i 4 1 CrA vd ix n ff in ff ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EDUCATION PANEL Program of Educational Development for Georgia ISSUED BY EDUCATION PANEL Agricultural and Industrial Development Board of Georgia Athens GeorgiaAGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA Blanton Fortson Chairman L Vaughan Howard Executive Director Name of Member Address IvanAllenAtlanta T F AbercrombieAdanta Charles L Bowden Macon WN BanksGrantville Cason J CallawayHamilton M D CollinsAdanta Ryburn G ClayAdanta Mrs Frank Q DavidColumbus Blanton FortsonAthens Charles B Gramling Atlanta Robert W GrovesSavannah Alfred W JonesSea Island TomLinderAtlanta Wiley L MooreAdanta Walter R McDonald Atlanta Henry McIntoshAlbany W H McNaughtonCartersville J L PilcherMeigs Robert StricklandAdanta M King TuckerWaynesboro Wilson Williams Adanta EDUCATION BULLETIN No 12 AUGUST 1945WgigMWrtaBft gyiTfrrTTftiTTi7WiaJInl nraan tvy EDUCATION PANEL M D CollinsAtlanta Mrs Frank C DavidColumbus Wilson WilliamsAtlanta 0 C Aderhold DirectorAthens Prepared by The Education Panel Staff it MmiMIHiiBUBMi 5 0 ftRsrs W c 4 1 Of HBB iT tasttaSr TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION 1 purpose t 1 g A STUDY OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN GEORGIA 8 Scope of Study g Major Findings 1 1 Meeting Minimum Needs 11 Legislation l4 A SUDY OF SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION IN GEORGIA 14 Sources of Data and Procedure l4 Major Findings 5 Recommendations TEACHER SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN GEORGIA 17 Objectives of Study 17 Sources of Data 18 Major Findings 19 Recommendations STUDIES IN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION TwelveGrade Plan of School Organization Kind of Administrative Organization Method of Selecting Superintendents qize of Local Unit of Administration v he Relationship Between the Enrollment in Accredxted High Schools and the Programs of Offerings Relationships Between Enrollment and Cost of Instructxon25 A STUDY OF THE GEORGIA SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF PROGRESS REPORT OF LONGNGE PLYING FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN GEORGIA 27 Scope and Pattern Followed in Determining the Building Needs c tho Methods Used in Setting Up Plans Ze Results Achieved in Planning School Buildingsin Georgia 30 fejor Oracles Encountered in Developing an Efficxent School AfDeSipSon rf aii Wcsituak Found In Cities 35 The Next sfepsor the Education Panel in PlanningSchool Buildings STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR VETERANS Page EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN TWELVE SPOT COUNTIES 2 Procedures in Organizing for Educational Planning 3 The Plan in Action 47 Results of Community and County Planning Negro Program SCHOOL PLANNING IN MORGAN COUNTY 51 White Schools Negro Schools 11 52 Planning Groups 1 1 1 1 1 53 Health 11 55 Vocational Problems 55 Teacher Training 111 57 Creative Arts 57 Guidance m 58 Problems of Administration 60 EDUCATIONAL PLANNING IN HART COUNTY 60 White Schools q Negro Schools 1 61 Problems Attacked 63 Guidance 65 Administration and Transportation Summary 68 RECOMMENDATIONS 194546 4 INTRODUCTION Purpose The purpose of this publication is to present a brief picture of the program of educational development in the state of Georgia carried on by the Education Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board from Kay 19 to July 1 195 Each of the major activities of the Panel is briefly described in this bulletin More detailed informa tion regarding the accomplishments may be found in the twelve bulletins issued during the year The Education Panel has participated in a comprehensive program of educational planning and development in the State It approached its task from two points of view One approach was through research and the intensive study of problems recognised as being statewide in nature and needing state action The second was through intensive planning on the local level and under the direct leadership of the Staff Cooperative Effort The Panel is committed to the philosophy that in a democracy the people should participate in the formulation of plans and in putting the plans into action The research studies have enlisted the parti cipation of approximately 20C superintendents principals teachers and lay persons and the programs of development carried on in the spot or demonstration counties have involved an aggregate of 13SUg people Less intensive work in planning has been done with approximately 7000 other Georgians In all an aggregate of 21000 citizens has assisted the Panel in its activitiesMl tfttiKfcifcfr 4 J i J i The accomplishments of the Panel were mole possible by the active and enthusiastic efforts of the Governor and through the understanding sympathy and approval of the members of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board The Chairman of the Board and the Executive Director have rendered valuable assistance in planning the scope of the panel pro gran in coordinating its undertakings with those of the other six panels and in helping to solve the problems arising during the year The staff of the State Department of Education all of the units of the University System and other educational institutions and leaders have been most cooperative in carrying on the program The Georgia Education Association has been helpful in publicizing the program and through its legislative committee actively supporting the proposed legis lation The Panel is also indebted to the press and to several national magazines in the field of education which have publicized its accomplish ments The Panel has been fortunate during the year in securing competent professional personnel to carry on its many activities The professional staff is composed of the highest type of educational leaders Each mem ber is a specialist in his field A competent statistical and secre tarial staff was secured and they have rendered efficient service The University of Georgia has been generous in providing office space and many other necessary physical facilities Summary of Education Panel Activities for lAjz The next few pages contain a brief summary of the activities and the proposed program of action for 19U5U6 The remainder of the bulle tin is an elaboration of these activitiesKujpjiii 4 3 RESEABCB AKD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS OH A STATEWIDE BASIS Type of Study Results School Buildings Comprehensive study of 97 percent of the school buildings in Georgia revealed shocking state of schoolbuilding needs Resulted in legislation requiring a school building code School Transportation Comprehensive survey of transportation facilities showed waste defects and hazards Initiated legislation governing mandatory practices in transportation of school children Administration Analysis of defects in present school ad ministration practices Influenced con stitutional and statutory provisions relative to school administration poli cies Teacher Education Survey of the status of teacher surply and demand Established basis for determining Georgias teacher needs The Study of the School for the Deaf Comprehensive study of Georgias School for the Deaf Recommends policies govern ing state eleemosynary institutions Study not complete Educational Opportuni ties for Veterans in Georgia Compilation in concise form of the educa tional offerings and opportunities for vete rans in each of the states higher institu tions and in various types of schools be low the college levelm c H e k DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS ON COUNTY AND LOCAL LEVELS SCHOOL YEAH l1 Activities Demonstration Areas Heard and 331 oyd Counties Nell Wlnn Staff Member 73 meetings 170U people reached Rabun and Hart Counties Ralph Tolbert Staff Member 123 meetings 2555 people reached Morgan and Walton Counties Charles Hudgins Staff Member S9 meetings 2S77 people reached Jones and Atkinson Counties Paul Carroll Staff Member 119 meetings 170 people reached Pulaski and Bulloch Counties Johnnye V Cox Staff Member 133 meetings 2515 people reached Calhoun and Decatur Counties T E Smith Staff Member 120 meetings 2503 people reached Total Number of meetings in 12 spot counties 657 Total aggregate attendance in plan ning meeting in 12 spot counties 13SUg In meetings with school and lay peo ple programs were developed in each of the counties listed at the left to deal with problems in the follow ing areas 1 Health and Recreation 2 Acquiring the Basic Tools of Learning such as Reading Writing Number Relations etc 3 Appropriate Media for Creative Expression U Choosing a Vocation 5 Home and lonily Living 6 Neighborhood Living 7 School Living S Problems Arising Between Indivi duals Organized Groups and Govern ment 9 Earning a Living 10 Utilizing Money and Other Resources 11 The Age Groups to Be Reached by the School 12 Size of Attendance Units 13 Consolidation of HighSchool Work lk School Buildings 15 School Transportation e i 3 LEGISLATION ENACTED OR INITIATED Subject Provisions County Organization County School Superintendent Independent Districts Tax Levy Broadening Educational Opportunities School Census School Transportation School Buildings County nade the unit of administration County Board nade a constitutional hody Details of selection terns etc The Educa tion Panel does not reconnend including these in the State Constitution Made a constitutional officer Qualifications salary to he set by legislature Formation of new ones prohibited Both State and County nay levy taxes for Edu cational Purposes 515 mill limitations set for countywide school taxes Acts of the General Assembly 18year agelimit removed Statute Continuous school census established Statute County board empowered to purchase school bus es school bus equipment and school bus sup plies State Purchasing Department empowered to pur chase school buses school bus equipment and school bus supplies on behalf of counties Approval of purchases vested in State Board of Education Passed by State Senate on calendar of House for 1946 session State Board of Education authorized to receive Federaland other funds for schoolhouse con struction and to allot such funds Statute State Board authorized to make comprehensive studies to determine need for and location of buildings on request of county boards of educa tion and to determine safety and educational retirements methods of financing cost of construction and equipping of buildings Statute State Board authorized to establish a code of school building practices and standards Statute6 6 PUBLICATIONS OF THE EDUCATION PANEL Title Area of Interest School Leaders Meua Bulletin No 1 Basic philosophy of Educational part I 32P Planning w n nipir Wo 1 Manual for School Leaders in Sci Leaier femL Bulletin No 1 JJJ rogran Qf the School i w i fini fA for Use in Developing School tices School Leader s Manual Bulletin No 1 Part IV nPnrpia School Communities Plan for Action Bulletin No 2 L Study of School Buildings in Georgia Bulletin No 6 A Study of School Buildings in Georgia Brief Summary Bulletin No 4 Rules and Regulations Governing School Buildings in Georgia Bulletin No 8 A Study of School TVaraprrtation in Georgia Bulletin No 5 A Study of School T ran snort at ion in Georgia Brief Summary Bulletin No 3 TPnrher Stroply and Demand U Georgia Bulletin No 7 anoxias rational Opportunities for Veterans Bulletin No 9 Georgias Tflncational Opportunities for Negro Veterans Bulletin 10 in press Types of Basic Data used in 55M Educational Planning Progress Report on Educational 14P Planning in Twelve Spot Counties A Survey of School Buildings in 126M Georgia Be commendations to Meet Building Needs 10P 28M Brief Summary of School Building Survey Proposed School Building Code for Georgia A Survey of School Transportation 86M in Georgia Recommendations for Immediate needs 12P Brief Summary of School Trans portation Survey Analysis of Teacher Needs and Me 90M thods of Supply with Recommenda tions Educational Opportunities for 42P Vhite Veterans in Georgia Schools and Colleges Educational Opportunities Available for Negro Veterans in Negro In stitutions of Georgia Progress Report oX Lpngngp Planning Described Procedure Used in Long tuliTtiTioT 11 F23M range Planning Annual Report of Education Panel Bulletin No 12 Description of the work of the Education PanelMay1944to July 1945 7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 19451945 Continuation Studies Purpose To Survey School for Deaf Cave Spring Tosurvey present opportunities to de termine future needs To Conduct School Planning Pro grans with School Leaders Throughout the State To extend Georgias School Planning Program on a Statetide basis To Complete Survey to Determine the School Building Heeds in Remaining Georgia Counties To furnish a basis for school plant planning and get ready for Public Works Building Program Hew Studies Proposed Purpose To Conduct Statewide Study to Determine Professional and Vocational Education Heeds To Conduct Statewide Study on Educational Finance To Survey School for the Blind Macon To establish bases of need for Vocational Education in Agriculture Homenaking Trades and Industries Distributive Occupations and other