Rules and regulations governing school buildings in Georgia: program of educational development for Georgia [June 1945]

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RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING
SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN GEORGIA
7
Program of Educational Development
for Georgia
GENERAL LIBRARY
MAY 24 ibio
WttSITY OF GEORGIA
ISSUED BY
EDUCATION PANEL
Agricultural and Industrial Development Board of Georgia
Athens Georgia
c

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT BOARD
OF
GEORGIA
Blanton Fortson Chairman
L Vaughan Howard Executive Director
Name of Member Address
Ivan AllenAtlanta
T F AbercrombieAtlanta
Charles L BowenMacon
W N BanksGrantville
Cason J CallawayHamilton
MDCollins Atlanta
Ryburn G ClayAtlanta
Mrs Frank C DavidColumbus
Blanton Fortson Athens
Charles B GramlingAtlanta
Robert W GrovesSavannah
Alfred W JonesSea Island
TomLinderAtlanta
Wiley L MooreAtlanta
Walter R McDonaldAtlanta
Henry McIntoshAlbany
W H McNaughtonCartersville
J L PilcherMeigs
Robert StricklandAtlanta
MKing TuckerWaynesboro
Wilson WilliamsAtlanta

V
EDUCATION BULLETIN No 8
JUNE 1945
PROPOSED
HULES Aiffi BESULAIIOHS
GOVERNING SCHOOL PLAHTS U GEOBGIA
EDUCATION PANEL
M D Collins Chairman
Mrs Frank C David
Wilson Williams
0 C Aderhold Director
Atlanta
Columbus
Atlanta
Athens
COMMIE TEE ON SCHOOL BUILDINGS
Name Position Address Cong Dist
0 B Strong County School Supt Savannah First
J 0 Allen City School Supt Albany Second
Fred Ayers Che City School Supt Fitzgerald Third
Gordon HoIstun County School Supt Thomaston Fourth
Ira Jarrell City School Supt Atlanta Fifth
W E Knox County School Supt Gray Sixth
WP Sprayberry County School Supt Marietta Seventh
E M Thompson County School Supt Douglas Eighth
C J Cheves City School Supt Gainesville Ninth
W A Moss County School Supt Kartwell Tenth
J L Morrison State Dept of Ed Atlanta StateiatLarge
B L Cousins State Dept of Ed Atlanta StateatLarge
By
S P Clemons
and
0 C Aderhold
Paul Carroll
Johnnye V Cox
J E Greene
W 0 Hampton
Charles P Hudgins
J M Prance
L 0 Rogers
T E Smith
W A Stumpf
R H Tolbert
Nell WinnINTRODUCTION
Responding to a request of the School Leaders Workshop of 1944
and The Annual Conference of Superintendents of Georgia of 1944 the
Education Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board
selected the school plant situation of Georgia as one of the four pro
blems of sufficient urgency to warrant intensive study Under the
general direction of a statewide committee of Superintendents the
Education Panel began the investigation in September 1944 The publi
cation A Study of School Buildings in Georgia resulted It contains
detailed information on the school plant situation in Georgia and is
one of the most comprehensive studies of its kind in the Nation
The need for school plant improvement was found to he more
urgent than was realized For example 181 percent of the white
school buildings and 926 percent of the Negro school buildings were
found to be so inferior in design and construction as to be unfit for
school use A brief listing of the conditions as found in the State
was published and is available for distribution
As a result of the study the committee on school buildings the
Georgia Education Association the Georgia State Department of Education
and the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board submitted proposed
legislation dealing with school buildings to the General Asseubly of
1945 The proposal was unanimously passed by both houses signed by
the Governor and is now law
One of the provisions of the law authorizes and empowers the
State Board of Education to establish a code of school building prac
tices and standards The attached Rules and Regulations Governing
School Plants was prepared by the Education Panel and is in harmony
ggfiaHHHHHiBBHUDMHHHHn11
with the law
On May 24 1945 the Education Panel staff and the State Committee on
School Buildings went over the proposed rules and regulations with a committee
of the State Board of Education On June 1 1945 the rules and regulations
were submitted to the State Board of Education for consideration After a
brief discussion the State Board of Education unanimously adopted these rules
and regulations to govern school buildings in Georgia This publication
therefore contains the official rules and regulations governing school build
ings in the State
Below is the resolution passed by the State Committee on School Build
ings at its meeting on May 24 and submitted to the Board on June 1 1945
RESOLUTION
Whereas the school plant conditions in Georgia have been found to be
in urgent need of improvement and
tyhereas the General Assembly of Georgia unanimously passed a law mak
ing it possible for the State Board of Education to take immediate steps for
the improvement and ultimate removal of the unsatisfactory conditions
Be it Resolved That the committee approves the proposed Rules and Re
gulations Governing School Plants as revised in todays discussion and respect
fully recommends that the State Board of Education at its next meeting adopt
them for the public schools of Georgia
Be it Further Resolved That since many communities are unable to pro
vide adequate and safe school facilities with local funds alone the committee
recommends that The State Board of Education establish a State School Building
Fund to assist such needy and worthy communities as soon as the money is avail
able
Be it Further Resolved That since a definite and urgent need exists
for an adequate staff to effectuate the present law and to render technicalas
sistance to counties and independent systems in planning the school plant it
is recommended that the State Board of Education provide in the State Department
of Education the necessary staff to carry out the purposes of the law and to as
sist oaunties and independent systems with their school plant problems
Be it Further Resolved That a committee from this body be available
to the State Board of Education at 2 PM June 1 1945 at which time the State
Board of Education is respectfully requested to consider these resolutions and
the proposed Rules and Regulations Governing School Plants
Submitted by
STATE COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL BUILDINGS AND
EDUCATION PaNEL staff

Rules and Regulations Governing School Plants
Purpose The purpose of these rules and regulations is to au
