To answer your question

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION

DR. CLAUDE PURCELL, Executive Officer

Honorable H. W. Blount, Waynesboro

1st District

Honorable William T. Bodenhamer,

Ty Ty ..

.

2nd District

Honorable Clarke W. Duncan,

Buena Vista ...

. ..3rd District

Honorable James S. Peters, Manchester-Vice Chairman .. 4th District

Honorable George P. Whitman, Jr.,

College Park, Chairman.

5th District

Honorable Francis Shurling, Wrightsville

... 6th District

Honorable Henry Stewart, Cedartown

7th District

Honorable Lonnie E. Sweat, Blackshear

8th District

Mrs. Bruce Schaefer, Toccoa

9th District

Mrs. Julius Y. Talmadge, Athens ..10th District

Together we work to make Georgia a state where great-hearted men and women have illumined minds, intellectual curiosity, the ability to appreciate and use the miracles of modern technology, an active concern with the problems of democracy, and the integrity of character that will make of them good citizens of their communities, their state, their nation, and their world.

Bulletin of
Office of Public Information State Department of Education Atlanta, Georgia

State Superintendent of Schools
DR. CLAUDE PURCELL
" . . . Georgia's most vital concem is to see that its children get quality education."

--
A message from the State Superintendent of Schools:
"Our biggest job in Georgia today is to educate our children.
"They have been born into a complicated world full of terrors and tensions, but also bright with the possibilities of being the best world we have ever known. Modern scientific and artistic achievements seem like miracles. We must give our children the education that will help them understand, use, and add to these resources. The future depends on our doing this.
"Democracy demands enlightened minds. People who govern themselves must know how to govern well. They must think clearly, feel deeply, act wisely.
"Our educational system is solidly based on the belief that local people should be in charge of it. Professional educators and the public should be partners in it.
"There are nearly a million children in our schools now. Another baby is born in Georgia every 5 minutes-more than a hundred thousand a year. To educate each to his full ability is our Unfinished Business.
"Let us look at our schools, and consider what we are teaching and what the children are learning. Let us think on these things and hold fast to that which is good. Quality education in every classroom is our goal. Good teachers, good administrators-and a helpful, interested publicwill bring this about.
"We cannot do it a~ well without you. "Ask questions. Get answers. Be informed. The more you know about your schools, the more clearly you will see how far they have come, and the better you can help us in seeing that every ehild in Georgia gets his chance to be an educated, useful, happy person."

Every man has a right to his own opinion, but no man has a right to be wrong in his /acts.-HoITTles
\
I~
GENERAL
Who runs the schools?
The local citizens, through their local boards of education.
What are the main boards or departments in Georgia officially concerned with education?
The State Board of Education is the policy making group for the public schools. The State Department of Education carries out the administration of these state regulations and di burses money for the public chools. The Board of Regents is concerned with higher education throughout the University System. The Tcacher Retirement System handles thc retirement funds for teachers of both systems, the public schools and the University. The State School Building Authority is concerned with making it possible for local school systems to build enough public schools for the children of Georgia.
How many school systems are there in Georgia?
199 (1 in each of the 159 counties, and 40 independent systems. The law prohibits the creation of any more independent systems.)
How many public schools do we have?
There are 2,177 schools in Georgia. (1,362 white and 815 egro) There are 575 four year high schools. Of these, 363 are white and 212 are Negro.

How many children are enrolled in the schools of Georgia?
early a million; 969.000 were expected to be on the rolls for the 1957-58 term when all the records were m.
What does it cost to run the schools?
A million dollars a day. The 1957-58 budget for the 180 day school year is 180 million: 140 in sta te and federal funds and 40 more in local funds.
How many teachers?
11,000-84% wi th college degrees.
Of what practical value is education?
It raises the tandard of living. An official in Washington said, "A good share of the credit for American productivity must go to our schools and college ." A rise of I year in the median years of schooling rai cs per capita income about $75. If the edueationallevel of the U. S. could be raised by just one year, our income would increase by 12 billion. In Georgia, our income would ri e by $275 million if our people generally had one more year's education. Research shows that a high school graduate can expect to make $50,000 more during his adult earning years than a nongraduate; a college graduate $100,000 more.
Is there anywhere that a citizen can get a copy of all the lows that concern schools in Georgia?
Yes. The State Departmcnt of Education and the Attorney General's Office cooperate periodically to compile the e school laws. Each superintendent and board has a copy. Inquire about thf'se at the local school office or the State Department of Education.
Has not this been a remarkable time of building in the world of education?
Yes, indeed. In addition to our own multi-million dollar schoolhouse construction program, Georgians have recently had a part in the building of state and national headquarters for the Georgia Education As ociation, the National Education Association, the Georgia PTA, and thc national PTA.
Are more children going to school in the U. S. now?
Yes. Enrollments ha e been increasing at the rate of a million a year. This year, they arc up one and a quartcr million. There are now 33,508814
2

children in U. S. public elementary and high schools. This is 40% more than 10 years ago.
How much has state support of schools increased in Georgia?
The school budget in 1933-34 was six million. In 1957-58, it was one hundred and forty million. During the past ten years, local school revenues have doubled, and state and local revenues have increased fourfold.
What is the proportion of local, state and federal financing of public schools?
In Georgia, 24% local, 72% state, and 4% federal. In U. S. 57% local, 390/< state and 4% federal.
nearly a million In /2 grades

(

,/

)

,/

.C;, I
_I

" .. willingly to school"
3

-
Education is more powerful than I1tom bombs.
,,
0,,
ADMINISTRATI E PERSO EL
State
What does the Governor have to do with the schools?
He approves legislative acts. (including appropriation bills) which affect schools. He approves annual and quarterly budgets presented by the State Department of Education for schools. Unlimited authority is vested in him to transfer public to private schools, and to suspend the compulsory school attendan e law. As dire tor of the budget, he may grant additional funds. He appoints members of the State Board of Education.
What does the General Assembly have to do with schools?
They create the school systems. Local systems, State Board of Education and State Department of Education have only such authority as is vested in them by the Legislature (except that granted by the Constitution.) They pass all school legi lation, make appropriations of money to run the schools and have two continuing committees--one in the Senate and one in the House-who consider bills and look into various phases of education. They also have special committees sometime as for instance, those considering the driver training, area trade school, or junior college proposals. (If you wish the names of the legislative committees on education at any time, write the State Department of Education. )
4

At mid-century, evidence shows that America's firm belief in boards of education has been steadily strengthened.-U. S. Office of Education.
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Who makes up the State Board of Education?
Ten men and women. One from each Congressional District. (For names of current Board, see list in front of book.)
Who chooses the members of the State Board?
The Governor, with the consent of the Senate, names one man or woman from each of the Congressional Di tricts for terms of 7 years each. They must have resided in Georgia for at least 5 years. (Georgia Code 2-6501.) He cannot appoint a professional educator or anyone connected with a school book publishing firm. The Governor himself is not a member of the boarel.
When and where does the State Board meet?
Usual1y on the 2nd Monday of each month at the State Department of Education in Atlanta. Meetings are open to the public and the press.
What are their duties?
They adopt policies, approve the budget, teacher al1otment, school curriculum, and hear appeals from local boards, etc. They exercise the legislative and judicial functions of the State School System.
What are they paid?
$20 per day, plus expenses of travel, meals, lodging, etc. for the time spent attending to school business.
5

State Superintendent of Schools

How is the State Superintendent of Schools chosen?
Elected by the people every four years (at the same time the Governor is elected.) The Governor can fill a vacancy by appointment.

What qualifications must the State Superintendent have?
Good moral character, high educational standing, at least three years of practical experience as teacher or a diploma from college or normal school, or five years actual supervision of schools.

What is his salary?
In 1957, it was $1,018.36 a month.

Is he under bond?
Yes.
State Department of Education

How is the State Deportment of Education organized?

Like this:

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION D", GlorC). P. Whitm,". J,.. Ch.;,,,,,"

STATE SUPERINTENOfNT OF SCHOOLS EMERITUS D., M a.Collin,

I I STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS Dr. CI~\ld. Purcell

ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT Dr. C. S. Hllbb.rd

r NEGRO EDUCATION
I

C.lltr.1 Ac.coullti"9
1'",0"",1 '"'o,,,,,tiol'l
Offic.S.,... ic.\ Phollu M.;I, ,'c.

r FiElD SERVICES (Ind"'din9
f-------~ ,,,,rpluiprop.,ti"l
I w. E.P.flotd Dir,do.

COORDINATING COMMITTEE
51,1, School Sup.rill',nd,"' S"l, School Sup.rolll,"d,." Em.,itu, Aui,t.". St.~. School Sup.,inhnd.nl
Oi..i,;on Dir,cto"

ADMINISTRATION
AUen C. Smith Direc:tor
Minimum Found, tion Progt,m of Eduutiol'l 1.lIolm.nh.nd
p.ym.nhl
T"nlporf,t,on
Vi,iting Tueh., S . r .. i e . I.tf.nd.tle nd
c:en,u,1
School Pl,nt
R " reh
IBM,

INSTRUCTION
H. S. ShurOl,oI$e Director
Curric:ulum O....lopm.nt
Guid.nc:e,nd T.1Iing
Sup.... of In,truC:lion ,tid E1.m, Ed.
Prol)r.m for Ele.pliol'l.1 Child"tI
T..eh., Edu.
Tueh.re,,.,

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Z,de Kenimer Dinctor
T lbooh
Libr,ri.~
"hool public: Libr.ry for Ih. Bli ... d
AudioVi,u.1 Aid,

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION

G.org. I. M,r,in A. P. J'rrell

Dir.ctor

Dir.ctor

Agric:ultuft Ed.
Hom.m,.ing Ed.
r.d. 'nd Indu~tri.1 Ed.
Di,ributi... Eduution
Bu'in,,' Eduution
I Including
Voe.tion,1 Off;CI
r.initlgl

Voulion,l R.h,bili. I'lion S.,.,.iu~
Di"bilily Oet.rmi. n.I,on Unit IO.A.S.1.I
G.org', School for '.D..f
G.orl)i. Aud.my for the Blind

School lunch ,tid Food Oi,it.

6

Where is the State Department of Education?
It is on Mitchell Street, just aeross the street from the State Capitol, and on the next block to the Atlanta City Hall. The phone number is MUrray 8-2390.
When is it open?
Mondays through Fridays, from 8: 15 a. m. to 5 p. m., rxeept on legal holidays.
What is an "Area Representative" of the Deportment?
A staff member who is located out in some area of the state, for the convenience of the local school superintendents and boards. He helps them with problems throughout the year so that they do not have to come all the way to Atlanta when they need help.
Where are they located?
At Waycross, Ochlochnce, Thorn on, Zebulon, Calhoun, Gainesville, State boro Americus, Atlanta.
What other field stoff members are there?
Staff members working in vocational education, \'ocational rehabili ta tion, libraries, audio-visual, school lunch surplus commodities distribution, and staff members located at certain colleges to aid in teacher training programs. Beside. this, staff members from the Atlanta office arc constantly going out into the field on request, to give consultative services.
Does the Deportment have any role besides supervisory and leadership?
Yes. The Department actually operates four schools: The forth Georgia Trade School at Clarkesville, the South Georgia Trade School at Americus, the Schools for the Deaf at Cave Spring, and the Academics for the Blind at Maton.
7

Boards of education are one of America's greatest contributions to the science of public administration. They are representative of thl' rleT"'()rr-rv in which we live . . . THE STATE AND EDUCATION.
,\
LOCAL BOARD OF ED CATION
Who lelect. the board. of education in the local .chool .yltem?
This varies. Generally, in the county systems the Grand Jury appoints five. Each is appointed for a five year term. The terms are staggered so that one is appointed each year. In about twenty county systems, constitutional amendments provide for the board members to be elected by the people. There are still other ways of choosing the board members. Bibb county's board is self-perpetuating. The Board itself names its new members, who serve until they resign or die. In Chatham county, the county commissioners appoint six members of the board of education, and the City Council appoints six. In Dougherty county, the board has 7 members; 2 are named by the Grand Jury, 2 by the City Council, and 2 by the County Commissioners. These 6 choose a 7th. In city systems the boards are either elected by the people or appointed by the City Council.
When, where and how often doe. the local board meet?
A monthly meeting is held at the county seat. The date of the regular meeting must be between the first and fifteenth of the month. If date is changed, this must be advertised. The law requires the meetings to be open to the public.
What i. the general opinion of school boards?
The U. S. Office of Education bulletin titled The State and Education, says, "Boards of education
8

are one of America's greatest contributions to the science of public administration. They are representative of the democracy in which we live. The firm belief of the American people in boards of education has been steadily strengthened through experience for over 150 years. At the middle of the 20th century, evidence shows that the people have accepted boards as the policy-making agencies for education in the U. S."
II the local superintendent a member of the board?
No. He is their executive officer.
Can the board hire a teacher not recommended by the superintendent?
Yes. By a 4/5 vote of the board. But it rarely happens.
What are local board members paid?
A 1957 law allows a per diem payment not to exceed $10 for each day's actual service.
If a citizen is not satisfied with a local board's decision, what can he do?
Appeal to State Board.
How is this done?
The appeal must be made in writing through the local superintendent, to the State Superintendent. It must set forth the facts and the question of law involved. The State Board provides for notice to the opposing side, and for a hearing on the appeal. (See Acts 1937, p. 864).
Should the local board have a set of policies in writing?
Yes indeed it should. "Understanding prevents misunderstanding." The public can better understand board. policies if they are in writing and available.
/
/
/
. . . put them in writing
9

