Georgia and her resources. Yearbook of the Empire state of the south, 1932

JJ

ERSf
N CAROLINAGeorgias BiCentennial
HAVING been founded by General Ogletborpe at Yamacraw Bluff near Savan
nah on February 12 1733 the State of Georgia is approaching her twohun
dredth birthday and during 1933 will celebrate that great and historic event
with appropriate events and ceremonies now in process of being organized as this
edition of Georgia and Her Resources goes to press
Georgia was the thirteenth of the Original Colonies of the United States and the
successful establishment of the Colony determined that North America should be an
Englishspeaking AngloSaxon country rather than a Spanishspeaking Latin coun
try Hence the celebration of her twohundredth anniversary is an event of more
than local interest to Georgians alone but assumes a National and worldwide sig
nificance
Plans for the celebration of Georgias BiCentennial are in the hands of a Commis
sion created by the Legislature and appointed by the Governor composed of the
following distinguished Georgians
P A Stovall Savannah Willis A Sutton Atlanta James H Boykin Lincoln
ton Professor John Drewry Athens Dr Lawton B Evans Augusta Dr Lucian
Lamar Knight Saint Simons Mrs Julian C Lane Statesboro Miss Moina Michael
Athens Gordon Saussy Savannah Jack Williams Way cross Emmett Williams
Monroe T G Wool ford Atlanta
The celebration will commence on February 12 1933 to be designated as Foun
ders Day and run through Thanksgiving Day 1933 It is planned to organize a
worthy appropriate and beneficial celebration throughout the State calculated to
interest all people of Georgia residence or ancestry to recall to public mind the
contributions of Georgians during two centuries of constructive upbuilding in their
State and Nation and to enlist the active cooperation of all communities civic and
patriotic bodies educational and religious forces
Each community will be invited to arrange its own celebration with special ref
erence to its own historical events and places of interest the dates of all these to
be coordinated so as to avoid conflicts Numerous events of Statewide import will
be arranged The United States Government and the Government of England the
mother country will be invited to participate in a notable manner as also the French
and possibly other foreign Governments
All nativeborn Georgians now residing in other States of the Union or in other
countries and all citizens outside of Georgia who are descended from Georgia an
cestry will be invited to visit Georgia during 1933 as special honor guests in a mam
moth series of homecoming celebrations In addition to these the people of Amer
ica m general will be urged to spend their vacation seasons in Georgia during 1933
It is expected that one to two million visitors will come to the State during the
BiCentennial thereby stimulating tremendous interest throughout the Nation in
Georgias resources advantages and opportunities that the general scope and char
acter of the celebration will give it high rank among similar events in the entire his
tory of the country and that Georgians themselves will derive a great and lasting
inspiration in regard to their State
The front cover is a reproduction of a magnificent pictorial map of Georgia painted
in colors by J Woodley Gosling of the art staff of General Electric Company It
is one of the finest pictorial representations ever made of any State containing near
ly 100 different scenes each photographic in its accuracy Running through the
State from Tennessee to Florida is a white line illustrating the project put forward
by the Georgia State Automobile Association to light the Dixie Highway U S
Route 41 in honor of Georgias twohundredth anniversary
QUARTERLY BULLETIN OF THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SERIAL NUMBER 121 AUGUST 1932
TnniQSn Atantav Geo8ia as secondclass matter October 7 1900 under Act of
Section 1 Art7ndfam8 ata special rate o postaKe provided for in
Section 1103 Act of October 3 1917 authorized on June 29 1918GEORGIA
and Her
RESOURCES
Year Book
of
The Empire State
of The South
1932
Issued by
STATE DEPARTMENT of AGRICULTURE
EUGENE TALMADGE
Commissioner
State Capitol Atlanta
Compiled and Edited by Rogers Winter

INTRODUCTION
By Eugene Talmadge Commissioner of Agriculture

S this edition of Georgia and Her Resources
goes to press the State of Georgia is
approaching her TwoHundredth Anniversary
The thirteenth of the original colonies
of America Georgia was founded
General James Edward Ogle
thorpe at Savannah on Feb
ruary 12 1733
Georgias Bicentennial will
be appropriately celebrated
during a period of several
months in 1933 and a very
important feature will be a
great homecoming to Geor
gia of native sons and
daughters and their de
scendants who have gone
out from Georgia to other
states of the Union and to
foreign countries
Two misconceptions are very
common in connection with GeorB
gia history One is that Georgia was
founded primarily as a colony to pro
vide a refuge for oppressed debtors and the
other is that Georgias history commenced when
General Oglethorpe and his colony landed on
Yamacraw Bluff In point of fact the found
ing of Georgia was a calculated military enter
prise on the part of England to block the ad
vancement of Spanish colonies in a northerly di
rection from Florida along the South Atlantic
Seaboard and in this General Oglethorpe was
eminently successful
Moreover for nearly 200 years prior to the
landing of General Oglethorpe Georgia had a
history peculiarly rich in romance and military
exploitation
The purpose of Georgia and Her Resources
is to give Georgians a better understanding as
well as a more lively appreciation of the great
resources and the wonderfully fascinating his
tory of their State and also to afford
people outside of Georgia a com
pendium of information that may
be useful to them in planning a
visit to or a permanent loca
tion in this State
The first edition of this pub
lication was issued in 1928
during my first term as
Commissioner of Agricul
ture The entire edition
was quickly absorbed as
was also the second edition
published in 1930 We ex
pect the present edition to
Wbe exhausted within a short
jPume inasmuch as our appro
priation does not permit us to
publish a sufficient number of
copies to supply the demand We
will undertake to supply one copy to
each classroom in public and private schools
upon request but cannot supply them generally
to school pupils
Georgia is preeminently an agricultural State
and its fortunes in the future as in the past de
pend upon the men and women on the farms
This work is therefore dedicated to them and to
their work which has made this book possible
It is also dedicated to an earnest effort to bring
about necessary changes which will make living
conditions on the farms not only tolerable but
desirable and to restore happiness and content
ment and ownership of the land to the people
who live on itHBV

THE 13th COLONY
North Americas Future Destiny Shaped by Georgia
AS pointed out by Commissioner Talmadge in his
introduction to this edition of Georgia and Her
Resources two misconceptions are very general
in regard to Georgia which in 1933 will celebrate
her two hundredth anniversary
One is that Georgia was founded primarily as a
refuge for persons imprisoned in England for debt
This erroneous theory has been completely disproven
by Mr J Randolph Anderson an eminent lawyer and
historian of Savannah in his profound treatise The
Genesis of Georgia wherein he demonstrates con
clusively that the founding of the colony of Georgia
under General James Edward Oglethorpe was in no
sense philanthropic but was a deliberate calculated
military enterprise having for its purpose the check
mating of Spains growing power on the North Ameri
can continent Limitations of space preclude a general
synopsis of Mr Andersons fascinating and highly val
uable work but the following quotation affords an in
dex
A true understanding of the early history of Geor
gia and a proper comprehension of the causes leading
up to its settlement by the English under Oglethorpe
at Savannah in 1733 cannot be had unless it is clearly
realized at the outset that the chief and controlling
object and purpose for the founding of the colony was
a military one
The imagination of some historians captivated by
certain philanthropic expressions in the charter of the
colony and by Oglethorpes efforts in Parliament to
ameliorate the condition of imprisoned debtors has led
them to describe him as a Paladin of Philanthropy and
to speak of the colony as if it was in some sort designed
as an asylum for the idle the thriftless and the in
competent Nothing could be further from the fact
than such an idea
Colonies for the exercise of benevolence were un
known to the statesmanship of that or any other age
but colonies for military purposes were as old as civili
zation itself Oglethorpe himself was a soldier and
a statesman before he was a philanthropist and his in
tense activities during the ten years he spent in Geor
gia were practically all along military lines or to ac
complish military ends and advantages When he
brought his colony to these shores he knew they were
not entering into any unexplored Eden where he and
they might erect a Utopia away from strife and toil
They were going and he knew they were going into a
debatable land which contesting powers had been claim
ing and fighting over for more than a century and a
half and which the Colony of South Carolina had been
unable to successfully maintain and protect and which
his colony was now intended to seize and hold for Great
Britain
Every Colonist Was a Soldier
In preparation for what lay before the emigrants
the Trustees of the Colony subjected each applicant
to a careful investigation No one was accepted who
was not by competent authority found worthy to be
granted the rights of citizenship in the new colony AH
approved applicants were then drilled in arms each day
by sergeants of the Royal Guards until the time came
for the embarkation The rules of the colony required
land tenures to be held in Tail Male and on military
service The introduction of rum and slaves was for
bidden as lessening the defensibility of the colony It
was the only military colony ever sent out from Great
Britain and it was the only one of the thirteen original
colonies in America to receive direct aid from the Brit
ish Government
The reasons for engrafting all these military fea
tures upon the colony become very apparent when we
consider the previous history of the region of which
the colony was intended to take possession The estab
lishment of this colony marked the latest move in a
worldwide struggle of diplomacy and war which since
the end of the fifteenth century had been in progress
between Spain England and France for world suprem
acy and in which England was now beginning to de
velop as the successful contestant
On February 12 1733 General Oglethorpe landed
with 116 colonists on Yamacraw Bluff near the mouth
of the Savannah river On February 20 they started
building their first house Being an accomplished dip
lomat as well as a military genius and empire builder
Oglethorpe promptly made treaties with the Indians
and throughout his sojourn in the colony maintained a
policy of friendship toward them dealing fairly with
them and enlisting them as allies in his military expe
ditions
While the statesmen and courtiers of Spain were
guffawing at what they misconstrued to be Ogle
thorpes wild scheme of founding a refuge for oppressed
debtors Oglethorpe was systematically and by prodigi
ous exertions laying the foundation for accomplishing
the real purpose of the colonywhich was to block the
Spanish advance from Florida In less than ten years
Oglethorpe had laid out the City of Savannah which
stands today as a marvel of beauty foresight and scien
tific planning had erected Fort Frederica on Saint
Simons Island a great fortification built of tabby a
mixture of oyster shells burned oyster shells sand and
4A great textile city of Georgia and a famous Georgia seaport At the top is an aerial view of LaGrange show
ing the artistic layout of the city famous for its beautiful homes and cultured people also its progressive tex
tile industries Below is Brunswick and Marshes of Glynn in background
5nMA
wmmmmmr

GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
water resembling modern concrete had stationed out
posts on Jekyll and Cumberland Islands south of Saint
Simons had raised a regiment of crack soldiers in Eng
land and brought them over had recruited his forces
with Scotch Highlanders and had enlisted Indian war
riors as allies Then the Spanish awoke to a realiza
tion that this Colony of Georgia was no visionary expe
dition by an impractical philanthropist but a grim and
deadly menace to the conquests and power of Spain on
the North American continent
Oglethorpe Must Be Destroyed
Accordingly a Spanish decree went forth that Ogle
thorpe should be destroyed and the Colony of Georgia
wiped from the map Pursuant thereto the Spanish
Governor of Cuba dispatched an expedition under Mon
teano then Governor of Saint Augustine Florida con
sisting of fiftyone warships and 5000 men Monteanos
instructions were specific and typical
I regard as indispensable the invasion before any
thing else is attempted of the Island of Saint Simons
This first step having been successfully taken you will
proceed northward by interior channels devastating
laying waste sacking and burning whatever settle
ments plantations and towns there may be as far north
as Port Royal South Carolina inclusive razing its
fort and taking possession of the entire country
With a far inferior force Oglethorpe met the Span
ish on July 7 1742 in a marsh near Fort Frederica on
Saint Simons Island and there fought successfully a
battle conceded by discriminating historians to have
been among the most momentous in the history of the
worldthe Battle of Bloody Marsh Practically every
Spaniard under Monteano was either killed wounded
or captured Thereafter Spain abandoned any further
invasion of the Colony of Georgia and from that battle
commenced the decline of Spanish power in North
America
That battle decided that the language of North
America should be the English language and that the
government and civilization of North America should
be AngloSaxon Thomas Carlyle said of the Battle
of Bloody Marsh
Half the world was hidden in embryo under itthe
incalculable Yankee Nation itself the greatest phe
nomenon of these ages This too little as careless
readers on either side of the sea now know it lay in
volved Shall there be a Yankee Nation Shall the
New World be Spanish or shall it be English
The land where the Battle of Bloody Marsh was
fought is now the property of Mrs Maxfield Parrish
wife of the famous painter who spends her winters
there in a beautiful home
Thus it is clear that the founding of Georgia was a
philanthropic enterprise only to the extent that Ogle
thorpe employed that pretext to mislead and deceive
the government of Spain
The second very general misconception regarding
Georgia history is that her history did not begin until
Oglethorpe landed at Yamacraw Bluff In point of fact
Georgia had passed through before that historic and
momentous landing almost two hundred years of his
tory as glamorous and romantic as any territory on the
Western Hemisphere This has been termed the Span
ish Era of Georgia history It is charmingly set forth
in another chapter herein written by Dolores B Col
quitt
Georgia Expands and Flourishes
Within about a year following the Battle of Bloody
Marsh General Oglethorpe returned to Englandhis
great mission finished His original tiny colony which
he had landed at Yamacraw Bluff was expanding and
multiplying Pioneers were pushing northward along
the Savannah river clearing up plantations and estab
lishing settlements and towns The Saulsburgers from
Germany religious refugees had planted a splendid
settlement on the Savannah river in what is now Effing
ham County immediately north of Chatham County
in which the City of Savannah is situated Several
English officers of Oglethorpes army were granted
magnificent tracts of land on the Sea Islands fringing
the Georgia coast and there they established the foun
dation of what was for a century the richest and most
cultured agricultural community that ever flourished
in North America
In the year 1752 the original Trustees of the Colony
of Georgia private citizens of England surrendered
their charter to the English Crown and Georgia then
became formally and politically a British Colony John
Reynolds was appointed the first Governor The
boundaries of Georgia at that time extended from the
Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Mississippi River on
the west and from the present northern boundary to
the present southern boundary of the State approxi
mately Subsequently the States of Alabama and Mis
sissippi were created out of original Georgia territory
under a cession of territory by Georgia to the United
States Government in 1802 so that they might be re
ferred to as Daughters of Georgia
During the approximate quartercentury following
the transfer of Georgias charter to the English Crown
the Colony continued to grow and prosper and flourish
More and more plantations were opened along the
Savannah River and its western tributaries agriculture
and horticulture advanced rapidly and with marvelous
scientific aspects along the islands fringing the coast
Negro slaves were brought in their labor to be em
ployed in developing vast plantations of indigo rice
and cotton also to be employed in the erection of mag
nificent Colonial mansions and public works of many
different kinds
On July 4 1776 the Colony of Georgia was repre
sented in that momentous assembly in Independence
Hall in Philadelphia by three stalwart patriots Lyman
Hall George Walton and Button Gwinnett They
signed their names to the Declaration of American In
dependence on behalf of the people of the Colony of
Georgia Two years later in 1778 Savannah was cap
tured by the British and during the major period of
the Revolutionary War Georgia remained in British
hands However one of the last and most decisive
American victories culminating finally in American
independence at Yorktown was won by General Wayne
on Georgia soil near the City of Savannah
Highlights of Georgia History
No attempt is here intended to present the history of
6
U
jUMt
CTpper eft a splendid type of the venerable and classic antebellum homes tobeeenjil onrGgrp Upper
right the famous Bok Singing Tower in Florida built of Georgia marble Below the ggtic oak under
which John Wesley preached is said 4000 people can stand under its branchesVH

GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
Georgia even in outline since this book is not offered
as a historical publication But space limitations do
permit a brief summary of some outstanding high lights
of Georgia history and some points of distinction of
which her people are proud
Delegates from Georgia counties in convention as
sembled ratified the Constitution of the United States
in 1788 after which settlers poured into the State from
South and North Carolina Virginia and other States
to the north a great many coming with Revolutionary
land grants
Georgia played her part with honor and distinction
in the War of 1812 and the Mexican War She gave
her blood and treasure down to the dregs of impover
ishment in the War Between the States in support of
the cause of the Southern Confederacy Ninetyfour
regiments and thirtysix battalions representing all
arms of the Confederate service went out from Geor
gia in that great and tragic conflict It was finally the
triumphant destructive march of General William
Tecumseh Sherman through Georgia from the moun
tains to the sea laying waste a territory fifty miles in
width that broke the backbone of the Confederacy
and brought to an end the conflict of the sixties
Indians enslaved by Spanish explorers along the
Georgia coast built the great fortifications of Saint
Augustine Florida and Havana Cuba
Spanish missions were built along the Golden Isles
of Georgia almost two centuries before the first Span
ish mission was built in California
Brother Domingo Augustin a Spanish priest of the
Jesuit order who landed on Saint Catherine Island in
1568 wrote the first book ever written on North Amer
ican soil and translated the language of the Indian
aborigines
Practically all tropical and semitrophical fruits now
grown in North Americaincluding oranges lemons
peaches melons olives etcwere first cultivated by
Spanish priests in the gardens surrounding their mis
sions along the Golden Isles of Georgia
The largest strongest and costliest British fortifica
tion ever erected on American soil was Fort Frederica
built by General Oglethorpe on Saint Simons Island
A woman Mary Musgrove played a determining part
in the successful founding of the Colony of Georgia
She was onehalf Indian and onehalf white She was
implicitly trusted and constantly employed by Ogle
thorpe as an interpreter and intermediary in his deal
ings with the Indians
Methodism obtained its first foothold on Georgia
soil through the eloquent preaching and indefatigable
labors of John and Charles Wesley and George Whit
field
Cotton Gin Invented in Georgia
The cotton gin was invented in Georgia in 1794 by
Eli Whitney thereby completely revolutionizing the
agriculture of what is now generally designated as
The South
Longstreet a Georgian propelled a boat by steam on
the Savannah river seventeen years before Robert Ful
tons Clermont clove the waters of the Hudson River
in New York
The first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean was
the Savannah propelled by sail and steam which em
barked from Savannah in 1819 carrying cotton and
other cargo to Liverpool
The first passenger train in the world is said to have
been operated from Charleston S C to Augusta Ga
The first Protestant Sunday School and the first or
phanage in America were founded at Savannah
The first chartered State University in the United
States is the University of Georgia
The first chartered womans college in the world is
Wesleyan College at Macon Ga
The first commercial gold mining operations in the
United States were carried on at Dahlonega in the
mountains of northeast Georgia where the Government
established a mint and which claims the distinction of
being the third oldest incorporated municipality in the
State
What is claimed to be the first golf course in Amer
ica was laid out by Scotch Highlanders at Darien and
the man universally accepted as the greatest golfer of
all time is a Georgian RobertTyre Jones Jr
The Girl Scout movement was inaugurated in Savan
nah by a Georgia woman
Confederate Memorial Day was conceived and in
augurated by a Georgia woman at Columbus
The first woman to become a member of the United
States Senate was a Georgian the late Mrs Rebecca
Latimer Felton
The first flag of Texas was designed and fashioned
by a Georgia woman
The first time in medical history when an anesthetic
was used in a surgical operation was by a Georgia phy
sician Dr Crawford W Long whose marble statue
as one of Georgias two representatives now stands in
the National Capitol in Washington
The first alphabet of an Indian language was per
fected by Sequoyah a Cherokee chieftain of north
Georgia considered one of the outstanding scholastic
attainments of history
Launcelot Johnson a Georgian discovered the proc
ess of manufacturing oil from cotton seed thereby lay
ing the foundation of the gigantic cotton seed oil in
dustry
The first machine for making artificial ice was per
fected in Columbus Ga and patented in 1844 likewise
the process of preserving fresh fruit by the dry ice
method was perfected in Georgia
Stone Mountain a Worlds Wonder
The largest body of exposed granite in the world is
Stone Mountain seven miles around the base almost
a thousand feet high upon which has been started and
ultimately will be finished what is conceded to be the
supreme monument of all the earth a colossal sculpture
in living granite in memory of the soldiers and com
manders of the Southern Confederacy
Georgia in area is the largest State east of the Mis
sissippi river and of a total of nine climatic zones into
which the United States is divided Georgia possesses
eight
Upon Georgia soil were born such men as Archibald
8
Top the busy water front at Savannah Left center turpentine shipping yards at Brunswick Georgia leads the
Union in naval stores production Right center aerial view of great Chicopee Mills near Gainesville Below
aerial view of wharves and docks at Savannah
9GOLDEN EMPIRE
Georgia Could Flourish if Isolated from the World
THROUGHOUT the length and breadth of the
United States Georgia is known as The Empire
State of the South Her sobriquet is well de
served and fittingly bestowed It is based upon fact
and not upon fancy
Many competent authorities have made the statement
that if a Chinese Wall were built around her borders
Georgia notwithstanding would live and prosper
flourish and educate even though shut off from the
balance of the world because she possesses within her
domain every product needed for sustaining clothing
housing transporting and elevating a vast and progres
sive community
Of course no State would wish to live unto itself
alone least of all would Georgia whose people are
hospitable and social to the marrow of their bones by
inheritance and tradition But the fact remains that
the extent to which a State could sustain itself in case
of necessity relying exclusively upon its own re
sources materials and products is in the last analysis
the most accurate measure of its strength and power
Georgias strength and power were demonstrated
nearly seventy years ago in the War Between the
States Not until General Sherman had marched
through Georgia from Chickamauga to Savannah laying
waste a territory fifty miles wide and paralyzing Geor
gias transportation system was the Union able to sub
due and bring to terms the Southern Confederacy
Sherman described Georgia as the sustenance center
of the Confederacy When he set out to destroy that
center he left nothing intact within reach of his army
His military acumen was proven by the fact that after
his invasion the Confederacy soon collapsed
Georgia in area is the largest State east of the Mis
sissippi river Out of nine climatic zones into which
the United States is divided Georgia has eight Out
of all varieties of soil in which the United States
abounds Georgia is endowed with by far the widest
scope and range of any State in the Union
Broadly speaking Georgias topography is divided
into three distinct and different sections The north
ern section is mountainous and rugged rising to a
maximum height of 5000 feet this being the southern
most foothold of the Appalachian Range The northern
section is highly fertile and productive in the valleys
but in the main is cloaked in forests several hundred
thousand acres of which have been acquired by the
United States Government and set aside as Forest Re
serves Streams falling down the southern slopes of
the mountains afford immense water power enough al
ready developed and harnessed to supply the States im
mediate needs and the balance being in process of de
velopment as the growth of manufacturing and general
public use of electricity require No section of our
country lying east of the Mississippi river surpasses
North Georgia in scenic grandeur and recreational at
tractions
Rich and Beautiful Piedmont
Middle Georgia or the Piedmont section consists of
rolling and beautiful hills innumerable streams fertile
soils plantations cultivated a hundred years and more
flourishing towns and cities historic landmarks and tra
ditions on every hand immense industries and mineral
deposits beyond calculation
Below Middle Georgia lies the Coastal Plain of the
State an enormous and fascinating territory constitut
Concluded from Page Eight
Bulloch grandfather of Theodore Roosevelt William
H Crawford statesman and diplomat Sidney Lanier
poet patriot and soldier Alexander Hamilton Steph
ens colleague and intimate of Abraham Lincoln when
they served together before the war in the American
House of Representatives Stephens afterward to be
come VicePresident of the Confederate States of
America Joel Chandler Harris whose inimitable Negro
folk stories under the nomdeplume of Uncle Remus
are known around the world Benjamin Harvey Hill
lionhearted leader in the reestablishment of white su
premacy in Georgia and the South during the frightful
era of Reconstruction Henry Woodfin Grady the fore
most editor and orator the South has yet produced
whose vision and eloquence perhaps accomplished more
toward healing the wounds and extinguishing the re
sentments of the War Between the States than all
other influences down to the date of his untimely death
John Howard Payne who wrote Home Sweet
Home was a frequent visitor to Georgia the original
manuscript of his immortal song was found among the
possessions of his Georgia sweetheart Miss Mary Har
din of Athens after her death
The final curtain of that fratricidal tragedy The
War Between the States was rung down in Georgia
when Jefferson Davis was arrested in Irwin county
by a troop of Federal Cavalry
Woodrow Wilson lived the major portion of his boy
hood in Georgia and was admitted to the bar in Atlanta
The foregoing are but a few of the abounding high
lights and points of distinction in Georgia history
which make Georgians proud of the heritage their State
has handed down to them and to their posterity
10Neither Switzerland nor Killarney whose lakes are worldrenowned can hold out more beauty and fascination
than the hydroelectric lakes in Northeast Georgia say travelers who have roamed the earth Above an aerial
view of Lakemont Below an aerial view of Tallulah Lake
11GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
ing threefifths of the total area of Georgia This re
gion when arrived at by automobile or train becomes
at once perceptible The terrain drops from the rolling
hills of the Piedmont section to an almost level prairie
The nature of the soil undergoes immediate change
Streams cease their rushing foaming impatience and
settle down to a slow placid progress toward the sea
Even the color of their waters abruptly differs from
muddy in the lower part of North Georgia chocolate in
Middle Georgia now to dark walnut or crystal clear
Complete transformation comes over the landscape
In place of wild mountains cloaked in forests in the
northern tier of Georgia in place of rolling hills and
fertile valleys in Middle Georgia the traveler now ar
rives upon a flat countryso vast so flat so picturesque
and utterly different from what he saw before that his
imagination is dazzled by the variety and wonder of
this Empire State
In place of laboriously erected farm terraces follow
ing the sinuosities of hillsides to hold the soil intact
he now beholds plantations as level as a floor He be
holds rows of cotton or corn or peanuts or velvet
beans or sweet potatoes or tobacco or peaches or pe
cans reaching away into the distance until they merge
together in remote perspective
In place of picturesque farm houses perched upon
the slopes of picturesque hills he now beholds farm
houses equally picturesque and alluring set not upon
slopes but upon a dead level surrounded by live oaks
draped in the mysterious and beautiful moss of the
Coastal Plain
In place of the wells where water was drawn with
windlass and bucket in the two upper sections of the
State he now beholds artesian water flowing out of the
ground by its own momentum through underground
channels coursing their way from the mountains to the
sea
In place of vast forests of hardwood in the mountains
in place of the promiscuous growth of timber in the
Piedmont section his vision is now contrasted and en
raptured by apparently unending stretches of South
Georgia pines weaving back and forth and forever
sighing beneath the breezes that journey hither from
the approaching ocean
Georgias People Real Americans
Georgias people are 99 per cent Americanborn
Twothirds of the people are white preponderantly
descended from AngloSaxon pioneer ancestors The
mountain people of North Georgia are the purest breed
of AngloSaxons in the United States Onethird of
the people of Georgia are Negroes descended from
African slaves Georgias white people and Georgias
colored people understand each other and get along
together exceedingly well No white man in Georgia
would begrudge a colored man of an opportunity to
better himself by work by thrift and by lawabiding
citizenship
Georgias people speak no polyglot of languages
Their language is English the mother tongue Hospi
tality and sociability are ingrained in their nature
They are homeloving and churchgoing They believe
intensely m education and tax and deny themselves to
the limit of their resources to give their children in
creasingly better and broader educational advantages
They are proud of the fact that the University of Geor
gia was the first chartered State University in the
United States The support and improvement of the
common school system is invariably the first and fore
most concern of their Legislature every time it as
sembles
Georgias climate as remarked above is probably the
most diversified of any State in the UnionGeorgia
having eight of the nine climatic zones into which the
United States is divided The average annual tempera
ture for the State as a whole is 636 degrees The aver
age temperature of the four coldest months December
January February and March is only 49 degrees The
average annual rainfall is 4976 inches Heat prostra
tions are almost unknown in Georgia Severe winter
freezes are few and far between Out of the total days
of the year 365 Weather Bureau statistics show that
an average of 274 days a year in Georgia are sunshine
days South Georgia enjoys an average of 250 frostfree
days a year which enables farmers in that section to
produce a money crop a month during nine months of
the year
Georgias health ranks high with the health of the
Nation as a whole Her splendid climate unlimited
supply of pure water availability and cheapness of a
diversified food supply advanced laws on health sani
tation food inspection etc all contribute to make
Georgia s death rate the lowest of any State east of the
Mississippi river and lower than the average of the
United States
Georgias recreational attractions are almost unlim
ited Her mountain section abounds in scenic gran
deur unsurpassed in the eastern half of the United
States It is dotted with lakes created by hydroelectric
development which constitute a veritable paradise for
fishermen and vacationists Vast areas of mountain for
ests owned by the Federal Government as Forest Re
serves are open to campers under moderate restrictions
hun Y n a fCW yCarS Wi Pened for fishing and
Great Recreational Developments
In the heart of the North Georgia mountains Colonel
bam Tate owner and developer of the worldrenowned
Tate marble quarries has launched an immense resort
and playground colony known as Tate Mountain Es
tates Within two hours of Atlanta by automobile it
offers a wide variety of attractions such as a modern
hotel a fine golf course a lake supplied by mountain
streams for fishing and bathing miles of bridle paths
and a stable of horses summer cottage sites and manv
other features
Middle Georgia has a resort of health and pleasure
which in recent years has become famous throughout
the country and the world Warm Springs an ancient
spa m Menwether county seventy miles southwest
of Atlanta was discovered a few years ago by Franklin
IX Roosevelt as a place of wonderful curative properties
for infantile paralysis Mr Roosevelt and associates
12Above the magnificent glassenclosed pool at Warm Springs Foundation donated by Edsel Ford Below
Franklin D Roosevelt who established and developed this great benevolent institution a parttime citizen of
Georgia who is admired and beloved by all Georgia people
13
fWLiintiil

HHB
GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
bought the place acquired thousands of acres of pic
turesque territory surrounding it erected new and
modern bath houses renovated the hotel built a mag
nificent golf course established a medical clinic and
now hundreds of victims of infantile paralysis both
adults and children are regaining muscular activity at
this unique and benevolent establishment
South Georgia affords a variety of hunting and fish
ing surpassed by few sections of the United States For
those who love quail shooting it is veritably a land of
dreams Men of wealth all over the eastern half of the
United States seeking opportunity to satisfy their
fancy for this wonderful sport have acquired and de
veloped shooting preserves throughout South Georgia
The streams and lakes of this section are teeming with
fish Fox and squirrel abound in the swamps and forests
bordering South Georgia streams Along the Georgia
coast deer bear and duck are abundant and are regu
larly hunted under strict shooting limitations
Barron G Collier of New York some years ago pur
chased near Albany in southwest Georgia a marvelous
phenomenon of Nature known then as Blue Springs
It is a subterranean river gushing out of the ground
through a prehistoric petroleum gas eruption Its wa
ters are as blue as water in midocean and icy cold even
in midsummer Mr Collier acquired several thousand
acres surrounding the springs built a golf course among
the finest in America erected a magnificent casino and
rechnstened the place Radium Springs on account
of the discovery of a high degree of radioactivity in
the waters of the subterranean river
Howard E Coffin another adopted citizen of Georgia
some years ago was attracted to the Golden Isles
along the seacoast He at first purchased Sapelo Island
rehabilitated the magnificent plantation which flour
ished there a century ago restored the old colonial
mansion in the midst of the plantation then reached
out and acquired and developed and stocked a vast
hunting preserve on the mainland afterwards erected a
splendid hotel The Cloister and promoted the de
velopment of a great colony of beach cottages on Saint
bimons Island
Many Famous Golf Courses
In addition to those mentioned above Georgia boasts
many other golf courses which have been played over
many times and praised in highest terms by the fore
most golfers of the world Atlanta has the worldre
nowned East Lake course where Bobby Jones com
menced playing golf as a child Augusta has three
famous courses Savannah offers a wonderful sand
dune course and one of the most seasoned courses in
the State antedating most all others is at Thomasville
Beach resorts abound along Georgias seacoast Tybee
Island at Savannah connected with the mainland by a
paved highway has for generations been a mecca for
summer vacationists throughout the Southeast On
hSSl l3 JUSt off from Darien is er fine
beach The bathing on Saint Simons is equal to any on
the entire Atlantic seaboard and h J been lately
brought into great prominence and popularity through
the activities of Howard E Coffin B
Georgias winter hotels and homes at Augusta Sa
vannah Jekyll Island Saint Simons Island Thomas
ville and numerous other places in South Georgia have
for half a century been gathering places of hundreds
of parttime Georgians who come here from the North
to escape the rigors of that climate and to rest recre
ate hunt fish golf ride and motor in South Georgias
marvelous winter climate
Georgias Magnificent Transportation
Georgias transportation system is unique and com
manding in the entire Southeast because of Georgias
geographical location The great Appalachian moun
tain range heading up in Pennsylvania runs south on
a parallel with the Atlantic seaboard and subsides in
North Georgia This range interposes a natural barrier
between the seaboard and the Mississippi valley The
point at which railroads can get around the barrier to
ward the west and get around it toward the east is a
point in Georgiaoriginally a wilderness in the prim
itive forests now the City of Atlanta transportation
and distribution headquarters of the entire Southeast
Fortyeight steam railroads traverse Georgia with a
total mileage of 7049 Ten trunk line railroads travers
ing or terminating in Georgia draw into and through
Georgia a vast arterial circulation of commerce that
permeates every part of the United States lying east
of the Mississippi river A straight line drawn from
New York to New Ordeans and a straight line drawn
Irom Chicago to Miami cross each other in Georgia
lhat fact explains Georgias strategic importance from
a transportation standpoint
Georgias four ports are meeting points of water
borne commerce and landborne commerce They are
Savannah Darien Brunswick and Saint Marys Into
them flows a vast amount of manufactured products
from the East to be distributed from them by rail to
the entire Southeast Out of them flows a vast amount
of raw and manufactured products of the Southeast
and the Middle West to be taken up at these ports and
transported by sea to the markets of the world
Georgias railroad system is supplemented by a State
Highway system rapidly coming forward to a position
of front rank in the Southeastern territory At the pres
ent time no State in this section has a highway system
superior to Georgias exeept North Carolina Georgias
State Highways are being built on the PayasYouGo
plan without a bond issue
Georgias products of the field the forest the mine
and the factory aggregate in the neighborhood of two
billion dollars a year Georgia produces probably a
greater variety of agricultural crops than any State in
the Union The resources of her mines are beyond cal
culation Her industry has leaped forward with prodig
ious strides in the last ten years
ene is clear why Georgia should be known as
The Empire State of the South She is in resources
and in reality a great empire A golden empire A joy
ous State in which to live A State of unfolding and
unlimited opportunities in which to locate
Her gates stand open She holds out a hospitable and
gracious welcome to all who come to visit and all who
come to live
14