thorize State county and independent district school officials to cooperate
in establishing and maintaining school plants that will meet public school
needs throughout the State in promoting the health safety comfort and the
moral and intellectual development of school children
Use of School Buildings and Grounds Subject to law the eounty
boards of education of any county and the board of education of any independ
ent system may provide for or permit the use of school buildings during the
school term or during vacation for any legal assembly or as community
recreation centers or may permit the same to be used as voting places in
any primary regular or special election The county boardof education
and the Board of Education of an independent system shall adopt rules and
regulations necessary to protect school plants when used for such purposes
Persons Using School Property It shall be the duty of any per
son persons or organizations making use of the school property for any
purposes to see that the buildings and grounds are left in as good condition
as existed before and in case of failure upon the part of all such person
persons or organizations to do this or pay for any damage to the property the
ordinary wear and tear excepted all further applications for the use of the
property by such person or persons shall be refused
Disposal of School Property The County Board of Education and
the board of education of an independent system shall have the authority to
dispose as it sees best of any school land or property which has not been
used for school purposes for one year or more and which is not likely to be
used for school purposes and to credit the proceeds derived from the disposal2
of the property to the district or districts or independent system in which
the school building is located The County Board of Education or the board
of education of an independent systen nay at any time arrange to dispose of
unused scnool land or property and shall diligently attempt to do so on advan
tageous terns
Inspection The State Superintendent of Education or his author
ized agent shall have authority to inspect any public school building and if
such building is found to be dangerous to the lives and or health of the
pupils the State Superintendent of Education through his authorized agent
shall notify the county board of education or the board of education of an
independent systen in writing of the unsafe or unhealthful condition revealed
including inthe notification specific suggestions for the correction of said
unsafe or unhealthful conditions
Insuring School Property The County Board of Education or the
board of education of an independent systen shall keep all insurable school
property to which it holds title insured against loss or damage by fire
School property may be insured in such amounts and with such kinds of in
surance as will give proper protection
Cleaning and Disinfecting Buildings Prior to the opening of any
regular school term the flounty Board of Education or the board of education
of an independent system shall have all buildings used for public school pur
poses thoroughly cleaned Should any contagious or infectious disease be
in the community or among the school children the County Board of Education
or board of education of an independent system as long as the disease is
prevalent in the community and the school building or buildings are being
used shall have any such school building regularly disinfected at such
times and in such manner as may be prescribed by the county health officials3

or if there be no county health officer by a physician designated by the
County Board of Edudation or board of education of an independent system who
is licensed to practice in Georgia
Maijitenanfie q School Property It is the duty of the County Board
of Education to keep all county school buildings and of the school board of
an independent systeo to keep all buildings of the independent systen in good
repair All principals and teachers shall be held responsible for the safe
keeping of buildings and property during the school session
Fire precaution It shall be the duty of a principal or teacher
in charge of a school to see that all teachers janitors and any and all
school employees under his direction take proper precautions in handling or
storing of waste papers kerosene laups oiled dusting cloths and all in
flammable articles and to endeavor to see that pupils exercise all necessary
precautions All closets cabinets attics baseaents storage spaces and
any places within or under the building where supplies are kept or where
waste paper or other materials raay accumulate shall be regularly checked by
the principal and County Superintendent of Education or in the case of the
independent systen by the superintendent and board of education of the in
dependent systen and any improper conditions shall be renedied All reason
able precautions to prevent school fires must be observed by principals and
teachers
Fire drills required in public schools
1 Drills at least monthly All teachers or superintendents in
charge of the schools of Georgia which are supported in whole or in part
by taxation are hereby required to conduct fire drills at least once
each nonth
2 Pertificate of compliance The principal or supervising
teacher of each school is required to indicate on his or her annual report
whether said principal or supervising teacher has complied with the re
quirements of this section
Copies of law to he exhibited It is hereby made the duty of
the county superintendent of education of the counties and of the board of
education of independent systems of this State to have copies of this regula
tion on fire drills printed in suitable form and to have at least one copy
placed in a conspicuous place in each of the public school buildings of
the county or independent system
PLACING THE SCHOOL PLANT BBOGBAM
Survey Required as soon as practicable unless a school survey
has been made in the county or in the independent system within the past ten
years each County Board of Education and each board of education of inde
pendent systems shall arrange for a survey of the county school system and
of the independent school system to aid in formulating a longtime program
for the schools of the county and of the independent system The report
