Annual report of the education panel: program of educational development for Georgia [Aug. 1945]

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EDUCATION PANEL
Program of Educational Development
for Georgia
ISSUED BY
EDUCATION PANEL
Agricultural and Industrial Development Board of Georgia
Athens GeorgiaAGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT BOARD
OF
GEORGIA
Blanton Fortson Chairman
L Vaughan Howard Executive Director
Name of Member Address
IvanAllenAtlanta
T F AbercrombieAdanta
Charles L Bowden Macon
WN BanksGrantville
Cason J CallawayHamilton
M D CollinsAdanta
Ryburn G ClayAdanta
Mrs Frank Q DavidColumbus
Blanton FortsonAthens
Charles B Gramling Atlanta
Robert W GrovesSavannah
Alfred W JonesSea Island
TomLinderAtlanta
Wiley L MooreAdanta
Walter R McDonald Atlanta
Henry McIntoshAlbany
W H McNaughtonCartersville
J L PilcherMeigs
Robert StricklandAdanta
M King TuckerWaynesboro
Wilson Williams Adanta
EDUCATION BULLETIN No 12
AUGUST 1945WgigMWrtaBft
gyiTfrrTTftiTTi7WiaJInl nraan tvy

EDUCATION PANEL
M D CollinsAtlanta
Mrs Frank C DavidColumbus
Wilson WilliamsAtlanta
0 C Aderhold DirectorAthens
Prepared
by
The Education Panel Staff
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1
INTRODUCTION
1
purpose t 1
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A STUDY OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN GEORGIA
8
Scope of Study g
Major Findings 1 1
Meeting Minimum Needs 11
Legislation
l4
A SUDY OF SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION IN GEORGIA
14
Sources of Data and Procedure l4
Major Findings 5
Recommendations
TEACHER SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN GEORGIA
17
Objectives of Study 17
Sources of Data 18
Major Findings 19
Recommendations
STUDIES IN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION
TwelveGrade Plan of School Organization
Kind of Administrative Organization
Method of Selecting Superintendents
qize of Local Unit of Administration v
he Relationship Between the Enrollment in Accredxted High
Schools and the Programs of Offerings
Relationships Between Enrollment and Cost of Instructxon25
A STUDY OF THE GEORGIA SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF
PROGRESS REPORT OF LONGNGE PLYING FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN GEORGIA 27
Scope and Pattern Followed in Determining the Building Needs
c tho Methods Used in Setting Up Plans
Ze Results Achieved in Planning School Buildingsin Georgia 30
fejor Oracles Encountered in Developing an Efficxent School
AfDeSipSon rf aii Wcsituak Found In Cities 35
The Next sfepsor the Education Panel in PlanningSchool
Buildings
STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR VETERANS Page
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN TWELVE SPOT COUNTIES 2
Procedures in Organizing for Educational Planning 3
The Plan in Action 47
Results of Community and County Planning
Negro Program
SCHOOL PLANNING IN MORGAN COUNTY
51
White Schools
Negro Schools 11 52
Planning Groups 1 1 1 1 1 53
Health 11 55
Vocational Problems 55
Teacher Training 111 57
Creative Arts 57
Guidance m 58
Problems of Administration
60
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING IN HART COUNTY
60
White Schools q
Negro Schools 1 61
Problems Attacked 63
Guidance 65
Administration and Transportation
Summary
68
RECOMMENDATIONS 194546

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INTRODUCTION
Purpose
The purpose of this publication is to present a brief picture of
the program of educational development in the state of Georgia carried
on by the Education Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development
Board from Kay 19 to July 1 195 Each of the major activities of
the Panel is briefly described in this bulletin More detailed informa
tion regarding the accomplishments may be found in the twelve bulletins
issued during the year
The Education Panel has participated in a comprehensive program of
educational planning and development in the State It approached its
task from two points of view One approach was through research and
the intensive study of problems recognised as being statewide in nature
and needing state action The second was through intensive planning on
the local level and under the direct leadership of the Staff
Cooperative Effort
The Panel is committed to the philosophy that in a democracy the
people should participate in the formulation of plans and in putting
the plans into action The research studies have enlisted the parti
cipation of approximately 20C superintendents principals teachers
and lay persons and the programs of development carried on in the spot
or demonstration counties have involved an aggregate of 13SUg people
Less intensive work in planning has been done with approximately 7000
other Georgians In all an aggregate of 21000 citizens has assisted
the Panel in its activitiesMl
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The accomplishments of the Panel were mole possible by the active
and enthusiastic efforts of the Governor and through the understanding
sympathy and approval of the members of the Agricultural and Industrial
Development Board The Chairman of the Board and the Executive Director
have rendered valuable assistance in planning the scope of the panel pro
gran in coordinating its undertakings with those of the other six
panels and in helping to solve the problems arising during the year
The staff of the State Department of Education all of the units
of the University System and other educational institutions and leaders
have been most cooperative in carrying on the program The Georgia
Education Association has been helpful in publicizing the program and
through its legislative committee actively supporting the proposed legis
lation The Panel is also indebted to the press and to several national
magazines in the field of education which have publicized its accomplish
ments
The Panel has been fortunate during the year in securing competent
professional personnel to carry on its many activities The professional
staff is composed of the highest type of educational leaders Each mem
ber is a specialist in his field A competent statistical and secre
tarial staff was secured and they have rendered efficient service The
University of Georgia has been generous in providing office space and
many other necessary physical facilities
Summary of Education Panel
Activities for lAjz
The next few pages contain a brief summary of the activities and
the proposed program of action for 19U5U6 The remainder of the bulle
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RESEABCB AKD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
OH A STATEWIDE BASIS
Type of Study
Results
School Buildings
Comprehensive study of 97 percent of the
school buildings in Georgia revealed
shocking state of schoolbuilding needs
Resulted in legislation requiring a
school building code
School Transportation
Comprehensive survey of transportation
facilities showed waste defects and
hazards Initiated legislation governing
mandatory practices in transportation of
school children
Administration
Analysis of defects in present school ad
ministration practices Influenced con
stitutional and statutory provisions
relative to school administration poli
cies
Teacher Education
Survey of the status of teacher surply and
demand Established basis for determining
Georgias teacher needs
The Study of the School
for the Deaf
Comprehensive study of Georgias School
for the Deaf Recommends policies govern
ing state eleemosynary institutions Study
not complete
Educational Opportuni
ties for Veterans in
Georgia
Compilation in concise form of the educa
tional offerings and opportunities for vete
rans in each of the states higher institu
tions and in various types of schools be
low the college levelm
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DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS ON COUNTY AND LOCAL LEVELS
SCHOOL YEAH l1
Activities
Demonstration Areas
Heard and 331 oyd Counties
Nell Wlnn Staff Member
73 meetings 170U people reached
Rabun and Hart Counties
Ralph Tolbert Staff Member
123 meetings 2555 people reached
Morgan and Walton Counties
Charles Hudgins Staff Member
S9 meetings 2S77 people reached
Jones and Atkinson Counties
Paul Carroll Staff Member
119 meetings 170 people reached
Pulaski and Bulloch Counties
Johnnye V Cox Staff Member
133 meetings 2515 people reached
Calhoun and Decatur Counties
T E Smith Staff Member
120 meetings 2503 people reached
Total Number of meetings in 12
spot counties 657
Total aggregate attendance in plan
ning meeting in 12 spot counties
13SUg
In meetings with school and lay peo
ple programs were developed in each
of the counties listed at the left
to deal with problems in the follow
ing areas
1 Health and Recreation
2 Acquiring the Basic Tools of
Learning such as Reading Writing
Number Relations etc
3 Appropriate Media for Creative
Expression
U Choosing a Vocation
5 Home and lonily Living
6 Neighborhood Living
7 School Living
S Problems Arising Between Indivi
duals Organized Groups and Govern
ment
9 Earning a Living
10 Utilizing Money and Other Resources
11 The Age Groups to Be Reached by the
School
12 Size of Attendance Units
13 Consolidation of HighSchool Work
lk School Buildings
15 School Transportation
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LEGISLATION ENACTED OR INITIATED
Subject
Provisions
County Organization
County School
Superintendent
Independent Districts
Tax Levy
Broadening Educational
Opportunities
School Census
School Transportation
School Buildings
County nade the unit of administration
County Board nade a constitutional hody
Details of selection terns etc The Educa
tion Panel does not reconnend including these
in the State Constitution
Made a constitutional officer
Qualifications salary to he set by legislature
Formation of new ones prohibited
Both State and County nay levy taxes for Edu
cational Purposes
515 mill limitations set for countywide
school taxes
Acts of the General Assembly
18year agelimit removed Statute
Continuous school census established Statute
County board empowered to purchase school bus
es school bus equipment and school bus sup
plies
State Purchasing Department empowered to pur
chase school buses school bus equipment and
school bus supplies on behalf of counties
Approval of purchases vested in State Board of
Education
Passed by State Senate on calendar of House
for 1946 session
State Board of Education authorized to receive
Federaland other funds for schoolhouse con
struction and to allot such funds Statute
State Board authorized to make comprehensive
studies to determine need for and location of
buildings on request of county boards of educa
tion and to determine safety and educational
retirements methods of financing cost of
construction and equipping of buildings Statute
State Board authorized to establish a code of
school building practices and standards Statute6 6
PUBLICATIONS OF THE EDUCATION PANEL
Title
Area of Interest
School Leaders Meua Bulletin No 1 Basic philosophy of Educational
part I 32P Planning
w n nipir Wo 1 Manual for School Leaders in
Sci Leaier femL Bulletin No 1 JJJ rogran Qf the School
i w i fini fA for Use in Developing School
tices
School Leader s Manual Bulletin No 1
Part IV
nPnrpia School Communities Plan for
Action Bulletin No 2
L Study of School Buildings in
Georgia Bulletin No 6
A Study of School Buildings in
Georgia Brief Summary
Bulletin No 4
Rules and Regulations Governing
School Buildings in Georgia
Bulletin No 8
A Study of School TVaraprrtation in
Georgia Bulletin No 5
A Study of School T ran snort at ion in
Georgia Brief Summary
Bulletin No 3
TPnrher Stroply and Demand U Georgia
Bulletin No 7
anoxias rational Opportunities
for Veterans Bulletin No 9
Georgias Tflncational Opportunities
for Negro Veterans Bulletin 10
in press
Types of Basic Data used in
55M Educational Planning
Progress Report on Educational
14P Planning in Twelve Spot Counties
A Survey of School Buildings in
126M Georgia Be commendations to Meet
Building Needs
10P
28M
Brief Summary of School Building
Survey
Proposed School Building Code
for Georgia
A Survey of School Transportation
86M in Georgia Recommendations for
Immediate needs
12P
Brief Summary of School Trans
portation Survey
Analysis of Teacher Needs and Me
90M thods of Supply with Recommenda
tions
Educational Opportunities for
42P Vhite Veterans in Georgia Schools
and Colleges
Educational Opportunities Available
for Negro Veterans in Negro In
stitutions of Georgia
Progress Report oX Lpngngp Planning Described Procedure Used in Long
tuliTtiTioT 11 F23M range Planning
Annual Report of Education Panel
Bulletin No 12
Description of the work of the
Education PanelMay1944to
July 1945 7
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 19451945
Continuation Studies
Purpose
To Survey School for Deaf Cave
Spring
Tosurvey present opportunities to de
termine future needs
To Conduct School Planning Pro
grans with School Leaders
Throughout the State
To extend Georgias School Planning
Program on a Statetide basis
To Complete Survey to Determine
the School Building Heeds in
Remaining Georgia Counties
To furnish a basis for school plant
planning and get ready for Public
Works Building Program
Hew Studies Proposed
Purpose
To Conduct Statewide Study to
Determine Professional and
Vocational Education Heeds
To Conduct Statewide Study on
Educational Finance
To Survey School for the Blind
Macon
To establish bases of need for Vocational
Education in Agriculture Homenaking
Trades and Industries Distributive
Occupations and other occupations and
professions
To develop bases of economy in the ex
penditure of Georgias school funds
To survey present opportunities to
determine future needs5SXIir