A selected group of charming scenes at Radium Springs near Albany developed by Barron G Collier The
springs consist of a tremendous skyblue subterranean stream rushing forth at the foot of a bluff whence it
flows beneath majestic live oaks to join the Flint River
15

FARM PRODUCTS
Enormous Scope and Variety of Crops in Georgia
ALTHOUGH Georgia is best known to the outside
LX world from an agricultural standpoint as a cot
X A ton State in point of fact cotton constitutes less
than onethird of the total value of her agricultural
production
Few people outside of Georgia have any conception
of the enormous scope and variety of her agricultural
resources and products With eight of the nine cli
matic zones into which the United States is divided
and with a greater variety of soil than any other State
Georgias agricultural production is probably the most
diversified of any State in the Union
Cotton of course remains today as it has always
been Georgias leading and most valuable single prod
uct of the farm but Georgia has long since ceased to
be a onecrop State While it is true that Georgia still
consumes more than she produces it is also true that
Georgia farmers as a class are steadily advancing to
ward the point where they will feed themselves not
only but also feed the urban population of their State
and have their cotton as a surplus money crop
To illustrate the diversity of Georgias agriculture
this State leads the Union in production of water
melons in production of sweet potatoes in production
of peanuts and in production of paper shell pecans
Georgia leads the South in production of peaches
Georgia is surpassed by only one other State in the pro
duction of cane syrup
Another interesting fact is that Georgias production
of poultry and eggs is now almost onethird of the
value of her cotton production
And still another fact not generally realized is that
Georgia is the birthplace of the white mans agriculture
on the North American Continent
The first white colony planted in North America was
by the Spanish at Saint Augustine Florida There they
laid out the first fortification and the first city on this
continent From Saint Augustine the Spanish explor
ers pushed their way northward along the Atlantic sea
board to the Golden Isles fringing the Georgia coast
And on those islands they established Spanish mis
sions nearly two centuries prior to the famous Spanish
missions of California and around those missions the
priests with Indian labor laid out and cultivated fields
and orchards half a century prior to the landing at
jajiiestown of the first Englishspeaking colony of the
Western Hemisphere and threequarters of a century
ahead of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth
Rock
Thus it is historically a fact that the birthplace of
agriculture in North America was on Georgia soil
In the summer of 1931 the National Editorial As
sociation held its annual convention in Georgia as
guests of the Georgia Press Association Business ses
sions were held in Atlanta after which the editors were
taken by train and automobile upon a comprehensive
tour of the State from the mountains to the sea
Californian Marvels at Georgia
At the close of the tour a California editor said to
a Georgia editor
I must confess my ignorance When you inivted us
to meet in Georgia in midsummer I thought it would
be foolish to accept your invitation I thought of Geor
gia as a low flat somewhat swampridden miasmic
place unbearably hot in midsummer When you spoke
of your mountains I thought you were speaking of in
significant hills This tour of your State has been a
revelation Have you got mountains I say you have
Have you got a climate pleasant in midsummer I say
you have Have you got soil and diversity of farm
products and industry Well the best I can say is
that you apparently have everything that we have in
California possibly excepting citrus fruits and on top
of that you have so many other things that I am simply
bewildered when I think about them Why the other
day in Middle Georgia I stopped the car in which I
was being driven through a marvelous agricultural par
adise and sitting there on the front seatwith the car
at a standstill I looked around me and saw in the fields
such a variety of crops as I had never imagined upon
a single landscape I saw cotton corn velvet beans
peas peanuts sweet potatoes Irish potatoes water
melons sorghum cane wheat peaches pecans hogs and
cows and poultry and pigeons not to mention a variety
of vegetables in farm house gardens I now understand
why Georgia is called The Empire State of the South
I now understand why you Georgia people say so
proudly Its great to be a Georgian
Cotton has been the leading agricultural crop in
Georgia since Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in
Georgia in 1793 That invention completely revolu
tionized the agriculture not only of Georgia but of
the entire South Cotton production reached its peak
in Georgia with a crop of 2768000 bales in 1911 then
began to drop off with the advent of diversified farm
ing and reached a low mark of 588000 bales in 1923
on account of the ravages of the boll weevil As Geor
gia farmers with scientific assistance from their De
partment of Agriculture State College of Agriculture
and other agencies became proficient in combating this
destructive insect cotton production started back on
the upgrade and now is running around a million bales
16m a ch h lnH nf cotton On this page are typical scenes of the cottongrowing industry in
ZTgifoWrft wAoe PT righta piccaninny takes his ease Left center the
Georgia totes to the weigher then a picking and another warehouse scene
17GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
a year or better It is interesting to note in this con
nection that Georgia cotton mills consume annually an
amount of cotton about equal to the States annual pro
duction
Georgias corn crop ranks second in value to her cot
ton The acreage planted in corn exceeds that in cot
ton There is hardly a farm or garden in Georgia on
which some corn is not planted every year It is uni
versally used as a food both for human and livestock
consumption as well as being the basis of ground
mixed feed for poultry Corn and peanuts constitute
the staple and almost exclusive diet of hogs raised in
Georgia Work animals on farms are fed very largely
on corn and fodder or a shredded mixture containing
the corn the fodder and the stalk Georgia corn bread
is almost as famous as Georgia barbecue
Tobacco Holds Third Place
Tobacco the miracle plant occupies third place in
value among Georgia crops It is called by that name
in Georgia because of its astoundingly rapid develop
ment In the year 1911 Georgia produced about 350000
pounds In 1931 she produced more than 58000000
pounds The value of the crop in 1929 the last year
when normal prices obtained for farm products was
upwards of 16000000 The value of the crop in 1931
dropped much below that in common with the value of
all farm products throughout the country Tobacco
was introduced in Georgia as a substitute for cotton
when the boll weevil marching eastward across
the Cotton Belt began to devastate the cotton fields
South Georgia soil and climate were found to be
ideally suited to the growing of bright leaf tobacco
used in cigarettes and the quality of Georgia to
bacco almost immediately placed it in the very front
rank Tobacco growers plant their crop in the spring
from plants started in plant beds They give it in
tensive cultivation cut it in early summer cure it in
houses built for the purpose and take it to market
around the first of August Great tobacco warehouses
have been built in more than twenty South Georgia
cities and towns To these markets come the tobacco
buyers when the season opens and the growers meet
them there bringing their crop and selling it to the
highest bidders
Fourth in value among Georgia farm crops is the meek
and lowly peanut Georgia plants more acres in peanuts
every year than any other State The value of the crop
in 1929 was in excess of 13000000 and proportionately
less in subsequent years with the general decline of
commodity prices Peanuts are fed to hogs on a very
extensive scale the hogs being turned into peanut fields
to root them out of the ground Peanutfed hogs with
a mixture of corn have been proven by scientific test
and comparison to be the equal of hogs fed entirely
upon corn and in some respects the flavor of the meat
is more savory But the hogs do not consume the
whole peanut crop by any means Millions of pounds
of harvested peanuts are put upon the market to be
utilized in a great variety of foods and oils In ad
dition the peanut vines make an excellent hay
Georgia sweet potatoes probably the most delicious
in the world came into their own when millions of
men gathered in the World War draft from all parts
of the United States were trained for overseas service
in Southern cantonments Georgia sweet potatoes were
regularly on the diet list of the training camps The
soldiers learned to like them as they never had before
and spread their fame throughout the country As
stated above Georgia leads the Union in sweet potato
production the value of her crop in 1929 being in ex
cess of 9000000
Oats and wheat are grown in large quantities
throughout the State the annual sowage being around
600000 acres Oats are used mainly by the farmers as
a feed for livestock They are planted in the fall and
harvested in early summer although they can be
planted as late as February if the fall planting should
be killed off by winter freezes which does not happen
often Georgia wheat is hardy and good and makes a
fine quality of flour Some of it is used for home con
sumption being ground at community mills and the
balance goes into commercial production
Georgia Peaches WorldFamous
Georgia peaches are famous in every place where
peaches are known The worlds finest varieties of
peaches such as the celebrated Elberta the Georgia
Belle and the Hiley Belle were developed in Georgia
A county in the heart of the peach section which is in
Middle Georgia around Macon was created from por
tions of other counties a few years ago and named
Peach County Under normal conditions and prices
Georgias peach crop brings her annually a revenue of
from three to four million dollars Georgia peaches
are shipped in iced cars to markets throughout the ter
ritory east of the Mississippi River In the last few
years a process has been developed for quickly freez
ing them fresh from the trees placing them in cold
storage in cartons and serving them in midwinter as
juicy and delicious as if picked within the hour No
agricultural region in the United States not even the
farfamed orange groves of Southern California is
more beautiful than Georgias Peach Paradise When
the orchards come into blossom in the early spring
their beauty and fragrance surpass description
Whoever has heard of a watermelon must also have
heard of Georgia In fact the very word watermelon
has come to be inseparably linked with the name of
Georgia Her watermelon production exceeds any
other State in the Union There is a combination of
soil climate and rainfall in Middle and South Georgia
that produces a watermelon of incomparable beauty
richness and flavor Twenty thousand carloads and up
wards of Georgia watermelons go out to the markets
every summer
Originally a small and not especially enticing nut
growing wild like the hickory nut the pecan was de
veloped in Georgia by scientific methods into the
modern delicious incomparable paper shell No
finer nut can be had in the world Its shell is so thin
that two nuts held against each other in the hand can
be cracked without a nut cracker It is filled with de
licious meat having only a fragment of pulp easily
separated from the meat which is rich in nourishment
and natural oil Pecans converted into confections are
a perfect candy Although pecan trees and occasional
18Georgias Miracle Crop bright leaf tobacco used in making cigarettes Top tobacco field with caring houses
in the background Right center tobacco growers and tobacco buyers in a typical tobacco warehouse m South
Georgia Below splendid closeup picture of tobacco Held
19
H

GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
small orchards are to be found all over Georgia the
commercial pecan industry centers in Southwest Geor
gia around the flourishing and beautiful city of Albany
known as the Pecan Capital of the World The trees
are transplanted from nurseries and come into bearing
in about five years During that period the ground
between the trees can be profitably cultivated in any
suitable crop Being a slowgrowth tree pecans do
not lose their productivity and die off in early life but
continue to grow and bear increasingly to a remarkable
age as high as fifty years
Growing of highgrade commercial apples requires a
special combination of altitude soil and rainfall There
are less than half a dozen sections having this combina
tion in the United States One of them is in North
Georgia where a million trees have been planted in
commercial orchards in the past twenty years Prac
tically the whole of the apple pack for commercial dis
position is marketed through a cooperative organiza
tion among the growers and the apples are graded and
packed according to strict market standards The apple
orchards of North Georgia especially in the mountains
of Northeast Georgia are as picturesque and beautiful
in their way as are the peach and pecan orchards of
South Georgia although the topography of the two sec
tions is totally different Georgia apples have held
their own with the finest specimens of apples grown
in the various banner apple regions of the United
States from coast to coast repeatedly winning top
prizes
TruckGrowing Highly Profitable
No line of farming in Georgia offers more attractive
opportunities than the growing of truck Thousands
of truck farmers adjacent to the cities have made them
selves independent and welltodo by growing veget
able berries etc which they deliver to their customers
in small motor trucks Commercial truck growing in
recent years has made remarkable progress One of
the largest pimiento pepper producing areas in the
country centers at Griffin with large canning plants
located there and at Jackson and Woodbury In the
area around Brunswick there has recently developed a
very extensive commercial truck growing industry
Among the truck crops extensively produced over the
State in general are cantaloupes asparagus collards to
matoes turnips and honey besides those mentioned
above
In recent years the dairy industry has come forward
rapidly in Georgia until today there is hardly a county
in the State without one or more herds of purebred
cows Besides that the milkproducing capacity of
the average run of common cows has been enormously
increased by the use of purebred bulls in a great many
counties provided for the use of farmers at county
expense But even with the growth of this industry
dairying still offers almost unlimited opportunities in
Georgia for two reasons First because the State con
sumes a vast amount of dairy products in excess of
what she produces Second because the temperate cli
mate and long grazing season make dairying conditions
ideal Georgias dairy cows increased in value 1000
000 in one year alone 1929 and her dairy products
are today in excess of 20000000 a year
The poultry industry is also developing at a prodig
ious rate in Georgia and likewise holds out the most
attractive opportunities for all who are interested in
raising chickens and eggs In the last few years more
than 100 commercial hatcheries with a combined ca
pacity of more than a million eggs have come into op
eration in the State The railroads the Department of
Agriculture the State College of Agriculture and the
County Agents have cooperated in operating poultry
cars throughout the State stopping on stated dates at
stated stations Buyers traveling with the cars pur
chase poultry brought in by the poultryraisers and
pay cash for it Poultry and egg production in Geor
gia has now reached a total of thirty to forty million
dollars a year depending on the range of commodity
prices
Ideal for HogRaising
Georgia is equally attractive and offers equal oppor
tunity for the raising of hogs due to an ideal climate
and an abundance of feed for growing fattening and
finishing As stated above corn is universally pro
duced throughout Georgia while peanuts will grow
almost anywhere in the State There is room for mil
lions more of hogs in Georgia as the State still imports
vastly more hog meat than she produces while a ready
cash market for Georgiaraised hogs is afforded by
several modern packing houses located in Georiga
A brief and comprehensive birds eye view of Geor
gias agricultural products can be had from the follow
ing statistical summary for 1929 which as stated
above was the last year prior to the general decline of
commodity prices and which can be taken as fairly
typical of the value of the States agricultural products
when business conditions shall have gradually worked
back to normal
Cotton lint and seed122971000
Corn 44399000
Tobacco 16806000
Peanuts 13415000
Sweet Potatoes 9424000
Oats 7632000
Hay 7078000
Sugar Cane Syrup 3960000
Watermelons 3531000
Peaches 3312000
Cowpeas 2226000
Irish Potatoes 2201000
Sorghum Syrup 1755000
Wheat 1318000
Apples 952000
Pecans 715000
Rye 323000
Soy Beans 308000
Pears 183000
Rice 60000
Miscellaneous Fruits and Vegetables 15000000
Poultry and Eggs 40000000
Livestock Cattle Hogs etc 78278000
Dairy Products 20000000
TOTAL
395847000
20
Random scenes in Georgias Peach Paradise Top left a peach packing house Top right closeup view of
splendid trees in blossom Left center aerial view of a fine young orchard Below a group of Select Georgia
Peaches strolling through orchard of luscious Elbertas
21MANUFACTURING
Industry Has Made Astounding Progress in Ten Years

A LTHOUGH basically an agricultural State Geor
gia in recent years has made enormous strides
in the development of industry so that now the
value of her manufactured products is more than double
the value of her agricultural products
Especially rapid has been the growth of the cotton
textile industry In 1929 the rate of increase placed
Georgia second in the Nation in new spindles acquired
the new investment during the year being 25000000
Only three States are now ahead of Georgia in total
number of spindles these being Massachusetts North
Carolina and South Carolina
For many generations Georgia produced cotton that
was shipped to New England as well as abroad to be
manufactured into the finished product Now Geor
gias cotton mills annually consume more than a million
bales of cotton Threads hosiery underwear towels
bedspreads rugs upholstery piece goods rope tire
fabric and cord are among the important products of
Georgia cotton mills
Sixtyfive per cent of the total tire and cord fabric
of the United States is now produced in Georgia mills
The B F Goodrich Rubber Company has an immense
plant at Thomaston and the Goodyear Rubber Company
has a very large plant at Cedartown
Among the outstanding specialty mills in the State
are the Chicopee plant of the Johnson Johnson Com
pany near Gainesville where surgical dressings are
made and the Coats Thread Companys new plant re
cently erected near Austell
In recent years industry in the United States has
been undergoing an unprecedented upheaval due to
changing conditions in the underlying industrial struc
ture Many great industries have shifted from their
original locations to sections of the country hundreds
of miles distant The time is past when industry had
no choice but to locate in a few congested centers In
dustrial leaders now have the opportunity and in fact
are faced with the necessity of choosing the best loca
iton from many potential sites and success or failure
often depends upon the correctness of the choice
Georgia is the land of this new industrial opportunity
Industry Being Decentralized
A shifting of hundreds of miles in the Nations cen
ter of population has thrown industry in its old estab
lished locations out of balance in relation to markets
increasing the cost of distribution upon the ultimate
consumer The tendency toward handtomouth buying
from spot stocks at the nearest distributing center has
been an added factor in forcing manufacturers to get
nearer their markets
Widespread development and distribution of electric
power has been another great factor in the decentral
ization of industry and almost coincidentally with
modern electrical development came the discovery of
Georgias vast industrial possibilities
A few of the advantages offered by Georgia are
abundant raw materials both of field and forest and
mine a large reserve of intelligent industrious native
born labor a large consuming market rapidly increas
ing in purchasing power magnificent transportation
facilities a climate permitting yearround operations
and reducing living costs of workers a citizenship that
welcomes new industry and treats it fairly
Among the opportunities for still further develop
ment of industry the following are outstanding in
Georgia
1 Manufacture of textiles into clothing and other
finished products on a scale commensurate with the
enormous expansion in recent years in the manufacture
of cotton into textiles
2 Manufacture of textile machinery to supply the
vast and constantly expanding textile industry
3 Development of the rayon industry which has al
ready commenced with the location of a great rayon
plant near Rome in Northwest Georgia
4 Across Middle Georgia are belts of kaolin ample
to supply the world of such high quality that they
have long been important sources of supply for the
ceramic industry of Ohio and New Jersey
5 A million acres of virgin forest both pine and
valuable hardwoods provide an opportunity of tre
mendous possibilities for furniture and other wood
working plants
6 An immense available supply of pulp wood plus
rapid growth of these trees plus softness and purity
of water plus climatic advantages plus the rapid de
pletion and slow renewal of the pulp wood supply in
the North indicate that a great paper manufacturing
development is just ahead in Georgia
Some idea of the scope and variety of the manufac
turing interests of Georgia can be gained from the
22g
Top the great Pacolet wills at New Holland near Gainesville Left center Goodyear Tire Mill at Cedartown
Kight center ruins of antebellum paper mill on Soap Creek in Cobb County near Atlanta Bottom left
Hercules Powder Company near Brunswick Bottom right shipping scene at Brunswick
23
3DKZGEORGIA CITIES
Eighteen Have Population of 10000 and Upwards

CITIES in Georgia having a population of 10000
or more are listed below together with data con
cerning elevation railroad service and location
1050 8
21 5
180 7
338 5
250 3
610 3
786 2
705 5
131 3
232 5
13 3
215 3
250 2
965 2
a
o
0
AtIanta 270366
Savannah 85024
Augusta 60342
Macon 53829
Columbus 43131
Rome 21843
LaGrange 20131
Athens 18192
Wavcross 15510
Alban7 14500
Brunswick H022
Valdosta 13482
Thomasville u 733
Griffin 10321
Atlanta the States capital also is the largest city in
Georgia In addition to being the financial and trans
portation center Atlanta is the industrial leader prod
ucts valued at 140000000 being manufactured in the
city during 1929
Savannah is the second largest city in the State and
in addition to being Georgias leading port is a manu
facturing center of note with many plants devoted to
the production of those articles requiring considerable
use of naval stores such as felt roofing and tar
products Sugar refining is done on an extensive scale
Augusta in the eastern part of the State on the Sa
vannah River has large manufacturing plants devoted
to textiles clay tile brick lumber and cotton seed
products
Columbus in the western section of the State on the
Chattahoochee River is one of the outstanding textile
manufacturing cities of the South there being more
than half a million spindles in the immediate vicinity
Macon in Middle Georgia is a railroad and manu
facturing city and is the center of the peach producing
section Located near extensive clay mines brick tile
and other clay products are manufactured
LaGrange is a large textile center Waycross is an
important railroad center of South Georgia Athens is
the seat of the University of Georgia State College of
Agriculture and other educational institutions and also
has large textile mills Brunswicks importance as a
port and as a naval stores center already has been men
tioned Albany Valdosta Moultrie and Cordele are
centers of rich agricultural territory Rome is one of
the most rapidly developing manufacturing cities in
the State and the site of a huge rayon mill which re
cently has announced plans to double its capacity
Thomasville is a winter resort of note Griffin ranks
second in the world in the number of Turkish towels
manufactured and also is a pimento pepper canning
center Americus and Dublin are located in rich farm
ing centers but each has a number of large industries
Americus recently having been selected as the site of
a large airplane manufacturing industry
Concluded from Page 22
following figures showing the value of manufactured
products in 1930 the latest statistics available
Textiles 184283701
Foundry products 125764537
Bread candy ice cream 28965949
Furniture fixtures etc 27364362
Soft drinks 25667173
Naval stores 23000000
Flour grist mills etc 22863792
Fertilizers 20986676
Wearing apparel 20092797
Printing and publishing 19792557
Cottonseed products 17297609
Barrels crates etc 16864397
Ice plants 16249005
Marble and granite 12472142
Leather goods 12052171
Brick tile and other clays 9689928
Canneries 5264769
Cigars and cigarettes 1288321
Miscellaneous 115916620
GRAND TOTAL705876506
24Georgia is dotted with fine flourishing beautiful cities Above is an aerial view of Macon in the heart of
Middle Georgia showing business district with Ocmulgee River in background Below is an aerial of Savan
nah birthplace of the State one of Americas loveliest cities
25MINERAL WEALTH
No State Has Greater Supply or Variety Than Georgia
rO State in the Union is more abundantly sup
plied with minerals or with a greater and more
useful variety than is Georgia The Empire
State of the South
Georgia is rich in practically every mineral resource
of commercial use except coal and iron Even as to
coal she has a deposit estimated to be sufficient to
supply the State for two hundred years at the present
rate of consumption As to iron and steel her next
door neighbor Alabama produces them in immense
quantities
Thirtyfour different kinds of minerals and clays are
now being produced in Georgia in commercial quanti
ties while undeveloped deposits already located and
surveyed afford a splendid field for still further devel
opment
A wide belt of clay across Middle Georgia contains
a variety of different kinds of kaolin which is used in
the manufacture of brick and tile and for practically all
kinds of tableware electrical porcelain and whiteware
The clay deposit is so enormous that engineers estimate
that Wilkinson County alone could supply the sedi
mentary kaolins of the entire ceramic industry for the
next six centuries
Georgia marble and granite are famous throughout
North America Their endurance and beauty have
caused them to be adopted in many kinds of construc
tion both for building and monumental purposes
Georgia marble has become so widely used that the
output of these quarries is now exceeded by only one
other State Vermont
Georgia marble ranges in color from pure white to
almost black including marvelous flesh tones and vary
ing shades of pink The Lincoln Memorial in Wash
ington was built of Georgia marble and the colossal
statue of Lincoln inside of the Memorial was carved
from Georgia marble The famous Bok Singing
Tower in Florida conceded to be the most beautiful
tower in the world was built of Georgia marble The
State Capitols of Minnesota Rhode Island and Utah
were built of Georgia marble
The United States Government building in Boston
the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington the Field
Museum in Chicago the McKinley Memorial at Niles
Ohio the Harding Memorial at Marion Ohio and the
Battleship Maine Memorial in Havana all were built
of Georgia marble
Georgia granite is likewise famous and widely used
Stone Mountain the largest body of exposed granite
in the world has been quarried for fifty years yet the
granite removed is only a speck compared with what
remains Georgia granite has been used in many public
buildings and great structures such as bridges jetties
sea walls etc all over the country Georgia ranks
seventh in granite production among all the States
Following is a condensed summary of the mineral re
sources and developments of Georgia
ASBESTOS
While both the chrysolite and amphibole varieties
are mined in Georiga the latter is by far the more
plentiful Mines are operated in White Rabun Bar
row and Habersham Counties There are several very
promising asbestos properties in the State suitable
for development
BARYTES
Georgia is the leading producer of barytes in the
United States the yearly output being approximately
700000 Mines producing barytes are located in
Bartow and Murray Counties
BAUXITE
The first bauxite deposit discovered in Georgia was
in Floyd County in 1887 Deposits have since been
found and developed in Polk Bartow Gordon Chat
tooga Walker Wilkinson Sumter Macon and Meri
wether Counties
CEMENTS
The raw materials in the manufacture of Portland
cement consisting of limestone and shale are well
distributed throughout Northwest Georgia There
are still many undeveloped limestone and shale prop
erties in the State and also two natural cement plants
in operation
CLAYS
The clays of Georgia are distributed throughout
the State and are practically inexhaustible In South
Georgia occur the cretaceous and tertiary sedi
mentary clays The colossal thickness of these de
posits and their extraordinary purity are duplicated
nowhere else in the UnitedStates Scarcely less im
portant are the alluvial and residual clays of the
Piedmont Section and of Northwest Georgia The
value of clay products exceeds that of any other
mineral of Georgia
COAL
The total coal area of Georgia is approximately 170
square miles ft is estimated that these deposits con
tain 921000000 tons of coal or sufficient to last the
State at the present rate of consumption for more
26These 6ne educational buildings were built of Georgia materials Above new dming hall at Georgia Tech
Atlanta Lower left entrance to one of the magnificent marble buildings of Emory University Atlanta Lower
right practice building at Georgia State Teachers College Athens
27GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
than 200 years Two mines are operated in Georgia
and it is estimated that 12000000 tons of semi
bituminous coal have been mined to the present The
annual output is approximately 75000 tons
FELDSPAR
The feldspars are widely distributed throughout
the Piedmont and Appalachian areas of Georgia be
ing associated with mica and quartz There are mines
in Paulding White and Rabun Counties The Geor
gia output is potash feldspar and has been used
principally for fertilizers
FULLERS EARTH
Georgia is the second largest producer of fullers
earth in the United States the annual output of the
plants in Decatur Stewart and Twiggs Counties be
ing in excess of 1570000 Extensive deposits are
available for development in these localities
GRAPHITE
Both amorphous and crystalline varieties of this
mineral are found in Georgia particularly in Bartow
Pickens Elbert Hall Madison Douglas Cobb and
Troup Counties Additional deposits suitable for
development are available
GRANITE
Occurring in inexhaustible quantities and widely
distributed throughout the Piedmont plateau the
granites of Georgia constitute one of its most valu
able resources The largest and most interesting bar
ren granite mass in the country is Stone Mountain a
few miles northeast of Atlanta The stone obtained
from these quarries is a light colored muscovite
granite possessing remarkable strength and is quite
free from all chemical and physical defects An
other granite of almost equal value is that of the
Lithonia district This stone covers a considerable
area in the eastern part of DeKalb and the adjacent
parts of Rockdale and Gwinnett Counties Deposits
of granite suitable for monumental structural and
roadbuilding purposes are elsewhere abundant in
Georgia notably the famous blue granite of Elbert
County which is unique among all granites and en
joys a national reputation
IRON ORE
Several kinds of iron ores are found in Georgia
the most common being the brown limonites and
hematite ores Workable deposits are found in the
northwestern part of the State The ore beds average
more than two feet in breadth are approximately 175
miles long and may be mined to a depth of several
hundred feet The iron ore mined annually in Geor
gia is valued at 400000
LIMESTONES
Cambrian silurian and carboniferous limestones
exist in great abundance in Northwest Georgia Lime
is produced near Cartersville and limestone is found
in Pickens Gilmer Bartow Catoosa and Polk Coun
ties The annual output of limestone in Georgia is
valued at 650000
MANGANESE
These ores are confined chiefly to Bartow Floyd
and Polk Counties large deposits being found and
mined intensively near Cartersville A survey is now
being prepared covering a manganese property in
that locality
MARBLE
Before 1884 the marbles of Georgia were prac
tically unknown as building and ornamental stones
but at present the output of its quarries exceeds that
of any other State with the exception of Vermont
Georgia marble is famous the world over and has
been used in many public buildings and memorials
including the Lincoln Memorial at Washington The
most valuable marbles occur in Pickens Cherokee
Gilmer and Fannin Counties The principal marble
industry of the State is located in the vicinity of
Tate in Pickens County where the deposit attains
its greatest thickness This marble usually has a
coarse texture but can be given a very high polish
In color the stone varies from white to almost black
The physical and chemical properties as shown by
numerous tests made by the State Geological Depart
ment demonstrate that its durability equals or ex
ceeds that of any other marble now being developed
commercially
MARLS
Marls of good quality are found over large portions
of the State They carry a considerable amount of
phosphoric acid and potash and are being used as
natural fertilizer with excellent results Practically
all of the South Georgia counties have marl deposits
of agricultural value
MICA
Mica is found in a number of Georgia counties and
has been worked extensively in the past
OCHER
The ocher mines in Georgia produce more than
half of the yellow ocher output of the United States
The deposits in this State are confined to a narrow
belt about eight miles long and less than two miles
wide on the Etowah River in Bartow County Three
plants in that belt are producing approximately 1000
tons of ocher annually
POTASHBEARING SLATES
Slates containing from seven to ten per cent potash
are found in North Georgia Slate mined in Gordon
County is now being tised extensively for roofing
materials
PYRITE
This mineral is found and mined extensively in
Haralson Lumpkin Cherokee Paulding Cobb Doug
las and Fannin Counties
SAND AND GRAVEL
In the central counties of Georgia there is a belt
of natural sand extending almost across the entire
State In addition to this sand which is used prin
cipally for building purposes there have been im
portant developments recently in the operation of
silica sand deposits for glass manufacture These
latter sands contain less than one per cent iron oxide
and alumina and shipments afe being made for con
sumption by the plate glass manufacturers
28No State or land or country surpasses Georgia in beauty and diversity of scenery Here are two views of Lake
Burton an immense hydroelectric reservoir in the mountains a charming old waterdriven grist mill in the
mountains and a lady Nimrod in a South Georgia quail field
29VAST FORESTS
Georgia Ahead of All States in Timbered Area
By C A Whittle Educational Manager
Department of Forestry and Geological Development
GEORGIA holds first place among the States of the
Union in forest acreage Of its total acreage
23750000 are classed as forest lands In north
Georgia are 350000 acres in two National Forests the
Cherokee and the Nantahala Within its borders 163
species of trees are to be found On the mountains of
its northern border are species indigenous to the far
north on its southern border are trees of subtropical
nature No State has such a wide botanical range of
plant life and only Florida has a greater number of tree
species No part of Georgias land area was ever tree
less
Trees have been Georgias greatest natural resource
and promise to hold this poistion According to the last
decennial census Georgia is first in naval stores pro
duction third in the number of saw mills third in the
production of softwood lumber fourth in cypress pro
duction eighth in total lumber produced in 1929
According to the best information available Geor
gias original forest area was 36480000 acres Its pres
ent commercial forest area is 22872000 acres 20143000
acres being occupied with secondgrowth timber and
1579000 in potential land not restocking 1150000
acres virgin timber
Five general forest types are recognized in Georgia
Longleafslash pine type 10815000 acres shortleaf
loblolly pineshardwood type 8178000 acres oakpine
type 2069000 acres river bottom hardwoodcypress
type 1200000 acres oakchestnutyellow poplar type
610000 acres This of course classifies areas according
to prevailing species and is not intended to indicate
that only these species are found in commercial quanti
ties in any of the type regions
Sawtimber is found on an estimated area of 6900000
acres and cordwood on 7566000 acres with 6827000
acres restocking and with 1579000 acres not restocking
Sawmill Production
The available sawtimber according to forest classes
given above is estimated as follows Shortleafloblolly
pineshardwood type 11695000 board feet longleaf
slash pine type 4743000000 board feet riverbottom
hardwoodcypress type 2280000000 board feet oak
pine type 1520000000 board feet oakchestnutyellow
poplar type 6320000000 board feet
The total available pine or softwood sawtimber is
14817000000 board feet and the total available hard
wood sawtimber is 6053000000 board feet total cord
wood is 87153000 cords
Wood Manufacturing
In 1929 Georgias lumber shingles and laths cut was
1386250000 board feet produced by 1692 saw mills
from the following species cypress 23095000 hem
lock 436000 white pine 779000 yellow pine 1165
527000 ash 6303000 beech 142000 chestnut 1360
000 cottonwood 2189000 elm 1396000 hickory
610000 maple 3270000 oak 47245000 red gum 61
240000 sycamore 1861000 tupelo 9862000 walnut
88000 yellow poplar 56441000 all others 4317000
It will be seen that lumber production in Georgia in
the order of species of trees is yellow pine red gum
yellow poplar oak cypress tupelo ash and maple
In 1929 Georgia had 2115 wood manufacturing indus
tries employing 46249 people with a payroll of 27
341521 The value of manufactured products was
48840630 The kinds of products were as follows
agricultural implements baskets fruit packages boxes
and crates car construction and repair caskets and cof
fins fixtures furniture handles planing mill products
sash doors blinds and mill work signs and supplies
vehicles motor and nonmotor and other industries
The aggregate of board feet used by these industries
was 427190000 board feet
Naval Stores
Georgia as the leading State in naval stores produc
tion had in 1929 668 naval stores operations emplby
Concluded from Page 28
SERICITE
Exceptionally pure deposits of sericite a variety of
mica that resembles talc are found in Pickens County
in beds varying from a few inches to over six feet
in thickness and lined with quartz schist There are
two mining companies producing this mineral in
Georgia at the present
TALC
Extensive talc mines are in operation in Whitfield
and Murray Counties the products being consumed
principally by manufacturers of paper paints toilet
powder automobile tires and pencils Additional
deposits suitable for development are available in
Murray County
TRAVERTINE
Deposits of travertine recently have been discov
ered in Randolph County in Southwest Georgia these
being the only known deposits in the United States
except a small development in Florida
30Georgia is abundantly garmented in forests Top left red oak in mountains Top right and right center long
leaf pines in South Georgia Lower left an inspiring landscape in Cherokee National Forest m North Georgia
mountains Lower right in among the mountain trees
31