based on the survey shall show the location and condition of all school
buildings the location of pupils and the transportation routes the
population trends the places where schools for the various grades should
be maintained temporarily or permanently the school program for each
school center and shall include such other information as may be re
quired under rules and regulations of the State Board The County Board
of Education and the board of education of an independent system may re
quest assistance from the State Department of Education in carrying on the
survey or may utilize such other agency as may be approved under regulations
of the State Board of Education A copy of each survey report with accom 5
panying naps shall be filed with the State Superintendent of Education or
his authorized agent
School Plant Program Based on Survey The County Board of Educa
tion of any county and the board of education of any independent system in
which a survey has been made as hereinbefore provided shall within six
months after the completion of the survey adopt and submit to the State
Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent a proposed school plant
program for the schools of that county or independent system This school
plant program of the county or independent system shall insofar as practi
cable be based upon the findings and recommendations of the survey report
The program shall take into consideration the school needs of the entire
county or independent system From time to time as conditions and needs
change the program may be amended by resolutions adopted by the County
Board of Education or by the board of education of an independent system
provided copies of the resolutions with supporting evidence are filed with
the State Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent The State
Superintendent of Education shall cause a study to be made of the proposed
program or amendments thereto for each county or independent system and shall
submit to the County 3oard of Education or board of education of the independ
ent system his recommendations for improvements in the program
Provisional Capital Outlay Program The County Board of Education
of each county and the board of education of each independent system in
which a survey has been completed as provided above shall adopt before
July 1 1946 a provisional capital outlay program based upon a preliminary
survey for the county or independent system specifying school centers which
are to be designated as elementary those as elementaryjunior high school6
and those as elenentaryjuniorsenior high school centers or any other
coabinations thereof and setting forth the location and estiuated cost of
school buildings proposed for construction or alteration during the next
five years A copy of this provisional prograu shall be transnitted to the
State Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent with the annual
school budget for that year
Annual Capital Outlay Prqgran and Budget Each County Board of
Education and each board of education of an independent systen shll on or
before the first day of July of each year adopt a proposed capital outlay
program and budget for the ensuing year in order that the capital outlay
needs of the county school systen or independent school systen for the en
tire year nay be well understood and insofar as possible provisions nade
for sane This capital outlay program and budget shall be a part of the
annual school budget and shall beginning July 1 1946 be based upon and in
hamony with the school plant prograu previously filed with the State Sup
erintendent of Education or his authorized agent This prograu shall desig
nate and locate the capital outlay projects for the year including the
new buildings the alterations and additions to be uade and the consolida
tions to be effected and no public school funds nay be expended on any
such project now included in the budget as anended to date If approved
by the State Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent the
program as anended during the year with his approval shall be executed
as provided by law suppleuented by rules and regulations of the State Board
of Education
SCHOOL SITES
Sites Adapted to Heeds Before acquiring property for school
sites the County Board of any county and the board of education of any7
independent system shall after July 1 1945 determine the location of proposed
elementary junior and senior high school centers for the county or inde
pendent system as prescribed in this Chapter The County Board of Education
and the hoard of education of an independent system shall also authorize the
County Superintendent of Education of the county and the superintendent of the
independent system to make a careful study to determine the school needs which
should be met in any particular situation and to determine the most economical
and practicable location for the school site so that the maximum number of
children can walk to school and so that school buses can be routed most effi
ciently for the remainder of the children In preparing recommendations re
garding proposed school sites the County Superintendent of Education and the
superintendent of an independent system may secure the services of representa
tives of the State Department of Education or such other assistance as he may
find desirable to aid in making a proper selection Before any site may be
legally purchased for school purposes it must be approved in writing by
the authorized agent of the State Superintendent of Education
Size Must be Adequate
Each new site selected shall be adequate in size to meet the needs
of the school to be served As far as practicable any present sites which
are not adequate shall be increased to conform to minimum standards for new
sites Each new school site shall contain a minimum of two acres for a one
teacher school For nigh schools at least one acre and for elementary
schools at least onehalf acre shall be added to this minimum size of the
site for each fifty pupils enrolled in the school after the first fifty pupils
and until the enrollment reaches five hundred pupils Provided that this
requirement may be waived in the discretion of the State Superintendent ofBHBafl
pppwpFi i p pp p 1111 ph fW

8
Education under regulations of the State Board of Education when any County
Board of Education or board of education of an independent system files