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A STUDY OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN GEORGIA
The Education Panel was urged by the school administrators and
board members to make a scientific study of the school building situation in
the State The purpose of the study was to determine the condition and ade
quacy of school buildings in the State and to propose a program of improve
ment
Scope of Study
The study is one of the most comprehensive of its kind in the Na
tion Basic data were collected on 97 percent of the buildings and detail
ed studies were made of 500 or a ten percent sampling of the 5000 school
buildings in the State
Major Findings
The findings disclosed school plant conditions which justify grave
concern on the part of educational and lay leaders who are interested in
the educational progress of the State and in the physical safety and mental
welfare of the students
Some of the conditions found are given below
1 A wide variation exists in the quality and adequacy of physi
cal facilities within the same county as well as among the various counties
of the State The recently approved Constitution will tend to equalize
the financial load for school buildings within counties but will not im
prove the situation among counties For example the assessed valuation
of taxable property in one county in western Georgia is 428 per pupil
while in another county in the same part of the State the assessed valua
tion is 4760 per pupil In the case of the first county thd maximum amount
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of tends that can be floated under constitutional limitations is 2996
per pupil whereas in the second county the maximum amount is 33320 per
pupil When it is recalled that the average value of white school property
in the State is 129 per pupil and in the Nation 274 the impossibility
of the first county ever providing adequate housing facilities from local
resources alone is very evident The illustration given above is not ex
ceptional Such variations are the general rule throughout the State and
largely account for the very wide variation in the quality of school plants
and the existence of a large number of unsafe and inadequate buildings
State and Federal funds distributed on an equalizing basis are essential
if the school program of the State is to be adequately provided for and
the school children are to be safely housed in the school plant
2 According to nationally accepted standards 40 percent of the
white school plants and 94 percent of the Negro school plants are so in
ferior because of obsolescence or structural insecurity that it is not
advisable to expend any considerable amount of money in an effort to make
them acceptable plants
3 Onefourth of the high schools of both races and twofifths of
the elementary schools of both races are not located near the center of
the population and are thus responsible for excessive traveling distances
and increased transportation costs
4 Of the 22 conditions of the building which are regarded by
experts as constituting fire or panic hazards 12 of them are found in
the average white school and 17 are found in the average Negro school
5 Onefourth of the white and onehalf of the Negro school plants
have no water on the school grounds Onethird of the white and twothirds4
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of the Negro school plants provide no means of drinking except the
common dipper Only one out of three of the white and one out of thirteen
of the Negro plants have flush type toilets
6 Actual measurements in 100 typical classrooms showed that on
bright days 54 percent of the pupils receive less than the minimum light
requirement when electric lights are on and 56 percent fail to receive
adequate light when lights are not switched on On dark days 72 percent
fail to receive the minimum light requirements when electric lights are
on and 75 percent when lights are off
7 The typical school plant in Georgia contains only those faci
lities essential to house the minimum educational program Facilities
for teaching such courses as home economics agriculture science and com
mercial subjects are generally not adequate in the average Georgia high
school Occurrence of cafeterias auditoriums libraries gymnasiums
art rooms music rooms industrial art rooms health clinics and teach
ers rest rooms is exceptional
Meeting Minimum Needs
The data collected and analyzed in this investigation indicate
that the minimum school plant needs would involve an expenditure of
83571000 During the decade 1910 to 1920 the value of school pro
perty in the State increased 124 percent from 1920 to 1930 the in
crease was 106 percent and from 1930 to 1940 only 48 percent During
the depression construction was greatly curtailed which caused a sub
normal number of school buildings to be erected from 1930 to 1940 and
Georgia therefore entered the present decade with an acute shortage
This deficiency has been greatly aggravated by the virtual cessation4
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a i v A thp close of the war the school
of school construction during the war A tne close ox
building needs will represent needs that accumulated from 1930 to 1935
plus those accumulated from 1941 to the present
If the State and several counties should undertake to supply these
estimated needs within the next seven years it would involve the expendi
ture of approximately 12000000 annually If Federal funds should be
come available on a 50 50 matching basis the State and counties por
tion would be 6000000 annually This amount is not beyond the financial
ability of the counties since they have a total bonding capacity under
present constitutional limitations for school purposes of 90000000
Legislation
As a result of the condition revealed in this investigation the
Panel after making a careful examination of school building laws in other
states prepared legislation to improve the situation The General Assem
bly at the 1945 session enacted into law the proposals In brief the
law authorizes the State Board of Education to 1 receive and allocate to
boards of education and independent school systems Federal and other funds
for schoolhouse construction 2 make comprehensive studies to determine
the need for and location of public school buildings 3 pass upon the safe
ty and educational requirements of public school buildings 4 assist lo
cal communities in planning the method of financing school plant costs
and 5 establish a code of school building practices and standards
The State School Superintendent requested the Education Panel to
assist the State Board of Education in complying with the terms of the law
by preparing for the consideration of the Board a proposed code of school12
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tailing practice and standards An exhaustive study of school building
rules and regulations as they exist in other states as ade The Panel
staff and the State Coittee on Buildings developed Proposed Pules and
Peculations Governing Sohool Buildings in Georgia These were submitted
to and unanimously approved by the State Board of Education on dune 1
1945
Some of the significant features of the Rules and Regulations
as adopted hy the State Board of Education follow
1 Sets up policies for the use maintenance insurance fire
protection and disposal of school property
2 Requires fire drills monthly
3 Requires a survey of school plant needs in county and in
dependent systems Requires further that a provisional capital outlay
program he adopted hefore July 1 1946 and that this capital outlay
program shall he hased upon a preliminary survey of the county or in
dependent system Requires adoption of a long termschool plant pro
gram within six months after a comprehensive study of school plant needs
has heen made
4 Sets up minimum standards for school sites and requires
approval of all new sites hy the State Superintendent of Education
5 Sets up minimum standards for new school huildings and re
quires the county hoard of education or hoards of education of independ
ent systems to see that preliminary plans completed plans and specifi
cations shall he suhmitted to and approved hy the State Superintendent of
EducationOHIHH13
6 Requires that the final payment on the construction contract
shall not he made until the completed huilding is inspected and approved
by the State Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent
Following the adoption of the Rules and Regulations the State
Board set up the machinery for effectuating the program The State Board
and the Education Panel recognize that improvement will necessarily he
slow hut definite and believe that a sound foundation has been laid
which will gradually and substantially improve the school plant situation
in Georgia
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A STUDY 07 SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION IN GEORGIA
The Education Panel with the guidance of the State Committee on
School Transportation and in cooperation with the State Department of
Education organized and completed a comprehensive study of school trans
portation in Georgia
Sources cf Data and procedure
The data for this study were obtained from l a scientific
sampling of 179 individual buses 2 school bus inspection records for
194344 of 2242 or approximately 78 percent of all buses operated during
that year 3 State Department of Public Safety records on school bus
accidents in 1943 and 1944 and 4 reports from state departments of
education the United States Office of Education and certain published and
unpublished literature on pupil transportation
Major Findings
Some of the most significant findings of the study follow
Thousands of school children are daily transported to school in
huses which are unsafe because the bus bodies are not made of steel the
glass in windows and windshields is not of the safety type no emergency
doors are provided no windshield wiper is provided the brakes are defec
tive the tires are defective the exhausts release dangerous fumes rear
visibility is defective no first aid kit is provided no fire extinguisher
is provided stops are made at dangerous points on the highway and the
huses are greatly overloaded

