.6

2.1

0.3

9.1

0.6

4.5

0.5

8.3

2.8

-0.4

-0.2

3.4

0.4

1.3

0.2

11.2 0

2.0 0

-3.8 -1.6

--0.9

23.3

0.4

9.6

0.5

11.8

0.2

4.8

0.1

17.0

0.1

6.6

0.1

8.0

0.1

2.8

5.6

0.3

1.9

0.1

2.8

7.4

1.6

5.0

1.1

0.5

1.6

0.9

3.4 0.3

0.4


1.5 .r.

0.2

0.7

-0.9



3.1

0.2

-3.4

-o..t-i '' -0.8

1.2

0.1

1.6

0.1

2.7

0.2

3.4

0.3

-0.2



0.6

0.1

-1.9



1.7



1.7

1.8

0.2

0.2

5.1

2.9

2.2

1.6

3.3

0.7

2.4

0.6

2.4

0.3

1.5

0.2

4.7

0.3

3.7

0.3

4.5

0.1

3.6

0.1

.. ... :: . . , , .:.::.~ _'z_.:~.=.

APPENDIX TABLE 2. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA, BY MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP, 1960, 1967 AND PROJECTED 1975, WITH ANNUAL GROWTH RA T ES, 1960-1967 and 1967-1975 - continued (Employmen t in Thousands)

Industry .1/

Printing 8 publishing

Chemicals & allied products

Synthetic fiber ~

Drugs & medicine

Paints & varni shes

Miscellaneous chemicals

Petroleum refining & related industries

Petroleun refining

Other petroleum & coal products

Rubber & rr.iscellaneous plastic products

Vl

Rubber pro~ucts

~

Miscellaneous plastic products

Leather & leather products

Leather tanning & finishing

Footwear, except rubber

All other leather products

Tronsr-ortotion, Communicot ior. , Electric, Gas & Sanitary Services Railroad s Local transit & interurban bus Taxis Trucking Warehousing Water transportation Air transpo rtation Pipeline s Transportation services Telephone Te l egraph Radio /!. television E l ectric, gas & ~. team Water & irregation Sanitary services

1960

Employment Annual Average
1967

1975

10.7

14.3

17.5

10.6

13.1

16. 9

1.6

0.6

2.1

0.2

0. 6

1.1

0.9

1.3

1.8

7.9

10.6

11.9

0.8

0.9

1.1

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.7

0.8

0.8

1.2

4.4

11.3

0.9

2.7

6.6

0.3

1.7

4.7

3.7

4.6

4.4

0.3

0.2

0.3

2.8

3.6

3.2

0.6

0.8

0.9

87.4

112 . 9

142.4

17.3

15.4

13 .6

5.4

6.7

7.6

1.1

0.8

0.5

17.8

24.2

30.8

2.1

3. 1

3.7

2.1

3.0

4.1

6.2

12.3

19.9

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.7

1.5

2.3

12.8

18.6

25.4

1.2

1.3

1.1

2.0

2.6

3.5

11.3

13.3

16.4

2.1

2.8

3.9

4.7

6.6

8.8

Annl a I GrowtllRotes

1960-1967

1967-1975

Per

No. of

Per

No. of

Cent

Jobs

Cent

Jobs

4.2

0.5

2.6

0.4

3.1

0.4

3.2

0.5

-13.1

-0.1

17.0

0.2

17.0

0.1

7.9

0.1

5.4

0.1

4.2

0.1

4.3

0.4

1.5

0.2

1.7



2. 5



0

0

14 . 7

1.9



0

0

20.0

0.5

12.5

0.9

17.0

0.3

l1.8

0.5

28.0

0.2

13.6

0.4

3.2

0.1

0.6



5.6



5.2



3.7

0.1

1.5

0.1

4. 2



1.5



3. 7

3.6

2.9

3.7

-1.6

-0.3

-1.5

-0.2

3.1 -4.5

-0.2

1.6 5.7

-0.1

4.5

0.9

3.1

0.8

5.7

0.1

2.2

0.1

5.2

0.1

4.0

0.1

10. 3

0.9

6.2

1.0

2. 2



1.7



11.5

0.1

5.5

0.1

5.5

0.8

4.0

0.8

1.1



-2.1



3.8

0.1

3.8

0.1

2.4

0.3

2.7

0.4

4.2

0.1

4.2

0.1

5.0

0.3

3.7

0.3

__;;,:,~ -*"'-~-~~_...

~:}'l_(_L ( ' -

APPENDIX TABLE 2. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA, BY MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP, 1960, 1967 AND PROJECTED 1975, WITH ANNUAL GROWTH RATES, 1960-1967 and 1967-1975 - continued (Employment in Thcusands)

~L-ri._U

Industry ...l/

Trade, Wholesale 8 Retail

Wholesale trade

Mowr vehicles & equipment

Drugs & chemical

Dry goods & apparel

Groceries & related products

Electrical goods, had ware & plum~ ing

Ma.chinery & equipment

Miscellaneous \\holesale trade

Retail trade

Building materials, I> ardware & farm equipment

Vl

.1:>.

Limited price stores

Other generd merchandise

Food & dairy stores

Auto & accessory dealers

Gas stations

Apparel & accessories

Furniture, furnishings & appliances I
Eating & drinking places

Drug swres

Other retail swres

Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Banks & credit agencies Srock brokers & investment companie~ Insurance Real estate

Services Hotels & other locging place~ Laundries, cleaners & valet shops All <'ther personal services

1960

Employment Annua I Average
1967

1975

269.8 69.9
5.9 4.5 3.0 10.4 10.6 10.7 24.8 199.9 ll.5 8.4 29.5 35.5 21.2 16.0 12.4 10.7 29.0 7.5 18.2

341.0 93.6
7.8 6.3 2.3 11.7 13.1 18.8 33.6 247.4 12.4 8.4 42.9 41.9 24.4 19.1 14.7 11.4 41.2 9.6 21.4