evidence showing that a school site of that size is inpracticable in any
given situation
Other Minimum Standards to be Met In the case of the county sys
tem it shall be the responsibility of the County Superintendent of Educa
tion to recommend to the County Board of Education for purchase end of the
County Board of education to purchase and in the case of the independent
system it shall be the responsibility of the Superintendent of the independ
ent system to recommend and of the scnool board of the independent systen to
purchase school sites in accordance with the provisions of these rules and
regulations which meet standards prescribed by the State Board of Education
to promote the educational interests of the children Each site shall be well
drained reasonably free from mud and the soil shall be well adapted to
landscaping as well as to playground purposes Insofar as practicable the
school site shall not be adjacent to any factory or other property fron
which noise odors or other disturbances would be likely to interfere with
the school program
Sites to be improved It shall be the responsibility of the
County Board of Education of the county schools and of the Board of Education
of an independent system to see that each school site is arranged to provide
adequate play areas is attractively landscaped and is maintained in such a
manner that it is both useful and attractive to see that two well separated
and adequate flush type toilets or in case water under pressure is not
available two well separated adequate and secluded pit type toilets are
provided on each school site and to see that pure drinking water and ak9
sanitary means of drinking and washing hands is provided on each school site
Standards for School Buildings
Sew Buildings Must Meet Minimum Standards In order to provide for
the sanitary safe and economical construction and maintenance of public school
plants toilets and physical equipment and in order to promote the physical
welfare and safety of the school children of the State any building hereafter
constructed in this state for public school purposes shall meet all minimum
standards prescribed by law or by rules and regulations of the State Board of
Education and in addition all minimum standards prescribed jointly
by the State Board of Edudation and the State Board of Health
Approval of Plans Required As a means of insuring that all school
buildings constructed or materially altered or added to hereafter conform to
the minimum standards prescribed by law and by regulations of the State Board
of Education each County Board of Education and each board of education of
independent systems which hereafter undertakes the construction of or the
addition to any school building the cost of which exceeds One Thousand Dol
lars 100000 or any major alteration shall see that the plans and speci
fications for the proposed construction addition or alteration are submitted
to the State Superintendent of Education for analysis and recommendation Ho
public school funds may legally be expended for the construction or alteration
of or the addition to any school uilding in any county or independent system
in this State unless the provisions of this Section are observed and until the
County Board of Education of the county or the board of education of the inde
pendent system has received in writing a statement from the authorized agent
of the State Department of Education that the plans and specifications for the9a
proposed construction have been approved as hereinafter provided
Minimum Standards for School Building Construction No County
Superintendent of Education or superintendent of an independent system shall
recommend tentative approval and no County Board of Education or hoard
of education of an independent systexa shall tentatively approve any
plans for construction of any school building in the county or independent
systea unless the following minimum requirements and any supplementary
regulations of the State Board of Education and any regulations concern
ing the sanitation of schools jointly prescribed by the State Board of
Education and the State Board of Health have been fully complied with
Furthermore it shall be the responsibility of the architect concerned
in proposing and preparing plans for the construction or alteration of or
the addition to any such school building to see that these standards are
observed The State Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent
shall not approve any plans that fail to meet these minimum standards except a
as modifications of these standards are authorized under regulations of
the State Board of Education
1 Expansibility Each building shall be so planned that
enlargements and additions can readily by made without tin
necessary cost and without interfering with the necessary
natural light and ventilation of the rooms
2 Orientation Buildings and classrooms shall be so
arranged that natural lighting is adequate under
normal daylight conditionsio
cs Height o Building No school building of frame construc
tion or which has masonry walls hut otherwise has ordinary
or joist construction and wood finish shall he more than
one story high No school huilding constructed with fire
resistive corridors and stairways and with masonry walls
hut with ordinary construction otherwise that is with
combustible floors roof and finish shall be constructed
which is more than two stories in height
4 Entrances and Exits There shall be as few steps as pos
sible leading to entrances or exits of any school building
If steps are necessary they shall be arranged in a
straight run or if a change in direction is necessary such
change shall be provided by means of a platform at least
the width of the stairs All entrances shall be kept free
from outside obstructions There shall preferably be sepa
rate outside entrances to all rooms which are commonly used
for community pirposes All exit doors shall be hung so as
to swing outward and shall be provided with hardware that
will permit opening from the inside at all times No exit
doors shall open immediately upon a flight of stairs unr
less a landing of at least the width of the door is provided
between such stairs and the door
5 Corridors Corridors shall meet the following standards
a Construction Corridors in buildings with two
or more stories shall be of fireproof or fire re
sistive construction11
