Manual on flag etiquette

MANUAL ON
FLAG ETIQUETTE
"-I wave exultantly over the school houses of the land, for education is the keystone of the nation, and the schoolroom is my citadel."-The American Flag.
GEORGIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION M. D. COLLINS
State Superintendent of Schools

GEORGIA STATE FLAG

MANUAL ON
FLAG ETIQUETT E
Prepared and Issued by
DIVISION OF INFORMATION AND PUBLICATIONS L. L. PERRY, Director
ATLANTA
1938

Preamble to the Constitution of
the United States of America
WE THE PEOPLE of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, prpmote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Preamble to the Constitution of
the State of Georgia
To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace, promote the interest and happiness of the citizens, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we, the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish this Constitution.
Preamble to the Constitution of
the American Legion of America
For God and COUlitry, we associate ourselves together for the following purposes: to uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our association in the Great War, to inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the community, state and nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the master of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our Comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness.
(Basil Stockbridge, Atlanta, Georgia, served on the committee which drew up the Preamble to the Constitution of the American Legion.)
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"If ever there was a cause, if ever there can be a cause, worthy to be upheld by all of toil or sacrifice that the human heart can endure, it is the cause of education." -From "Thoughts from the Writings of Horace Mann."

FOREWORD
It is required by the State Board of Education that the American Flag be displayed by every school in Georgia, weather permitting, each day school is in session. The board has authorized the issuance of this manual to be used in the schools. Its purpose is to promote world peace, patriotism, knowledge and practice of proper flag usage, and general appreciation of America and her principles of government.
There is very little legislation regarding the usage of the American flag. The history of its origin and evolution is generally vague. The regulations of the United States Army and the United States Navy are established for Army and Navy observance, and only custom and common agreement among numerous patriotic organizations govern the civilian's code of flag etiquette. The Division of Information and Publications of the State Department 'of Education has, however, done considerable research in preparing the content of this booklet, and the suggestions set forth herein may be accepted by teachers and others as being authentic .and reliable, insofar as facts are obtainable.
It is hoped that teachers will lend themselves to the task of properly inspiring Georgia youth to reverence of our flag, and sufficiently instruct them in proper flag usage to insure a more refined and cultured citizenry. The State Board of Education has established no rules for teachers to follow in this connection, except to requesrt them not to neglect this important phase of education. The manual is designed to aid in this undertaking.
M. D. COLLINS, State Superintendent of Schools.
February, 1938.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Flag Code. National Flag Conference. Origin and History of the Flag. By George Henry Preble, published by Frank Maurice, Inc., 114 E. 32nd Street, New York City. The Flag of the United States: Your Flag and Mine. By Colonel Harrison S. Kerrick, published by The United States Flag Association, Washington, D. C.
How the Flag Became Old Glory. By E. L. Scott, published by The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York City.
Flags of America. By Colonel W. H. Waldron, United States Army, published by Standard Printing and Publishing Company, Huntington, West Virginia.
The Flag of the United States: Its History and Symbolism. By Colonel James A. Moss, published by The United States Flag Association, Washington, D. C.
Our Flag. By R. H. Schauffler, published by Moffet Publishing Company, New York. (Georgia Library Commission.)
The Flag of Our Country. By John Morgan Wooten, published by The Globe Book Company, Morristown, Tenn.
The Little Book of The Flag. By Eva March Tappan, published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
The Flag of America. Published by F. A. Owen Publishing Company, Dansville, New York.
The American Flag. By J. A. Moss, published by The United States Flag Association, Washington, D. C.
The Flag of the United States. By Col. James A. Moss, published by The United State Flag Association, Washington, D. C.
Our Flag. By Dosia Head Brooks, published by Harold Vinal, N. Y.
The Evolution of the American Flag. By Lloyd Balderson, published by Ferris and Leach, Philadelphia, Pa.
The Etiquette of the Stars and Stripes. By Emily K. Ide, published by E. K. Ide, Boston, Mass.
My Flag. By Charles A. Lutz, published by Lutz Printing Company, York, Pa.
The National Flag. By Willis F. Johnson, published by Hougbton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York.
The Flag of the United States. By Fred C. Hicks, published by Heath and Locks, Washington, D. C.
The Flag of the United States. By Col. H. S. Kerrick, published by E. W. Bowen, Columbus, Ohio.
The National Flag, a History. Willis Fletcher Johnson, New York.
The Stars and Stripes: a History of the United States Flag. Chas. W. Stewart, Boston, 1915.
The Origin and Evolution of the United States Flag. Rogers Clark Ballard Thrus ton. Washington (Government Printing Office), 1926.
The Flag of the United States: Its History and Symbolism, 2nd ed. Published by The United States Flag Association, 923 15th Street, Washington, D. C. Especially recommended for general use is James A. Moss.
The Flag of the United States of America. National Defense, Patriotic Educational Committee, Memorial Continental Hall, Washington, D. C.
Etiquette of the Stars and Stripes. Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, National Department of Americanism, Washington, D. C.
"Service" For God and Country. Garland W. Powell, National Director Americanism, Washington, D. C. (Can be found-State Library Commission, State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia.)
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CONTENTS

Preamble to the Constitution

_

Foreword

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--

_

Bibliography

_

"The Star-Spangled Banner" .

_

Origin of the National Anthem_____________________________________

7

Meaning of the American Flag________________________________________________ 7

The Significance of the Flag_________________________

8

History of the United States Flag_______________ __

9

Facts About the "Stars and Stripes"

11

National Flag Conference________________________________

12

Code for Flag Display

13

Cautions

14

Description of the American Flag

15

Specifications

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16

Proper Flag Salutes Pledge to the Flag

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16

16

Our Flag

19

Salute to the National Anthem

19

The Shield of the United States

20

Proper Use of Bunting

20

Federal Flag Laws

21

Tributes to the Flag

21

"The Flag" (Poem)

21

First Flag Flown Over a School House "Old Flag" (Poem)

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21

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22

"Old Flag Forever" (Poem)

23

"The Flag is Passing By" (Poem)

23

"The American Flag" (Poem)

24

"The Flag" (Poem)

24

"America For Me" (Poem)

25

Presenting a Flag to a School

25

The Flag Speaks_______

___

___ __ ______ __

25

The Story of "Old Glory"

25

The Development of Flag Etiquette

26

Suggested Flag Days

26

Georgia State Flag

27

Confederate Flags

27

"Flags of the Confederacy" Georgia's Confederate Flags

28 ~_ 28

Questions and Answers

29

"Reunion-Sons of Confederate Veterans" (Poem)

34

Special American Flags_________

34

Address Delivered Flag Day-ExcerpL

35

Mottoes of the States of the Union

36

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THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER
Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming; Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming; And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was stilI there.
First Chorus: Oh, say, does the star.spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore, dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines on the stream.
Second Chorus: 'Tis the starspangled banner, oh! long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore, That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion A home and a Country should leave us no more? Their blood has wash'd out their foul footsteps' pollution; No refuge could save the hireling or slave From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave.
Third Chorus: And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
Oh! thus be it ever when free men shall stand Between their loved home and the war's desolation. Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land Praise the Pow'r that hath made and preserved us a Nation. Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto, "In God is our trust."
Fourth Chorus: And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

"I would like to insist upon the school children of the State of Georgia being able to sing 'The StarSpangled Banner.'
"I would like to ask that some suitable provision be made to give every child an opportunity to express the spirit of America in song."
-M. D. COLLINS, State Superintendent of Schools.

THE ORIGIN OF THE NATIONAL ANTHEM
Francis Scott Key was born in Frederick County, Maryland, August I, 1779 (Dictionary of American Biography). He was graduated from Saint John's Law College, Annapolis, Maryland, and in 1801 began the practice of law at Frederickstown, Maryland.
In 1814, Key visited the British fleet in Chesapeake Bay in an attempt to secure the release of a friend who had been captured. At this particular time, the British troops had invaded Washington. They seized and held as a prisoner, Dr. William Beans, a planter. Francis Scott Key and John S. Skinner were sent by President Madison with a flag of truce to the British General Ross, to request his release.
Their mission was successful. The party was detained, however, by the British commander, who had prepared to attack Baltimore. The attack was made on Fort McHenry. Throughout the long night, Key and Skinner, from the British ship, watched the progress of the fight. Anxiously they strained their eyes for a glimpse of the flag that would assure them that their comrades still held the fort. Imagine their joy "when in the dawn's early light," they saw the stars and stripes still triumphantly waving.
Under the spell of the emotion aroused by. this thrilling sight, Key immediately wrote the Star-Spangled Banner. This poem gave vent to his feeling, and inspired the people of the United States to greater love for the flag and an increased desire to pledge allegiance to it.
When the poem was published it immediately became popular. It was later set to music and sung to the tune, "Anacreon in Heaven."
A few years later Key moved to Washington where he was district attorney for three terms-1833-1841. He wrote many more poems, which were published in 1857, but none of them attracted as much attention as the "Star-Spangled Banner."
The Army and the Navy adopted this song as the national anthem many years ago. Although it had never been so confirmed by Congress, until March 3, 1931, time and custom had already given it this place of honor. This Act passed by Congress was signed by the President, thus making the Star-Spangled Banner the National Anthem of the United States.
Key died in Baltimore, Maryland, January II, 1843. A monument to him was erected in 1887, in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, by James Lick, who gave $60,000 for this purpose.
So long as the "Star Spangled Banner" waves over the land of the free, may the memory of its thrilling origin live in the hearts of America's patriotic citizens.
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THE MEANING OF THE AMERICAN FLAG
By EDWARD S. HOLDEN
(Many eloquent speeches have been made that recite what the flag should stand for to a citizen of America. One of them is here selected.)
"As at the early dawn the stars shine forth even while it grows light, and then, as the sun advances, that light breaks into banks and streaming lines of color, the glowing red and intense white, striving together and ribbing the horizon with bars effulgent; so, on the American flag, stars and beams of many colored light shine 'out together. .
"It is the banner of dawn. It means Liberty; and the galley slave, the poor oppressed conscript, the down-trodden creature of foreign despotism sees in the American flag that very promise and production of God: 'The people which sat in darkness, saw a great light; and to them which sat in the region and shadow of death, light is sprung up.'
"In 1777, within a few days of one year after the Declaration of Independence was . signed, the congress of the colonies (sic) in the confederated states assembled and ordained this glorious national flag which we now hold and defend, and advanced it
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full high before God and all men as the flag of Liberty. It was no holiday flag gorgeously emblazoned for gaiety or vanity. It was a solemn National symbol.