426.1 120.0
10.7 7.3 3.9 12.5 18.0 26.2 41.4 306.1 14.3 6.8 62.3 50.7 30.1 23.4 16.8 12.7 53.2 13.0 22.8

55.0

73.4

97.9

18.6

28.1

39.7

1.3

2.1

4.0

25.5

30.9

36.8

9.6

12.3

17.4

329.3 10.8 15.8 12.4

430.2 15.5 19.9 14.9

565.7 21.8 20.1 17.5

Annual Growth Rates

1960~1967

1967-1975

Per

No. of

Per

No. of

Cent

Jobs

Cent

Jobs

3.4

10.2

2.8

10.6

4.3

3.5

3.2

3.3

4.1

0.3

4.0

0.4

4.9

0.2

1.9

0.1

-3.7

-0.1

6.8

0.2

1.7

0.2

0.8

0.1

3.1

0.4

4.1

0.6

8.4

1.2

4.2

0.9

4.4

1.3

2.6

1.0

3.1

6.7

2.7

7.3

1.1

0.1

1.8

0.2

0

0

-2.6

-0.2

5.5

1.9

4.8

2.4

2.4

0.9

2.4

1.1

2.0

0.5

2.7

0.7

2.6

0.4

2.6

0.5

2.5

0.3

1.7

0.3

0.9

0.1

1.4

0.2

5.1

1.7

3.2

1.5

3.6

0.3

3.9

0.4

2.3

0.5

0.8

0.2

4.2

2.6

3.7

3.1

6.1

1.3

4.4

1.5

7.1

0.1

8.4

0.2

2.8

0.8

2.2

0.8

3.6

0.4

4.4

0.6

3.9

14.4

5.3

0.7

3.3

0.6

2.7

0.4

3.5

16.9

4.4

0.8

0.1

2.0

0.3

,;.~ .: r. _.:)';.~:.:!'L\ '

'1,.(')'':.:

~...:.-..~u,_

APPENDIX TABLE 2. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA, BY MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP, 1960, 1967 AND PROJECTED 1975, WITH ANNUAL GR,OfiTH RATES, 1960-1967 and 1967-1975 - continted
(Employment in Thousands)

.
Industry_jl

1960

Em~loyment
Annual Average 1967

1975

Annual Growth Rates

1960-1967

1967-1975

Per

No. of

Per

No. of

Cent

Jobs

Cent

Jobs

Advertising

Other miscellaneous business service

Auto repair services

Other repair services

Motion pictures & theatres

Miscellaneous entertainment & recreation

Hospitals

Other mecical & health services

Legal services

Educational services

Welfare & religious organizations

Vl Vl

Nonprofit membership organizations

Private households

Engineering & architectural services

Accounting & bookkeeping services

All other professional s'ervices

1.1 12.0 9.8 5.2 3.2 5.9 36.4 14.7 3.1 70.2 24.1 1.7 94.9 5.4 2.4 0.2

1.5 19.6 12.0 6.0 4.2 9.6 46.6 21.0 4.0 106.8 27.0 2.7 107.8 7.5 3.3 0.3

1.9 34.9 14.6 7.8 4.9 12.2 58.9 32.0 5.3 160.0 32.7 3.8 122.6 7.4 6.8 0.5

4.5

0.1

3.\l

0.1

7.3

1.1

7.5

1.9

2.9

0.3

2.5

0.3

2.1

0.1

3-3

0.2

4.0

0.1

1.9

0.1

7.2

0.5

3.0

0.3

3.6

1.5

3.0

1.5

5.2

0.9

5.4

1.4

3.7

0.1

3.6

0.2

6.2

5.2

5.2

6.7

1.6

0.4

2.4

0.7

6.8

0.1

4.4

0.1

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.9

4.8

0.3

-0.2



4.7

0.1

9.5

0.4

6.0



6.6



Public Administration ~ Postal service Other federal public administration State pulolic administration Local public administration

65.2 11.2 36.2 4.4 13.4

92.3 13.7 50.6 8.0 20.0

109.6 15.6 60.1 9.9 24.0

5.1

3.9

2.2

2.2

2.9

0.4

1.6

0.2

4.9

2.1

2.2

1.2

8.9

0.5

2.7

0.3

5.9

0.9

2.3

0.5

Less than O.I
.1/ Industry classification is same as that in Table :Z of supplement No. 2 to Tomorrow's Manpower Needs publication of the U. S. Depanment of Labor;
Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is not fdly comparable to that in Appendix Table 1.
.JJ Includes farm production and agricultural services, forestry and fisheries . .1/ Includes ordnance, except sighting and fire control equipment (SIC 19, except I94). .Y Includes sighting and fire control equipment (SIC I94).
_jJ Includes public administration emplo)ment only. Government agencies engaged in educational and medical services and in activities commonly carried on also
by private er.terprises, su<h as construuion, manufacturing, transportation, etc., are classified in their appropriate industry.

APPENDIX TABLE 3. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA BY OCCUPATION 1960, 1967 AND PROJECTIONS TO 1975

:j

Occupational Title

~

Total

Professional, Technical, and Kindred

Engineers, technical

Engineers , aeronautical

Engineers , chemical

Engineers , civil

Engineers , electrical

Engineers , industrial

Engineers , mechanical

Engineers , metallurgical

Engineers , mining

Other engineers, technical

Medical, and other health workers

Dentists

Dietitians, nutritionist s

:_\

:1'

Nurses, professional Optometrists

Osteopaths

Pharmacists

Physicians, surgeons

2sychologists

Technicians, medical, dental

Veterinarians

Other medical and health workers

Teachers

Teachers, elementary

Teac hers, s econdary

Teachers , college

Teachers, other

Natural scientists

Chemist-s

Agricultural scientists

Biological scientists

Geologists, geophysicist s

Mathematicians

Phy sicists

;j

Other natural scientists

Social scientists

.1

Economists

j

Statisticians, actuarie s

Other social scienti sts

T e chnicians except medi cal and dental

Draftsmen

Surveyors

Air traffic co ntrollers

Radio operators

Techn icians , other

Other profes sional, technical and kindred workers

Accountants a nd auditors

Ai rpl ane pilo t s, nav ig ato r s

Arc hitect s

Annual Average Employment

1960

1967

1975

1,380,500 135,840 10 ,920 860 510 2.,850 1,820 . 990 1,860 150 70 1,810 24,000 1,340 560 9 , 370 28.0 210 2,050 3,620 290 2,550 440 3,290 38 ,330 19 , 290 11 ,860 4,050 3, 130 3.,930 1, 440 860 460 140 340 350 340 840 290 420 130 11,290 3,120 870 340 330 6,630 46, 530 7,450 760 650
. 56 .