"More peopLe are invoLved in studying school problems in Georgia than ever before. More citizens want to help lhe schools do a good job." -A Georgia Superintendent
x:: -b~
Local System Superintendent of Schools
Hew ia the local achool superintendent chosen?
In most counties, he or she is elected by the people. In others, the superintendent is appointed by a board which is itself elected by the people. In several systems both the board and the superintendent are elected. In city systems, the superintendent is always appointed by the board.
When ia the election?
Every 4 years, on the Tuesday after the 1st Monday in November. The superintendent takes oltice January 1. He remams in otfice until his succe9Sor is elected and qualified.
How much of the system superintendent's salary does the State actually pay?
The State pays him 12 months in the year the amount that he would be due as a teacher. If he has a 5 year degree and 9 years experience (now the highest a teacher can earn on), he gets $3,800. That-based on 10 months' figures-gives him $380 a month. But the superintendent gets 12 checks for $380 each, or one each month in the year. The $380 is the highest state-pay for a superintendent just now. There are some superintendents who have only permits. These get $150 a month for 12 months. (See proposed raises under new salary schedule.)
10

What i. the .alary of the local .uperintendent of .chool. in Georgia?
It ranges from $3,000 to $22,000 a year. It is determined by the local board of education. A state law provides that a county school superintendent shall receive in state pay the same salary that he would draw as a teacher. The State Department of Education sends to him personally a check for this amount each month. Then this is supplemented by local funds. In the case of the city superintendent, the money-also paid according to what he would receive as a teacher-is sent to the school system itself. They supplement this with local funds. They decide the amount of the supplement. The average salary for the superintendents of smaller school systems in Georgia is $5,000 to $6,000. In big systems, it ranges from $15,000 to $22,000.
I. the local .chool superintendent under bond?
Yes. The county school superintendent has to be under a surety bond before he can officially act. The amount is determined by the local board and made payable to the board. The premium is paid out of public tax funds. The county school superintendent is custodian of the school funds. The county school board operates independently of other county agencies. School fuflds amount to about as much as all other phases of county government combined. In most cases, the school system is the largest single business in the county.
In city systems, the board usually carries on its financial operations through the regular financial channels of the city government. They are dependent on the city budget and on the city council for the levying of taxes to operate the school. Some city systems-Atlanta, for instance-are exceptions to this, however.
How many women superintendents of schools are there in Georgia?
In 1957-58, there are ten, in these systems: Atlanta, (city system); and in these counties: Camden, Early, Dawson, Liberty, McIntosh, Telfair, Habersham and Worth. Other county systems that have had women superintendents are these: Calhoun, Catoosa, Clinch, Chattooga, Dooly, Fayette, Franklin, Glascock, Henry, Habersham, Johnson, Long, Lincoln, Laurens, Lumpkin, Macon, Miller, McDuffie, Polk, Randolph, Talbot, Terrell, Turner, Thomas, Treutlen, Webster and perhaps others.
11

Who can qualify as a candidate for county school superintendent?
A candidate must have at least 3 years' practical experience in teaching, or college diploma, or 5 years experience in actual supervision, or pass an examination before the State Board of Education. ( ote: There is a movement on foot just now, started by the superintendents themselves, to professionalize this office. The requirements have not been changed since 1919. Many able superintendents have in the past been able to handle school , management and also to attend to another business. But many people feel that now a modern
school system is a: full time job for a professionally
trained administrator.)
Who can vote in a county election for superintendent when there is also an independent system in the county?
All the qualified voters in the county except the voters of the independent system. But, if this is only a quasi-independent system, they can vote for county school superintendent. (See Georgia Laws 2-7901 or 172 Georgia 497).
What is a "quasi" independent system?
A city system which, through a legislative act, is joined with the county system for ertain purposes. A mere contract docs not make a system "quasi".
Who can remove a local superintendent from office? For what?
The local board of education, for inefficicncy, incapacity, neglect of duties, malfeasance or corruption.. But he can appeal to the State Board of Education.
How is a vacancy in this office filled?
When the superintendent dies, resigns, or IS removed, the county board of education elects a superintendent for the unexpired term.
PRINCIPAL
What is the difference between a superintendent and a principal?
Once the e terms were u ed interchangeably. The head of a single school was often called the superintendent, and his assistant in that school was called principal. Now the uperintendent heads the system, county or city. The principal administers an individual school. There are usually several principals who work under one system superintendent.
12

a teacher must have the facts and the phosphorescence!"
... Georgia teachers now have sick leave state wide, a new solar)1 scale which their re presentoti ves helped plan, summer scholarships to strengthen their science and moth programs, and a $100 monthly minimum retirement for 35 )'ears' service.
13
bz

Who elects the principol?
The local board of education, usually on recommendation of the local superintendent.
What salary does the principal get?
The same that he would get on his teaching certificate, plus $5 per teacher unit for from 5 to 20 teachers for a P4 certificate; for a P5 certificate, $8 per teacher unit for 5 to 20 teacher'. (Supplement paid for 10 months.) Proposed new salary schedule would raise this pay.
What are these certificates?
Evidence of a part year or full year of extra study beyond his 4 year degree in school administration.
Does the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools require a principal to have a Master's degree before they will accredit a high school?
Yes, and from an accredited college or university. (But this is not now required of the system superintendent) .
SUPERVISORS OF I STR 'CTIO
What is a Supervisor of Instruction?
A specially trained and certified person whose chief job is to help the teachers of a school system improve the quality of instruction. These are all people who have been successful teachers themselves. (Some systems with a good supervisory program have shown an increase as high as 25% in pupil learning and achievement.)
How many state-allotted supervisors are there in Georgia?
In 1957-58 we had 88 Instructional Supervisors serving 95 systems. There were 73 Jeanes Supervisors serving 110 systems. There are others employed locally, especially in the large city systems. Negro Supervisors of Instruction are called Jeanes Supervisors. (This name has survived from a former time when they were partly paid from a private fund known as the Anna T. Jeanes 'Fund). White Supervisors of Instruction are called Instructional Supervisors.
How does a system get a Supervisor of Instruction?
It must have at least 60 state allotted teachers on a racial basis. Two or more systems can share one. Or one system may employ one person who works
14

half time as an Instructional Supervisor and half time as a Visiting Teacher.
Yihat are they paid?
They are paid on the basis of the type teaching certificate they hold, plus a supplement. The supplement is $500 for an SV 4, and $750 for an SV 5. These certificates mean that they have done work beyond their regular college degree, in the special field of supervision. They are allowed travel, at 6 a mile up to $50 a month for 10 months.
"i iting Teacher
Yihat is a Visiting Teacher?
She is a specially trained, system-wide employee whose special work is helping children attend school. She works not simply to check up on absences, as the old truant officers did, but to find out the problems that cause the absences. Shl': works with the school, the child, the parents, and community agencies to solve those problems.
How long have we had the Visiting Teacher Program in Georgia?
Since 1945, when the present Compulsory School Attendance Law was passed. It has reduced absenteeism greatly. Many juvenile court judges have praised the program.
Does every system have a Visiting Teacher?
No. There are 161 Visiting Teachers (1956-57). This includes 117 full time teachers, 32 half time and 12 combination Visiting Teachers-Supervisors.
How does a school system get a Visiting Teacher?
If a school system has 75 state allotted teachers in both racial groups and a qualified person to fill the Visiting Teacher job, then the system is eligible. Not more than one Visiting Teacher can be allotted to any system. The system Board of Education elects the Visiting Teacher.
What special training must a Visiting Teacher have?
Three years as a classroom teacher with a B. S. degree and willingness to continue with training as a Visiting Teacher. There are 23 in training during 1957-58.
15

What is the salary of the Visiting Teacher?
The salary of the Visiting Teacher is based on the type teaching certificate held by the teacher. She also gets a supplement: $500 a year if she has a VT 4 certificate, and $750 for a VT 5 certificate.
What are VT 4 and VT S certificates?
They indicate that extra training has been taken, beyond the 4 year degree program. VT 4 indicates that at least 3 special courses have been taken in this particular field. VT 5 indicates that the whole 5th year in the special training has been completed.

. . . Georgia's school curriculum is

beinJ? strengthened in math and

science by scholarships for teachers,

summer workshops, a new curriculum

/!uide, and teachers studyin/l at Oak

Ridge.

.

16

. . . a million dollars a day.

MONEY
How much does it cost to run the public schools of Georgia?
A million dollars a day. The 1957-58 budget totaled 180 million dollars for the 180 day school year. Of this, 140 million was state and federal funds, and 40 million was local funds. Exact amount of state budget: $140,291,460.70.
How much of the state's income is spent on education?
About 53%. This includes the public schools, the University System, and the Teacher Retirement System.
Where does the money come from and "how is it spent?

$1.00

S1.00

How much per child do we spend on education?

$185 per child during 1957-58. The national average is $320.

Is it legal for a school to charge a tuition fee?
Not if the child is going to school in his own school district, or if his local school board has a contract
17

with another school system. For instance, the law says that a county must provide schools for the children living within it. That county cannot charge those children tuition. But if a child who lives outside the county goes to school there, the system can charge him a non-resident fee.

What is the recently talked-of theory of "letting the money follow the child."?
There have been some proposals to allow children to cross county lines to attend schools that may seem better or be nearer to their homes. Some people think this should be done, with the school attended by the child getting the state money for his education. Others point out that the county or system in which the child lives has built its schools with the prospect of operating them for all the children who live within the system, and that it would be unfair to take the children-and with them the maintenance and operation money and money for teachers-into another county. They also point out that if students could change from one school to another, it would be difficult to plan school progr~ms and maintenance. School officials would never know from one term to the next how many to plan for.

How long has the State been allotting money for the building of schools?
Since the Minimum Foundation Program was enacted in 1951.
How much is in the budget annually for building?
Fourteen and a half million dollars.

What is it used for?
To payoff the "lease purchase" price of the buildings, largely, and for the dozen school systems that chose to take their building money annually and not build through the State School Building Authority.
(See the section, under Building on State School Building Authority,)

How many children have been born since 1951, that you must get ready for in the next few years?

1952-will start in 1958-59

1953- "

" 1959-60

1954- "

" 1960-61

1955- "

" 1961-62

1956- "

" 196263

Total
97,130 97,421 100,191 100,205 102,643

White
61,439 61,671 64,392 64,238 65,642

Negro
35,691 35,750 35,799 36,057 37,001

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.~imium Foundation Program
What is the Minimum Foundation Program of Education?
It is a program that guarantees equal educational opportunity to all children in Georgia.
What does it provide?
(1) A minimum term of 9 months.
(2) A salary schedule for teachers that guarantees equal pay to all teac.hers for equal preparation and experience.
(3) A certain number of teachers for each school, based on the Average Daily Attendance for that school.
(4) Bus rides with state-aid for every child who
lives as much as 1Y2 miles from school, and a
minimum salary schedule for bus drivers.
(5) A maintenance and operation fund of $368 per teachrr unit for heat, lights, water, insurance, sanitary supplies, janitors' services, and similar expense in operating the school plant, school buildings (see State School Building Authority).
(6) Adequate teaching materials, including books at a cost of $2.75 average per child per year.
When was this Minimum Foundation Law enacted?
In 1949. It was put into effect during the school year 1951-52. (The sales tax had been passed by the January 1951 Legislature, and had become effective in April, providing the money.)
How is the Minimum Foundation Program of Education operated?
This way: in each school system, the cost of providing a Minimum 'Foundation Program for all chil~ren is figured. Then from the Economic Index, it is determined how much the local school system is able to pay. That is subtracted from what the local MFPE would cost. The state pays the rest.
Example: Say the cost of providing a Minimum Foundation Program of Education for the children in T county is $450,000. The Economic. Index shows that T county is able to pay $60,000. That represents half of their school-tax paying ability. This $60,000 is what they pay toward the cost of the MFPE in T county. Th state pays the other $390,000. (Tote: the $60,000 repre ents HALF
19

more dollars for education and more education for our dollars."
20

of what the Index shows the county is able to pay to support its schools. If its 15 mill tax does not bring in twice that much, its tax as essments are too low, and its schools do not get what they are entitled to in local funds.)
What is the fund known variously as the "hardship," "equalization" or "contingent" fund?
It is a fund to make sure that every school y tern in Georgia has at lea t $26 per child to enrich its local program beyond the 1inimum Foundation Program. It works like this: the county pays toward the cost of its own Minimum Foundation Program what the Economic Index shows that it is able to pay. Say, for in tance- in X county, this is $25,000. X county has collected, from its 15 mill school tax, $40,000. That leave the local system $15,000 with which to enrich its school program for its 1250 children. Over in Y countya richer county-the school tax brings in $210,000. They pay $100,000 toward the cost of their own Minimum Foundation Program. That leaves Y county $110,000 to use in enriching its local program for its 2500 children. Obviously, Y county can do more local enrichment than X county. So
we add enough equalization money to Y2 of X
county's school tax paying ability to be surc that they have at least $26 per child to use for local enrichment of the school program. The following table shows how this works:

FO NDATIO PROGR M

X County Y County

No. MFPE Local Children Cost Chargeback* State
1,250 $250,000 $ 25,000 $225,000 2,500 $500,000 $100,000 $400000

Equalization Fund For Enrichment
= X County 1,250 x $26 $32,500

Less amount which should be availablc for th is purpose

$25,000

= Amount State Equalization fund needed

$ 7,500

Y County 2,500 x $26 $65,000

Less amount which should be available for this purpose

$100,000

Amount State Equalization fund needed

0E

*The chargeback represents Y2 of the system's school tax

paying ability.