"Our flag carries American ideas, American history, and American feelings. Be ginning with the colonies, and coming down to our time, in its sacred heraldry, in its glorious insignia, it has gathered and stored chiefly this supreme idea: DIVINE RIGHT OF LIBERTY IN MAN. Every color means liberty; every form of star and beam or strip of light means liberty; not lawlessness, not license; but organized,
institutional liberty-liberty through law*, and lawsfor liberty!"

The adventurous sailors of the United States have displayed the flag in every part of the world where commerce called them, from the Arctic to the Indies. Our navy has made it respected in peace and in war. It has been planted in foreign countries by armed force: in Tripoli (1805), in Mexico (1846), in Manila, Porto Rico, and Cuba (1898).

The exploring expedition of Commodore Wilkes carried it through the Pacific

Ocean and to the Antarctic regions (1839). The Arctic expeditions of Kane (l8~53),

Hays (1860), Hall (1871), De Long (1879), Greely (1881-83), Peary (1891-98), have

unfurled the flag among the icebergs of the extreme North. Stanley carried it to the

heart of Africa (1871 and later). Admiral Byrd planted it in "Little America" at the

"bottom" of the world. It is respected everywhere, and everywhere it stands for Ameri

can freedom, energy, vigor.

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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FLAG

A flag is more than a piece of cloth with something printed on it. Every flag that has ever waved has had a different meaning. The flag of Rome primarily meant power; the flag of Carthage, military brilliancy; the flag of Atilla, ruthless force and daring deeds; the flag of Genghis Kahn, courage, terror, destruction; the flag which waves over our school means something precious, helpful and patriotic.
The flag of the Union is the flag of the founders of the Republic; and it is our flag today. It has never known defeat. It guarantees us freedom, justice, protection, equality, individuality and local selfgovernment.

The Stars and Stripes is the symbol of our Union and our honor, our ideals and our aspirations as a nation. Anything that tends to accentuate this symbolism and to increase respect and reverence for our flag is a patriotic service and contribution to the welfare of our country.
Patriotism is more than a sentiment; loyalty is more than an expression. The one is the acceptance of the duties-absolute and universal-which every citizen owes his country; the other is the sincere and unfaltering determination to perform those duties irrespective of the sacrifice. "In silent grandeur the flag floats over the graves of the dead, over the homes of the living, the emblem of truth and righteousness, inspiring men's hearts on the land and on the sea with faith and hope, the symbol of the power, the unity and the purpose of our Republic, now and forever."
A thoughtful mind, when it sees a nation's flag, sees not the flag but the nation itself; and whatever may be its symbols, its insignia, it reads chiefly in the flag the government, the principles, the truth, the history, that belong to 'the nation that sets it forth.
"Let us then twine each thread of the glorious tissue of our country's flag about our heartstrings; and looking upon our homes and catching the spirit that breathes upon us from the battlefields of our fathers, let us resolve, come weal or woe, we will, in life and in death, now and forever, stand by the Stars and Stripes."
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"Through the brightest portion of my life I was accustomed to see our flag, his. toric emblem of Union, rise with the rising and fall with the setting sun. I look upon it now with the affection of early love, and seek to preserve it by a strict adherence to the Constitution, from which it had its birth and by the nurture of which its stars have come so much to outnumber its original stripes."-Jejjerson Davis, 1850.

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HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG
The flag of the United States of America is the third oldest of the nationai standards of the world; older than the Union Jack of Great Britain or the Tricolor of France.
The Continental Congress on June 14, 1777, resolved: "That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white on a blue field, representing a new constellation."
Sometime later Congress voted to adopt, as the national coat-of-arms a spread eagle, and as a motto "E Pluribus Unum." About this there can be no dispute. The difference of opinion arises as to what Congress had in mind at the time it issued the decrees noted above.
Below appears a story which, though it may have no actual historical basis. has come to be widely accepted in the absence of better information relative to the origin of the United States flag.
"General Washington and the committee, which was appointed to look after the matter of the flag, called at the home of Betsy Ross, a young widow of twenty-four, who was heroically striving to support herself by continuing in the upholstery business of her husband, young John Ross, a patriot who had died in service for his country. This committee asked Mrs.. Ross if she could make a flag from the rough drawing General Washington showed her. She replied shyly that she would try. She then noticed that the star he had drawn had six points. She informed the committee that a correctly made star should have only five points.. They answered that a great number of stars would be required and that a star with six points could be more easily made than one with five. She responded in a practical way by skilfully folding a scrap of paper; with a single clip of her scissors, she displayed a true, even, five-pointed star.
"The committee was pleased with her star and left the rough design for her to use. She was permitted to make a sample flag according to her own ideas.
"Sometime afterward, the flag was presented to Congress, and the committee had the pleasure of telling Betsy Ross that her flag was accepted as the Nation's Banner."
* *
Our flag, like our country, developed by a gradual evolution and derived its inspiration from sources as varied as the strains of blood which have flowed into this land to make it the melting pot of the world.
The English point significantly to the Washington coat-of-arms, a shield ornamented with five alternate red and white bars, and three white stars, representing the rowells of spurs of the days of chivalry. This suggestion which it is believed was originally made by the English poet, Martin Tupper, has since been accepted by the British Archaeological Society which regards the Stars and Stripes and the spread eagle as only an advance upon the bar gules, the mullets and the raven of the old Washington family. To persons unfamiliar with the facts this explanation is apt to appear as plausible. Tourists are not ordinarily experts in heraldry, which is probably the reason why the caretaker of Sulgrave Manor, which was the ancestral home of the Washington family in Northamtonshire, England, continues unchallenged to point out to visitors, as the inspiration of our flag, the coat-of-arms carved over the door of the ancient dwelling. Visiting Americans, confronted for the first time with the Washington coat-of-arms, are at once struck with the resemblance to our flag and puzzled at the suggestion that an independent people so recently escaped from the arbitrary
tyranny of such a monarch as George III would deliberately select as their national
emblem the coat-of-arms of anyone family, however illustrious or closely connected with the founding of their country. The idea smacks too much of another monarchy, the establishment and perpetuation of a new royal family which would have been the last thing to which General Washington would have given his consent.
That there is a resemblance between the Washington crest and our national banner is undeniable, but there are even greater likenesses between the National flag of Denmark and Switzerland, between those of France and the Netherlands, of Belgium
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and Rumania, and even of Chile, Liberia and the United States. Yet it is not customary to impute to any of these countries the copying of another's flag. The English theory is rapidly being discredited. To quote the Encyclopedia Britannica: "It has been held that the stars and stripes of the American national flag as well as the eagle were suggested by the crest and arms of the Washington family. The latter supposition is absurd for the Washington crest was a raven. The Washington coat-of-arms is a white shield having two horizontal red bars and above them a row of three red stars. This might, by a stretch of the imagination, be supposed to have inspired the original idea that the states of the Union be represented by stars and stripes."
According to the Encyclopaedia Americana, "Careful search now shows that stripes as well as stars were prominently blazoned on colonial and continental flags before George Washington figured in the flag-creating proposition. It is a mere coincidence that these devices are similar."
Two hundred years earlier, Cortez had a flag with twelve stars in a circle; and in 1776, one year before our adoption of the Stars and Stripes as a national emblem, Rhode Island flew a starry banner of her own-a blue flag with white stars. Nor were alternate stripes of different colors a novelty at the time of our adoption of them. Holland had had a trade flag some thirty-seven years before in which yellow stripes alternated with red. Virginia, in 1776, had a flag of thirteen stripes of alternate red and white with a snake spread across the banner over the popular legend, "Don't tread on me."
The two predecessors of our national flag to which it bears the most striking resemblance and which very probably suggested its design to Washington were the flag of the East India Company and that of New England in 1775. The former flagprominently displayed in American ports from 1704 until 1834--consisted of thirteen stripes, seven red and six white, with a red cross on a white background in the upper lefthand corner. The second flag which was still fresh in the minds of the framers of the Constitution was the banner of New England in 1775-a white flag with thirteen white stars on a blue field. Replace the red cross of the East India Company with the starry field of the New England Banner and we have our first national flag.
The stars were arranged in a circle to form the "new constellation," a poetic way of referring to the new country which its founders hoped would resemble a constellation, in that, although it be made up of a number of component parts, it would move as a harmonious whole; for, as Dryden puts it,
"A constellation is but one Though it is a train of stars."
The significance of the color as defined by the Continental Congress was: "White for Purity and Innocence; Red for Hardiness and Valor; Blue for Vigilance, Perseverance and Justice."
The flag of the United States in the form described was adopted as a national emblem, June 14, 1777, on the recommendation of a committee composfld of George Washington, Robert Morris and Colonel George Ross. It was the responsibility of these men to produce the first flag patterned after their design. This is where Colonel Ross' wife, Betsy, and her patchwork flag came into the picture.
A slightly less famous but equally impromptu flag came into being two months later. Had this incident occurred in the twentieth century, two months would have sufficed to set up several prosperous flag factories but our forefathers were a little slower in getting started so that the United States Army continued to fight under the Union Jack, which bore the British emblem, the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew in the upper corner next the staff. The incongruity of this situation struck the soldiers at Fort Stanwix who, not having been provided with a flag by the government, set about making their own. This hurry-up flag made just before an attack by the enemy derived its white from ammunition shirts, the blue from the cloak of a captured enemy and the red from scraps of material in the possession of various persons about the garrison.
Oddly enough the United States has fought under a different flag in every war in which she has participated. The Revolutionary War, as has been stated, was fought
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under a flag with thirteen stars and thirteen stripes. Some of these flags had seven red stripes with six white stripes while others had six red stripes and seven white stripes, inasmuch as the number of each had not been specified other than that there must be a total of thirteen stripes, alternating red and white.
The War of 1812, otherwise known as the Second War of Independence, was fought under a flag with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, eight red and seven white, Congress having ordered in 1795 the addition of a new star and stripe each for Vermont, which had been admitted to the Union in 1791, and Kentucky, in 1792.
Congress had further flag problems, however, for in 1796 Tennessee was admitted; in 1802, Ohio; Louisiana, in 1812; Indiana, in 1816, each wanting representation in the flag. It soon became apparent that if the policy of adding both Ii star and a stripe for each new state were to be continued indefinitely the flag would assume awkward proportions; so, by way of compromise, it was decided, April 4, 1818, to add a new star for each state but to return to the thirteen stripes representing the thirteen original states. It was further provided that the new star should be added on the Fourth of July next succeeding the admission of the new state. By the time of the War with Mexico in 1846, our flag had twenty-nine stars. Today there are 48 stars.
The War Between the States was fought by the North under thirty-four stars. Eleven of the states had declared their stars out of the Union and had formed a Confederate flag in which they were represented by stars; but Lincoln refused to withdraw those states from the Union flag and before the close of the War Between the States two stars had been added, in order to represent West Virginia and Nevada, bringing the number of stars to thirty-six.
At the time of the War with Spain, in 1898, there were forty-five states and during the World War there were forty-eight. Until 1912 there was some confusion as to the proper distribution of the forty-eight stars in the blue field. On October 25, 1912, this matter was definitely settled by the executive order of President Taft that the stars were to be' arranged in six rows of eight each, symbolizing the forty-eight states in the order of their ratification. (Thus if you happen to be a Georgian you can locate your star by recalling that Georgia was the fourth state to be admitted to the Union and then, counting from the upper corner next the staff, find her star in the first row, fourth from the staff.)
There are curious facts not generally known about our flag. The first request for a flag was received by our government from an Indian, Thomas Green, who presented three strings of wampum to the Continental Congress at the same time asking that flags be provided for the Indian chiefs in order to insure for them the protection of the government.
The first naval salute to be given our flag was received by the battleship Ranger under command of John Paul Jones and came from General La Motte Piquet off the coast of France.
The evolution of our flag is now probably complete unless at some future date Alaska, Porto Rico, Hawaii or the Philippines attain statehood.