H
FISH AND GAME
Georgias Resources and Variety of Both Abundant
By PETER S TWITTY
Game and Fish Commissioner
THE potential value of Georgias sea food re
sources from a commercial standpoint has never
been brought to fruition It stands today how
ever as one of the great enterprises of the State al
though only partly developed Much the same observa
tion may be made of the potential worth to the people
of the State and to visitors of the still undeveloped
sections of Georgias wonderful seacoasts
The salt water commercial fishing industry in Geor
gia already a source of considerable profit has possi
bilities extending well into the millions The esti
mated value annually at the present time runs from
a million to a million and a half dollars These sea
foods include shrimp oysters shad menhadden vari
ous species of shell fish and Crustacea The principal
products of the present commercial enterprises are
shrimp commercially known as prawn shad oysters
and menhadden On a lesser commercial scale there are
Concluded from Page 30
ing 20637 people with a payroll of 8280744 The
value of naval stores was 18076499 The turpentine
output was 15938491 gallons and rosin was 1002446
barrels of 500 pounds each
Georgia had 13 cooperage establishments in 1929
with an output of 850016 Other wood products not
mentioned amount to nearly 10000000
The total forest output and wood manufacture
amounts to 100000000 to 125000000 annually the
largest source of wealth except agriculture in the State
Forest Protection
The Division of Forestry of the Department of
Forestry and Geological Development is commissioned
to protect care for and promote the States great fores
try resources The chief ends sought are to protect
the forests the State has reforestation of areas not
naturally restocking and the promotion of good
forestry management
In its protection program the State has developed the
Timber Protective Organization plan whereby timber
land owners form a local organization listing 10000
or more acres in a unit follow recommendations of the
Forestry Division in protective methods employed and
accept entire responsibility for fighting fires A portion
of the outlay in carrying out these protection measures
is refunded through the State forest service from Fed
eral funds made available for the purpose
The plan calls for the erection of firetowers where
needed installation of telephone lines construction
of firebrakes purchase of firefighting tools and organ
ized crews of fire fighters
The effectiveness of this plan may be seen when it
is noted that on these organized areas of more than
2000000 acres the area burned over in 1931 was only
twotenths of one per cent whereas the area burned
over in unorganized areas was 32 per cent
For aiding reforestation the State has two tree
nurseries one at Albany in the southern part of the
State and the other at Blairsville in the mountains of
north Georgia Seedlings produced by the State are
made available to landowners at cost of production
Work With Schools
All vocational agricultural schools in the State have
been induced by the State forest service to teach the
fundamentals of forestry and to establish school forests
on which to practice More than a hundred rural schools
of this nature are teaching forestry and representatives
of the State forestry staff visit them and conduct
demonstrations on the school forest two or three times
a year
A summer forestry camp is conducted by the Di
vision of Forestry for a hundred or more of these rural
students each year
Paper Pulp Research
Through funds made available by the State of Geor
gia the Chemical Foundation of New York the City
of Savannah and other donors a paper research plant
has been established at Savannah with Dr Charles H
Herty noted chemist and native of Georgia in charge
The object of this research is to solve the problems of
manufacturing especially newsprint and bookpaper
from southern pines and hardwoods Success has been
attained on a laboratory scale and the plant at Sa
vannah is to work out the solution of commercial pro
duction problems
This research undertaking is looked upon as holding
great possibilities for the future development of forest
resources of the South This research work is under the
general direction of the Department of Forestry and
Geological Development
32

More forest scenes Top left mixed hardwoods in mountains Top right cypress and gum in Suwanee River
in South Georgia Right center reforestation plantings Lower left second growth pine in South Georgia
Lower right forestry students learn tree lore from venerable Indian
33GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
crabs clams sea trout whiting croaker flounders
mackerel snappers etc in other words a variety of
salt water fish which are taken for market purposes
The commercial prawn crop of the United States is
115000000 pounds and in this harvest Georgia ranks
third in the states with 15000000 pounds with a value
of about threequarters of a million dollars at whole
sale distribution a portion of which in glass contain
ers is exported to England and continental Europe
While prawn heads the list of present values in the
States commercial sea food enterprise the greater pos
sibilities in value are in the vast area of fertile oyster
grounds Prospective success of oyster farming of
course depends largely on the protection given it by
the State and the measure of interest by the State in
propagation efforts These facilities are afforded now
therefore the opportunity has opened and the responsi
bility rests upon the oyster farmer just as would the
success of any other farmingenterprise rest upon the
planter of cotton or grain or truck
In 1908 Georgia produced for the market 1486100
bushels of oysters and at the same time the Chesapeake
Bay produced in excess of 15000000 Our production
20 years later was 149775 bushels while that of the
Chesapeake Bay was 3000000 bushels The compari
son is made to draw attention to the fact that in the
absence of proper conservation and supervisory meas
ures by the State there has resulted a woeful deprecia
tion in this form of enterprise generally
Oyster Beds Unpolluted
These conditions have been and are being scien
tifically corrected That same nature of scientific re
search and experimentation carried on in agricultural
endeavor has been applied to this branch of the sea
food industry with the result that causes of what has
heretofore been an almost complete destruction are now
relieved Georgia will probably never be one of the
biggest oyster producing states but the facilities and
knowledge of oyster production which are available
now to the prospective oyster farmer should readily
bring the production in this State well up into the mil
lions of bushels annually
Among other discoveries which have come from sci
entific study of this subject is the fact that Georgia
oysters are entirely unsurpassed They are pure The
many acres of inactive oyster lands as well as those
now under cultivation are along the creeks and rivers
in rural sections of the coastal territory They are re
moved from possibility of pollution by industrial waste
or sewage contamination a common condition which
threatens the purity of oysters produced in bays and
sounds in close proximity to industrial plants and cen
ters of dense population Then too the strict and rigid
sanitary supervision by State health authorities over the
oyster beds and methods of preparation for shipment
are insurance that the Georgia oyster must be pure
fresh and wholesome for marketing
While the ratio of decline in the oyster production
in Georgia has been greater than that of most other
States Georgia is extremely fortunate and is in far bet
ter position to rehabilitate her oyster industry than any
other State We have in Georgia literally millions of
bushels of what are commonly known as raccoon
oysters These oysters if transplanted to suitable
oyster bottoms will furnish sufficient spawn to assure
the reestablishment of a great oyster industry in Geor
gia within a few years time On the contrary the mat
ter of procuring seed oysters is a serious problem to
the other great oyster producing States which do not
have a supply of these native coon oysters One of
our greatest oyster States is sending ships to other
States of the Atlantic coast to purchase seed oysters
for transplanting to rehabilitate its own oyster supply
In fact most of the major oyster producing States are
spending hundreds of thousands of dollars each year in
replanting seed oysters and oyster shells and providing
other means for oyster growth
Fine Hunting and Fishing
Millions of dollars have been invested in Georgia
in the past few years by capitalists who were first
attracted to the State by the splendid opportunities
for hunting and fishing and the unexcelled climatic
conditions for field and stream sports The great va
riety and scope furnishes not only an abundance of
opportunity to the natives and citizens of our State
but is proving an irresistible attraction to visitors
Many of the species of game birds and animals are
found in Georgias fields and woodlandsVirginia
whitetailed deer fox squirrels grey squirrels rabbits
the red and grey fox and among the furbearers are
opossum raccoon bear mink otter civet cat beaver
One of the annual seasonal events in Georgia is the
weekofsport by hunting associations composed of
groups of citizens who meet at stated periods for an
extended deer hunt in the woods of middle and lower
Georgia This custom is aside from the numerous hunt
ing clubs scattered all over the State
An equally great perhaps an even greater attraction
is offered sportsmen in the great variety of game birds
The native bobwhite quail and the majestic wild tur
key are principally sought with great success by lovers
of the great outofdoors The dove a favorite game
bird abounds in the fields of the State and the wood
duck is fairly plentiful Millions of migratory ducks
and geese are found along the waters of the lower part
of the State during the season of migration and this
furnishes a large part of the snappiest sport to people
who live in and come to Georgia
For those who love best the rod and reel or the hook
and line the streams and waters of Georgia afford an
almost unlimited sport The cold mountain streams of
the upper part of the State abound in rainbow and
brook trout and those streams wind their way through
some of the most magnificent scenery on the American
continent Many of the species known as warm water
fish are found in the waters of all sections of the State
largemouth bass smallmouth bass perch bream
pike all of these and other varieties are easily found in
abundant quantity Salt water sport fish along the
Georgia coast are quite abundant and of great variety
channel bass or red fish school bass winter and sum
mer trout drum sheephead mackerel croakers whit
ing etc
Very Moderate Regulations
Hunting and fishing in Georgia are under very mod
34Top left U S Government Fish Hatchery near Warm Springs which supplies millions of small fish to stock
Georgia lakes and streams Top right fishing lake in Lowndes County Left center Howard E Coffin and
Calvin Coolidge return from deer hunt Below bass fishermen on Lake tsurton
35AIDING FARMERS
Functions of the Georgia Department of Agricult
THE State Department of Agriculture consists of
several subdivisions all under the supervision of
the Commissioner of Agriculture They are as
follows
Executive Office Bureau of Markets Food and Drug
Division Fertilizer Inspection State Chemical Depart
ment State Entomological Department State Veterin
ary Department Peach and Apple Inspection State Sta
tistician
The Commissioner of Agriculture is also by virtue
of his office Chairman of the Board of Entomology
Commissioner of Immigration a member of the Board
of Trustees of the State College of Agriculture Chair
man of the Board of Directors of the Georgia Experi
ment Station member of the Board of Trustees of the
Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station and member
of the State Board of Geology
The Executive Office
The executive office is under the direct supervision
of the Commissioner of Agriculture who supervises
the entire Department correlating the activities of the
various branches and outlining the policies to be car
ried out The sale of revenue stamps and tags is handled
through this office
Bureau of Markets
This department is supported by funds derived from
the sale of fertilizer tags and every dollar spent by the
Bureau is with the idea of bringing direct returns to
the farmers of the State through the establishment of
better market connections
Hogs and poultry sales are conducted by the Bureau
in connection with the County Agents of the State
Fruits and vegetables in sufficient quantities are
sold direct for the farmers
Market conditions throughout the country are closely
studied with the idea of securing the best market at all
times thereby increasing the beaefits of this work to
the farmer
The Georgia Market Bulletin published by the Bu
reau of Markets is a free advertising medium for farm
products of the State
The most urgent need to enable the profitable mar
keting of vegetables and truck crops and fruits is co
operation of the farmers in preparing and shipping
the same in merchantable condition and in standardized
quality and containers
Food and Drug Division
The Pure Food and Drug Division is charged with
the sanitary inspection of all places preparing serving
or offering for sale food or drinks to the public also
the inspection of such food or drinks Also the inspec
tion of all commercial feeds and of all oyster beds or
the water where these beds lie adjoining this State
Food inspectors are required to take samples of all
foods and drinks that are manufactured or offered for
sale within the State also commercial feeds sending
same to the State Chemist for analysis
The inspectors of the Food and Drug Division are
charged with the duty of seeing that all U S P and
National Formulary preparations offered for sale in the
State are up to the standard taking samples of same
to be analyzed by the State Chemist
It is the duty of this division to see that every drug
Concluded from Page 34
erate regulations compared with any other State The
State of course gives official attention to conservation
protection and propagation of its wild life and that of
its streams and waters but equally does its Fish and
Game Department afford cooperation and aid to the
sportsman outside of ruthless destruction or improper
pot hunting The regulatory laws of the State are
very conservative and the policy of the administering
department is to effect observance more through the
encouraged spirit of cooperation and respect than
through the agency of strongarm enforcement
methods
The interesting and romantic history of the settle
ment on the Georgia coast by Oglethorpe John and
Charles Wesley and other pioneer colonists is famil
iar to every Georgia school child The exclusive recrea
tion clubs of nationally known millionaires on Jekyll
and Cumberland Islands are known throughout Amer
ica and within the past few years there has been de
veloped on Sea Island Beach one of the most marvelous
playgrounds of the entire Atlantic coast which has be
come a mecca for thousands of visitors each year
Thousands of Georgians are attracted to the Georgia
coast throughout the year because of unusually fine salt
water sport fishing and unexcelled hunting facilities
that are found in the coastal counties The Georgia
coast has become a rendezvous for prominent sports
men who are lured there because of the unsurpassed
climate and the marvelous opportunity it affords for
hunting fishing and other forms of healthful outdoor
sport and recreation
36Top sneak hunting for duck along a tidewater creek on Georgia coast Bottom left a party of happy sports
men at the close of a days deer hunt in Charlton County Bottom right a pair of crack shots and a pair ot
crack dogs poised for a covey of quail to rise m South Georgia
37
HH

GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
store advertising as such has a registered druggist of
the State of Georgia in charge and to ascertain that
merchants selling family medicines do not dispense
from broken packages of the same or sell poisons such
as are restricted by law to detect and correct any mis
branding of family medicines etc and to supervise the
manufacture and sale of drugs chemicals and family
medicines offered for sale in the State
Fertilizer Inspection
Fertilizer inspection is carried on through the Chief
Fertilizer Inspector with six fulltime assistants lo
cated in different sections of the State together with
other shortterm inspectors who are actively on duty
and paid for four months only during the busy season
These inspectors are charged with the duty of drawing
samples of commercial fertilizer from the original con
tainers sealing them in bottles under their official seal
and forwarding them to the Commissioner of Agricul
ture with their reports thereon the samples being sent
by the Commissioner to the State Chemist for analysis
State Chemical Division
The State Chemical Laboratory analyzes the various
classes of materials to enable the enforcement of the
laws regulating their sale Official samples drawn by
duly authorized inspectors are sent to the Laboratory
under the inspectors seal
In the analysis of fertilizer the available phosphoric
acid total nitrogen water soluble nitrogen and potash
are determined as a check on the guaranteed commer
cial value The availability of the nitrogen is also de
termined
In the Feeds Laboratory the protein fat and fiber
are determined Feeds are also examined microscopi
cally for any adulteration
The Insecticide Laboratory analyzes the various In
secticides and Fungicides commonly used on cotton
field crops and fruit as a check on the guaranteed
analysis
The Food and Drug Laboratory examines milk from
over the State so that only pure healthful milk may
be sold This Laboratory also prepares the various in
oculations of nitrogen gathering bacteria for legumes
which are sold to the farmers at cost
State Entomological Department
The Department of Entomology is controlled by a
Board of three members of which the Commissioner of
Agriculture is chairman The State Entomologist ap
pointed by a majority of the Board is in charge
It is the duty of this department to handle all cases
of plant disease and insect pests also the police work
of inspecting the potatoes and nursery stock and es
tablishing when it is necessary quarantines to prevent
infected plants and insect pests from being introduced
into the State
State Veterinary Department
The State Veterinary Department is in charge of the
State Veterinarian who supervises the work of tick
eradication and the prevention of reinfestation also the
work of stamping out tuberculosis among the cattle of
the State which work is now carried on insofar as the
appropriations warrant
Quarantines are established by this department to
prevent infected animals from being brought into the
State
This department is also charged with the inspection
of meats poultry and hogs offered for sale within the
State
The State Dairy Inspector is also sent out by this
department It is his duty to see that all dairies pro
ducing milk for public consumption are kept and op
erated in a sanitary manner
Peach and Apple Inspection
The inspection of peaches and apples under a law
passed by the Legislature in 1927 comes under this de
partment The law provides that the growers of these
fruits pay the cost of inspection and that the entire
amount received shall be used in inspecting and stand
ardizing these products and provides for their ship
ment in standard grades
State Statistician
The Statistician works in connection with the Fed
eral Department of Agriculture in compiling agricul
tural statistics in the State
38Typical scenes in Georgias Apple Paradise in Northeast Georgia Top left lovely Georgia Pippins making
sweet cider Top right spraying apple trees through underground pipe system pressure furnished by gravity
from tank above orchard Below a picture requiring no caption
39SCHOOLS COLLEGES
Georgia Contributes Liberally to the Cause of Education
O State believes more strongly in education or
contributes more in proportion to its means to
the cause of education than does the State of
Georgia
Georgias deep interest in education is indicated by
the fact that the University of Georgia is the oldest
chartered State University in the United States also
by the fact that Wesleyan College at Macon a Metho
dist institution is the oldest chartered female college
in the world
Of the general revenues coming into the Treasury
of Georgia approximately onefourth of the whole is
appropriated to the support of the common schools and
higher education
Education of children from eight to fourteen years
of age is compulsory in Georgia except in cases where
a boy or girl shall have completed the seventh grade
before attaining the age of fourteen years
Georgias common school system is supported from
the following sources
1 An annual appropriation by the State prorated
among the Counties on a basis of population of children
of school age
2 A compulsory Countywide school tax in every
County of not less than one and not more than five
mills this tax being expended in the County where
levied
3 A permissive localschool district tax not exceed
ing five mills which is spent in the district where
levied
4 A State tax of one cent per gallon on gasoline col
lected by the State and distributed monthly among the
Counties and a few independent City school systems
on the basis of their relative educational needs and
financial abilities so as more nearly to equalize edu
cational opportunities throughout the State
During the year 1931 approximately nine hundred
thousand Georgia children attended the common
schools and upwards of sixtyone thousand boys and
girls were enrolled in accredited fouryear high
schools
Although every County in Georgia is not able to
maintain a ninemonth school term the number of nine
month schools is steadily increasing as is likewise the
number of accredited high schools
The steady advancement and upward trend of com
mon school education in Georgia is demonstrated by
the fact that in the past ten years no less than 3500
oneteacher schools have been consolidated into less
than 900 modern schools fully graded housed in
modern welldesigned and wellequipped buildings to
and from which more than 100000 children are trans
ported free by motor bus
In the populous Counties there is a steady trend to
ward consolidation of the County schools with the
City schools Twenty years ago there were twenty
three such consolidations in operation while today
there are eightyfive
County school systems are administered by Boards
of Education and directly presided over by County
School Superintendents
High Schools Increasing
The extent to which the opportunities for boys and
girls completing the common school course to get the
advantage of an accredited fouryear high school course
have increased and multiplied in Georgia is clearly in
dicated by the following statistics
In 1905 there were only twelve such high schools
having an enrollment of 420 pupils with 35 teachers
4208 library books and 1040 worth of laboratory
equipment
In 1931 there were 417 such high schools having an
enrollment of 61246 pupils with 3002 teachers 572601
library books and 579346 worth of laboratory equip
ment
Vocational education has also made rapid strides in
Georgia in recent years The State matches dollarfor
dollar all funds allotted by the Federal Government in
aid of vocational education and today there is hardly
a County in Georgia where vocational education in one
form or another is not carried on The field of voca
tional education embraces agriculture home economics
trades and industries and rehabilitation
After 1932 the text books used in the common
schools of Georgia will be uniform in every County as
adopted and prescribed by the State Board of Educa
tion and all text books will be adopted for a period of
not less than five years and all will be supplied to the
Counties by the State at wholesale cost
The State Department of Education is administered
by a Board composed of four members appointed by
the Governor with the Governor and State Superin
tendent of Schools as exofficio members The State
Superintendent is elected by the people of the State
as a whole The functions of the Department are ad
visory and supervisory the latter functions being per
formed by a staff of eight supervisors for the common
schools and seven supervisors for vocational training
At the close of the War Between the States Georgia
had on her hands a large population of emancipated
Negro slaves practically one hundred per cent of whom
were illiterate In spite of the devastation and impov
erishment wrought upon the State by that conflict
Georgia early shouldered the burden of educating the
Negroes
That the financial provision for education of the
Negroes has been as generous as the resources of the
State and the Counties would justify is indicated by
the following figures contrasted with the fact that at
40Two celebrated private institutions of learning near the cultured City of Rome Above a magnificent building
of the Berry Schools donated by Mr and Mrs Henry Ford who frequently visit Berry Schools Below a lovely
scene on the campus of Shorter College for Girls
41GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
the close of the War in 1865 ALL Negroes in Georgia
were illiterate
In 1923 the number of illiterate Negroes in Georgia
between the ages of 10 and 18 years was 12383 In
1928 the number of illiterate Negroes between the ages
of 10 and 18 years has been reduced to 7157
These facts with reference to educating the Negroes
are emphasized for the reason that outside commenta
tors in pointing to Georgias relative standing in liter
acy with other States are in the habit of overlooking
the difference between white illiteracy and colored il
literacy
Georgia has forged ahead resolutely and with in
creasing determination to reduce her rate of illiteracy
and is still going forward along that line In 1920 the
percentage of illiteracy among white people ten years
of age and over was 54 By the year 1930 that figure
had been reduced to 33 per cent In 1920 the percent
age of illiteracy among colored people ten years of age
and over was 291 By 1930 that figure had been re
duced to 199 percent
In the year 1931 Georgia reduced in one year her
total illiteracy of all the people white and colored ten
years of age and over twelve per cent WHICH WAS
THE LARGEST PROPORTIONATE REDUCTION
OF ANY STATE IN THE UNION and received
special notice and commendation by the United States
Office of Education
Georgias University System
The capstone of Georgias system of public education
is the University of Georgia and its various branches
which by an Act of the Legislature of 1931 were all
placed under the administration of a single Board of
Regents appointed by the Governor and which thus
consolidated are henceforth to be known as the Uni
versity System of Georgia
As stated above the University of Georgia located
m the classic city of Athens and the parent institution
of the University System is the oldest chartered State
University in the United States Chartered by an act
of the Assembly of Georgia in 1785 it antedates the
Constitution of the United States
Abraham Baldwin a graduate of Yale University
came to Georgia in young manhood and embarked upon
the practice of law As a member of the Assembly he
drew introduced and passed the act granting a charter
to the University of Georgia The act bestowed upon
the University a gift by the State of 40000 acres of
the public domain the largest tract of which was in
Middle Georgia Abraham Baldwin was made the first
President of the University Under his able and wise
administration the land grants were sold off from time
to time until by the year 1801 there had been accumu
lated from that source a fund sufficient to erect the
first building
This building stands today on the University campus
in Athens Known as Old College it was built ac
cording to the blue prints and specifications of Con
necticut Hall on the campus of Yale at New Haven A
tew years ago the outer walls of the original building
were found to be unsafe and were taken down and re
stored in exact accordance with the original blue
prints and of brick of the identical color of the orig
inal brick The whole interior of the building is the
same today as when erected
Abraham Baldwin was a member from Georgia of the
convention that framed the Constitution of the United
States and after the formation of the Union he became
a Senator from Georgia He was succeeded as Presi
dent of the University of Georgia by Josiah Meigs a
young and brilliant member of the faculty of Yale who
presided over the institution until 1820 when Moses
Waddell became President Waddell had been the
head of a famous preparatory school in South Carolina
and was the preceptor of John C Calhoun During his
Presidency of ten years there were graduated from
the University of Georgia two great Georgians Robert
Toombs and George F Pierce
Brilliant Galaxy of Alumni
From 1830 when Moses Waddell was succeeded by
Alonzo Church until 1860 the University of Georgia
turned out a wonderful galaxy of brilliant graduates
among them being Howell Cobb Thomas R R Cobb
Alexander H Stephens Crawford W Long Benjamin
W Palmer Shelton P Sanford John and Joseph
LeConte Benjamin Harvey Hill Herschel V Johnson
John B Gordon and Francis S Bartow
John and Joseph LeConte were among the greatest
scientists and naturalists this country has ever pro
duced Going to California with the early American
pioneers they became prominent in that State and led
in the establishment of the University of California
of which John LeConte was President for an extended
term Forty years before Darwin published his De
scent of Man Joseph LeConte was expounding the
theory of evolution in writings and class lectures
Alonzo Churchs brilliant service of thirty years as
President of the University came to a close in 1860
when the title of President was changed to Chancellor
and Andrew A Lipscomb a distinguished Methodist
minister was elected to the office During the War
Between the States the University practically sus
pended operations but was quick to resume its activ
ities on the fullest scale possible in those trying times
when the fighting ended Dr Lipscomb served as
Chancellor until 1874 and among the famous men
graduated from the University during his administra
tion were Henry W Grady Emory Speer Peter W
Meldrim David B Hill Nathaniel E Harris John
Temple Graves and Samuel Spencer
Under the Constitution of Georgia adopted in 1877
which is the present Constitution with amendments
adopted from time to time there was no authority
given the Legislature to make appropriations for higher
education except to the University of Georgia As
the State gradually recovered from the War the Legis
lature desired from time to time to broaden the oppor
tunities for higher education either by establishing
colleges to serve various localities or by taking over
existing colleges privately launched but in doing so
was compelled to make these institutions nominally
branches of the University of Georgia As they were
established or taken over by the State each was given
by law a separate Board of Trustees interlocked with
the Board of Trustees of the parent institution viz
the University of Georgia and thus there grew up a
multiplicity of institutions and Boards each nominally
42Top Georgia Military College at Milledgeville formerly State Capitol where Georgia seceded from the Un
ion Lower left campus scene at Wesleyan College Macon oldest chartered female college in the world Right
center Georgia State College for Women Lower right Academy for the Blind
43

GOLDEN ISLES
Fascinating History and Romance Along Georgia Coast

By Dolores B Colquitt
IIX large offshore islands on the Georgia coast
Cumberland Jekyll Saint Simons Sapeloe Saint
Catherines and Ossabaw are shown on old charts
as The Golden Isles of Guale and for nearly four
centuries have been crowded with history and romance
Guale was the northerly province of Florida and in
cluded these islands and a narrow strip of mainland
opposite them Portuguese explorers visited them
early in the 16th century and Spanish settlements dot
ted the entire chain in 1566 the first in all Florida fol
lowing the establishment of Saint Augustine the pre
vious year
Spanish missions the first by Jesuits and then by
Franciscans flourished on the Golden Isles for many
years and antedated by two centuries the California
missions and around them were groves of oranges
lemons figs olives and pomegranates the first in Amer
ica At each mission station was also a military post
with a small garrison and this chain of forts constitu
ted a threat to British possessions along the North At
lantic coast that led finally to the establishment of the
Colony of Georgia as a buffer between Spanish Florida
and English Carolinas
The long triangular contest over the Golden Isles
between the Spanish English and Indians has had
scant attention in American history as written The
Spanish enslaved the Indians of Guale and carried them
to Saint Augustine and Havana to build fortifications
Their tribal allies in the interior retaliated and mas
sacred the missionary friars on Saint Catherines Ossa
baw Sapeloe and Saint Simons Only on Jekyll and
Cumberland did the friars survive this massacre Caro
linians later razed the rebuilt missions on Saint Cath
erines and Sapeloe and carried off the Indian converts
that had been gathered there after years of proselyting
in the interior
Concluded from Page 42
a branch of the University but in actual practice
each one more or less a separate institution and all
more or less competing with one another
At the session of 1931 the Georgia Legislature in
the course of a general reorganization of the depart
ments boards and bureaus of the State abolished these
separate administrations of the various branches of
the University and consolidated them all together
under a single Board of Regents appointed by the Gov
ernor which Board on January 1 1932 took over entire
control management supervision and administration
of the whole and renamed it under the law the Uni
versity System of Georgia
University Has Many Branches
The institutions composing the University System
are the University of Georgia at Athens the Georgia
School of Technology at Atlanta Georgia State Col
lege for Women at Milledgeville Georgia State Teach
ers College at Athens Georgia State Womans Col
lege at Valdosta North Georgia Agricultural College
at Dahlonega State College of Agriculture at Athens
Bowdon State Normal and Industrial College at Bow
don South Georgia State Teachers College at States
boro Middle Georgia College at Cochran Georgia
State College for Men at Tifton South Georgia Junior
State College at Douglas State Agricultural and Nor
mal College at Americus Medical Department of the
University at Augusta Georgia Industrial College at
Barnesville Georgia Vocational and Trades School at
Monroe Georgia School for the Deaf at Cave Spring
Fourth District A M School at Carrollton Seventh
District A M School at Powder Springs Eighth
District A M School at Madison Ninth District
A M School at Clarkesville Tenth District A M
School at Granite Hill Georgia Academy for the Blind
at Macon
Also three institutions for Negroes Forsyth A
M School at Forsyth Georgia Normal and Agricultural
College at Albany and Georgia State Industrial Col
lege at Savannah
If all the institutions comprising the University Sys
tem of Georgia were grouped upon a single campus
the total enrollment of students there assembled would
be in excess of 25000
But higher education in Georgia is by no means con
fined to the University System The State has a num
ber of denominational and private institutions of higher
learning which have played a notable part in the educa
tional and cultural development not only of Georgia
but the Nation at large
Those conferring degrees are Agnes Scott College at
Decatur Bessie Tift College at Forsyth Brenau Col
lege at Gainesville Emory University at Atlanta La
Grange College at LaGrange Mercer University at Ma
con Oglethorpe University at Atlanta Piedmont Col
lege at Demorest Shorter College at Rome Wesleyan
College at Macon Berry College at Rome Atlanta Law
School at Atlanta Columbia Theological Seminary at
Decatur AtlantaSouthern Dental College at Atlanta
and Southern College of Pharmacy at Atlanta
These institutions have a combined enrollment of ap
proximately 9000 students have plants and equipment
valued at more than 15000000 have endowments ag
gregating nearly 10000000 and have libraries ag
gregating 368000 volumes
44
Historic campus scenes and two contrasting vignettes Top left mens dormitory at University of Georgia
Athens Bottom right the University Chapel Top right a foaming mountain stream with wooden covered
bridge in background Bottom left young deer on State Game Preserve
45