Doesn't the payment of the "hardship" fund to bring the local enrichment fund up ta $26 per child encourage low tax assessments?
No, because this is determined on tax paying ability as shown by th Index-and not what it IS

21

paying. For example, if L county-with 1200 children-has a school tax that brings in $30,000 and it has to pay $20,000 on its MFPE cost, we multiply the 1200 x $26 and subtract from that figure the $20,000 it SHOULD have left for local enrichment, not the $10,000 it DOES have left.
Does the MFPE "chargeback" always take only HALF of what the local system collects in school tax?
No. Sometimes it takes more. Sometimes it takes less. It depends on the local tax assessments, which vary. If the Economic Index shows that B county, for instance, is able to pay $20,000 toward the cost of its own Minimum Foundation Program, and its tax assessments are so low that their school tax brings in only $32,000, then they would have only $12,000 left for a local enrichment program. On the other hand, if the Economic Index shows that C county can pay $850000 toward the cost of its own Minimum Foundation Program, and they collect two million in school tax, then they would have MORE than half left for local enrichment. Generally, in counties having low property assessments, the MFPE takes more than half of what the school tax brings in. In counties having high assessments, it take~ less than half.
Economic Index
What is the Economic Index?
It is an index which enables us to determine how much money the local system is able to pay toward the cost of its own schools. It is used to measure the tax-paying ability of each county. The local school tax is based on property assessm 'nts. But we do not use this basis because property asscssments vary so much throughout the state. We usc the Economic Index instead.
What factors are included in this Economic Index?
There are six: state income tax, motor tag tax, retail sales effective buying power or per capita income, public utilities, and property digests. (Note: The property digest has been given less weight each year recently, and in 1958 will carry one point weight only, and then be out of the Index completely.) These factor indicate the wealth there is in the county. The idea of the Index is to find out how much school tax paying ability exists in each county, and how much,
22

therefore, a county IS able to pay on its school costs.
Give an example.
Take Appling county, for instance, since it comes first in the alphabetical listing. Appling county has .2% of the total school-tax paying ability of the state, according to the Economic Index. During 1956-57 school term, all of the city and county chool ystems in Georgia collected approximately $39,200,000 of school tax. Half of this amount$19,600,OOO-is the total "hargeback" of all school systems for the 1957-58 school term. Appling county's portion of this $19600,000 i determined by taking .2% of this amount. That is Appling county's "chargeback" or the amount which the Economic Index shows that it is able to pay toward the cost of its own school program. This is $40,227.00. In Appling county, this $40,227.00 could represent half, more than half, or less than half of the school tax collected, depending on the tax assessment policies of Appling county.
Local Tax Levy
How much local tax is levied for school purposes?
In county school systems, it is not less than 5 mills and not more than 15. Some systems have obtained special laws to enable them to levy more. Any county school system can raise its school tax levy if the local school board proposes it, and this is ratified by local voters. In independent systems, the tax levy is governed by the provisions of the city charter. These charters were granted individually to the cities. Each is different. City assessments are always higher and millage lower than in the counties. The school tax is not the only source of rev nue for city school systems. The City Council frequently allots a lump sum out of the total city revenue, for school purposes. One Georgia city gives all of its property tax to its schools. It finances other city busine s with money that comes in from business licen e , profits from the operation of its light and water system, and such other sources.
At what value is property supposed to be returned for tax?
Property you own on ] anuary 1 is by law required to be returned "at fair market alue". What you could sell your house for-that is "fair market
23

.. GeorRia's taxable wealth has doubled in the last 10 years.
24

value". Few people do thi. Most returns are very low. If Georgia property were really returned at fair market value, we could provide the funds to finance an adequate program of education.
What property is exempt from taxes?
A home occupied by its owner i exempt up to $2,000, except for taxes levied to payoff bonds. Personal property up to $300 is exempt from any and all taxe .
Is there a ceiling on local taxes for roads, hospitals, welfare and the other county purposes?
o. The local chool tax is the only one that has a "ceiling" or limitation on it.
Is there any uniformity in the tax digest among counties?
o. Some counties that han; high millage and low property assessments, g t much less local tax money for school purpo e. If they have low millage and high asses ments they get more school revenue.
What is tax "millage"?
A mill, of course, is a ten th of a cen t. It i used in making the tax levy. For in tance, if your automobile was as es ed at $600 and your county was collecting its full 15 mills for school tax, you would ha\'e to pay $9 school tax on your car. (If beside thi 15 mill. ehool tax, your county levied 30 mill for general purpose you would pay $18 more on your car).
Do people support their schools as well as they are able to?
o. We talk a lot about our belief in education, but American sp nd more money on cars, refrigerators, and liquor than they do on education.
Haven't we become more prosperous financially in Georgia in recent years, and better able to support our schools?
Yes. Our taxablr wealth has doubled in the past 10 years. Our p I' capi ta annual income has increa cd to 1400.
What is "current financing?"
Attendance is checked at the end of the first five months. If it hows that mol' ' teachers are needed than are currently allotted and paid by the state, these teacher can be employed at state expense.
25

If they have already been employed, the State will pay them-plus $368 per teacher "M & 0" money and $50 per teacher sick leave-from the date of employment. If the extra teachers are earned by increa d attendance in the egro schools, they must be used in the Negro schools. ( ote: Allotment will OT be reduced during a year.)
What travel allowance do those employees engaged in educational work get, if they are entitled to travel?
Those who are required to have a car to carryon their work get 6 a milc travel allowance.

Federal Fund

How much money comes from the federal government ta or through the State Department of Education?

Here is the list. Note that (1) some of this is in goods, not in money, and (2) money for building and maintenance of schools in federally impacted areas goes directly to the individual school systems and does not come to the Department of Education. Below is the 1956-57 allotment, and the allotment or estimate for 1957-58. See question below for details.

For

1956-57

1. Vocational Education

___ $1,109,921.97

2. Building Schools in FederallyImpacted Area (Public Law 815) $2,335,950,00

3. For operating these Schools (Public Law 874) $3,539,-1-65.04

-1-. Libraries (for extending rural program)

$ 40,000.00

5. School Lunch $2,80 I ,481.00

6. Special Milk Program

$ 785,953.42

7. Surplus Commodities

$7,125,000.00

8. Vocational Rehabilitation

$1,939,514.00

9. War Surplus

$6,072,000.00

10. Library for the Blind (Talking Books, Braille, machines, difficult to evaluate.)

1957-58 $1,186,179.49
About the same
About the same
$ 137,000.00 $2,649,317.00 $ 866,800.00 $8,000,000.00 $2,159,983.00 $7,000,000.00

What does a "federally impacted area" mean?
One in which some federal project or military installation brings workers and their families in, and increases the school enrollment.

26

These are the Georgia systems that qualified for money to build during 1956-57:
Cobb, 2 projects, $569,250; Dougherty, 3 projects, $419,400.00; Houston, 1 project, $201,150.00; Liberty, 3 projects, $261,000.00; Muscogee, 4 projects, $659,250.00; Glynn, 1 project $134,550.00; Moultrie City System, 1 project, $91,350.00.

How do systems qualify for money to operate these schools? Public Law 874.

If 3~ of their average daily attendance are children of families that work and/or live on federal property, they qualify. If the child's parents work A D live on such property, the school gets $145.50 for the child in 1956-57 and $151 in 1957-58. If they either work OR live on such property, the school gets half that amount for the child.
Here is a list of the 70 Georgia school systems that had qualified as of Sept. 26, 1957, for such operating money in 1956-57. Note that the federal project does not have to be located in the county. Many workers commute from some distance.

Public Law 874

70 Systems

Total Amount Listed Below: $3,539,465.04

List of Georgia School Systems receiving federal funds for maintenance and operation of schools in federally impacted areas: (1956-57)

1. Bartow

_

_

$ 21,417.00

2. Berrien

__

16,117.20

3. Bibb _ .'

. . 335,663.00

4. Calhoun (County)

5,372.40

5. Camden

..

. . 9,946.20

6. Chatham

135,533.70

7. Chattahoochee .

..

7,986.00

8. Cherokee

34,848.00

9. Clay

_....

3,194.40

10. Clayton (County) ..

50,808.60

11. Cobb

389,587.90

12. Columbia

35,428.80

13. Crawford ..

6,534.00

14. DeKalb

_

133,293.60

15. Dodge

""'.. . 13,944.00

16. Dooly (County)

13,503.60

17. Dougherty................ .. .

221,186.25

18. Douglas (County) _

16,988.40

19. Henry.. ..

13,576.20

20. Houston

. .. 330,039.60

21. Jones.

9,728AO

22. Lee _

_.... 5,953.20

23. Liberty

_................................ 76,375.20

27

24. Long

.

..

9,438.00

25. Lowndes

..

. .. 23,232.00

26. McDuffie

.. .

13,866.60

27. McIntosh

..

8,566.80

28. Muscogee

.

463,768.80

29. Peach . . .

. . 57,789.60

30. Richmond . .

312,615.60

31. Wilcox.

..

9,989.00

32. Macon (County)

.

10,962.60

33. Glynn. ..

..

41,702.99

34. Lanier.

11,398.20

35. Lincoln

..

5,735.40

36. Monroe (County) . .. . .

10,381.80

37. Tattnall .

..

. 14,520.00

38. Worth

.... . ..

14,229.00

39. Gwinnett .

. . ..

15,754.20

40. Twiggs . .

.

5,953.20

41. Ja per.

3,847.80

42. Marion

5,808.00

43. Laurens

.

12,342.00

44. Gordon (County)

6,679.20

45. Haralson. .. ..... ..

5,227.20

46. Dawson (County)

7,114.80

47. Fulton ...

88,354.20

48. Stewart

10,817.40

49. Polk ..

.. .

10,309.20

50. Jeffer on (County)

12,414.60

51. Cook .

.. .

5,880.60

52. Miller

.. .. . . .

5,517.60

53. Putnam.

5,299.80

54. Paulding... .. .

26,862.00

55. Harris. .. .. ..

6,171.00

56. Bleckley . . .

10,672.20

57. Pickens. .. .. .

10,309.20

58. Forsyth (County)

7,840.80

59. Colquitt (County)

23,885.40

60. Decatur (County)

32234.40

61. Taylor .... ..

9,510.60

CITY SYSTEMS:

Buford

Cartersville

Calhoun (City)

..

Cochran

.

Dublin .

.

Hawkinsville .. ..

Marietta.

.

Moultrie

..

Valdosta .. ..

$ 4,210.80

11,253.00

.. ..

5,154.60

..

12,777.60

. 25,264.80

.. 14,955.60

150,499.80

28,822.20

.

56,773.20

28

First we shape our buildings, and then our buildings shape us.Churchill.
-,
BUILDINGS
Does the State provide money for building schools?
Yes. It did not before 1951 when the Minimum Foundation Proaram \Va activated. ow each year, 14Y2 million is provided annually in the state education budget to pay for the schools that are being built.
Don't local systems still have an obligation to build school buildings?
Indeed they do. The state makes no provision for building auditoriums or gymnasium. There is also no state provi ion for building classrooms beyond those planned for the number of students who were in school in 1951-52.
What was the local system's share of the original building program?
It was this: in order to complete the original building program (classrooms plus essen tial service and administration facilities) each system was to furnish money equal to half of its local bonding capacity as of July 1, 1951.
Have all systems done this?
No. All ystems have not met their responsibility for completing the program. Some have dragged their feet. Has yours?
Who decided what new schools a local system needed?
Local people got their facts together. The local system invited in a professional sun"ey committee to make recommendations; then the system made the decision, on the basis of the surveys. Supplementary surveys are now being made.
29