HISTORICAL FACTS ABOUT THE STARS AND STRIPES
1. First flew on the high seas on John Paul Jones' Ranger, November 1, 1777. Jones first carried the flag into the port of a foreign power (the French port of Nantes).
2. First saluted by a foreign power, February 14, 1778 (by France).
3. First sea battle, April 24, 1778, when Jones with the Ranger engaged the British ship Drake.
4. First carried into England by Captain William Mooers, who sailed the ship Bedford up the Thames to London, February 3, 1783.
5. First borne to China, September 13, 1784, when the ship, Empress of China, entered the port of Macao (Garland W. Powell's book "Service," p. 38).
6. First borne around the world by Captain John Kendrick of the Columbia and
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Captain Robert Gray of the Washington, who set out from Boston September 30, 1787. Gray returned to Boston in August, 1790.
7. Charles Wilkes in 1839 carried the Stars and Stripes, first of all flags, to the Antarctic region known as Wilkes Land.
8. April 6, 1909, Commander Robert E. Peary, U. S. N., placed the Stars and Stripes at the North Pole.
9. In 1852-54, Commander M. C. Perry carried the flag into the harbor of Yeddo, Japan, and opened that empire to intercourse with the remainder of the world.
10. The great explorer, Stanley, carried the first flag into the Congo regions of Africa, from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic.
11. In our day, Commander Richard E. Byrd has carried the American flag to the South Pole. Flying in the plane, "The Floyd Bennett," Byrd dropped the flag at the exact spot indicated by his instruments as the Pole. In his own account, Byrd writes, "When we reached the place ... we opened the trapdoor and dropped the American flag, weighted with a stone from Floyd Bennett's grave. We stood and saluted the spirit .of our gallant comrade and our country's flag. That little silk flag and that small stone lie together at the 'bottom' of the world."
THE NATIONAL* FL*AG*CO*NFERENCE ON
CIVILIAN FLAG USAGE
A work unattempted since the beginning of the Republic was taken in hand and completed by the National Flag Conference, comprised of the representative delegates of sixty-eight great national patriotic and civic associations, convening in Memorial Continental Hall, Washington, D. C., June 14..15, 1923-at the instance of the National Americanism Commission. A second similar conference. was held at the same place May 15, 1924. This council, under the sponsorship of the American Legion, evolved and completed a concise, yet comprehensive code of civilian flag usage. This conference and code have awakened wide national interest and approval, and the code already has unofficially been accepted by the people of the United States as the ultimate authority on the many and much disputed matters concerning civilian honors due the flag of the United States.
The flag, as the living symbol of the American Republic, is entitled to all honor and respect from every citizen. The American people, patriotic at heart, are willing and anxious to pay such honors to their flag. But the manner of bestowal of such honors had never been defined in the hundred and forty-seven years of our Republic.
To supply this need, there had grown up a confused mass of local custom and indefinite traditions, without authority and often at conflict with good usage or good taste. Such traditions served in general only to confuse the civilian mind regarding the flag, and were conducive in the long run to carelessness and lack of respect. The regulations established by the War and Navy Department applied to the flag only as it entered into the ceremonies of the military and naval service. They were not designed for the citizen, and they meant little to the citizen. In the absence of any assured civilian code, the flag of the United States was coming to be looked upon more and more as a bit of bunting to serve the purposes of advertisers or of decorators, alike in halls of council and in street carnivals.
Yet the flag of the United States is a thing that men die for, and it is a sacred thing. Disrespect for the flag symbolizes disrespect of law and indifference and ill will toward our great national establishment of government and country.
To correct these conditions the conference was called. Delegates were in attendance representing sixty-eight great organizations whose membership totals five millions of citizens. The conference was opened in person by the President of the United States, who delivered a forty-minute address to the delegates.
The director of the National Americanism Commission was chosen as chairman of the conference. Reports were delivered by various speakers on practically all disputed matters and a permanent organization in flag usage was established.
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CODE FOR FLAG DISPLAY
(Formulated by the Flag Conference Committee.)
(See Pages 1718)
(Note: Neither the Federal Government nor any of the states has enacted laws regarding the manner of displaying or saluting the flag. The only thing we have to go by in this respect is the Flag Code which was adopted by the National Flag Conference. The text that follows is based on this code.)
1. The flag should be displayed only from sunrise to sunset, or between such hours as may be designated by proper authority. It should be hoisted briskly but should be lowered slowly and ceremoniously. The flag should be displayed on all national and state holidays and on historic and special occasions. Being the emblem of our country, however, it ought to fly from every flag-pole every day throughout the year, weather permitting.
2. When carried in a procession with another flag or flags, the flag of the United States of America should be either on the marching right-i.e., the flag's own rightor, when there is a line of other flags, the flag of the United States of America may be in front of the center of that line. (See figure 2.)
3. When displayed with another flag against a wall from crossed staffs, the flag of the United States of America should be on the right-the flag's own right-and its staff should be in front of the staff of the other flag. (See figure 3.)
4. When a number of flags of the states or cities, or pennants of societies are grouped and displayed from staffs with the flag of the United States of America, the latter should be at the center or at the highest point of the group. (See figure 4.)
5. When flags of states or cities, or pennants of societies, are flown on the same halyard with the flag of the United States of America, the latier should always be at the peak. When flown from adjacent staffs the flag of the United States of America should be hoisted first and lowered last. No such flag or pennant, flown in the former position, should be placed above, or, in the latter position, to the right of the flag of the United States of America-i.e., to the observer's left. (See figure 5.)
6. When flags of two or more nations are displayed, they should be flown from separate staffs of the same height and the flag should be of approximately equal size. International usage forbids the display of the flag of one nation above that Gf another nation in time of peace. (See figure 6.)
7. When the flag is displayed from a staff projecting horizontally or at an angle from the window sill, balcony or front of building, the union of the flag should go clear to the peak of the staff unless the flag is at half-staff. When the flag is suspended over a sidewalk from a rope, extending from a house to a pole at the edge of the sidewalk, the flag should be hoisted out from the building towards the pole, union first. (See figure 7.)
8. When the flag is displayed in a manner other than by being flown from a staff it should be displayed flat whether indoors or out. When displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall, the union should be uppermost and to the flag's own right-i.e., to the observer's left. In a window it should be displayed the same way-with the union or blue field to the left of the observer in the street. When festoons, rosettes, or drapings are desired, bunting of blue, white and red should be used, but never the flag. (See figures 8, 9, 10.)
9. When displayed over the middle of the street, the flag should be suspended vertically with the union to the north in an east and west street, or to the east in a north and south street. (See figure 10.)
10. When used on a speaker's platform, the flag, if displayed flat, should be displayed above and behind the speaker. If flown from a staff, it should be in the position of honor, at the speaker's right. It should never be used to cover the speaker's desk or to drape the front of the platform. (See figure 11.)
11. When used in connection with the unveiling of a statue or monument, the
13

flag should form a distinctive feature during the ceremony, but the flag itseH should never be used as the covering for the statue. (See figure 12.)
12. When flown at half-staff, the flag should be hoisted to the peak for an instant and then lowered to the half-staff position; but before lowering the flag for the day it should be raised again to the peak. By haH-staff is meant hauling down the flag to one-half the diBtance between the top and the bottom of the staff. If local conditions require, divergence from this position is permissible. On Memorial Day, May 30, the flag is displayed at half-staff from sunrise until noon and at full staff from noon until sunset, for the nation lives, and the flag is the symbol of the living nation. (See fig ure 13.)

13. Flags flown from fixed staffs are placed at half-staff to indicate mourning. When the flag is displayed on a small staff as when carried in a parade, mourning is indicated by attaching two streamers of black crepe to the spear head, allowing the

streamers to fall naturally. Crepe is used on the flag-staff only by order of the President. (See figures 13 and 14.)

14. When used to cover a casket, the flag should be placed so that the union is

at the head and over the left shoulder. The flag should' not be lowered into the grave

or allowed to touch the ground. The casket should be carried foot first. (See figure 15.)

15. When the flag is displayed in the body of the church it should be from a staff placed in the position of honor-at the congregation's right as they face the

clergyman. The service flag, the state flag or other flag should be at the left of the congregation. If in the chancel or on the platform, the flag of the United States of

America should be placed at the clergyman's right as he faces the congregation, and the other flags at his left (See figure 16.)