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The foregoing dangerous conditions are further aggravated because
many school bus drivers are not properly qualified This is evidenced by
records of violations of safety rules such as failure to give proper signals
before turning or stopping improper supervision of pupil loading and unload
ing reckless driving drunkenness and lack of a chauffeurs license
Thousands of pupils are subjected to conditions which are detrimen
tal to their health Some of these conditions are lack of heaters in buses
badly overcrowded buses and homemade bodies on almost three hundred buses
Many of these buses are not even water proof Many children are on buses
more than two hours daily and many are required to lose an hour or more each
day while waiting for school buses to make the first of two or more trips
Often these waiting periods are under conditions of exposure to inclement
weather
The present system of school transportation is expensive Certain
neighboring states are purchasing comparable original equipment 200 to
500 less per unit and are realizing proportionate savings in purchasing
supplies and repairs
IWgmnienflat ions
The data revealed conditions that need immediate action The Panel
staff with the assistance and advice of the State Transportation Committee
prepared proposed legislation designed to improve the situation in the
State The proposed bill grew out of a study of the best practices in other
states and the recommendations of recognized authorities in the field of
school transportation The bill passed the Senate and is now before the
House
The proposed legislation gives to the county board of education theli5
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responsibility of providing means for the transportation of pupils and
school employees for the control and operation of all school buses within
the county and for making such rules and regulations for controlling the
operation of buses as shall he in conformity with the laws of the State
It further empowers the county board of education to purchase
school buses and supplies subject to the approval of the State Board of
Education
It authorizes the State Purchasing Department to purchase school
bus equipment and supplies for the county board of education subject
to the approval of the State Board of Education
It is believed that the enactment of the pending legislation is
the first step necessary to bring about badly needed improvements in school
transportation
The complete study is in Education Panel Bulletins numbers 3
and 5H
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TEACHEB SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN GEORGIA
The Education Panel was requested to make studies dealing with
the problems of teacher education in Georgia The cooperation of a
group of fourteen leaders in teacher training and in public school ad
ministration was secured This committee assisted the Panel Staff in
analyzing the problem and determining the phases of the study that should
be attacked
It was decided that three problems should be studied l Teach
er Supply and Demand in Georgia 2 Training Facilities Including Person
nel Needed and 3 the Content of the Teacher Training Programs
Objectives of Study
The Study of Teacher Supply and Demand has been completed The
objectives of the study were to determine l the adequacy of the supply
of teachers for the public schools of Georgia 2 the number of addition
al teachers needed 3 the effect of the war on the supply of adequate
ly prepared teachers 4 the postwar demands for teachers for the dif
ferent levels and types of work and 5 the means for increasing the
supply of professionally trained teachers
Sources of Data
Data were gathered from the files of the State Department of Edu
cation through questionnaires to superintendents and to representatives
of State Departments of Education in other states and through surveys
conducted by members of the Panel staff These data were put on punch
cards and processed with the I B M machine4
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Maior Findings
The study revealed many interesting and startling facts about
the teacher situation in the State A careful examination of the find
ings point up the inadequacy of the States teacher education program
General Sandy Beavers chairman of the Education Committee of the Board
of Regents says I had no idea the teacher shortage in the matter of
educational attainment as anything like so definite as the figures
you give and certainly something must be done about it
The data gathered by the field Staff of the Panel not reported
in this study suggest that the thinking lay citizens of Georgia are not
only concerned about the number of teachers prepared annually but are
also equally concerned about the nature of the training received by the
teachers Teachers are not now being equipped to do an effective and
satisfying job from the point of view of many lay citizens
A brief summary of the study shows that there were 1300 white
and 2000 Negro teachers in 194344 who had no preparation for teaching
beyond high school Eleven hundred and sixtyfour white and 952 Negro
teachers had less than ono year of college preparation and 4273 white
and 2077 Negro teachers had only two years of college preparation
There were 2056 white and 774 Negro teachers who had three years of col
lege training It may be noted from the above facts that more than one
half of the ufaite teachers and more than twothirds of the Negro teachers
in Georgia did not have four years of college training for the teaching
profession
The study further reveals that more than 1100 additional teachers4

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were needed to fill vacancies that existed at the time the study was made
The State Superintendent of Schools estimated that there should be an ad
ditional 4864 white and 1106 Negro teachers to take care of the expected
increase in students by 19501951
From the facts released in the study it is estimated that 4000
white and 3000 Negro teachers will return to the teaching profession after
the war Taking into account the normal turnover of teachers on the
average of 2715 white and 1341 Negro teachers and the necessity for up
grading those who are inadequately prepared the State should graduate from
now until 19501951 4300 white and 2000 Negro teachers annually
Recommendat ions
The study calls attention to the enormous need for an expanded
teacher education program in the State It is recognized that the greatest
difficulty of getting students into teacher training programs is that of
low salaries paid to teachers The following specific recommendations are
made l That everything possible he done to increase the salaries of
teachers 2 that the State give consideration to tenure laws to protect
the security of teachers 3 that the low grade certificates he eliminat
ed at the earliest possible date and 4 that immediate consideration he
given to the establishment on the part of the State of scholarships for
prospective teachers The study reveals that many states have tried this
procedure The experience in most of these states indicates that it helps
materially in increasing the number and quality of prospective teachers
A bill has been drawn which provides for setting up scholarships It was
not submitted at the last session of the General Assembly because of the
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concern for getting other school legislation enacted
Education Panel Bulletin Number Seven is a complete report
of the investigation of Teacher Supply and Demand in Georgia

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STUBIES IN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION
Many problems in school administration have been studied during
the year The findings from these investigations have been used in
drawing proposed legislation and in working with the Legislative Com
mittee of the Georgia Education Association on the educational plans
of the new constitution
Four studies are briefly reported here They are l Twelve
Grade Plan of Organization g Organisation for Administering School
Units 3 Relationship Between the Enrollments in Accredited High
Schools and the Program of Instruction Offered and H Relationships
Between Enrollment and Cost of Instruction
TwelveGrade Plan of School Organization
The investigation involved a careful study of the highschool
organization in the US states Specific attention was given to the
last year of high school or the twelfth grade
According to available statistics all but three states Georgia
Maryland and Virginia fed recognized in January 15 the twelve
grade plan as their official school organization though not all states
had actually put the plan into operation The State School Superinten
dents of both Maryland and Virginia wrote that legislation was being
introduced in 15 to change from the elevengrade plan to the twelve
grade organization The State School Superintendents of Louisiana
South Carolina and Texasstates which have adopted the twelvegrade
plan within recent yearsindicated that the changeover from the eleven
grade organization was in process of completion but had not been completed

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Data in the report of the State Department of Education of Georgia
for the biennium ending June 30 19 show that three county systems
Bibb Chatham and Glynn and one independent system Atlanta operated
twelfth grades enrolling 67S pupils U7T of whom were in Atlanta Sev
eral other systems in the State are said to have the twelvegrade plan
but call it Eleven A Eleven B Seven A Seven E or some other
designation In other words these systems have two seventh or Wo eleventh
grades
Statistical data comparing the relative oduoational efficiency of
the elevengrade and the twelvegrade plans are meager and concern largely
the seccess of those highschool graduates entering college A study
made by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools
extending over approximately a tenyear period indicated that the achieve
ment of the graduates of twelvegrade systems in the colleges of the Assoc
iation was superior to that of graduates from elevengrade systems Ed
wards study of certain frdshman groups at the University of Georgia re
sulted in a similar conclusion So far as is known neither study took
into account the size of the high school from which the students had
graduated It was found however that the achievement of students of
less than normal age at the tin of their highschool graduation under
both plans was superior to the achievement of graduates of normal age
and that the type of organization elevengrade or twelvegrade from
which the graduates came did not affect the results
The Education Panel staff and the State Committee on Administration
recommended legislation making the twelfth grade a part of the highschool
program This legislation was not introducedli5

J
iafflMwiiclTOfSjii
23
Kind of Administrative Organization
It was found that several types of administrative organization exist
in Georgia the two major plans being the county school organization and
the independent organization The plans of organization may he classi
field as follows
1 Pure cointy unit of administration with no local trustees
and no independent systems
2 The county unit for all schools of the county rural and urhan
hut with local hoards of trustees
3 The county unit for all schools of the county outside of inde
pendent systems hut with local hoards of trustees
U The county unit for all schools outside of independent systems
hut with no local trustees
5 The independent systems
6 The county unit in which a legally independent system is operated
more or less as a part of the county system hut with the inde
pendent unit continuing its hoard of education which exercises
a varying degree of oversight
Method of Selecting Superintendent
As part of the study of school administrative organization an attempt
was made to ascertain the method of selecting the chief executive officer
superintendent It wrs found that almost without exception the chief
executives of urhan and independent hoards of education throughout the
country and in Georgia are appointed hy the hoard of education
Among the eleven states having county units of school administration
for the actual operation of schools the following methods of choosing24
the superintendents were found
Appointed by county boards of e ducatfo n 6 states
Elected by the people2 states
Appointed by the county courtx statG
No data2 states
The Panel and State Committee on Administrationrecommended that
county and independent school superintendents he appointed by the board
of education The Constitution now provides that county school superinten
dents be elected by the people
Size of Log 1 Unit of Administration
The generally accepted minimum number of pupils for the operation
of a satisfactory local unit of school administration under normal condi
tions is 1600 based on data compiled by Howard A Dawson Exclusive
of independent systems Georgia had 20 counties with fewer than 1600 white
and Negro pupils combined and 77 counties with fewer than 1600 white
pupils enrolled in lhyhk Among the latter groups 12 counties had fewer
than 500 white pupils 20 had betwonn 500 and 999 white pupils and 35 had
between 1000 and 1500 white pupils Maps are attached showing these data
The Relationship Between the Enrollment in Accredited High
Schools and the Programs of Offerings
A study was made of the courses offered in igUUU in 136 of the
accredited public senior high schools of various enrollments in Georgia
The following tabulation shows a consistent relationship between the size
of the enrollment and the mean number of offerings vr