1,707,400 186 , 570 17,480 1,820 730 3,840 2,980 1, 720 3,000 260 130 3,000 29.,820 1,480 560 11,750 290 190 2,570 4,330 4.70 4 , 190 560 3,430 52 ,970 23,400 17,390 7,810 4,370 5,880 1,990 1, 170 660 220 680 500 660 1,190 430 580 180 16, 540 4,900 9 40 450 450 9 ,800 6 2 ,69 0 10,940 1,8 30 7 40

2,064,300 266,110 25,860 2,110 1,010 5,490 4,820 2,860 4,090 410 100 4,970 39,560 2,050 710 15,170 330 270 2,800 6,250 780 6,780 540 3,880 72,070 29,040 25,910 10,690 6 , 430 9,400 3,440 1,650 1, 160 340 1.,000 1,140 670 1,860 720 840 300 26,260 5,950 1,690 520 590 17 , 510 9 1, 100 14 ,7 4 0 2,520 790

Net Change

1960.1975

1967-1975

683,800 130,270
14,940 1,250 500 2,640 3,000 1,870 2,230 260 30 3,160
15,560 710 150
5,800 50 60
750 2,630
490 4,230
100 590 33,740 9,750 14,050 6,640 3,300 5, 470 2,000 790 700 200 660 790 330 1,020 430 420 170 14,970 2,830 820 180 260 10,880 44,570 7,290 1,760 140

356,900 79,540
8,380 290 280
1,650 1,840 1.,140 1,090
150 30 1,970 9,740 570 150 3,420 40 80 230 1;920 310 2,590 20 450 19,100 5,640 8,520 2,880 2,060
3~ 520
1,450 480 500 120 320 640 10 670 290 260 120
9,720 1,050
750 70 140
7,710 28,410
3,800 690 50

APPENDIX TABLE 3. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA BY OCCUPATION 1960, 1967 AND PROJECTIONS TO 1975

Occupational Title

Clergymen

Designers except design draftsmen

Ediwrs and reporters

Lawyers and judge s

LibrariaQs

Personnel and labor relations workers

Photographers

Social and welfare workers

Workers in arts, entertainment

Professional, tec hnical, kindred, n.e.c.

Managers, Officials, Proprietor s

Conductors, railroad

Officers, pilots, engineers, ship

C reditmen

:l

Purchasing agents

'1

Postmasters and assistants

Managers , officials, proprietors, n.e.c.

Clerical a nd Kindred Workers

Stenographers, typists, secretari.es

Offic e machine operators

Ocher clerical and kindred workers

Accounting clerks

Bookkeepers, hand

Bank tellers

Cashiers

Mail c arriers

Postal clerks

Shipping, receiving clerks

Telephone operators

Clerical and kindred, n.e .c .

Sales Workers

Insurance agents & brokers

Real estate agent s & brokers

Ocher sales workers, n.e.c.

.'.j

C raftsmen, Foremen and Kindred Construction craft smen

ij

Carpenters

Brickmasons, s cone, rile setter s

Cement, conc re te finishers

Electri c ians

Excavating, grading mac hine operawrs

Painters and paperhangers

Plasterers

Plumbers and pipcfitters

Roofcrs and sl ate rs

Structural metalwork ers

Foremen, n.e .c.

Metalworking, craft smen ex cept mec hani c s

Machini s t s and rel ated occ up ation s

!1lack smiths, for ge men. h amm e rmen

Boil e nn ak c r s

Annual Average Employment

1960

1967

1975

7, 460 1,330 1,220 2.,840 1.570 1,730
790 2,020 8 ,470 10,240 137,480
860
.wo
1,020 2,060
77 0 132,370 18 7,6 30 44,010
7 , 380 136,240
7,450 13,480
2 , 520 9,260 4,050 4,790 6,840 6,590 81,260 86,910 10,000 1,600 75,310 157,620 49,700 16,840 3,650
930 6,480 5,050 8,110 1,010 5,640 1,010
980 22,100 11 ,690 5,080
370 290
. 57 .

4.720 1.940 1,510 3,950 2,270 2 , 730
890 2,6 30 II ,380 17 ,160 164,300 1,000
480 1,400 2,970
780 157 ,670 26 4, 020
63,970 10,650 189,400
9,700 17,480 4,440 15,140 4,730 6,070 8,740 8,730 114,370 104,860 15,500
2,000 87 ,360 210,090 62,810 19,690
4,900 1,300 8,680 6,500 10, 540 1,240 7,300 1,2 80 I ,380 31,050 16,930 7 ,3 20
420 560

8,090 2,730 2,1 70 4,400 2,960 3,970
980 3,640 16, 570 27 ,540 205 ,980
760 680 2,140 3,550 660 198, 190 339, 300 84,840 16,240 238,220 10 ,980 21' 190 6,560 22 ,080 5,590 6,550 9,720 11,820 143 ,730 132,800 22,000 2,900 107,900 258,580 71,900 21,380 5,340 1,800 10 , 200 8 , 120 10,570 1,450 9,490 I ,650 1,900 39,170 18, 100 6,990 350 4 i0