16. When the flag is in such a condition that it is no longer a fitting emblem for

display, it should not be cast aside or used in any way that might be viewed as disrespectful to the national colors, but should be destroyed as a whole, privately, preferably by burning or by some other method in harmony with the reverence and respect we owe to the emblem representing our country.

17. When the National Anthem is played and the flag is not displayed, all present should stand and face the musicians. Those in uniform should salute at the first note of the Anthem, retaining this position until the last note. All others should stand at attention-men removing their hats. When the flag is displayed, the regular "Salute

to the Flag" should be given.



"The largest American flag ever manufactured measured 90,,200 feet, cost $2,500,
and was ordered by a leading Detroit department store for display over its facade during the World War days."-Atlanta Journal.


CAUTIONS

1. Do not permit disrespect to be shown to the flag of the United States.
2. Do not dip the flag of the United States to any person or any thing. The regimental colors, state flag, organization' or institutional flag will render this honor.
3. Do not display the flag of the United States with the union down except as a signal of distress.
4. Do not place any other flag or pennant above or to the right of the flag of the United States.
5-: Do not let the flag of the United States touch the ground or trail in water.
6. Do not place any object or emblem of any kind except the Bible on or above the flag of the United States.
7. Do not use the flag as drapery in any form whatever. Use bunting of blue, white and red.
8. Do not fasten the flag in such manner as will permit it to be easily torn.

14

9. Do not drape the flag over the hood, top, sides or back of a vehicle, or of a railroad train or boat. When the flag is displayed on a motor car, the staff should be fixed firmly to the chassis or clamped to the radiator cap.
10. Do not display the flag on a float in a parade except from a staff.
n. Do not uS.e the flag as a covering for a ceiling.
12. Do not carry the flag horizontally, but always aloft and free.
13. Do not use the flag as a portion of a costume or of an athletic uniform. Do not embroider it upon cushions or handkerchiefs or print it on paper napkins or boxes.
14. Do not put lettering of any kind upon the flag.
15. Do not use the flag in any form of advertising nor fasten an advertising sign to a pole from which the flag of the United States is flying.
16. Do not display, use or store the flag in such a manner as will permit it to be easily soiled or damaged.

DESCRIPTION OF THE AMERICAN FLAG
The Constitution is the basis of all law and the flag is its symbol. The American flag, the emblem of our country, represents liberty, and liberty means obedience to law.
The flag contains thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, representing the thirteen original states; and a star for each state in the Union. The field of the flag is the stripes, the Union is the blue rectangle and the stars. THE COLORS OF THE FLAG ARE RED, REPRESENTING VALOR; WHITE, REPRESENTING HOPE, PURITY AND TRUTH; BLUE, REPRESENTING LOYALTY, SINCERITY AND JUSTICE; AND ITS STARS, HIGH ASPIRATIONS AND FEDERAL UNION. THE FLAG IS KNOWN AS "OLD GLORY," "STARS AND STRIPES," "STARSPANGLED BANNER," AND THE "RED, WHITE AND BLUE."
The arrangement of the stars on the flag is regulated by law and executive order, issued October 26, 1912, which provided for forty-eight stars to be arranged in six horizontal rows of eight stars each.
Starting in the upper left-hand corner and reading each row from left to right, gives the star of each state in the order of its ratification of the Constitution and admission to the Union, as follows:
FIRST ROW: one, Delaware; two, Pennsylvania; three, New Jersey; four, Georgia; five, Connecticut; six, Massachusetts; seven, Maryland; eight, South Carolina.
SECOND ROW: nine, New Hampshire; ten, Virginia; eleven, New York; twelve, North Carolina; thirteen, Rhode Island; fourteen, Vermont; fifteen, Kentucky; sixteen, Tennessee.
THIRD ROW: seventeen, Ohio; eighteen, Louisiana; nineteen, Indiana; twenty, Mississippi; twenty-one, Illinois; twenty-two, Alabama; twenty-three, Maine; twentyfour, Missouri.
FOURTH ROW: twenty-five, Arkansas; twenty-six, Michigan; twenty-seven, Flor- . ida; twenty-eight, Texas; twenty-nine, Iowa; thirty, Wisconsin; thirty-one, California; thirty-two, Minnesota.
FIFTH ROW: thirty-three, Oregon; thirty-four, Kansas; thirty-five, West Virginia; thirty-six, Nevada; thirty-seven, Nebraska; thirty-eight, Colorado; thirty-nine, North Dakota; forty, South Dakota.
SIXTH ROW: forty-one, Montana; forty-two, Washington; forty-three, Idaho; forty-four, Wyoming; forty-five, Utah; forty-six, Oklahoma; forty-seven, New Mexico; forty-eight, Arizona.
When a new state is admitted the star is not added to the flag until the Fourth of July next succeeding the date of admission.
15

The dimensions of the flag are fixed by an executive order issued May 26, 1916. Its length should be just 1.9 times its height.
The union, or part of the flag on which the stars appear, should be seven stripes high and its length 0.76 of the height of the flag. The stars are five-pointed, with one point directly upward.
'" '" '" '"

SPECIFICATIONS

Hoist (width) of flag Fly (length)
Hoist (width) of union Fly (length) of union Width of each stripe Diameter of each stripe

l 1.9
7/13 0.76 l/13 .0616

Note: By "diameter" of a star is meant the diameter of the imaginary circle on the circumference of which the points of the star touch.
'" * * *
PLEDGE TO THE FLAG
In pledging allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, the approved practice in schools, which is suitable also for civilian adults, is as follows:
Standing with the right hand over the heart, all repeat together the following pledge:
"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
At the words "to the flag," the right hand is extended, palm upward, toward the flag and this position is held until the end, when the hand, after the words, "Justice for all," drops to the side.
Civilian adults show full respect to the flag, when the pledge is being given, by standing at attention, men removing the headdress. Persons in uniform should render the right hand salute.
* '" * *
PROPER FLAG SALUTES
Saluting the flag means showing it respect. It is "wishing health" to the flag, as the Latin word, salutatio, signifies.
During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag, stand at attention and salute. Those in uniform should render the right hand salute. When not in uniform, men should remove the headdress with the right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Women f-hould salute by placing the right hand over the heart. The salute to the flag in the moving column is rendered at the moment the flag passes. (See figure 17.)

16

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6

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17

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77 Display

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-Memonal Day'
Sunrise to noon Noon to sunset

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smmdallclaftleaasw_ith

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18

C}lags displayed in the chancel
~

OUR FLAGS
The flag of the United States symbolizes that freedom, equality, justice and humanity for which our forefathers sacrificed their personal fortunes and their lives. Today, this flag represents a nation of over one hundred and thirty million free people, its Constitution and institutions, its achievements and aspirations.
The day devoted to the flag of America is a day of patriotism; for the flag is the symbol of all the endeavors and sacrifices that have come to make the nation great.
On any patriotic day let the flag be displayed whenever possible. The flag before our eyes is the concrete and constant reminder of the nation that affords us our privileges and opportunities. Therefore, as the symbol of our nation, we must cherish it and do it reverence.
Two great factors in America, with its expanse of territory, serve to bind us together--our language and our flag.
The community of thought and action established by possession of the same language is the guardian of unity.
Our flag is the symbol of the spirit of America. Our language is the expression of that spirit. The two must be maintained if America endures.
Our flag above all the schools; one langJage in all the schools; the flag and the language must be the American ideal.
So long as the flag flies for the signal of our endeavors, so long as the one language is maintained for the expression of our ideas and ideals, there will be a strong unity in our nation.
There are millions of American parents who have never had the time to acquaint their children with the flag, so this duty is entrusted to the teachers.
The first European flag planted on the Western Hemisphere, so far as we have historic account, was that brought by Columbus, October 12, 1492. Subsequently, when the colonization of the American continent began, each ship went out bearing its respective national flag; so, by the opening of the seventeenth century there had been planted on our shores the flags of England, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland, Austria, Denmark and Sweden.
****
This incident occurred in China a few years ago: At a Fourth of July dinner in Shanghai, the English consul in toasting the British flag said:
"Here is to the Union Jack-the flag of flags-the flag that has floated on every sea for a thousand years-the flag on which the sun never sets."
It was such a strong sentiment that the Americans were a little over-awed, until the American humorist, Eli Perkins, was called to toast the Stars and Stripes. Looking directly in the faces of the Englishmen, he said:
"Here is to the Stars and Stripes of the New Republic; when the setting sun lights up her stars in Alaska, the rising sun salutes her on the rock-bound coast of Maine. It is the flag of Liberty, never lowered to any foe, and the only flag that whipped the flag on which the sun never sets."
SALUTE TO NATIONAL ANTHEM
When the National Anthem is played and the flag is not displayed, all present should stand and face toward the music. Those in uniform should salute at the first note of the Anthem, retaining this position until the last note. All others should stand at attention, men removing the headdress. When the flag is displayed, the regular "Salute to the Flag" should be given.
19

The salute to the Union, one gun for each state, is fired at noon of the Fourth

of July at every military post and on board commissioned naval vessels belonging to

the nited States. The national salute of

twentyone guns is the salute for the na

Salute NO the

tional flag. Salutes are only fired between sunrise and sunset, and not on Sundays, except in international courtesies. The

- Jlo.C; national colors are always displayed at the

J;-(' /

time of saluting. The salute to the flag is the only salute which is returned, and this

must be done within twenty-four hours.

United States vessels do not return the salute to the flag in the United States if there is any fort or battery there to do it. Nor do United States vessels salute United States forts or posts. If there are several batteries or forts within sight or within six miles of each other, one of them is designated as the saluting fort, and returns all
salutes of foreign men-ofwar.

****
THE SHIELD

The shield of the United States of America has thirteen vertical stripes, seven white and six red with a blue chief without stars.

****
PROPER USE OF BUNTING
Bunting of national colors should be used for covering a speaker's desk, draping over the front of a platf.orm and for decoration in general. Bunting should bc arranged with the blue above, the white in the middle and the red below.
Nuospee0ll"/
6unt~/

20

FEDERAL FLAG LAWS

There is but one Federal statute which protects the flag thruughout the country from desecration. This law provides that a trade mark cannot be registered which consists of or comprises, among other things, "the flag, coat-of-arms, or other insignia of the United States or any simulation thereof." (33 Stal. 1. p. 725, Feb. 20, 1905.)