yiii

TB
BH
GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
Spain practically abandoned the Golden Isles about
1698 and by a gentlemens agreement with England the
territory was a No Mans Land for a half century
Neither nation permitted settlement by its nationals
on any of the islands and the Indian tribes followed
suit by denying the right of any of the Creek Confed
eracy to live there calling them the Hunting Islands
and resorting to them for seafood and hunting and
fishing in season
Great Plantations Established
After the establishment of the Colony of Georgia in
1733 the islands became important groups of planta
tions growing indigo and staple food crops After
the Revolution the culture of Sea Island cotton became
the leading industry and for nearly a century the
Golden Isles maintained an aristocracy of planter fam
ilies that led the South in wealth and culture The
homes of all the wealthy planters were burned or
shelled during the Civil War only the Spalding man
sion on Sapelo now owned by Howard E Coffin having
enough walls left for later rebuilding This structure
had also escaped British bombardment during the War
of 1812
For many years after the Civil War the Golden Isles
were mainly hunting islands as in Indian days Nearly
50 years ago Thomas Carnegie bought the greater part
of Cumberland and the family has several homes and
a great game preserve there In 1886 the Jekyll Island
Club composed of 100 of the nations leading men of
great wealth established on Jekyll the finest and most
exclusive winter resort in the world Saint Simons
on the seaward end of which is Sea Island is connected
with the mainland by a causeway and is an important
summer and winter resort Sapelo has been owned by
Howard E Coffin since 1911 Ossabaw is a great game
erve and winter home of Dr H N Torrey of De
troit and Saint Catherines the largest of the chain
is owned by Mrs C M Keys of New York All the
Golden Isles have ocean beaches on one side and lie
along the Florida Passage the inside waterway from
the North to Florida resort territory
The Golden Isles are one of Americas most historic
localities and being unexploited retain unsurpassed
charm of native beauty In the discovery of this part
of the coast these Islands were the first land discern
ible to the weary watchers in the stormbattered cara
vel and consequently were the first lands to be appro
priated by the discoverer in the name of the King
Enchanted with the splendor of the unrolling vision
the Spaniards named them The Golden Islands
Centuries before the coming of the Spaniards and
before Lief Ericson had discovered Vineland the
Golden Islands were part of Huitramanaland Great
Island of the Icelandic sagas which maintain that at
some more remote period before the Icelanders Huitra
manaland was peopled by the Irish from whom it de
rived its name The Norse voyages to America form
the backbone of Icelandic literature and these sagas
which scholars now accept as genuine historical com
position tell of three such voyages to Huitramanaland
Thus it is believed that ancient Irish and Norse mari
ners sighted the Golden Islands
Under Spain Two Centuries
Within the lifetime of Columbus Portuguese ad
venturers furnished data for Cantinos chart dated
1502 which shows that the Georgia coast had been vis
ited before Ponce de Leons discovery ten years later
From the earliest days of exploration of America maps
show the Golden Islands as part of Guale a province
of ancient Florida and as such was included in the
Spanish Main Thus these Islands were governed for
more than two centuries by the sovereigns of Spain
from Ferdinand and Isabella to Philip V when the
English seized them in the 1730s at the time of the
founding of the Colony of Georgia
After the standard of Spain had long been planted
among the Golden Islands French ships under Ribaut
andLaudonniere came in an attempt to dispute the for
mers claim In and out among the islands fluttered
the banners of the Fleurdelis and upon each river and
sound were bestowed the names of rivers of France St
Marys River became the Seine Saint Andrews
Sound the Somme Saint Simons Sound the Loire
the Altamaha River the Charante Sapelo River the
Gironde Ossabaw Sound the Grande and the Sa
vannah River the Dulce Spains wrath was aroused
and in 1564 the Golden Islands witnessed the move
ments of Menendez great caravels from Havana which
routed the French expedition
Extant records show that during the Spanish regime
a number of zealous priests suffered martyrdom while
laboring among the savages However many were con
verted to Christianity and the first pastoral visit ever
made on what is now United States soil was that of
the Bishop of Cuba in 1605 by order of Philip III of
Spain to administer confirmation to more than a thou
sand Indians of the Golden Islands
The Indian inhabitants of the Golden Islands be
longed to the nation of Creeks Their forebears who
had resided here were of advanced mental culture as
indicated by ornamentation and archaeological evi
dence shows that these aborigines of the Golden Islands
possessed some of the culture of the Mayans of Yuca
tan which had seeped through to this region by way of
the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies Notable
among the remains of this prehistoric era are a circu
lar fortification or ceremonial enclosure of over 300
feet in diameter located on Sapelo Island and the great
causeway of shell deposit on a neighboring small island
Pirates and Buried Treasure
At times freebooting sea pirates descended upon the
Golden Islands In 1683 and again in 1686 Agramont
the notorious Abraham plundered the missions and
despoiled them even of their bells About 1715 Thomas
Leache the famous Blackbeard while ravaging the
coast from Saint Augustine to the Virginia Capes fre
quented the Golden Isles to secretly bury his treasure
and an Island where legend says his cache lies hidden
adjoining Sapelo bears the name of Blackbeard Island
About the time of Blackbeard the English under the
reign of George I began to exert themselves for pos
session of the Golden Islands and claimed them as
part of Asilia a barony of South Carolina to be granted
to Sir Robert Montgomery This gentleman prepared
an elaborate scheme for the settlement and exploitation
of his estate but his plans failed
In 1736 three years after Englands establishment of
46The Golden Isles of Georgia Top pool in front of Howard E Coffin home on Sapeloe Island Lower left
ruins of Fort Frederica built by General Oglethorpe largest and strongest British fortification ever erected
in North America Lower right Cloister Hotel at Sea Island
47
HHHl
jjaffij
GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
the Colony of Georgia in defiance of Spain Oglethorpe
the founder intruded upon the Golden Islands and
built the fortress and town of Frederica upon Saint
Simons Island
In 1742 a Spanish fleet of over fifty ships arrived
from Havana anchored in Saint Simons Sound and
there in a naval engagement defeated the English and
destroyed their fortifications located on the south
end of Saint Simons Island Subsequently as the Span
ish landing forces pressed toward Frederica where
Oglehorpe had retreated they were defeated by the
English at Bloody Marshone of the decisive battles
of America for it broke Spains hold over vast territory
and assured English dominance on the North American
Continent
During the Colonial period the Golden Islands of
Sapelo Saint Catherines and Ossabaw were owned by
a wealthy Jewish merchant of London who spent con
siderable sums of money in developing them only to
find later that they were illegally sold to him by the
Indian empress of the Creeks
In the 1790s Jekyll Sapelo Blackbeard and part of
Saint Catherines and Ossabaw were purchased by a
company of five French noblemen who had fled from the
Reign of Terror and like Sir Robert Montgomery
they proposed an extensive but futile scheme for the
development of coastal Georgia
Under Five Different Flags
In its nearly 400 years of occupation by the white
man Saint Simons Island has been under the flags of
Spain France England the United States and the Con
federate States of America The export trade of the
present United States began with the shipment of sas
safras peltries wild turkeys and chinaroot to France
from Gualquini Harbor at the mouth of Frederica
River now overlooked by the beautiful home of the
Sea Island Yacht Club The great Franciscan Mis
sion of San Buena Ventura flourished there for nearly
a century and the English settlers in 1733 found exten
sive plantations and old orange and olive groves set by
friars who carried the Cross in one hand and a fruit
tree in the other wherever they went
When General James E Oglethorpe established his
colony of Georgia the ostensible reason was to provide
a haven for oppressed debtors and his Savannah town
on Yamacraw Bluff was filled with them The real rea
son for the enterprise was the erection of a buffer state
between English Carolina and Spanish Florida so well
down in the Debatable Land he established Fort Fred
erica on Saint Simons Island garrisoned it with a regi
ment of British regulars and colonized nearly two
companies of Scotch Highlanders The Savannah col
onists almost starved but old Spanish fields on Saint
Simons Jekyll and Blythe Islands nearby grew great
crops that fed Oglethorpes proteges Fort Frederica
was the largest and most costly British fortification
in America and in its construction tabby blocks from
a Spanish mission of the 16th century were incorpor
ated
Both John and Charles Wesley the founders of
Methodism served as rectors of Christ Church at Fred
erica on Saint Simons The Battle of Bloody Marsh
in which Oglethorpe freed the Atlantic coast from the
Spanish menace was fought a few miles from Fort
Frederica and the Highlanders reddened the marsh
with the lifeblood of the Don and started Spains re
treat from American supremacy It was one of the
worlds great battles and the destiny of America hung
in the balance until its outcome was decided
One days catch and kill at Cabin Bluff Preserve
48Top left ruins of ancient Tolomato Mission near Darien Top right Mrs C H Anthony of New York with
a mornings catch taken 100 yards from Cloister Hotel Below Mr Coffins palatial home on Sapeloe Island
built in 1800 destroyed by Sherman rebuilt by Mr Coffin
49PAVED HIGHWAYS
Link Every Section and County of the Empire State

IN THE last ten years Georgia has made more rapid
progress than any Southeastern State in developing
her State Highway System with the single excep
tion of North Carolina
By reason of the fact that Georgia in area is the larg
est State east of the Mississippi River coupled with
the fact that Georgia has a total of 159 Counties cou
pled with the further fact that Georgias State High
way System as established and required by the law
creating it is a CountysitetoCountysite system the
development of Georgias State Highways has been an
undertaking of colossal magnitude
Georgias State Highway Department was created by
the Legislature of 1919 The State Highway Act es
tablished a State Highway Department to be adminis
tered by a State Highway Board of three members ap
pointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate
The act directed the Board to lay out a system of State
Highways connecting all the Countysites with one an
other and the system thus laid out consisted originally
of 4800 miles of highways Since 1919 the State High
way Department has been authorized by the Legisla
ture from time to time to take over additional mileage
until now the total mileage of the authorized State
Highways of Georgia is 8000
When it commenced operations under the Act of
1919 the State Highway Department had only the funds
arising from the sale of motor vehicle license tags
which were relatively small In 1921 the Legislature
added to these funds a gasoline tax of one cent a gal
lon which materially increased the Departments finan
cial resources Since 1921 the scale of motor vehicle
licenses has been substantially increased now rang
ing from 1150 for the lowpriced passenger car to as
high as 1500 for heavy trucks and the gasoline tax
has been increased from time to time until now it is six
cents a gallon of which four cents goes to the State
Highway Department
So strong became the sentiment in Georgia for ac
celerating the State Highway program that in five or
six years after the establishment of the State Highway
Department there sprang up an agitation over the State
for a highway bond issue This continued actively
and aggressively for at least five years but the advo
cates of the PayasYouGo plan were finally able to
demonstrate by a conclusive test of balloting in the
Legislature that they were in the majority The bond
issue advocates acquiesced in good grace and since
that time Georgia has gone forward harmoniously with
the development of her State Highway System financed
by motor vehicle licenses plus a relatively high gaso
line tax these two sources of current revenue supple
mented by Federal aid instead of the bond issue
method
15800000 for Highways in 1932
During the calendar year of 1932 the State Highway
Departments budget provides for an expenditure of
15800000 of which the motor vehicle license tax
furnishes 4200000 the gasoline tax furnishes 8500
000 and Federal aid furnishes 3100000
This expenditure is divided as follows
Construction 813 per cent
Maintenance 125 per cent
Land Buildings and Equipment 36 per cent
Administration 26 per cent
From the establishment of the State Highway De
partment in 1919 down to the present time there has
been expended in the development of the State High
ways of Georgia a total of 133750000 all from cur
rent revenue supplemented by Federal aid and by num
erous Counties and without a State bond issue
For this expenditure the State Highway Department
has made what most citizens agree to be a splendid
showing Georgia now has a total of 2764 miles of
hardsurfaced roads in her State Highway System plus
a total of 2229 miles of roads which are graded and
topsoiled and ready for hardsurface as the develop
ment of the system progresses
To give some idea of the magnitude of the operations
of the State Highway Department more than 48000
carloads of material are now being used and trans
ported annually in construction and maintenance these
including crushed stone cement sand gravel slag
asphalt lime rock structural steel etc
Materials local to Georgia are used by the State
Highway Department in every instance where avail
able and suitable to traffic conditions In this connec
tion it is interesting to note that no State in the Union
has a greater variety or a more abundant supply of
materials for building and maintaining highways
On the outside back cover of this issue of Georgia
and Her Resources is a map of the State Highways
of Georgia prepared by the Highway Department by
special request illustrating the approximate status of
the system as of January 1 1933
50A veritable paradise of scenic grandeur and outdoor recreation abounds in North Georgias mountain country
Here are shown a mountaineers cabin a mountain trout stream a magnificent mountain top view in Cherokee
National Forest and a summer cottage overlooking Tallulah Gorge
51iMmtUi

CHASE S OSBORN
Tells Why He Chose to Make His Home in Georsia

OU ask me to tell how I come to be a resident
of South Georgia If there is interest in the mat
ter at all it resides in the reasons for my staying
here Anybody might come here accidentally as I
did But to stay when one has the world to
choose from and the power to go where one
likes is the thing Between thirty and
forty years ago a Mr Hunton of De
troit bought pine lands hereabouts and
built a sawmill A mutual friend of
Mr Hunton and myself came here
as his guests to shoot There was
a neat little boarding house It
burned My friend Mr R J
Cram of West Chester Pa who
would be here now if he had not
been striken with total blindness
conceived the idea of building
a hunting camp To this end
he invited three or four others
to join him I was one of them
To be a bit independent of the
camp I bought a few acres and
built a camp on a smaller scale
for my own use and also set out
pecan trees Those were the
busiest days of my life One year
found me in Africa another in
Asia still another in Europe or in
South America or elsewhere out of my
own country So for years I could not
come to Georgia regularly But I hau
met John McPhaul and other fine men here
They looked after my small belongings until
I could visit them more frequently This came about
when I decided to quit active business and devote my
self to study and writing
Having seen all the earth and having wintered in
California and Florida and on the Riviera and in Egypt
and in the South Seas and in fact every place thought
to be attractive in the winter it was easy to discover
the advantages and attractions of South Georgia First
of these are the people And if one is rightly consti
tuted as to philosophy and morals people must always
be the first consideration I found them with an hon
esty and realness and grace that I had not seen else
where or since or before in all the earth There was
no pretense no pose no frill no dogjust plain
honesttoGod people If there is an inhibition in
South Georgia I have not discovered it in thirty years
of contact They love you if they do and they hate
you if they do There is a charm of personal and hu
man honesty that is of the land This makes for social
conditions that are perfect
In addition to this there is none of the mongrel mob
52
that crowds into and flourishes in places cheaply pop
ular One can be quite sure that if a man introduces
a woman as his wife she is Whether important or
his is true If one wishes society that is not
plated he can find the cream at Thomasville
where the Davisons the Whitneys the New
York Bakers the Philadelphia Masons
the New Jersey Thompsons the Arch
bolds and their high and excellent kind
form circles the like of which has
not yet been discovered or anything
better farther south But if one
wishes just quiet gentility where
life is sweet in its simplicity he
chooses spots like Poulan where
I live in Possum Poke in Pos
sum Lane Somewhere between
these descriptions is the excel
lent town of Albany
In seeking the genesis of con
ditions in what I pridefully call
my part of South Georgia I
found a great reason for its so
cial superiority came from the
fact that it is largely peopled
from North Carolina Now there
may be tough Tarheels but I never
saw one that was not good to know
and live with It so transpires that
even they are improved by transplant
ing to Georgia just as is the Yankee
I can visit and walk afield and shoot
and botanize and geologize and do as many
things delightfully as I wish and everybody
tries to see that I succeed at what I undertake or wish
to do Nor do they ever obtrude Such good taste and
good sense are hard to find elsewhere
There is a tranquil charm and beauty that scarcely
exists elsewhere For a time it puzzled me to deter
mine why Then of a sudden as it were I knew the
mocking bird as it had not revealed itself before and
the brown thrasher sang for me its most delicately
pflTr tht t0hes that yu cal1 down he the
lh S t m lhC bl3Ck hy bushes that you call
the gall berry the cat squirrels played in my pecan
trees the jasmine and wild violet and the bay and
flash of the cardinal In fact one cannot phrase the
ovehness of South Georgia without exhausting both
language and space There is asubtle something that
I cannot define that once seen seizes the senses as noth
ing else that I have witnessed on the earth
I know well the sunsets and the gloamings of Tehe
ran and the Mokettim hills that are more famous than
those of Kashmir South Georgia has evenings andGlimpses of the tranquil charm and beauty of South Georgia Top left turpentine farm near home of
former Governor Osborn of Michigan Top right picturesque old grist mill still regularly grinding Be
low largest tung oil tree in the world growing in South Georgia
53159 COUNTIES
Condensed Statistics About Each of Th
THE State of Georgia is divided into several politi
cal divisions as follows There are 159 counties
10 Congressional Districts 51 State Senatorial
Districts 31 Superior Court Circuits and approximate
ly 1800 Militia Districts
Atlanta is the Capital city of the State and the sec
ond largest city in the Southern States
The State Legislature or General Assembly is com
posed of the Senate with 51 members each of whom
serves a term of two years and the House of Repre
sentatives composed of 205 members each elected to
serve two years The Legislature meets every two
years unless called into extra session by the Governor
convening on the fourth Wednesday in June and re
mains in continuous session for a period of 60 days
The eight counties having the largest population
have three representatives each in the House They are
Bibb Chatham DeKalb Floyd Fulton Laurens Mus
cogee and Richmond The 30 counties ranking next in
population have two representatives each These coun
ties are Bartow Brooks Bulloch Burke Carroll
Clarke Cobb Colquitt Coweta Decatur Dodge Elbert
Emanuel Gwinnett Hall Jackson Jefferson Lowndes
Meriwether Mitchell Screven Sumter Thomas
Troup Walker Walton Ware Washington Wilkes
and Worth The other 121 counties have only one Rep
resentative each
The following synopsis or sketch of the 159 counties
in Georgia contains Name of county population of
county name and population of county seat number
of square miles in county taxable property values
taken from 1931 State tax digest Congressional Dis
trict State Senatorial District and Judicial Circuit in
which county is located Also the number of farms in
each county with a short sketch of principal crops pro
duced educational institutions other than grammar
schools or high schools Population figures and num
ber of farms are taken from the Federal 1930 census
APPLING 13315 Baxley 2122 area 454 square
miles taxable property 3387964 Congress Eighth
district Senate Third Brunswick circuit Products
cotton corn cane hay melons cattle hogs tobacco
pecans honey poultry naval stores lumber crossties
barrel staves Average altitude 206 feet Soil sandy
loam clay subsoil Has three tobacco warehouses at
Baxley handling 3500000 pounds in 1931 Farms in
county 1450
ATKINSON 6894 Pearson 715 area 330 square
miles taxable property 136384200 Congress Elev
enth Senate Fifth Alapaha circuit Products to
bacco cotton corn peanuts potatoes hay melons all
vegetables soy and velvet beans hogs lumber naval
stores Average altitude 205 feet Excellent water
supply Pebbly clay soil 719 farms in county
BACON 7055 Alma 1235 area 357 square miles
taxable property 194831200 Congress Eleventh
Senate Fortysixth Waycross circuit Products to
bacco cotton corn peanuts hay melons soy and vel
vet beans vegetables poultry hogs lumber building
material oil mill products Average altitude 205 feet
Sandy loam soil 850 farms in county
mornings that are born in the heavens in a manner of
mystery so engaging and fascinating as to be untena
ble And these are almost confined to Georgia At first
I thought it chauvinism that made me find this thing
of silent joy just in Georgia Then I discovered that
the latitude and longitude of Georgia are exactly right
for a certain suffusion and blending of the sunlight and
the zodiacal light producing an effect that entrances
one Seen through the towering long plumed pines
or veiled by populars and persimmons and gums in
which nestle festooned mistletoes there is nothing in
the world as beautiful No Whistler etching is to be
mentioned as even approaching the delicacy of tracery
And the colors are so exquisite one may fairly taste
them Once in a while a faint auroral effect is to be
detected and the result is transporting
Suppose we get down to earth and mention the prac
tical for a moment Life is easier and filled with more
worthwhile things in South Georgia than is always ap
Concluded from Page 52
predated or can be enumerated It is one of the health
iest regions of the earth Albanys death rate is the
lowest in America The nights in winter are snappy
and stimulate one The days are mild and unctuous
and relax one just enough There is none of the ener
vations of a warmer climate nor any of the dangerously
exacting rigors of the northern winter just a perfectly
balanced condition that keeps one at his best all the
time neither too high in spirits nor too low
If you wish climate and opportunity and charm of
people and songful birds and fragrant flowers and good
soil and wild and tame life proportioned invitingly
you can find these combined with sweet sunshine and
wholesomeness which is all I wish and is why I hope
to live a part of all my life in South Georgia In fact
there is more than the average person can comprehend
or assimilate of the perfections of earth Also the
snakes stay in their holes in the winter I could just
keep on forever in praise of South Georgia
54
pXttjussLSzx isstnxz Zr ass
Below State Capitol snapped as an airplane grazed its lofty dome
jyGEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
BAKER 7818 Newton 377 area 357 square miles
taxable property 158436800 Congress Second Sen
ate Ninth Albany circuit Products cotton corn
cane potatoes velvet beans pecans hogs poultry
vegetables A big hydroelectric plant in county sup
plies power for a number of towns in this section Av
erage altitude 200 feet sand loam soil 1287 farms in
county
BALDWIN 22766 Milledgeville 6189 area 307
square miles taxable property 4230872 Congress
Sixth Senate Twentieth Ocmulgee circuit Products
corn cotton cane potatoes wheat oats hay peas vel
vet beans pecans peaches poultry hogs Extensive
clay deposits altitude 276 feet red sandy soil Seat
of Georgia State College for Women Georgia Military
Institute State Sanitarium and State Farm Former
capital of State Middle Georgia fair held each fall at
Milledgeville Farms in county 974
BANKS 9703 Homer 281 area 222 square miles
taxable property 1599231 Congress Ninth Senate
Thirtythird Piedmont circuit Products poultry
eggs cotton corn wheat oats rye hay potatoes peas
peaches apples pecans dairies asbestos Average alti
tude 1700 feet red and gray soil 2085 farms in
county
BARROW 12401 Winder 3283 area 168 square
miles taxable property 277266600 Congress Ninth
Senate Twentyseventh Piedmont circuit Products
cotton corn peas hay wheat oats cane apples
peaches pears pecans textiles furniture foundry
Average altitude 941 feet soil gray and red 1861
farms in county
BARTOW 25355 Cartersville 5255 area 471
square miles taxable property 674928200 Congress
Seventh Senate Fortysecond Cherokee circuit Prod
ucts corn grain cotton potatoes hay peaches apples
iron manganese ocher barytes bauxite cement lime
stone and textiles Average altitude 748 feet red and
gray soil Cartersville has many manufacturing plants
and is the center of mining activities Adairsville also
has several manufacturing plants Farms in country
2692
BEN HILL 14500 Fitzgerald 7000 area 256
square miles taxable property 353345900 Congress
Third Senate Fortyfifth Cordele circuit Products
poultry livestock cotton corn potatoes hay pecans
pears peaches tobacco textiles oil mills cigars im
plements also has railroad shops and stone plants
Alttude 515 feet Three tobacco warehouses are lo
cated at Fitzgerald which handled about 1400000
pounds in 1931 Much honey is produced in the coun
ty Trucking business tomatoes fordhook lima beans
turnips asparagus dewberries peanuts developing
rapidly and large acreages are being cut up and utilized
for these lines Lands are good and can be bought
cheap Prospects are the fine quality of soil and uni
form favorable climate will become known and this will
be a very large shipping point for truck fruits and
vegetables Ben Hill County fair held in Fitzgerald
each fall 993 farms in county
BERRIEN 20000 Nashville 2000 area 500
square miles taxable property 350000000 Congress
Eighth Senate Fortyfifth Alapaha circuit Products
cotton corn grain soy and velvet beans peanuts fruits
strawberries watermelons livestock poultry hogs
tobacco lumber turpentine canneries textiles Aver
age altitude 290 feet sandy loam clay subsoil There
are three tobacco warehouses at Nashville which han
dled nearly 8000000 pounds in 1931 Berrien County
4H Fair held at Nashville each fall 1893 farms in
county
BIBB 77042 Macon 64045 area 277 square miles
taxable property 4868637500 Congress Sixth Sen
ate Twentysecond Macon circuit Grows practically
all farm products including cotton grains truck
peaches and pecans hogs and poultry and is a large
manufacturing center especially in clays and textiles
Located in or near Macon are Wesleyan College Wes
leyan Conservatory Mercer University Mount de Sales
Academy St Josephs School Central City College for
Negroes Georgia Academy for the Blind Beda Etta
College for Negroes Macon Linotype School four
business colleges as well as city and county grammar
and high schools Georgia State Agricultural Exposi
tion held in Macon each fall Altitude 373 feet 1099
farms in county
BLECKLEY 9131 Cochran 1023 area 205
square miles taxable property 213707400 Congress
Sixth Senate Fourteenth Oconee circuit Products
grown cotton corn grain peanuts hay peaches wat
ermelons cane and almost any kind of farm crop that
can be grown anywhere in the State hogs beef and
dairy cattle and poultry is raised very extensively
Middle Georgia A M Junior College located in
Cochran and also has textile mill and cold storage
plant curing nearly 400000 pounds of meat annually
The total amount received from the cooperative hog
and poultry sales held regularly and from the sale of
whole milk sour cream and cured meat is 12500000
annually Traversing the county are two state high
ways 1023 farms in county
BRANTLEY 6895 Nahunta 352 area 400 square
miles taxable property 160010700 Congress Elev
enth Senate Third Waycross circuit Products all
farm products including tobacco corn sweet potatoes
watermelons hogs and poultry lumber and naval
stores 690 farms in county Estimated
BROOKS 21334 Quitman 4149 area 514 square
miles taxable property 610428000 Congress Elev
enth Senate Seventh Southern circuit Products
cotton corn hay hogs cattle poultry cane grain
fruits pecans vegetables tobacco sweet potatoes pea
nuts watermelons textiles cooperage plant lumbering
veneering plant now operating Average altitude 173
feet sandy loam clay subsoil Two tobacco ware
houses at Quitman handling 1222221 pounds in 1929
Barwick and Barney are two of countys most progres
sive centers Farms in county 2447
BRYAN 6500 Clyde 107 area 431 square miles
taxable property 167368300 Congress First Sen
ate First Atlantic circuit Products cotton tobacco
corn oats velvet and soy beans cane potatoes lumber
ing hogs poultry and cattle Average altitude 32 feet
Sandy loam soil Pembroke largest town in county
has 841 population 523 farms in county Bryan is one
56Top a section of the famous Cyclorama depicting the Battle of Atlanta one of the finest war pictures ever
painted Below left the Administration Building State College of Agriculture at Athens Below right a
sunset scene on Lake Burton in the mountains
57GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