i



9
25
152 courses offOxed
039 Pupils 159 courses offered
059 pupilsi 1 172 courses offered
6099 pupils 216 courses offered
100199 pupils 2h5 courses offered
200299 pupils courses offered
3OOU99 pupils 328 courses offered
500 or more
An analysis of the nvenber of courses offered in various fields of
instruction shows that the larger the enrolment the hroader the offering
tends to he The differonoos are especially narked in the fields of
thtlo science vocational selects languages and clerical and
business courses
Holationships Between fcrollsent and Cost of Instruction
Data gathered for 19hhh about all public schools of the State
indicate with certain exceptions that the larger the enrolment the
lower the cost of instruction on a Perpupillnaveragedailyattendanee
basis
A study was nade of the cost of instruction of pupils in average
daily attendance in the accredited senior high schools of the State using
data compiled for The mean cost per pupil was found on the
whole to be inversely related to the mean number of offerings and to
the number of pupils enrolled The principal exception was found in
the schools of 500 pupils or more the costs in this group being higher
than for others with enrollments of 100 or more It should be observed
that high schools of 500 or more pupils are often though not always
located in or adjacent to the larger urban areas which pay higher
sanies than do the rural schools or those in the smaller urban localities
Stated pointedly it apparently costs more per pupil on the whole
to provide a limited number of offerings than it does to provide a broad
w hi bears out the conclusions of other competent
program of courses Jhis Dears juu
authorities in school administrationmTu236
A STUDY OF THE GEORGIA SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF
At the request of the State School Superintendent and the Administra
tive Head of the Georgia School for the Deaf the Education Panel made an
intensive survey of the State School for the Deaf at Cave Spring
The Panel staff had personnel competent to make some phases of the
study hut did not have persons with competencies in certain specialized
areas The Panel therefore requested and received the assistance of the
United States Office of Education and the State Department of Education
The United States Office of Education sent five specialists to
the State for about one weak to gather data and study the school The
State Department of Education furnished three persons for a like period
of time Three members of the Panel staff have devoted several weeks
to tho survey The study has been practically completed It will con
tain 17 parts or chapters They are l Philosophy of Education of tho
Deaf 2 Extent of Needs for Education of the Deaf in Georgia 3 The
Pupil Population 1 Pupil Progress 5 Curriculum and Teaching Pro
cedures 6 The Extracurriculum 7 Health Provisions S Pupil
Personnel and Guidance Activities 9 Home and Family living lO
Instructional Organization ll Administrative Organization 12 Per
sonnel 13 Physical Plant lU Finance and Business Management 15
The Negro Division l6 Public Relations and 17 Summary and Recom
mendations
When the study is finished copies with recommendations will be
given to state officials The special legislative committee to inves
tigate building needs of the state educational institutions has requested
a copy of the survey 27
PBQGBESS BEPOBT 01 LQNGwBANGE PLANNING FOE
SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN GEORGIA
Wise participation in a postwar building program is one of the
urgent concerns of public officials on the state county and local levels
The Public Works Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development
Board is actively engaged in assisting officials to formulate plans for
roads air ports streets court houses and other public buildings The
Education Panel is stimulating and assisting county and local school offi
cials in developing longrange plans for school buildings
The two panels Education and Public Works are coordinating the
school building needs and plans with the total public works needs and
plans for the county or local unit The school building needs are thus
studied and planned as a part of a total public works postwar building
program
Scoue and Pattern Followed in Determining the Building Needs
and the Methods Used in Setting Up Plans
The planning of the postwar school building program in the
counties involved four major steps They are as follows
1 Collecting and organizing basic factual data
including the following
a Making a study of the county school map
with respect to roads location of schools
distances between schools accessibility to
high schools and density of population both4

iiflHFv Wfrfir
28
h
c
a
e
white and NegTo
Studying the administrative organization to
determine how the system is operated
Making a study of the school records and re
ports to determine the number of elementary
junior high and senior high schools for
both white and Negro students and the at
tendance in each The curriculum offerings
are studied along with the instructional cost
per pupil Here an effort is made to deter
mine whether the schools are heing operated
efficiently and economically or whether they
should be reorganized
Obtaining from the county school superintendents
annual reports and compiling in tabulated form hy
races oroken down into elementary and high schools
the average daily attendance by years for the past
five years After these records are obtained a
long with a study of the population trends in the
county an estimate of the schools attendance is
projected through the next five years
Studying the state auditors report and the su
perintendents annual financial report to deter
mine the amount of revenue the sources from
which derived during the past five years and
making an estimate of the amount of money that4
j

29

will be available each of the next five years
f Obtaining from the state auditors reports and the
superintendents annual financial reports the total
expenditures per year for the past five years and
based upon the present legal limitations making
an estimate of the anticipated revenue that may
be expended for each of the next five years
g petermining from the records the bonded indebtedness
of the county school system and of the separate
school districts with date of maturity
2 Proposing a list of building projects baed ujoon the
needs as revealed by the factual data
a The information obtained as outlined above supple
mented by information furnished by the county school
superintendent principals and board members is
used to develop a list of building projects for the
county or system
b The building projects are placed upon forms ready
to be filed with the Public Works Panel
3 Conferring with local school authorities ajad agreeing
upjm a program ojc the county and adgioii of a longrange
building policy
a After a system has been worked out according to the
above pattern a conference is held with all the mem
30
toers of the board of education and the super
intendent At this conference all the facts
are reviewed and placed before them for their
information consideration alteration and
approval
b When si thorough study has been made by the
board and the members are satisfied with the
program as set up they are asked to adopt it
in the form of a resolution
4 putting the report in permanent form and on file
Following the approval of the respective boards the
entire report including board action is typed in
triplicate One copy is returned to the system super
intendent one is filed in the office of the Education
Panel and the third is sent to the director of the
Public Works Panel in Atlanta Georgia The Education
Panel has completed the work in 56 counties and in 9
independent city systems In six other counties the
study has already been made and the work partially
completed and in six other counties they have no
building needs
Some Results Achieved in Planning School Buildings in Georgia
Some tangible evidence is apparent that the work of the Panel
is beginning to bear fruit Listed below are a number of changes that
have either been made or are in the process of being made as soon as
conditions permit 31
Four examples have been selected from the study and planning
as carried on in about seventy systems These are presented to show
some of the major changes taking place
EXAMPLE 1
The county and the independent city system have legally merged
into one county unit system Prior to the merger the county hoard operat
ed four small rural high schools with enrollments in 1944 of 32 44 41
and 40 students respectively The cost of instruction per pupil in each
school was 21934 15145 16576 and 12833 respectively In the
independent city high school there were 85 pupils enrolled and the cost
per pupil was 11519 per year The instructional courses available
to the students were limited to a minimum varying from 12 to 21 units
with an average of only 15 units The new plan will enable the county
to have only one high school which will have an enrollment of 252
students and will permit the school to offer at least 24 units of work
including vocational training creative arts shop work guidance etc
and at the same time reduce the instructional cost from 30233 per
year to 16282 per year After allowing for the cost of additional
transportation involved a net saving per year of 10000 will he realiz
ed
EXAMPLE 2
The county school superintendent and the county hoard of educa
tion approved a program of consolidation developed by the Panel in which
the number of schools in the county will be reduced from 15 to 5 there
by eliminating 8 oneteacher schools and making it possible for all high

32
schocl students to attend one central county high school Such a program
will enable the board to reduce the number of teachers from 39 to 34
This would result in a saving of at least 5000 per year A building
program will have to be completed before the reorganization can be effect
ed This county is wholly rural There are no railroads or industrial
plants of any kind in the county The total assessed valuation of the
property of the county subject to tax is less than 250000 The a
mount of funds raised by a five mill levy for school purposes is less
than 1200 per year Therefore adequate physical facilities cannot be
provided with local funds alone
EXAMPLE 3
In a small rural county with a white population of 1676 and
353 students in school the county operates two schools both senior
high schools In the high school department there are only 46 and 55
students enrolled respectively costing an average of 119 per year
per student There are only 15 units of work offered Both schools
will lose their accrediting rating after 1945
The board has approved plans to consolidate these two schools
into a single county high school and to improve the curriculum so as to
offer at least 20 units of work This can be done at less expense than
at present except for providing the necessary building facilities When
these plans are effectuated an additional cost of 500 in transportation
per year will be incurred but all of the children of the county will
be provided with the advantages of an efficient accredited high school
with an enriched program of trainingMV
I
33
EXAMPLB 4
the county has a very small 30 percent white population with
a school attendance of 255 elementary and 126 high school students in
the four schools The State allots the county 21 teachers but the county
employs 29 The salaries of the eight extra teachers are paid from county
funds
The Education Panel recommended that all white students of the
county beginning with the seventh grade he transferred to a central
county high school and that the other three schools be limited to six
grades each This reorganization will assure all students the facilities
of an accredited high school If these changes had not been made there
would probably not be an accredited high school in the county in 1946
The savings in salaries by eliminating the eight teachers paid by the
county will be at least 8000 per year and the only extra expenses incur
rod are in providing some additional building facilities for the central
school and in an increase of 50 per month for transportation The
board approved the recommendations and is considering ways and means of
putting them into effect
Maior Obstacles TCneountored in Developing an Efficient School
Building Program
Many obstacles are encountered in planning school building pro
grame Some of the most important difficulties grow out of 1 inadequate
finances 2 education for Negroes 3 existence of independent school
systems 4 lack of information as a basis for planning school plant ifc

needs 5 transportation and 6 lack of uniformity in making tax
assessments
l piatefinales
In most schools all of the income is used for operating
expenses and there is little opportunity to create a reserve for building
purposes Practically all new buildings must be financed with bond issues
2 Negro schools
A second series of problems is encountered in endeavoring
to develop an efficient educational program for the Negroes Generally
very little consolidation has been done for Negroes and practically no
transportation has been provided Without Federal or state aid very
few counties could undertake an expanded program of consolidation for
Negroes
3 Tndependent school systems
The existence of an independent city school system in a
county often becomes an unsurmountable obstacle to the develooment of an
efficient and economical educational and building program In many cases
there is very little cooperation between the county and the city system
4 Lack of information
A fourth obstacle is the lack of accurate information upon
which school plant needs may be determined Inadequate planning has been
the general rule and accurate pertinent information has never been assem
bled in most counties
5 Transportation
A fifth difficulty results from the fact that the equalizaJ