occupations and professions To develop bases of economy in the ex penditure of Georgias school funds To survey present opportunities to determine future needs5SXIir i J c iff i tORc 8 A STUDY OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN GEORGIA The Education Panel was urged by the school administrators and board members to make a scientific study of the school building situation in the State The purpose of the study was to determine the condition and ade quacy of school buildings in the State and to propose a program of improve ment Scope of Study The study is one of the most comprehensive of its kind in the Na tion Basic data were collected on 97 percent of the buildings and detail ed studies were made of 500 or a ten percent sampling of the 5000 school buildings in the State Major Findings The findings disclosed school plant conditions which justify grave concern on the part of educational and lay leaders who are interested in the educational progress of the State and in the physical safety and mental welfare of the students Some of the conditions found are given below 1 A wide variation exists in the quality and adequacy of physi cal facilities within the same county as well as among the various counties of the State The recently approved Constitution will tend to equalize the financial load for school buildings within counties but will not im prove the situation among counties For example the assessed valuation of taxable property in one county in western Georgia is 428 per pupil while in another county in the same part of the State the assessed valua tion is 4760 per pupil In the case of the first county thd maximum amount RBB C Jfel22 4 tORc7 9 of tends that can be floated under constitutional limitations is 2996 per pupil whereas in the second county the maximum amount is 33320 per pupil When it is recalled that the average value of white school property in the State is 129 per pupil and in the Nation 274 the impossibility of the first county ever providing adequate housing facilities from local resources alone is very evident The illustration given above is not ex ceptional Such variations are the general rule throughout the State and largely account for the very wide variation in the quality of school plants and the existence of a large number of unsafe and inadequate buildings State and Federal funds distributed on an equalizing basis are essential if the school program of the State is to be adequately provided for and the school children are to be safely housed in the school plant 2 According to nationally accepted standards 40 percent of the white school plants and 94 percent of the Negro school plants are so in ferior because of obsolescence or structural insecurity that it is not advisable to expend any considerable amount of money in an effort to make them acceptable plants 3 Onefourth of the high schools of both races and twofifths of the elementary schools of both races are not located near the center of the population and are thus responsible for excessive traveling distances and increased transportation costs 4 Of the 22 conditions of the building which are regarded by experts as constituting fire or panic hazards 12 of them are found in the average white school and 17 are found in the average Negro school 5 Onefourth of the white and onehalf of the Negro school plants have no water on the school grounds Onethird of the white and twothirds4 j 10 of the Negro school plants provide no means of drinking except the common dipper Only one out of three of the white and one out of thirteen of the Negro plants have flush type toilets 6 Actual measurements in 100 typical classrooms showed that on bright days 54 percent of the pupils receive less than the minimum light requirement when electric lights are on and 56 percent fail to receive adequate light when lights are not switched on On dark days 72 percent fail to receive the minimum light requirements when electric lights are on and 75 percent when lights are off 7 The typical school plant in Georgia contains only those faci lities essential to house the minimum educational program Facilities for teaching such courses as home economics agriculture science and com mercial subjects are generally not adequate in the average Georgia high school Occurrence of cafeterias auditoriums libraries gymnasiums art rooms music rooms industrial art rooms health clinics and teach ers rest rooms is exceptional Meeting Minimum Needs The data collected and analyzed in this investigation indicate that the minimum school plant needs would involve an expenditure of 83571000 During the decade 1910 to 1920 the value of school pro perty in the State increased 124 percent from 1920 to 1930 the in crease was 106 percent and from 1930 to 1940 only 48 percent During the depression construction was greatly curtailed which caused a sub normal number of school buildings to be erected from 1930 to 1940 and Georgia therefore entered the present decade with an acute shortage This deficiency has been greatly aggravated by the virtual cessation4 ff 11 a i v A thp close of the war the school of school construction during the war A tne close ox building needs will represent needs that accumulated from 1930 to 1935 plus those accumulated from 1941 to the present If the State and several counties should undertake to supply these estimated needs within the next seven years it would involve the expendi ture of approximately 12000000 annually If Federal funds should be come available on a 50 50 matching basis the State and counties por tion would be 6000000 annually This amount is not beyond the financial ability of the counties since they have a total bonding capacity under present constitutional limitations for school purposes of 90000000 Legislation As a result of the condition revealed in this investigation the Panel after making a careful examination of school building laws in other states prepared legislation to improve the situation The General Assem bly at the 1945 session enacted into law the proposals In brief the law authorizes the State Board of Education to 1 receive and allocate to boards of education and independent school systems Federal and other funds for schoolhouse construction 2 make comprehensive studies to determine the need for and location of public school buildings 3 pass upon the safe ty and educational requirements of public school buildings 4 assist lo cal communities in planning the method of financing school plant costs and 5 establish a code of school building practices and standards The State School Superintendent requested the Education Panel to assist the State Board of Education in complying with the terms of the law by preparing for the consideration of the Board a proposed code of school12 EffiSBSaa tailing practice and standards An exhaustive study of school building rules and regulations as they exist in other states as ade The Panel staff and the State Coittee on Buildings developed Proposed Pules and Peculations Governing Sohool Buildings in Georgia These were submitted to and unanimously approved by the State Board of Education on dune 1 1945 Some of the significant features of the Rules and Regulations as adopted hy the State Board of Education follow 1 Sets up policies for the use maintenance insurance fire protection and disposal of school property 2 Requires fire drills monthly 3 Requires a survey of school plant needs in county and in dependent systems Requires further that a provisional capital outlay program he adopted hefore July 1 1946 and that this capital outlay program shall he hased upon a preliminary survey of the county or in dependent system Requires adoption of a long termschool plant pro gram within six months after a comprehensive study of school plant needs has heen made 4 Sets up minimum standards for school sites and requires approval of all new sites hy the State Superintendent of Education 5 Sets up minimum standards for new school huildings and re quires the county hoard of education or hoards of education of independ ent systems to see that preliminary plans completed plans and specifi cations shall he suhmitted to and approved hy the State Superintendent of EducationOHIHH13 6 Requires that the final payment on the construction contract shall not he made until the completed huilding is inspected and approved by the State Superintendent of Education or his authorized agent Following the adoption of the Rules and Regulations the State Board set up the machinery for effectuating the program The State Board and the Education Panel recognize that improvement will necessarily he slow hut definite and believe that a sound foundation has been laid which will gradually and substantially improve the school plant situation in Georgia m 4 ORC MtTVo14 A STUDY 07 SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION IN GEORGIA The Education Panel with the guidance of the State Committee on School Transportation and in cooperation with the State Department of Education organized and completed a comprehensive study of school trans portation in Georgia Sources cf Data and procedure The data for this study were obtained from l a scientific sampling of 179 individual buses 2 school bus inspection records for 194344 of 2242 or approximately 78 percent of all buses operated during that year 3 State Department of Public Safety records on school bus accidents in 1943 and 1944 and 4 reports from state departments of education the United States Office of Education and certain published and unpublished literature on pupil transportation Major Findings Some of the most significant findings of the study follow Thousands of school children are daily transported to school in huses which are unsafe because the bus bodies are not made of steel the glass in windows and windshields is not of the safety type no emergency doors are provided no windshield wiper is provided the brakes are defec tive the tires are defective the exhausts release dangerous fumes rear visibility is defective no first aid kit is provided no fire extinguisher is provided stops are made at dangerous points on the highway and the huses are greatly overloaded 4 I15 The foregoing dangerous conditions are further aggravated because many school bus drivers are not properly qualified This is evidenced by records of violations of safety rules such as failure to give proper signals before turning or stopping improper supervision of pupil loading and unload ing reckless driving drunkenness and lack of a chauffeurs license Thousands of pupils are subjected to conditions which are detrimen tal to their health Some of these conditions are lack of heaters in buses badly overcrowded buses and homemade bodies on almost three hundred buses Many of these buses are not even water proof Many children are on buses more than two hours daily and many are required to lose an hour or more each day while waiting for school buses to make the first of two or more trips Often these waiting periods are under conditions of exposure to inclement weather The present system of school transportation is expensive Certain neighboring states are purchasing comparable original equipment 200 to 500 less per unit and are realizing proportionate savings in purchasing supplies and repairs IWgmnienflat ions The data revealed conditions that need immediate action The Panel staff with the assistance and advice of the State Transportation Committee prepared proposed legislation designed to improve the situation in the State The proposed bill grew out of a study of the best practices in other states and the recommendations of recognized authorities in the field of school transportation The bill passed the Senate and is now before the House The proposed legislation gives to the county board of education theli5 16 responsibility of providing means for the transportation of pupils and school employees for the control and operation of all school buses within the county and for making such rules and regulations for controlling the operation of buses as shall he in conformity with the laws of the State It further empowers the county board of education to purchase school buses and supplies subject to the approval of the State Board of Education It authorizes the State Purchasing Department to purchase school bus equipment and supplies for the county board of education subject to the approval of the State Board of Education It is believed that the enactment of the pending legislation is the first step necessary to bring about badly needed improvements in school transportation The complete study is in Education Panel Bulletins numbers 3 and 5H i C mTTVo17 TEACHEB SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN GEORGIA The Education Panel was requested to make studies dealing with the problems of teacher education in Georgia The cooperation of a group of fourteen leaders in teacher training and in public school ad ministration was secured This committee assisted the Panel Staff in analyzing the problem and determining the phases of the study that should be attacked It was decided that three problems should be studied l Teach er Supply and Demand in Georgia 2 Training Facilities Including Person nel Needed and 3 the Content of the Teacher Training Programs