Net Change

1960-1975

1967-1975

6 30 1,400
950 1,560 1,390 2,240
190 1,620 8,100 17,300 68,500 100
280 L, 120 1,490 110 65 ,820 151 ,670 40,830 8,860 101,980 3,530 7,710 4,040 12,820 1,540 1,760 2,880 5,230 62,470 45,890 12,000 1,300 32,590 100,960 22,200 4,540 1,690
870 3,720 3,070 2,460
440 3,850
640 920 17, 070 6 ,410 1,9 10 20 !50

3,370 790 660 450 690
1,240 90
1,010 5,190 10.,380 41,680 240
200 740 580 120 40,520 75,280 20,870 5,590 48 .,820 1,280 3,710 2,120 6,940 860 480 980 3,090 29,360 27 ,940 6,500 900
20,540 48 ,490
9,090 1,690
440 500 1.,520 1,620
30 210 2,190 370 520 8,120 I ,170 330 70 1 20

APPENDIX TABLE 3. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA BY OCCUPATION 1960, 1967 AND PROJECTIONS TO 1975

,i

.J

l''

Occupational Title

Annual Average Employment

.1960

1967

1975

Net Chan9e

19601975

19671975

Hear treaters, annealers , temperers Millwri g ht s Molders, me tal (except co remakers) Pattern makers, metal and wood Roller s and roll hands Sheermeral workers Toolmakers, diemakers, setters

150

230

250

100

20

1,240

1,530

1,900

660

370

290

430

540

250

110

440

670

74 0

300

70

120

180

240

120

60

2,050

3,030

3,770

1,720

740

1,660

2,560

2,880

1,220

320

Mechanics and repairmen

42,140

60,590

78,770

36,630

18,180

Air conditioning , refrigeration & heating mechanics

1,000

1,500

2,200

1, 2 0 0

700

Airplane mechanics and repairmen

Motor vehicle mechanics

Office .machine mechanics

Radio and T.V. mechanics

Railroad 'and car shop mechanics

Other mechanics and repairmen

,:~,

Printing trades craftsmen

'

Compositors and typesetters

Electrotypers and stereotypers

Engravers except photoengravers

Photoengravers, lithographers

Pressmen and plate printers

Transportation, and public utility craftsmen

Linemen and servicemen

.j

Locomotive engineers

Locomotive firemen

Other craftsmen and kindred workers

Bakers

Cabinetmakers

Cranemen, derrick, hoistmen

Glaziers

Jewelers and watchmakers

Loomfixers

Opticians , lens grinders

Inspectors, log and lumber

Inspectors, other

'l

Upholsterers

Craftsmen, kindred, n.e.c.

Operatives and Kindred Workers .:1
Drivers and deliverymen
1
Drivers, bus, uuck, trac tor

Deliverymen, routemen

Semiskilled metalworkers

Ass embl ers, metalworking, Class A

Assemblers, metalworking, Class B

Inspectors, metalworking, Class B

Machine tool operators, Class B

E lectr oplaters

Electroplater helpers

Furnacemen , sme lterme n

Hearer s, me t al

\\'elders, flam ec utters

2,780
15,730 930
2,020 780
18,900 3,580 2,190 90 160 260 880 6,920 5,200 890 830 21,490 2,320 1,430 1,560 310 640 2,680 240 790 1,690 1,230 8,600
278,630 49,130 38,060 11,070 13,320 690 4,070 1,450 2,2 90 80 140 260 30 4, 310

5,250
20,750 1,650 2,650 860
27,930 4,490 2,600 80 220 440 1,150 9,160 7, 710 960 490 25,060 2,580 1,550 2,180 420 740 2,860 310 760 2,020 1,410 10 ,230
361,670 59,990 45 ,850 14,1 40 22 ,500 1,450 6, 480 2,530 3, 730 160 270 420 50 7,4 10

5, 710
23,590 2,470 3,070 750
40,980 5,330 2,580 70 270 810 1,600 11,850 10,900 840 110 33,460 2,820 1,800 3,010 670 690 3,030 340 950 2,830 1,790 15,530
407,270 79,890 60,210 19,680 24,980 l ,510 6,570 2,630 3,330 180 280 520 70 9,890

2,930
7,860 1,540 1,050
30 22,080
1,750 390 20 110 550 720
4,930 5,700
50 720 11,970 500 370 1,450
360 50 350 100 160
1,140 560
6,930 128,640
30,760 22,150
8,610 11,660
820 2,500 l, 180 1,040
100 140 260 40 5,580

460
2,840 820 420 110
13,050 840 20 10 50 370 450
2,690 3,190 120 380 8,400
240 250 830 250 50 170
30 190 810 380 5,300 45,600 19 , 9 0 0 14,360 5,540 2,480
60 90 100 -400 20 10 100 20 2,480

. 58 -

APPENDIX TABLE 3. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA BY OCCUPATION 1960, 1967 AND PROJECTIONS TO 1975

Occupational Title

Transportation and public utility operators Brakemen, switchmen Powerstation operators Sailors and deckhands

Semiskilled textile occupations

Knitters,. loopers, toppers

Spinners, textile

Weavers, textile

Sewers and stitchers, manufacturing

Other' operatives and kindred

Asbestos, insulation workers

Attendant, auto service, parking

Blasters and powdermen

,.

Laundry, dry cleaning operators

,,ij

Mine operatives, laborers, n.e.c.

~~

Meat cutters, except meat packing

Operatives and kindred, n.e.c.

Service Workers Private household workers

Protective service Firemen Policemen, other law enforcement officers

Guards, watchmen, doorkeepers

Food service workers

Bartenders

Cooks except private household

Counter, fountain workers

Waiters, waitresses

Other service workers

Airline stewards, stewardesses

Attendants, hospital and other

Charwomen and cleaners

Janitors and sextons

Nurses, practical

:.~

Other service workers, n.e.c.

