JJ ERSf N CAROLINAGeorgias BiCentennial HAVING been founded by General Ogletborpe at Yamacraw Bluff near Savan nah on February 12 1733 the State of Georgia is approaching her twohun dredth birthday and during 1933 will celebrate that great and historic event with appropriate events and ceremonies now in process of being organized as this edition of Georgia and Her Resources goes to press Georgia was the thirteenth of the Original Colonies of the United States and the successful establishment of the Colony determined that North America should be an Englishspeaking AngloSaxon country rather than a Spanishspeaking Latin coun try Hence the celebration of her twohundredth anniversary is an event of more than local interest to Georgians alone but assumes a National and worldwide sig nificance Plans for the celebration of Georgias BiCentennial are in the hands of a Commis sion created by the Legislature and appointed by the Governor composed of the following distinguished Georgians P A Stovall Savannah Willis A Sutton Atlanta James H Boykin Lincoln ton Professor John Drewry Athens Dr Lawton B Evans Augusta Dr Lucian Lamar Knight Saint Simons Mrs Julian C Lane Statesboro Miss Moina Michael Athens Gordon Saussy Savannah Jack Williams Way cross Emmett Williams Monroe T G Wool ford Atlanta The celebration will commence on February 12 1933 to be designated as Foun ders Day and run through Thanksgiving Day 1933 It is planned to organize a worthy appropriate and beneficial celebration throughout the State calculated to interest all people of Georgia residence or ancestry to recall to public mind the contributions of Georgians during two centuries of constructive upbuilding in their State and Nation and to enlist the active cooperation of all communities civic and patriotic bodies educational and religious forces Each community will be invited to arrange its own celebration with special ref erence to its own historical events and places of interest the dates of all these to be coordinated so as to avoid conflicts Numerous events of Statewide import will be arranged The United States Government and the Government of England the mother country will be invited to participate in a notable manner as also the French and possibly other foreign Governments All nativeborn Georgians now residing in other States of the Union or in other countries and all citizens outside of Georgia who are descended from Georgia an cestry will be invited to visit Georgia during 1933 as special honor guests in a mam moth series of homecoming celebrations In addition to these the people of Amer ica m general will be urged to spend their vacation seasons in Georgia during 1933 It is expected that one to two million visitors will come to the State during the BiCentennial thereby stimulating tremendous interest throughout the Nation in Georgias resources advantages and opportunities that the general scope and char acter of the celebration will give it high rank among similar events in the entire his tory of the country and that Georgians themselves will derive a great and lasting inspiration in regard to their State The front cover is a reproduction of a magnificent pictorial map of Georgia painted in colors by J Woodley Gosling of the art staff of General Electric Company It is one of the finest pictorial representations ever made of any State containing near ly 100 different scenes each photographic in its accuracy Running through the State from Tennessee to Florida is a white line illustrating the project put forward by the Georgia State Automobile Association to light the Dixie Highway U S Route 41 in honor of Georgias twohundredth anniversary QUARTERLY BULLETIN OF THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SERIAL NUMBER 121 AUGUST 1932 TnniQSn Atantav Geo8ia as secondclass matter October 7 1900 under Act of Section 1 Art7ndfam8 ata special rate o postaKe provided for in Section 1103 Act of October 3 1917 authorized on June 29 1918GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES Year Book of The Empire State of The South 1932 Issued by STATE DEPARTMENT of AGRICULTURE EUGENE TALMADGE Commissioner State Capitol Atlanta Compiled and Edited by Rogers Winter INTRODUCTION By Eugene Talmadge Commissioner of Agriculture S this edition of Georgia and Her Resources goes to press the State of Georgia is approaching her TwoHundredth Anniversary The thirteenth of the original colonies of America Georgia was founded General James Edward Ogle thorpe at Savannah on Feb ruary 12 1733 Georgias Bicentennial will be appropriately celebrated during a period of several months in 1933 and a very important feature will be a great homecoming to Geor gia of native sons and daughters and their de scendants who have gone out from Georgia to other states of the Union and to foreign countries Two misconceptions are very common in connection with GeorB gia history One is that Georgia was founded primarily as a colony to pro vide a refuge for oppressed debtors and the other is that Georgias history commenced when General Oglethorpe and his colony landed on Yamacraw Bluff In point of fact the found ing of Georgia was a calculated military enter prise on the part of England to block the ad vancement of Spanish colonies in a northerly di rection from Florida along the South