35
tion program is such that a consolidation of school centers may de
crease the allotment for teachers salaries and correspondingly decrease
the allotment of the administrative fund b consolidation may increase
local transportation costs which are borne primarily by local school
units and e interchange of pupils across county lines is discouraged
6 Lack of uniformity in making tax assessments
A fifth difficulty is the financial loss that may accrue as
a result of the lack of uniformity in assessing property
4 Brief Description of Some Tragic Situations Found in
Counties
1 Inequalities in income
In one county having a school population of 1127 enrolled
all white 61 percent of all the property is exempted from taxes The
39 percent that is taxable makes a tax budget of less than 250000 The
school levy of five mills yields only 1100 per year while the budget
for operating the schools amounts to 44468 The superintendents sal
ary is 1500 per year
Of the total budget less than 3 percent is provided from county
and local funds A 15 mill levy will produce less than 3500 per year or
about 7 percent of the bidget for operation
In another county having approximately the same nunber of chil
dren 872 white and 289 ITegro or a total of 1161 the county spends
80312 per year has an assessed valuation of 1750000 subject to
school tax and raises 8686 from the county or 11 percent of its ex
penditures 36
Each of the above counties is a typical rural county but one
has two railroads that transverse it while the other has no railroads
or industries within its borders A substantial state fund to be dis
tributed to local units on an equalization basis is necessary in order
to reduce these inequalities in the school plant field
At the normal cost of school house construction the poorer
county could never finance an adequate building program for its children
Only by means of state or Federal aid for building will counties of this
poorer type ever be able to offer their children satisfactory school
buildings
2 Small high schools expensive and inefficient
In one county with a white population of 11475 there are
eight senior high schools seven of these have an average enrollment of
less than 60 students each For these 413 students SO teachers are em
ployed This is a ratio of one teacher for each 137 pupils The in
structional cost per pupil per year is above 106 At the same time
the course of study is limited to an average of less than 16 units per
school
If the county board had legal authority to raise funds with
which to provide buildings these schools could be combined into two or
three strategically located schools and operated with twothirds the
present number of teachers and at the same time they could offer a
much better program of instruction Upon careful study it was found
that in at least 37 of the 66 counties studied similar conditions exist
in varying degrees

i
37

In one county a few years ago the citizens hoping to estab
lish a senior high school voted bonds and built a permanent brick
building After operating for 3 or 4 years with less than 30 students
the building was abandoned and the students from the district were
sent to the central accredited county high school Still for a score
of years the citizens will be burdened with this bonded indebtedness
4 Systems need guidance in issuing bonds
A small school district in the early nineteen twenties
voted a 6000 bond issue The bonds bear six percent interest and no
payments will be due until thirtyfour years after the date of issuance
At the expiration of the due date for these bonds the taxp tyers will
have paid 12000 in interest and will still owe the original 6000
principal Close examination of policies of issuing bonds in the future
can protect the taxpayers from such expensive situations
5 Many examples oJf waste as a result of no planning
In one Negro school of ten classrooms and an auditorium
there are twentytwo regularly employed teachers two in each classroom
and two in the auditorium The classes range from fifty to eighty students
each and from two to four students to each desk
In another county in two rural Negro schools each located within
ten miles of a good central county high school four years of high school
work are offered One of these schools has only ten students in the high
school and the other has only twelve The cost of instruction per pupil
per year in each school is 270 and 290 respectively The superintend
fiirii Tj
3S
eat reports that the cost of transporting these students to the central
high school would he only 900 per year would require no additional
teachers of the high school and would save the county 4000 per year
In one county the hoard of education is paying 105 per month
to operate a hus for eight miles to transport two children This is a
cost of 47250 per pupil per year
In a county a 40000 brick school huilding was constructed
twenty years ago without a single ventilator in walls below the floor
level The result has been that the entire floor and foundation had to
he replaced on account of dry rot In the same county another equally
expensive huilding was built with ventilators but they have recently
heen closed with brick cutting off all ventilation These conditions
exist in many other counties
Two incorporated towns in the same county with more than 2000
population each and a combined tax valuation of more than 4000000
do not pay any school tax Nor does any individual living in the towns
pay any school tax These corporationowned towns are not independent
school systems but contract with an independent system to operate their
schools
A county has thirteen Negro schools with an average daily attend
ance of 311 students Two schools would amply serve the county and would
save the State the salaries of onethird of the teachers now heing paid
The cases cited here are samples of some interesting and at the
same time disturbing conditions which have arisen in Georgia as a result
of a lack of planning The time has cone when local and county school39
authorities must justify funds expanded under their direction The Educa
tion Panel is endeavoring to set a pattern for same downtoearth plan
ning based on correct factual data and on conditions as they are
The Next Steps for the Education Pane in
Planning School Buildings
The work of the Education Panel in stimulating and assisting
school systems to plan for a more adequate school plant has led the Staff
to the conclusion that the task is only partially completed and that the
following steps should be taken in 19451946
1 Studies should be continued in the other 75 80 coun
ties and systems in the State may be prepared for and
take advantage of the anticipated postwar Federal Build
ing Program
2 The recent legislation requires that intensive studies
be made in a county to determine specific location of
buildings kinds of buildings to meet curriculum needs
and the like In order to carry out the law techniques
must be developed for making these intensive studies
techniques for working spot maps trends in population
density of population occupational status and trends
etc should be discovered and tried out The Panel propos
es to develop a procedure for making such surveys This will
involve intensive work in three or four spot counties
A more detailed description of LongHange Planning of School
Buildings in Georgia is found in Education Panel Bulletin Number Eleven

i
10
STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR VETERANS
The Education Panel at the request of the Veterans Education Council
and the Georgia State Committee on Postwar Education gathered information
regarding all of the educational opportunities in Georgia and organized
it into a bulletin entitled Georgias Educational Opportunities for
Veterans Twentyfive thousand copies of the bulletin have been printed
and will be distributed through the Veterans Education Council
This study revealed that U5 colleges universities and junior
colleges in the State have been approved by the Veterans Education Coun
cil as institutions with approved training programs designed for veterans
In addition there are tf special institutions approved by the Council
consisting of private Business Colleges Schools of Pharmacy Vocational
Trade Schools Flying Schools Schools for Morticians Beauty Culture
and Barber Schools The Council has also approved for general training
certain elementary and high schools in the State
For those veterans whodesire to go to school part time and work
part time special programs are provided through apprentice training in
such fields as automotive mechanics mechanics moulders tool makers
refrigerator service mechanics sheet metal workers structural iron
workers carpentry plumbing steam fitters and the like The appren
tice plan in Georgia has been approved by the Bureau of Training War
Manpower Commission Washington D C
Those veterans who want to continue their education on a parttime
basis in the field of distributive occupations may receive training in
the operation and management cf drug stores banks hotels book storesHl

jewolry stores grocery stores insurance agencies real estate agencies
filling stations electrical supply stores and the like Programs
hare been approved in more than 30 distributive fields In addition to
the distributive education program sponsored hy the State Department
of Education farmer training courses are available in a selected num
ber of high schools in the State This program will allow veterans to
manage and operate their farms and receive instructions in agriculture
in their local high school
The several college and university programs are given in some detail
Information is provided on the location of the institution degrees offered
credit rating admission requirements and a description of the special
offerings for veterans
Many colleges and special schools are offering short courses espec
ially designed for veterans as well as making availabletheir regular
curriculum
The bulletin will be placed at all separation centers and will be
used by Captain F A Sams director of the Veterans Education Council
in advising with veterans regarding the educational opportunities in
the State
The Panel is in the process of developing another bulletin giving
a pfcture of the educational opportunities for colored veterans
42
EDUCATIONAL PLAMING AND DEVELOPMENT IN
TWELVE SPOT COUNTIES
The second approach by the Education Panel to educational planning
and development in the State was through initiating and directing plan
ning in twelve spot or demonstration counties These were chosen on the
basis of carefully formulated criteria The counties selected were Floyd
Heard Rabun Hart Walton Morgin Atkinson Jones Pulaski Bulloch
Calhoun and Decatur
The six staff members of the Panel who directed the planning in the
spot counties cooperated with representatives of the State Department of
Education county school officials and representatives of other agencies
in organizing and promoting the program Pive principles were used as
guides in educational planning
1 All the people both lay and professional who are affected
hy the school program should have a part in its planning
2 Educational planning should he based upon problems discovered
through the study of factual data and a program should be
agreed upon only after best practices have been explored
3 The planning process is as important as the product of
planning
U Members of a planning group should work in terms of longrange
objectives At the same time group action should be taken
on those parts of the program that require immediate attention
5 Provisions should be made for the development of local leader
ship in order that educational planning may be continuous
43

the abovementioned principles are based upon the belief et e
ideals ex d emocracy are a ttalned in a society to the extent that the
rasses ox the people think intelligently and plan cooperative in the
solution ox their problems The educational program of the State contrx
to the ideal ox democracy to the extent that it stimulates and gives
denee to the development of individuals to become reflective and sklll
Ml in the task with which they are confronted and to the extent that it
etiolates Individ to work together in the promotion of the common
interests of the corxrxirity state nation and world
Parthernore these principles are Wd on the MM In an
l it is essential that the programs of the schools at
overchanging worla it is essenwu
all levels bo adjusted intelligently to meet new conditions Changes
i the schools ill he xxadc These chnnee nay he haphazard and unsys
tematic or they may he thoughtfully placed to meet the needs of all
will cor under the sphere ef influence of the schools Only through
serious and constructive planning the schools ha expected to meet
the needs of the people they should serve
Pj22jares in Ojgexjjing for Educational PlaTming
The major steps foiled in erasing and getting developmental
programs under in the counties are described briefly below
1 In cooperation with the State Department of Education the
counties were contacted and official arrangements were made
to initiate the program Selected teachers and principals
were chosen to attend a school leaders workshop at the univer
sity of Soorgia in the summer of 19
bin
t44
2 The school lenders workshop was organized Its purpose was to
develop local leaders to assist the Panel staff in organizing
community planning groups and county committees and in carry
ing on planning programs during the year
3 The Panel staff developed a school lenders manual to guide the
members in conducting planning programs Immediately after the
close of the workshop in the summer of 1M the members of the
Field Staff and the specialists of the Education Panel using
suggestions of the workshop group the supervisory staff of the
State Department of Education and certain members of the facul
ty of the University of Georgia developed a School Leaders
Manual This manual served as a guide for conducting educa
tional planning on county and local levels The manual was
not designed to provide a blueprint of an educational program
for a county or community but rather to provide a detailed
outline of procedures supplemented by appropriate facts to use
in leading groups of professional and lay people to do their
own planning The manual was developed primarily for use by
members of the Field Staff in the twelve spot counties It was
thought however that the marual would be of ralue to principals
and other school lenders in carrying on local planning Requests
from school leaders from all over the nation for the Manual
gives some evidence of its value to those interested in planning
U The Panel staff members organized in each school community
community planning groups consisting of lay people and teachers
In most instances it was decided at the first meeting to dealJftRSI
arraSisisS