Objectives of Study The Study of Teacher Supply and Demand has been completed The objectives of the study were to determine l the adequacy of the supply of teachers for the public schools of Georgia 2 the number of addition al teachers needed 3 the effect of the war on the supply of adequate ly prepared teachers 4 the postwar demands for teachers for the dif ferent levels and types of work and 5 the means for increasing the supply of professionally trained teachers Sources of Data Data were gathered from the files of the State Department of Edu cation through questionnaires to superintendents and to representatives of State Departments of Education in other states and through surveys conducted by members of the Panel staff These data were put on punch cards and processed with the I B M machine4 18 Maior Findings The study revealed many interesting and startling facts about the teacher situation in the State A careful examination of the find ings point up the inadequacy of the States teacher education program General Sandy Beavers chairman of the Education Committee of the Board of Regents says I had no idea the teacher shortage in the matter of educational attainment as anything like so definite as the figures you give and certainly something must be done about it The data gathered by the field Staff of the Panel not reported in this study suggest that the thinking lay citizens of Georgia are not only concerned about the number of teachers prepared annually but are also equally concerned about the nature of the training received by the teachers Teachers are not now being equipped to do an effective and satisfying job from the point of view of many lay citizens A brief summary of the study shows that there were 1300 white and 2000 Negro teachers in 194344 who had no preparation for teaching beyond high school Eleven hundred and sixtyfour white and 952 Negro teachers had less than ono year of college preparation and 4273 white and 2077 Negro teachers had only two years of college preparation There were 2056 white and 774 Negro teachers who had three years of col lege training It may be noted from the above facts that more than one half of the ufaite teachers and more than twothirds of the Negro teachers in Georgia did not have four years of college training for the teaching profession The study further reveals that more than 1100 additional teachers4 K i i n19 were needed to fill vacancies that existed at the time the study was made The State Superintendent of Schools estimated that there should be an ad ditional 4864 white and 1106 Negro teachers to take care of the expected increase in students by 19501951 From the facts released in the study it is estimated that 4000 white and 3000 Negro teachers will return to the teaching profession after the war Taking into account the normal turnover of teachers on the average of 2715 white and 1341 Negro teachers and the necessity for up grading those who are inadequately prepared the State should graduate from now until 19501951 4300 white and 2000 Negro teachers annually Recommendat ions The study calls attention to the enormous need for an expanded teacher education program in the State It is recognized that the greatest difficulty of getting students into teacher training programs is that of low salaries paid to teachers The following specific recommendations are made l That everything possible he done to increase the salaries of teachers 2 that the State give consideration to tenure laws to protect the security of teachers 3 that the low grade certificates he eliminat ed at the earliest possible date and 4 that immediate consideration he given to the establishment on the part of the State of scholarships for prospective teachers The study reveals that many states have tried this procedure The experience in most of these states indicates that it helps materially in increasing the number and quality of prospective teachers A bill has been drawn which provides for setting up scholarships It was not submitted at the last session of the General Assembly because of the i Ki tocr 4 20 concern for getting other school legislation enacted Education Panel Bulletin Number Seven is a complete report of the investigation of Teacher Supply and Demand in Georgia ft 1 4 21 STUBIES IN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION Many problems in school administration have been studied during the year The findings from these investigations have been used in drawing proposed legislation and in working with the Legislative Com mittee of the Georgia Education Association on the educational plans of the new constitution Four studies are briefly reported here They are l Twelve Grade Plan of Organization g Organisation for Administering School Units 3 Relationship Between the Enrollments in Accredited High Schools and the Program of Instruction Offered and H Relationships Between Enrollment and Cost of Instruction TwelveGrade Plan of School Organization The investigation involved a careful study of the highschool organization in the US states Specific attention was given to the last year of high school or the twelfth grade According to available statistics all but three states Georgia Maryland and Virginia fed recognized in January 15 the twelve grade plan as their official school organization though not all states had actually put the plan into operation The State School Superinten dents of both Maryland and Virginia wrote that legislation was being introduced in 15 to change from the elevengrade plan to the twelve grade organization The State School Superintendents of Louisiana South Carolina and Texasstates which have adopted the twelvegrade plan within recent yearsindicated that the changeover from the eleven grade organization was in process of completion but had not been completed g CORC22 Data in the report of the State Department of Education of Georgia for the biennium ending June 30 19 show that three county systems Bibb Chatham and Glynn and one independent system Atlanta operated twelfth grades enrolling 67S pupils U7T of whom were in Atlanta Sev eral other systems in the State are said to have the twelvegrade plan but call it Eleven A Eleven B Seven A Seven E or some other designation In other words these systems have two seventh or Wo eleventh grades Statistical data comparing the relative oduoational efficiency of the elevengrade and the twelvegrade plans are meager and concern largely the seccess of those highschool graduates entering college A study made by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools extending over approximately a tenyear period indicated that the achieve ment of the graduates of twelvegrade systems in the colleges of the Assoc iation was superior to that of graduates from elevengrade systems Ed wards study of certain frdshman groups at the University of Georgia re sulted in a similar conclusion So far as is known neither study took into account the size of the high school from which the students had graduated It was found however that the achievement of students of less than normal age at the tin of their highschool graduation under both plans was superior to the achievement of graduates of normal age and that the type of organization elevengrade or twelvegrade from which the graduates came did not affect the results The Education Panel staff and the State Committee on Administration recommended legislation making the twelfth grade a part of the highschool program This legislation was not introducedli5 J iafflMwiiclTOfSjii 23 Kind of Administrative Organization It was found that several types of administrative organization exist in Georgia the two major plans being the county school organization and the independent organization The plans of organization may he classi field as follows 1 Pure cointy unit of administration with no local trustees and no independent systems 2 The county unit for all schools of the county rural and urhan hut with local hoards of trustees 3 The county unit for all schools of the county outside of inde pendent systems hut with local hoards of trustees U The county unit for all schools outside of independent systems hut with no local trustees 5 The independent systems 6 The county unit in which a legally independent system is operated more or less as a part of the county system hut with the inde pendent unit continuing its hoard of education which exercises a varying degree of oversight Method of Selecting Superintendent As part of the study of school administrative organization an attempt was made to ascertain the method of selecting the chief executive officer superintendent It wrs found that almost without exception the chief executives of urhan and independent hoards of education throughout the country and in Georgia are appointed hy the hoard of education Among the eleven states having county units of school administration for the actual operation of schools the following methods of choosing24 the superintendents were found Appointed by county boards of e ducatfo n 6 states Elected by the people2 states Appointed by the county courtx statG No data2 states The Panel and State Committee on Administrationrecommended that county and independent school superintendents he appointed by the board of education The Constitution now provides that county school superinten dents be elected by the people Size of Log 1 Unit of Administration The generally accepted minimum number of pupils for the operation of a satisfactory local unit of school administration under normal condi tions is 1600 based on data compiled by Howard A Dawson Exclusive of independent systems Georgia had 20 counties with fewer than 1600 white and Negro pupils combined and 77 counties with fewer than 1600 white pupils enrolled in lhyhk Among the latter groups 12 counties had fewer than 500 white pupils 20 had betwonn 500 and 999 white pupils and 35 had between 1000 and 1500 white pupils Maps are attached showing these data The Relationship Between the Enrollment in Accredited High Schools and the Programs of Offerings A study was made of the courses offered in igUUU in 136 of the accredited public senior high schools of various enrollments in Georgia The following tabulation shows a consistent relationship between the size of the enrollment and the mean number of offerings vr i 9 25 152 courses offOxed 039 Pupils 159 courses offered 059 pupilsi 1 172 courses offered 6099 pupils 216 courses offered 100199 pupils 2h5 courses offered 200299 pupils courses offered 3OOU99 pupils 328 courses offered 500 or more An analysis of the nvenber of courses offered in various fields of instruction shows that the larger the enrolment the hroader the offering tends to he The differonoos are especially narked in the fields of thtlo science vocational selects languages and clerical and business courses Holationships Between fcrollsent and Cost of Instruction Data gathered for 19hhh about all public schools of the State indicate with certain exceptions that the larger the enrolment the lower the cost of instruction on a Perpupillnaveragedailyattendanee basis A study was nade of the cost of instruction of pupils in average daily attendance in the accredited senior high schools of the State using data compiled for The mean cost per pupil was found on the whole to be inversely related to the mean number of offerings and to the number of pupils enrolled The principal exception was found in the schools of 500 pupils or more the costs in this group being higher than for others with enrollments of 100 or more It should be observed that high schools of 500 or more pupils are often though not always located in or adjacent to the larger urban areas which pay higher sanies than do the rural schools or those in the smaller urban localities Stated pointedly it apparently costs more per pupil on the whole to provide a limited number of offerings than it does to provide a broad w hi bears out the conclusions of other competent program of courses Jhis Dears juu authorities in school administrationmTu236 A STUDY OF THE GEORGIA SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF At the request of the State School Superintendent and the Administra tive Head of the Georgia School for the Deaf the Education Panel made an intensive survey of the State School for the Deaf at Cave Spring The Panel staff had personnel competent to make some phases of the study hut did not have persons with competencies in certain specialized areas The Panel therefore requested and received the assistance of the United States Office of Education and the State Department of Education The United States Office of Education sent five specialists to the State for about one weak to gather data and study the school The State Department of Education furnished three persons for a like period of time Three members of the Panel staff have devoted several weeks to tho survey The study has been practically completed It will con tain 17 parts or chapters They are l Philosophy of Education of tho Deaf 2 Extent of Needs for Education of the Deaf in Georgia 3 The Pupil Population 1 Pupil Progress 5 Curriculum and Teaching Pro cedures 6 The Extracurriculum 7 Health Provisions S Pupil Personnel and Guidance Activities 9 Home and Family living lO