of the largest producers of turpentine in the state It
has fine fishing waters both salt and fresh Henry Ford
owns about 50000 acres of land in Bryan County
BULLOCH 26497 Statesboro 3976 area 668
square miles taxable property 704793700 Congress
First Senate Fortyninth Ogeechee circuit Prod
ucts livestock cured meats poultry eggs hogs pota
toes corn melons pecans beans peanuts tobacco
large quantities of these products being sold annually
Manufacturing tile fertilizer cotton seed products
lumber products Two tobacco warehouses at States
boro which handled 2264932 pounds in 1929 Georgia
Normal School at Statesboro Altitude 253 feet Dark
gray red pebbled soil 3176 farms in county
BURKE 29225 Waynesboro 3923 area 956
square miles taxable property 810878600 Congress
First Senate Seventeenth Augusta circuit Farm
products are valued at 600000000 of which about
400000000 worth were sold the remainder being used
for home consumption Principle products include
cotton corn oats tobacco sweet potatoes hay melons
hogs and poultry Corn yields of from 60 to 100 bush
els per acre and high cotton yields reported There
are 15 soil types in county which will grow variety of
crops Practically all schools consolidated Average
altitude 86 feet 3681 farms in county
BUTTS 9345 Jackson 1776 area 203 square
miles taxable property 308735500 Congress
Fourth Senate Twentysixth Flint circuit Products
pepper poultry eggs hogs pure bred cattle cotton
corn grain hay potatoes peaches apples textiles
Average altitude 720 feet Gray clay subsoil A
large power plant has been developed on the Ocmulgee
river near Jackson Indian Springs containing water
of nedicinal properties and owned by the State is in
Butts Comity County Fair at Jackson each fall 1242
farms in county All schools have been consolidated
into five large and two small schools
CALHOUN 10577 Arlington 1331 area 284
square miles taxable property 222118000 Congress
Second Senate Ninth Albany circuit Products to
bacco cotton corn grain hay velvet and soy beans
sugar cane potatoes peaches grapes pecans peanuts
hogs and poultry Average altitude 337 feet Soil
red pebble 1634 farms in county
CAMDEN 7000 Woodbine 350 area 711 square
miles taxable property 226285200 Congress
Eighth Senate Fourth Brunswick circuit Products
corn sugar cane rice grain potatoes all vegetables
pecans some tropical fruits Fishing is an important
industry at St Marys on the coast Dark hammock
gray soil Average altitude 25 feet 365 farms in coun
ty Howard E Coffins hunting preserve of 60000 acres
is in Camden County
CANDLER 8998 Metter 3169 area 228 taxable
property 190720300 Congress First Senate Forty
ninth Middle circuit Products tobacco cotton corn
grain potatoes peas hay watermelons velvet and soy
beans livestock hogs poultry Three tobacco ware
houses at Metter which handled 4047558 pounds in
1929 Altitude 300 feet Soil red pebble and loam
1188 farms in county
CARROLL 35000 Carrollton 5051 area 492
square miles taxable property 681080800 Congress
Fourth Senate Thirtyseventh Coweta circuit Di
versified farming has made great strides in Carroll 75
per cent of farmers being white every land lot has run
ning water on it Much poultry eggs and pure bred
hogs and livestock cotton corn oats wheat hay
peaches Manufactures textiles cotton seed products
has three flour mills Fourth District A M School
located at Carrollton and Bowdon State Normal In
dustrial College is at Bowdon Average altitude 1100
feet Gold and pyrites mined 5286 farms in county
CATOOSA 9425 Ringgold 681 area 169 taxable
property 203014800 Congress Seventh Senate
Fortyfourth Cherokee circuit Products cotton corn
grain potatoes especially Irish potatoes peaches ap
ples fruits berries Minerals sand limestone iron
bauxite road materials and gold Average altitude
784 feet Soil red clay 975 farms in county
CHARLTON 4381 Folkston 706 area 881 square
miles taxable property 299320800 Congress
Eighth Senate Fourth Waycross circuit Products
tobacco corn tropical fruits vegetables sugar cane
poultry eggs hogs and livestock lumbering and naval
stores Average altitude 80 feet Soil sandy loam
clay subsoil 306 farms in county Onehalf of the
great Okefenokee Swamp lies in Charlton County and
one of the easiest entrances to the swamp is Folkston
Charlton County boasts a halfmilliondollar bank
thousands of acres of growing pines and a model rural
school system
CHATHAM 105431 Savannah 85024 area 370
square miles taxable property 6044498200 Con
gress First Senate First Eastern circuit Truck
growing extensively engaged in big yields per acre re
ported Savannah is States largest port more cotton
being shipped from here than any port on the Atlantic
Ocean and it is the leading export city in the world
for naval stores Much lumber and other wood prod
ucts are also exported It is also a large import city
Many large manufacturing plants operate here Aver
age altitude 65 feet St Vincents Academy and School
for Girls Papes School for Boys and Girls Marist
Sacred Heart and Benedictine Schools located in Sa
vannah Georgia State Industrial College for Negroes
near Savannah Has 21 types of usable soils Georgia
State Farm Fair is held each fall at Savannah There
are 277 farms in county
CHATTAHOOCHEE 8888 Cusseta 343 area 218
square miles taxable property 64853000 Congress
Fourth Senate Twentyfourth Chattahoochee circuit
Products all generally grown on farm including cat
tle hogs poultry cotton grains peanuts and water
melons Average altitude 650 feet Soil sandy loam
clay subsoil 301 farms in county
CHATTOOGA 15404 Summerville 933 area 328
square miles taxable property 408592500 Congress
Seventh Senate Fortysecond Rome circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn grain in abundance peaches and
other fruits and vegetables poultry eggs and fine live
stock and alfalfa Minerals Iron bauxite clay man
ganese coal slate talc sandstone Manufactures tex
tiles etc Average altitude 780 feet Soil red upland
sandy loam 1486 farms in county
581 o r
Winners o profitable farming contest in 1931 Lett to rightJ K Lee Carroll County G F Wiley County
Agent A P Winston Clarke County L B Watson County Agent J C Daughtry Candler County O L
Johnson County Agent A H Jennings Sumter County J K Luck County Agent Below leftW A
Akins and Family Bulloch County Below rightMr Daughtry again
59GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
CHEROKEE 20204 Canton 2911 area 429 square
miles taxable property 6792270 Congress Ninth
Senate Thirtyninth Blue Ridge circuit Products
cotton corn wheat oats sweet potatoes poultry eggs
and hogs cattle raising dairying all fruits such as
apples peaches Manufactures textiles and marble
plants Several hundred persons are employed in the
lumber industry in the county Minerals gold mica
soapstone iron ore asbestos clays marble Average
altitude 894 feet Soil gray red mulatto Cherokee
County Fair at Canton each fall Reinhardt College
located in county At Canton is one of the most mod
ernly equipped creameries in the State Largest num
ber of registered Guernseys in any county in State
There are thirteen consolidated schools of the junior
high school type and one senior fully accredited high
school 2459 farms in county
CLARKE 25609 population City of Athens 18
192 area 114 square miles taxable property 14399
70500 exclusive of 300000000 of State and County
School property in Athens Georgia Tenth Congres
sional District Fiftieth Senatorial District Western
circuit Grows all farm products favorable to this sec
tion including much poultry and eggs livestock arid
truck There are 53 manufacturing plants in the coun
ty producing a wide variety of manufactured articles
including textiles textile goods fertilizers mill work
implements baseball bats shovel handles cotton seed
products compound lard canned goods creamery prod
ucts cotton garments Athens is the seat of the Uni
versity of Georgia State College of Agriculture State
Teachers College Lucy Cobb Institute and Lumpkin
Law School Clarke County is served by five railroads
and six well established highways fed by a wellkept
system of county roads Annual industrial pay roll
exceeds 2000000 and the 3000 students in the various
educational institutions expend an equal amount in
Athens lch year The average altitude of the county
is 705 feet Soils are mostly red clay and gray loam
There are 1102 farms and three hydroelectric plants
in the county
CLAY 7000 Fort Gaines 1500 area 203 square
miles taxable property 1489377 Congress Third
Senate Eleventh Pataula circuit Products cotton
corn grain sugar cane potatoes peanuts hay peaches
pecans much truck poultry and hogs Average alti
tude 190 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 957
farms in county
CLAYTON 10260 Jonesboro 1065 area 142
square miles taxable property 373501000 Congress
Fourth Senate Thirtyfifth Stone Mountain circuit
Soil highly productive and grows 38 cash crops which
with proper rotation and diversification a yearround
income is assured All staple crops are grown such as
cotton corn potatoes hay watermelons much truck
poultry eggs livestock cattle and hogs Has fine rail
road concrete highway and power facilities Average
altitude 917 feet 1211 farms in county
CLINCH 5987 Homerville 1148 area 900 square
miles taxable property 218561800 Congress
Eighth Senate Fifth Alapaha circuit Products to
bacco cotton corn grain sugar cane potatoes sweet
and Irish peaches fruits vegetables hogs and poultry
Altitude 176 feet Soil sandy loam 315 farms in
county
COBB 35539 Marietta 7634 area 353 square
miles taxable property 1052581500 Congress Sev
enth Senate Thirtyninth Blue Ridge circuit All
farm crops suitable to this section are grown dairying
pure bred cattle and poultry raising rapidly increasing
here in the last few years much truck is grown in this
county and marketed in Atlanta which is 20 miles dis
tant from Marietta with paved road cpnnecting Ma
rietta has many manufacturing plants such as textile
furniture marble machinery etc also many cotton
gins Average altitude 1118 feet Red mulatto soil
Acworth population 1163 Roswell 1200 other towns
in Cobb that have several manufacturing plants Many
historical points including Kennesaw Mountain and
other Civil War battle fields located in county Four
railroad trunk lines and one interurban electric line
serve county Good roads including Dixie Highway
paved through county Well known as one of the lead
ing farm counties agricultural display taking first
prize at State and Southeastern Fairs 1929 Seventh
District A M School located at Powder Springs Cobb
County Fair held each fall at Marietta 3389 farms in
county
COFFEE 20000 Douglas 4213 area 632 square
miles taxable property 429153400 Congress
Eighth Senate Fortysixth Waycross circuit Doug
las has five tobacco warehouses that handled nearly
11000000 pounds in 1931 Soils are especially adapted
to growing of fruits such as strawberries blackberries
and dewberries melons tomatoes peppers peas pea
nuts tobacco dairying hogs and poultry raising large
ly engaged in Cotton corn oats hay are produced
South Georgia State College and Georgia Normal Busi
ness College located in county Coffee County Fair
held at Douglas each fall Average altitude 275 feet
Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 2055 farms in county
COLQUITT 30622 Moultrie 8026 area 529 tax
able property 620925000 Congress Second Senate
Fortyseventh Southern circuit Three tobacco ware
houses at Moultrie handled about 5000000 pounds in
1931 South Georgia Fair at Moultrie held each fall
Norman Junior College at Norman Park and Moultrie
Commercial College at Moultrie Swift Packing Plant
at Moultrie slaughters 150000 hogs each year stimu
lating hog raising in that section Many melons are
shipped from county each year also much poultry
egs and farm products such as cotton corn peanuts
potatoes pecans hay peppers cane syrup Manufac
tures lumber products Average altitude 325 feet Soil
sandy loam and clay subsoil 3400 farms in county
COLUMBIA 8693 Appling 841 area 350 square
miles taxable property 171882800 Congress Tenth
Senate Twentyninth Augusta circuit Farm crops
grown in east Georgia thrive on the clay grayish loamy
soils of the county Some truck is grown together with
cotton corn oats and wheat potatoes hay watermel
ons and pecans One of leading peach growing coun
ties and dairying much sour cream being sold Pure
bred livestock is being introduced on farms Much
hogs poultry and many eggs are sold Gold fullers
earth and clay are mined Average altitude 263 feet j
1266 farms in county
60Though poultry and egg production has grown enormously there remains unlimited opportunity for this in
dustry in Georgia Here are a Hock of White Leghorn hens a typical Georgia dairy scene and the electric
refrigeration plant of R F Sams Jr scientific truck grower
61GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
COOK 11650 Adel 1720 area 241 square miles
taxable property 268497400 Congress Eighth Sen
ate Sixth Alapaha circuit Products tobacco Adel
having two warehouses that handled around 3400000
pounds in 1931 and other crops generally grown in this
section including cotton grain beans potatoes pea
nuts hay with much live stock hogs poultry and eggs
being sold annually Average altitude 246 feet Soil
pebbly loam and clay subsoil 1296 farms in county
Cook County is the home of the Sowega Melon Grow
ers Association a cooperative marketing organization
of 3500 melon growers
COWETA 25125 Newnan 6373 area 443 square
miles taxable property 9256937 Congress Fourth
Senate Thirtysixh Coweta circuit The red and gray
soils produce all farm crops in abundance apples
pecans watermelons 325000 peach trees in county
dairying and livestock hogs and poultry raising mak
ing great gains in county Textiles and foundry prod
ucts are manufactured and gold and granite are mined
Coweta County Fair at Newnan each fall Commercial
College at Newnan Average altitude 959 feet 2270
farms in county
CRAWFORD 7020 Knoxville 574 area 319
square miles taxable property 162532100 Congress
Sixth Senate Twentythird Macon circuit Cotton
corn 400000 peach trees asparagus peanuts sugar
cane grain melons livestock hogs and poultry Ex
tensive clay and sand mines are located in county Ro
berta with 449 population is in county Average alti
tude 375 feet Soil sandy loam 959 farms in county
CRISP 17343 Cordele 6880 area 277 square
miles taxable property 528203400 Congress Third
Senate Fortyeighth Cordele circuit More than three
milliau dollars worth of products are sold each year
which includes cotton peanuts corn peavine hay
pecans melons potatoes peaches asparagus hogs
poultry and eggs cattle dairy products naval stores
and lumber Average altitude 250 feet Soil gray
pebbly clay subsoil Cordele has a number of manu
facturing plants Crisp County is the only county in
any state that has constructed owns and operates its
hydroelectric system The plant located on Flint
River is 20000 horsepower and cost 1250000 The
power will be sold to consumers at a nominal rate
Crisp County Fair at Cordele each fall 1545 farms in
county
DADE 4246 Trenton 450 area 186 square miles
taxable property 175919200 Congress Seventh
Senate Fortyfourth Cherokee circuit General farm
crops fruits and vegetables grown and coal limestone
road materials and iron are mined Soil red and gray
Farmers are diversifying and much livestock poultry
and eggs are sold annually 486 farms in county
DAWSON 3512 Dawsonville 203 area 216 square
miles taxable property 67493500 Congress Ninth
Senate Thirtysecond Northeastern circuit Products
cotton corn grain potatoes hay sorghum apples
peaches and poultry some alfalfa and beans hard
woods gold Average altitude 1700 feet Soil red
and gray 684 farms in county
DECATUR 25000 Bainbridge 8000 area 823
square miles taxable property 753108700 Congress
Second Senate Eighth Albany circuit Products to
bacco a warehouse handling nearly 500000 pounds in
1931 at Bainbridge peanuts corn cotton hay and
other crops favorable to this section Many hogs cat
tle poultry and eggs sold annually Bainbridge is a
large manufacturing center Average altitude 119 feet
Soil Norfolk orange fine loam 1731 farms in county
DEKALB 68666 Decatur 13275 area 272 square
miles taxable property 3260487800 Congress Fifth
Senate Thirtyfourth Stone Mountain circuit Dairy
ing poultry and hog raising and truck growing are en
gaged in largely by the farmers Many manufactures
are located in the county including extensive granite
quarries which turn the stone into the finished product
Stone Mountain largest solid granite mass in the
world and upon which is to be carved the Confederate
memorial is in this county Agne Scott College Colum
bia Seminary Emory University Oglethorpe Univer
sity are located in DeKalb Average altitude 1019
feet 2472 farms in county
DODGE 21599 Eastman 3022 area 431 square
miles taxable property 543505900 Congress
Twelfth Senate Fortyeighth Oconee circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn grain potatoes hay melons pears
pecans peanuts poultry hogs livestock and dairying
textiles fertilizers Average altitude 361 feet Soil
dark gray sandy loam 2623 farms in county
DOOLY 18025 Vienna 1832 area 397 square
miles taxable property 467359100 Congress Third
Senate Fourteenth Cordele circuit Products cotton
corn hay grain melons peanuts sugar cane potatoes
peaches pecans pears livestock hogs poultry and
eggs textiles oil mills lumbering Average altitude
350 feet Soil Norfolk sandy loam 2523 farms in
county
DOUGHERTY 22306 Albany 14507 Albany and
Suburbs 18217 area 342 square miles taxable prop
erty 16000000 Congress Second Senate Tenth
Albany circuit Albany is in the center of the pecan
industry of the State more pecans being marketed
there than in any other city in the South More than
70000 acres of pecans are in the Albany area Many
other farm crops such as cotton corn melons peaches
peanuts hay and grain are grown and much live stock
hogs poultry are sold Radium Springs containing
high medicinal properties are near Albany This city
has 36 manufacturing plants Average altitude 212 feet
Soil sandy loam clay subsoil Georgia Normal School
for negroes and two Business Colleges in Albany 791
farms in county
DOUGLAS 9461 Douglasville 2318 area 208
square miles taxable property 196274500 Congress
Fifth Senate Thirtyninth Tallapoosa circuit Prod
ucts hardwoods cotton corn potatoes peaches apples
melons fruits and vegetables livestock poultry eggs
graphite Average altitude 1215 feet Soil red mu
latto 1391 farms in county
EARLY 18273 Blakely 2106 area 524 square
miles taxable property 443805500 Congress Sec
ond Senate Ninth Pataula circuit Products cotton
corn grain hay peanuts livestock hogs poultry eggs
I
62Georgia is ideally suited for production of milk cream butter and cheese and the market is almost unlimited
since Georgia imports far more of these products than she produces On this page are four views of modern
scientifically operated dairy farms in Georgia
63GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
Plan of diversification is followed in Early a solid
train load of local products being shipped from the
county in one day Many saw mills operate Altitude
300 feet Soil red clay sandy loam 2952 farms in
county
ECHOLS 2744 Statenville 438 area 362 square
miles taxable property 76644100 Congress Elev
enth Senate Sixth Southern circuit Products to
bacco corn peanuts potatoes velvet beans and other
crops grown in South Georgia Lumber and naval
stores are main products and much livestock hogs and
poultry are raised Purebred sires are rapidly replac
ing scrub sires Ample grazing territory for large in
crease in hog and cattle production Average altitude
152 feet Soils Blanton Norfolk and Leon sandy
loam 245 farms in county
EFFINGHAM 10169 Springfield 402 area 448
square miles taxable property 276051500 Congress
First Senate First Ogeechee circuit Products cot
ton corn tobacco pecans sugar cane peas grain
fruits and vegetables poultry hogs and livestock
Average altitude 75 feet soil sandy loam 988 farms
in county
ELBERT 18484 Elberton 4650 area 364 square
miles taxable property 524302200 Congress Tenth
Senate Thirtieth Northern circuit Products cotton
corn grain hay alfalfa soy beans Sudan grass silage
legume crops sorghum peaches pecans and many fruits
and vegtables Dairying is engaged in on a large scale
and much poultry and eggs are sold the farms gener
ally stocking up with purebred animals and poultry
Elberton is the center of the granite industry several
large quarries operating here which ship stone to every
state in the union and to foreign countries Fine mon
umental memorial and building stone are quarried
Other industries include textile mills oil mills cream
ery hatchery machine plant cotton compress and a
silk mill that weaves goods from silk imported from
Japan This mill and its village is one of the most
modern in the south Average altitude 670 feet Soils
are highly productive and are being improved with
dairy herds and legumes Elbert County Fair at El
berton each fall 2428 farms in county
EMANUEL 24256 Swainsboro 2442 area 889
square miles taxable property 521219500 Congress
First Senate Sixteenth Middle circuit Products
tobacco corn cotton truck melons potatoes pecans
peaches grain hay poultry eggs hogs dairying and
livestock for market Has ten months growing season
and yearround pastures with reasonably priced land
fine schools good roads and power Swainsboro on
seven state highways and two railroads has ice plants
planing mill turpentine stills cotton gins and other
plants Average altitude 350 feet Emanuel County
Fair each fall 3104 farms in county
EVANS 7102 Claxton 1600 area 287 square
miles taxable property 1300000 Congress First
Senate Fortyninth Atlantic circuit Products to
bacco corn cotton cane potatoes grain peanuts wa
termelons hay cattle hogs sheep poultry and eggs
Two tobacco warehouses at Claxton handling around
2300000 pounds in 1931 Average altitude 350 feet
Soil gravel surface clay subsoil 697 farms in county
FANNIN 12949 Blue Ridge 1190 area 401 square
miles taxable property 195104700 Congress Ninth
Senate Fortyfirst Blue Ridge circuit Products corn
rye wheat oats sweet and Irish potatoes hay apples
in abundance peaches livestock poultry and eggs
Coal marble are mined Average altitude 1760 feet
clay soil abundant water supply Many hardwoods
are found in the forests of the county 1476 farms in
county
FAYETTE 8660 Fayetteville 796 area 234
square miles taxable property 148049300 Congress
Sixth Senate Twentysixth Griffin circuit Products
corn cotton potatoes grain hay apples peaches pe
cans livestock hogs poultry eggs many vegetables
which are trucked to markets Average altitude 1100
feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 1631 farms in
county
FLOYD 48667 Rome 21843 area 502 square
miles taxable property 20016311 Congress Seventh
Senate Fortysecond Rome circuit All farm crops
adaptable to north Georgia are grown in Floyd in
cluding alfalfa the farms being stocked with purebred
cattle hogs and poultry many of which are marketed
in Rome Many apples peaches and other fruits and
vegetables are grown Rome is a large manufacturing
center having 75 industries including stoves agricul
tural implements furniture brick rayon yarn hosiery
and other textile products This city which is reached
by several railroads and main highways has abundant
power and is the center of educational facilities in
cluding Shorter College an Agrade college for women
Berry Schools Darlington School for boys together
with an excellent public school system Georgia School
for Deaf at Cave Springs Average altitude 614 feet
2848 farms in county
FORSYTH 10719 Cumming 648 area 247 square
miles taxable property 172937800 Congress Ninth
Senate Fiftyfirst Blue Ridge circuit Products cot
ton corn grain potatoes apples other fruits and veg
etables hogs poultry livestock Gold and other min
erals are found in the county Average altitude 1316
feet Soil red and gray 2169 farms in county
FRANKLIN 16590 Carnesville 861 area 279
square miles taxable wealth 317173900 Congress
Eighth Senate Thirtyfirst Northern circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn potatoes wheat oats rye hay
peaches apples grapes livestock Poultry raising en
gaged in extensively much poultry and many eggs be
ing sold each month There are several manufacturing
plants in the county Average altitude 1000 feet Soil
red pebble clay subsoil 2744 farms in county
FULTON 327419 Atlanta 359668 area 533
square miles taxable wealth 284140125 Congress
Fifth Senate Thirtyfifth Fulton has recently ab
sorbed Campbell and Milton Counties greatly increas
ing her farming area in which are grown cotton corn
hay melons peaches etc while large amounts of
truck milk cream butter poultry eggs and fruits are
produced and marketed daily in Atlanta Atlanta is
64When its watermelon time in Georgia The two top pictures require no title Notice that the little colored
boy is so engrossed that he does not even feel the By exploring his dome of thought Below is a beautiful
country home on the Dixie Highway a few miles south of Macon
65GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
the capital of the State and one of the largest cities of
the South six boroughs having been incorporated in the
city by act of legislature in 1929 It is the leading com
mercial and industrial center in the Southeast its prod
ucts being valued at more than 135000000 annually
Approximately 622 plants manufacture more than 1500
different articles It is a railroad and highway center
with unexcelled transportation facilities as well as
one of the leading centers of aviation in the country
It has abundant cheap electric power for industries
Natural gas was piped into the city for use early in
1930 Atlanta is the loaction of over fifteen hundred
branches of nationally known concerns doing business
in the Southeast as the large number of office build
ings attest It is a leading educational center 34 col
leges universities and other institutions of learning
being located in or near Atlanta Altitude 1050 feet
The Southeastern Fair is held in Atlanta in October of
every year 3960 farms in county
GILMER 8500 of whom 8450 are white Ellijay
654 area 440 square miles taxable property 1741
282 Congress Ninth Senate Fortyfirst Blue Ridge
circuit Products corn wheat rye potatoes hay ap
ples peaches hogs livestock poultry and eggs Many
hardwood mills operate in county and marble iron ore
and other minerals are mined Average altitude 1312
feet Soil red sandy loam Gilmer county apples
are of many varieties and finest color and flavor and
large quantities are shipped each year Gilmer County
Fair each fall at Ellijay 1227 farms in county
GLASCOCK 4390 Gibson 442 area 170 square
miles taxable property 73758800 Congress Tenth
Senate Eighteenth Toombs circuit Products corn
cotton hay oats wheat rye potatoes peanuts soy
and velvet beans livestock hogs poultry and eggs
peaches and pecans Average altitude 500 feet Soil
sandy gray red 705 farms in county
GLYNN 19400 Brunswick 14022 area 439 square
miles taxable property 13000000 Congress Eighth
Senate Fourth Brunswick circuit Brunswick is an
important port much cotton lumber turpentine and
rosin and other products being shipped from there an
nually It is the center of a large fishing industry and
has approximately 30 manufacturing plants of major
importance which spend in salaries and for raw ma
terials approximately 4000000 annually Brunswick
is the center of a large trucking area cucumbers Irish
potatoes both spring and fall cabbage strawberries
dewberries asparagus sweet potatoes beans tomatoes
lettuce celery and onions being grown Profits of from
500 to 1000 an acre have been reported from Glynn
truck farms Brunswick and adjacent islands afford
fine climate for tourists both winter and summer Ga
Carolina Schol of Commerce at Brunswick 168 farms
in county
GORDON 16942 Calhoun 2371 area 375 square
miles taxable property 404551700 Congress Sev
enth Senate Fortythird Cherokee circuit Products
cotton corn all grains peaches alfalfa vetch clover
cattle dairy products poultry and eggs fruit and veg
County shiPs annually 70000 gallons of milk
130000 pounds of butter 212500 dozen eggs Manu
factures brick several large plants being located in
county textiles tile lumber hardwood materials Gor
don county was the home of Sequoya the chief who
formed the Indian alphabet and who has been selected
by Oklahoma to occupy a place in the National Hall of
Fame at Washington The treaty with the Indians
which caused their removal from this section was made
in this county Average altitude 716 feet Deep loam
red subsoil 2408 farms in county
GRADY 19200 Cairo 3169 area 444 square
miles taxable property 3980149 Congress Second
Senate Seventh Albany circuit Grady county sells
products valued at approximately 450000000 annu
ally composed of syrup corn tobacco cotton and seed
peanuts poultry and eggs vegetables and plants pe
cans and nursery stock naval stores and lumber sweet
potatoes melons collard and other seeds other truck
Grady county produces 98 per cent of the collard seed
of the world and more tomato plants than any other
county in the South Grady is the center of the syrup
industry in the State and more pure cane syrup is
shipped from Cairo than any other point in the world
Average altitude 324 feet A tobacco warehouse loca
ted at Cairo handled nearly 900000 pounds in 1931
2194 farms in county
GREENE 12619 Greensboro 2125 area 416
square miles taxable property 311180000 Congress
Eighth Senate Nineteenth Ocmulgee circuit Prod
ucts corn cotton grain potatoes hay peaches truck
pecans livestock poultry and eggs Dairying is be
coming an important industry in county many sour
cream stations being established Much poultry and
many eggs are also sold Textiles and cotton products
lumber brick are manufactured and kaolin and other
minerals are mined Average altitude 598 feet Soil
red and gray County Fair held in fall at Greensboro
1559 farms in county
GWINNETT 29000 Lawrenceville 2175 area 400
square miles taxable wealth 5808000 Congress
Ninth Senate Fiftyfirst Piedmont circuit Products
cotton corn grain hay soy and velvet beans peaches
apples pecans and livestock Much poultry and eggs
are sold Several manufacturing plants are located
at Lawrenceville At Buford are located the extensive
plants of Bona Allen Incorporated which manufac
ture harness collars bridles saddles mens and boys
shoes and leather specialties valued annually at 6
00000000 The plants use 250000 hides annually em
ploy 1500 people with a payroll amounting to 900
00000 annually Average altitude of county 1082
feet Gwinnett Agri Indus Fair at Lawrenceville
each fall 3925 farms in county
HABERSHAM 12748 Clarkesville 617 area 290
square miles taxable property 6394030 Congress
Ninth Senate Thirtyfirst Northeastern circuit
Products corn hay grain cotton potatoes apples
280000 peach trees other fruits dairy cows hogs poul
try and eggs Manufactures hardwood products sad
dles etc mines asbestos and graphite Large quan
tities of apples are shipped from Habersham Cornelia
being the center of the apple industry in Georgia Ninth
District A M School at Clarkesville Piedmont
College at Demorest Average altitude 1363 feet Soil
red clay subsoil 1175 farms in the county
66