Atlantic Seaboard and in this General Oglethorpe was eminently successful Moreover for nearly 200 years prior to the landing of General Oglethorpe Georgia had a history peculiarly rich in romance and military exploitation The purpose of Georgia and Her Resources is to give Georgians a better understanding as well as a more lively appreciation of the great resources and the wonderfully fascinating his tory of their State and also to afford people outside of Georgia a com pendium of information that may be useful to them in planning a visit to or a permanent loca tion in this State The first edition of this pub lication was issued in 1928 during my first term as Commissioner of Agricul ture The entire edition was quickly absorbed as was also the second edition published in 1930 We ex pect the present edition to Wbe exhausted within a short jPume inasmuch as our appro priation does not permit us to publish a sufficient number of copies to supply the demand We will undertake to supply one copy to each classroom in public and private schools upon request but cannot supply them generally to school pupils Georgia is preeminently an agricultural State and its fortunes in the future as in the past de pend upon the men and women on the farms This work is therefore dedicated to them and to their work which has made this book possible It is also dedicated to an earnest effort to bring about necessary changes which will make living conditions on the farms not only tolerable but desirable and to restore happiness and content ment and ownership of the land to the people who live on itHBV THE 13th COLONY North Americas Future Destiny Shaped by Georgia AS pointed out by Commissioner Talmadge in his introduction to this edition of Georgia and Her Resources two misconceptions are very general in regard to Georgia which in 1933 will celebrate her two hundredth anniversary One is that Georgia was founded primarily as a refuge for persons imprisoned in England for debt This erroneous theory has been completely disproven by Mr J Randolph Anderson an eminent lawyer and historian of Savannah in his profound treatise The Genesis of Georgia wherein he demonstrates con clusively that the founding of the colony of Georgia under General James Edward Oglethorpe was in no sense philanthropic but was a deliberate calculated military enterprise having for its purpose the check mating of Spains growing power on the North Ameri can continent Limitations of space preclude a general synopsis of Mr Andersons fascinating and highly val uable work but the following quotation affords an in dex A true understanding of the early history of Geor gia and a proper comprehension of the causes leading up to its settlement by the English under Oglethorpe at Savannah in 1733 cannot be had unless it is clearly realized at the outset that the chief and controlling object and purpose for the founding of the colony was a military one The imagination of some historians captivated by certain philanthropic expressions in the charter of the colony and by Oglethorpes efforts in Parliament to ameliorate the condition of imprisoned debtors has led them to describe him as a Paladin of Philanthropy and to speak of the colony as if it was in some sort designed as an asylum for the idle the thriftless and the in competent Nothing could be further from the fact than such an idea Colonies for the exercise of benevolence were un known to the statesmanship of that or any other age but colonies for military purposes were as old as civili zation itself Oglethorpe himself was a soldier and a statesman before he was a philanthropist and his in tense activities during the ten years he spent in Geor gia were practically all along military lines or to ac complish military ends and advantages When he brought his colony to these shores he knew they were not entering into any unexplored Eden where he and they might erect a Utopia away from strife and toil They were going and he knew they were going into a debatable land which contesting powers had been claim ing and fighting over for more than a century and a half and which the Colony of South Carolina had been unable to successfully maintain and protect and which his colony was now intended to seize and hold for Great Britain Every Colonist Was a Soldier In preparation for what lay before the emigrants the Trustees of the Colony subjected each applicant to a careful investigation No one was accepted who was not by competent authority found worthy to be granted the rights of citizenship in the new colony AH approved applicants were then drilled in arms each day by sergeants of the Royal Guards until the time came for the embarkation The rules of the colony required land tenures to be held in Tail Male and on military service The introduction of rum and slaves was for bidden as lessening the defensibility of the colony It was the only military colony ever sent out from Great Britain and it was the only one of the thirteen original colonies in America to receive direct aid from the Brit ish Government The reasons for engrafting all these military fea tures upon the colony become very apparent when we consider the previous history of the region of which the colony was intended to take possession The estab lishment of this colony marked the latest move in