Instructional Organization ll Administrative Organization 12 Per sonnel 13 Physical Plant lU Finance and Business Management 15 The Negro Division l6 Public Relations and 17 Summary and Recom mendations When the study is finished copies with recommendations will be given to state officials The special legislative committee to inves tigate building needs of the state educational institutions has requested a copy of the survey 27 PBQGBESS BEPOBT 01 LQNGwBANGE PLANNING FOE SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN GEORGIA Wise participation in a postwar building program is one of the urgent concerns of public officials on the state county and local levels The Public Works Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board is actively engaged in assisting officials to formulate plans for roads air ports streets court houses and other public buildings The Education Panel is stimulating and assisting county and local school offi cials in developing longrange plans for school buildings The two panels Education and Public Works are coordinating the school building needs and plans with the total public works needs and plans for the county or local unit The school building needs are thus studied and planned as a part of a total public works postwar building program Scoue and Pattern Followed in Determining the Building Needs and the Methods Used in Setting Up Plans The planning of the postwar school building program in the counties involved four major steps They are as follows 1 Collecting and organizing basic factual data including the following a Making a study of the county school map with respect to roads location of schools distances between schools accessibility to high schools and density of population both4 iiflHFv Wfrfir 28 h c a e white and NegTo Studying the administrative organization to determine how the system is operated Making a study of the school records and re ports to determine the number of elementary junior high and senior high schools for both white and Negro students and the at tendance in each The curriculum offerings are studied along with the instructional cost per pupil Here an effort is made to deter mine whether the schools are heing operated efficiently and economically or whether they should be reorganized Obtaining from the county school superintendents annual reports and compiling in tabulated form hy races oroken down into elementary and high schools the average daily attendance by years for the past five years After these records are obtained a long with a study of the population trends in the county an estimate of the schools attendance is projected through the next five years Studying the state auditors report and the su perintendents annual financial report to deter mine the amount of revenue the sources from which derived during the past five years and making an estimate of the amount of money that4 j 29 will be available each of the next five years f Obtaining from the state auditors reports and the superintendents annual financial reports the total expenditures per year for the past five years and based upon the present legal limitations making an estimate of the anticipated revenue that may be expended for each of the next five years g petermining from the records the bonded indebtedness of the county school system and of the separate school districts with date of maturity 2 Proposing a list of building projects baed ujoon the needs as revealed by the factual data a The information obtained as outlined above supple mented by information furnished by the county school superintendent principals and board members is used to develop a list of building projects for the county or system b The building projects are placed upon forms ready to be filed with the Public Works Panel 3 Conferring with local school authorities ajad agreeing upjm a program ojc the county and adgioii of a longrange building policy a After a system has been worked out according to the above pattern a conference is held with all the mem 30 toers of the board of education and the super intendent At this conference all the facts are reviewed and placed before them for their information consideration alteration and approval b When si thorough study has been made by the board and the members are satisfied with the program as set up they are asked to adopt it in the form of a resolution 4 putting the report in permanent form and on file Following the approval of the respective boards the entire report including board action is typed in triplicate One copy is returned to the system super intendent one is filed in the office of the Education Panel and the third is sent to the director of the Public Works Panel in Atlanta Georgia The Education Panel has completed the work in 56 counties and in 9 independent city systems In six other counties the study has already been made and the work partially completed and in six other counties they have no building needs Some Results Achieved in Planning School Buildings in Georgia Some tangible evidence is apparent that the work of the Panel is beginning to bear fruit Listed below are a number of changes that have either been made or are in the process of being made as soon as conditions permit 31 Four examples have been selected from the study and planning as carried on in about seventy systems These are presented to show some of the major changes taking place EXAMPLE 1 The county and the independent city system have legally merged into one county unit system Prior to the merger the county hoard operat ed four small rural high schools with enrollments in 1944 of 32 44 41 and 40 students respectively The cost of instruction per pupil in each school was 21934 15145 16576 and 12833 respectively In the independent city high school there were 85 pupils enrolled and the cost per pupil was 11519 per year The instructional courses available to the students were limited to a minimum varying from 12 to 21 units with an average of only 15 units The new plan will enable the county to have only one high school which will have an enrollment of 252 students and will permit the school to offer at least 24 units of work including vocational training creative arts shop work guidance etc and at the same time reduce the instructional cost from 30233 per year to 16282 per year After allowing for the cost of additional transportation involved a net saving per year of 10000 will he realiz ed EXAMPLE 2 The county school superintendent and the county hoard of educa tion approved a program of consolidation developed by the Panel in which the number of schools in the county will be reduced from 15 to 5 there by eliminating 8 oneteacher schools and making it possible for all high 32 schocl students to attend one central county high school Such a program will enable the board to reduce the number of teachers from 39 to 34 This would result in a saving of at least 5000 per year A building program will have to be completed before the reorganization can be effect ed This county is wholly rural There are no railroads or industrial plants of any kind in the county The total assessed valuation of the property of the county subject to tax is less than 250000 The a mount of funds raised by a five mill levy for school purposes is less than 1200 per year Therefore adequate physical facilities cannot be provided with local funds alone EXAMPLE 3 In a small rural county with a white population of 1676 and 353 students in school the county operates two schools both senior high schools In the high school department there are only 46 and 55 students enrolled respectively costing an average of 119 per year per student There are only 15 units of work offered Both schools will lose their accrediting rating after 1945 The board has approved plans to consolidate these two schools into a single county high school and to improve the curriculum so as to offer at least 20 units of work This can be done at less expense than at present except for providing the necessary building facilities When these plans are effectuated an additional cost of 500 in transportation per year will be incurred but all of the children of the county will be provided with the advantages of an efficient accredited high school with an enriched program of trainingMV I 33 EXAMPLB 4 the county has a very small 30 percent white population with a school attendance of 255 elementary and 126 high school students in the four schools The State allots the county 21 teachers but the county employs 29 The salaries of the eight extra teachers are paid from county funds The Education Panel recommended that all white students of the county beginning with the seventh grade he transferred to a central county high school and that the other three schools be limited to six grades each This reorganization will assure all students the facilities of an accredited high school If these changes had not been made there would probably not be an accredited high school in the county in 1946 The savings in salaries by eliminating the eight teachers paid by the county will be at least 8000 per year and the only extra expenses incur rod are in providing some additional building facilities for the central school and in an increase of 50 per month for transportation The board approved the recommendations and is considering ways and means of putting them into effect Maior Obstacles TCneountored in Developing an Efficient School Building Program Many obstacles are encountered in planning school building pro grame Some of the most important difficulties grow out of 1 inadequate finances 2 education for Negroes 3 existence of independent school systems 4 lack of information as a basis for planning school plant ifc needs 5 transportation and 6 lack of uniformity in making tax assessments l piatefinales In most schools all of the income is used for operating expenses and there is little opportunity to create a reserve for building purposes Practically all new buildings must be financed with bond issues 2 Negro schools A second series of problems is encountered in endeavoring to develop an efficient educational program for the Negroes Generally very little consolidation has been done for Negroes and practically no transportation has been provided Without Federal or state aid very few counties could undertake an expanded program of consolidation for Negroes 3 Tndependent school systems The existence of an independent city school system in a county often becomes an unsurmountable obstacle to the develooment of an efficient and economical educational and building program In many cases there is very little cooperation between the county and the city system 4 Lack of information A fourth obstacle is the lack of accurate information upon which school plant needs may be determined Inadequate planning has been the general rule and accurate pertinent information has never been assem bled in most counties 5 Transportation A fifth difficulty results from the fact that the equalizaJ 35 tion program is such that a consolidation of school centers may de crease the allotment for teachers salaries and correspondingly decrease the allotment of the administrative fund b consolidation may increase local transportation costs which are borne primarily by local school units and e interchange of pupils across county lines is discouraged 6 Lack of uniformity in making tax assessments A fifth difficulty is the financial loss that may accrue as a result of the lack of uniformity in assessing property 4 Brief Description of Some Tragic Situations Found in Counties 1 Inequalities in income In one county having a school population of 1127 enrolled all white 61 percent of all the property is exempted from taxes The 39 percent that is taxable makes a tax budget of less than 250000 The school levy of five mills yields only 1100 per year while the budget for operating the schools amounts to 44468 The superintendents sal ary is 1500 per year Of the total budget less than 3 percent is provided from county and local funds A 15 mill levy will produce less than 3500 per year or about 7 percent of the bidget for operation In another county having approximately the same nunber of chil dren 872 white and 289 ITegro or a total of 1161 the county spends 80312 per year has an assessed valuation of 1750000 subject to school tax and raises 8686 from the county or 11 percent of its ex penditures 36 Each of the above counties is a typical rural county but one has two railroads that transverse it while the other has no railroads or industries within its borders A substantial state fund to be dis tributed to local units on an equalization basis is necessary in order to reduce these inequalities in the school plant field At the normal cost of school house construction the poorer county could never finance an adequate building program for its children Only by means of state or Federal aid for building will counties of this poorer type ever be able to offer their children satisfactory school buildings 2 Small high schools expensive and inefficient In one county with a white population of 11475 there are eight senior high schools seven of these have an average enrollment of less than 60 students each For these 413 students SO teachers are em ployed This is a ratio