7Vo pictures vividly illustrating the bountiful yields of wellcultivated Georgia farms Above is an exhibit of
corn produced n Carroll County at the Southeastern Fair in Atlanta Below is an enormous mound of peanuts
m a warehouse m South Georgia with debutante trimmings
67

ttteii
GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
HALL 30313 Gainesville 8024 area 437 square
miles taxable property 11788535 Congress Ninth
Senate Thirtythird Northeastern circuit Farm
crops suitable to northeast Georgia including cotton
corn grain hay with dairying making great gains has
creamery at Gainesville the poultry industry has
grown to such extent that commercial hatcheries are
operated Many farms are stocked with purebred hogs
and other livestock Many minerals are mined Gaines
ville is the center of a large number of textile and
other manufacturing plants including surgical dress
ings overalls pants underwear jug ware carpets Av
erage altitude 1200 feet Soil red clay Brenau Col
lege and Riverside Academy are located at Gainesville
2697 farms in county
HANCOCK 13070 Sparta 1613 area 530 square
miles taxable property 284035500 Congress Sixth
Senate Twentieth Ocmulgee circuit Products cot
ton corn grain potatoes peanuts hay peaches pecans
truck vetch and beans Permanent pastures are planted
which are encouraging dairying and hog raising in
county Much poultry and many eggs are sold each
month Manufactures flour textiles mines granite
kaolin clays and chalk Tenth District A M School
at Granite Hill Average altitude 557 Soil red gray
1755 farms in county
HARALSON 13243 Buchanan 429 area 284
square miles taxable wealth 270524200 Congress
Seventh Senate Thirtyeighth Tallapoosa circuit
Products cotton corn wheat oats potatoes rye
peaches apples other fruits livestock poultry and
eggs Textiles are manufactured and gold pyrites and
copper are mined Tallapoosa and Bremen are other
towns Average altitude 1000 feet Soil red gray
1681 farms in county
HARRIS 11140 Hamilton 439 area 501 square
miles taxable property 2419239 Congress Third
Senate Twentyfifth Chattahoochee circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn grain potatoes peanuts hay apples
peaches melons berries hogs livestock poultry and
eggs and truck Power on streams is being developed
in county Average altitude 786 feet Soil sandy loam
clay subsoil Chipley is located in this county also
1465 farms in county
HART 15174 Hartwell 2048 area 261 square
miles taxable property 259499500 Congress
Tenth Senate Thirtieth Northern circuit Crops
favorable to east Georgia are grown and plan of diver
sification followed by farmers in recent years has
caused dairying livestock and poultry raising to bring
thousands of dollars into county Products cotton
corn grain potatoes hay apples peaches and pecans
textiles are manufactured Average altitude 838 feet
Soil gray gravelly which is being improved by leeume
plants 2278 farms in county
HEARD 9557 Franklin 311 area 285 square
miles taxable wealth 1263339 Congress Fourth
Senate Thirtyseventh Coweta circuit Products cot
ton corn hay and grains peaches poultry and eggs
beans and vetch grown Mines graphite and other min
erals Average altitude 696 feet Soil red and gray
1747 farms in county Heard county has two senior
high schools and five consolidated rural schools
HENRY 15933 McDonough 1360 area 324 square
miles taxable property 3564848 Congress Fourth
Senate Thirtyfifth Flint circuit Products cotton
corn wheat oats potatoes hay watermelons peaches
apples pecans hogs poultry and eggs beans and vetch
textiles fertilizer textile products Average altitude
866 feet Soil clay sandy loam clay subsoil 2559
farms in county
HOUSTON 11279 Perry 1396 area 450 square
miles taxable property 337498000 Congress
Third Senate Twentythird Macon circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn peas oats wheat potatoes hay pea
nuts melons pecans 636000 peach trees in county
hogs poultry and eggs soy beans and vetch textiles
and foundry products The Clinchfield cement plant
is located in this county manufacturing 700000 barrels
of cement annually Average altitude 300 feet Soil
red and gray 1241 farms in county Estimated
IRWIN 12199 Ocilla 2200 area 378 square miles
taxable property 2665000 Congress Eighth Senate
Fortyfifth Tifton circuit Products tobacco corn
cotton grain peanuts potatoes hay peaches pecans
trucking and turpentine hogs poultry and eggs soy
and velvet beans lumbering Average altitude 686
feet Soil gray pebble clay subsoil 1606 farms in
county
JACKSON 21609 Jefferson 1869 area 346 square
miles taxable property 4284970 Congress Ninth
Senate Thirtythird Piedmont circuit Products cot
ton corn grain peas peanuts potatoes hay sorghum
peaches apples pecans pears livestock hogs poultry
and eggs alfalfa vetch textiles Average altitude 1000
feet Soil gray red pebble clay subsoil Commerce
with population of 2459 is also located in this county
2979 farms in county
JASPER 8686 Monticello 1593 area 321 square
miles taxable property 192895100 Congress Sixth
Senate Twentyeighth Ocmulgee circuit Products
cotton wheat grain corn potatoes hay pecans half
million peach trees in county pepper dairying pure
bred cows poultry and eggs lumber mills bobbin spool
factory farm implements fertilizers flour mills ice
factory Average altitude 800 feet Soil clay and loam
Much alfalfa vetch and other cover crops are planted
to improve soil 1147 farms in county
JEFF DAVIS 9000 Hazlehurst 1500 area 400
square miles taxable property 2500000 Congress
Eighth Senate Third Brunswick circuit Products
tobacco having two warehouses at Hazlehurst that han
dlel approximately 2500000 pounds in 1931 cotton
grain corn livestock hogs poultry eggs fruits and
vegetables for market potatoes sugar cane peanuts
pecans naval stores crossties lumber Average alti
tude 256 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 979
farms in county
JEFFERSON 20727 Louisville 1663 area 646
square miles taxable property 4613519 Congress
Sixth Senate Eighteenth Middle circuit Products
cotton corn grain hay potatoes peanuts peas to
bacco peaches apples pecans melons fruits and vege
tables livestock hogs poultry and eggs limestone
marl Louisville was former capital of Georgia Wad
68Poet orator and soldier fittingly memorialized Above is the Burns Cottage near Atlanta exact replica of the
poets birthplace and home of Atlanta Burns Club Below at left bronze statute of Henry W Grady m the
r heart of Atlanta Right statue of General John B Gordon
69GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
ley With population of 1423 has several manufacturing
plants Average altitude 236 feet Soil red and gray
2582 farms in county Jefferson county has six ac
credited high schools
JENKINS 12908 Millen 2522 area 342 square
miles taxable property 3488411 Congress First
Senate Seventeenth Ogeechee circuit Products to
bacco cotton corn sugar cane potatoes grain apples
peanuts peaches fruits and vegetables pecans hay
hogs poultry and eggs vetch and beans textiles fer
tilizers ice Average altitude 158 feet Soil red peb
ble clay subsoil 1676 farms in county Jenkins
county was created in 1906 from portions of Burke
Screven and Emanuel
JOHNSON 12682 Wrightsville 1741 area 292
square miles taxable property 254177900 Congress
Sixth Senate Sixteenth Dublin circuit Products
tobacco cotton corn grain sugar cane potatoes peas
fruits and vegetables livestock hogs poultry eggs
Altitude 567 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 1742
farms in county
JONES 8992 Gray 600 area 377 square miles
taxable property 166297700 Congress Sixth Sen
ate Twentyfirst Ocmulgee circuit Products all
crops grown in middle Georgia including cotton corn
gram hay potatoes watermelons soy beans one mil
lion peach trees in county also many hogs poultry
and eggs are sold Average altitude 300 feet Soil
red gray Kaolin is mined 1000 farms in county
Jones county has no debt of any kind
LAMAR 9695 Barnesville 3188 area 182 square
miles taxable property 271670400 Congress Sixth
benate Twentysecond Flint circuit General crops
grown in middle Georgia produced on farms including
HARkT Crn grain Ptatoes alfalfa beans and vetch
jW Pches pecans livestock hogs poultry and eggs
Tig sold Many manufacturing plants are located at
xiarnesville textiles leading Milner is another town in
the county Sixth district A M School at Barnes
ville 919 farms in county
LANIER 5190 Lakeland 1007 area 225 square
mitU oaXaWe PrPerty 123687900 Congress
Eighth Senate Sixth Alapaha circuit Products to
bacco and other crops grown generally in south Geor
gia peaches and pecans soy beans much interest is
taken in hog and poultry raising Much lumber and
naval stores produced 564 farms in county
mUREKS 32693 5Lublin 6681 area 806 square
miles taxable property 910912500 Congress Sixth
COoeCSorXnteent UbHn PrdUCtS
cotton corn gram hay potatoes peaches and vegeta
Ss Tane many hgS and much Pultrynd
ZV UmCS Planted tensively Creamery
cSoadnf f fr lTl daity Prducts hundreds of
carloads of farm products sold annually Dublin has
many manufacturing plants Average altitude 452
ssSdrr Manyne yieds fcotton and cr
are reported by Laurens farmers 4167 farms in county
LEE 8328 Leesburg 691 area 326 square miles
atf TeenPthPeSrtyi210437600 Cngress ThirdTsenl
ate Tenth Southwestern circuit Products cotton
corn peanuts potatoes grain sugar cane hay pecans
peaches fruits vegetables hogs poultry eggs Aver
age altitude 279 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil
Naval stores and lumber are important products 1137
farms in county
LIBERTY 8260 Hinesville 416 area 936 square
miles taxable property 2485249 Congress First
Senate Second Atlantic circuit Products tobacco
corn cotton rice potatoes oats sugar cane figs grapes
pecans hogs poultry and eggs soy beans naval stores
and saw mills using pine and hardwoods Average al
titude 30 feet Soil sandy clay subsoil 1111 farms in
county Liberty County Fair held each fall at Hines
ville Liberty is one of Georgias coastal counties and
many miles of tidewater rivers supply an abundance of
fish oysters and shimp
LINCOLN 7846 Lincolnton 915 area 291 square
miles taxable property 1406147 Congress Tenth
Senate Twentyninth Toombs circuit Products cot
ton corn peaches and other fruits and vegetables grown
in this section Much interest taken in livestock cat
enn gS and Poultry The cream sales total about
t50000 annually and many hogs chickens and eggs
are sold Soy beans and vetch planted Gold copper
manganese routile and granite are mined Average
altitude 500 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 1 481
farms in county
LONG 4180 Ludowici 615 area 350 square miles
taxable property 121616700 Congress First Senate
second Atlantic circuit Products general in south
east Georgia are produced including a lively interest
in livestock hogs poultry eggs Many vegetables are
grown for market also fruits Clay products are manu
tactured also rosin turpentine lumber 300 farms in
county Long county offers fine opportunities for
livestock raising and reforestation Three junior and
one senior high schools
LOWNDES 29982 Valdosta 14783 area 476
square miles taxable property 1339631100 Con
gress Eighth Senate Sixth Southern circuit Large
variety of crops grown also plants for sale nuts and
truits Vegetables are grown for shipment to markets
north and south and permanent pastures afford grazing
ground for livestock the year round County has 16
towns each being a shipping point Much tobacco is
grown there being eight warehouses in county five at
Valdosta that handled around 8500000 pounds in 1931
and three at Hahira handling 3200000 pounds in 1931
Government has large fish hatchery at a large lake in
county Valdosta has industrial plants wholesale
houses and 300 or more retail concerns It is the seat
of the Georgia State Womans College and of the Jun
ior College of Emory University Tobacco Belt Ex
position at Valdosta in fall 1817 farms in county
Lowndescounty has 85 fresh water lakes and is famous
as a fisherman s paradise
wMPKk 6012 DfWonega 5 area 280 square
miles taxable property 140849500 Congress Ninth
Senate Thirtysecond Northeastern circuit Products
cotton corn wheat oats potatoes hay onions cab
bage apples peaches Mines gold mica pyrites Dah
lonega the third oldest incorporated city in Georgia
70
Truck farming in Georgia is a potential gold mine whose surface has only been scratched Top left gathering
cabbage plants in South Georgia Top right a prosperous truck farmers home in South Georgia Below a fine
field of young cabbage growing on a level South Georgia farm
71r
GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
has long been the center of gold mining in Georgia a
mint being located there several years prior to 1861
which was discontinued Mining for gold is being re
sumed on a large scale in the county Average alti
tude 1519 feet The North Georgia Agricultural Col
lege is located at Dahlonega 816 farms in county
McDUFFIE 9018 Thomson 1910 area 287 square
miles taxable property 235432000 Congress Tenth
Senate Twentyninth Augusta circuit Products cot
ton corn wheat oats rye cane potatoes hay vegeta
bles apples peaches melons hogs poultry and eggs
many acres in legumes Gold clay Average altitude
503 feet Soil sandy clay 1197 farms in county
McINTOSH 5752 Darien 925 area 470 square
miles taxable property 2004380 Congress First
Senate Second Atlantic circuit Crops suitable to
tropical climate are grown including much truck for
market Some cotton and corn poultry and eggs are
sold Mclntosh one of the oldest counties in the state
was established Dec 19 1793 Its natural lowlands and
majestic liveoaks and excellent fishing grounds attract
visitors by the hundreds Hunters find duck wild tur
key deer and game birds in season Darien is a port
from which many fishing vessels operate their catches
cf shrimp and oysters being shipped or canned Other
industries include operation of sawmills cutting cross
ties and logs cattle raising and recently truck farm
ing and the production of bulbs for market has proven
profitable Sheep and goats are raised Average alti
tude 25 feet Gray black soil 274 farms in county
MACON 16695 Oglethorpe 953 area 369 square
miles taxable property 369829600 Congress Third
Senate Thirteenth Southwestern circuit County has
50000 pecan trees 40000 acres in corn and oats 40000
acres in cotton more than 1000000 peach trees Grows
many melons peanuts potatoes Asparagus growing
was started in Marshallville territory several years ago
several thousand acres being planted each year the
yield being large S H Rumph at Marshallville
propagated the Elberta peach the most famous in the
world Practically every train passing through county
takes on shipments of food grown locally for other mar
tS L T are manufacturing plants at Montezuma
Marshallville and Oglethorpe 1905 farms in county
MADISON 14923 Danielsville 296 area 284
square miles taxable property 2400000 Congress
Eighth Senate Thirtieth Northern circuit Products
cotton corn grain hay hogs poultry eggs and dairy
ing much cream being sold annually Many acres in
legumes Graphite is mined Average altitude 900 feet
boil sandy loam clay subsoil 2602 farms in county
MARION 6968 Buena Vista 1097 area 360
square miles taxable wealth 154465000 Congress
Fourth Senate Twentyfourth Chattahoochee cir
cut Products cotton corn hay grain sugar cane
peanuts potatoes peas peaches pecans hogs cattle
and poultry raising naval stores lumbering Averaee
SSI 80eet Soi1 sandy clay 1og2 farms n
MERIWETHER 22437 Greenville 760 area 496
square miles taxable property 500289500 Congress
Fourth Senate Thirtysixth Coweta circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn oats 750000 peach trees in county
pecans pepper peanuts vegetables dairying hogs
poultry and eggs Woodbury with a population of 918
has several manufacturing plants including a pimiento
pepper canning factory Soil gray gravelly and red
Manchester population 2776 has railroad shop and
several manufacturing plants 2434 farms in county
The famous Warm Springs Foundation developed in
recent years by Franklin D Roosevelt is located in
Meriwether County
MILLER 9074 Colquitt 830 area 253 square
miles taxab e property 2200000 Congress Second
Senate Eighth Pataula circuit Products cotton
corn potatoes hay grain cane peanuts peas fruits
and vegetables hogs cattle poultry eggs naval stores
lumbering limestone Average altitude 250 feet Soils
sandy loam 1474 farms in county
MITCHELL 23617 Camilla 2022 area 548 square
miles taxable property 555575400 Congress Sec
ond Senate Eighth Albany circuit Principal products
i four warehouses two at Camilla handling
JS w PUnS m 1929 and tWO at Pelham handling
2343306 pounds in 1929 County shipped 764 cars wa
termelons in 1929 Other products are cotton potatoes
peanuts pecans cattle hogs poultry eggs sour cream
beans cucumbers tomatoes squash eggplant okra
peas and other truck shipped in large quantities Sheep
lambs goats wool and syrup marketed in quantities
Pelham with a population of 2762 is a thriving busy
city having plants manufacturing cotton cloth cotton
seed products and fertilizers in it is marketed or con
veyed for shipment much of the countys products in
cluding large amounts of naval stores and other farm
products Large creambuying stations and commer
cial hatcheries are located in Pelham and Camilla 2 877
farms in county
MONROE 11606 Forsyth 2277 area 484 square
miles taxable property 374552300 Congress Sixth
benate Twentysecond Flint circuit Products cot
ton corn potatoes wheat oats peaches pecans lum
ber livestock poultry and eggs Dairying is making
much progress with farmers cover crops being planted
for grazing and for soil improvement Many manu
facturing plants are operated at Forsyth textiles lead
ing Average altitude 704 feet Mica is mined Soil
loam mulatto red clay subsoil Bessie Tift College
and State A M School for Negroes are located at
Forsyth 1277 farms in county
MONTGOMERY 10019 Mount Vernon 779 area
190 square miles taxable property 183336400 Con
gress First Senate Fifteenth Oconee circuit
Products tobacco corn cotton potatoes sugar cane
grain hay peaches pecans grapes and other fruits
and vegetables hogs poultry and eggs and dairying
Average altitude 125 feet Soil sandy loam 1291
farms in county
MORGAN 12487 Madison 1965 area 272 square
miles taxable property 372260500 Congress
Eighth Senate Twentyeighth Ocmulgee circuit
Products cotton corn hay grain peaches pecans and
many other fruits and vegetables livestock growing is
gaining in county with much milk many hogs poultry
72
Mclntosh County claims the first golf course to be laid out in America This may be disputed but none will
dispute that Robert Tyre Jones Jr a Georgia product is the foremost golfer in the history of the game
Below Bobby and his home course is a sand trap at Sea Island
73GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
and eggs sold Eighth District A M School located
at Madison County Fair at Madison each fall Av
erage altitude 677 feet Soil red gray 1791 farms in
county
MURRAY 9215 Chatsworth 607 area 342 square
miles taxable wealth 190241400 Congress Seventh
Senate Fortythird Cherokee circuit Products cot
ton corn oats wheat hay apples peaches pears clo
ver many other fruits and vegetables cattle hogs
poultry and eggs Average altitude 1400 feet Soil
sandy loam clay subsoil Talc pyrites limestone
road materials barytes and gold are mined 1493 farms
in county
MUSCOGEE 57492 Columbus 43131 area 235
square miles taxable property 4430987000 Con
gress Third Senate Twentyfourth Chattahoochee
circiut Crops suitable for west Georgia are grown and
many hogs poultry and eggs are marketed Columbus
is said to be the second largest textile manufacturing
city in the South with more than a half million spin
dles This city also manufactures brick iron and wood
products South Georgia Power Company formerly
the Columbus Electric and Power Company has de
veloped much power on the Chattahoochee river and
other streams its lines serving approximately 200000
people and an area of 12000 square miles Fort Ben
ning the largest Infantry School in the world con
taining approximately 97000 acres United States army
post is near Columbus Chattahoochee Valley Expo
sition each fall at Columbus 627 farms in county
NEWTON 17291 Covington 3203 area 262
square miles taxable property 4958968 Congress
Fourth Senate Thirtyfourth Stone Mountain circuit
Products corn hay cotton peanuts sweet and Irish
potatoes peaches apples pecans hogs poultry and
eggs and cattle with dairying making rapid progress
Has many breeders of Jersey Hereford and other pure
bred cattle and has some of the finest permanent pas
tures in the State Many pure bred cattle are sold also
many dairy products hogs and poultry Large textile
mills are located at Porterdale and Covington Emory
University Academy is located at Oxford 1783 farms
in county
OCONEE 8082 Watkinsville 465 area 172 square
miles taxable property 1713515 Congress Tenth
Senate Twentyseventh Western circuit All crops
favorable to middle east Georgia are grown including
cotton corn grain potatoes hay and peaches with
dairying hog and poultry making great progress Av
erage altitude 800 feet Soil red gray 1348 farms in
county
OGLETHORPE 12926 Lexington 455 area 504
square miles taxable property 331949100 Congress
Eighth Senate Fiftieth Northern circuit Products
cotton corn wheat oats peas hay peaches textiles
granite Hogs and poultry raising increasing Soy and
velvet beans and vetch grown Average altitude 299
feet Soil red clay 2115 farms in county
PAULDING 12325 Dallas 1410 area 324 square
miles taxable property 218606200 Congress Sev
enth Senate Thirtyeighth Tallapoosa circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn wheat oats potatoes sweet and Irish
peaches apples pecans cattle hogs poultry eggs iron
ore copper pyrites textiles and textile products Av
erage altitude 1500 feet Corn and cotton club boys
have made yields as high as 44 bales of cotton on 22
acres 182 bushels of corn on one acre and 111 bushels
on another acre 2252 farms in county
PEACH 10268 Fort Valley 4560 area 150
square miles taxable property 313248500 Congress
Third Senate Twentythird Macon circuit Many
crops are grown extensively including cotton corn
pecans peanuts asparagus In county are 350000 peach
trees and Fort Valley is one of the largest peach ship
ping points in the State Livestock growing has made
rapid headway in county many cars of hogs being
shipped annually also many chickens and eggs Fort
Valley is a large manufacturing center the products
including textiles and textile goods crates baskets
flour ice oil mill bottling plants dairies etc Farms
in county 786 Estimated
PICKENS 9686 Jasper 563 area 231 square
miles taxable property 183014700 Congress Ninth
Senate Fortyfirst Blue Ridge circuit Farm prod
ucts such as corn some cotton apples and other fruits
and vegetables thrive in county At Tate is located the
Georgia Marble Company which produces marble and
granite used in erecting buildings and memorials all
over the United States and other countries Georgia
is only exceeded by Vermont in the annual output of
marble a large percentage of which comes from Pick
ens The quarries of Pickens county give employment
to several thousand persons Average altitude 1500
feet Pickens County Fair at Jasper each fall 1075
farms in county
PIERCE 12522 Blackshear 1816 area 517 square
miles taxable property 392179400 Congress
Eighth Senate Fortysixth Waycross circuit Prod
ucts tobacco four warehouses at Blackshear that han
dled 8865950 pounds in 1929 corn cotton sweet pota
toes peas peanuts pecans hogs poultry and eggs Le
gumes extensively planted Average altitude 106 feet
Soil sandy loam 1247 farms in county
PIKE 10853 Zebulon 576 area 200 square miles
estimated taxable property 203806000 Congress
Fourth Senate Twentysecond Griffin circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn grain pecans peaches potatoes hay
apples pepper vegetables dairying hogs poultry and
eggs Legumes are extensively planted Average alti
tude 700 feet Soil red gray Concord has a large
gram mill and nursery Meansville Molena and Wil
liamson are other towns 1561 farms in county
POLK 26000 Cedartown 8126 area 317 square
miles taxable property 1000000000 Congress Sev
enth Senate Thirtyeighth Tallapoosa circuit Cot
ton corn grain and many other crops flourish in Polk
with much fruit also being grown one apple orchard
containing 40000 trees Dairying poultryraising are
thriving Cedartown and Rockmart contain many
plants which manufacture textile goods paper foundry
products marble lumber cotton oil The Clearwater
mill of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber manufactures
tire fabric at Cedartown In Cedartown is located
branch of U S Finishing Co of New York The mines
of Woodstock Operating Corp operate two washers
shipping large quantities of high grade iron ore In
Rockmart is one of the largest cement plants in the
74Two lovely and historic Georgia cities as seen from the air At the top is Rome in Northwest Georgia
perched upon her seven hills the site of an ancient Indian metropolis where DeSoto was hospitably re
ceived Below is Americas in Southwest Georgia photographed in a mist of rain
75GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
South also Goodyear Tire Rubber Co fabric mills
County fair held in fall each year 1925 farms in
county
PULASKI 9004 Hawkinsville 2485 area 258
square miles taxable property 300000000 Congress
Third Senate Fourteenth Oconee circuit Products
shipped in one year include milk 9000000 cream
600000 peaches 3500000 hogs 4500000 cattle
800000 corn 500000 poultry and eggs 600000
melons 400000 vegetables pears potatoes etc
800000 hay straw grain etc 300000 cotton and
seed 94500000 pecans 600000 peanuts 3900000
total 119100000 Estimated value Thousand
acres in vetch Textiles creamery products ice lum
ber etc are manufactured Pulaski claims the only
whole milk plant and condenser in the State handling
1000 gallons of milk per day Both pine and hard
woods found in county Average altitude 817 feet
Pulaski County Fair at Hawkinsville each fall 980
farms in country Six State and Federal highways
converge at Hawkinsville
PUTNAM 8367 Eatonton 1876 area 361 square
mles taxable property 212532500 Congress Sixth
Senate Twentyeighth Ocmulgee circuit Most agri
cultural crops including cereals and grasses cotton
corn peaches and pecans thrive here Dairying is grow
ing rapidly one local creamery paid Putnam farmers
11488800 for sweet cream in one year with many
thousands of dollars worth of sour cream also being
shipped out of the county Thousands of acres of
vetch Much poultry and many eggs are sold also the
production in 1931 being 40000 chickens and 113000
dozen eggs Average altitude 577 feet Soil red choc
olate 984 farms in county Joel Chandler Harris
whose Uncle Remus Negro stories are famous the
world over was born in Putnam County
QUITMAN 3820 Georgetown 345 area 144
square miles taxable property 1070000 Congress
Third Senate Twelfth Pataula circuit Products
cotton corn peanuts hay grain pecans potatoes
cane peaches hogs cattle poultry and eggs Iron ore
is mined Average altitude 600 feet Soil loam and
clay 490 farms in county County is free of debt
RABUN 6331 Clayton 798 area 377 square
miles taxable property 424486900 Congress
Ninth Senate Fortieth Northeastern circuit Prod
ucts corn grain potatoes sweet and Irish hay ap
ples grapes berries Poultry is important and thriv
ing industry Asbestos graphite gold mica are
mined Many large apple orchards are located in Ra
bun and the Tallulah Falls power plant and others of
the Georgia Power Company are in this county Aver
age altitude 2100 feet Many tourists visit this sec
tion during the summer months 770 farms in county
RANDOLPH 17174 Cuthbert 3235 area 412
square miles taxable property 333873000 Con
gress Third Senate Eleventh Pataula circuit Prod
ucts tobacco cotton corn oats asparagus peaches
peanuts melons truck poultry and eggs hogs dairy
cows and creamery products pecans pears Satsuma
oranges blueberries bauxite limestone kaolins lum
ber both pine and hardwoods naval stores many man
ufacturing plants Andrew Junior College at Cuth
bert excellent roads and railroad facilities A new
product of the county is Golden Travertine being
mined from a limestone deposit from Greers Cave
about six miles north of Cuthbert This marble is
more beautiful than the imported Travertine and was
used in the new Fox Theatre and City Hall in Atlanta
Loamy soils clay subsoils Average altitude 446
feet 2227 farms in county
RICHMOND 72984 Augusta 60302 area 319
square miles taxable property 4852005900 Con
gress Eighth Senate Eighteenth Augusta circuit
County has 32 distinct types of soil adaptable to grow
ing almost all field crops and fruits Ten months
growing season permits yearround pastures for graz
ing thus encouraging livestock and poultry raising
There are 13 large textile mills in and around Augusta
producing annually more than 25000000 worth of
goods Augusta is second largest inland cotton mar
ket in the United States Thirteen plants produce
clay for 175000000 building brick and 50000 tons for
hollow tile annually This section produces more than
five million feet of gums and other hardwoods each
year Augusta has many other plants that manufac
ture a variety of products This city is a famous win
ter tourist and golfing resort having several tourist
hotels and golf courses that draw patronage from all
over the United States Exchange Club Fair at Au
gusta in November At Augusta is located the Junior
College the medical department of the University of
Georgia Broad Oak School Haines Institute for Ne
groes and Paine College for Negroes Farms in coun
ty 1400
ROCKDALE 7245 Conyers 1817 area 119
square miles taxable property 188744000 Con
gress Fifth Senate Thirtyfourth Stone Mountain
circuit Products corn cotton oats wheat forage
Irish and sweet potatoes truck peanuts strawberries
alfalfa clover livestock and poultry and eggs Gran
ite quarrying is an important industry the county be
ing rich in deposits of granite a continuation of the
Stone Mountain stratum 16 miles away Average alti
tude 880 feet Soil sandy loam 982 farms in county
SCHLEY 5347 Ellaville 758 area 154 square
miles taxable property 135000000 Congress
Third Senate Thirteenth Southwestern circuit
Products cotton corn hay potatoes grain hogs soy
beans poultry and eggs peanuts pecans peaches
watermelons lumbering Average altitude 400 feet
Soils sandy loam 758 farms in county
SCREVEN 24000 Sylvania 1781 area 794
square miles taxable property 444218800 Con
gress First Senate Seventeenth Ogeechee circuit
Products tobacco cotton corn oats wheat rye cane
potatoes hay peanuts hogs poultry and eggs naval
stores lumbering Average altitude 250 feet Soil
red and clay 2754 farms in county Millhaven planta
tion the largest cultivated farm in Georgia compris
ing 18000 acres is in Screven County
SEMINOLE 7399 Donaldsonville 1031 area
266 square miles taxable property 214346300 Con
gress Second Senate Eighth Pataula circuit Prod
ucts tobacco peanuts corn potatoes cotton hay
hogs poultry and eggs lumbering The Hereford
cattle herds at Donaldsonville are among the largest
76Two more interesting aerial views Above is Atlanta looking east from a point a little north of the Terminal
Station Below is the great stadium Sanford Field at the University of Georgia with buildings and campus
scenes in both the foreground and background
77GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
of the kind east of the Mississippi river 953 farms in
county
SPALDING 23495 Griffin 10321 Greater Grif
fin 18030 area 209 square miles assessed valuation
of taxable property 804847500 Congress Sixth
Senate Twentysixth Griffin circuit Agricultural
products cotton corn small grain peaches pimento
peppers vegetables dairy products poultry products
livestock and hogs Spalding County is world famous
as grower and canner of pimento peppers
Griffin the County Seat is an important industrial
and agricultural center located forty miles south of
Atlanta on the Central of Georgia railroad the South
ern Railroad and the Dixie Highway The chief arti
cles manufactured in Griffin are Turkish towels sta
ple cotton goods hosiery diaper cloth infants hose
underwear sweaters buggies optical goods medicine
cotton seed products building materials cabinets and
fixtures bottled drinks canned pimento peppers
canned vegetables ice food products
Griffin has a 4000000gallon daily capacity water
works system Spalding County has County High
School and five consolidated rural grade schools pro
vided for by bond issue All main roads are paved
1131 farms in county
STEPHENS 12000 Toccoa 4602 area 166
square miles taxable property 250000000 Con
gress Ninth Senate Thirtyfirst Northeastern cir
cuit Products cotton corn grain peas peaches ap
ples cattle hogs and poultry much poultry and many
eggs being sold annually Toccoa has several factories
Average altitude 1045 feet Soil red and gray 1235
farms in county
STEWART 11108 Lumpkin 1103 area 467
square miles taxable wealth 369562200 Congress
Third Senate Twelfth Southwestern circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn peas beans peanuts sugar cane all
grain potatoes peaches pears cattle hogs and eggs
Fullers earth is mined Thousands of acres planted
in legumes There are several manufacturing plants
at Lumpkin and Richland the latter city having a
population of 1529 Average altitude 650 feet Soil
loam and clay 1194 farms in county Stewart County
has two accredited high schools and these and the
grammar schools have ninemonth terms Bus trans
portation is provided for school children throughout
the county
SUMTER 29640 Americus 8754 area 456 square
uV axable Property 789646300 Congress
Third Senate Thirteenth Southwestern circuit All
farm crops common to south Georgia are grown in
feumter m abundance including cotton corn peanuts
oats wheat potatoes pecans 260000 peach trees in
county Livestock thrive on allyear pastures and
many hogs poultry and eggs are sold annually For
ests include 32 varieties of valuable pine hardwood
and other timber Has 22 different kinds of soil win
ters short and mild snow seldom seen summers tem
perate Kaolin and bauxite are mined Many manu
facturing plants are operated at Americus and other
towns in the county are Leslie Plains and DeSoto
Junior College at Americus eleven consolidated coun
ty high and grammar schools with free school trucks
from every section of county Americus Institute in
Americus is negro industrial training school Four
miles from Americus is famous world war Souther
Flying Field containing 411 acres 12 hangers 832 x
272 foot brick and concrete warehouse field complete
ly tiled for drainage slightly rolling and is said to be
one of the finest air fields on the continent and is ex
tensively used today by commercial air lines Aver
age altitude 360 feet 2362 farms in county The fa
mous Andersonville prison park and national ceme
tery is in Sumter County twelve miles north of Amer
icus
TALBOT 8454 Talbotton 1060 area 312 square
miles taxable property 175749600 Congress
Fourth Senate Twentyfifth Chattahoochee circuit
Products corn cotton oats hay rye potatoes pecans
365000 peach trees sugar cane cattle hogs poultry
and eggs vetch and beans Average altitude 415 feet
Soil loam and clay 1000 farms in county
TALIAFERRO 6172 Crawfordville 840 area
212 square miles taxable property 138448200 Con
gress Tenth Senate Nineteenth Toombs circuit
Farm products planted in east Georgia are grown here
including corn cotton peaches peanuts grain etc
Livestock hogs cream and other dairy products
conCr S and eggs are marketed Average altitude
589 feet Loam and clay soil 924 farms in county
TATTNALL 15411 Reidsville 640 area 466
square miles taxable property 339962100 Con
gress First Senate Second Atlantic circuit Prod
ucts tobacco corn velvet beans pecans pineapple
pears watermelons sugar cane for syrup Irish and
sweet potatoes hay fruits in commercial quantities
all grains Satsuma oranges peanuts cover crops live
stock hogs poultry eggs Long leaf pine abound in
forests also many hardwoods Rich soil and fine cli
mate Tattnall County Fair in fall at Reidsville
Average altitude 245 feet 776 farms in county
TAYLOR 10789 Butler 857 area 340 square
miles taxable property 192315000 Congress
Third Senate Twentythird Chattahoochee circuit
products cotton corn potatoes hay grain cattle
hogs poultry and eggs kaolin textiles 100000 peach
trees in county Average altitude 606 feet Soil loam
and clay Reynolds 926 population is another town
in the county 1338 farms in county
TELFAIR 14997 McRae 1314 area 373 square
miles taxable property 500020000 Congress
Eighth Senate Fortyfifth Oconee circuit Farm
products include cotton corn peanuts tobacco
peaches watermelons cantaloupes pecans sugar cane
Irish and sweet potatoes many grains and hay much
of which is sold in large quantities Allyear pastures
afford grazing for cattle hogs and other livestock
many carloads of which are sold annually Fiftyfive
purebred bulls in county Vetch and other cover
crops are grown for winter roughage Much poultry
and many eggs are sold each year Berries such as
raspberries and dewberries are grown in commercial
quantities Dr W H Born has a dewberry farm con
taining 40 acres the largest of its kind in the South
trom whch he ships about 40 cars cf berries annually
Naval stores is an important industry also much lum
78r35Sf23Ir

Three typical scenes on Georgia farms whose owners farm profitably despite depression Top leftHome of
W A Akins Bui loch County a 1930 winner in profitable farming contest Top rightHome of George T
Deriso Sumter County a 1930 winner BelowBarnyard of W W Seaton WhitSeld County State winner
in 1930
79GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
ber both pine and hardwood is sawed Average alti
tude 230 feet Soil dark loam red Lumber City
and Helena are other towns in the county 1692 farms
in county
TERRELL 18280 Dawson 3827 area 322 square
miles taxable property 413232600 Congress
Third Senate Eleventh Pataula circuit Products
tobacco cotton corn potatoes peaches pecans pea
nuts and all farm crops grown in south Georgia Ter
rell farmers are diversifying and many cattle hogs
poultry and eggs are sold annually in carload lots
Many vegetables are grown for market including as
paragus and turnips The Southwest Georgia Expo
sition is held at Dawson every fall at which a number
of adjoining counties make displays Much pine and
hardwood in county Average altitude 352 feet 2328
farms in county
THOMAS 32312 Thomasville 11733 area 530
square miles taxable property 1218764600 Con
gress Second Senate Seventh Southern circuit
Thomas is another county that is diversifying its
crops many hundreds of carloads of farm products
moving from the county each year made up of hogs
cattle poultry eggs truck vegetables melons sweet
potatoes pecans cotton corn and peaches Tobacco
is planted extensively and there is a large tobacco
warehouse located at Thomasville Cattle raising is
given impetus by presence in county of many pure
bred herds such as Herefords and Jerseys Pine and
hardwood forests Average altitude 250 feet Soil
sandy loam Many tourists spend the winters at
Thomasville and large areas in the county are owned
by capitalists who spend the winters there 2415 farms
in county Thomasville has factories producing box
es crates baskets foundry castings concrete pipe
brick and insecticides
TIFT 16068 Tifton 3385 area 271 square miles
taxable property 504549700 Congress Second Sen
ate Fortyseventh Tifton circuit Tift crops are
widely diversified principal products being cotton
tobacco corn peanuts pecans melons plants for sale
vegetables livestock poultry and eggs Tifton is one
of the leading tobacco markets of the State having
four large warehouses that handled around 10000000
pounds in 1931 also the huge redrying and stemmery
plant of the Imperial Tobacco Company Tifton is
the junction of three main trunk line railroads and
thrt state highways one U S Route 41 which is
paved north and south Good roads touch every farm
in the county Soil is red pebble sandy loam highly
productive on which a variety of crops are grown
Many manufacturing plants operate at Tifton Tifton
is the home of two state institutions the Georgia
Coastal Plain Experiment Station and the Georgia
State College for Men 1398 farms in county
TOOMBS 17164 Lyons 1445 area 393 square
miles taxable property 437627600 Congress First
Senate Fifteenth Middle circuit Toombs crops are
widely diversified food crops cotton corn oats to
bacco and livestock and poultry and hogs leading
products The early sweet potato industry Blue Stem
Jerseys and Porto Ricans centers in Toombs hun
dreds of cars being shipped each year Many carloads
of livestock cattle and hogs poultry eggs and much
truck and corn are also sold annually Four tobacco
warehouses at Vidalia that handled around 9000000
pounds in 1931 Naval stores are also produced to the
value of 250000 annually Average altitude 300 feet
Soil sandy loam Vidalia population 2860 also in
Toombs County 1933 farms in county
TOWNS 4346 Hiawassee 167 area 181 square
miles taxable wealth 83415300 Congress Ninth
Senate Fortieth Northeastern circuit Products
corn wheat rye oats apples Irish and sweet potatoes
and many fruits and vegetables Corundum and other
minerals are mined Average altitude 1963 feet
Many hardwoods abound in the forests of the county
Young Harris population 281 is the home of Young
Harris College Annual 4H Club Fair is held at Hia
wassee 663 farms in county
TREUTLEN 7488 Soperton 1081 area 137
square miles taxable property 147590100 Con
gress First Senate Sixteenth Oconee circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn tobacco grain potatoes vegetables
hogs poultry eggs cattle naval stores Velvet and
soy beans planted extensively Sandy loam soil 1065
farms in county Treutlen offers fine advantages for
livestock growing dairy products and poultry The
county school system is exceptionally good
TROUP 36748 La Grange 20131 area 435 square
miles taxable property 1290912500 Congress
Fourth Senate Thirtyseventh Coweta circuit Has
eight types of soil grows peaches pears apples ber
ries vegetables corn cotton peanuts pecans and all
general farm crops the industrial cities of the county
furnishing ready markets Many hogs poultry and
eggs are sold in carload shipments LaGrange an
West Point contain many large manufacturing plants
some of the largest textile and textile product plants
in the South being operated in these two cities Abun
dant electrical power is a factor in the development of
this section from an industrial standpoint College
for Women at LaGrange Penn Studios and Oppor
tunity School GaAla Fair at West Point in fall
Average altitude 786 feet 1836 farms in county
TURNER 11196 Ashburn 2070 area 231 square
miles taxable property 287504500 Congress
Third Senate Fortyseventh Tifton circuit Adopt
ing the Cow Hog and Hen plan of farming several
years ago Turner is one of the pioneer counties in the
State to get away from allcotton farming and as a
result many farms are stocked with purebred cattle
hogs and poultry many carloads of each being shipped
from the county annually Allyear pastures aid dairy
ing in the county and much milk and cream are sold
Cooperative hog and poultry sales are held and many
eggs are also shipped from the county Thousands of
acres in soy and velvet beans General crops grown
include pecans potatoes peanuts hay melons and
peppers Turner County Fair at Ashburn each fall
Average altitude 450 feet Soil red pebble 1331 farms
in county
TWIGGS 8372 Jeffersonville 692 area 314
square miles taxable property 142996700 Con
gress Sixth Senate Twentyfirst Dublin circuit
Farm crops planted in this section are grown such as
80In dear old Georgia my Southern home Top left Agricultural College students judging dairy herd m Tilt
County Top right a scene on picturesque Soap Creek in Cobb County near Atlanta Below the lovely coun
try home of R D Fullwood near Tifton typical of Southwest Georgia
81GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
cotton corn potatoes sugar cane grain peanuts
watermelons peaches and pecans Cattle hogs poul
try and eggs are sold extensively Fullers earth and
clay are mined Average altitude 470 feet Soil gray
and loam 947 farms in county
UNION 6342 Blairsville 298 area 324 square
miles taxable property 92725200 Congress Ninth
Senate Fortieth Northeastern circuit Products
corn Irish and sweet potatoes oats wheat rye ap
ples peaches grapes vegetables mica hardwoods
Hogs and poultry important industry Average alti
tude 1926 feet Soil red clay 1117 farms in county
UPSON 19514 Thomaston and adjacent mill vil
lages 10159 area 317 square miles taxable property
621053800 Congress Fourth Senate Twentyfifth
Griffin circuit Products cotton corn pepper ap
ples grain potatoes watermelons poultry and hogs
iron mica lumber Upson County has 890000 peach
trees and shipped more cars of peaches in 1929 than
any other county in the State or east of the Rocky
Mountains Thomaston is a manufacturing center
especially for textiles large mills being devoted ex
clusively to the production of fabric for automobile
tires a large percentage of the fabric used in the auto
mobile industry being manufactured by the Goodrich
Tire Fabric Mills in Silvertown an incorporated town
just outside the limits of Thomaston Average alti
tude 576 feet Soil red and gray Yatesville and The
Rock are other towns 1101 farms in county
WALKER 26200 LaFayette 2809 area 432
square miles taxable property 6853457 Congress
Seventh Senate Fortyfourth Rome circuit Crops
grown cotton corn oats hay potatoes soy beans
peas sorghum peaches and apples much truck Pure
bred hogs are being placed on many farms also pure
bred cattle there being more than 125 dairies each with
10 cows or more in the county There are 20 different
types of soil in the county which grow crops in abun
dance and soil is further improved by planting le
gumes such as rye vetch clovers soy beans and peas
Much poultry is sold Coal iron bauxite kaolin
shale cements clays ocher spar manganese are
mined Walker County Fair each fall at LaFayette
Rossville population 1427 is in Walker County
2371 farms in county
WALTON 21114 Monroe 3704 area 331 square
miles taxable property 471413500 Congress
Eighth Senate Twentyseventh Western circuit
Products cotton corn potatoes peaches hay grains
vegetables hogs much poultry and many eggs are sold
annually Purebred cattle are on many farms which
with cover crops are used to improve soil and to fur
nish dairy products at same time T M Glass of near
Gratis reports growing 62 bales of cotton on 42 acres
of land Several manufacturing plants operate at
Monroe Average altitude 1110 feet Soil red and
loam 3039 farms in county The Fifth District A
and M School from which graduated the famous Bar
ron brothers football players of Georgia Tech is lo
cated near Monroe
WARE 25558 Waycross 15510 area 771 square
miles taxable property 937420100 Congress
Eighth Senate Fifth Waycross circuit Products
corn sweet potatoes Irish potatoes grain fruits
pecans and vegetables naval stores lumber poles
cross ties piling Much pine and hardwood timber
Tobacco crop growing in importance many acres be
ing planted in this weed around 2800000 pounds be
ing handled in 1931 at the two Waycross warehouses
Waycross is an industrial center large railroad shops
being located there Other towns in the county are
Waresboro Fairfax Rushkin Millwood Glenmore
and Hebardville Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 908
farms in rounty A large portion of the Okefsnokee
Swamp lies in Ware County
WARREN 11181 Warrenton 1289 area 404
square miles taxable property 200002200 Con
gress Tenth Senate Nineteenth Toombs circuit
Products cotton corn oats potatoes hay vetch corn
wheat rye melons peas oats peanuts cantaloupes
pecans peaches pears figs grapes hogs poultry and
eggs excellent pastures which encourage placing
purebred cattle on farms much cream being shipped
annually Legumes extensively planted Warren
Glascock farm fair held each fall Beall Springs has
high medicinal properties Average altitude 500 feet
Soil red loamy Jewell Camak Barnett and Nor
wood are other towns 1554 farms in county
WASHINGTON 25028 Sandersville 3011 area
669 square miles taxable wealth 537834900 Con
gress Tenth Senate Twentieth Middle circuit
Products cotton corn peanuts oats hay other grains
beans potatoes berries melons and peaches Clay and
sandstone are mined a large cement plant at Sanders
ville Washington is one of the pioneer counties in
the State in diversified crops many purebred herds
of cattle with cover crops being used for many years
to improve the soil and at the same time develop the
dairy industry Some of the finest purebred cattle
herds in the State are in this county and much milk
and cream are also sold Farms are being stocked with
purebred hogs and many are sold each year also
many chickens and eggs Manufacturing plants are
located at Sandersville and Tennille The population
of the latter city is 1768 Average county altitude
400 feet Soil sandy loam 3318 farms in county
WAYNE 12647 Jesup 2303 area 788 square
miles taxable wealth 570987400 Congress Eighth
Senate Third Brunswick circuit Wayne farmers
annually produce around 300000 bushels of corn
1000000 pounds of tobacco 120000 bushels of sweet
potatoes 20000 bushels of oats 1500 tons hay 4000
acres in velvet beans 3000 acres in peanuts 20000
pounds pecans 500 bushels peaches 1200 bushels of
pears Many hogs chickens and eggs are sold Naval
stores is important industry Average altitude 100
feet Soil sandy loam Several manufacturing plants
are located in the county 1069 farms in county
WEBSTER 5033 Preston 322 area 302 square
miles taxable property 107201600 Congress
Third Senate Twelfth Southwestern circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn tobacco potatoes grain peas water
melons sugar cane hay peaches cattle hogs poultry
and eggs lumber Average altitude 325 feet Soil
gray sandy 728 farms in county
82i in
iSi
mm