a worldwide struggle of diplomacy and war which since the end of the fifteenth century had been in progress between Spain England and France for world suprem acy and in which England was now beginning to de velop as the successful contestant On February 12 1733 General Oglethorpe landed with 116 colonists on Yamacraw Bluff near the mouth of the Savannah river On February 20 they started building their first house Being an accomplished dip lomat as well as a military genius and empire builder Oglethorpe promptly made treaties with the Indians and throughout his sojourn in the colony maintained a policy of friendship toward them dealing fairly with them and enlisting them as allies in his military expe ditions While the statesmen and courtiers of Spain were guffawing at what they misconstrued to be Ogle thorpes wild scheme of founding a refuge for oppressed debtors Oglethorpe was systematically and by prodigi ous exertions laying the foundation for accomplishing the real purpose of the colonywhich was to block the Spanish advance from Florida In less than ten years Oglethorpe had laid out the City of Savannah which stands today as a marvel of beauty foresight and scien tific planning had erected Fort Frederica on Saint Simons Island a great fortification built of tabby a mixture of oyster shells burned oyster shells sand and 4A great textile city of Georgia and a famous Georgia seaport At the top is an aerial view of LaGrange show ing the artistic layout of the city famous for its beautiful homes and cultured people also its progressive tex tile industries Below is Brunswick and Marshes of Glynn in background 5nMA wmmmmmr GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES water resembling modern concrete had stationed out posts on Jekyll and Cumberland Islands south of Saint Simons had raised a regiment of crack soldiers in Eng land and brought them over had recruited his forces with Scotch Highlanders and had enlisted Indian war riors as allies Then the Spanish awoke to a realiza tion that this Colony of Georgia was no visionary expe dition by an impractical philanthropist but a grim and deadly menace to the conquests and power of Spain on the North American continent Oglethorpe Must Be Destroyed Accordingly a Spanish decree went forth that Ogle thorpe should be destroyed and the Colony of Georgia wiped from the map Pursuant thereto the Spanish Governor of Cuba dispatched an expedition under Mon teano then Governor of Saint Augustine Florida con sisting of fiftyone warships and 5000 men Monteanos instructions were specific and typical I regard as indispensable the invasion before any thing else is attempted of the Island of Saint Simons This first step having been successfully taken you will proceed northward by interior channels devastating laying waste sacking and burning whatever settle ments plantations and towns there may be as far north as Port Royal South Carolina inclusive razing its fort and taking possession of the entire country With a far inferior force Oglethorpe met the Span ish on July 7 1742 in a marsh near Fort Frederica on Saint Simons Island and there fought successfully a battle conceded by discriminating historians to have been among the most momentous in the history of the worldthe Battle of Bloody Marsh Practically every Spaniard under Monteano was either killed wounded or captured Thereafter Spain abandoned any further invasion of the Colony of Georgia and from that battle commenced the decline of Spanish power in North America That battle decided that the language of North America should be the English language and that the government and civilization of North America should be AngloSaxon Thomas Carlyle said of the Battle of Bloody Marsh Half the world was hidden in embryo under itthe incalculable Yankee Nation itself the greatest phe nomenon of these ages This too little as careless readers on either side of the sea now know it lay in volved Shall there be a Yankee Nation Shall the New World be Spanish or shall it be English The land where the Battle of Bloody Marsh was fought is now the property of Mrs Maxfield Parrish wife of the famous painter who spends her winters there in a beautiful home Thus it is clear that the founding of Georgia was a philanthropic enterprise only to the extent that Ogle thorpe employed that pretext to mislead and deceive the government of Spain The second very general misconception regarding Georgia history is that her history did not begin until Oglethorpe landed at Yamacraw Bluff In point of fact Georgia had passed through before that historic and momentous landing almost two hundred years of his tory as glamorous and romantic as any territory on the Western Hemisphere This has been termed the Span ish Era of Georgia history It is charmingly set forth in another chapter herein written by Dolores B Col quitt Georgia Expands and Flourishes Within about a year following the Battle of Bloody Marsh General Oglethorpe returned to Englandhis great mission finished His original tiny colony which he had landed at Yamacraw Bluff was expanding and multiplying Pioneers were pushing northward along the Savannah river clearing up plantations and estab lishing settlements and towns The Saulsburgers from Germany religious refugees had planted a splendid settlement on the