45

with planning the curriculum or the instructional program of the school
Agreeing that the purpose of the school is to help individuals to recog
nize their problems and to think them through intelligently each community
Planning group accepted as its first task that of listing the problems
with which individuals are faced in their everyday living Though the
problems in each community varied in detail in general all of the prob
lems suggested in the twelve counties may be classified as follows
a Problems in health and recreation
b The problems of acquiring the basic tools of learning
such as reading writing number relations etc
c The problem of appropriate media for creative expression
d The problem of choosing a vocation
e Problems in home and family living
f Problems in neighborhood living
g Problems in school living
h Problems arising between individuals organized groups
and government
i The problem of earning a living
j The problem of utilizing money and other resources
k The problem of the age groups to be reached
5 The county school superintendents set up countywide organiza
tions for studying problems and working on countywide programs
In order for the school to work effectively with the curriculum
problems of administration transportation buildings and teacher
education must also be studied County committees were set up
to deal with these important problemstaiiatrifiiier

J
ftRSI

St
c
3RC
CAVSmBmS
46
The Plan in Action
Descrying a planning program in 109 ohool communities where 657
meetings were held end an aggregate of 1JA lay and professional persons
participated 1 impossihle within the spaee allotted for an annual report
A rather complete picture of the planning in each county is available in
report consisting of fro 100 to 125 pages de to each county school
superintendent The Panel staff in preparing the reports on the 12 counties
wrote hetween 1200 and 1500 pages of descriptions The Panel ha plan
to reproduce the complete report of one county and mahe it ailahle to
the educational leadership of the State Brief descriptions of the pro
grans in two counties are found in the last pages of this report
The six enters of the Field Staff of the Panel held 557 community
meetings attended hy 530a teachers and principals and Sf Jaymen
or an aggregate of 13US persons in addition to the wor with organised
Planning grc in the school communities the staff memhers held ihO
meetings with ether teachers and school persons with an attendee of
3595 They held 153 countywide committee meetings with an attendance
of M9 They discussed educational development at 20 civic cluhs with
an attendance of 690 and they participated in 92 professional and other
planning groups with an attendance of 529
At each of the 657 community planning meetings and the 153 county
committee meetings the staff leader stimulated the group to discuss the
problems of educational improvement in the local school and county The
leader made careful tulles of the educational problems of the community
Shared many hinds of relative facts and other information which would
asslst in solving the local prohlems He served as discussion leaderii
flRSI
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47
and presented the data and other inforraatin in an organized form so that
the group had a sound oasis for making decisions If the decisions involved
immediate action the leader helped to set up an organization to put the
program under way
Results of Community and County Planning
Descriptions of concrete results and outcomes of planning in the 12
counties are found in the 12 county reports and a briefer picture in
Bulletin Number 2 of the Education Panel entitled Georgia School Communi
ties Plan for Action Brief accounts of results are found in the descrip
tion of Hart and Morgan Counties in the latter part of this report Below
are some generalized statements concerning the outcomes
1 All planning groups became concerned about the schools estab
lishing more adequate guidance programs Practically all the
schools in the 12 counties made plans for and started guidance
programs Provisions were made for gathering personal data
about each pupil as to his abilities his likes and dislikes
his interests etc Plans wore made for gathering and organizing
information about occupations vocational activities and the
like Counsellors were established in the schools places
for personnel records were provided and arrangements were
made to utilize laymen of the community in giving assistance
in this field
2 All planning groups gave consideration to improving the health
and recreation program Lay persons desired that health instruc
tion be put on a functional basis they want more action in
the program Many groups planned for and developed more sani
tary toilets at the school end in the members1 horses provided
sanitary drinking water provided a place for handwashing put in

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ter works made studies of communicable diseases eliminated
health hazards repainted classrooms to permit more light set in
motion recreation programs for youth and adults etc In virtually
all the planning groups especial attention was given to nutrition
3 Without a single exception community planning groups want more
facilities and hetter trained teachers in the Creative Arts
Laymen want both youth and adults to have more opportunity to
make things They want shops for working with tools facili
ties for painting equipment for working with clay and oppor
tunities for music Many planning groups urged all teachers to
give more attention to the creative urge and to give opportunity
to all students to make things
U Many groups studied the program of the school looking toward
making improvement in the tools of learning reading writing
and arithmetic It was generally agreed that improvement in
the use of the tools of learning could beat he done through
developing these skills by dealing with real life problems
5 Community groups devoted considerable time to studying ways
to improve the instructional program in the realm of social
relationships Many groups realized the importance of helping
both youth and adults to deal more intelligently and sympathetically
with the problems of home and family living neighborhood liv
ing school living and in living as a part of civic church
and governmental groups The conclusion reached was that the
school should assist each individual to face these problems
arrive at sound decisions and to have the experience of puttingi
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tho decisions into operation
6 Planning a more adequate program of vocational training was con
sidered by almost all of the groups but especially in those
situations where highschool youth were involved The groups
concluded that the secondary School must provide more and better
opportunities in learning to earn a living Plans were made in
many schools for training in agriculture for farm boys and
for trades and industries and the distributive occupations for some
farm boys and for all urban youth Training in homemaking and
other occupation was planned for the girls Planning groups
want the school to provide occupational training for outof
school youth for adults and especially for the returning
servic emen and women
7 Many planning groups recognized that it is impossible for some
of the schools as now organized to do what they want them to
accomplish This was especially true with the highschool pro
gram The type of instructional program demanded in the creative
arts vocational education health and recreation and guidance
could not be realized in many of the small high schools A
broad and comprehensive program of education would cost too
much in small units andadequate facilities could not be pro
vided for teaching outofschool youth An examination of
data about the cost of education in the small high school has
led some to generalize thus The small high school is an
expensive institution which prevents the individual from
receiving an education In some of the small schools the

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cost is as high as 250 per pupil annually nd the schools pro
vide very meager programs of study
These problems led to the formation of countywide committees to s tudy
consolidation transportation building and administrative policies
Negro Program
Negro groups in some counties started planning programs of the type
carried on by the whites Most of the countywide committees gave con
sideration to the Negro problems of administration transportation and
building
Programs in Two Counties
Below are brief descriptions of the developmental programs in Morgan
and Hart Counties
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SCHOOL PLANNING IN MORGAN COUNTY
Morgan County is located in the north central part of the State
approximately 60 miles southeast of Fulton County The total population
of the county in 190 was 12713 of which hi percent were white and 53
percent Negro Of the 3966 persons who were gainfully employed in 190
76 percent were engaged in agriculture The principal sources of cash
farm income are cotton livestock and peaches
White School3
Two school systems Morgan County and the City of Madison operate
seven white schools with a total enrollment of 1209 pupils Of this
number 208 live in Madison and 1101 in the county Ordinarily the
schools in Madison would have an enrollment of 208 pupils but by agree
ment between the two boards of education 235 pupils from the county are
enrolled in Madison making a total of 3 pupils Nine of the l4 teachers
in Madison are furnished from the Morgan County allotment The Madison
system operates an elevengrade school There are two elevengrade schools
in the county system The total highschool enrollment Madison and
County is 284 pupils In addition to the two senior high schools in the
Morgan County System there are one junior high school and three elemen
tary schools One of the elementary schools has one teacher and the
other two hve two teachers each The per pupil cost for whites for the
entire county was 6755
Negro Schools
There are 3 Negro schools in Morgan County 2 of which are one
teacher schools Nine schools have two teachers and the only school
doing highschool work located in Madison has nine teachers The totalIRS I