South Georgia has been appropriately likened to the Land of Canaan of Holy Writ Above are a field of oats
during harvest time and two groups of fattening swine in Tift County whose diversified crops are typical of
progressive agriculture in South Georgia
83GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
WHEELER 9149 Alamo 613 area 264 square
miles taxable property 1924485 Congress
First Senate Fifteenth Oconee circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn potatoes hay grain fruits and
pecans lumber naval stores cattle hogs poultry and
eggs Average altitude 300 feet Soil sandy loam
CrGps are widely diversified in Wheeler the soil being
especially adapted to a variety of fruits and vege
tables many of which are shipped in carload lots
1264 farms in county
WHITE 6056 Cleveland 489 area 245 square
miles taxable property 119921600 Congress
Ninth Senate Thirtysecond Northeastern circuit
Produpts cotton corn grain potatoes sorghum ap
ples peaches cattle hogs poultry and eggs Much
sour cream is sold also poultry and eggs Forests
abound in valuable hardwoods Gold limestone as
bestos are mined Average altitude 1550 feet Soil
red and loam 921 farms in county
WHITFIELD 20786 Dalton 8160 area 283
square miles taxable property 799288500 Con
gress Seventh Senate Fortythird Cherokee circuit
Farm crops planted generally in north Georgia are
grown in Whitfield which include corn oats wheat
apples peaches and other fruits and many vegetables
and berries especially strawberries Fine pastures
have encouraged cattle and hog raising many fine
herds being found on farms Poultry and egg busi
ness is large Dalton is a manufacturing city The
products are varied many textile woodwork and print
ing plants being among the industries Average alti
tude 774 feet 1811 farms in county
WILCOX 12500 Abbeville 1200 area 403 square
miles taxable property 273099000 Congress
Third Senate Fortyeighth Cordele circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn grain pecans peanuts potatoes
peaches naval stores lumber cattle hogs poultry and
eggs Average altitude 180 feet Soil gray gravel
Rochelle population 1046 is another town in the
county 1856 farms in county
WILKES 15944 Washington 3157 area 458
square miles taxable property 452378000 Con
gress Tenth Senate Fiftieth Toombs circuit Prod
ucts cotton corn sweet and Irish potatoes peas
beans alfalfa clovers truck berries pecans peaches
peanuts wheat oats rye vetch Products valued at
1500000000 are grown annually on the farms of the
county Livestock thrive on the fine pastures and as
result many dairy products hogs poultry and eggs are
sold Average altitude 630 feet Soil clay loam
Tignall population 630 is another town in the county
There are several manufacturing plants in the county
2373 farms in county
WILKINSON 10846 Irwinton 561 area 472
square miles taxable property 205779500 Con
gress Tenth Senate Twentyfirst Ocmulgee circuit
Products cotton corn potatoes oats wheat rye hay
sugar cane pecans melons berries fruits vegetables
hogs poultry eggs and many cattle cream routes be
ing established in the county Clays kaolin and lime
stone are mined The clays are being extensively
mined Altitude 488 feet Soil sandy loam Gordon
population 1081 is also located in the county 1307
farms in county
WORTH 21093 Sylvester 1984 area 651 square
miles taxable property 437501800 Congress Sec
ond Senate Tenth Tifton circuit Products cotton
melons corn peanuts velvet beans pecans sugar
cane sweet potatoes hay tobacco dairy products
hogs poultry and eggs truck crops lumber crossties
naval stores Diversified plan of farming is followed
generally in Worth The county is honeycombed
with a number of towns several of which have manu
facturing plants Average altitude 181 feet Soil
pebble loam 2981 farms in county
Snaking hardwood logs out of forest in North Georgia
84I A page of Georgia skyscrapers taken at random There are more of these modern structures in Georgia than
i in any State in the Southeast according to statistics and by no means all are in Atlanta but adorn the skylines
of Savannah Augusta Macon and other cities
85ENCYCLOPEDIA
Selected Tables and Information Useful to Farmers
Assembled in the following pages is material fre
quently sought on the farm or in the farm home As
a quick reference it will prove of value a source of
useful facts not usually available
Neither the State of Georgia nor any incorporated
municipality may legally levy a tax on Georgia farm
products or the sale thereof while such agricultural
commodities remain in the hands of the producer
The two section of the Georgia code specifically cov
ering the exemption of farm products are as follows
Code Section 998 a CERTAIN FARM PROD
UCTS EXEMPT All farm products including baled
cotton grown in this State and remaining in the hands
of the producer but no longer than for the year next
after their production shall be exempt from taxation
Acts 1913 page 122
Code Section 1851 Code Section 1608 PRODUCE
NOT TAXABLE BY CITIES OR TOWNS No mu
nicipal corporation shall levy or assess a tax on cot
ton or the sales thereof nor levy or assess a tax on any
agricultural products raised in this State from the time
of their introduction into said corporation
Acts 1873 pages 67 68
Lawful Weight Bushel Measure of Farm Commodities
The legal weight of the following articles or com
modities per bushel as specified by Georgia law are as
follows
Of wheat sixty pounds of shelled corn fiftysix
pounds of corn in the ear seventy pounds of peas
sixty pounds of rye fiftysix pounds of oats thirty
two pounds of barley fortyseven pounds of Irish
potatoes sixty pounds of sweet potatoes fiftyfive
pounds of white beans sixty pounds of cloverseed
sixty pounds of timothyseed fortyfive pounds of
flaxseed fiftysix pounds of hempseed fortyfour
pounds of bluegrass seed fourteen pounds of buck
wheat fiftytwo pounds of dried peaches unpeeled
thirtythree pounds of dried peaches peeled thirty
eight pounds of dried apples twentyfour pounds of
onions fiftyseven pounds of stone coal eighty
pounds of unslacked lime eighty pounds of turnips
fiftyfive pounds of cornmeal bolted or unbolted
fortyeight pounds of wheat bran twenty pounds of
cottonseed thirty pounds of groundpeas twentyfive
pounds of plastering hair eight pounds of rough rice
fortythree pounds of tanbark per cord two thousand
two hundred and fifty pounds Acts 1876 p 107 1880
p 150 1894 p 110 1906 p 118
In the absence of express agreement otherwise the
law fixes the weight of sweet potatoes at 55 pounds to
the bushel Fain v Ennis 4 Ga App 716 62 S E 466
Normal Weight for Calves
The Minnesota College of Agriculture in Bulletin
215 reports the normal weight of growing calves to be
approximately as follows
Holstein Jersey
Birth 90 lbs 55 lbs
20 days old 110 lbs 70 lbs
40 days old 135 lbs 88 lbs
60 days old 160 lbs 108 lbs
90 days old 200 lbs 155 lbs
Weight of Fat Cattle
Table for Estimating Weight of Fat Cattle
Medium Fat
Girth in Feet and Inches Good Shape Fair Shape
Pounds Pounds
5 Feet 6 Inches 850 900
5 Feet 7 Inches 875 925
5 Feet 8 Inches 900 950
5 Feet 9 Inches 925 975
5 Feet 10 Inches 950 1000
5 Feet 11 Inches 975 1025
6 Feet 0 Inches 1000 1050
6 Feet 1 Inch 1050 1100
6 Feet 2 Inches 1100 1150
6 Feet 3 Inches 1150 1200
6 Feet 4 Inches 1200 1250
6 Feet 5 Inches 1250 1300
6 Feet 6 Inches 1300 1350
6 Feet 7 Inches 1350 1400
6 Feet 8 Inches 1400 1450
6 Feet 9 Inches 1450 1500
6 Feet 10 Inches 1500 1550
6 Feet 11 Inches 1550 1600
7 Feet 0 Inches 1600 1650
7 Feet 1 Inch 1650 1700
7 Feet 2 Inches 1700 1750
7 Feet 3 inches 1750 L800
Weights and Volumes of Water
1 cubic inch of water weighs 03617 lbs 1 cubic foot
weighs 625 lbs 1 pt liquid weighs 1044375 lbs
1 gallon weighs 8355 lbs
1 cubic foot748052 gals I gallon231 cu inc 1
liquid quart5775 cu in Pressure in pounds per
square inch of a column of waterheight in feet
x 434
Foreign Measures of Distance Compared to Mile
Mile Kilometer
American or English mile 1000 1609
French kilometer621 1000
86GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
German Geographical mile 4610
Russian verst663
Austrian mile 4714
Dutch ure 3458
Norwegian mile 7021
Swedish mile 6644
Danish mile 4682
Swiss stunde 2987
I
7420
1067
7586
5565
11299
10692
7536
4808
Commodity Weights and Measures
A pints a poundor very nearlyof the following
water wheat butter sugar blackkerries
A gallon of milk weighs 86 lbs cream 84 lbs 462 qts
of milk weighs 100 lbs
A keg of nails weighs 100 lbs A barrel of flour weighs
196 lbs of salt 280 lbs of beef fish or pork 200
lbs cement 4 bags 376 lbs
Cotton in a standard bale weighs 480 lbs A bushel of
coal weighs 80 lbs
A barrel of cement contains 38 cu ft of oil 42 gals
A barrel for dry commodities contains 7056 cu in or
105 dry qts
A bushel stroked contains 215042 cu in a bushel
heaped27477 cu in Used to measure apples
potatoes shelled corn in bins
A peck537605 cu in A dry quart67201 cu ins
A beard foot144 cu in a cord contains 128 cu ft
A barrel of flour weighs 196 lbs net 42 bu of wheat
makes a barrel of straight flour
Solids lbs per cu ftAnthracite 87112 Cement
set 170190 Clay 122162 Coal soft 7594 Glass
common 150175 Ice 57 Iron pure 491 Iron
cast 444 Ivory 114129 Lead 711 Lime mortar
103111 Lime slaked 8187 Limestone 167171
Marble 160177 Paper 4472 Rock salt 136 Sand
stone 134147
LiquidsAlcohol 504 Benzene 561 Gasoline 410
430 Milk 642646 Cocoanut oil 577
WoodsCedar 3035 Ebony 6983 Pine white 2231
Pine yellow 2337 Hickory 3758 Mahogany 41
Maple 3747 Oak 3756 Walnut 4043
The Capacity of a Silo
To find the capacity of a silo multiply onehalf the
diameter or onehalf the width across by the same fig
ure then by 31416 and this product by the height of
the silo If the measurements are in feet this will give
the number of cubic feet in the silo Multiply the num
ber of cubic feet by 35 the average number of pounds
of silage to the cubic foot and divide by 2000 to de
termine the number of tons
To Determine Quantity of Hay in Rick
Generally 512 cubic feet of hay in stack or mow
weigh one ton To determine with reasonable accuracy
the number of tons of hay in a rick of average shape
multiply the over that is the distance from the ground
on one side to the ground on the other by the width
then the length and then by 037
Watermelon Loading Rules
FIRSTCars shall be ventilated on sides and ends
No cars shall be deemed standard loaded without such
ventilation
SECONDMelons shall be carefully handled
stacked and piled tightly
THIRDNo cars shall be deemed standard loaded
unless papered around the side and ends to the full
height of the melons The floor shall be properly bed
ed with either excelsior pine straw or other suitable
bedding In no event will sawdust or shavings be ac
cepted Do not close vents with paper
FOURTHMelons of Watson and
shall be graded as follows
Average
18 lbs
20 lbs
22 lbs
24 lbs
26 lbs
28 lbs
30 lbs
32 lbs
34 lbs
36 lbs
Min Wt
16 lbs
18 lbs
20 lbs
22 lbs
24 lbs
26 lbs
28 lbs
30 lbs
32 lbs
34 lbs
Max Wt
20 lbs
22 lbs
24 lbs
26 lbs
28 lbs
30 lbs
32 lbs
34 lbs
36 lbs
38 lbs
Depth
5 deep
5 deep
4 deep
4 deep
4 deep
4 deep
4 deep
4 deep
4 deep
4 deep
Grey varieties
Count
1600 melons
1500 melons
1150 melons
1050 melons
1000 melons
960 melons
880 melons
840 melons
800 melons
720 melons
Melons of Dixie Bell variety shall be graded as fol
lows
Average
18 lbs
20 lbs
22 lbs
24 lbs
26 lbs
28 lbs
30 lbs
32 lbs
34 lbs
36 lbs
38 lbs
Min Wt
16 lbs
18 lbs
20 lbs
22 lbs
24 lbs
26 lbs
28 lbs
30 lbs
32 lbs
34 lbs
36 lbs
Max Wt
20 lbs
22 lbs
24 lbs
26 lbs
28 lbs
30 lbs
32 lbs
34 lbs
36 lbs
38 lbs
40 lbs
Depth
4 deep
4 deep
3 deep
3 deep
3 deep
3 deep
3 deep
3 deep
3 deep
3 deep
3 deep
Count
1350 melons
1200 melons
1050 melons
1000 melons
920 melons
860 melons
800 melons
760 melons
720 melons
680 melons
640 melons
FIFTHMelons shall be fresh clipped from vines
and loaded into cars within 24 hours from time clipped
No ill shaped diseased specked or otherwise imperfect
melons to be loaded in standard cars Melons to be
taken from healthy green vines only No melons shall
be loaded while wet or on wet bedding
SIXTHAll melons shall be treated for stemend rot
with a paste made from a formula approved by the Bu
reau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agricul
ture of the United States
SEVENTH No cars shall be deemed standard
loaded unless all of the foregoing rules are complied
with and shippers and growers are urged against load
ing any cars which will not conform to the abo e stand
ard
Law Bans Certain Sized Hampers and Baskets
The standard containers act of 1928 passed by the
Federal Congress fixes the standard far hampers round
stave baskets and splint baskets for fruits and vege
tables and for other purposes
This new legislation defines standard hampers and
round stave baskets for fruits and vegetables to be of
the following capacity bushel bushel bushel
ss bushel 4 bushel I bushel 1 bushels bushels
and 2 bushels For the purpose of the act a bushel
87GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
standard dry measure has a capacity of 215042 cubic
inches
This act describes standard splint baskets for fruits
and vegetables to be of 4 quart 8 quart 12 quart 24
quart and 32 quart baskets The standard quart dry
measure for the purpose of this act has a capacity of
672 cubic inches
The enforcement of this act is in the Bureau of Agri
cultural Economics of the United States Department
of Agriculture and on and after November 1 1929 it
will be unlawful for any manufacturer to sell or offer
for sale hampers roundstave baskets or splint baskets
for fruits and vegetables that do not comply with this
act This applies to both intrastate and interstate ship
ments
This law was brought about because of the fact that
many containers were made which gave to the untrained
eye the appearance of having a greater capacity than
they actually did For instance 76 bushel hamper is
not readily distinguishable from a bushel hamper to
the untrained eye
Those wishing complete information concerning reg
ulations may obtain it by writing to the Department of
Agriculture Washington D C
To Keep Horse Flies Off Farm Animals
It may be impossible for the man who has droves of
cattle on the ranges to apply a remedy to keep the flies
from drawing their blood and vitality but that it is
not impossible for the man with a few cattle on the
farm especially dairy cattle
Many flycontrol preparations are on the market some
of which are good and some of which are worthless
In order to be safe use any one of the three following
formulas which are recommended by Professor J R
Watson entomologist of the Florida Experiment Sta
tion
No 1 Laundry soap i pound
Water 4 gallons
Crude Petroleumi gallon
Powdered napthaline 4 ounces
No 2 Fish oilUZlOO parts
l1 tar50 parts
Crude carbolic acid 1 part
No 3 Laurel oil1 11 part
Linseed oilIZLMl parts
One may buy theingregients and prepare the solu
tion himself and save considerable money thereby All
must be thoroughly emulsified by running through a
spray pump after which they are ready to be sprayed
upon the animals Any of them if properly prepared
and applied should keep a cow or horse free of flies
for at least a day
How Long Does It Take
This table shows how much time it takes on the
average to do the ordinary farm jobs over the country
as a whole A work day is 10 hours of man or horse
labor
OPERATIONS Work Days
Production of crops per acre Man Horse
1 imothy alfalfa and clover hay per cutting 1 1
Oats wheat barley rye buckwheat and millet 2 3
Corn husked from standing stalks 2 45
Corn husked from shock or for silo 5 55
Corn for silo Central States 3
88
Corn husked Southern States 4
Sorghum cut for hay 3
Irish potatoes Northern States 11
Irish potatoes Southern States 13
Sweet potatoes 10
Sugar beets 6
Sugar cane for sirup Georgia 16
Tobacco Kentucky 35
Cotton 13
Peanuts harvested Georgia 5
Peanuts hogged off Georgia 3
Watermelons Georgia and Florida 5
Field Beans 4
Rice Louisiana Arkansas and Texas 35
Cabbage Northern States 13
Cabbage Southern States 20
Onions Texas sold by crate 68
Onions Ohio grown from sets sold
in bunches x 93
Onions Ohio grown from seed sold
in bunches 149
Tomatoes Northern States 15
Tomatoes Florida 17
Cucumbers Florida 32
String Beans Florida 22
Strawberries Florida 74
Citrus fruits Southern States 10
Radishes Ohio sold in bunches 45
Beets and carrots Ohio sold in bunches 82
Apples 15
Caring for live stock per year except feeding
steers and feeding sheep
Horses cornbelt States 8
Horses Eastern States 12
Dairy cows 18
Young stock cattle colts etc 25
20 feeding steers per month 2
10 hogs cornbelt States 10
10 hogs Eastern States 20
10 brood sows and raising pigs to weaning 30
100 ewes 50
100 feeding sheep yard lot per mo 35
100 chickens well cared for 20
10
7
5
10
7
8
6
3
2
4
55
55
12
8
14
10
10
11
7
10
7
9
7
5
8
5
75
75
2
2
15
2
2
5
5
3
2
Amount of Seed Used Per Acre
Alfalfa broadcast lb
Alfalfa drilled lb
Barley bu
Beans field small bu
Beans field large bu
Beets common not sugar lb
Blue Grass bu
Broom corn lb
Buckwheat bu
Cabbage plants no
Clover alsike lb
Clover Japan lb
Clover mammoth lb
Clover red alone lb
Clover red on grain ib
Clover crimson lb
Corn for grain lb
Corn fodder for silage lb
Cotton bu
Cowpeas for forage bu
Cowpeas in drill with corn bu
Cowpeas for seed bu
Field peas small bu
Field peas large bu
Flaxseed lb
Oats bu
Orchard grass lb
Peanuts bu
Potatoes bu
Average of Reports rsumatea Kange of Bulk of Plantings
183 15 to 20
148 12 to 18
184 15 to 20
76 5 to 10
129 10 to 15
63 55 to 75
107 75 to 125
60 3 to 7
98 75 to 125
5658 5000 to 7000
87 8 to 12
99 9 to 15
104 8 to 12
107 8 to 12
98 8 to 12
121 10 to 15
95 6 to 12
260 15 to 35
96 9 to 11
131 10 to 15
63 40 to 65
70 50 to 75
93 75 to 125
117 10 to 15
292 25 to 30
237 20 to 25
126 10 to 15
102 10 to 11
86 7 to 12
GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
Rice bu 198 15 to 25
Rye for grain bu 144 125 to 175
Rye for forage bu 182 15 to 20
Soy beans drilled bu 79 50 to 100
Soy beans broadcast bu 137 100 to 150
Sugar beets lb 131 12 to 18
Sweet potato plants no 6605 6000 to 7000
Timothy lb 94 8 to 12
Tobacco plants no 4762
Wheat bu 138 125 to 175
Storing Fruits and Vegetables
Where fruits and vegetables are stored in cellars
barns pits or other places there are certain require
ments that must be met in order to avoid decay
Only products that are free of diseases should be
stored Often lack of air causes rotting Dry heat will
cause spoiling more quickly than any other condition
When these products are stored in a dry place and be
gin to shrivel sprinkle the floor With water frequently
every day if necessary When put in storage pits lack
of ventilation is often the cause of rotting Pits should
be provided with a flue or chimney in the top so as to
give the proper ventilation It is during the first month
or two of storage that most ventilation is needed as
that is the time when the most moisture is given off
Number Trees or Plants to an Acre
Distance No Plants Distance No Plants
Apart Per Acre Apart Per Acre
12 by 1 inch 522720 1 foot by V2 feet 19360
12 by 3 inches 174240 2 feet by 2 feet 10890
18 by 1 inch 348480 2 feet by 3 feet 7260
18 by 3 inches 116160 3 feet by 3 feet 4840
18 by 12 inches 29040 4 feet by 1 foot 10890
18 by 18 inches 19360 4 feet by 2 feet 5445
24 by 12 inches 21780 4 feet by 3 feet 3630
24 by 18 inches 14520 4 feet by 4 feet 2772
30 by 1 inch 209088 5 feet by 5 feet 1742
30 bv 6 inches 34848 6 feet by 6 feet 1210
30 by 12 inches 17424 7 feet by 7 feet 888
30 by 24 inches 8712 8 feet by 8 feet 680
40 by 30 inches 9970 9 feet by 9 feet 537
36 by 3 inches 58080 10 feet by 10 feet 435
36 by 30 inches 5808 12 feet by 12 feet 302
42 by 24 inches 6223 20 feet by 20 feet 108
42 by 36 inches 4148 25 feet by 25 feet 70
42 by 42 inches 3556 30 feet by 30 feet 48
48 by 18 inches 7790 35 feet by 35 feet 35
6 by 6 inches 174240 40 feet by 40 feet 27
1 foot by 1 foot 43560 50 feet by 50 feet 17
1 foot by 2 feet 21780 60 feet by 60 feet 12
1 foct by 3 feet 14520 70 feet by 70 feet 9
To find the number of plants or trees in an acre at
any distance apart multiply the one distance in feet by
the other to give the square feet in each space and di
vide this distance into 43560 Example 4 by 4 feet
equals 16 square feet By dividing this into 43560 the
number of square feet in an acre we have 2722 which
is the number of plants required to set an acre when
put 4 by 4 feet apart
The table above gives the number required for most
of the distances ordinarily used
Period of Incubation
The period of incubation varies with different species
cf poultry as shown in the following table
Kind of Poultry Days Kind of Poultry Days
Hen 21 Peafowl 28
Pheasant 2224 Guinea fowl2628
Duck 28 Ostrich 42
Duck Muscovy3335 Goose 30
Turkey 28 Pigeon 17
The period of incubation varies somewhat with con
ditions so that a hatch may run one or two days over
in some cases because af an accident during incuba
tion or a low temperature throughout that period or
it may come off earlier If through any accident the
eggs are chilled or overheated it is advisable to con
tinue the hatch testing the eggs after a few days to
determine the extent of the damage
Gestation Table
In the following table the last day of each month
and the 10th and 20th of the succeeding month only
are given Intervening days can be quickly and easily
figured For instance when the time of service is
say January 6th simply add 6 days to the December
31st expiration date February 3rd add 3 days to the
January 31st expiration date March 17th add 7 days
to the March 10th expiration date etc
Time of Mares Cows Ewes Sows
Service 340 Days 285 Days 150 Days 112 Days
Dec 31 Dec 6 Oct 12 May 30 Apr 22
Jan 10 Dec 16 Oct 22 June 9 May 2
Jan 20 Dec 26 Nov 1 June 19 May 12
Jan 31 Jan 6 Nov 12 June 30 May 23
Feb 10 Jan 16 Nov 22 July 10 June 2
Feb 20 Jan 26 Dec 2 July 20 June 12
Feb 28 Feb 3 Dec 10 July 28 June 20
Mar 10 Feb 13 Dec 20 Aug 7 June 30
Mar 20 Feb 23 Dec 30 Aug 17 July 10
Mar 31 Mar 6 Jan 10 Aug 28 July 21
Apr 10 Mar 16 Jan 20 Sept 7 July 31
Apr 20 Mar 26 Jan 30 Sept 17 Aug 10
Apr 30 Apr 5 Feb 9 Sept 27 Aug 20
May 10 Apr 15 Feb 19 Oct 7 Aug 30
May 20 Am 25 Mar 1 Oct 17 Sept 9
May 31 May 6 Mar 12 Oct 28 Sept 20
June 10 May 16 Mar 22 Nov 7 Sept 30
June 20 May 26 Apr 1 Nov 17 Oct 10
June 30 June 5 Apr 11 Nov 27 Oct 20
July 10 June 15 Apr 21 Dec 7 Oct 30
July 20 June 25 May 1 Dec 17 Nov 9
July 31 July 6 May 12 Dec 28 Nov 20
Aug 10 July 16 May 22 Jan 7 Nov 30
Aug 20 July 26 June 1 Jan 17 Dec 10
Aug 31 Aug 6 June 12 Jan 28 Dec 21
Sept 10 Aug 16 June 22 Feb 7 Dec 31
Sept 20 Aug 26 Tuly 2 Feb 17 Jan 10
Sept 30 Sept 5 July 12 Feb 27 Jan 20
Oct 10 Sept 15 July 22 Mar 9 Jan 30
Oct 20 Sept 25 Aug 1 Mar 19 Feb 9
Oct 31 Oct 6 Aug 12 Mar 30 Feb 20
Nov 10 Oct 16 Aug 22 Apr 9 Mar 2
Nov 20 Oct 26 Sept 1 Apr 19 Mar 12
Nov 30 Nov 5 Sept 11 Apr 29 Mar 22
Dec 10 Nov 15 Sept 21 May 9 Apr 1
Dec 20 Nov 25 Oct 1 May 19 Apr 11
Dec 31 Dec 6 Oct 12 May 30 Apr 22
Preserving and Candling Eggs
PRESERVING IN WATER GLASSTo preserve
15 dozen eggs in water glass the following directions
should be followed
1 Select a 5gallon crock earthen or stone and
clean it thoroughly then scald and allow to dry
2 Heat 10 to 12 quarts of water to the boiling
point and allow it to cool
3 When cool measure out 9 quarts of water place
in the crock and add 1 quart of commonly called wa
89GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
ter glass which can be purchased at almost any drug
store Stir well so that the solution becomes thor
oughly mixed
The solution thus prepared is ready for the eggs
which may be put in all at once or from time to time as
they are obtainable Care should be taken in putting
them in the jar not to crack or break the shells also
make sure that the solution covers the eggs by at least
two inches at all times
Put the crock containing the preserved eggs in a cool
dry place and cover with a tight lid or waxed paper to
prevent evaporation
To preserve a smaller or larger number of eggs the
solution should be mixed and prepared in the same
proportion
PRESERVING WITH LIME SOLUTIONIf wa
ter glass is not obtainable lime may be used It is not
considered so good as water glass as in some instances
eggs preserved by this method have tasted slightly of
lime although at other times lime water has proven
entirely satisfactory
To preserve with lime dissolve 2 pounds of unslaked
lime in a small quantity of water and dilute with five
gallons of water that has previously been boiled and
cooled Allow the mixture to stand until the lime set
tles then pour off and use the clear liquid Place
clean fresh eggs in a clean earthenware crock or jar
and pour the clear limewater into the vessel until the
eggs are covered At least 2 inches of the solution
should cover the top layer of eggs
If best results are to be obtained the eggs should be
fresh and clean and preferably infertile For this rea
son it is always best when possible to candle the eggs
carefully before preserving them unless they are known
to be strictly fresh If an egg is only slightly soiled a
cloth dampened with vinegar may be used to remove
the stains but eggs should not be washed with water or
soap and water as water removes the protecting coat
ing that is on the shell and may tend to cause the con
tents to spoil Under no circumstances should badly
soiled or cracked eggs be used for preserving as one
or more such eggs in a jar may spoil all the others
USING PRESERVED EGGSFresh eggs pre
served according to these directions will usually keep
from 6 to 10 months and can be used satisfactorily for
all purposes in cooking and for the table If however
preserved eggs are to be boiled a small hole should
be made with a pin in the larger end of the shell before
placing them in the water to allow the air in the egg
to escape when heated and thus prevent cracking
FERTILE AND INFERTILE EGGSAn infertile
egg is one laid by a hen that has not been with a male
Jlrdorf or 3 weeks and the germ cell of which is not
fertilized The length of time varies somewhat but
ordinarily all eggs will be infertile after the male has
been separated from the flock for from 2 to 3 weeks
If the germ cell of the egg has not been fertilized the
egg will not hatch and it is impossible for a blood ring
to form in such an egg when exposed to heat which so
often happens with fertile eggs Infertile eggs will
keep mUch longer than fertile eggs and are best for
all purposes excepting hatching
A fertile egg is just the opposite of an infertile one
It is an egg laid by a hen that has been allowed to run
with a male bird within 2 or 3 weeks and the germ cell
of which is fertilized The length of time required for
fertilizing varies somewhat depending on the vigor
of the male Generally speaking however a good per
centage of the eggs will prove fertile after the male has
been with the flock from 2 to 3 weeks Fertile eggs
are the one from which chicks are hatched and are de
sirable for hatching purposes only as they spoil much
sooner than infertile eggs often resulting in heavy
The male bird makes the egg fertile and the fertile
egg if heated develops a blood ring making it unfit
to eat If you do want hatching eggs then allow the
male to run with the flock during the hatching season
but take him away after the hatching is completed
The hens will lay just as many eggs without a male
as with one
CANDLING EGGSBy the term candling is
meant the discarding or sorting out of the bad eggs
from the good ones by holding the egg before a strong
light in such manner that the rays of the light come
to the eye through the egg so that the condition of the
contents can be seen
The she11 of a newlaid egg has a soft glow or
bloom which is a visible sign of perfect freshness
This glow or bloom is destroyed by handling and in
any case disappears after the egg has been exposed to
the air for a short time After that it is difficult to tell
a fresh egg from an old one by the appearance of the
shell therefore candling becomes necessary if you
would be sure that the egg is good
Eggs can be candled best in a dark room by the use
of a bright light inclosed in a box or case having a hole
a trifle smaller than an egg directly opposite the light
At this hole the eggs is held for examination An or
dinary hand lamp a lantern an incandescent bulb or
a flashlight may be used Any box that set on end is
large enough to hold the lamp will do In addition to
the hole opposite the light there should be a hole at
the top end of the box otherwise the heat from the
top of the chimney would set the box on fire A tester
chimney made of tin such as used on a lamp for test
lng eggs in incubators may be used for candling When
such a chimney is available the box is not necessary
as the eggs are tested by means of the hole in the side
of the chimney
The box and light should be placed on a table or a
shelf where most convenient Place on one side the
eggs that are to be candled and on the other side have
separate boxes or anything that will hold the eggs
for the good and the bad eggs Hold the eggs one by
one large end up close to the light
A perfectly good fresh egg shows full and clear
before the light There is almost no air cell at the
large end and the yolk outline is only faintly visible
A fixed air cell of oneeighth to threesixteenths of an
inch in depth indicates a fresh egg as eggs run gener
ally A larger air cell with a movable lower line indi
catesaccording to sizes and fluctuationsa stale egg
or one becoming weak and watery
90
8
it I
GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
1
Very small dark spots which sometimes may be seen
are usually blood clots Large dark spots blood rings
and shadows are due to heat and germination and in
dicate the first stages of decay An egg that looks very
dark or black except for a large fixed air cell contains
a chick at an advanced stage of incubation An egg
which looks dark when tested in the same way but
shows a large air cell with a movabls lower line is usu
ally in an advanced stage of fluid decomposition or
what is commonly known as a rotten egg
At first it may be a little difficult to test the eggs as
here directed but with a little practice it becomes a
very simple matter
PRESERVING EGGS BY THE USE OF WATER
GLASSUse pure water that has been thoroughly
boiled and then cooled To each ten quarts of water
add one quart of water glass Pack the eggs in a jar
and pour solution over them cover well Keep the eggs
in a cool dark place A dry cool cellar is a good place
If the eggs are kept in too warm a place the silicate
is deposited and the eggs are not properly protected
Do not wash the eggs before packing for by so doing
you injure their keeping quality probably dissolving
the mucillaginous coating on the outside of the shell
For packing use only perfectly fresh eggs for stale
eggs will not be saved and may prove harmful to the
others
Water glass is a very cheap product that can usually
be procured at about 50 cents per gallon and one gallon
would make enough solution to preserve 50 dozen eggs
so that the cost of material for this method would be
only about a cent per dozen
Water glass is sodium and potassium silicate so
dium silicate being usually the cheaper If wooden
kegs or barrels are used in which to pack the eggs they
should first be thoroughly scalded with boiling water
to sweeten and purify them
I Average Yield of Products from One Cord of Fat Pine
j Turpentine 12 gallons Pitch Residue 5 gallons
Pine Oil 4 gallons Charcoal SO gallons
I Akrole 4 gallons Acid WaterISO gallons
1 Refined Tar Oil14 gallons
In Case of Poison
First Send for a physician
Second Empty the stomach by an emetica tea
spoonful of mustard or two teaspoonfuls of common
salt in tepid water teaspoonful of alum in water
Tickle the throat with a feather or finger Apply anti
dotes as follows
I
Pcison
Antidote No Poison
Antidote No
Acetic Acid 6
Alcoholic Liquors 10
Ammonia 9
Antimony 5
Aqua fortis 6
Arsenic 2
Bitter Almond 7
Blue Vitriol 3
Bug Poison 3
Carbolic Acid 3
Carbonic Acid Gas 10
Charcoal Fumes 10
Chloride of Zinc S
Chloroform inhaled 10
Chloroform swallowed 1
Laudanum 1
Lye 9
Morphine 1
Muriatic Acid 6
Nitre 9
Nitric Acid 6
Opium 1
Oxalic Acid 6
Paris Green 2
Phosphorus 2
Prussic Acid 7
Rat Poison 2
Saltpetre 9
Sugar of Lead 4
Sulphuric Acid 8
Coal Gas 10
Copperas 3
Corrosive sublimate 3
Ether inhaled 10
Ether swallowed 1
Strychnine 1
Tartaric Acid 6
Toadstools 4
White Lead 4
White Vitriol 5
1 Emetic If patient is drowsy give cold coffee
keep awake and moving
2 Emetic Warm extremities give large doses of
magnesia raw eggs lime water milk flour and water
3 White of eggs milk flour and water give largely
for ten minutes then give emetic and follow by mild
stimulants
4 Mustard emetic followed by Epsom salt
5 Emetic Give warm water to relieve vomiting
tea to tablespoonful baking powder salaratus chalk
lime or magnesia followed by milk and white of egg
6 Emetic Baking powder etc as in No 5 fol
lowed by linseed tea or slippery elm tea
7 Emetic Followed by brandy or by teaspoonful
ammonia in pint of water
8 Large quantities of water followed by large doses
magnesia or lime
9 Drink diluted vinegar or lemon juice fol
low with tablespoonful castor oil cream sweet oil or
linseed oil then with teaspoonful doses an hour apart
for three hours
10 Fresh air inhalation of ammonia warm extrem
ities artificial breathing as in drowning
First Aid to the Injured
DROWNING1 Loosen clothing if any 2 Empty
lungs of water by laying body on its stomach and lift
ing it by the middle so that the head hangs down Jerk
the body a few times 3 Pull tongue forward using
handkerchief or pin with string if necessary 4 Imi
tate motion of respiration by alternately compressing
and expanding the lower ribs about twenty times a
minute Alternately raising and lowering the arms
from the sides up above the head will stimulate the ac
tion of the lungs Let it be done gently but persistently
5 Apply warmth and friction to extremities 6 By
holding the tongue forward closing the nostrils and
pressing the Adams Apple back so as to close the
entrance to the stomach direct inflation can be tried
Take a deep breath and breathe it forcibly into the
mouth of patient compress the chest to expel the air
and repeat the operation 7 Dont give up People
have been saved after hours of patient vigorous effort
8 When breathing begins get patient into a warm
bed give warm drinks or spirits in teaspoonfuls fresh
air and quiet
BURNS AND SCALDSCover with cooking soda
and lay wet cloths over it Whites of eggs and olive
oil Olive or linseed oil plain or mixed with chalk or
whiting Sweet or olive oil and lime water
LIGHTNINGDash cold water over the person
struck
SUNSTROKELoosen clothing Get patient into
shade and apply ice cold water to head Keep head
in elevated position
91GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
MAD DOG OR SNAKE BITETie cord tight
above wound Suck the wound and cauterize with
caustic or white hot iron at once or cut adjoining parts
with a sharp knife Give stimulants as Whiskey
Brandy etc
VENOMOUS INSECTS STINGS ETCApply
weak Ammonia Oil Salt Water or Iodine
FAINTINGPlace flat on back allow fresh air and
sprinkle with water Place head lower than rest of
body
CINDERS IN THE EYERoll soft paper up like
a lamplighter and wet the tip to remove or use a medi
cine dropper to draw it out Rub the other eye
FIRE FROM KEROSENEDont use Water it
will spread the flames Dirt sand or flour is the best
extinguisher or smother with woolen rug tablecloth
or carpet
SUFFOCATION FROM INHALING ILLUMI
NATING GASGet into the fresh air as soon as pos
sible and lie down Keep warm Take ammonia
twenty drops to a tumbler of water at frequent inter
vals also two to four drops tincture nux vomica every
hour or tyo for five or six hours
Percentage of Plant Food in Animal Excrements
T fci
Se
e
o
H
o
a
e
V
o
x
w
Horse Solid Liquid Mixed 80 20
Cow Solid 70
Liquid Mixed 30
Pig Solid 60
Liquid Mixed 40
Sheep Solid Liquid Mixed 67 33
Hen Mixed