..-.:1

Laborers except Farm and Mine

-;1

Farmers and Farm Workers

Annual Average Employment

1960

1967

1975

2,770 2,000
400 370 42,880 4,810 5,310 6,510 26,250 170,530 330 Y,170
70 9,240 2,120 3,830 145,770
189,700 81,370 12,210 2,190 4,170 5,850 26,410 2,380 8,920 2,640 12,470 69,710 390 9,190 4,140 12,780 5,410 37,800 83,370 123,320

3,040 2,100
490 450 60,720 5,610 5,690 7,090 42,330 215,420 460 10,830 100 10,940 2,040 4,690 186,360
236,810 94,730 16,110 3,050 6,230 6,830 37,500 3,260 12,430 4,460 17,350 88,470 960 13,720 5,600 17,280 6,460 44,450 92,080 87,000

3,060 1,880
650 530 58,970 5,590 3,680 4,950 44,750 240,370 590 14,080 130 11,640 2,180 5,220 206,530
300,140 110,690
18,260 3,410 7, 150 7,700
51,900 4,270 17,400 6,670 23,560
119,290 1,790
19,430 8,060 23,060 8,420 58,530 94,760 59,360

Net Change

1960-1975

1967-1975

290 120 250
160 16,090
780 1,630 1,560 18,500 69,840
260 4,910
60 2,400
60 1,390 60,760
110,440 29,320
6,050 1,220 2,980 1,850 25,490 1,890 8,480 4,030 11,090 49,580 1,400 10,240 3,920 10,280 3,010 20,730 11,390 63,960

20 220
160 80 1, 750 20 -2,010 2, 140 2,420 24,950 130 3,250 30 700 140 530 20,170
63,330 15,960
2,150 360 920 870
14,400 1,010 4,970 2,210 6,210
30,820 830
5, 710 2,460 5,780 1,960 14,080 2,680 27,640

- 59

APPENDIX TABLE 4. EXPANSION AND REPLACEMENT NEEDS BY OCCUPATION IN GEORGIA FROM
1967 - 1975

Occupation

Expansion Needs
1967-1975

Total

356,900

Professional, Technical, and Kindred

79,540

Engineers, tee hnical

I

Engineers, aeronautical

Engineers, chemical

8,380 290 280

Engineers, civil

1,650

Engineers, electrical

1,840

I

Engineers, industrial

1,140

Engineers, mechanical

1,090

Engineers, metallurgical

150

Engineers, mining

-30

Other engineers, technical

1,970

Medical, and other health workers

9,740

Dentist

570

Dietitians, nutritionists

150

Nurses, professional

3,420

Optometrists

40

Osteopaths

80

Pharmacists

230

Physicians, surgeons

1,920

Psychologists

310

Technicians, medical, dental Veterinarians

2,590 -20

Other medical and health workers

450

Teachers

19,100

Teachers, ele~entary

5,640

Teachers, secondary

8,520

Teachers, c ollege

2,880

Teachers, other

2,060

Natural scientists

3,520

Chemists

1,450

Agricultural scientis ts

480

Biological scientists Geologists, geophysicists ' Mathematicians Physicists Other natural scientists Social scientists Economists Statisticians, actuaries Other social scientists Technicians except medical and dental Draftsmen Surveyors Air traffic controllers Radio operators Techni c ians , other Other profes sional , technical and kindred workers Ac countants and auditors Airplane pilo.ts , nav i gators Archit ec ts

500 120 320 640
10 670 290 260 120 9,720 1,050 750
70 140 7,710 28 ,410 3,800 69 0
50

- 60 -

Replacement
Needs
1967-1975
429,670 50,860 2,240 100 60 710 310 200 400 30 10 410 10,530 350 240 4,950 60 50 600 1,060 110 1,730 90 1,290 18,430 9,180 5,800 1,870 1,580 810 240 170 160 20 120 50 50 290 100 140 50 2,360 350 130 20 30 1,830 16, 200 2,4 30 230 150

Total Demand
1967-1975
786,570 130,400
10,620 400 340
2,360 2,150 1, 340 1,490
180 -20 2,380 20,270 920 390 8 , 370 100 130 830 2,980 420 4,320 70 1,740 37,530 14,820 14, 320 4,750 3,640 4,330 1,690 650 660 140 440 690 60
960
390 400 170 12,080 1,400 880
90 170 9,540 44,610 6,230 920 20 0

APPENDIX TABLE 4. EXPANSION AND REPLACEMEJ\T NEEDS BY OCCUPATION IN GEC RGIA FROM 1967 - 1975 - co~tinued

Oceupatior

E x p a n s i c on
Needs
1967-1975

Replacement Needs
1967-1975

Total Demand
1967-1975

C lergymen

3,370

Designers except design draft s men

790

Editors and reporters

660

Lawyers and judges

450

Librarians

690

Personnel and labor relations workers

1,240

Photographers

90

Social and welfare workers

1,010

Workers in arcs , .entertainment

5,190

Professional, technical, kindred, n.e.c.

10,380

Managers, Officials, Proprietors

41,680

Conductors, railroad

-240

Officers, pilots, engineers, ship

200

Credicmen

740

Purchasing agents

580

Postmasters and assistants

-120

Managers, officials, proprietors, n.e.c.

40,520

Clerical and Kindred Workers

75,280

Stenographers, typists, secretaries

20,870

Office machine operators

5,590

Other clerical, kindred workers

48,820

Accounting clerks

1,280

Bookkeepers, hand

3,710

Bank tellers

2,120

Cashiers

6,940

Mail carriers

860

_., Postal clerks

480

l

Shipping, receiving clerks

Telephone operators .I
Clerical and kindred, n.e.c.

980 3,090 29,360

Sales Workers

27,940

Insurance agents and brokers

6,500

Real estate agents and brokers

900

Ocher sales workers, n.e.c.

20,540

C raftsmen, Foremen and Kindred

48,490

,....

Cons cruction craftsmen

.~.~

Carpenters

9,090 1,690

Br ickmasons, stone, tile setters

440

Cement, concrete finishers

500

Electricians

1,520

Exca vacing, grading machine operators

1,620

Painters and paperhangers Plasterers PI umbers and pip efi tee rs

30 210 2,190

Roofers and slaters

370

Structural metalworkers

520

Fo remen, n.e.c.