of one teacher for each 137 pupils The in structional cost per pupil per year is above 106 At the same time the course of study is limited to an average of less than 16 units per school If the county board had legal authority to raise funds with which to provide buildings these schools could be combined into two or three strategically located schools and operated with twothirds the present number of teachers and at the same time they could offer a much better program of instruction Upon careful study it was found that in at least 37 of the 66 counties studied similar conditions exist in varying degrees i 37 In one county a few years ago the citizens hoping to estab lish a senior high school voted bonds and built a permanent brick building After operating for 3 or 4 years with less than 30 students the building was abandoned and the students from the district were sent to the central accredited county high school Still for a score of years the citizens will be burdened with this bonded indebtedness 4 Systems need guidance in issuing bonds A small school district in the early nineteen twenties voted a 6000 bond issue The bonds bear six percent interest and no payments will be due until thirtyfour years after the date of issuance At the expiration of the due date for these bonds the taxp tyers will have paid 12000 in interest and will still owe the original 6000 principal Close examination of policies of issuing bonds in the future can protect the taxpayers from such expensive situations 5 Many examples oJf waste as a result of no planning In one Negro school of ten classrooms and an auditorium there are twentytwo regularly employed teachers two in each classroom and two in the auditorium The classes range from fifty to eighty students each and from two to four students to each desk In another county in two rural Negro schools each located within ten miles of a good central county high school four years of high school work are offered One of these schools has only ten students in the high school and the other has only twelve The cost of instruction per pupil per year in each school is 270 and 290 respectively The superintend fiirii Tj 3S eat reports that the cost of transporting these students to the central high school would he only 900 per year would require no additional teachers of the high school and would save the county 4000 per year In one county the hoard of education is paying 105 per month to operate a hus for eight miles to transport two children This is a cost of 47250 per pupil per year In a county a 40000 brick school huilding was constructed twenty years ago without a single ventilator in walls below the floor level The result has been that the entire floor and foundation had to he replaced on account of dry rot In the same county another equally expensive huilding was built with ventilators but they have recently heen closed with brick cutting off all ventilation These conditions exist in many other counties Two incorporated towns in the same county with more than 2000 population each and a combined tax valuation of more than 4000000 do not pay any school tax Nor does any individual living in the towns pay any school tax These corporationowned towns are not independent school systems but contract with an independent system to operate their schools A county has thirteen Negro schools with an average daily attend ance of 311 students Two schools would amply serve the county and would save the State the salaries of onethird of the teachers now heing paid The cases cited here are samples of some interesting and at the same time disturbing conditions which have arisen in Georgia as a result of a lack of planning The time has cone when local and county school39 authorities must justify funds expanded under their direction The Educa tion Panel is endeavoring to set a pattern for same downtoearth plan ning based on correct factual data and on conditions as they are The Next Steps for the Education Pane in Planning School Buildings The work of the Education Panel in stimulating and assisting school systems to plan for a more adequate school plant has led the Staff to the conclusion that the task is only partially completed and that the following steps should be taken in 19451946 1 Studies should be continued in the other 75 80 coun ties and systems in the State may be prepared for and take advantage of the anticipated postwar Federal Build ing Program 2 The recent legislation requires that intensive studies be made in a county to determine specific location of buildings kinds of buildings to meet curriculum needs and the like In order to carry out the law techniques must be developed for making these intensive studies techniques for working spot maps trends in population density of population occupational status and trends etc should be discovered and tried out The Panel propos es to develop a procedure for making such surveys This will involve intensive work in three or four spot counties A more detailed description of LongHange Planning of School Buildings in Georgia is found in Education Panel Bulletin Number Eleven i 10 STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR VETERANS The Education Panel at the request of the Veterans Education Council and the Georgia State Committee on Postwar Education gathered information regarding all of the educational opportunities in Georgia and organized it into a bulletin entitled Georgias Educational Opportunities for Veterans Twentyfive thousand copies of the bulletin have been printed and will be distributed through the Veterans Education Council This study revealed that U5 colleges universities and junior colleges in the State have been approved by the Veterans Education Coun cil as institutions with approved training programs designed for veterans In addition there are tf special institutions approved by the Council consisting of private Business Colleges Schools of Pharmacy Vocational Trade Schools Flying Schools Schools for Morticians Beauty Culture and Barber Schools The Council has also approved for general training certain elementary and high schools in the State For those veterans whodesire to go to school part time and work part time special programs are provided through apprentice training in such fields as automotive mechanics mechanics moulders tool makers refrigerator service mechanics sheet metal workers structural iron workers carpentry plumbing steam fitters and the like The appren tice plan in Georgia has been approved by the Bureau of Training War Manpower Commission Washington D C Those veterans who want to continue their education on a parttime basis in the field of distributive occupations may receive training in the operation and management cf drug stores banks hotels book storesHl jewolry stores grocery stores insurance agencies real estate agencies filling stations electrical supply stores and the like Programs hare been approved in more than 30 distributive fields In addition to the distributive education program sponsored hy the State Department of Education farmer training courses are available in a selected num ber of high schools in the State This program will allow veterans to manage and operate their farms and receive instructions in agriculture in their local high school The several college and university programs are given in some detail Information is provided on the location of the institution degrees offered credit rating admission requirements and a description of the special offerings for veterans Many colleges and special schools are offering short courses espec ially designed for veterans as well as making availabletheir regular curriculum The bulletin will be placed at all separation centers and will be used by Captain F A Sams director of the Veterans Education Council in advising with veterans regarding the educational opportunities in the State The Panel is in the process of developing another bulletin giving a pfcture of the educational opportunities for colored veterans 42 EDUCATIONAL PLAMING AND DEVELOPMENT IN TWELVE SPOT COUNTIES The second approach by the Education Panel to educational planning and development in the State was through initiating and directing plan ning in twelve spot or demonstration counties These were chosen on the basis of carefully formulated criteria The counties selected were Floyd Heard Rabun Hart Walton Morgin Atkinson Jones Pulaski Bulloch Calhoun and Decatur The six staff members of the Panel who directed the planning in the spot counties cooperated with representatives of the State Department of Education county school officials and representatives of other agencies in organizing and promoting the program Pive principles were used as guides in educational planning 1 All the people both lay and professional who are affected hy the school program should have a part in its planning 2 Educational planning should he based upon problems discovered through the study of factual data and a program should be agreed upon only after best practices have been explored 3 The planning process is as important as the product of planning U Members of a planning group should work in terms of longrange objectives At the same time group action should be taken on those parts of the program that require immediate attention 5 Provisions should be made for the development of local leader ship in order that educational planning may be continuous 43 the abovementioned principles are based upon the belief et e ideals ex d emocracy are a ttalned in a society to the extent that the rasses ox the people think intelligently and plan cooperative in the solution ox their problems The educational program of the State contrx to the ideal ox democracy to the extent that it stimulates and gives denee to the development of individuals to become reflective and sklll Ml in the task with which they are confronted and to the extent that it etiolates Individ to work together in the promotion of the common interests of the corxrxirity state nation and world Parthernore these principles are Wd on the MM In an l it is essential that the programs of the schools at overchanging worla it is essenwu all levels bo adjusted intelligently to meet new conditions Changes i the schools ill he xxadc These chnnee nay he haphazard and unsys tematic or they may he thoughtfully placed to meet the needs of all will cor under the sphere ef influence of the schools Only through serious and constructive planning the schools ha expected to meet the needs of the people they should serve Pj22jares in Ojgexjjing for Educational PlaTming The major steps foiled in erasing and getting developmental programs under in the counties are described briefly below 1 In cooperation with the State Department of Education the counties were contacted and official arrangements were made to initiate the program Selected teachers and principals were chosen to attend a school leaders workshop at the univer sity of Soorgia in the summer of 19 bin t44 2 The school lenders workshop was organized Its purpose was to develop local leaders to assist the Panel staff in organizing community planning groups and county committees and in carry ing on planning programs during the year 3 The Panel staff developed a school lenders manual to guide the members in conducting planning programs Immediately after the close of the workshop in the summer of 1M the members of the Field Staff and the specialists of the Education Panel using suggestions of the workshop group the supervisory staff of the State Department of Education and certain members of the facul ty of the University of Georgia developed a School Leaders Manual This manual served as a guide for conducting educa tional planning on county and local levels The manual was not designed to provide a blueprint of an educational program for a county or community but rather to provide a detailed outline of procedures supplemented by appropriate facts to use in leading groups of professional and lay people to do their own planning The manual was developed primarily for use by members of the Field Staff in the twelve spot counties It was thought however that the marual would be of ralue to principals and other school lenders in carrying on local planning Requests from school leaders from all over the nation for the Manual gives some evidence of its value to those interested in planning U The Panel staff members organized in each school community community planning groups consisting of lay people and teachers In most instances it was decided at the first meeting to dealJftRSI arraSisisS 45 with planning the curriculum or the instructional program of the school Agreeing that the purpose of the school is to help individuals to recog nize their problems and to think them through intelligently each community Planning group accepted as its first task that of listing the problems with which individuals are faced in their everyday living Though the problems in each community varied in detail in general all of the prob lems suggested in the twelve counties may be classified as follows a Problems in health and recreation b The problems of acquiring the basic tools of learning such as reading writing number relations etc c The problem of appropriate media for creative expression