75
90
78
85
92
86
80
97
87
60
85
68
55
bo
055
135
070
040
100
060
055
040
050
075
135
095
100
t2
si
s
030
trace
025
020
trace
015
050
010
035
050
005
035
080
0 o
o
040
125
055
010
135
045
040
045
040
045
210
100
040
Composititon of Dried or WaterFree Excrements
Kind of Portion of Nitrogen Phosphoric Potash
Animal Excrement
HorseSolid
Liquid
CowSolid
Liquid
PigSolid
Liquid
SheepSolid
Liquid

220
1350
265
1250
275
1300
190
900
Acid
120
JL35
2750
400
125
035
Plant Food Constituents Produced Annually in
ments by Farm Animals Per 1000 Pounds
Live Weight

160
1250
065
1700
200
1500
115
1400
Excre
of
Kind of
Animal
Nitrogen
Phosphoric
Acid
Potash
Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid
Lbs Lbs Lbs Lbs Lbs
Horse
Cow
Pig
Sheep
Hen
79
76
101
62
85
49
80
49
57
43
38
92
42
68
12
2
58
19
73
38
32
45
108
55
88
o o z
3 c c
2360
2960
3060
2425
1870
How Late to Plant Vegetables
In planting the fall garden it is well to plant a big
variety of vegetablespractically all of those planted
in the spring It is usually best to make the last plant
ings so they will mature just before frost provided
they are kinds that will not withstand frost The table
herewith lists some of the more common vegetables
that will not stand frost and the number of days it usu
ally takes them to mature under average conditions
This information will enable us to determine how late
we can wait to plant these vegetables and have them
mature before frost
Days
Vegetables to mature
Bush lima beans 70 to 80
Snapbeans 45 to 55
Blackeyed peas 65 to 75
Lady peas 60 to 70
Days
Vegetables to mature
Irish potatoes 75 to 100
Cucumbers 55 to 80
Squash 60 to 80
Tomatoes 100 to 120
Vegetables which will withstand considerable frost
but not very hard freezes and the number of days it
ordinarily takes them to mature are listed in the fol
lowing table
Vegetables
Days
to mature
Mustard 30 to
Turnips 60 to
40
80
65 to 85
Days
to mature
130 to 150
Vegetables
Onions from seed
Onions sets for
green 35 to 40
KohlRabi 65 to 75
English peas 40 to 70
Cabbage 90 to 120
Cauliflower 100 tol25
Chinese Cabbage 90 to 110
The following list of vegetables will stand in the
open throughout the winter in most sections of the
South and may be planted well into the fall
Carrots
Beets 65 to
Swiss chard 45 to
Radishes 20 to
Lettuce 60 to
70
65
30
75
Days
Vegetables to mature
Spinach 30 to 60
Kale 90 to 120
Rape 90 to 120
Collards 100 to 130
Days
Vegetables to mature
Salisfy 150
Parsnips 150
Rutabagas 80 to 100
Creamery Costs Analyzed
Southern Dairy Products Journal
A recent study of the cost of operating creameries
made by L C Thompson of the University of Wiscon
sin reveals some interesting cost figures
The average costs of operating a creamery are shown
in the following table
Supplies 3938
Labor 3150
Depreciation 1233
Fuel 753
Interest 343
Ice 240
Taxes 240
Insurance 103
In this study a questionnaire was sent to all of the
creameries in Wisconsin Fortyseven creameries in 23
counties responded which during the year of the sur
vey made 27000000 pounds of butter or 19 per cent of
the States output so the figures can be taken as fairly
representative of the industry
While the figures may not apply to all sections they
will give the creamery manager a fair idea of how his
costs should be divided in operating his plant and may
result in a study of local costs and a resulting increase
in the efficiency of the plant
92GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
They are worth pasting up in the office for compari
son
Homemade Stock Feed or Tonic
The stock and condimental feeds that are generally
bought on the market which are represented to be con
ditioners tonics and fatteners have for their founda
tion simple and wellknown drugs and feeds If a tonic
or feed is desired one of known composition may be
nrxed at home with entirely satisfactory results The
following two formulas are suggested
II I
Pounds Pounds
Glauber salt 5 Glauber salt 2
Saltpeter lSoda 1
Fenugreek 1 Salt 1
Gentian 2 Fenugreek Yt
Linseed meal SO Linseed meal 25
A heaping teaspoonful of one of the above mixtures
fed with the grain 3 times a day is sufficient
When a tonic is needed it is advisable to investigate
why it is needed The stock should receive daily at
tention regarding feed water salt exercise grooming
sanitation and comfortable quarters Neglect of any
of these factors is usually an underlying cause of the
poor condition of an animal
Showing 34 feet 10 inches in the board which counts
35 feet
Homemade Hog Tonic
Experienced hog feeders have asserted that a mixture
of charcoal ashes lime salt sulphur and copperas kept
where hogs can eat it will tend to prevent worm infes
tation Though there is no positive experimental evi
dence in support of this idea the mixture is of value
as a source of mineral matter in the diet and perhaps
as an appetizer and tonic Following is a formula
Charcoal1 bushel Airslaked lime4 pounds
Hardwood ashes1 bushel Sulphur 4 pounds
Salt 8 pounds Pulverized copperas 2 pounds
Mix the lime salt and sulphur thoroughly and then
mix with the charcoal and ashes Dissolve the cop
peras in 1 quart of hot water and sprinkle the solution
over the whole mass mixing it thoroughly Keep some
cf this mixture in a box before the hogs at all times or
place in a selffeeder
Board Measure
Beards are sold by the square foot surface one inch
in thickness If cut thinner they count the same as if
an inch thick
To ascertain the number of square feet in a board
multiply the width in inches by the length in feet and
divide the product by 12 the quotient is the number
of feet in the board and the remainder is the odd
inches Six inches and over remainder are counted an
additional foot For example measure a board 22 inches
wide by 10 feet long as below
Multiply 22 the width in inches
by 19 length in feet
198
22
12418 Product
Plank Measure
Board measure is the basis of plank measure that is
a plank 2 inches thick and 133 feet long and 10 inches
wide contains evidently twice as many square feet as
if only one inch thick therefore in estimating the
contents of any plank we first find the contents of the
surface taken one inch thick and then multiply this
product by the thickness of the plank in inches
ExampleSuppose we wish to ascertain the contents
of a plank 6 feet long 12 inches wide and 2 inches
thick First multiply the width in inches 12 by the
length in feet 6 and divide the product by 12 This
will give the contents of a board 1 inch thick 12 inches
wide and 6 feet long If the last product be multiplied
by 2 the result will be the contents of a plank 6 feet
long 12 inches wide and 2 inches thick
Thus 12 width in inches
6 length in feet
1272
2 thickness in inches
13J2 contents in feet board measure
The Measurement of Timber or Scantling
NOTE The following valuable tables are taken
from Days Ready Reckoner by permission of the pub
lishers Dick Fitzgerald of New York
Scantling or timber for building is sold by the
square foot of inchboard measure Thus a cubic foot
of scantling which is a foot wide a foot thick and a
foot long contains twelve feet measurement To as
certain the square feet in a piece of scantling of any
length width and thickness multiply the width in
inches by the thickness in inches then multiply the
product of these figures by the length in feet and di
vide the second product by twelve the quotient is the
number of feet and the remainder if any is the odd
inches Six inches and over are usually reckoned as an
extra foot
In measuring the length of a piece of timber the lum
berman counts even feet only Unless the length is full
ten inches or more over an even number of feet the ex
cess is not counted but ten inches over are counted
as a full foot In marking the contents of a piece of
timber when it runs over measure the lumberman usual
ly places a mark at the spot where the measurement
ends The marks are made on one end of the stick with
Roman capital letters instead of figures as XXI for 21
XVIII for 18 and so on
ExampleSuppose a stick of timber to be 11 inches
in width 9 inches thick and to measure 27 feet in
length
Quotient 34 10 remainder
Multiply 11 the width
by 9 the thickness
Product 99 by which
93GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
multiply 27 the length in feet
693
Divide this 198
product by 122673
Divide by 12719040
Quotient 222 9 remainder
The quotient is the number of square feet inch
board measure the 9 remainder being the odd inches
As 6 inches and over are counted a foot 223 feet are
the contents of the stick
Logs Reduced to Square Timber
To reckon the contents of a round log in cubic feet
of square timber first reduce it to square timber thus
Measure the diameter or thickness at each end in
inches add these measurements together and divide
the sumtotal by 2 the quotient is the average diam
eter Onethird of this diameter is allowed for the
chips or slabs To deduct this third divide the num
ber of inches diameter by 3 and subtract the quotient
from it the remainder is the proper diameter for meas
urement The thickness of the log is generally counted
in even inches and onethird of an inch excess or up
ward is added as an extra inch After getting the
square of the log in manner above described the num
ber of cubic feet in it is reckoned the same as in square
timber But as in the reduction of logs fractions of
inches often have to be reckoned an example may be
useful for a perfect understanding of it
ExampleSuppose a round log to be 35 feet long
24 inches thick at the butt and 19 inches thick at the
top
Add 24
and 19 the two diameters
Sumtotal 43 to which add two ciphers
to include the fractions and
then divide by 24300
Deduct 13 for
slabs 32150 average diam
717
True diameter 1433 or 1413 inches
Reduce this to thirds thus Three times 14 is 42
and the odd one makes 43 thirds
Multiply 43
by 43
129
172
Total 1849 which represents ninths of
inches Add two ciphers to include the fractions and
then to reduce to inches
Divide by 9184900
20544
Multiply by 35 the length of the lot
102720
61632
Divide by 12 59920
Cubic feet 4993100 counting 50 feet
Miscellaneous Measurements
One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs 53 pounds
To find side of an equal square multiply diameter bv
8862
One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to
50 pounds
To find area of a circle multiply square of diameter
by 7854
To find diameter of a circle multiply circumference
by 31831
To find circumference of a circle multiply diame
ter by 31416
To find surface of a ball multiply square of diameter
by 31416
To find cubic inches in a ball multiply cube of diame
ter by 5236
Doubling the diameter of a pipe increase its capacity
four times
Each nominal horse power of a boiler requires 30 to
35 lbs of water per hour
A gallon of water U S Standard weighs 813
pounds and contains 231 cubic inches
There are nine square feet of heating surface to each
square foot of grate surface
A cubic foot of water contains 7 gallons 1728 cubic
inches and weighs 62 pounds
A horse power is equivalent to raising 33000 pounds
one foot per minute or 550 pounds one foot per second
The average consumption of coal for steam boilers is
12 pounds per hour for each square foot of grate sur
face
To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a
column of water multiply the height of the column in
feet by 434
Steam rising from water at its boiling point 212 de
grees has a pressure equal to the atmosphere 147
pounds to the square inch
To evaporate one cubic foot of water requires the con
sumption of iy2 pounds of ordinary coal or about 1
pound of coal to 1 gallon of water
How to Ascertain Certain Measurements
CIRCLE Diametercircumference X 31831 Cir
cumferencediameter X 31416 Areadiameter
squared X 7854
SPHERE Surfacediameter squared X 31416
bic contentsdiameter cubed X 5236
Cu
94GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
CYLINDER Areacircumference of base see cir
cle X height Contentsarea of the base X
height
CONE OF PYRAMID Lateral surfacecircumfer
ence of base see circle X V2 the slant height Vol
umearea of base X 13 altitude the altitude be
ing the perpendicular distance from the base to
the highest point Volume of frustrum of pyramid
or conel3 height X sum of the areas of the up
per and lower bases and square root of their prod
uct
TRIANGLE Areabase X Vz altitude Given meas
urements of three sides get sum of sides from
this subtract each side separately multiply all re
mainders and Yi sum together square root of prod
ustarea
Hypotenuse of right trianglesq root of the sum of
the squares of the other two sides
SQUARE RECTANGULAR OR PARALLELO
GRAM Areabase X altitude
TRAPEZOID Areaaltitude X Vi sum of parallel
sides
HEIGHT OF TREE OR BUILDING may be found
by length of shadow Set up a stick and measure
its shadow then height of treelength of shadow
of tree X height of stick length of shadow of
stick
BARREL Volume same as for cylinder but with a
diameter equal to half the sum of head and bung
diameters
SPEED OF FALLING BODY
ond
16 feet the first sec
1632 48 feet the second second
16j32280 feet the third second
16322112 feet the fourth second
16324144 the fifth second
16j32nl feet the nth second
VELOCITY OF SOUND LIGHT AND RADIO
Sound in air at 60 F travels 1120 feet per second
in water 4708 feet per second in wood at least
10000 feet per second in metal at least 4000 feet
per second Light travels 186600 miles per second
Radio waves are considered to have the same speed
as light
Arithmetical Principles
In measuring surfaces and volumes we are often in
need of simple rules by which calculations can be made
that will enable us to do quite difficult farm engineer
ing Especially is this true of geometrical calculations
The easiest of all surface measurements is the sur
face The surface of a square is ascertained by multi
plying the length by the width stated in terms of the
same denomination and we have the area
TO FIND THE AREA OF A CIRCLE MULTI
PLY THE CIRCUMFERENCE BY THE RADIUS
AND DIVIDE BY 2 Therefore if the radius half
the diameter of a circle is known the area can be as
certained by multiplying the radius by itself square
it and multiply this product by 31416
TO FIND THE CONVEX SURFACE OF A
PRISM OR A CYLINDER Multiply its altitude
height by the perimeter sum of its boundary lines
of its base
TO FIND THE VOLUME CUBIC CONTENTS
OF A SPHERE Multiply the convex surface by the
radius and divide by 3
TO FIND THE CONTENTS OF A CYLINDER
Multiply the diameter of the base by 31416this gives
the circumference of the base Then multiply this cir
cumference by the radius half the diameter and di
vide this by 2this gives the area of the basethen
multiply the area of the base by the altitude which
gives the cubic contents or volume
Square root is serviceable in many calculations If
you want to know the length of one side of a square
and have the area you find it by the rules of square root
Square root applies to areas hence the side of a
square is the root of the area
The following is the rule for finding the square root
Separate the number into periods of two figures each
beginning at the decimal point
Find the greatest square in the lefthand period and
write its root as the first figure of the required root
Square this root subtract the result from the left
half period and to the remainder annex the next period
for a dividend
Divide this new dividend by twice the part of the
root already found and write the quotient as the second
figure of the required root Annex to this divisor the
figure thus found and multiply by the number repre
senting this figure
Subtract this result bring down the next period and
proceed as before until all the periods have been thus
annexed
The result is the square root required
Inaug
1 1789
2 1797
3 1801
4 1809
5 1817
6 1825
7 1929
8 1837
9 1841
10 1841
11 1845
12 1849
13 1850
14 1853
15 1857
16 1861
17 1865
18 1869
19 1877
20 1881
21 1881
22 1885
23 1889
Presidents of the United States
Born Died Politics
George Washington17321799 Federal
John Adams17351826 Federal
Thomas Jefferson17431826 Republican
James Madison17511836 Republican
James Monroe17581831 Republican
John Quincy Adamsl7671848 Republican
Andrew Jackson17671845 Democrat
Martin Van Buren17821862 Democrat
Wm Henry Harrison 17731841 Whig
John Tyler17901862 Democrat
James Knox Polk17951849 Democrat
Zachary Taylor17841850 Whig
Millard Fillmore18001874 Whig
Franklin Pierce18041869 Democrat
James Buchanan17911868 Democrat
Abraham Lincoln18091865 Republican
Andrew Johnson18081875 Republican
Ulysses S Grant18221885 Republican
Rutherford B Hayes18221893 Republican
Tames A Garfield18311881 Republican
Chester Alan Arthur 18301886 Republican
Grcver Cleveland 18371908 Democrat
Benjamin Harrison18331901 Republican
Vocation
Planter
Lawyer
Lawyer
Lawyer
Lawyer
Lawyer
Lawyer
Lawyer
Farmer
Lawyer
Lawyer
Soldier
Lawyer
Lawyer
Lawyer
Lawyer
Tailor
Soldier
Lawyer
Lawyer
Lawyer
Lawyer
Lawyer
95GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
24 1893 Grover Cleveland18371908 Democrat Lawyer
25 1897 William McKinley18431901 Republican Lawyer
26 1901 Theodore Rooseveltl8581919 Republican Publicist
27 1909 Wm Howard Taft18571930 Republican Lawyer
28 1913 Woodrow Wilson18561924 Democrat Teacher
29 1921 Warren G Harding 18651923 Republican Publisher
30 1923 Calvin Coolidge1872 Republican Lawyer
31 1929 Herbert Hoover1874 Republican Civ Engr
Population of the Earth by Continents
All estimates of population are guesses more or less
based on official or unofficial censuses in the principal
countries
Following are the approximate figuresAfrica 145
000000 America North 138000000 America South
66000000 Asia 950000000 Australia 10000000
Europe 48000000 Polar Regions 50000 Rasmussen
estimates that there are 33000 Eskimos other coun
tries and regions 167000000
This would give a total world population of 1906
000000000 which is the figure set in May 1927 on the
basis of data prepared by the secretariat of the League
of Nations
Of the total population approximately 1580000000
persons occupy territory within the orbit of the
league
Approximately 17 per cent of the total population are
nationals of states which do not belong to the league
According to statistics gathered by Prof E M East
of Harvard University 150000 persons are born every
day and 100000 die
He says the United States population will become
stationary at 200000000 before 2000 A D
The Races of Mankind
According to Dr A Hrdlicka curator Division of
Physical Anthropology United States National Mu
seum Washington D C three main human races are
recognized today which are 1 the whites 2 the yel
lcwbrowns and 3 the blacks Each one of these shows
a number of subraces or types which are often called
races also The principal of these are
WHITES Mediterraneans the Alpines and the
Nordics
YELLOWBROWNS The Mongoloids the Ma
lays and the American Indian
BLACKS The Negrito Negrillos and Bushmen
the Melanesian Negroes and Australians and the Afri
can Negroes
Population of the world by races under a slightly dif
ferent classification is estimated as followsIndoGer
manic or Aryan white 821000000 Mongolian or Tu
ranian yellowbrown 645000000 Semitic white
750000000 Negro and Bantu black 139000000 Ma
lay and Polynesian brown 40000000 American In
dian North and South red halfbreeds 28000000
TungOil Nuts from Immense Tree in South Georgia
The Oil Is Used in Making Paints and Varnishes
96FARM ANIMALS
Showed Substantial Increase or 1932 over 1931

GEORGIA farmers are devoting more attention
to livestock than usual according to the report
issued by the Georgia Crop Reporting Service
on January 29 1932 This report indicates an increase
of 2 per cent for all cattle and 7 per cent for hogs on
January 1 1932 compared with the same date one year
ago Milk cows showed a 2 per cent increase and
heifers being kept for milk cows wert 4 per cent greater
than one year ago For horses mules and sheep a
slight reduction is indicated
The total value of all livestock not including poul
try on farms January 1 1932 was 45183000 com
pared with 61381000 on January 1 1931 Most of the
decrease in value is due to marked reduction in value
per head of all species
The estimated number of cattle was 789000 as com
pared with 773000 last year Milk cows and heifers
being kept for milk were 419000 head or 53 per cent
of the total cattle
The number of hogs on farm was 1390000 as against
1299000 on January 1 1931 However a decreased val
uation per head lowered the total value to 6905000
being 37 per cent below the value one year ago
Mules and horses decreased 2 per cent from last year
the current estimate being 368000 compared with 376
000 head last year Valuation is placed at 25114000
or 6710000 below January 1 1931
SUMMARY OF LIVESTOCK ON GEORGIA FARMS
JANUARY 1 1930 JANUARY 11931 JANUARY 1 1932
FARM ANIMALS Revised Thousand Revised Thousand Thousand
Head Head Head
38 344 382 320 36 340 376 329 35
333
368
Milk Cows and Heifers two years old and over 336
Heifers one and two years old being kept for Milk Cows 73 80 83
758 773 789
1312 38 1299 38 1390
37

Farm Total Farm Farm Total Farm Farm Total Farm
Value Value Value Value Value Value
Per Thousand Per Thousand Per Thousand
Head Dollars 1 Head Dollars 1 Head Dollars 1
Horses and Colts 7700 2926 6300 2268 5200 1820
Mules and Mule Colts 10500 36080 8700 29556 7000 23294
39006 8464 31824 6824 25114
Milk Cows and Heifers
15680 3600 11884 2500 8400
Heifers 12 years old being
1387 1500 1200 1100 913
All Cattle and Calves
including Milk Cows and Heifers 3160 23994 2390 18485 1660 13079
Swine including Pigs 970 12687 840 10925 500 6905
Sheep and Lairbs 420 161 390 147 230 85
Total Horses and Mules
all Cattle Swine and Sheep 75548 61381 45183
NOTE 1 Value per head derived by dividing total value by total number Total value represents sum of values by age
groups
97GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
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99GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
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GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
GEORGIA COTTON PRODUCTION
Quantities in Running Bales Linters Not Included
County
1931
1930
The State
Appling
Atkinson
Baldwin
Banks
Barrow
Bartow
Ben Hill
Berrien
Bibb
Bleckley
Brooks
Bulloch
Burke
Butts
Calhcun
Campbell
Candler
Carroll
Chattahoochee
Chattooga
Cherokee
Clarke
Clay
Clayton
Cobb
Coffee
Colquitt
Columbia
Cook
Coweta
Crawford
Crisp
Dawson
Decatur
DeKalb
Dodge
Dooly
Dougherty
Douglas
Early
Effingbam
Elbert
Emanuel
Evans
Fayette
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
Glascock
Gordon
Grady
Greene
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hall
Hancock
Haralson
Harris
Hart
Heard
Henry
Houston
Irwin
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Jenkins
Johnson
Jones
1394400
6355
2478
5502
6760
14091
21158
4817
5687
4068
5842
10763
26339
36053
6325
9633
4469
7716
33362
1739
10425
10683
6375
5506
4773
14377
11670
24425
6245
7223
11869
1844
12007
858
4790
3862
20938
21438
4556
5128
12728
1586
13125
27436
5893
9196
17574
10419
21780
6886
15592
2303
6825
21044
1388
12951
10376
8944
6286
19255
8354
17840
6061
8718
19860
5289
24175
14852
14626
1621
1597475
7585
2933
6915
7606
14373
19232
7433
5130
4906
6575
11700
24201
41482
7809
17469
5057
8288
38127
2271
10732
11286
8399
9021
4481
17395
11949
26939
6046
7138
15388
1952
16596
871
6298
4817
24956
26304
6848
6416
17826
1687
12717
29646
6244
10025
16835
10686
22474
6270
15018
2762
8674
24006
1791
15344
11527
9225
7000
18335
9540
18482
8170
12535
23892
5306
27005
14988
16104
1757
County
1931
1930
Lamar 5577
Laurens 32221
Lee 2125
Lincoln 6000
Lowndes 8235
McDuffie 9260
Lumpkin 338
Macon 13676
Madison 19509
Marion 4487
Meriwether 12483
Miller 4414
Milton 8963
Mitchell 16691
Monroe 5139
Montgomery 9625
Morgan 13856
Murray 5497
Muscogee 976
NeWton 12300
Oconee 9084
Oglethorpe 13072
Paulding 9824
Peach 6989
Pickens 2751
Pierce 4553
Pike 10322
Polk 15891
Pulaski 8014
Putnam 3546
Quitman 1111
Randolph 12931
Richmond 7291
Rockdale 5999
Schley 5631
Screven 23914
Seminole 5754
Spalding 6655
Stephens 5539
Stewart 6207
Sumter 18228
Talbot 3163
Taliaferro 4181
Tattnall 6318
Taylor 10240
Telfair 14316
Terrell 14433
Thomas 12632
Tift 12831
Toombs 11823
Treutlen
Troup
Turner
Twiggs
Upson
Walker
6082
8881
9001
3584
3358
7147
Walton 26568
Ware 1852
Warren 10039
Washington 19605
Wayne 4205
Wheeler 5947
White 1312
Whirfield 8271
Wilcox 14966
Wilkes 12409
Wilkinson 3999
Worth 11651
All other 15776
5718
34051
4344
5834
8934
10091
394
17684
23207
5166
15730
7472
9373
22401
4746
10484
16446
4740
909
12814
9622
12659
8920
7459
2731
4791
11936
13980
10128
4228
2105
21487
7482
6950
6710
24317
9295
8783
6422
7839
24826
3612
4939
7697
12284
16386
28211
15610
12866
12768
6991
10621
12827
3936
2763
7251
30945
1989
12914
21462
5474
6693
979
8372
19275
13605
3890
14126
16977
101iwp
GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
SUMMARY OF ALL GEORGIA CROPS
For Years 1931 1930 and 1929
CROP
YEAR
AVERAGE
000
Yield
Per
Acre
PRODUCTION
000
Price
Dec
1
TOTAL VALUE
000
Cotton 1 bales1931 3440
1930 3863
1929 3753
Cotton Seed tons1931
1930
1929
Corn bus1931
1930
1929
Wheat bus Harvested1931
1930
1929
Oats bus Harvested1931
1930
1929
Rye bus Harvested1931
1930
1929
Potatoes Irish bus1931
1930
1929
Potatoes Sweet bus1931
1930
1929
Tobacco 2 lbs1931
1930
1929
Hay All tons 31931
IncL Peanut Hay 1930
1929
Sorghum Syrup gals1931
1930
1929
Sugar Cane Syrup gals1931
1930
1929
Watermelons 4 melons1931
Price per thou 1930
1929
Peanuts lbs Acr all purposes1931
1930
1929
Peanuts lbs Harv for nuts1931
1930
1929
Cowpeas bus except hay1931
1930
1929
Soybeans bus except hay1931
1930
1929
Apples bus 1931
1930
1929
Peaches bus1931
1930
1929
Pears bus 1931
1930
1929
Pecans lbs 1931
1930
1929
Total above Crops1931 9389
1930 9109
1929 9123
TOTAL ALL CROPS1931 9558
1930 9453
19299461
3672
3432
3432
49
26
48
332
246
289
13
10
12
18
15
13
91
79
85
84
114
98
694
540
579
16
12
11
28
28
29
75
80
71
723
575
615
410
333
392
136
75
77
18
14
11
194 1395
197 1593
171 1343
180 619
183 707
159 596
100 36720
105 36036
120 41184
130 637
105 273
85 408
240 7968
205 5043
201 5809
85 110
65 65
60 72
68 1224
71 1065
68 884
50 4550
80 6320
93 7905
710 59640
917 104538
915 89670
54 377
61 330
53 304
61 976
62 744
65 715
100 2800
130 3640
165 4785
270 20250
400 32000
330 23430
660 477180
650 373750
650 399750
660 270600
650 216450
650 254800
95 1292
90 675
70 539
95 171
100 140
98 108
1500
1126
650
9134
5500
3700
204
155
155
8500
4400
4000
I 057
093
158
1150
2100
2800
46
86
88
90
135
155
46
74
80
97
162
189
95
135
140
65
75
80
068
103
187
991
1571
1613
43
70
90
50
60
75
6500
7000
15000
015
033
034
95
200
230
180
300
280
65
110
140
55
115
115
70
105
105
115
284
292
39758
74074
106097
7118
14847
16688
16891
30991
36242
573
369
632
3665
3732
4647
107
105
136
1163
1438
1238
2958
4740
6324
4056
10767
16768
3736
5184
4904
420
521
644
1400
2184
3589
1316
1908
3518
7158
12334
13592
1227
1350
1240
308
420
302
975
1239
910
5024
6325
4255
143
163
163
979
1250
1170
98975
173941
223059
101898
179422
228978
Value
Per
Acres
i 1156
1918
2827
207
384
445
460
903
1056
1169
1419
1317
1104
1517
1608
823
1050
1133
6460
9585
9520
3251
6000
7440
4829
9445
17110
538
960
847
2625
4342
5855
5000
7800
12376
1755
2385
4955
990
2145
2210
902
1800
1610
1711
3000
2745
1 From official cotton report as of December 1 2 All types included 3 385000 in 1931 308000 acres in 1930 and 350
000 acres in 1929 Included under all peanuts and deducted from total crops 4 Included 4740000 melons estimated not
harvested in 1930 Including acres planted in corn reduced to equivalent solid acres as well as acres grown alone In
cluding acreage grazed or otherwise utilized as well as that gathered Greater than and including commercial crop
102GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
DIAGRAMS SHOWING ACREAGE AND VALUES OF GEORGIA CROPS FOR YEAR 1931
No 1
Acreage of 1931 crops in per cent of
total crop acreage
No 2
Value of 1931 crops in per cent of
total crop value
Not including 385000 acres peanuts from which hay was saved

31
103GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES
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104GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES

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114a map of the Georgia State Highway System specially prepared by the State Highway Department for thi
edition of Georgia and Her Resource showing the approximate status of the system
as it will be on January 1 1933

UNIVERSITY Of GEOHQIA jjlggMjj
3 2106 05424 31bD
DATE DUI
DEMCO 38297