Congress has also enacted legislation providing certain penalties for the desecra-

tion, mutilation or improper use of the flag within the District of Columbia (39 Stat.

L. p. 900, Feb. 8, 1917.)

*
TRIBUTES

*TO

*THE*

FLAG

And for your country, boy, and for that flag, never dream a dream but of serving

her, as she bids you, though the service carry you through a thousand hells. No matter

what happens to you, no matter who flatters you or who abuses you, never look at another flag; never let a night pass but you pray God to bless that flag. Remember,

boy, that behind all these men you have to do with, behind officers and governments,

the people even, there is the country herself, your country, and that you belong to her, as you belong to your own mother. Stand by her, boy, as you would stand by your mother.-Edward Everett Hale.

****
"Here's to the land which gave me birth, Here's to the flag she flies;

Here's to her sons--the best on earthHere's to her smiling skies."

* ***
It is not the material from which a flag is made that gives it its value or its beauty. A flag is something to rally 'round, something to strive for, something to fight for, something to die for, and something to live for.

***
THE FLAG

What do you see in the Flag? The Stars .and Stripes, you say? Oh, I see much more than that, In our beautiful Flag of today.

What do you see in the Flag? I'll tell you what I see; I see the many men who fought To set our country free.

Because our fathers fought. To set our country free, "Old Glory" is the symbol Of American Liberty.

And so to this wonderful Flag, I will ever be true; And I will always uphold The Red, White and Blue.
Original poem by Duella Wynn, 13 vears old (now deceased) in seventh grade, S. R. Young School, College Park, Ga., fall of 1936.
****
FIRST FLAG FLOWN OVER SCHOOL HOUSE
The first American flag to fly over a public school house in this country was flown over a log-house at Catamount Hill, Massachusetts, in the year 1812. A monument now marks the place, where the little log school house stood, as follows:
21

THE FIRST UNITED STATES FLAG
RAISED OVER A PUBLIC SCHOOL WAS
FLOATED IN MAY, 1812,
FROM A LOG SCHOOL HOUSE WHICH STOOD ON THIS SPOT.
IT WAS MADE By
MRS. RHODA SHIPPEE, MRS. LOIS SHIPPEE, MRS. SOPHIA WILLIS AND MRS. STEPHEN HALE
AND WAS RAISED By
AMASA SHIPPEE, PAUL DAVENPORT AND THE LOYAL FAMILIES OF CATAMOUNT HILL.
Today, the American flag, by state laws or by custom, waves "exultantly over practically all the school houses of the land, for Education is the Keynote of the Nation, and the schoolroom is the Citadel of the Flag." .
** * OLD FLAG
By HUBBARD PARKER
What shall I say to you, Old Flag? You are so grand in every fold, So linked with mighty deeds of old, So steeped in blood where heroes fell, So torn and pierced by shot and shell, So calm, so still, so firm, so true, My throat swells at the sig;ht of you,
Old Flag.
What of the men who lifted you, Old Flag, Upon the top of Bunker Hill, Who crushed the Briton's cruel will, 'Mid shock and roar and crash and scream, Who crossed the Delaware's frozen stream, Who starved, who fought, who bled, who died, That you might float in glorious pride,
Old Flag?
What of the women brave and true, Old Flag, Who, while the cannon thundered wild, Sent forth a husband, lover, child; Who labored in the field by day, Who all the night long, knelt to pray, And thought that God great mercy gave, If only freely you might wave,
Old Flag?
What is your mission now, Old Flag? What but to set all people free, To rid the world of misery, To guard the right, avenge the wrong, And gather in one joyfnl throng Beneath your folds in close embrace All burdened ones of every race,
Old Flag.
22

Right nobly do you lead the way, Old Flag; Your stars shine out for liberty, Your white stripes stand for purity, Your crimson claims that courage high For Honor's sake to fight and die, Lead on against the alien shore! We'll follow you e'en to Death's door,
Old Flag.

OLD FLAG FOREVER
By FRANK L. STANTON
She's up there,-Old Glory,-where lightnings are sped; She dazzles the nations with ripples of red; And she'll wave for us living, or droop o'er us dead,-
The flag of our country forevl;r!
She's up there,-Old Glory,-How bright the stars stream! And the stripes like red signals of light are agleam! And we dare for her, living, or dream the last dream,
'Neath the flag of our country forever!
She's up there,-Old Glory,-no tyrant-dealt scars, No blur on her brightness, no stain on her stars! The brave blood of heroes hath crimsoned her bars.
She's the flag of our country forever!

THE FLAG IS PASSING BY
Hats off! Along the street there comes A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums, A flash of color beneath the sky; Hats off! The Flag is passing by!
Blue and crimson and white it shines, Over the steel-tipped ordered lines. Hats off! The colors before us fly; But more than the Flag'is passing by.
Sign of a nation, great and strong To ward her people from foreign wrong; Pride and glory, honor, all Live in the colors to stand or fall.
Hats off! Along the street there comes A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums; And loyal hearts are beating high; Hats off! The Flag is passipg by!
-Henry Holcombe Bennett.
23

THE AMERICAN FLAG
When Freedom from her mountain height Unfurled her standard to the air,
She tore the azure robe of night, And set the stars of glory there.
She mingled with its gorgeous dyes The milky baldric of the skies, And striped its pure, celestial white, With streakings of the morning light. Flag of the free heart's hope and home!
By angel hands to valor given; Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,
And all thy hues were born in heaven. Forever float that standard sheet!
Where breathes the foe but falls before us, With Freedom's soil beneath our feet,
And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us?
-Joseph Rodman Drake.
****
THE FLAG
There's no coward stripe upon it, And no shame is written on it, All the blood that's in its crimson
Is the blood of manhood true; There's no base and brutal glory Woven sadly in its story. It's a bright flag, and a right flag,
And the flag fOI" me and you.
It's the flag without a fetter; It's the flag of manhood better; It has never done a mean thing,
Never waved above a brute; Greed and hate is never shielded. Unto wrong it never yielded, It's a fine flag, a divine flag
That in reverence we salute.
It's the flag of all the glory That is written in man's story; It's the emblem of his freedom
And the hope of men oppressed; It asks no disgraceful duty, Never stains with shame its beauty. It's a pure flag, and a sure flag,
It is our flag and the best.
-The American Boy.
****
Girls and boys of America, you are the hope of the world!
Not men and women of America, not even young men and women of America, but boys and girls! You who carry the unblunted swords of ten to seventeen, you are the hope of the world. Not to die for the world, but to live for the world, to think for it, to work for it; to keep sharp and unstained by rust the splendid sword of the spirit!
24

AMERICA FOR ME

So it's home again, and home again, America for me! My heart is turning home again, and there I long to be,
In the land of youth and freedom beyond the ocean bars, Where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of stars.
-Henry Van Dyke.
****
PRESENTING A FLAG TO A SCHOOL

Dear Young Friends: I bring the symbol of our liberty, the glorious Stars and

Stripes of American Independence. Is there one of us who does not love its gallant

folds, whose heart is not thrilled by every wave of its bunting in the free breeze of

heaven? How can it be otherwise when we remember all that it has stood for, all that

it has cost in battles and in fire, all that it means to every American citizen? You,

my young friends, are the future men and women of our nation; into your hands wp

place this glorious banner; into your care we place its honor, its purity, and its

strength. It is your hand that will keep it unsullied, or that will desecrate it with

stains of shame. Take it into your care reverently and prayerfully, resolving that no

act of yours shall ever bring a shadow of disgrace upon it, even though it be soaked

with your life's blood. Pledge your lives to keeping it and all it stands for, unblem-

ished. So far as lies within you, uphold its principles of honor and righteousness

before the world.

****
THE FLAG SPEAKS

"Born during the nation's infancy, I have grown with it, my stars increasing in

number as the country has grown in size, the domain over which I wave expanding

until the sun on my flying folds now never sets. Filled with significance are my colors

of red, white, and blue, into which have been woven the strength and courage of

American manhood, the love and loyalty of American womanhood. Stirring are the

stories of my stars and stripes. I symbolize the soul of America, typifying her ideals

and aspirations, her institutions and traditions. I reflect the wealth and grandeur of

this great land of opportunity. I represent the Declaration of Independence. I stand

for the Constitution of the United States. I signify the law of the land. I tell the

achievements and progress of the American people in art and science, invention and

commerce. I wave exultantly over the school houses of the land, for education is the

keynote of the nation and the schoolroom is my citadel. I am the badge of the nation's

greatness and the emblem of its destiny. The symbol of all we hope to be, I am hon-

ored and revered by all who know me. Believing in me, my people sing in prose and

poetry the things for which I stand."