d The problem of choosing a vocation e Problems in home and family living f Problems in neighborhood living g Problems in school living h Problems arising between individuals organized groups and government i The problem of earning a living j The problem of utilizing money and other resources k The problem of the age groups to be reached 5 The county school superintendents set up countywide organiza tions for studying problems and working on countywide programs In order for the school to work effectively with the curriculum problems of administration transportation buildings and teacher education must also be studied County committees were set up to deal with these important problemstaiiatrifiiier J ftRSI St c 3RC CAVSmBmS 46 The Plan in Action Descrying a planning program in 109 ohool communities where 657 meetings were held end an aggregate of 1JA lay and professional persons participated 1 impossihle within the spaee allotted for an annual report A rather complete picture of the planning in each county is available in report consisting of fro 100 to 125 pages de to each county school superintendent The Panel staff in preparing the reports on the 12 counties wrote hetween 1200 and 1500 pages of descriptions The Panel ha plan to reproduce the complete report of one county and mahe it ailahle to the educational leadership of the State Brief descriptions of the pro grans in two counties are found in the last pages of this report The six enters of the Field Staff of the Panel held 557 community meetings attended hy 530a teachers and principals and Sf Jaymen or an aggregate of 13US persons in addition to the wor with organised Planning grc in the school communities the staff memhers held ihO meetings with ether teachers and school persons with an attendee of 3595 They held 153 countywide committee meetings with an attendance of M9 They discussed educational development at 20 civic cluhs with an attendance of 690 and they participated in 92 professional and other planning groups with an attendance of 529 At each of the 657 community planning meetings and the 153 county committee meetings the staff leader stimulated the group to discuss the problems of educational improvement in the local school and county The leader made careful tulles of the educational problems of the community Shared many hinds of relative facts and other information which would asslst in solving the local prohlems He served as discussion leaderii flRSI iSai3C 47 and presented the data and other inforraatin in an organized form so that the group had a sound oasis for making decisions If the decisions involved immediate action the leader helped to set up an organization to put the program under way Results of Community and County Planning Descriptions of concrete results and outcomes of planning in the 12 counties are found in the 12 county reports and a briefer picture in Bulletin Number 2 of the Education Panel entitled Georgia School Communi ties Plan for Action Brief accounts of results are found in the descrip tion of Hart and Morgan Counties in the latter part of this report Below are some generalized statements concerning the outcomes 1 All planning groups became concerned about the schools estab lishing more adequate guidance programs Practically all the schools in the 12 counties made plans for and started guidance programs Provisions were made for gathering personal data about each pupil as to his abilities his likes and dislikes his interests etc Plans wore made for gathering and organizing information about occupations vocational activities and the like Counsellors were established in the schools places for personnel records were provided and arrangements were made to utilize laymen of the community in giving assistance in this field 2 All planning groups gave consideration to improving the health and recreation program Lay persons desired that health instruc tion be put on a functional basis they want more action in the program Many groups planned for and developed more sani tary toilets at the school end in the members1 horses provided sanitary drinking water provided a place for handwashing put in wa1 48 ter works made studies of communicable diseases eliminated health hazards repainted classrooms to permit more light set in motion recreation programs for youth and adults etc In virtually all the planning groups especial attention was given to nutrition 3 Without a single exception community planning groups want more facilities and hetter trained teachers in the Creative Arts Laymen want both youth and adults to have more opportunity to make things They want shops for working with tools facili ties for painting equipment for working with clay and oppor tunities for music Many planning groups urged all teachers to give more attention to the creative urge and to give opportunity to all students to make things U Many groups studied the program of the school looking toward making improvement in the tools of learning reading writing and arithmetic It was generally agreed that improvement in the use of the tools of learning could beat he done through developing these skills by dealing with real life problems 5 Community groups devoted considerable time to studying ways to improve the instructional program in the realm of social relationships Many groups realized the importance of helping both youth and adults to deal more intelligently and sympathetically with the problems of home and family living neighborhood liv ing school living and in living as a part of civic church and governmental groups The conclusion reached was that the school should assist each individual to face these problems arrive at sound decisions and to have the experience of puttingi FlRSI 49 tho decisions into operation 6 Planning a more adequate program of vocational training was con sidered by almost all of the groups but especially in those situations where highschool youth were involved The groups concluded that the secondary School must provide more and better opportunities in learning to earn a living Plans were made in many schools for training in agriculture for farm boys and for trades and industries and the distributive occupations for some farm boys and for all urban youth Training in homemaking and other occupation was planned for the girls Planning groups want the school to provide occupational training for outof school youth for adults and especially for the returning servic emen and women 7 Many planning groups recognized that it is impossible for some of the schools as now organized to do what they want them to accomplish This was especially true with the highschool pro gram The type of instructional program demanded in the creative arts vocational education health and recreation and guidance could not be realized in many of the small high schools A broad and comprehensive program of education would cost too much in small units andadequate facilities could not be pro vided for teaching outofschool youth An examination of data about the cost of education in the small high school has led some to generalize thus The small high school is an expensive institution which prevents the individual from receiving an education In some of the small schools the A TtTooo i EORC 50 cost is as high as 250 per pupil annually nd the schools pro vide very meager programs of study These problems led to the formation of countywide committees to s tudy consolidation transportation building and administrative policies Negro Program Negro groups in some counties started planning programs of the type carried on by the whites Most of the countywide committees gave con sideration to the Negro problems of administration transportation and building Programs in Two Counties Below are brief descriptions of the developmental programs in Morgan and Hart Counties 51 SCHOOL PLANNING IN MORGAN COUNTY Morgan County is located in the north central part of the State approximately 60 miles southeast of Fulton County The total population of the county in 190 was 12713 of which hi percent were white and 53 percent Negro Of the 3966 persons who were gainfully employed in 190 76 percent were engaged in agriculture The principal sources of cash farm income are cotton livestock and peaches White School3 Two school systems Morgan County and the City of Madison operate seven white schools with a total enrollment of 1209 pupils Of this number 208 live in Madison and 1101 in the county Ordinarily the schools in Madison would have an enrollment of 208 pupils but by agree ment between the two boards of education 235 pupils from the county are enrolled in Madison making a total of 3 pupils Nine of the l4 teachers in Madison are furnished from the Morgan County allotment The Madison system operates an elevengrade school There are two elevengrade schools in the county system The total highschool enrollment Madison and County is 284 pupils In addition to the two senior high schools in the Morgan County System there are one junior high school and three elemen tary schools One of the elementary schools has one teacher and the other two hve two teachers each The per pupil cost for whites for the entire county was 6755 Negro Schools There are 3 Negro schools in Morgan County 2 of which are one teacher schools Nine schools have two teachers and the only school doing highschool work located in Madison has nine teachers The totalIRS I CULI Lowo 1 52 enrollment in Negro schools for the year 193 as 1753 with an average daily attendance of 1276 The per pupil cost for Negroes for the entire county was 2013 Planning Groups During the past year two kinds of groups carried on planning in Morgan County l Local groups in the school communities planning for the program of the school and 2 countywide committees planning on such problems as school administration school buildings school transportation and teacher education There were meetings with local groups The aggregate number of people attending these meetings was 1666 with an average of 31 at each meeting Each of the four countywide committees met four times making a total of 16 meetings with an aggregate attend ance of 144 people The average number attending each meeting was 9 Planning was carried on with the view toward l Making certain immediate improvements and 2 inaugurating a longrange de velopmental program Most of the results from the latter type of planning are not obtainable hoover certain goals have been achieved A descrip tion of some of these accomplishments is made below Local groups listed the following problems which had been en countered in the daily living of the members of the community and about which they believed the school should be concerned Health and recreation acquiring the tools of learning providing opportunities for creative ex pression making wise occupational choices living and working in the home school and community understanding and participating in group and govern mental activities earning a living and using money and other resources During the year groups planned a program of action for the above named problems with the exception of those dealing with social relationships J fiRSI53 and using money and other resources These problems are to be planned for during the school year just ahead Health All planning groups have concluded that the health program of a community should be based upon the problens with which the individuals are faced Textbooks are to be used as supplements and not as the basis for the program The Rutledge Planning Group after studying factual data set up the fdlotdng principles to be observed in the formulation of their plan for the health program 1 The causes of diseases are community problems and cooperative effort should be exercised in the elimination of these causes 2 Any preventable disease which causes death should be fought by the community with every available resource 3 Every individual has the right to expect the best facilities provided for his birth In a planning meeting at Apalachee the group was discussing the importance of the school lunchroom Plans were made for the teaching of nutrition through pupil conferences and through pupil participation in the planning of menus These plans led to others notably those of practice in eating habits and etiquette Pupils are encouraged to tell their parents about their lunches and to bring from home suggestions for better lunches Since these plans have become a reality the entire community has become interested in the lunchroom The ninth grade pupils in the Buckhead School became concerned about the lighting of their classroom hen a survey with a candlefoot meter was made They began a study of factors which made present lighting inadequateJ ftRSI 3X0 i54 It was discovered that ceilings should be a light color that artificial lighting of their room was a necessary supplement to the natural lighting and that arrangements of desks was important A survey of such conditions of their classroom was made and they found a dark ceiling and dirty walls soot from the heater two drop unshaded electric lights and desks so arranged that their backs were toward the windows They have painted their classroom including woodwork an ivory color rearranged their desks and requested that the trustees retire