b Width The minimum clear passageway of nain
corridors of any school building of four class
rooms or more shall he not less than eight
feet The minimum clear passageway of secon
dary corridors shall vary with the length of
such corridors and the number of class rooms
leading to them but such secondary corridors
shall not be less than six feet in width
Each end of each corridor shall terminate on
an egress or stairway excepting that pock
ets not to exceed the length of one standard
classroom may be planned when conditions re
quire
c Lighting Corridors shall be well lighted by
outside windows where practicable Illumination
of an intensity of at least three foot candles
shall be provided by artificial lighting
6 Stairs
a Construction All stairways from story to
story shall be of fireproof or of fire resis
tive construction
b Runs Each main stairway from story to story
shall be constructed in two straight runs vrith
not more than fourteen nor less than three
risers to the run Between the runs there shall12
be an intermediate platform or landing of at
least the sane clear width as the stairway
Risers to main stairways shall be uniform in
height and shall not exceed six and onehalf
inches and treads excluding nosings shall be
not less than ten and onehalf inches in width
c Number Every school building of two or more
stories shall be provided with at least two main
stairways remote from each other the number
of stairways shall be determined by the exit
formula of the national 3oard of Fire Under
writers as found from time to time in their
current Building Exits Code ITo stairway for
pupil use may be constructed with winders ir
respective of whether stairways constitute re
quired means of egress ITo door shall open
immediately upon a stairway and no door near a
stairway shall swing across or into the required
line of travel of such stairway ITo closet or
storage space may be placed under or over any
stairway
d Safety Treads The edges of all treads and the
edges of stairway landings shall be constructed
and maintained so as to provide nonslip surfaces
If separate treads nosings or other non slip
materials are provided these are to be set flush13
with treads
e Sam To overcome any difference in floor levels
which would require less than three risers gradients
shall be employed of not over one inch in twelve
inch runs Floors at all exits shall be so designed
as to he evel and flush with the adjacent floors
f Lighting All stairways shall be provided with
adequate natural lighting of not less than four foot
candles over the entire area and in addition so far
as possible shall he provided with artificial illuai
r nirHes over the entire
nation ff not less than 3 foot candies
area
g Handrols Stairways must be provided with a sub
stantial handrail to each side of stairs throughout
the entire length of stairway Stairways shall be
not less than fortyfour inches from balustrade to
balustrade or wall If the width is greater than
five feet six inches an intermediate handrail shall
he provided The same width shall be maintained
throughout the entire length of the stairway
7 Basement Insofar as practicable heating equipment shall
he in a separate building and school buildings shall be so
constructed that basement rooms are not necessary Only when
special permission is granted by the State Department of Edu
cation shall instructional rooms be placed in basements
Basement rooms designed as classrooms laboratories toilets14
or for any purposes other than for heating plant or fuel
room shall be at least twelve feet in height and shall in
no case be more than two feet below the finished grade on
the side where most of the natural light is received The
flooring used in any instructional rooms shall be of a
type that will not subject pupils to cold and dampness
8 Heating System The provisions for heating shall be as
follows
a Room for Central Heating If the room in which any
central heating nlant is housed is in the school build
ing such room and the fuel room shall be constructed
of fireresistive materials for walls ceiling and
floors and shall be provided with an outside entrance
If there is inside connection with the building it
shall be provided with a selfclosing fire door approved
by National Fire Underwriters Association Provision
shell be made for easy removal of ashes from the heating
plant by means of the outside entrance to the room or by
an ash hoist
b Jacketed Heaters In all buildings not provided with
a central heating plant it is recommended that each
class room shall be equipped with a ventilating jacketed
heater
9 Ventilation The following provisions shall be made for
ventilation
a Cross Ventilation Where mechanical ventilation is15
not provided every school room used by students
shall he provided with means of cross ventilation
b Windows When windows are used for ventilation
they shall be of such design that at least fifty
percent of their area may be opened at one time
c Deflectors When windows are used as the method
of ventilation two or more windows per class room
shall be provided with deflectors to protect pupils
from currents of cold air
10 ifaturl Lighting The following provisions shall be made
for natural lighting
a Admission of Light All instructional rooms shall
provide for the admission of light from the left or
in special cases from the left and rear of pupils
unless exceptions are authorized by the State Depart
ment of Education
b Glass Area The total net glass area in each in
structional room snail be not less than twenty percent
of the total floor area If trees buildings or other
obstructions are located near the proposed buildings
the direct light from the sky shall be unobstructed
above a line drawn from the window sill of windows on
the first floor forming an angle with the horizontal
of 45 degrees
Finish of Walls and Ceilings
a Ceilings Ceilings of all instructional and study
spaces shall be finished with a matte dull or semi16
matte surface having an initial coefficient of reflec
tion of at least 075 Exception In classrooms
where the window area is less than 16 percent of the
floor area or where the top of the window is less than
onehalf as high as the width of the room or in rooms
receiving light exclusively from the north ceilings
shall be painted a color which has an initial coeffi
cient of reflection ratio of at least 80
b Wftlls of Rooms