Does the State fur"ish architects?
No. The architects are employed by the local system. The Department has architects who check the educational soundness of the proposed architectural plans.
Is it true that the buildings have been built at remarkably low cost?
Yes, for an average of $7.50 per square foot. Rising costs will make future classrooms with related facilitie cost about $15,000 each.
What does the State Department of Education do in the building program?
The Department checks plans and disburses checks to pay for the buildings.
Will there be any permanent one-room schools?
0, but there will be two 2-room Negro schools. (One in Chatsworth and one in Dahlonega)
aTE: In orne Georgia counties there are no egroe .
How much of this building money was spent on Negro schools?
About half. Some of Georgia's largest and most beautiful new chools are for Negro children. One third of the school children in Georgia are Negro.
Doesn't Georgia have very few school fires?
Yes, from July 1, 1956 to June 1, 1957, we had 32 fires. The average state has 110. Our fire losses that year were only $135,635.57. The smallest loss: $19.20. The large t was an elementary school, $35 664.38. Two no loss fires were reported. Note: Our new school buildings are non-combustible, but we still have many old school buildings.
What are custodial clinics?
Meetings held by the department for school custodians, principals and superintendents. Its purpose is to help them learn ways of caring for the buildings.
What is the total value of our school property?
In 1957 it wa more than ~ of a billion dollars.
Are all our school children adequately "school housed?"
No, by no means. We needed 3,342 classrooms at the end of 1956-57. It would cost $57,000,000 to
30

build them. We also need] 2 million dollars worth of additional lunchrooms, and 10 million dollars to bring old buildings up to date.
How do the new buildings differ from old school buildings?
One floor buildings better lightinu , color, seIfcontained classrooms, laboratories, libraries, lunchrooms, play space etc.
How many buildings were built with local money?
About 2 700 cia srooms have been built with local money. The state building plans do not include gymnasiums or auditorium. These must be locally furnished. Many have been built.
How much school building was done with federal funds?
By July 1, 1956, 1,400 classrooms had been built at a co t of approximately $24 million dollars in federal funds. Others have been completed since or: are being built. The e are in federally impacted areas where erviee men or civilian workers and their families live.
What did the three cent sales tax have to do with the building of the new school buildings in Georgia?
It enabled us to activate the Minimum 'Foundation Program which puts 1411 million dollars into the tate sehool budget annually for the purpose of building chools. This was the first time state money had been provided to build chools in Georgia.. When you pay 3 on every dollar you spend, you would do it willingly if you could look out the store' window and see the new school building that 3 made it po ible to build for your and your neighbor's children.
Are schools consolidating throughout the nation, or only in Georgia?
The trend is nation-wide. There are now 49,477 school districts in the U. S. Twenty-five years ago there were 127,244. People have found that with good roads, buses, and good planning they can have bigger schools where their children have better libraries, bigger cience labs, more courses and in general a better chance for a good all-around education.
Current Status
How much money is allotted for maintenance and operation of schools?
$368 per teacher unit.
31

Does every county in Georgia have some new school buildings?
There will be some new school building in every county in Georgia when the present building program is completed in 1959-60.
School Building Authority
What is the State School Buildin:! Authority?
This is an Authority created by the Legislaturc in 1951 to enable the' State to finance the build ing of much needed school buildin<Ts over the state', h\ contracting with local sy terns to capitalize their allotments of state funds to provide the ne'ce ary funds. Up to that time each local ~vstem had to build its own, and many were old, and out-of~datc, and some, quite literally, were shacks.
(Note: the Authority has no money of its own. It has only that ,vhich is as igned to it by the local systems.)
What could the Authority do?
It could and did enter into contracts with local school systems in lease-purchase agreements. Using the contracts with local ystems as security, it sold its own bond built chools, and leased them for a period of 20 years to the local systems.
Who are members of the State School Building Authority? Who appoints them?
The members of this authority are appointed by the Governor. The four ex-officio members are: Eugene Cook Attorney General; B. E. Thrasher, State Auditor; Dr. Claude Purcell, State Supt. of Schools and George P. Whitman, Chairman of the State Board of Education. The other three members as of Jan. 1, 1958, arc: Frank C. Underwood, .Ir., Savannah; W. T. .loncs, Roberta' and E. F. Vickers, Bainbridge.
Where is it located?
244 Wa hington Street, S. W., Atlanta.
How are they paid for?
There is 14Y; million dollars in th state budget, allotted and prorated for buildings. Those systems which built projects through th Authority use this money to pay-like rent-on the lease-purchase agr~ements. At the end f the 20 year period, the title to the school property will pass to the local school system.
32

Who provided the sites on which the schools were built?
The local authorities.
Does the Authority-financed building program include gyms and auditoriums?
o. Three thing were excluded, because of the limited money available. They were gyms, auditoriums, and community canneries.
How many Authority bond issues were there?
Four.
How much of the building planned through the Authority is complete?
On September 1 1957 of the 1076 projects planned through the Authority, 813 or 76% were fini hed, 197 (18%) were under construction, and only 66 (6%) remained to be started. By the 1959-60 school year, they will all be completed. (Note: A "project" may be anything from a half million dollar school building to a remodeling job.)
Isn't there a bill before Congress to build schoolhouses besides those in federally impacted areas?
Yes. The 85th Congress considered several proposals. Said one member on Augu t 29, 1957, "School population is growing more than a mil-
lion a year. It has grown 5 Y2 million in the past
5 year, and will grow 6 million more in the next 5 years. By ]962, we will lack] 79,000 classrooms, beside those needed to replace old ones. We have voted 3 billion for mutual security, 34 billion for defense 1 billion for public works, 100 million to inform the world about America, and 3 billion to help other nations-and not a dollar to replace the firetraps in which our own children are going to school." (See CO TGRESSIONAL RECORD, 8-29-57, pg. 15046)
'1JT~ :,..--

r
I
-I~
/

/
. He needs quality Education.
33

The quality of education depends on the quality of the teacher in the class. room.
t./
TEACHER
How does a teacher get a certificate?
Certificates are rrranted by the ccrtifi ation office of the State Department of Education. They are frec.
What is the base salary of a Georgia teacher?
For a graduate of a four year ac redited college with a degree, and a profes ional certificate the beginning salary is $2,900. The average salary of a Georgia teacher is $3,450. Highest up to 195758 is .$3,800 for a master's degree and 9 years of experIence.
What are the three areas of teacher certification?
Elementary, middle grades high chool. (Certification for the middle grades was added this year.)
What determines how many teachers are allotted to a school system?
The number of pupils reported in Average Daily Attendance. (Sec also current financing)
Can a liberal arts college graduate teach in Geor3ia?
Yes, she woultl get a 'provisional" teaching certificate until he could take the profe sional education cour es required. She starts at $2,800 and does not qualify for raises unle s she profes ionalizes her certificate.
34

How many teachers are there in the public schools of Georgia?
State paid teachers numbered approximately 31000 in 1957-58.
What is a life certificate?
A life certificate is a state certificate which enables a teacher to continue teaching without having to take further courses to renew her teaching certificate. (The local system may require her to take further courses if it wishes. The life certificates are now issued on the basis of a professional 4-year certificate, 5 years teaching experience and the recommendation of the employing superintendent of schools. The Department discontinued life certificates in 1950, but these were restored in 1956. At presen t 70~ of the teachers in Georgia have or can qualify for life certificate.) Note: If a teacher stays out of teaching for more than 5 consecutive years she loses her life certificate.
How many out-of-state teachers do we have?
During the 13 months prior to August 1, 1957 1044 out-of-state teachers had secured teaching certificates in Georgia. (A former charge of $1 has now been removed).
How many teachers retire in Georgia annually?
Approximately 250. Teachers may retire at age 65. They must retire at age 70. Teachers who have taught for 35 years may retire at a minimum of $100 per month. For further information contact Teachers' Retirement System.
Is there a teacher shortage in Georgia?
There is always a shortage of good teachers. Contrary to popular belief, the teacher shortage in Georgia is not in Mathematics and Science, but in Elementary grade teachers and in English teachers. There is no shortage of Negro teachers in Georgia, except in sueh specialized fields 3S music, industrial arts and special education.
How many young people prepare to teach?
In 1950, there were 115,477 in the U. S. who graduated prepared to teach. In 1954, this had dropped by 26% to 85,801. In 1955, there were 86,696. Lawrence Derthick, U. S. Commissioner of Education, points out that only 70% of these actually are teaching. Half of those who have started teaching plan to quit in 5 years.
35

(We need at least 4,000 additional teachers each year). However, we have about 5,000 members of Future Teacher Clubs. There are hundreds of very able teachers in Georgia who are not now teaching.
Do Georgia teachers have Social Security?
This is a local option matter and is decided by teachers and the local board. Many do haye it.
How long is a teacher's contract?
It is for one year. ( ote: the Code of Ethics of GEA and EA discourage teachers from breaking contracts. A few still do.)
What is the difference between a provisional and professional certificate? What is an emergency certificate?
A profe~~ional certificate indicates that the teacher has had the required number of courses in Education and courses in special teaching fields. The provisional certificate holder may have a degree, but lacks such courses. An emergency certificate may be given to an indiyidual who cann.ot qualify for a valid certificate at the 2, 3 4, or 5 year level. It is good for one year, and must be requested by the superintendent.
Are teachers paid the year around for only 10 months work?
The teacher has contracted for 200 days-IBO teaching days and 10 days of planning and evaluating the school program before and after the students come. It also includes 10 days vacation. The teacher is paid for 200 days but the salary is divided into 12 monthly payments.
What is the new salary schedule?
This scale, worked out by a committee headed by Dr. Claude Purcell, was approved by the State Board of Education in December, 1957. It can only be put into effect, of course, as the money becomes available.
What is in-service training?
This is "on-the-job" training toward or beyond the regular college degrees. It enables teachers to keep up with the best materials and methods.
36

What is merit-pay?
It is the extra pay given to teachers of greater ability, achievement or preparation. It provides the type of incentive which industry recognizes. We do not have "merit pay" in Georgia. AIl teachen get equal pay for equal preparation and experience.
What official organizations do classroom teachers have?
The Department of Classroom Teachers is their official organization in Georgia. It works through the G. E. A.
Does the State Department of Education have to apprO'fe teacher education?
Yes, our Division of Instruction approves teacher education programs in 17 white coIleges and 9
egro coIleges in Georgia. There arc 5 white and 2 egro graduate schools.
Describe the average Georgia teacher.
She is an elementary grade teacher, 40 years old, has taught more than 9 years, began teaching at age 20 is married, lives between Atlanta and Macon, and makes $3,450 a year.
Do Georgia teachers have sick leave?
Yes. A legislative act pa sed in 1953 was financed
in the 1957-58 budget with 1Y2 miIlion doIlars.
Teachen are aIlowed 1114 days a year siek leave. For convenience in bookkeeping this money was allotted at the rate of $50 per year per teacher. Only one teacher out of five is absent each year, according to figures from the Georgia Education Association.
Is sick-leave cumulative?
State-financed sick leave IS not now cumulative beyond the year.
What is a substitute teacher paid?
From $5 to $10. It varies among school systems.
Who administers teacher retirement?
The Georgia Teachers' Retirement System. The address is State Labor Building, Atlanta, Ga.
How much does the teacher have to pay toward her retirement?
She pays 5% of her 5alary; the State pays 6.83%.
37

IITEACHERSII
... More than 5,000 Georgia students plan to become teachers.
20% are men.
250 retire each year.
38

There is now a $100 minImum for teachers who have taught 35 years in Georgia.
How does the absence of a child from school affect the number of teachers the school will get the followin3 year?
Teachers are allotted on the basis of Average Daily Attendance-not enrollment. Thus absences bring down the ADA.
Is a teacher a state employee?
No. The teacher is an employee of the local school system.
How can a teacher be dismissed?
The local board usually acts on the recommendation of the principal and local superintendent.
What is the "Teacher of the Year" program?
This is one of the features in a ten point teacher recruitment program launched by the Georgia State Chamber of Commerce. It is sponsored also by the State Department of Education and the Georgia Education Association. Teachers vote by secret ballot. Committees of educators and lay citizens select a teacher from each congressional district. The finalists come to Atlanta and are judged by three Supreme Court judges. A banquet is held in the spring honoring the teacher selected. A separate program is carried on for egroes.
How many teachers are Georgia colleges graduating?
In 1957, the 17 white colleges in Georgia graduated 998 teachers. (27 men and 727 women). Negro colleges in Georgia graduated 441 teachers ( 105 men, 336 women).
How many additional teachers do we need each year to take care of increased enrollments?
About 1000.
Does the state provide Kindergarten teachers?
No, but some systems operate kindergartens out of local funds. There were 7,597 White children attending kindergarten in 1956-57 and 3,667 Negro children attending.
Is there a shortage of Negro teachers in Georgia?
No.
39

How many hours or classes must a teacher teach per day? What about coaches?
Four one-hour periods or five 50 minute periods is the minimum teaching time. She works 8 hours a day. Coaching must be done in addition to the regular teaching duties.
What else besides good salaries attracts a:'ld holds good teachers?
Pleasant working conditions community prestige and acceptance, classes not too big decrease in burden~ome non-teaching duties.
What is the F. T. A.?
The Future Teachers of America is the state organization for high school students preparing to be teachers. It is sponsored by the State Department of Education and Georgia Education Association. (College groups of future teachers are now known as Student Education Associations). There are more than 5,000 high school and college tudents in Georgia who plan to become teachers.
How bad is the national teacher shortage?
As schools opened in September, 1957, the U. S. Office of Education estimated that the nation was short 135,000 qualified teachers for the 143,135,000 children expected to enroll.
How many teachers are being trained each year by Georgia colleges?
There are 1,722 students who will complete their teachel: training during the year of 1958. Approxi-
mately Y3 of these students are men. The area in
which the largest number of econdary school teachers is being trained is English. These figures are ba ed on statistics furnished by the teacher training institutions in the state and includes both white and Negro students.
What is the biggest objection to merit pay?
Some people say that there is no fair way to judge superior performance of teachers. Others point out that industry has solved the problem and that education should at least make a beginning toward merit pay. At present, raises are given for increased prepartion and added years of experience. Some people feel that two other factors should be added: ability and performance.
40

Do more teachers vote tha" any other group of citizens?
A national survey done in 1957 showed that 86% of the teachers had voted in the "most recent election". Of the general voting age population, only 42.57f' voted in the 1954 Congressional elections, G2.79'c voted in the 1952 presidential election, and GO.4% voted in the 1957 presidential election.