"INSULT ME, AND MILLIONS WILL SPRING TO MY DEFENSE! I AM THE AMERICAN FLAG!"
-The American Flag: Its Glory and Grandeur, The United States Flag Association.
****
THE STORY OF OLD GLORY
This st~ry of the origin of "Old Glory" bears retelling: In 1831, in Salem, Massachusetts, a brig, the Charles Daggett, was about to set sail on a round-the-world voyage for the Salem Company. Its master was Captain Driver, a comparatively young man who had sailed the seas since boyhood under the emblem of the United States.
A group of citizens had assembled to watch the brig depart. As a gift, the citizens presented a flag to Captain Driver. The person who delivered the flag recounted in his presentation speech the ancient rite of rolling the banner in triangular shape, the three points representing the Trinity, and of a priest's blessing and sprinkling holy water on each corner in turn to insure the safe return of the departing traveler_ And so the flag was presented, triangularly folded, to Captain Driver. After the flag had been hoisted and unfurled before the quiet, watching citizens, Captain Driver. touched by the gift, the speech, and the scene, shouted out to his townsfellows: "I'll call her

25

Old Glory, boys, Old Glory!" And thus it was that unwittingly he performed a rite of christening not unlike the ancient form.
Captain Driver and his brig and flag went to all sorts of strange harbors and strange lands. In one port he ordered made for him a camphorwood seachest reinforced with brass. When he retired to live in Nashville, Tennessee, he put Old Glory carefully in the chest and took it along as a special treasure to be brought out only on great occasions. It is said that when the Union Army entered Nashville during the War Between the States Old Glory was flying from the capitol flagstaff and that the name "Old Glory" was then for the first time officially recognized by a military group. Since then the name (which indicates a peculiar mixture of reverence and informal friendly affection) has come into nation-wide use.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLAG ETIQUETTE
1. The first flag to be raised above a school house was at Catamount Hill, Colrain, Massachusetts, in May, 1812. Today such practice is a legal requirement in many states.
2. James B. Upham, a Boston publisher, in 1888 began insisting on a formal flag salute and recitation of the pledge. His plan of celebrating the four hundredth aJ1niversary of the discovery of America by flag-raisings and salutes in all American schools was sponsored by the National Education Association. The Flag Pledge, drafted by Mr. Upham, was on that occasion first given.
3. During the War Between the States, the Stars and Stripes began to be widely displayed in the North, in and on churches.
4. In recent years, June 14 has become increasingly regarded as a day for flag commemoration throughout the land. Many governors make special proclamations to that effect.
5. The World War gave special incentive to people to respect the flag. People learned correct salutes, how to use the flag correctly, to regard its use solely as a decoration as an actual abuse.
6. In 1896, the Daughters of the American Revolution sought national legislation to prevent abuse or mutilation of the flag. It was not until 1917 that Congress enacted
such a law, applicable to the District of Columbia only.
SUGGESTED DAYS TO DISPLAY UNITED STATES FLAG
(Public Buildings and Streets) GENERAL RULES
1. Display from sunrise to sunset. It is the universal custom to display the flag only from sunrise to sunset on buildings and on stationary flagstaffs in the open.
2. The flag should be displayed on national and state holidays and on historic and special occasions.
IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE FLAG BE FLOWN ON THE FOLLOWING SPECIAL OCCASIONS:
First Monday in September-Labor Day. September 17-Constitution Day. October 12-Columbus Day. The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November every fourth year-1936, 1940, etc.. Presidential election. November ll-Armistice Day. Last Thursday in November-Thanksgiving Day. New Years. January 20, 1937, and every fourth year thereafter. (Inauguration of the President of the United States.) January 19-Robert E. Lee's Birthday. January 3O-Franklin D. Roosevelt's Birthday. GEORGIA DAY-February 12. February 22-Washington's Bizthday. April 17-Jefferson Day.
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Second Sunday in May-Mother's Day. June 3-Jefferson Davis' Birthday. June 14--F1ag Day. July 4--Independence Day. Memorial Days-Confederate, April 26. Federal, May 30. World War, May 30.

Over only three buildings in America does the national flag fly officially night and day continuously--Qver the east and west fronts of the National Capitol and over the adjacent House of Representatives and Senate Office Buildings. The two emblems over the Capitol (storm flag size) are replaced every six weeks.

GEORGIA STATE FLAG
The flag of the State of Georgia was not provided for by legislative action until 1879 when "An Act to declare and establish the flag of the State of Georgia" passed both Houses and was approved by the Governor on October 17. The description of the flag as given in that Act is as follows: "The flag of the State of Georgia shall be a vertical band of blue next the staff and occupying one-third of the entire flag; the remainder of the space shall be divided into three horizontal bands, the upper and lower of which said bands shall be scarlet and the middle band white." The coat-ofarms of the State was added to the flag in 1905 when the Legislature passed an Act "to reorganize the military forces of the State, to adopt and make of force a military code," etc. The provisions for the flag as found in this law and re-enacted in 1916 in "the Act to reorganize the military forces of the State, to conform the organization and discipline to the requirements of the United States," etc., are as follows: "The flag of the State of Georgia shall be a vertical band of bJue next to the flagstaff, and occupying one-third of the entire flag; the remainder of the space shall be equally divided into three horizontal bands, the upper and lower of which shall be scarlet, and the middle band white. On the blue field shall be stamped, painted or embroidered the coat-of-arms of the State." The Act of 1879 originated in the Senate, the bill being introduced by Col. Herman H. Perry, a prominent lawyer and Confederate veteran of Waynesboro.-Georgia Official and Statistical Register, 1927.