8,120

Metalworking, c rafts men except mechanics

1,170

Machinists and related occupation s

-330

Blacksmiths, fo rgemen., hammermen

-70

Boilermakers

-120

- 61 -

1,330 440 470 970
1, u b
620 160 1,010 3,550 3,730 36,990 270 100 320 470 240 35,590 94,550 30,360 . 4,200 59,990 3,400 6,390 1,790 5,880 660 990 1,320 4,ll0 35,450 27,470 3,000 830 23,640 34,020 10,540 3,780 610 190 1,210 760 2,110 180 1,210 230 260 5,340 2 ,640 1,150 110 80

4,700 1,230 1,130 1,420 1,800 1, 86 0
250 2,020 8,740 .14,110 78,670
30 300 1,060 1,050 120 76, 110 169,830 51,230 9,790 108,810 4,680 10,100 3,910 12,820 1, 520 1,470 2,300 7,200 64,810 55,410 9,500 1,730 44,180 82, 510 19,630 5,470 1,050 690 2,730 2,380 2,140 390 3,400 600 780 13,460 3,810 820 40 -40

APPENDIX 1 ABLE 4. EXPANSION AND REF LACEMENT NEEDS BY OCCUPATION IN GEORGIA FRCM 1967 - 1975 - continued

Occ uprotion

Expansion Needs
1967-1975

Heat treaters, annealers, temperers

20

Millwrights

370

Mold~rs, m~tal (exc~pt cor~mak~rs)

110

Patt~rn mak~rs, m~tal and wood

70

Roll~rs and roll hands

60

sh~~tmetal work~rs

740

Toolmak~rs, di~mak~rs, s~tters
M~chanics and repairm~n Air conditioning, r~frig~ration & heating m~chanics

320 18,180
700

Airplan~ m~chanics and repairmen

460

Motor vehicle mechanics Offic~ machin~ mechanics

2,840 820

Radio and T.V. mechanics Railroad and car shop m~chanics

420 -110

Oth~r m~chanics and repairmen Printing trad~s craftsm~n

13,050 840

Compositors and typ~sett~rs

-20

El~ctrotypers and ster~otyp~rs

-10

Engrav~rs ~xc~pt photo~ngrav~rs

50

Photo.~ngra v~rs, I ithograph~rs

Pr~ssmen and plat~ print~rs

TransporH.tion, and public utility craftsmen

Lin~m~ :~ and s~rvicem~n Locor,H tiv~ engi.n~~rs

.I

Locomotiv~ firem~n
Oth~r craftsm~n and kindr~d workers

Bak~rs Cabin~tmak~rs

Cranemen, derrickmen, hoistmen

Glaziers J~w~l~rs and watchmak~rs

Loomfix~rs
Opticians, lens grinders, polishers

lnsp~ctors, log and lumb~r

Insp~ctors, oth~r

Upholsterers Craftsmen and kindred, n.e.c.

. l

Operatives and Kindred Workers Driv~rs and d~liv~rym~n

I

Driv~rs, bus, truck, tractor

Deliverymen, routemen, cab drivers

s~miskill~d metalwork~rs
Assembl~rs, metalworking, Class A Ass~mbl~rs, metalworking, Class B Insp~ctors, m~talworking, Class B ~lachine tool operators, Class B

El~ctroplat~rs
Electroplater help~rs furnacemen , smeltermen , pourers

Heaters. metal

Welders , flamec utters

370 450 2,690 3,190 -120 -380 8,400 240 250 830 250 -50 170
30 190 810 380 5,300 45,600 19,9.00 14,360 5,540 2,480
60 90 IOO -400 20 10 100 20 2,480

- 62 -

Rep I acement Needs
1967-1975
40 260 60 110 30 410 390 8,980 190 440 2,3]0 150 210 170 5, 510 690 390
10 20 100 170 1,020 670 320 30 4,810 590 350 350 50 150 400 40 140 470 220 2,050 72,830 6,980 5,090 1,890 2,840 150 1,010 330 400 20 30 60 10 830

Total
Demand
1967-1975
60 630 170 180
90 1' 150
710 27,160
890 900 5,150 970 630
60 18,560
1,530 370 0 70 470 620
3,710 3,860
200 -350 13,210 830 600 1, ~ 80 300 100 570
70 330 1,280 GOO 7,350 118,430 26 ,880 19,450 7,430 5,320 210 1, 100
:i30 0
.10 40
((, 0
30 3,310

APPF.NDIX TABLE 4. EXPANSION AND REPLACEMENT NEEDS BY OCCUPATION IN GEORGIA FROM
1967 - 1975 - continued

o~cupation

Transportation and public utility opera.tors

Brakemen, switchmen

Powerstation operators

Sailors and deckhands

Semiskilled textile occupations

Knitters, loopers, toppers

Spinners, textile

Weavers, textile

Sewers and stitchers, manufacturing

Other operatives and kindred

Asbestos, insulation workers

Attendant, auto service, parking

Blasters and powdermen

';:1

Laundry, dry cleaning operators

Mine operatives, laborers, n.e.c.

Meat cutters, except meat packing

Operatives and kindred, n.e.c.

Service Workers

Private household workers

Protective service

Firemen

.I

Policemen, other law enforcement officers

Guards, watchmen, doorkeepers
.I
Food service workers

. -1

Bartenders

Copks except private household

Counter, fountain workers

Waiters, waitresses

Other service workers

Airline stewards, stewardesses

Attendants, hospital and other institutions

Charwomen and cleaners

Janitors and sextons

Nurses, practical

Other service workers, n.e.c.