Walls of all instruction and study spaces from ceil
ing down to top of blackboard or to a height of four
feet to six feet above the floor where blackboards
are not used shall be finished with a matte dull
or semimatte surface having an initial reflection
factor of not less than 050 nor more than 060 below
this level a darker finish may be used Exception
In classrooms where the window area is less than 16
percent of the floor area or where the tops of the
window are less than onehalf as high as th width
of the room or in rooms receiving light exclusively
from the north walls shall be painted a color which
has an initial coefficient of reflection ratio of not
less than 65 nor more than 76
c Trim
Trim of all instruction and study spaces shall be
finished in a matte or semimatte surface17
Notes 1 The following table presents figures
which are the result of a considerable nunber of
tests by different authorities and are represen
tative average values of the coefficient of reflec
tion for various colors Since it is not possible
to accurately describe colors verbally a range in
values is given for each color

I
Color
White new
White old
Crean
Buff
Ivory
Gray
Light Green
Dark Green
Light Blue
Pink
Dark Red
Yellow
Dark Tan
Natural wood brown stain
Light wood varnish
Coefficient of Reflection
075 to 085
075 to 0o7
065 to 076
044 to 059
066 to 076
015 to 067
043 to 067
010 to 022
031 to 057
032 to 057
012 to 027
055 to 070
027 to 041
015 to 026
036 to 044
2 It is to be noted that grays vary markedly in
the way they are prepared A gray made by nixing
lanp black with white paint has a low coefficient
of reflection whereas a gray made by nixing red
and green paint with white base has a relatively high
coefficient of reflection This latter is known as
a warn gray
3 For walls pastel colors are acceptable and a
wide range of colors is thus opened up for the school
room use In generalt warn colors nay well be used
for north window exposure and the cooler ones for
south exposure Care should be taken to avoid intense
tints
11
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Character of Lighting to be Suoplied
The principal source of artificial illumination of all rcons
and spaces of school buildings shall be from overhead18
Intensity of Artificial Illumination
Roons and spaces of school buildings shall be supplied with
intensities of artificial illunination in accordance with the following
table
Roon or space to be illuminated
a Storage spaces
b Staireays corridors entrances
porticos cloak roons toilets
etc
c Boiler roons and sinilar spaces
d Gynnasiuns auditoriums assem
bly roons not used as study
roons
e Gynnasiuns active sports
f All spaces used for instruction
or study spaces exceot d and
g
g Sewing Drawing drafting art
h Sight saving classroons
Reconnended
practice
foot
candles
45
45
10 and higher
12 and higher
15 and higher
25 and higher
50 and higher
Shading of Lanps
a General
Lanps and luninaires shall be so installed in regard to nounting
height location and spacing as to avoid glare
All direct and semidirect luninaires xsing incandescent lamps
shall be of the enclosed type so constructed that the bare lamp will not be
visible from any working position
Each class study or recitation room of standard size 31 to 33
feet long by 22 to 23 feet wide shall be equipped with at least 6 arti
ficial lighting units19
Diffusion of Light
Lamps in school buildings hereafter constructed shall be so in
stalled in regard to mounting height location and spacing as to avoid
sharply defined and deep shadows from overhanging structural parts or
persons in nornal working positions
Exit Sjtair and Corridor emergency Lighting
In school buildings of core than one story hereafter constructed
the lighting to be provided in all stairways and exits and in the passage
ways leading thereto shall be connected independently of the roon light
ing Such lighting and exitlights shall be so supplied as not to be
subject to failure because of the failure of the roon lighting fron in
ternal causes
Switching and Controlling Apparatus
a At each point of entrance to school buildings hereafter con
structed switching or controlling apparatus shall be installed so that
a person may furn on enough lamps of the emergency lighting to proceed
safely to the next point of control
b Lights shall be so switched that those farther from the
windows may be operated separately allowing the use of artificial light
in the part of the room where it is needed
12 Class Rooms
a Width The width of any standard class room used
for instructional purposes shall be not more than
twice the distance from the floor to the top of the
window glass in the room Other instructional rooms
may vary from this ratio only when adequate artificial20
lighting has been provided
b MaiiiSSjfa Mullions shall be so arranged that the distance
between glass in adjoining windows shall not exceed twenty
inches
c Size The seating capacity of classrooms shall be deter
mined by allowing a minimum of 18 square feet per pupil
and such additional space as nay be required for the educa
tional activities of the school
13 Doors
i Doors of School Houses to Swing Outward All the outer
doors of any public school building shall be so hung that
when they are opened they will swing to the outside with
the line of traffic
b Door Hardware All classroom doors laboratory doors
library doors pupil wardrobe doors or doors to all
spaces accommodating pupils shall be jrovided with hard
ware which can not be locked against pupils who are in such
spaces
c Sizes All doors to class rooms or instructional spaces
shall be not less than three feet wide by seven feet high
14 Library In every school building where elementary or high
school or combination elementary and high school subjects are
taught there shall be provision for minimum library facilities
to meet regulations that nay from time to time be adopted
by the State Board of Education21
15 Other Instructional Roods Provision shall be nade for such
other instructional rooms as are necessary to meet the needs of
the educational program of the school
16 Auditorium No auditorium shall be above the main floor
of any school building
17 Office Space Any building having more than four class
roons shall be provided with office space for the principal
The State Board of Education recommends that in every school
plant adequate provisions be made to take care of sick chil