CONFEDERATE FLAGS
When the Southern States seceded from the Union each State used its own flag in plate of the Stars and Stripes. Then, when the Confederation of States was effected there arose a demand for a distinctive flag which would be acceptable to all of the States.
March 4, 1861, the same day that Lincoln was inaugurated President in Washington, the Assembly at Montgomery, Alabama, adopted the first flag of the Confederacy. . There were many people of the South, who, while they favored secession and breaking away from the Union, were not so ready to break away from the flag under which their forefathers had fought and under which they had lived and prospered through the years. They retained the red, white and blue colors of the old flag. They retained the blue canton and used stars as symbols to represent the States. They replaced the thirteen stripes of alternate red and white with three of the same colors. These they denominated "Bars" which gave rise to the popular name of the flag, the "Stars and Bars."
Through the years it had been the custom for military organizations to carry their national and regimental colors into battle when they engaged the enemy. These emblems inspired the soldiers to deeds of valor in the attack, and furnished a rallying point in the event of a reverse.
At the first battle of Bull Run (Manassas) some difficulty was experienced by the leaders of the Confederate forces in distinguishing, at a distance, the Stars and Bars of their own troops from the Stars and Stripes of the Federal forces who opposed them.
General George T. Beauregard designed the famous Battle F1ag of the Confed eracy to remedy this defect, and it was retained throughout the war. It is the oblong
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St. Andrew's Cross in blue with a white border, mounted on a field of red. Thirteen stars on the blue stripe represented the States of the Confederacy. Originally the flag was oblong, but later was made square, the size being prescribed for the arm of the service carrying it.
The "Stars and Bars" was too closely allied to the Stars and Stripes to be acceptable to the people of the South who favored secession and a complete severance of the ties with the Union, and who were ready to break entirely from the old flag. As the war wore on through the years the demand for a modification of the national emblem which would make it more distinctive, became more insistent.
In May, 1863, the Confederate Congress at Richmond acceded to the demands of the people of the South and effected the change. They placed the famous Battle Flag of the Confederacy, which had been transformed from an oblong into a square emblem, in the union and substituted a white field for the red and white bars. Thus the "Stars and Bars" of the Confederacy, under the folds of which so many southern lives had been sacrificed, passed into the discard. This new flag weathered the storm for less than a year when it was modified.
At a distance, when the union was hidden by folds, the second Confederate flag, adopted in 1863, could readily be mistaken for a flag of truce, which is a white flag the world over. It therefore did not prove acceptable to the Confederate" military lead ers in the field. After nearly a year's use, this white flag was modified.
A red bar extending over the width of the banner and covering the outer half of the field was added. The famous Battle Flag of the Confederacy in its square form was retained in the union.
This was the final national flag of the Confederacy. Under it General Lee conducted the campaign of 1864, which began with the battle of the Wilderness, and terminated with the transfer of the Federal Army across the James River; through the siege of Petersburg; and the final retreat. Under it he surrendered his army to General Grant at Appomattox Court House in April, 1865, and brought to an end the worst war of modern times.
***
FLAGS OF THE CONFEDERACY
There were four official flags of the Confederacy. "The Bonnie Blue Flag," that bears a single star, was distinctly a Confederate flag, but it was never adopted by the Confederate Congress.
The first official flag of the Confederacy, "The Stars and Bars," was adopted March 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, by the Confederate Congress.
"The Battle Flag," with a cross of blue and thirteen stars came next (May 1, 1863) to take the place of "The Stars and Bars," which, at times, had been confused with "The Stars and Stripes." To prevent this confusion, white was adopted for the body of the flag and "Battle Flag" was embroidered in a corner. Objection arose to this, the fhird flag, because, at a distance, it could be mistaken for a flag of truce. Another change was made: the lower third of the white space was covered with red and the final flag was adopted May 4, 1865.
The three colors combined in this flag-red, white, and bluc--are emblematic, in heraldry, of three great virtues: valor, purity, and truth; and while the necessary changes were made in the original design of the Confederate flag, the significance and colors remained the same.
The four flags of the Confederacy are today memorialized as the insignia of the four Confederate organizations: Confederate Veterans, Sons of Confederate Veterans, Daughters of the Confederacy, and Children of the Confederacy.
"The Stars and Bars" should have the respect and courtesy due any flag. Though we love "The Stars and Stripes," for which we fight today, "The Old Flag is not lost; it is only laid away, so do not say forget."
-MRS. B. W. HUNT, State President, U. D. C.
****
GEORGIA'S CONFEDERATE FLAGS
In Georgia flags of three different designs were in fairly general use. The State seceded January 19, 1861, and four days later took possession of the United States
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Arsenal at Augusta. The flag that replaced the Stars and Stripes there was white, carrying a large red star in the center. It is interesting to note in this connection that a lone star flag went with a Georgia company to Texas in the Mexican War (1836), and it is said that this was the origin of the flag later adopted by the State of Texas.
When five or six days after the adoption of the ordinance, General Lachlan Me Intosh seized the Custom House at Savannah, he raised there a flag bearing the coatof-arms of the State-the Arch of the Constitution supported by the three pillars, Wisdom, Justice, Moderation-surmounted by six stars to represent the members of the Confederacy at that time. Over the whole was an eye.
The flag usually accepted as the State flag, however, was white, carrying the coatofarms of Georgia. Though never officially adopted, this banner was raised over the State Capitol, and was also borne by the State troops during the war.
** *
SUGGESTED COURSE OF STUDY ON FLAG EDUCATION
The purpose of this particular study is to build patriotism in our youth and to develop a thorough understanding, of the proper display of Old Glory, and its history.
Weekly subjects for seventeen class periods (one subject per week) : 1. Flag-raising ceremony. 2. Proper respect shown the flag-salute-oath of allegiance. 3. Flags of early Colonial days. 4. Flags of the United Colonies. 5. Birth of the United States flag. 6. The development and growth of the United States flag. 7. Description of the flag. 8. Education and the flag. 9. The Declaration of Independence and the flag. 10. The first appearance of "Our Flag" in battle. 11. The flag and the law. 12. American ideals and the flag. 13. Patriotism and the flag. 14. Proper manner of displaying the flag. 15. Origin of Flag Day. 16. History of "The Star-Spangled Banner." 17. Flag cautions.
A suggested outline of questions and answers follows: I-By what authority was the first National flag established? Answer-It was authorized by the Continental Congress. 2-Quote the exact language of the original flag law. Answer-"Resolved, that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red
and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation." 3-When was our State first represented by a star in the Union of the National flag? Answer-Georgia's first Constitution (1777) was adopted as the fundamental law of a people which had ceased to be a colony and had become a State. Georgia ratified the Constitution January 2, 1788, and is the fourth star in the first row of the flag, as represented by the constellations on the flag. 4--Name the original states represented by the stripes in the flag. Answer-New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and New Jersey. 5-When was the law passed that governs the present design of the flag? Answer-April 4, 1818. ~Mention two early American flags which suggested part of the design of the present flag. Answer-Naval ensign, 1776-1777. Striped union, 1776-1777.
7-What was the official flag of the United States between September 3, 1777, and January 13, 1794? Between May 1, 1795, and April 4, 1818?
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Answer-The flag of thirteen stars and thirteen stripes was used between September 3, 1777; but, on January 3, 1794, Vermont and Kentucky were admitted to the Union; after that date therefore, the official flag was fifteen stars and fifteen stripes.
8-When it is raised from the ground or a low foundation, what should be the approximate length of a flag pole, expressed in lengths of a flag displayed?
Answer-Col. Kerrick in his authoritative book, "The Flag of the United States," says: "To secure best effect and appearance a flag pole, in height above the ground, should be three or four times the length of the flag to be displayed."
9-Mention four contemporary flag designs, other than the Stars and Stripes, which have been established by Congress.
Answer-Yacht Ensign, Revenue Flag, President's Flag, Navy Union Jack.
100(a) What date do we observe as the anniversary of the flag? (b) When and by whom was the anniversary proclaimed?
Answer-(a) June 14. (b) President Wilson, 1915.
ll-According to a statement ascribed to George Washington, what is the significance of each of the colors in the flag?
Answer-We take the stars and blue union from Heaven, the red from our Mother Country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing liberty.
12--(a) What was the inscription on the Pine Tree Flag? (b) On the Rattlesnake Flag.? (c) In what colonies did these flags originate?
Answer-(a) "An appeal to Heaven." (b) "Don't tread on me." (c) Massachusetts and North Carolina.
13-What are the proportions of the National flag? Answer-Width, 1; length, 1.9; width of union, 7/13; length of union, 0.76; width
of each stripe, 1/13; diameter of each star, .0616.
H-When and by whom were the present proportions established? Answer-President Taft, 1912; and by President Wilson, 1916.
IS-On what days should the flag be displayed? Answer-On all days of patriotic observance and on the occasion of visits from high
government officials. Schools and public buildings should display it every day.
16--(a) What naval commander first flew the Stars and Stripes? (b) When and over what ship?
Answer-(a) John Paul Jones. (b) Ranger, July 2, 1777.
17-What is the proper saluate to the flag by (a) man or boy in civilian clothes; (b) by woman or girl?
Answer-(a) Remove hat and hold it at the left shoulder with right hand over the heart; (b) right hand over the heart.
18-(a) What is our National Anthem? (b) By whom was it written? (c) Under what conditions?
Answer-(a) "The Star-Spangled Banner." (b) Francis Scott Key. (c) Written while a voluntary captive of the British frigate "Surprise" during a night attack on Fort McHenry, September 13, 1814.
19-How is the flag displayed on Memorial Day? Answer-Half mast until noon, then raised to full staff until sunset.
20-When a flag becomes faded, frayed or otherwise damaged, how should it be disposed of?
Answer-It should be destroyed privately, preferably by burning, or some other method in harmony with the reverence and respect we owe to the emblem representing our country.
21-During what part of the day should the flag be displayed when it is flown from a halyard?
Answer-Sunrise to sunset.
22-Who gave the .name of "Old Glory" to the flag? Answer-Captain William Driver.
23-ls the flag of the United States ever dipped in salute to any individual? Answer-No.
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24-How may the flag be used in connection with the unveiling of a monument? Answer-It should never be used to cover the statue, but should be placed to the.
right of it.
25--ls it correct to use the flag for a merely decorative purpose in any printed, painted or embroidered design?
Answer-No.
26-When the flag is suspended from a cord or wire over the center of a street, what should be the position of the union?
Answer-The union should be to the north in an east and west street or to the east in a north and south street.
27-Describe the striped Union flag. Answer-Thirteen horizontal stripes alternate red and white with the English union
cantoned in the corner.
28-(a) How is crepe used with the flag to indicate mourning? (b) By whose orders? Answer-(a) On the flagstaff by attaching two streamers of black crepe to the spear-
head. (b) By order of the President.
29-Should the flag be worn as a part of any costume or uniform? Answer-No. 30-In what war did the Stars and Stripes first replace regimental colors as the offi-
cial flag of the army of the United States? Answer-Mexican War, 1846-47.
31-What is the meaning of a flag flown with the union down? Answer-A sign of distress.
32-Describe the coat-of-arms of the United States. Answer-Chief figure of an American eagle holding an olive branch in his right talon
and a bundle of thirteen arrows in his left. Superimposed on him is a blue shield bearing thirteen vertical stripes, alternate red and white with a plain blue chief. In the beak of the eagle is a scroll with the motto: "E Pluribus Unum."
33-How should a flag be hoisted, and how lowered? Answer-Hoisted rapidly, lowered slowly and ceremoniously.
34-Quote the pledge of allegiance to the flag. Answer-"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the
republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
35--How is the pledge of allegiance to the flag given? Answer-Standing with right hand over heart. At the words "to the flag" the right
hand is extended palm upward toward the flag, this position to be held to the end.
36-When used to cover the casket of a veteran, what should be the position of the union of the flag?
Answer-Union of the flag is placed over left shoulder of the body.
37-At what position in a parade should the flag of the United States be carried? Answer-In front and at the right of a column or section. If other flags are carried
it is placed before them at center of line.
38-(a) Was the flag of the United States flown over front line troops during thp World War? (b) Over what occupied territory was it flown after the Armistice?
Answer-(a) No. (b) Germany.
39-What should be done by all spectators while the flag of the United States is being hoisted or lowered?
Answer-They should stand at attention, men with hats removed.
40-How is a flag correctly displayed on an automobile? Answer-Fix it to a staff at the radiator cap. Do not drape. 41-When a flag is displayed flat against a wall, what should be the position of the
union? Answer-The union should always be at the observer's left. 42-Should the flag be lowered into a grave? Answer-No. 43-Since the passage of the National Flag resolution, what Presidents have issued
executive orders effecting the proportions of the flag?
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Answer-Presidents Monroe, Taft and Wilson. 44-What is the correct position for the mounted flag on a speaker's platform? Answer-At the speaker's right. 45--(a) When was the first National Flag Conference called? (b) Who was the first
speaker? Answer-(a) June 14, 1923. (b) President Harding.
46-ls it proper to drape or festoon the flag? Answer-No. 47-Should portions of the air of "The Star-Spangled Banner" be interpolated in any
medley? Answer-No. 48-When was the flag of the United States first borne into a major engagement by
the American Army? Answer-Battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777. 49-ls it correct to place any object or emblem on or above the flag of the United
States? Answer-Only the Bible. 5O--What authority is there for the use of a yellow fringe on the flag? Answer-Authorized by U. S. Army Regulations as puhlished by the War Department
in 1923. 51-Over what fort was the first United States flag flown? Answer-Fort Stanwix in New York, later known as Fort Schuyler, flew the first
United States flag, August 3, 1777.
****
A REVIEW OF THE READING COURSE
"THE AMERICAN FLAG"
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
I-By whom was the first American flag made? Answer-Betsy Ross. 2-0n what date was the American flag adopted as the national emblem? Answer-June 14, 1777.
3-How many stars and how many red and white stripes did the original flag have? Answer-Thirteen stars, seven red stripes, and six white.
4-How many stars and how many stripes does the present flag have? Answer-Forty-eight stars and thirteen stripes. 5~What determines the number of stars and stripes for the flag? Answer-The addition of a state to the Union adds a star. The number of stripes,
representing the original colonies, never changes.
6-How are the stars arranged? Answer-Six rows, eight each, symbolizing the forty-eight states in the order of ratifi-
cation of the Constitution.
7-Tell what state each star represents, starting with the first star on the left, top row. Answer-First row: 1. Delaware; 2. Pennsylvania; 3. New Jersey; 4. Georgia; 5. Con
necticut; 6. Massachusetts; 7. Maryland; 8. South Carolina. Second row: 9. New Hampshire; 10. Virginia; 11. New York; 12. North Caro lina; 13. Rhode Island; 14. Vermont; 15. Kentucky; 16. Tennessee. Third TOW: 17. Ohio; 18. Louisiana; 19. Indiana; 20. Mississippi; 21. Illinois; 22. Alabama; 23. Maine; 24. Missouri. Fourth row: 25. Arkansas; 26. Michigan; 27. Florida; 28. Texas; 29. Iowa; 30. Wisconsin; 31. California 32. Minnesota. Fifth row: 33. Oregon; 34. Kansas; 35. West Virginia; 36. Nevada; 37. Nebraska; 38. Colorado; 39. North Dakota; 40. South Dakota. Sixth row: 41. Montana; 42. Washington; 43. Idaho; 44. Wyoming; 45. Utah; 46. Oklahoma; 47. New Mexico; 48. Arizona.
8-How many times the height is the length of a flag? Answer-1.9 (almost twice).
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9-How many stripes high is the union of a flag? Answer-Seven.
lO-Upon what date in any year maya star be added to the flag should a new state be admitted?
Answer-Fourth of July, next succeeding such admission.
ll-When should the flag be raised and lowered? Answer-Sunrise and sunset unless otherwise ordered.
12-What should one do when the "Star-Spangled Banner" IS played or sung? Answer-Stand with face toward the music.
13-What should one do when the flag passes on parade? Answer-Face flag, remove hat and stand at attention.
14--What is the significance of the colors on the American flag as defined by the Continental Congress?
Answer-Red for valor, white for purity and innocence, and blue for reverence to God's justice.
IS-How should the flag be carried in a procession when displayed with another flag; with a number of other flags?
Answer-When carried in procession with another flag or flags, the flag of the United States should be either on the marching right, i.e., the flag's own right, or when t!}ere is a line of other flags, the flag of the United States may be in front of the center of that line.
16--When was the first American flag carried in battle '? Answer-September 11, 1777.
17-Recite the pledge to the flag. Answer-"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the
Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
18-What ship was the first to fly the American flag in the Pacific? Answer-United States Frigate Essex, January 26, 1813.
19-Who gave the name "Old Glory" to our national flag? Answer-Captain William Driver of the brig "Charles Daggett."
20--When did the flag complete its first trip around the world? Answer-August 10, 1790.
**** CAMPAIGN OF EDUCATION ON AMERICAN FLAG
Q.-When was the Stars and Stripes adopted as the United States flag? A.-June 14, 1777.
Q.-During what period in United States history did the United States flag consist of: (a) Thirteen stripes and thirteen stars? (b) Fifteen stripes and fifteen stars?
A.-(a) In 1777. (b) During War of 1812.
Q.-How many stars in our flag? A.-48.
Q.-Why? A.-One for each state.
Q.-How many stripes in our flag? A.-Thirteen.
Q.-Why? A.-One for each of the original colonies. Q.-What is the color of the uppermost stripe? A.-Red.
Q.-What is the color of the lowest stripe? A.-Red.
Q.-What United States flag ceremonial occurred during the World War that more closely united the two Anglo-Saxon nations?
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A.-The entrance of this country into the World War, April 6, 1917, was celebrated in both England and France by the national observance of United States Day. In London a beautiful and impressive service was held at St. Paul's Cathedral, with the King and Queen present, and for the first time in history, a flag other than the Union Jack was hoisted to the top of Victoria Tower, at Westminster, where during the day the Stars and Stripes fluttered fraternally with the English flag above the Houses of Parliament. The American flag was also displayed on business houses, churches, and private residences. In Paris, the American flag was raised over Eiffel Tower and an open-air service held, while airplanes, decorated with French Tricolor and the Star-Spangled Ban ner of the United States, circled above.
Q.-What is the National flag called in the Navy? A.-Ensign.
Q.-Over only what three buildings in America is the flag flown officially and con tinuously day and night?
A.-Over the Capitol, House of Representatives Building, United States Senate Build ing. (Recently it has been placed over the monument of Francis Scott Key, at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, author of "The StarSpangled Banner.")