the school building in order that all classrooms and halls may have adequate artificial lighting facilities The members of the class have offered to help improve other classrooms in the building One layman in the Buckhead planning group said I think it is time that all of us take some action about the school toilets The toilets were unsanitary and outofdoors As plans were made for new sanitary flush toilets lavatories and drinking fountains they brought out other related problems The water supply for the school and community Plans were made to dig their present well deeper in order to have an adequate supply for the school Plans for the future were drawn up for supplying water from a central source to the homes in the village The seventh grade teacher in the Bostwick School passed on to her pupils some of the health facts she had obtained at the community planning meeting As a result the pupils became concerned about their outdoor toilets They decided that their contribution to the sanitation of their school would be to keep the toilets in a sanitary condition Each week the toilets are cleaned thoroughly At Rutledge the pupils were arriving at school during the winter after a long ride on an unheated bus to find their classrooms cold ElRS c 55 Parents in one of the planning meetings decided on a plan of action and as a result this problem was quickly solved As a result of the study of the facts all community planning groups have agreed that the health problems of lfoxgan County are suffi ciently serious to warrant a fully staffed county health unit Laymen teachers and highschool pupils at Buckhead have planned for a community play night once each month Plans have been made to use a vacant room in the gymnasium for a community library and club room The ParentTeacher Association is going to sponsor a community wide recreation program The city of Madison has turned over the shimming pool and tennis courts to the school Plans are being made to open all recreational facilities of the school to every one in the community Vocational Problems Community planning meetings have been held in each community of the county and the members of such groups have indicated the desire based upon need for a full program of vocational training Schools in the county have used the shop equipment at the agricultural and industrial school on the average of one day each eek for each school Teacher Training As local groups planned their programs they bagan to recognize their need for inservice training for teachers The school faculties in Rutledge Bostwick and Buckhead asked members of the county board of edu cation to employ a trained helping teacher The county superintendent as he visited the planning meetings heard the people make the request and he presented the request to the board Such a helper has been secured and Trill begin her work in Morgan County this year Mrs Hawkins the first grade teacher at Rutledge became concernedJ fiRSI 4 adHHHHBH tmBmUBmrnmBttm 56 about one of her pupils who could do excellent written work but rould not talk She was very anxious to obtain aid from experts in the field of child psychology In the meantime she experimented using various methods Finally she discovered that by making school work as much fun as play the pupil began to express herself The teacher made this remark I am able to recognize the problem but I need help in solving it The teachers of the county recognized the need for teaching aids materials and professional literature A committee of teachers met with Miss Elizabeth Donovan Curriculum and Materials Specialist of the State Department of Education and selected some of the most needed materials This committee decided to ask each teacher to subscribe one dollar each year for the purchase of material and the county board of education has promised to match the amount which teachers raise The committee has asked that a countywide materials bureau be established under the direction of the supervisorelect Help in organizing and cataloging the materials has been promised by Kiss Sara Jones of the State Department of Education The members of the planning group at Buckhead are setting up per manent headquarters in a room which they are remodeling for a community library It is in this room that they plan to accumulate and catalog all information on farm problems and on all phases of school planning problems The teachers and principals are working on plena for informing the parents of the community about all new material as it comes in and for sending the material to them as they request it One of the grades in the elementary school at Bostwick has set up a student council The pupils here make many of their own regulations con cerning behavior and for studying and solving their problemsli5 ftRSI 4 c B 57 Croative Arts A snail room at the Apalachee School has been provided for a work and exhibit room The majority of the children have made contributions One can find model airplanes handpainted draperies crocheted pieces finger paintings and crayon ork All schools are planning such a room for the coning school year Plans are being nade for the use of the wellequipped shops at the old Agriculture and Mechanic School plant The high schools of the county have been sending the boys in to the shop one day each week One principal reported that the days the boys fron his school rent to the shop there were no absenses Guidance All school principals and teachers have agreed that one member of each of the faculties of the high school should be designated as having the responsibility for guidance At the sane tine each teacher felt her responsibility in furnishing personal data and in giving classroom guidance to each individual Three teachers have signified their intentions of attend ing summer school this year in order to prepare themselves for the work Plans were nade for all teachers engaged in parttine counseling to meet and study their problens County committees have studied the various forms for the individual inventory and are preparing to recommend a form for Morgan County The superintendent and Morgan County Board of Education have promised to furnish the necessary tests and materials for all schools in the county Two schools have already begun to file occupational information One school has already given aptitude and interest tests All high schools are in the process of setting up a guidance progran early in the new school yearJ flRSI 4 ac i i58 Problens of Administration In planning to neet their problems of living the local community groups felt that there should be planning on a countywide basis in the area of school administration These groups suggested that four special county committees start planning ways of putting local community plans into action As a result such committees were selected to plan in the areas of adminis trative organization and finance school buildings school transportation and teacher education For several months a representative group of laymen from Morgan County planned a more effective school organization As a result the two systems Morgan County and the City of Madison were merged on a contrac tual basis At the same time their plans for a complete merger on a legal and permanent basis were made pending the passing of a new constitu tion for the State Since ratification of the new constitution by the people the two boards of education in a joint meeting with members of the planning group have met and recommended the legal merger An election for that pur pose ill be held in Madison at an early date The Morgan County Board of Education has voted for the establishment of a countywide high school by September 1946 The committee recommended a 12mill countywide tax levy in the event that Madison decided to come into the county system In case Madison failed to come into the county system the two boards will choose two members from each of their boards to administer a countywide high school Both boards jointly have employed an instructional supervisor and a visiting teacher who will begin their work on September 1 195 Another group of laymen studied the problem of school bus transpor tation for the county and arrived at definite plans of action Routing of J riRSi J niiflifraffiWMrr hsmmmBBBOb 59 busses was studied and new routes were proposed The new plan even though one high school would replace the three existing high schools and one junior high school called for the addition of only seven miles oneway to the present daily mileage This would cost approximately 400 extra each year The connittee recommended the purchase and use of one additional bus Two of the sixteen busses needed to be replaced immediately The county board of education didnt own any of the busses It fas decided that a year of experimentation on bus omership was necessary Consequently the county board is to own and operate the two new busses At the end of the school year the county board of education will act upon the results of the ex periment The committee on school buildings after studying the problem from a countywide point of view planned their building program with a Federal Works Program after the war in mind The problem of building a new high school or the remodeling and rebuilding of the old Agricultural and Mechanical School plant as to be studied in detail The committee in deploring the condition of Negro school buildings suggested some con solidation and the erection of new buildings The committee on teacher education with the aid of specialists from the State Department of Education has established a countyide materials bureau A program of inservice training has been planned Representatives from teacher training institutions met with the members of this committee to develop its plans for the school year beginning in September 195 The brief descriptions of the results of planning hich are pre sented above is indicative of the interest manifested by laymen and school people of Morgan County Most significant perhaps as the feeling of satisfaction of groups in that they could plan cooperatively for a better school program by reflectively thinking through the problems with which they were faced4 tP31 owe i 60 EDUGATIOUAL PLAOTIH III HABT COUNTY Hart County is in the northeastern section of Georgia and herders on the Savannah Eiver In 1940 the county had a total population of 15512 of which 4061 were Negro Hartwell is the county seat and the principal town with a population of 2372 The far population is fairly equallly distributed over the county on familysize farms The chief occupation of the county is farming 74 percent of the lahor force in 1940 heing engaged in this occupation One small cotton 111 and a small pants factory provide practically all of the industrial employment opportunities in the county The other occupations engaged in are those which one would expect in a rural county with one principal town the size of Hartwell White schools There are thirteen white schools and sixteen Negro schools in the county All of the schools operate under the county hoard of education al though the school at Hartwell is still legally independent For whites there are twelve schools in the county operating through the ninth grade and one school at Hartwell operating through the eleventh grade In 19431944 these nine grade schools ranged in size from four to ten teachers while the school in Hartwell had a total of 22 teachers In 19431944 the average daily attendance in the eighth and ninh grades of the schools outside of Hartwell ranged from one to 41 with an average of 22 Only three of these schools however had more than 23 pupils in these two grades The tenth and eleventh grade pupils from all hut one of the ninegrade schools are transported to Hartwell for these two upper yearsJ IjtRSI O i 4 idjgjBiffttS MWM 61 of high school The tenth and eleventh grade pupils from the Yanna School are transported to Royston for the senior high school work In the white schools during 19431944 2733 pupils were enrolled with an average daily attendance of 1989 The average cost per pupil in average daily attendance that year was 5821 Negro Schools Fourteen of the sixteen Negro schools are elementary schools nine of which have only one teacher There is one ninegrade school with five teachers and one elevengrade school with seven teachers No transportation facilities are provided for the Negroes In 19431944 there were 1220 Negro pupils enrolled with an average daily attendance of 857 The average cost of instruction per pupil in average daily attendance for that year was 1752 Educational planning in Hart County during the year was carried on both with community and countywide planning groups Community plan ning meetings totaling 89 were held in all of the white schools of the county In the meetings on the community level teachers and lay people were led to plan for the kind of school program which would meet the needs of the people of the community In countywide meetings repre sentatives from all of the community planning groups were led to plan for an administrative setup which would provide the best working ar rangements for the county school program Nine countywide meetings were held during the year Problems Attacked As a result of the local community placing