What colleges in Georgia train teachers professionally?
Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton; Academy of Richmond County Augusta; Agnes Scott College, Decatur; Andrew College, Cuthbert; Armstrong College of Sa\'annah, Savannah; Berry College, Mount Berry; Brenau College, Gaines\'ille; Brewton-Parker Junior College, Mount Vernon; Emanuel Coli ge, Franklin Springs; Emory
niversity, Emory Uni\'ersity Ga.' Emory-atOxford, Oxford; Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Georgia Military College, Milledge\'ille; Georgia Southwestern College, Americus; Georgia State College for Women, Milledgeville' Georgia State College of Business Admini tration, Atlanta; Georgia Teacher College, Statesboro; Gordon Military College, Barnc \'ille; LaGrange College, LaGrange; Mercer University, Macon; Middle Georgia College, Cochran; orman Junior College,
orman Park; orth Georgia College, Dahlonega; Oglethorpe University, Oglethorpe University, Ga.; Piedmont College, Demorest; Reinhardt College, Waleska; Shorter College, Rome; South Georgia College, Douglas; Tift College, Forsyth; TruettMcConnell Junior College, Cleveland; University of Georgia, Athen . Valdosta State College, Valdosta; Wesleyan College, Macon; West Georgia College, Carrollton; Young Harris College, Young Harris, Ga.
The Negro Colleges which train teachers are: Albany State College, Albany; Atlanta University, Atlanta; Clark College, Atlanta' Fort Valley State College Fort Valley; Morehouse College, Atlanta; Morris Brown College, Atlanta; Paine College, Augusta; Savannah State College, Savannah; Spelman College, Atlanta.

What do teachers make?

Propo ed alary chedule

5 Year Professional

196263 196162 196061 195960 195859
195758

4

10 13 16 19 22 25

4000 4050 4150 4300 4550 4800 5050 5300 5550 5800 6050
4000 4050 4150 4300 4550 4800 5050 5300 5550 3800 3850 3950 4100 4350 4600 4850 5100 3600 3650 3750 3900 4150 4400 4650 3400 3450 3550 3700 3950 4200 3200 3200 3200 3400 3600 3800

41

1961-62 1960-61
1959-60 1958-59 1957-58

4 Year Professional

34

10 13 16 19 22

3600 36jO 3750 3900 4150 4400 4650 4900 5150 5400 3400 3450 3550 37G0 3950 4200 4450 4700 3200 3250 3350 3500 3750 4000 4250 3100 3150 3200 3300 3550 3800 2900 2900 2900 3050 3200 3350

1960-61 1959-60 1958-59 1957-58

3 Year Professional

1

34

10 13 16 19

3000 3050 3150 3300 3450 3600 3750 3900 4050 2800 2850 2950 3100 3250 3400 3550 2600 2650 2750 2900 3050 3200 2400 2400 2-100 2600 2700 2800

1959-60
1958-59 1957-58

2 Year Professional

34

10 13

2600 2650 2700 2900 3000 3100 3200 2400 2450 2500 2700 2750 2850 2200 2200 2200 2350 2400 2450

Proposed Salary Supplements*
Principals 5 YEAR PROFES IONAL ERTIFICATE
Same base salary as 5 year professional teacher plus $10.00 per month per teacher for 10 months from 1 up to 25 teachers.
4 Year Professional Certificate Same base salary as 4 year professional teacher plus $6.00 per month per teacher for 10 months from 1 up to 25 teachers.
UPERINTE -DE;\,T
5 Year Professional CertiIicate Same base salary as 5 year professional teacher plus $3,000 per year.
4 Year Professional Certificate Same base salary as 4 year professional teacher plus $2,000 per year.
VISITING TEACHER A D IN TRUCTIONAL SUPERVI OR
5 Year Professional Certificate Same base salary as 5 year professional teacher plus $1,200 per year.
4 Year Professional Certificate Same base salary as 4 year professional teacher plus $750 per year.
*These raises can only be effective when money is available.
42

A child has a right, when he leaves home in the morning, to be Rlad he is going to school.

-<

P PILS

1-

Enrollment

How many children are enrolled in the public schools of Georgia?
Nearly a million. For the school year 1956-57 we had 939,104. (White 641,155 and Negro 297,949). The estimate for 1957-58 is 969,000.

How much has the birth rate increased in Georgia?

Here are some figures:

Year

White

1920

41,618

1930

37,064

1940

38,911

1950 .. . .

57,003

Negro 18,443 23,254 25,784 35,096

Total 60,061 60,318 64,695 92,099

The birth rate dropped in 1944 and 1945. Then it began to soar. It dropped again in 1948 and 1950. Here it is since 1950:

1950 ............ 57,003 1951 ............ -..... 59,285 1952 ................. 61,439 1953 ............... -- 61,671 1954 ..... . ..... _.. 64,392 1955 ................. 64,238 1956 .. .. .... -..... 65,642

35,096 35,876 35,691 35,750 35,799 36,057 37,001

92,099 95,161 97,130 97,421 100,191 100,205 102,643

See what we have to get ready for? We must have teachers, classrooms, books, buses, lunchrooms, libraries, etc. ready for more and more children eaeh year.

What is the present "school age" population of Georgia?
Here are the figures of the children born since 1940. The 1940 babies are the 1958 graduates (or

43

4

have dropped out along the way.) The 1951 babies are the 1957-58 beginners.

GEORGIA CHOOL AGE CHILDREN

YEAR TOTAL

1940 1941
1942 1943 1944 1945
1946 1947
1948 1949
1950 1951

64,695 67,785 72 189 78,327 77,018 74,994
85,699 94,311 91,604
93,557 92,099
95,161

WHITE
38,911 41,277 45,192 50,149 49,464 47.422 56,354 62,394 58,601 58,659 57.003 59,285

IN 1957-58 ARE OR SHOULD BE IN

NEGRO

25,784 SENIOR CLASS

26,508

11 th grade

26,997

10th"

28,178

9th

27,554

8th

27,572

7th

29,345

6th

31,917

5th

33,003

4th

34,898

3rd

35,096

2nd

35,876

1st

How do we estimate how many more pupils will be in school in any September than were in school the previous year?
We add the number of graduates and the number of drop-outs, and subtract this from the year's enrollment. Then we find out from records in the State Department of Health how many first graders (children born 6 years before) will be old enough to enter school. That gives us the estimated number of children we must get ready for. For example: 40,000 drop-outs plus about 25,000 graduates leaves 65,000 "vacancies". But, if 95,000 first graders are scheduled to start, then that makes 30,000 additional children for whom teachers, rooms, and books must be provided.

Current enrollment figures.

1956-57

1st grade

white 71,096 Negro 43,602

total 114,698*

7th grade 9th grade 12th grade

white

o

53,312

.............. 44,946

............. 23,906

egro
23,451 16,608 6,511

total
76,763 61,554 30,417

Is a high school available to every child in Georgia?
Yes. for the first time in our history.

How many children are in the first grade?
For the school year 1956-57 we had 114,698 students in the first grade. (71,096 White and 43,602
Health Department records show 95,161 born in 1951. Rf'maining enrollees are repeaters.

44

Negro). This does not mean that all of these children started to school that year. Only 95,161 had been born in Georgia 6 years before, in 1951. Of the 114,698 some had been kept in the first grade for such reasons as not having learned to read or being too immature for promotion.
Why is it that some children can start to school earlier than others?
The law says that every child in Georgia MUST be in school between his 7th and 16th birthdays. But every child has a RIGHT to attend school between his 6th and 18th birthdays. Each school system decides just when he must reach six in order to start. Obviously, schools can't take in each child as he gets to be six years old. Confusion would result. Most schools decree that the child must reach his sixth birthday within the first sixty schooldays after school begins. But that is up to the local school. Recently there has been some movement toward making this uniform throughout the state. But this has not been done yet.
Attendance
How many students attend school daily?
The Average Daily Attendance for t~e school year 1956-57 was 789,522. (White 528,260 and Negro 231,162) NOTE: The number of teachers allotted to a school is based on this Average Daily Attendance.
What is the Compulsory School Attendance Law?
"Every parent, guardian, or other person residing within the State of Georgia having control or charge of any child or children between their seventh and sixteenth birthdays shall enroll and send such child or children to a public or private school under such penalty for noncompliance herewith as is hereinafter provided." (Ga. Law 32-2104)
Who enforces the law?
The Visiting Teacher.
Are married students allowed to continue in school?
Yes. The Attorney General has held that marriage is no bar to school attendance.
Can a report card be withheld until the child pays such things as overdue library fees, funds due for something broken, etc?
No. The State Board of Education has held that the school must give the child his report card.
45

How are attendance records kept?
Each teacher is required to keep a daily record of each child's attendance. The teacher may be suspended for keeping inadequate or erroneous attendance records.
Does the State Department of Education audit attendance records?
The Department employs two full time staff members to help teachers check their attendance records. This was done at the direction of the State Board of Education in 1957.
How long is the school day?
For pupils, 5Y2 hours exclusive of lunch and recess. In the first four grades this may be shortened, but it may never be less than 4 hours.
How long is the school year?
180 days.
What about holidays?
There are several legal and official holidays which schools may take, but they must actually operate 180 days regardless.
What are the days that are not holidays, but must be observed in the schools of Georgio?
Uncle Remus Day, Lee's Birthday, Georgia Day, Washington's Birthday, Arbor and Bird Day, Memorial Day, Alexander Stephens' Birthday and Crawford W. Long's Birthday.
Absences
What can be done with the child himself who willfully stays out of school?
The judge may place him in a home or institution for juvenile delinquents.
Are figures available on how many children are absent from school each day?
Yes, approximately 87,805 are out each day. (1954-55 school year figures)
What are the legal reasons for absences?
Any cause over which the child or the parent has no control.
46
..

-
... Better holding power
" ... more Georgia students are staying in school to graduate. In 1932, the senior class showed only 14.2% as many white students as were in the
1932 first grade, and 1% as many
Negroes. In 1957, there were 33.8% as many white seniors as first graders, and 14.9% as many Negro seniors as first {(raders.
47

Can a parent be summoned to court for keeping his child out of school without a valid excuse?
Yes and fined up to $100 each day the child is out. Each day a child is out constitutes a separate offense.
What are some of the biqgest reasons for illegal absences from Georgia schools?
Seasonal labor, parental indifference, and sometimes juvenile delinquency.
Is a child marked "present" if he is absent for a religious holiday?
He is never marked "Present" when his desk is empty, unless he has gone somewhere with or under the direction of school personnel, as a part of or in some connection with the school's own program.
Drop Outs
What is the drop-out rate in Georgia schools? What is the national average?
60% of the Georgia children who enter, do not finish. National average: 40%.
How many who start in the first grade reach high school?
Figures show that of 68,089 white children who started in the first grade in 1945, 45,593 reached the seventh grade and 23,151 reached the twelfth grade.
How many of the students who reach the 12th grade graduate?
Approximately 15% of those who enter the 12th grade do not graduate.
How many of Georgia's children finish high school?
In 1939, there were 64,910 children born in Georgia. In 1957, 18 years later, 26,500 of these graduated from Georgia high schools. This is 4 out of 10. The national average is 6 out of 10.
How many children quit school during a single year in Georgia?
About 40,000 of those who enroll in September quit school before the end of that year.
What difference does a high school education make to a person?
$50,000 more during his adult earning years, plus the personal satisfaction and the richer values
48

-

~ood education brings. Education steps up everybody's buying power and raises the g-eneral standard of living and prosperity in Georgia. Even Pogo in the comic strips is joining in a Stay-inSchool campaign.

Exceptional Children*
What is an "exceptional" child?
The term "exceptional" child refers to those who deviate from what is supposed to be average in physical, mental, emotional, or social characteristics to such an extent that they require special cduca tional services.
How many "exceptional" children do we have in Georgia?
Approximately 100,000.

How many are enrolled in the program for exceptional children?

Exceptional Children in Georgia 195758

Area of Exceptionality

Number of these

umber being

children in Georgia served in Georgia

(Estimated by percent-

ages of enrollments)

Speech Defective .

Crippled Children

and Special Health

Problems

.

Blind

.

Partially Seeing

.

Deaf

.

Hard of Hearing .

Mentally Retarded .

Gifted

.