REUNION-SONS OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS
Bugle or Fife: Here comes the flag that my father fought, But he taught his sons to love it And to place no other above it.
Kettle Drum:
He thought when he fought that he fought for the. right; He thought when he taught that he taught for the right; I think he was right when he thought he was right; So, "Bonnie Blue Flag," good-night, good-night!
-Wightman F. Melton.

SPECIAL AMERICAN FLAGS
1. The Commission Pennant of the Navy. 2. The President's Flag. 3. The Vice-President's Flag. 4. The Secretary of State's Flag. 5. The Flag of the Secretary of the Treasury. 6. The Flag of the Secretary of War. 7. The Flag of the Secretary of the Navy. 8. The Flag of the Secretary of the Interior. 9. The Flag of the Secretary of Commerce. 10. The Flag of the Assistant Secretary of Commerce. 11. The Flag of the Secretary of Labor.
12. The Flag of the Immigration Service.
13. The Revenue .or Custom House Flag of the Treasury Department (adopted 1799).
14. The United States Coast Guard Flag. 15. The Surgeon-General's Flag (Public Health Service). 16. The Public Health Flag.
17. The Bureau of Navigation Flag (Department of Commerce). 18. The Bureau of Fisheries.
19. The Bureau of Lighthouses. 20. Marine Corps Flag.
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,
21. The Admiral's Flag. 22. The Vice-Admiral's Flag. 23. The Rear Admiral's Flag. 24. The Commodore's Flag. 25. The Consular Flag. 26. The General's Flag. 27. The Lieutenant-General's Flag. 28. The Major General's Flag. 29. The Brigadier General's Flag. 30. The Red Cross or Hospital Flag. 31. The Church Flag. This brief list by no means exhausts the number of special American flags. The Army, the Navy, the Department of Commerce, and the War Department all have numerous special flags.

EXCERPTS FROM AN ADDRESS BY HONORABLE SOL BLOOM
Director General of the United States Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission
(Washington, D. C., Flag Day, 1937)
There are four 'symbols of our nation. They are the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, the Great Seal of the United States, and our Flag.
As I have watched the flag tonight, I have considered one unusual aspect of itthe fact that it is the only one of the four symbols of the United States about whose history little is known.
But the origin of the flag remains a mystery, and we probably shall never know the facts about it. This is in spite of the fact that a most complete and romantic story associated with Betsy Ross has been told for the last 60 years or more, and believed by millions of people. It is unfortunate that there is no credible historical data to support the story.
What we do know is that on June 14, 1777, the flag, very much as we know it today, became a reality, differing only in the number and arrangement of the stars from today's flag.
If a distinction can be drawn among the four symbols of our nation, I would say that the Declaration of Independence is our symbol of liberty; the Constitution the symbol of union and of the sovereignty of the people in our government; the Seal the symbol of the authority of our government; and the Flag the symbol of all these combined, with the addition of its being our representative in foreign countries. The others are symbols of things significant to us in the United States. But the flag is our international symbol. And where it waves, in every quarter of the earth, the world knows the power and the greatness of our country.
This Constitution, and the laws in pursuance of it, and treaties made under the authority of the United States, are the supreme law of the land. And every member of the legislative, executive and judicial divisions of the states as well as the National Government must be bound to support our Constitution.
In all the world there has never been a more emphatic, plain-spoken document guaranteeing the rights of the people-not of the people of bygone days, but of you and me as we live our lives today.
And that is why I say that the Constitution is the people. It is the reason that the flag is more intimately connected with the Constitution than anything else. Tonight, as we gather here to celebrate the creation of the flag of the United States, in a true sense we are celebrating the Constitution, the charter of our liberties. And whenever we look at the flag waving in the breeze, we should be grateful to Almighty God for the Constitution of the United States that has kept the flag waving for the last ISO years, and that will continue to be its support long after we are gone.
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MOTTOES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION
The motto of the United States, adopted by Act of Congress, June 20, 1782, is: E Pluribus Unum (Out of Many, One)
The mottoes of the States of the Union are as follows, the date following the name, where given, being that of the adoption of the seal: ALABAMA-December 29, 1868, Here We Rest ARIZONA-1863, Ditat Deus (God Enriches) ARKANSAS-May 3, 1864, Regnant Populi (The People Rule) CALIFORNIA-Eureka (l Have Found It) COLORADO-1861, Nil Sine Numine (Nothing Without God) CONNECTICUT-October, 1842, Qui Transtulit Sustinet (He Who Transplanted Still
Sustains) DELAWARE-Liberty and Independence DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-Justitia Omnibus (Justice. to All) FLORIDA-1846, In God We Trust GEORGIA-December 5, 1799, Wisdom, Justice, Moderation IDAHO-March 5, 1886, Esto Perpetua (May It Last Forever) ILLINOIS-August 26, 1818, State Sovereignty-National Union IOWA-February 25,1847, Our Liberties We Prize, and Our Rights We Will Maintain KANSAS-January 29, 1861, Ad Astra per Aspera (To the Stars Through Difficulties) KENTUCKY-December 20, 1792, United We Stand, Divided We Fall LOUISIANA-Union, Justice and Confidence MAINE-June 9, 1820, Dirigo (l Direct) MARYLAND~August 12, 1648, Fatli Maschii Parole .Femine (Manly Deeds and
Womanly Words), Scuto Bonae Voluntatis Tuae Coronasti Nos (With the Shield of Thy GoodWill Thou Hast Covered Us) MASSACHUSETTS-December 13, 1780, Ense Petit Placidam sub Libertate Quietem (With the Sword She Seeks Quiet Peace Under Liberty) MICHIGAN-1835, Si Quaeris Peninsulam Amoenam Circumspice (If Thou Seekest a Beautiful Peninsula, Behold It Here) MINNESOTA-1858, Etoile du Nord (The Star of the North) MISSISSIPPI-February 7, 1894, Virtute et Armis (By Valor and Arms) MISSOURI-January ll, 1822, Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto (Welfare of People Is the Supreme Law) MONTANA-May 24, 1864, Oro y Plata (Gold and Silver) NEBRASKA-March I, 1867, Equality Before the Law NEVADA-February 24, 1866, All for Our Country NEW JERSEY-October 3, 1776, Liberty and Prosperity .NEW MEXICO-September 9, 1850, Crescit Eundo (1t Grows As It Goes) NEW YORK-1809, Excelsior (Higher) NORTH CAROLINA-1893, Esse Quam Videri (To Be Rather Than To Seem) NORTH DAKOTA-Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable OHIO-April 6, 1866, Imperium in Imperio (An Empire Within an Empire) OKLAHOMA-Labor Omnia Vincit (Labor Conquers All Things) OREGON-1857, Alis Volat Propriis (She Flies with Her Own Wings) PENNSYLVANIA-March 2, 1809, Virtue, Liberty and Independence RHODE ISLAND-1664, Hope SOUTH CAROLINA-Animis Opibusque Parati (Prepared in Mind and Resources). Dum Spiro, Spero (While I Breathe I Hope) SOUTH DAKOTA-Under God the People Rule TENNESSEE-1796, Agriculture, Commerce UTAH-Industry VERMONT-September, 1866, Freedom and Unity VIRGINIA-October, 1779, Sic Semper Tyrannis (Thus Always to Tyrants) WASHINGTON-1853, Al-ki (By and By)
WEST VIRGINIA-September 26, 1863, Montani Semper Liberi (Mountaineers Always Freemen)
WISCONSIN-Forward
WYOMING-1868, Cedant Arma Togae (Let Arms Yield to the Gown)
INDIANA, NEW HAMPSHIRE and TEXAS have no motto
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FLAGS OF THE CONFEDERACY
BOWEN PRESS, DECATUR. GA.