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enrollment in Negro schools for the year 193 as 1753 with an
average daily attendance of 1276 The per pupil cost for Negroes for
the entire county was 2013
Planning Groups
During the past year two kinds of groups carried on planning in
Morgan County l Local groups in the school communities planning for
the program of the school and 2 countywide committees planning on such
problems as school administration school buildings school transportation
and teacher education There were meetings with local groups The
aggregate number of people attending these meetings was 1666 with an
average of 31 at each meeting Each of the four countywide committees
met four times making a total of 16 meetings with an aggregate attend
ance of 144 people The average number attending each meeting was 9
Planning was carried on with the view toward l Making
certain immediate improvements and 2 inaugurating a longrange de
velopmental program Most of the results from the latter type of planning
are not obtainable hoover certain goals have been achieved A descrip
tion of some of these accomplishments is made below
Local groups listed the following problems which had been en
countered in the daily living of the members of the community and about
which they believed the school should be concerned Health and recreation
acquiring the tools of learning providing opportunities for creative ex
pression making wise occupational choices living and working in the home
school and community understanding and participating in group and govern
mental activities earning a living and using money and other resources
During the year groups planned a program of action for the above named
problems with the exception of those dealing with social relationships
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and using money and other resources These problems are to be planned
for during the school year just ahead
Health
All planning groups have concluded that the health program of a
community should be based upon the problens with which the individuals
are faced Textbooks are to be used as supplements and not as the basis
for the program The Rutledge Planning Group after studying factual data
set up the fdlotdng principles to be observed in the formulation of their
plan for the health program
1 The causes of diseases are community problems and cooperative
effort should be exercised in the elimination of these causes
2 Any preventable disease which causes death should be fought
by the community with every available resource
3 Every individual has the right to expect the best facilities
provided for his birth
In a planning meeting at Apalachee the group was discussing the
importance of the school lunchroom Plans were made for the teaching of
nutrition through pupil conferences and through pupil participation in the
planning of menus These plans led to others notably those of practice
in eating habits and etiquette Pupils are encouraged to tell their parents
about their lunches and to bring from home suggestions for better lunches
Since these plans have become a reality the entire community has become
interested in the lunchroom
The ninth grade pupils in the Buckhead School became concerned about
the lighting of their classroom hen a survey with a candlefoot meter was
made They began a study of factors which made present lighting inadequateJ
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It was discovered that ceilings should be a light color that artificial
lighting of their room was a necessary supplement to the natural lighting
and that arrangements of desks was important A survey of such conditions
of their classroom was made and they found a dark ceiling and dirty walls
soot from the heater two drop unshaded electric lights and desks so
arranged that their backs were toward the windows They have painted their
classroom including woodwork an ivory color rearranged their desks and
requested that the trustees retire the school building in order that all
classrooms and halls may have adequate artificial lighting facilities
The members of the class have offered to help improve other classrooms in
the building
One layman in the Buckhead planning group said I think it is time
that all of us take some action about the school toilets The toilets
were unsanitary and outofdoors As plans were made for new sanitary flush
toilets lavatories and drinking fountains they brought out other related
problems The water supply for the school and community Plans were made
to dig their present well deeper in order to have an adequate supply for
the school Plans for the future were drawn up for supplying water from a
central source to the homes in the village
The seventh grade teacher in the Bostwick School passed on to her
pupils some of the health facts she had obtained at the community planning
meeting As a result the pupils became concerned about their outdoor
toilets They decided that their contribution to the sanitation of their
school would be to keep the toilets in a sanitary condition Each week
the toilets are cleaned thoroughly
At Rutledge the pupils were arriving at school during the winter
after a long ride on an unheated bus to find their classrooms cold
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Parents in one of the planning meetings decided on a plan of action and
as a result this problem was quickly solved
As a result of the study of the facts all community planning
groups have agreed that the health problems of lfoxgan County are suffi
ciently serious to warrant a fully staffed county health unit
Laymen teachers and highschool pupils at Buckhead have planned
for a community play night once each month Plans have been made to use
a vacant room in the gymnasium for a community library and club room
The ParentTeacher Association is going to sponsor a community
wide recreation program The city of Madison has turned over the shimming
pool and tennis courts to the school Plans are being made to open all
recreational facilities of the school to every one in the community
Vocational Problems
Community planning meetings have been held in each community of
the county and the members of such groups have indicated the desire based
upon need for a full program of vocational training Schools in the
county have used the shop equipment at the agricultural and industrial
school on the average of one day each eek for each school
Teacher Training
As local groups planned their programs they bagan to recognize
their need for inservice training for teachers The school faculties in
Rutledge Bostwick and Buckhead asked members of the county board of edu
cation to employ a trained helping teacher The county superintendent as
he visited the planning meetings heard the people make the request and
he presented the request to the board Such a helper has been secured and
Trill begin her work in Morgan County this year
Mrs Hawkins the first grade teacher at Rutledge became concernedJ
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about one of her pupils who could do excellent written work but rould not
talk She was very anxious to obtain aid from experts in the field of
child psychology In the meantime she experimented using various methods
Finally she discovered that by making school work as much fun as play
the pupil began to express herself The teacher made this remark I am
able to recognize the problem but I need help in solving it
The teachers of the county recognized the need for teaching aids
materials and professional literature A committee of teachers met with
Miss Elizabeth Donovan Curriculum and Materials Specialist of the State
Department of Education and selected some of the most needed materials
This committee decided to ask each teacher to subscribe one dollar each
year for the purchase of material and the county board of education has
promised to match the amount which teachers raise The committee has asked
that a countywide materials bureau be established under the direction of
the supervisorelect Help in organizing and cataloging the materials has
been promised by Kiss Sara Jones of the State Department of Education
The members of the planning group at Buckhead are setting up per
manent headquarters in a room which they are remodeling for a community
library It is in this room that they plan to accumulate and catalog all
information on farm problems and on all phases of school planning problems
The teachers and principals are working on plena for informing the parents
of the community about all new material as it comes in and for sending
the material to them as they request it
One of the grades in the elementary school at Bostwick has set up
a student council The pupils here make many of their own regulations con
cerning behavior and for studying and solving their problemsli5
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Croative Arts
A snail room at the Apalachee School has been provided for a work
and exhibit room The majority of the children have made contributions
One can find model airplanes handpainted draperies crocheted pieces
finger paintings and crayon ork All schools are planning such a room
for the coning school year
Plans are being nade for the use of the wellequipped shops at
the old Agriculture and Mechanic School plant The high schools of the
county have been sending the boys in to the shop one day each week One
principal reported that the days the boys fron his school rent to the shop
there were no absenses
Guidance
All school principals and teachers have agreed that one member of
each of the faculties of the high school should be designated as having
the responsibility for guidance At the sane tine each teacher felt her
responsibility in furnishing personal data and in giving classroom guidance
to each individual Three teachers have signified their intentions of attend
ing summer school this year in order to prepare themselves for the work
Plans were nade for all teachers engaged in parttine counseling to meet and
study their problens
County committees have studied the various forms for the individual
inventory and are preparing to recommend a form for Morgan County The
superintendent and Morgan County Board of Education have promised to furnish
the necessary tests and materials for all schools in the county Two schools
have already begun to file occupational information One school has already
given aptitude and interest tests All high schools are in the process of
setting up a guidance progran early in the new school yearJ
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Problens of Administration
In planning to neet their problems of living the local community
groups felt that there should be planning on a countywide basis in the area
of school administration These groups suggested that four special county
committees start planning ways of putting local community plans into action
As a result such committees were selected to plan in the areas of adminis
trative organization and finance school buildings school transportation
and teacher education
For several months a representative group of laymen from Morgan
County planned a more effective school organization As a result the two
systems Morgan County and the City of Madison were merged on a contrac
tual basis At the same time their plans for a complete merger on a
legal and permanent basis were made pending the passing of a new constitu
tion for the State Since ratification of the new constitution by the people
the two boards of education in a joint meeting with members of the planning
group have met and recommended the legal merger An election for that pur
pose ill be held in Madison at an early date The Morgan County Board of
Education has voted for the establishment of a countywide high school by
September 1946
The committee recommended a 12mill countywide tax levy in the
event that Madison decided to come into the county system In case Madison
failed to come into the county system the two boards will choose two members
from each of their boards to administer a countywide high school Both
boards jointly have employed an instructional supervisor and a visiting
teacher who will begin their work on September 1 195
Another group of laymen studied the problem of school bus transpor
tation for the county and arrived at definite plans of action Routing of

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busses was studied and new routes were proposed The new plan even though
one high school would replace the three existing high schools and one junior
high school called for the addition of only seven miles oneway to the
present daily mileage This would cost approximately 400 extra each year
The connittee recommended the purchase and use of one additional bus Two
of the sixteen busses needed to be replaced immediately The county board
of education didnt own any of the busses It fas decided that a year of
experimentation on bus omership was necessary Consequently the county
board is to own and operate the two new busses At the end of the school
year the county board of education will act upon the results of the ex
periment
The committee on school buildings after studying the problem
from a countywide point of view planned their building program with a
Federal Works Program after the war in mind The problem of building a
new high school or the remodeling and rebuilding of the old Agricultural
and Mechanical School plant as to be studied in detail The committee
in deploring the condition of Negro school buildings suggested some con
solidation and the erection of new buildings
The committee on teacher education with the aid of specialists
from the State Department of Education has established a countyide
materials bureau A program of inservice training has been planned
Representatives from teacher training institutions met with the members
of this committee to develop its plans for the school year beginning in
September 195
The brief descriptions of the results of planning hich are pre
sented above is indicative of the interest manifested by laymen and school
people of Morgan County Most significant perhaps as the feeling of
satisfaction of groups in that they could plan cooperatively for a better
school program by reflectively thinking through the problems with which
they were faced4
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EDUGATIOUAL PLAOTIH III HABT COUNTY
Hart County is in the northeastern section of Georgia and herders
on the Savannah Eiver In 1940 the county had a total population of 15512
of which 4061 were Negro Hartwell is the county seat and the principal
town with a population of 2372 The far population is fairly equallly
distributed over the county on familysize farms
The chief occupation of the county is farming 74 percent of the
lahor force in 1940 heing engaged in this occupation One small cotton
111 and a small pants factory provide practically all of the industrial
employment opportunities in the county The other occupations engaged in
are those which one would expect in a rural county with one principal town
the size of Hartwell
White schools
There are thirteen white schools and sixteen Negro schools in the
county All of the schools operate under the county hoard of education al
though the school at Hartwell is still legally independent
For whites there are twelve schools in the county operating through
the ninth grade and one school at Hartwell operating through the eleventh
grade In 19431944 these nine grade schools ranged in size from four to
ten teachers while the school in Hartwell had a total of 22 teachers
In 19431944 the average daily attendance in the eighth and ninh grades of
the schools outside of Hartwell ranged from one to 41 with an average of
22 Only three of these schools however had more than 23 pupils in these
two grades The tenth and eleventh grade pupils from all hut one of the
ninegrade schools are transported to Hartwell for these two upper yearsJ
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of high school The tenth and eleventh grade pupils from the Yanna
School are transported to Royston for the senior high school work In
the white schools during 19431944 2733 pupils were enrolled with an
average daily attendance of 1989 The average cost per pupil in average
daily attendance that year was 5821
Negro Schools
Fourteen of the sixteen Negro schools are elementary schools
nine of which have only one teacher There is one ninegrade school
with five teachers and one elevengrade school with seven teachers No
transportation facilities are provided for the Negroes In 19431944 there
were 1220 Negro pupils enrolled with an average daily attendance of 857
The average cost of instruction per pupil in average daily attendance
for that year was 1752
Educational planning in Hart County during the year was carried
on both with community and countywide planning groups Community plan
ning meetings totaling 89 were held in all of the white schools of the
county In the meetings on the community level teachers and lay people
were led to plan for the kind of school program which would meet the
needs of the people of the community In countywide meetings repre
sentatives from all of the community planning groups were led to plan
for an administrative setup which would provide the best working ar
rangements for the county school program Nine countywide meetings
were held during the year
Problems Attacked
As a result of the local community placing meetings there have
come planned programs for the schools in the areas of health occupation4
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al guidance home and family living neighborhood living and earning a
living Some of these planned programs are already being executed while
others will be put into action as soon as the necessary administrative or
ganization is set up
In the local community planning meetings called to deal with the pro
blems of health the lay people and teachers thought that the health pro