Laborers except Farm and Mine

F arrners and Farm Workers

Expansion Needs
1967-1975
20 -220 160
80 1, 750
-20 2,010 -2,140 2,420 24,950
130 3,250
30 700 140 530 20,170 63,330 15,960 2,150 360 920 870 14,400 1,010 4,970 2,210 6,210 30,820 830 5,710 2,460 5,780 1,960 14,080 2,680 -27,640

Repl11cement Needs
19.7-1975
440 290 90
60 19,020
1,630 1,180 1,230 14,980 43,550
60 1,000
10 3,460
240 790 37,990 88,370 38,620 3,920 670 750 2,500 13,390 750 4,720 1,580 6,340 32,440 550 4,610 2,150 6,450 3,330 15,350 12,710 11,870

Total Demar.d
1967-1975
460 70
250 140 17,270 1,610 830 -910 17,400 68,500 190 4,250
40 4,160
380 1,320 58,160 151,700 54,580 6,070 1,030 1,670 3,370 27 '790 1,760 9,690 3,790 12,550 63,260 1,380 10,320 4,610 12,230 5,290 29,430 15,390 15,770

- 63 -

APPENDIX TABLE 5. ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNUAL NEW JOB ENIRANTS EXPERIENCED FROM 19601967 AND PROJECTED REQUIRED FROM 1967-1975 BY OCCUPATION IN GEORGIA

-:1
:fj
j

;~
'1

Occupation

Annual Average New Job Entrants

Experienced

Projected

Ratio of Projected

Need

Required

Required

1960-1967

1967-1975

To Experienced Need

Total

90,450

Professional, Technical, and Kindred

11,950

Engineers, technical

1,120

Engineers, aeronautical

150

Engineers, chemical

40

Engineers, c ivi I

200

Engineers , electrical

190

Engineers, industrial

120

Engineers, mechanical

190

Engineers, metallurgical

20

Engineers, mi 'n'ing

10

Ocher engineers, technical

200

Medical, and ocher health workers

.,,;

;:~

Dentist

:;j
:::.

Dietitians, nutritionists

Nurses, professional

1,880 60 30
830

Optometrists

10

Osteopaths

10

Pharmacists

140

Physicians, surgeons

200

Psychologists

40

Technicians , medical, dental

360

Veterinarians

30

Other medical and heal-th workers

170

Teachers

3,820

Teachers, elementary

1,530

Teachers, secondary

1, 280

Teachers, college

690

Teachers , ocher

320

Natural scientists

350

'I

Chemists

100

Agricultural sc ientiscs

60

Biological scientists

40

Geologists, geophysicists

10

..~~

.'-'~

Mathematicians

60

;l
Physic ists

20

:1

Ocher natural scientists

60

:1

1

So.cial scientists

70

Economists

30

Statisticians, actuaries

30

Other social scientists

10

Technicians, except medical and dental

930

Draftsmen

280

Suryeyors

20

Air traffic contro llers

20

Radio operators

20

Technicians, ocher Ocher professional, technical and kindred workers
Accountants and auditors Airplane pilots , navigators

590 3,780
720 170

Architects

- 64 -

30

104,370 16,610 1, 340 50 40 300 270 170 190 20 0 300 2,760 110 260 1,050 20 20 110 370 50 540 10 220 4,710 1,860 1,800 590 460 550 210 80 80 20 60 90 10 130 50 50 30 1,500 170 110 10 20 1,190 5,620 780 120 30

1.15 1.39 1.20
.33 1.00 1.50 1.42 1.42 1.00 1.00
1.50 1.47 1.83 8.67 1.27 2.00 2.00
.79 1.85 1.25 1.50
.33 1.29 1.23 1.22 1.41
.86 1.44 1.57 2.10 1.33 2.00 2.00 1.00 4.50
.17 1.86 1.67 1.67 3.00 1.61
.61 5.50
.so
1.00 2.02 1.49 1.08
.71 1.00

..--....

APPENDIX TABLE 5. ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNUAL NEW JOB ENTRANTS EXPERIENCED FROM 19601967 AND PROJECTED REQUIRED FROM 1967-1975 BY OCCUPATION IN GEORGIA- continued

Occupation

Annual Average Hew Job Entrants

Experienced

Projected

Ratio of Projected

Heed

Required

Required

1960-1967

1967-1975

To Experienced Heed

Clergymen Designers except design draftsmen

-230 130

590

3.57

160

1.23

Editors and reporters

80

140'

1. 75

Lawyers and judges

260

180

.69

Librarians

200

230

1.15

Personnel and labor relations workers

190

240

1.26

Photographers

30

30

1.00

Social and welfare workers

180

260

1.44

Workers in arts, entertainment

740

1,090

1.47

Professional, technical, kindred, n.e.c.

1,280

1,770

1.38

Managers, Officials, Proprietors

7,610

9,840

1.29

Conductors, railroad

60

0

Officers, pilots, engineers, ship

20

40

2.00

Creditmen Purchasing agents Postmasters and assistants

80

130

1.63

180

130

.72

30

20

.67

Managers, officials, proprietors, n.e.c.

7,240

9,520

1.31

Clerical and Kindred Workers Stenographers, typists, secretaries

19,920 5,600

21,250 6,410

1.07 1.14

Office machine operators

820

1,230

1.50

Other clerical and kindred workers

13,500

13,610

1.01

Accounting clerks Bookkeepers, hand

670

590

.88

1,210

1,260

1.04

.I

Bank tellers

Cashiers

410

490

1.20

1,320

1,610

1.22

Mail carriers

170

190

1.12

Postal clerks

290

180

.62

Shipping, receiving clerks

650

290

.45

Telephone operators

690

900

1.30

Clerical and kindred, n.e.c.

8,090

8,100

1.00

Sales Workers

5,370

6,930

1.29

Insurance agents & brokers

1,050

1,190

1.13

Real estate agents & brokers

140

210

1.50

Other sales workers, n.e.c.

4,180

5,530

1.32

Craftsmen, Foremen and Kindred

10,900

9,870

.91

Construction craftsmen

2,990

2,450

.82

Carpenters

830

680

.82

Brickmasons, stone, tile setters

240

140

.58

Cement, concrete finishers

70

80

1.14

Electricians

430

340

.79

Excavating, grading machine operators

290

300

1.03

I

Painters and paperhangers

I

Plasterers Plumbers and pipefitters

580

260

.45

50

50

1.00

360

420

1.17

Roofers and slaters

60

80

1.33

Structural metal workers

80

100

1.25

Foremen, n.e.c.