meetings there have come planned programs for the schools in the areas of health occupation4 ftRJI VpyC ti 62 al guidance home and family living neighborhood living and earning a living Some of these planned programs are already being executed while others will be put into action as soon as the necessary administrative or ganization is set up In the local community planning meetings called to deal with the pro blems of health the lay people and teachers thought that the health pro gram of the schools should be reorganized to meet the actual health needs of the people served by the school The neuters of the planning groups decided that the school should 1 provide a healthful school environment 2 provide for the prevention of communicable diseases 3 provide a program of adequate and wholesone recreation 4 provide for an adequate nutrition program 5 prevent accidents and provide for emergency treat ment of accidents 6 provide for an adequate physical education program 7 contribute to the mental health of pupils and 8 provide for the de velopment of personal health habits The plans for the school health program were carried far enough to indicate how these different aspects of the health program would be carried on for the different age groups of the population Planning groups in the different comnunities assumed responsibility not only for developing plans for a health program but also for helping wherever desirable to do something about the plans made The classrooms of one school were redecorated after a lighting survey had been made to reveal the desirability of improving the walls and ceiling of the classrooms Plans were made for painting the classrooms in at least three more schools In several schools windows were cleaned and shrubbery was cut back so as not4 BtRS i 463 to reduce the amount of light coning in at the windows In seven schools of the county the seating arrangement of the pupils was modified to make for better light for their classroom work In aeveral schools playground areas were improved toilets were eith er replaced or improved toilet tissue was supplied handwashing facilities were provided wells were worked over to provide safe and sufficient water and facilities were provided for disposing of discarded tin cans Guidance Community planning groups in Hart County expressed a great deal of interest in a functional program of occupational guidance for the pupils in their schools Generally they concluded that the school should provide and disseminate occupational information to the pupils should make a per sonal inventory and keep a cumulative record of every school pupil should provide counseling service for individual pupils should help pupils plan for and make use of training opportunities should help individuals secure employment and should follow up individuals after entering employment Before the end of the school year a cumulative record system was selected and record blanks were procured for all of the pupils in the county A one year personal inventory of each pupil was made out and is kept on file in each school This record will be added to year by year and therefore will become a cumulative record to be used as a basis for counseling Counsel ing teachers are being selected so that the total occupational guidance program can be implemented in the schools of the county After giving consideration to the problems of hone and family living the community planning group concluded that the school should assume responJ 64 BiDility for leading individuals of all age groups to deal intelligently with their problems in this area These problems were considered to he par ticularly pertinent in the schools programs in honenaking and agriculture hut the groups though that these problems should also he dealt with hy other teachers so that individuals of all age groups night he reached In general it was concluded that the school should nake a study of needs in hone and family living lead individuals to nake intelligent plans for deal ing with these needs or problems and help individuals to put the plans into practice It was also concluded that the methods used in carrying out such a program in hone and family living were nost important and that the best de nocratic principles should he used in dealing with prohlens of this area In neighborhood living arise many problems which cannot he solved by individuals working alone Planning groups in Hart County feel that the school has a responsibility for providing experiences in which cooperative effort is paramount They think that the school should provide opportuni ties for individuals to work together for the common welfare as beautifying school grounds building a community cannery providing community recrea tion and assuming the responsibilities of citizenship in the school and community The members of the community planning groups thought that their schools should do more than they are now doing to help adolescents and adults to deal intelligently with their problems of an economic or vocational nature The planning groups felt that a program of this sort should be coordinated with a sound functioning program of occupational guidance It was decided that in addition to the training now given in agriculture homemaking and commercial work the school program should provide for industrial arts and fiRS SMC i iiSvrfrtfTa IBMfH 65 distributive education Administration and Transportation As has been stated earlier countywide planning groups were organiz ed to deal with administrative problems which have to he dealt with by school leaders in carrying on the school program Two such groups were organized in Hart County to deal with the problems of Transportation and Administration These groups were made up of selected lay people and school leaders from each of the school communities of the county The planning group on Transportation considered many aspects of this problem such as public or private ownership of buses the selection of bus drivers bus routing maintaining equipment and purchasing supplies The group reached the following major conclusions l The county should con tinue to operate its own transportation equipment 2 student drivers should be used as long as competent drivers could be procured among students 3 the bus routes should be revised so as to eliminate as far as possible over lapping and retracing of bus routes 4 a central countyowned garage for servicing and repairing all county school buses should be provided and 5 centralized purchasing of supplies and equipment should be used wherever possible The recommendations of the Transportation planning group as a whole anticipate many innovations in the present school transportation program in the county They point way toward more uniform practices in school bus operation and management as well as more centralization of control Since the Transportation planning group made its recommendations to the county board of education eleven new school buses have been bought ii i 66 through a centralized purchase plan at a saving which was equivalent to one new chassis The bus routes of the county have been revised to eliminate over lapping and retracing at an estimated saving of fifteen percent in total bus mileage for the county Plans are being made by the county board of education to establish a central countyowned garage for repairing and servicing all of the school buses of the county The other problem dealt with on a countywide basis was Adminis tration One of the principal discoveries made by this group was that the kind of school program planned by the community planning groups was not in all areas possible under the present setup in the county It was discovered that the number of both elementary and the eighth and ninth or juniorhigh pupils has been declining steadily in recent years There has been a 26 percent decrease in average daily attendance in the elementary grades for the county since 1938 as compared with a 34 percent decrease in the junior high grades As has been stated earlier the range in the number ofpupils per school in the juniorhigh grades in 19431944 was one to 41 The average number of pupils per teacher for these grades that year was ten The average cost of teaching each of these pupils was about 168 The planning group decided that under these conditions it was hardly feasible to expand the present highschool program in the county and that the only way to make possible the school program planned by the community groups was to centralize all of the highschool work in the county in one Hart County High School The planning group on Administration has gone so far as to recommend to the county board of education that all of the highschool work for whites be centralized in one school The board now hasl Firs i o67 the proposal under serious consideration Representatives of the State De partment of Education rendered valuable assistance in helping the planning group develop its proposed program ii n n a r y Prom the community and countywide meetings have cone these signifi cant results 1 Planned programs for the schools in the areas of health occupational guidance home and family living neighborhood living and earning a living transportation and administration 2 an increased interest by the lay people in an understanding of the purpose and function of the schools and 3 an appreciation of the part lay people can play in school planning by the professional school leaders of the county The program is longrange During the year much was accomplished in some areas and only slight beginnings were made in others A pattern of approach to the formulation of a school program has however been set up which should be continuous and should increasingly result in better oppor tunities for the youth and adults in Hart County4 6 463 O HECOMMEKDATIOSS FOR 194546 The Education Panel at the May 1945 meeting of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board presented a proposed Panel program for 194546 This program was adopted unanimously hy the Board and several phases of it are now in operation It consisted of the following major activities 1 Carrying to completion a statewide study of the needs for pro fessional and vocational education This study was tegun in May 1945 It is hoped that certain phases of it at least will t completed hy next spring The study is divided into the following areas a Agriculture b trades and industry c homemaking d distributive occupations and e professional occupations such as law medicine pharmacy engineer ing and the like More than sixty professional and lay leaders in these fields are cooperating actively with the Panel Research Staff in carrying on this large project 2 Superintendents and other leaders revested a comprehensive study of the whole problem of financing education at all levels in the State The Panel hopes to get this study organized some time during the fall provided competent research personnel can te secured This is a hadly needed study particularly in the light of the ratification of the new Constitution 3 Completing the study of the School for the Deaf and making a similar study of the State School for the Blind 4 Continuing the planning and developmental programs in the spot counties and initiating planning programs in as many other counties in theA L EtRS 3 4 69 State as possible This program has already teen started through preliminary work with 165 white and 95 Begro leaders during the months of July and August As the year passed it became evident that the procedures and techni ques employed by the Field Staff in the selected counties were resulting in inproved school situations It was felt that as many similar community school planning programs as possible should be initiated throughout tho State in 194546 In order to do this either the Panel Field Staff had tobe enlarged local school leaders had to be trained to lead in developing programs in the communities and counties with the assistance of members of the Field Staff The latter plan was decided upon and seven workshops for school leaders six for white and one for Negroes were conducted by the Panel during the summer of 1945 The workshops were held at the University of Georgia West Georgia College Georgia Teachers College Georgia Southwestern College Abraham Baldwin and a second at the University of Georgia The workshop for the Negroes was held at Atlanta University under the direction of that institution and the Division of Begro Education of the State Department of Education The six field staff persons next year will work with these school leaders in helping them to organize planning and development programs in their own schools and counties Over 300 community schools and several counties have requested Panel assistance to cooperate with local people in carrying on planning programs for this year 5 Carrying to completion the county school building program This work has been completed in approximately onehalf of the counties in the State Plans should be made in the other counties In addition there is a need for the staff personnel in this field to develop more 8ffMgggg o v niques for studying the school building needs and projecting p the needs bomeet LIBRARIES OF O r rtj ftSOO y J y v A fr S tsTri V Vrlfi foAry ki a loi saa VzTS N