dren
18 Wardrobe Cloakrooms Lockers Etc All school plants
shall be provided with wardrobes cloakrooms or lockers
19 Toilets and Lavatories Each school plant shall be provid
ed with a sufficient number of suitable water closets or pit
privies adequately screened and ventilated urinals lava
tories and other conveniences as may be prescribed jointly
by regulations of the State Board of Education and the State
Board of Health for the use of the pupils attending school
therein No toilets for both sexes shall be constructed in
a detached building under the same roof unless the plans for
and location of the same have been approved by the State
Superintendent and in such case they shall be constructed
with a solid partition made of brick stone concrete or
by a double wooden partition with at least six inches air
space between the two walls of such partition so as to
effectively separate the water closets designated for the
use of boye from those designated for the use of girls
23
20 Water Supply Each school plant shall be provided with pure
drinking water and a sanitary neans of drinking Unless the wa
ter cooes froia a city or other couuunity supply which is regu
larly tested water provided for the school plant shall be
tested as to quality and quantity at least twice each year and
the source of supply shall be condeuned at any tine the water is
found to be unsafe for drinking purposes Facilities for wash
ing hands shall be provided at each school building
21 Fire Protectipnu Ixi the construction and maintenance of any new
school building and in the maintenance of any existing school
building special attention shall be given to protection and
safeguards from fire hazards
a li re Escapes Any and all school buildings two or more
stories in height which do not have fireproof or fire
resistive stairwaysand corridors and adequate exits
and in tfhich the greatest elevation of the floor
of any story above the ground at any accessible door
window or suitable place of exit from that floor
shall be provided with at least one adequate and Basily
accessible fire escape for each two hundred and fifty
pupils enrolled in the school Each such fire escape
shall be constructed of fireproof material securely
erected on the outside of the building and kept free
from obstruction at all times and shall meet all re
regulations prescribed by the National Board of Eire Un
derwriters as supplemented by regulations of the govern23
mental unit in which the building is located and by re
gulations of the State Board
b Fire Extinguishers Any school plant with six or more
classrooms not protected by the services of a public fire
department must be provided with chemical fire extinguish
ers approved by the National Board of lire Underwriters and
the number required per school plant shall be sufficient to
obtain credit in fire rate Fire extinguishers shall be
prominently exposed to view and always accessible If fire
extinguishers are of the type to require recharging the
principal of each school shall see that each extinguisher
is annually recharged Annually at the first teachers
meeting he shall have the operation of an extinguisher
demonstrated for the benefit of the teachers
c Fire Alarms There shall be placed in a hall or cor
ridor of each school plant of more than 6 rooms an alarm
consisting of a bell or gong arranged or equipped so as
to be sounded from at least one convenient station or
place upon each floor and of sufficient size and volume
of tone to be distinctly heard in each room when sounded
In the absence of such alarm there shall be placed in
each room an alarm consisting of a bell or gong of suf
ficient volume to be heard throughout the room where
placed all of which alarms shall be arranged or equip
ped so as to be sounded simultaneously from the same sta
34
tioa or place At least one of such stations or places shall
be conveniently located in a hall or corridor upon each
floor
22 Moving Picture Booths County Boards of Education or
boards of education of an independent system desiring to pro
vide a place for the use of motion picture equipment in any
school shall see that the booths and equipment conform to the
most recent regulations of local building Codes as well as
to the most recent regulations of the National Board of Fire
Underwriters
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
Approval Required Before the contract has been let for the con
struction of any school building the County Board of Education of the
county or the board of education of the independent system shall require
the County Superintendent of Education of the county or the superintendent
of the independent system to submit to the State Superintendent of Education
or his authorized agent two copies of each of the following as hereinafter
prescribed a preliminary drawings and proposals b complete work
ing drawings and c specifications The County Board of Education
of the county or the board of education of the independent system shall
not proceed with the construction of any such proposed project until
the approval of the State Superintendent of Education or his authorized
agent is received as prescribed below Provided that the approval of
the State Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent shall
include the desirability and needs for the new building the educational
and functional planning the location on the site the type of conHHIHHlH35
struction sanitary provisions conformity to minimum standards and such
other pertinent factors that should be considered in the educational plan
ning of the school building The approval of the State Superintendent of
Education or his authorized agent shall not include responsibility for the
structural design or for the strength of materials proposed to be used or
for the mechanical design and efficiency of any heating plumbing venti
lating or electrical system
Preliminary Drawings and Proposals Before working drawings and
specifications are prepared preliminary drawings and proposals shall be
subaitted to and approved by the State Superintendent of Education or his
authorized agent The preliminary drawings and proposals shall show the
location of the site the proposed location of the building on the site
the general arrangement of floor plans front elevation the educational
program to be accommodated and such other information as shall be pre