Emotionally Disturbed

46,955
9,391 310
1,878 939
9,391 18,782 18,782 28,173

2,547
377 55 50 12
1,293

TOTALS

134,501

4,334

How many of the "exceptional" children are taught in the public schools?
We had 3,352 of the "exceptional" children in public school classes during 1956-57. We have about 5,000 in 1957-58.
Are they taught in regular classes with other children?
They are if it is practical.
What about children sick in hospitals or sick at home?
Some systems have teachers for hospitalized or homebound children.
49

STATE TRADE SCHOOLS
tuition is free
/ (
... Georgia trains students for good jobs. State trade schools, and others in city systems, have helped the state to attract more new industry. Area trade schools are beinJ! talked of now to brin.l! this traininJ! closer to rural
communities. It meets the practical
needs of students who do not plan to go to college.
50

Do teachers get extra pay for teaching "exceptional' children?
No. These teachers, like all other teachers, are paid on the basis of the type teaching certificate they hold.
*See School for Deaf and Academy for the Blind under Vocational Rehabilitation.
Colleges
How many Georgians have finished high school?
The 1950 census hows that 20.4% of Georgia's residents over 25 years of age have four years of high school 4.57t have four or more years of college. The average citizen of Georgia has 7.8 years of schooling.
How many Georgia high school graduates enter college?
Of the graduates of Georgia public schools in 1956, 36.3 entered ollege. There were 24,573 graduates of Georgia public schools in 1956 and 8,934 of these entered college.
How many of the nation's brightest children do not go to college?
200,000-an appalling waste of brain power and human resources.
What scholarships are available for Georgia high school graduates who wish to go to college?
Information about this may be secured from the local school superintendent or from the State Department of Education. There are many scholarships available and the list is growing. One senior high school class won nearly $100,000 in scholarships in 1957. (Biggest scholarship fund is the National Merit Scholarship, 1580 Sherman Ave., Evanston, Ill. They will finance brilliant students according to need, up to $2 200 a year and more.)
How are the colleges planning to cope with the enormous increase in enrollment?
Some suggestions: screening, entrance exams, and more junior colleges. Since twi e as m<:.ny students will be applying for entrance the college will take those best prepared.
What further training is available for Georgia students not going to college?

Does the Department of Education have a state co-ordinator of adult education?
Yes, She was employed on January 1, 1958. Adult Education is more and more becoming recognized as a part of the school program. It was recognized in the ob ervance of American Education Week in 1957 for the first time since the week was started 32 years ago .
. . . no limit to learnin.li ... many adult Geor;!ians want to complete their hi;!h school studies, or learn more about ;!overnment, consumer trends, leisure resources, world affairs and other thin.lis. Georgia was the fourth state to take advanta{!e of a ;!rant from the Fund for Adult Education, and start an adult education program throu;!h the public schools.
52

C RRICULUM
Cour e Requirements
What are the nine subjects that must be taken in high schools in Georgia?
English-3 Social Studies-3 (including 1 unit of U. S. History and Gov't. as legally rrquircd) Biology-I (must include Human Biology) Math-l Science or Math-l And 9 Electives
*
How many electives must a student take?
Nine.
What other courses must be offered?
Brginning in September 1958, schools must also offer these courses: one additional unit each in English and in Math, one unit in Physics, one unit in Chemistry, two units in a foreign language and some vocational subjects.
Does the Department of Education provide a suggested curriculum?
The State Department prepared a booklet "Curriculum Framework" which suggests good courses. But the local school authoritirs adopt their own curriculum within the framework of the state required courses.
Are local systems required to submit their curriculum to the State Department of Education for approval? Why?
Yes. Money can be withheld if the local system does not do this. It is required by the State Board
*See additional information on page 82
53

of Education. The local people can build their own curriculum, but it MUST meet the State's basic requirements. It is checked to see that it does.
Is history required to be taught in the Georgia schools?
American history is required, including government.
Must Health Education be taught?
Yes. One year is required. It may be taught In the 8th urade or in high school.
What is alcohol education?
It is a unit of study designed to teach students the effect of alcohol on the human body and the social and economic problems that often result from its use. It is required by law to be taught and we have a state coordinator of this program.
What is Driver Education?
It is a course including classroom instruction and under the wheel practice de igned to make young people safe drivers. It is taught in 132 of our :i75 high schools now.
What does a driver education course consist of?
30 hours of classroom instruction and 6 hours of under the whe I practice.
Has the Department dane a survey recently to find out how much math is being taught in Georgia schools?
Yes, in 1956-57, a survey of 370 accredited high schools with 1,062 teachers and 121,115 tudents, showed these enrollments: in arithmetic classes, 1 855; general mathematics, 17,416; 1st year algebra, 29,630; 2nd year algebra, 16,617; plane geometry, 8,152; solid geometry, 689; trigonometry, 1,176; other math courses, 9,370.
What does the science survey show?
In the same 370 accredited high schools that year, the science urvey showed that of the 121,115 students studying under 829 teachers, these science cour es were being taken: in general science, there were 25,441 students enrolled; in biology, 23,542; in chemistry, 8,645; and physics, 4,041.
Where is handwriting taught in our schools?
Primary and elementary teachers get the child started usually beginning with manuscript writing
54

(which looks like the letters he reads) and changing to cursive writing.
Do we have a state supervisor of art or music?
No.
Do we have a state co-ordinator of science?
Yes, Employed January 1, 1958.
How has the teaching of spelling changed?
1. Children are taught to spell words they will use, instead of such jawbreakers as verdigris phlegmatic, shibboleth likely to be needed only in a spelling bee. 2. They are made aware of the importance of adequate communication' they have motivation for learning to spell. 3. They are tauaht to use the dictionary to find words. Research shows that about 1,000 words make up 929t of children's writing.
The" nit" Credit
What is a unit?
A unit is generally given for a school year's study of one subject-(50 minute lessons daily for the 180 day school). Laboratory and certain other classes are exceptions. The Carnegie Foundation established this unit measure system in 1906.
How many units are required for graduation from a Georgia high school?
Eighteen. This was changed in 1957 from 16 to 18. The 1957-58 9th grade, graduating in 1961, will be the fir.t cia s that will graduate with the 18 units.
Accrediting
Schools are accredited on the state level by the Georgia Accrediting Commission, and on the Southeastern level by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools.
Does the State Department of Education accredit schools?
No.
55

What are some of the reasons a school could be dropped from the accredited list?
A deficiency in either school plant, facilities, profes ional staff or the program of study.
Is the whole school system accredited or only individual schools?
Only indiyidual school.
When does the Georgia Accrediting Commission meet?
The commission meet twice yearly--once in the fall in Macon and once in the spring in Atlanta.
Who names the members?
The memblTs of the eommis i n arc selected by a nominating committee from representatives of each m mber association.
What is the value in a school's being accredited?
The accredited chool should offer a child a better education in addition to enhancing the value of property in the area.
Testing and Guidance
What is the status of the testing and guidance program in Georgia schools?
It was begun in 1957 on a statewide basis. The budget included $55,000 which was distributed on the basis of a erage daily attendance. Tests could be requisitioned, like textbooks, from an approved list of tests. The department acquired in September 1957 a machine for scoring tests. The testing program is expected to expand in Georgia con iderably in the next few years.
What is the plan for testing for 1958-59?
The $380,000 for testing was just authorized by the State Board of Education in December, 1957, but the tentative plans for this testing are these: a reading readiness test in the first grade, aptitude tests in the 4th, 7th, and 10th grades, three achievement tc ts during the 12 years of school, one intere t inventory, probably in the 9th grade, and a test in the 11 th grade predicting college success or probable scores the student would make on the college entrance exams.
What is the value of guidance programs?
They seek to help the student find his own abilities, and to choose the work in which he will be most
56

successful, usefu! and happy. Our new $380 000 testing program in Georgia (1958-59) will be the basis of a guidance program that will help students find their work, will "keep square peg out of round holes", and relieve the social tensions that come from misfits and their frustrations.
Should all students seek to go into professions?
By no mean. Many students can do their most useful work in trades and other vocation -and often make more money, too. Guidance programs seek to give prestige value to all work, and to see that all workers-whether doctors carpenters, mini tel's, homemakers, etc. get the education that will help them live useful, happy lives.
. . . to find their talents.
. . . In 1958-59, Geor/!,ia schools will have a $380,000 testill/!, and guidance program. Gifted children - alld the othe,rs - Ileed help in findin.1! their ab/lttles and interests.
57

INSTR CTIONAL fATERIALS & LIBRARY SERVICES
Does the State Department of Education provide financial assistance for both public and school libraries?
Yes. Librarians' salaries, books, and other materials.
Public Libraries
Why does the State Department of Education help finance public libraries?
Because in 1943 the General Assembly abolished the State Library Commi ion and transferred its functions and responsibilities to the State Board of Education.
How is the public library program operated locally?
Its operation is the responsibility of the municipal, county or regional library board. The County Board of Education may aet as the local county library board, under the state law governing county libraries, appoint other citizens to the board or cooperate with. municipal or other county authorities in the formation of a legal library board and in contracting for library service. Taxing authorities who contribute to the financial support of regional libraries may be represented on regional library boards or may appoint representatives to such boards.
How many regional libraries are there?
32 serving 95 counties. We also have municipal or county libraries not yet in regional programs. Georgia has more regional libraries than any other state in the nation.
58

Does the local region have to put up money to start a regional library?
Yes.
Who furnishes the building for regional or other public libraries?
This is a local responsibility.
What does the State Department of Education pay for in regional public libraries?
Salary and travel for one librarian for each ounty in the reRion plus money for materials. There are also staff members paid with local funds. County libraries al 0 are eligible for money for materials. Counties having a continuin?: local annual librar) budget of $10,000.00 are eligible for the salary and travel of one trained librarian.
Does the Department of Education certify public librarians?
o. They are certified by the State Board for the Certification of Librarians which is appointed by the Governor and operates under the Secretary of State.
Is there a Federal Grant for libraries?
Yes. A fiye-year grant was authorized by Congress in 1956 to extend and improve rural public library service. Georgia's share in 1957 was $40,000 and in 1958 it was $139,213. It is used to buy books and other library materials for the rural library program.
How well does the public library service cover the state?
Geor~ia's population is 3,444,473 (according to
1950 U.S. Census). Only 53,516 or lY2% are un-
ser cd by public libraries. Only one county in Georgia has no public library service.
How much is spent for this service?
80 per capita (This represents state and local support) .
How many books do Georgians read from the public library?
An average of 4 books per capita per year. More than 12 million books were loaned by public libraries in the year ending .June, 1956.
How many Georgia children are taking advantage of the Vacation Reading Club program?
Seventy-four Georgia Public Library systems have made reports to the state on the 1957 Vacation
59

Reading Club program. These 74 system! show that 32,700 childrcn registered for the summer readina program. Of these, 19 740 received certificate for reading 10 books and 8,976 recei\'ed Gold Stars for having read 25 books or more during the summer.
How many bookmobiles do we have?
In September, 1957, there were 53 bookmobiles in Georgia en'ing 101 countie .
Where do the bookmobiles leave books?
At ~ehools and library centers and certain deposit stations which may be in homes, stores, filling stations, community hou cs, chul'ches or mills.
Do they stop at country homes?
In many cases they do. The policy IS set by the local library board.
School Libraries
How is state money allotted to schools to buy books and other library materials?
An allocation ba cd on the tate paid teacher allotment is set up for each chool sy tem. The local school sy tems, or the local schools match this fund on the ba is of one dollar ($1.00) of local money for two dollar ($2.00) of tate funds to th amount of the allotment. Materials are selected by the local schools and the orders are placed with the State Department of Education. A check for the local matching amount must accompany each order. The present state allotment is $16.00 per statc paid teacher. The local funds needed to match would be $8.00 per state paid teacher.
Is there a list from which individual schools may choose these library books?
Yes, the books and magazines must be selected from lists prepared by the Professional Library Committee or from lists approved by the Committee. The Georgia Library List i available to schools free of charge.
What salary does a school librarian get?
They arc paid on the ame basis as the teachers, according to the certificate and experience. There is a shortage of librarians.
60

into Georgia's remotest rural corners, the excitement of books.'
61

Does the State Department of Education provide help for libraries other than financial aid and materials?
Yes, library consultants are available to work with chool and public library personnel and boards.
Library for the Blind
Where is this Library for the Blind?
232 Luckie Street in Atlanta. The phone is Jackson 3-5364.
What services does it offer the blind?
Talking records and Braille books. You can get a catalog. The talking record include mysteries, Shakespeare, the Bible (129 records), Gone With the Wind, and hundreds of others. They have to
be played on 33 Y3 speed record players. The Gov-
ernment furni hes the machines to qualified blind people that do not have them, but has had a waiting Ii t for some time for these machines.
How does a blind person become eligible?
A doctor's certificate must attest the need. One does not have to be totally blind to get their services.
What is the cost?
The records and books are free. The postage both ways i fl.-ee. The only cost would be a mailing charge of one penny per pound for the recording machine (when they are available).
How does the service operate?
After th blind person qualifies, the Library sends him two books. When he has finished one, he mails it back, and anoth I' is sent. This means that a book is coming and going, keeping him in books all the time.
How many blind people are there in Georgia?
About 10,000. (Thi is one of 28 U.S. Regional Libraries for the Blind)
Textbook
How long has Georgia had a free textbook law?
ince 1936.
What are the advantages of this law?
Every child can have an adequate supply of book. The state is able to supply, at a cost of
62

$32, books, which if bought new, would cost parents about $200 for the 12 years of school.
What is the cost per child?
$2.75 per year, 30~ a month or 1~ per day.
How many basic books does a child need a year?
An average of eight.
Who chooses textbooks?
A committee of professionally trained teachers recommends books in each of 5 areas. Each committec is composed of 5 members. They are appointed by the State Board of Education. Each board member appoints a teacher or school administrator from his district. These committees recommend books to the State Board for adoption.
What is "multiple listing?"
I t is the listing of several books in each subject field adopted by th State Board of Education from which selections may be made by the local school authorities. Thi widc range of 'choice makes it po sible for local systems to choose books especially suited to their needs.
What are the five areas into which textbooks are divided?
I. Vocational education 2. Reading and literature 3. Social science 4. English, spelling, penmanship, finc arts, and foreign languages 5. Math, science and hcalth.
For how long is a book contract made with a publishing company?
For five years. Thc Board has an option to extend it for two years if it wishes.
Is the textbook money sent out to 10caJ school systems?
No. An allotment of funds is set up for each school systcm. Thc superintendent and the local professional textbook committee of each system may elect any books on the state approved list up to the amount of the y tem allotment. The textbook requisition i ent to the State Department of Education. The State Department orders the book requi itioned by the superintendent and pays the bills.
What types of books are kept in the warehouse?
Only discarded and sample book.
63