1, 790

1,690

.94

Metalworking, craftsmen except mechanics

1,020

450

.44

Machinists and related occupations Blacksmiths, forgemen, hammermen

440

100

.23

20

0



Boilermakers

50

-10

-.20

- 65 -

1\Pt'.tNUl.A 11\.I:SL.t :> .t~llMAl.tU AV.tKAu.l;. ANNUAL N.tW JUtl .t.NTKANT~ EXPERIENCED FROM 1960-1967 AND PROJECTED REQUIRED FROM 1967-1975 BY OCCUPATION IN GEORGIA- continued

j

i
~

Occupation

j

Hear crearers, annealers, remperers

Millwrighrs

Molders , meral (e x cepe core makers)

Panern makers , meral and wood

Roflers and roll hands

Sheermeral workers

Toolmakers , diemakers , seners

Mechanic s and repairmen

-I

Air condirioning, refrigerarion & hearing mechanics

Airplane mechanics and repairmen

Moror vehicle mechanics

Office machine mechanics

Radio and T. V. mechanics

Railroad and car shop mechanics

:1 r..1

Ocher mechanics and repairmen

1~.'
~,~

Priming crades crafrsmen Composirors and rypeseuers

Eleccrorypers and srereorypers

Engravers excepr phoroengravers

Phoroengravers, lirhographers

Pressmen and place primers

Transporrarion, and public uriliry crafrsmen

Linemen and servicemen

Locomorive engineers

Locomorive firemen

1

I

Ocher crafrsmen and kindred workers

Bakers

Cabinermakers

Cranemen, derrickmen, hoisrmen

Glaziers

Jewe lers and warchmakers

Loomfixers

Opricians, lens grinders, polishers

lnspecror s , log and lumber

lnspe crors, ocher

1
;~l

Uphol srerers

;~!

Crafrsmen, kindred, n.e.c .

:j

Operarives and Kindred Workers

<i

Drivers and deliverymen Drivers, bus, cruck, rracror

Deliverymen, rouremen, cab drivers

Semiskilled meralworkers

Assemble rs , meralwork ing, Class A

Assemblers, meralworking, Class B

lnspecrors, meralworking, Class B

Machine cool operarors, Class B

Elecrroplarers

E lec rroplarer he lpers

Furnaceme n, sme lrermen, pourers

He arer s, me cal

We lder s, fl a mec ut te rs

Annual Average New Job Entrants

Experienced

Projected

Ratio of Projected

Need

Required

Required

1969-1967

1967-1975 To Experienced Need

10 70 30 40 10 180 170 3,450 90 390 960 110 110 30 1, 760 210 100
()
10 40 60 420 420 40 -40 1,020 110 50 120 20 30 80 20 20 100 50 420 19,470 2,230 1,610 620 1,560 120 440 180 250 10 20 30
0 510
- 66 -

0 80 20 20 10 140 90 3,4 10 110 120 650 120 80 10 2,3 20 200 50
0 10 60 80 460 480 30
-so
1,210 100 70 140 40 10 70 10 40 160 80 490
20,930 2, 430 1,750 680 1,650 130 4 70 190 260 10 20 30 0 54 0

1.1 4 .67
.so
1.00 .78 .53 .99 1.22 .31 .68 1.09 .73 .33 1.32 .95
.so
0 1.00 1.50 1.33 1.10 1.14
.75 1.25 1.19
.91 1.40 1.17 2.00 .33 .88
.so
2.00 1.60 1.60 1.1 7 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.00 1.00
r.oo
0 1.06

.. 1

APPENDIX TABLE 5. ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNUAL NEW JOB ENTRANTS

EXPERIENCED FROM 1960-1967 AND PROJECTED REQUIRED FROM

1967-1975 BY OCCUPATION IN GEORGIA -continued

Occupat ion
Transportation and public utility operators Brakemen, switchmen Powerstation operators Sailors and deckhands
Semiskilled textile occupations Knitters, loopers, toppers Spinners, textile Weavers, textile Sewers and stitchers, manufacturing
Other operatives and kindred Asbestos, insulation workers Attendant, auto service, parking Blasters and powdermen Laundry, dry cleaning operators Mine operatives, laborers, n.e.c. Meat cutters, except meat packing
"i
Operatives and kindred, n.e.c. Service Workers
Private household workers Protective service
Firemen Policemen, ocher law enforcement officers Guards, watchmen, doorkeepers Food service workers Bartenders Cooks except private household Counter, fountain workers Waiters, waitresses Other service workers Airline stewards, stewardesses Attendants, hospital and other institutions Charwomen and cleaners Janitors and sextons Nurses, practical Other service workers, n.e.c. Laborers except Farm and Mine Farmers and Farm Workers

Annual Average New Job Entrants

Experienced

Projected

Ratio of Pro jected

Need

Required

Required

1960-1967

19671975

To Experienced Need

90 50 20 20 4,540 300 220 250 3,770 11,050 30 340
0 630
20 210 9,820 15 , 560 6,050 960 190 360 410 2,790 200 920 390 1,280 5, 760 110 1,050 400 1,240 480 2,480 2,730 -3,060

90 50 20 20 4,920 310 200 240 4, 170 11,840 30 360
0 670
20 210 10,550 18,990 6,830 760 130 210 420 3,480 220 1,210 480 1,570 7,920 170 1,290 580 1,530 670 3,680 1,930 -1,980

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.08 1.03
.91 .96 1.11 1.07 1.00 1.06
0 1.06 1.00 1.00 1.07 1.22 1.13
.79 . 68 .58 1.02 1.25 1.10 1.32 1.23 1.23 1.38 1.55 1.23 I .45 1.23 1.40 1.48 . 71 .65

- 67 -