scribed under regulations of the State Board of Education After examining
or naving examined these drawings and proposals the State Superintendent
of Education through his authorized agent shall submit his recommendations
to the County Board of Education or in the case of the independent
system to the board of education Bf the independent system shall call
attention to any laws or standards which are not observed shall require
changes to be made to provide for proper observance of these and shall
submit such recommendations as in his opinion should have the considera
tion of the County Board of Education or the Board of Education of the in
dependent system The County Board of Education or the board of education
of the independent system shall then require such changes to be made as areDHfl
H26
necessary to make the proposals conform to law and minimum standards and
shall decide whether each of the recommendations submitted by the State Super
intendent of Education or his authorized agent shall be followed
Complete Working Drawings and Specifications Complete working
drawings and specifications shall not be prepared in final form for any
building until the County Board of Education of the county or the board of
education of the independent system has received the approval or recommenda
tions of the State Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent on
the preliminary drawings as prescribed above The County Board of Education
or the board of education of the independent system shall then provide the
State Superintendent of Education through his authorized agent with two
complete copies of working drawings and specifications showing all details
and describing fully all construction materials finish and other perti
nent matters Theseare to be examined by the State Superintendent of
Education or his authorized agent to determine whether all laws or prescribed
standards are observed and to determine what recommendations are pertinent
in order to approve the proposed building or specifications Before giving
final approval to such plans the State Superintendent of Education through
his authorized agent when he has any doubt as to whether ary regulations
prescribed jointly by the State Board of Education and the State Board of
Health are complied with shall request written approval by the State
Health officer or the Sanitary Engineer of the State Board of Health of
the plans and specifications regarding water supply to be used plumbing
disposal of sewage and waste and any other natters relating to sanitation
One copy of the final plans and specifications shall then be returned to
the County Board of Education of the county or to the board of education
27
of the independent system with the recommendations or approval of the State
Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent The County Board of
Education or the oard of education of the independent systea shall then
require such changes as are necessary to make the drawings and specifications
conform to requirements of law and of prescribed minimum standards and such
of the recommendations from the State Superintendent of Education or his
authorized agent as are approved by the County Board of Education or the
board of sducation of the independent system shall be incorporated in the
working drawings and specifications
Supervision and Inspection Before the construction alteration
of or addition to any building has been started the County Board of Edu
cation of the county or the board of education of the independent system shall
provide for the proper supervision and necessary inspection of the work
Advertising and Awarding Contracts for Building or Improvements
As soon as practicable after any bond issue has oeeii voted upon and au
thorized or funds have been made available for the construction repair
alteration or otherwise for the improvement of any school building and
after plans for the work have been approved by the State Superintendent of
Education through his authorized agent the County Board of Education or
the board of education of the independent system after advertising the same
in the manner prescribed by law shall award the contract for such build
ing or improvements to the lowest responsible bidder therefor Provided
that the County Board of Education of the county or the board of education
of the independent system may within its discretion reject any and all bids
received if it deems the same expedient and may readvertise calling for
new bids or with the approval of the State Superintendent of Education or
28
his authroized agent the County Board of Education of the county or the
board of education of the independent system nay arrange for the building
to be erected on a day labor basis
Substance of Contract Contractors to Give Bond Upon accept
ing a satisfactory bid the County Board of Education of the county or the
board of education of the independent system shall enter into a contract
with the party or parties whose bid has been accepted and such contrast
shall contain the drawings and specifications of the work to be done or
the material to be furnished the tine limit in which the construction is to
be completed the tine and method by which payments are to be made upon said
contract and the penalty to be paid by the contractor for any failure to
comply with the terms of said contract The contractor shall furnish the
County Board of Education of the county or the board of education of the
independent system with a bond issued by a surety company licensed to do
business in Georgia for one hundred percent of the contract price
Payments At no time while a building is in the process of
construction shall the County Board of Education of the county or the
board of education of the independent system authorize or make payments
to the contractor in excess of eighty percent of the amount due on the
contract on the basis of the work completed The final payment shall not
be made until the building has been inspected and approved in writing
by the State Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent and by
the architect or other person designated for that purpose and until the
County Board of Education of the county or the board of edudation of the
independent system acting on these recommendations has accepted
building

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