. . . the world's lariiest educational film service, right here in Georgia.
. . . on film, a great ph;sics teacher teachinii 162 ~-hour lessons to GeorRia students.
64

....
Audio Visual Service
Is it true that the State Department of Education has the largest 16 mm. educational sound film library in the world?
Yes, it is located at 121 Memorial Drive, S. W., and is in the Division of Instructional Materials and Library Services. Its othf'r offices are at Statesboro, Macon and Tifton.
How many different titles does the library have?
There are 3,792 titles.
How many schools are served?
In the school year 1956 1,344 schools were served. They used 209,374 films.
What subjects are covered?
The subjects range from frogs to flotillas, snails to stars, Africa to asters, eggs to Einstein. It is a very interesting way to increase learning for children.
How does the school get the use of films?
By making application for film service and paying the $10.00 per year service fee.
What films are furnished?
The local school selects the films it wishes to use.
Where is the film sent after the local school uses it?
It is returned to the library from which it was ordered so that it can be inspected and repaired if necessary and sent to another school.
What is meant by tape recordings?
It is a recording on tape rather than on discs.
What subjects are covered in recordings?
Good speeches, drama, music and folk tales.
How may these recordings be procured by the local school?
If the local school will furnish the tape, the recordings will be made by the Atlanta film library without further charge.
Where can catalogs be obtained?
Write the Audio-Visual Department at 121 Memorial Drive, S. W., or the State Department of Education, Atlanta.
65

Television
What is Georgia doing in educational television?
The State Board of Education recently authorized the Department of Education to spend $35,000 in 1957 to install closed circuit television in Fulton County's Conley Hills School. This is a pilot project to which other schools may send teachers to observe thi program in action. The State Department of Education has a 30 minute daily program on WLWA-TV at 10 a.m. Several Georgia chools are presenting educational television programs and the State Department of Education has a coordinator of television services.
. excit!ng, dynamic experiments /Z01ll1! on III Georgia ta answer the question "What COIl we best teach bJI television 1"
66

... 10 times around the earth each
TRAN PORTATIO
How many children ride the buses?
Nearly half of Georgia's school children-about 408,000-are on the highways twice a day during the school year. The public should drive carefully!
Why is the number of riders increasing?
Because of school consolidations.
Who can ride the school bus?
The state will provide funds for bus rides for any
child in a county system who lives 1Y2 miles or
more from school.
If a child had to buy a round trip ticket every day to ride the school bus, what would the average ticket cost?
16 per day.
How much does a school bus cost?
From $3,500 to $7,000.
How much does it cost to transport a child by bus to school?
The average per year per child has been $30. It is increasing and will be about $35.
Who owns the buses?
70% are owned by the school systems. Some are owned jointly by the system and the driver. Some are owned by the driver. (Contracts must be made directly with the driver. For instance, one man cannot own a bus and hire another person to drive).
67

How for do our school buses travel each day?
A distance equal in miles to ten times around the earth. (About 45 million miles a year)

How many buses do we have?
Nearly 5,000 in 1957-58. There were 4,674 In 1956-57.

How many children does on overage bus corry?
The average bus carries 83 children. Many make 2 trips. Some make 4 or 5.

How for does a child have to walk to a bus stop?
Not over one-half mile. The Board established this as a reasonable walking distance to reach a bus.

How long are school bus routes in Georgia?
Average is 27.7 miles one-way.

How many bus drivers are there in Georgia?
4,674 in 1956-57. About 200 are women; 62 are student drivers. One was a girl. There were 77 teachers driving buses.

What are bus drivers paid?
Not less than $100 a month for 10 months, beginning in 1957-58. This Minimum Salary Schedule was set up in 1957 by the Legislature.

Do bus drivers have a statewide organization?
Yes, and an executive secretary.

Who puts up the bus shelters for children along country

roo.?



At the request of the PTA's rural service committee, the Department's School Plant Service drew plans for these shelters, but they are financed and built by community organizations or business groups.

Why are the buses painted yellow?
This is the color that is most easily seen, thus increasing the safety of the children. All states have agreed to paint the buses the same color. This helps everyone to recognize a school bus on the road.

68

Training the right person lor the
right job.
VOCATIONAL ED CATION
What is Vocational Education?
It is that which educates a person to do well the job that will be his life's work.
Has it crowded out of the curriculum much of the academic education in English, history, arts, science and other such things?
No, indeed. There is no real division between vocational and general or academic education. The good teachers know that real education is a fusion of the two. No amount of knowledge will help you if you don't know how to do some practical work at which you can make a living. And, on the other hand, good vocational teachers know that it is important "to make a life as well as a living." They help their students to recognize the value of having good speech, keeping up with world events, knowing how to use leisure wisely, appreciating good music and drama and books, and developing their leadership abilities to be good citizens of their communities.
What does our Vocational Education Program include?
Classes for high school students, out of school youth, and adults in thes five areas: agriculture, trade and industry, homemaking distributive education, and vocational office traininO". Our newest programs (both under "T & I") are courses in practical nursing and training for the increasingly important fisheries industry. (School Lunch Special Milk Program, and Surplus Commodities are also under Vocational Education.)
69

How many Georgians are enrolled in Vocational E:lucation?
In 1956-57, there were 202,193.
Are vocational teachers paid more than other teachers?
They are paid for the 8 hour day on the basis of their certificate, like other teachers. But they may earn up to 10 hours extra pay per weekon the same certificate basis-for a carefully planned and checked program that includes home projects, teaching or work with community groups, and such things. They also get a certain amount of traYe1, at 6 a mile, just like other employees who must travel in their work.
What is Trade and Industrial Education?
It is that education which prepares people for jobs in industry, or trains them to be more skillful in jobs they already hold. This program has given great support to GeorlTia's expanding or new industries.
Is there a T & I program in the high schools, too?
Yes. In 45 high schools, there are Industrial Cooperative Training co-ordinators. They plan with th school and with local employers for junior and senior high school students to have classes at school and to get job experience in the community.
(Note: The Trade Schools-both the two State Trade Schools and city trade school courseswork through this program. The State Department of Education operates two Trade Schools and others are carried out through the city and county boards of education.)
What are some of the courses which Trade and Industrial Education includes?
Bricklaying, carpentry, dry clraning, furniture, air conditioning, auto mechanics, barbering, beauty culture, cabinet making, diesels, drafting, electrical work, food handling, landscaping, laundry, machine shop, photography, power sewing, practical nursing, printing, radio and TV repair, plumbing, plastering, watch and jewelry repair, shoe repair, tailoring, sheet metal, radio communic:;ations, needle trades, textiles, and many other things. (Write for information about which courses are given at which schools.)
70

What program does the State Department of Education have for practical nurses?
The Department employed the first state coordinator of this program recently. The pro/1;ram which operates in the Trade and Industrial Department of the Vocational Education Division, is designed to help staff Georgia's new Hill-Burton Hospitals. The training cour es arc set up in various parts of the state, and worked out with the coun el of professional people. The state coordinator i a registered nurse.
Trade Schools
What are "Trade Schools?"
They arc schools at which those who are not going to college can learn trade skills that enable them to make a living.
How old does a boy or girl have to be to enter one?
Sixteen.
Where are they located?
The North Georgia Trade School is at Clarkes\ille the South Georgia Trade School is at Americus.
What does it cost to go there?
Tuition is free to Georgians. Board costs about $40 a month. (Note: Write to the schools for more information.)
What education is offered veterans?
Thousands have been trained in our Vocational Education Program, through the Trade and Industrial section, business classes, distributive education, the on-the-farm program (now closed out), through agriculture classes, and in a program that has enabled many to complete their elementary and high school education. Many have attended the two trade schools.
71

Agriculture IS the backbone of the nation.
Vocational Agriculture
What is Vocational Agriculture?
Education for students and adults who are interested in learning the latest methods and research results in agriculture.
Aren't the number of farms decreasing?
Yes. That is why it is more than ever important for farmers to know the latest methods of mechanized farming, the newest in research findings, and the best marketing methods. The modern successful farmer needs to know more than a county agent or an ag teacher needed to know ten years ago. Besides this, it is important for a boy who plans to be a banker, a merchant, a lawyer, and editor or any other community leader to understand the agricultural background of the community.
Do the vocational ag teachers help adult farmers as well as students?
Indeed they do. Farming, forestry, farm mechanics, livestock improvement, and a dozen and one other things are the subjects of organized classes and individual help to Georgia farmers.
How many of the nation's population farm now?
13%. It is evidence of how well these have been trained for farming when you consider that this. 13% raise more food than we can eat, sell, or give away!
Who are the Future Farmers?
A national youth student group of boys studying agriculture. They get a good start toward being responsible farmers, and develop projects that are worth thousands of dollars. They get training in leadership and good farm practices.
72

Where is their state camp?
The FFA-FHA State Camp--one of the most beautiful camp sites in the nation-is about 12 miles from Co ington, on Lake Jackson. The boys de\'eloped it from an old YA camp. They and their leaders invited the Future Hom makers to become partners in 0\ ning and operating this camp, where they carryon fine programs of sum~er recreation and leadership.
'""
... olle of the lIatioll's beautiful camp sites 011 Lake Jacksoll, where Georgia youth come for leamillg alld leisure.
73

In good homes, we build the character and stability that our nation gets its strength from.
Homemaking Education:
Is this course offered in every high school in Georgia?
All but three. A few of them are not under the vocational program, but the state's supervisory services are available to all. Homemaking departments are included in all newly built high schools.
What does the homemaking course include?
Foods and nutrition, clothing and textiles, child care and guidance, home management, home nursing, and family relations.
Are boys in these classes?
Yes. In some schools, boys are in regular homemaking classes. In some, there are special homemaking classes for boys. In others, the homemaking and agriculture teachers exchange classes for certain units.
What are the family living courses?
Thesc are senior high schools courses that give to boys and girls-soon to be establishing homes and families-some basic understanding of family finances, the carc of children, community health services, home improvement, human relationships and similar matters. They also study the family tensions of our times that produce broken homes, juvenile delinquency and personal maladjustments. These courses are highly valued by both the students and their parents. One teacher kept records of the students who had been in her family living class in one of the state's largest high schools for
74

the previous ten years, and found that there had been only one divorce among them.
How many of our 600 homemaking teachers are employed for twelve months?
About 100.
What do they do during the summer?
Teach adult classes, isit home of their high school students to supervi e projects, conduct community recreation programs with FHA, take students to camp, and help with community and civic programs relating to homemaking.
What adult classes are taught?
If as many as ten in a community want an adult class, it can be scheduled. Some of the popular ones have clothing construction, including children's clothes, tailoring, and short cuts in sewing; foods classes, including meal planning and preparation, food freezing, arts and crafts, making of draperies, lampshades, and slipcovers, and understanding of children.
Are men in adult classes?
Yes, often husband and wives enroll, especially in home impro\'ement courses. There have also been brid -and-groom classes for young people furnishing their first home or apartments.
What is the Future Homemaker program?
This is a group of high school homemaking students. Thcy carryon programs of leadership training, community service, personality development, recreation and summer camping, and similar things. There are about 23,000 members in the State. The state office is in Peabody Hall, Athens, Ga.
Distributive Education
"3 out of 5"
What is "O;stributive Education?"
It is that education which trains people, in efficiency and courtesy, who plan to make their living selling goods or rendering services to the public. Three out of five of all working Georgians are in this field of work.
75

Where and how are they taught?
Tn high schools, the student studies in classes, and then actually works at his job. He thus gains the knowledge he needs, and actually puts it into action in a valuable laboratory situation where teacher and employer can help him. Many students go to work regularly at graduation at the job they were holding part-time. The out-of- chool program may be a group of employees in a special business, whose training is arranged by their employer and our counselors.
VOCATIO AL OFFICE TRAI INC
What is Vocational Office Training?
It is that education that prepares students for work in offices. Like other vocational programs, it gives them class training and makes it possible for them to get actual experience at jobs in the community during their high school years. This overcomes the old objection, "I can't hire you until you have had experience."
Haven't some students paid big tuition fees to outside training schools for vocational courses which they could have had free in their own high schools?
Yes. A student and his or her parent should look into the vocational courses offered-such as office training, distributive education, and the Trade School programs before paying big fees for what the State oJfers them free.
a thirty million dollar program
School Lunch
How long have we had a School Lunch program?
It has been sponsored by the State Department of Education since 1943.
What does an average school lunch cost?
25.
What i. a typical School Lunch menu?
Meat loaf, green beans, chopped vegetable salad, corn muffins, butter, peach cobbler and a half-pint of milk.
(Note: The child gets Y3 of his daily food require-
ments in a good school lunch).
76