gram of the schools should be reorganized to meet the actual health needs
of the people served by the school The neuters of the planning groups
decided that the school should 1 provide a healthful school environment
2 provide for the prevention of communicable diseases 3 provide a
program of adequate and wholesone recreation 4 provide for an adequate
nutrition program 5 prevent accidents and provide for emergency treat
ment of accidents 6 provide for an adequate physical education program
7 contribute to the mental health of pupils and 8 provide for the de
velopment of personal health habits The plans for the school health
program were carried far enough to indicate how these different aspects of
the health program would be carried on for the different age groups of the
population
Planning groups in the different comnunities assumed responsibility
not only for developing plans for a health program but also for helping
wherever desirable to do something about the plans made The classrooms
of one school were redecorated after a lighting survey had been made to
reveal the desirability of improving the walls and ceiling of the classrooms
Plans were made for painting the classrooms in at least three more schools
In several schools windows were cleaned and shrubbery was cut back so as not4
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to reduce the amount of light coning in at the windows In seven schools
of the county the seating arrangement of the pupils was modified to make
for better light for their classroom work
In aeveral schools playground areas were improved toilets were eith
er replaced or improved toilet tissue was supplied handwashing facilities
were provided wells were worked over to provide safe and sufficient water
and facilities were provided for disposing of discarded tin cans
Guidance
Community planning groups in Hart County expressed a great deal
of interest in a functional program of occupational guidance for the pupils
in their schools Generally they concluded that the school should provide
and disseminate occupational information to the pupils should make a per
sonal inventory and keep a cumulative record of every school pupil should
provide counseling service for individual pupils should help pupils plan
for and make use of training opportunities should help individuals secure
employment and should follow up individuals after entering employment
Before the end of the school year a cumulative record system was selected
and record blanks were procured for all of the pupils in the county A one
year personal inventory of each pupil was made out and is kept on file in
each school This record will be added to year by year and therefore will
become a cumulative record to be used as a basis for counseling Counsel
ing teachers are being selected so that the total occupational guidance
program can be implemented in the schools of the county
After giving consideration to the problems of hone and family living
the community planning group concluded that the school should assume responJ

64
BiDility for leading individuals of all age groups to deal intelligently
with their problems in this area These problems were considered to he par
ticularly pertinent in the schools programs in honenaking and agriculture
hut the groups though that these problems should also he dealt with hy
other teachers so that individuals of all age groups night he reached In
general it was concluded that the school should nake a study of needs in
hone and family living lead individuals to nake intelligent plans for deal
ing with these needs or problems and help individuals to put the plans into
practice It was also concluded that the methods used in carrying out such
a program in hone and family living were nost important and that the best de
nocratic principles should he used in dealing with prohlens of this area
In neighborhood living arise many problems which cannot he solved
by individuals working alone Planning groups in Hart County feel that the
school has a responsibility for providing experiences in which cooperative
effort is paramount They think that the school should provide opportuni
ties for individuals to work together for the common welfare as beautifying
school grounds building a community cannery providing community recrea
tion and assuming the responsibilities of citizenship in the school and
community
The members of the community planning groups thought that their
schools should do more than they are now doing to help adolescents and adults
to deal intelligently with their problems of an economic or vocational nature
The planning groups felt that a program of this sort should be coordinated
with a sound functioning program of occupational guidance It was decided
that in addition to the training now given in agriculture homemaking and
commercial work the school program should provide for industrial arts and
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distributive education
Administration and Transportation
As has been stated earlier countywide planning groups were organiz
ed to deal with administrative problems which have to he dealt with by school
leaders in carrying on the school program Two such groups were organized in
Hart County to deal with the problems of Transportation and Administration
These groups were made up of selected lay people and school leaders from
each of the school communities of the county
The planning group on Transportation considered many aspects of this
problem such as public or private ownership of buses the selection of bus
drivers bus routing maintaining equipment and purchasing supplies The
group reached the following major conclusions l The county should con
tinue to operate its own transportation equipment 2 student drivers should
be used as long as competent drivers could be procured among students 3
the bus routes should be revised so as to eliminate as far as possible over
lapping and retracing of bus routes 4 a central countyowned garage for
servicing and repairing all county school buses should be provided and
5 centralized purchasing of supplies and equipment should be used wherever
possible
The recommendations of the Transportation planning group as a whole
anticipate many innovations in the present school transportation program in
the county They point way toward more uniform practices in school bus
operation and management as well as more centralization of control
Since the Transportation planning group made its recommendations to
the county board of education eleven new school buses have been bought
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through a centralized purchase plan at a saving which was equivalent to one
new chassis
The bus routes of the county have been revised to eliminate over
lapping and retracing at an estimated saving of fifteen percent in total
bus mileage for the county
Plans are being made by the county board of education to establish
a central countyowned garage for repairing and servicing all of the school
buses of the county
The other problem dealt with on a countywide basis was Adminis
tration One of the principal discoveries made by this group was that the
kind of school program planned by the community planning groups was not in all
areas possible under the present setup in the county It was discovered
that the number of both elementary and the eighth and ninth or juniorhigh
pupils has been declining steadily in recent years There has been a 26
percent decrease in average daily attendance in the elementary grades for
the county since 1938 as compared with a 34 percent decrease in the junior
high grades As has been stated earlier the range in the number ofpupils
per school in the juniorhigh grades in 19431944 was one to 41 The average
number of pupils per teacher for these grades that year was ten The
average cost of teaching each of these pupils was about 168
The planning group decided that under these conditions it was hardly
feasible to expand the present highschool program in the county and that
the only way to make possible the school program planned by the community
groups was to centralize all of the highschool work in the county in one
Hart County High School The planning group on Administration has gone
so far as to recommend to the county board of education that all of the
highschool work for whites be centralized in one school The board now hasl
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the proposal under serious consideration Representatives of the State De
partment of Education rendered valuable assistance in helping the planning
group develop its proposed program
ii n n a r y
Prom the community and countywide meetings have cone these signifi
cant results 1 Planned programs for the schools in the areas of health
occupational guidance home and family living neighborhood living and
earning a living transportation and administration 2 an increased interest
by the lay people in an understanding of the purpose and function of the
schools and 3 an appreciation of the part lay people can play in school
planning by the professional school leaders of the county
The program is longrange During the year much was accomplished in
some areas and only slight beginnings were made in others A pattern of
approach to the formulation of a school program has however been set up
which should be continuous and should increasingly result in better oppor
tunities for the youth and adults in Hart County4
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HECOMMEKDATIOSS FOR 194546
The Education Panel at the May 1945 meeting of the Agricultural
and Industrial Development Board presented a proposed Panel program for
194546 This program was adopted unanimously hy the Board and several
phases of it are now in operation It consisted of the following major
activities
1 Carrying to completion a statewide study of the needs for pro
fessional and vocational education This study was tegun in May 1945 It
is hoped that certain phases of it at least will t completed hy next
spring The study is divided into the following areas a Agriculture
b trades and industry c homemaking d distributive occupations
and e professional occupations such as law medicine pharmacy engineer
ing and the like More than sixty professional and lay leaders in these
fields are cooperating actively with the Panel Research Staff in carrying
on this large project
2 Superintendents and other leaders revested a comprehensive
study of the whole problem of financing education at all levels in the
State The Panel hopes to get this study organized some time during the
fall provided competent research personnel can te secured This is a
hadly needed study particularly in the light of the ratification of the
new Constitution
3 Completing the study of the School for the Deaf and making a
similar study of the State School for the Blind
4 Continuing the planning and developmental programs in the spot
counties and initiating planning programs in as many other counties in theA
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State as possible This program has already teen started through preliminary
work with 165 white and 95 Begro leaders during the months of July and August
As the year passed it became evident that the procedures and techni
ques employed by the Field Staff in the selected counties were resulting in
inproved school situations It was felt that as many similar community
school planning programs as possible should be initiated throughout tho State
in 194546 In order to do this either the Panel Field Staff had tobe enlarged
local school leaders had to be trained to lead in developing programs in the
communities and counties with the assistance of members of the Field Staff
The latter plan was decided upon and seven workshops for school
leaders six for white and one for Negroes were conducted by the Panel during
the summer of 1945 The workshops were held at the University of Georgia
West Georgia College Georgia Teachers College Georgia Southwestern College
Abraham Baldwin and a second at the University of Georgia The workshop
for the Negroes was held at Atlanta University under the direction of that
institution and the Division of Begro Education of the State Department of
Education
The six field staff persons next year will work with these school
leaders in helping them to organize planning and development programs in their
own schools and counties Over 300 community schools and several counties
have requested Panel assistance to cooperate with local people in carrying
on planning programs for this year
5 Carrying to completion the county school building program This
work has been completed in approximately onehalf of the counties in the
State Plans should be made in the other counties In addition there is
a need for the staff personnel in this field to develop more 8ffMgggg
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niques for studying the school building needs and projecting p
the needs
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