Is there any provision made for the child whose family does not have money to give him to buy a lunch?
They are given free lunches or lunches at reduced rates.
How many children eat lunch in the school lunch room?
Approximately 390,000 children had lunch at school daily during 1956-57 in 1646 school lunch rooms. In September of 1957 approximately 50 more lunch rooms were opened.
Could a homemaker not plan her breakfast and dinner menus better if she knew what the school lunch menu for the day was?
Yes. Some local newspapers, radio and TV programs publicize these menus. Some schools post these on the bul1etin boards and send mimeograph menus for the next week home by the pupils.
How is the school lunch program financed?
ro 77% is what the children pay; 13 federal funds;
30/< special milk fund; 7% other sources. The
u. S. pays about 312 per lunch in cash. (This
was 4.1 during 1956-57. We served 68,282,713 and we received $2,801,481.00 in fcderal reimbursement. )
Who is in charge of the School Lunch program in a local school?
The principal is responsible for the program and the money. He has a lunchroom manager and helpers.
What is a Type A lunch?
Type A lunch is one that gives the child at least 2 ounces of a protein-rich food (meat or meat-
substitute), % cup of vegetable and/or fruit,
bread, butter, and a half-pint of milk.
How many meals are served during a year in the schoal lunchrooms of Georgia?
During 1956-57, there were 68 282,713 served. The largest number served in anyone day was 407,245.
(Note: We cannot now use state funds for school lunch. Legislation has becn proposed to make this use possible.)
77

Surplus Commodities
What free foods do we get in Georgia for the School Lunch Program?
We g-et annually about 6 million dollars worth of ~O kinds of food. These come from crop surplus in this country, through the U. S. Department of Agriculture. (About a million dollars more in free foods is sent to non-profit groups such as ho pitals, welfare organizations, camps etc. It is all distributed throu~h the State Department of Education. Some of the foods-corn meal, peanut butter and oil, flour, beef, ham lard, etc., have been foods from Georgia).
How ore these foods distributed?
Through about 90 di tribution points throughout the state. Our supervi or is under bond for them, and requires each local superintendent to sign for those foods he receives. We distributed about 24 million pounds-including 6 kinds of meat-during 1956-57.

Special Milk Program

What is the Special Milk Program?
It is a program, tarted by Congress in 1955 to give children extra milk and to boost the dairy industry. Through it, children may buy for a few pennies extra milk besides that which they drink at lunch.

Is Georgia using all its share of this money?
No. We get 1105i of the amoun t which we used the year before, and can get more whenever we can u e it. Congress has appropriated 75 million. Our children need to drink the milk, our dairymen need the money-but we arc not using it. We wish that more schools would use more of thi money and milk. It is there for Georgia if we just use it.

Here is what we were allotted and what we used:

Year
1954-55 1955-56 .. ..... 1956-57 ....

Allotted
$1,754,943.00 1,330,808.00
_.. 793,250.00

Used
$380,517.84 645,929.65 785,953.42

We can get more if we want it and can use it.

78

.. a program that has 4 times led the whole nation.
VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
What is "Vocational Rehabilitation?"
Getting disabled people able to go back to work. Many of these have mO\'ed from welfare rolls to payrolls through this program. Our "Rehab" program has 4 times led the entire nation in the number of people restored to earning ability. Sometimes a person who is disabled learns an entirely new job. (For instance, a structural steel worker fell from a building, severed his spine, and has now become skilled in watch and jewelry repairing.)
Who is eligible?
Any civilian 16 or older, with a substantial job handicap, and a reasonable chance to get a job, and veterans who are not eligible for the Veteran's program.
How many get help?
We rehabilitate more than 5,000 persons a year.
Is this a federal aid program?
Yes. We match F dcral dollar with state funds.
Where does one apply?
To the nearest local. office: Albany, Americus, Bainbridge, Thoma \'ille, Valdosta, Waycross, Atlanta, Gainesville, Athen , Battey Hospital, Rome, Clarke \'ille, 1acon, Columbus, Dublin, 1illedgeville, Sa\'annah, Augusta, and Brunswick. ( ote: Under this program, we also operate two schools: The S hool for the Deaf at Cave Spring, and The A ad my for the Blind at Macon.)
79 '

School for the Deaf (Cave Spring, Ga.)
Who can get in?
Any child who is at least 6 years old, and cannot be satisfactorily educated in the public schools. The child must be able to live with a gr~up.
What is the cost?
It is free. The parent must however, get the child there, provide him with clothes, and with any spending money he needs.
Academy for the Blind. (Macon, Georgia)
Who can get in?
A child at least six years old, who has not enough sight to be educated in the public schools. (A child with 20/200 vision or less in his best eye, after correction, is considered blind.)
What does it cost?
It is free, except that the parent must provide transportation, incidentals, and clothing. School begins the first week in September, is out December 2, starts again about January 2, and runs until June 10. ( ate: Apply directly to the Superintendents of these schools, if you have a blind or a deaf child whom you wish to enroll at one of them.)
,/
faT every chIld, help to find himself
80

Other Que tion People ~ k
How well educated are Georgians?
The NEA statistics, based on the 1950 census, say that 9.9% of our 3~ million people are high school graduates, 4.55{: are college graduates, and that the median number of school years' completed by Georgians 25 years old or older is 7.8.
How do we know what Russia is doing in education?
The U. S. Office of Education-in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, issued a 226page book on Education in Russia (USSR) late in 1957. It i their 1957 Bulletin No. 14. It may be ordered from that office in Wa hington. (The Department is headed by a Georgian, Marion Folsom, formerly of McRae.)
Don't the PTA's do a great deal to help schools?
Indeed they do. There are 971 local PTA's in Georgia, with a membership of about 230,000. The Georgia Congress of Parents and Teachers will have its future home on Baker Street ir. Atlanta. The site was bought and marked in 1957. The PTA publishes a very informative magazine, in which you can read about its work.
Where is the GEA located?
The Georgia Education Association has been located at 706 Walton Building, Atlanta, but they broke ground in September, 1957, for a beautiful new bu.ilding to be located on Central Avenue, S.W., Atlanta, very near the State Department of Education. The building will cost about $300,000. Teachers voted to pay an extra dollar dues to pay for a permanent home for their organization. You can read about their activities in the GEA Journal, a well-edited publication that ranks with the top five educational magazines in the country.
Where can one find a list of Georgia school laws?
The Department, in co-operation with the Attorney General's Office, issues a booklet periodically on these laws. You can get it at the State Department of Education, Atlanta.
Equivalency Certificates
What is an "Equivalency Certificate?"
This is a certificate that is approximately equal to a high school diploma. Any adult Georgia citizen,
81

aged 20 or more, can get one by successfully passin?: a General Educational Development Test. (Testing service fee $5.) The Departmeflt issues without cost about 3000 of these certificates a year to people who did not finish high school. The minimum age limit does not apply to veterans.
Where can one toke such a test? When?
At anyone of these Educational Testing Centers: Atlanta, Athens, Americus, Augusta, Brunswick, Carrollton Columbus Macon, Moultrie, Mt. Vernon, Griffin, Gainesville, Rome, Savannah, and Waycross. The tests are giyen at int rvals throughout the year. Applicants arc notified when to appear for the tests.
Can one enter college on such a certificate?
I t depends on the college and on the s ores made on the tests.
Where can a person get more information about taking these tests?
Write the State Department of Education, State Office Building, Atlanta, Ga.
Other Questions People Ask:
What changes in curriculum have been mode recently?
New r gulations made by the State Board of Education concerning curriculum include: (a) parent or guardian mu t now sign the student's course of tudy each year, (b) local boards are to adopt a program of studies and send this for review to the State Department of Education.
What specific changes have been mode in the moth and science curriculum?
Two courses in algebra, one course in chemistry, and one cour~e in physic will be required in all Georg-ia }->;gh school effective the school year 1960-61. This new rulinp; is made with the following provisions: that teachers and guidance officers work with parents and principals, who may make ~ubstitutions if stunents are not adapted to this prop"ram of mathematics and science: and that schools not capable of offering such courses may be excused by the State Board of Education until such courses are available.
82

What is the minimum Ip.ngth of the school year for teachers?
The minimum length of the school year for teachers is 190 days; 180 days of teaching plus 10 days -five days for pre-school planning and five days for post school planning.
What is the minimum length of the school day for teachers?
The minimum length of the work day for teacher is eight hours. The minimum teaching load is four one-hour periods or five 45-minute periods per day.
How many holidays maya school have during the year?
Any number approved by the local Board of Education. However the school year mu t include a minimum of 180 school days.
I
Is it permissible to allow a holiday for pupils to attend a fair?
A Fair Day can be counted a school day only if condition are the same as those for a field trip planned and upervised by the teacher.
. Are days when 'School is suspended to allow teachers to attend professional meetings to be counted as teaching days?
The school calendar should provide time for teachers to attend professional meetings but time so provided should not reduce thc minimum number of 180 teaching days.
Bulletin of the Stote Department
of Education
1958
83

INDEX FOR 'BULLETIN

Absences .. . number of .. reasons for religious holidays

.. .. . .. .

46-48 46
46, 48 48

Administrative Personnel.................... ..

4

Adult Education

52

Attendance-(See Enrollment)

average daily attendance

c?~pulsory school attendance law

vISIting teacher

attendance records

auditing records.

...

. .. ..

school day . .

holidays

45 45 45 46 . 46 46 46

Audio Visual Service

65

Blind-(See Voc. Rehabilitation)

academy for ......

.

80

library for.

62

Bookmobiles

.

60

Boards of Education

state

..

local.........

5 8, 9

Buildings, state school building authority

29, 30 32

Business Education (See Voc. Office Training)

Colleges

51

Curriculum

.

course requirements

electives

history

health educ

alcohol educ

driver edue. ..

math

sCience

spelling

53-57 53 53 54 54 54 54 54 54 55

Deaf-(See Voc. Rehabilitation).

school for deaf ..

80

Distributive Education

75

Drop-Outs, 48-(See Enrollment)

Economic Index

22, 23

Equivalency Certificate

.

81

Exceptional Children-(See School for Deaf and Acad-

emy for Blind)

Definition of

49

N umber of. .

49

Teachers of

51

Enrollment ..

.

current enrollment

estimate for future

.

first grade enrollment . .

drop-outs

Federal Funds

Guidance

Homemaking Education

Instruction, Supv. of

Instructional Materials

textbooks

audio visual

television

43-48 44 44 44 48
26-28 56 74
14, 15 58-66
62 65 66

84

>

Libraries-{See Instructional Materials)

School

59

Public

58

Bookmobiles

60

Local Superintendent ..

10, II

Lunch, School Program of surplus food commodities

76, 77 78

Milk, Special Program of

78

Minimum Foundation Program of Education 19, 21, 22

Money................ ..

17, 18

Principal

12, 13

Pupils

43-45

Rehabilitation, vocational school for deaf academy for blind

79-80 80 80

State Supt. of Schools how selected qualifications salary

6

6

.

6

State Dept. of Education

function of

~.

organization of

..

7

6

Tax Levy

23, 25

Teachers

'"

certificates .

.

areas of teaching

allotment

.

..

contracts

shortage

. . ..

number of

in-service training

,

salary schedule

merit pay.

..

sick-leave

,.. .

retirement

'" .. 34-42

.

34

34

.. 34

36

.

35

35

36

41, 42

..

37

37

37

Television

, .'" ..

66

Testing

56

Textbooks

.. ..

63

Transportation

bus ownership . ..

bus drivers .. ..

..

cost per child .. .

mileage of

.

.

67-68

. . . . 67

.

67

67

.. 68

Trade and Industrial Educ. ..,

Trade Schools

.

70, 71 71

Unit Credit

55

Vocational Agriculture

.

72

Vocational Education

69-78

Vocational Office Training .

. 76

Vocational Rehabilitation

79-80

85

'1
" N eve r h a ve p e 0 pie demanded so much of schools as have Americansand never have schools done more for people."
-Henry Steele Commager

DR. M. D. COLLINS State Supt. of Schools Emeritus
MILESTONE
"Education do s not co t-it pays!"
That ha bcen the oft repeated counsel of the wise and well-belovcd Dr.. M. D. Collins who on January II, 1958, fini hed 25 year a State Superintend nt of Schools, and 55 years in education in Georgia.
From a beginning in 1902 as teacher of 81 pupils in a one-room mountain school at Choestoe, he ro e to the Stat' top spot in education. He was dean of all state chool uperintendents in the nation. He was for 23 year an EA director.
Progres in his long regime included the Minimum Foundation Program of Education, a salary schedule for teachers the free textbook program, xpanding vocational education, the schools for the deaf and the blind th program of vocational rehabilitation, trade hool, the Program for exceptional children Visiting Teachers, Supervi ors of Instruction, a multimillion dollar school building program regional libraries pilot projects in cducational TV.
He has worked tirelessly for a half century for the hildrcn of Georgia, to pro ide for them brighter, b ttcr opportunities for education than they had ever known. G orgia' gratitude to him is great.
He resigned b cau c of hi wife' failing health, and his family's urgent wish that he take a less strenuou position. The Governor praised his achie ment, named him Superintendent Emeritus for Lif , and n:lmed Dr. Claude Purcell Georgia's 14th State Superintendent of Schools.
Dr. Collins is being b sieged with requests to write his rem mberings of what happ ned in education in Georgia this past half-century. You can write him at the State Department of Education.