Savannah river in what is now Effing ham County immediately north of Chatham County in which the City of Savannah is situated Several English officers of Oglethorpes army were granted magnificent tracts of land on the Sea Islands fringing the Georgia coast and there they established the foun dation of what was for a century the richest and most cultured agricultural community that ever flourished in North America In the year 1752 the original Trustees of the Colony of Georgia private citizens of England surrendered their charter to the English Crown and Georgia then became formally and politically a British Colony John Reynolds was appointed the first Governor The boundaries of Georgia at that time extended from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Mississippi River on the west and from the present northern boundary to the present southern boundary of the State approxi mately Subsequently the States of Alabama and Mis sissippi were created out of original Georgia territory under a cession of territory by Georgia to the United States Government in 1802 so that they might be re ferred to as Daughters of Georgia During the approximate quartercentury following the transfer of Georgias charter to the English Crown the Colony continued to grow and prosper and flourish More and more plantations were opened along the Savannah River and its western tributaries agriculture and horticulture advanced rapidly and with marvelous scientific aspects along the islands fringing the coast Negro slaves were brought in their labor to be em ployed in developing vast plantations of indigo rice and cotton also to be employed in the erection of mag nificent Colonial mansions and public works of many different kinds On July 4 1776 the Colony of Georgia was repre sented in that momentous assembly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia by three stalwart patriots Lyman Hall George Walton and Button Gwinnett They signed their names to the Declaration of American In dependence on behalf of the people of the Colony of Georgia Two years later in 1778 Savannah was cap tured by the British and during the major period of the Revolutionary War Georgia remained in British hands However one of the last and most decisive American victories culminating finally in American independence at Yorktown was won by General Wayne on Georgia soil near the City of Savannah Highlights of Georgia History No attempt is here intended to present the history of 6 U jUMt CTpper eft a splendid type of the venerable and classic antebellum homes tobeeenjil onrGgrp Upper right the famous Bok Singing Tower in Florida built of Georgia marble Below the ggtic oak under which John Wesley preached is said 4000 people can stand under its branchesVH GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES Georgia even in outline since this book is not offered as a historical publication But space limitations do permit a brief summary of some outstanding high lights of Georgia history and some points of distinction of which her people are proud Delegates from Georgia counties in convention as sembled ratified the Constitution of the United States in 1788 after which settlers poured into the State from South and North Carolina Virginia and other States to the north a great many coming with Revolutionary land grants Georgia played her part with honor and distinction in the War of 1812 and the Mexican War She gave her blood and treasure down to the dregs of impover ishment in the War Between the States in support of the cause of the Southern Confederacy Ninetyfour regiments and thirtysix battalions representing all arms of the Confederate service went out from Geor gia in that great and tragic conflict It was finally the triumphant destructive march of General William Tecumseh Sherman through Georgia from the moun tains to the sea laying waste a territory fifty miles in width that broke the backbone of the Confederacy and brought to an end the conflict of the sixties Indians enslaved by Spanish explorers along the Georgia coast built the great fortifications of Saint Augustine Florida and Havana Cuba Spanish missions were built along the Golden Isles of Georgia almost two centuries before the first Span ish mission was built in California Brother Domingo Augustin a Spanish priest of the Jesuit order who landed on Saint Catherine Island in 1568 wrote the first book ever written on North Amer ican soil and translated the language of the Indian aborigines Practically all tropical and semitrophical fruits now grown in North Americaincluding oranges lemons peaches melons olives etcwere first cultivated by Spanish priests in the gardens surrounding their mis sions along the Golden Isles of Georgia The largest strongest and costliest British fortifica tion ever erected on American soil was Fort Frederica built by General Oglethorpe on Saint Simons Island A woman Mary Musgrove played a determining part in the successful founding of the Colony of Georgia She was onehalf Indian and onehalf white She was implicitly trusted and constantly employed by Ogle thorpe as an interpreter and intermediary in his deal ings with the Indians Methodism obtained its first foothold on Georgia soil through the eloquent preaching and indefatigable labors of John and Charles Wesley and George Whit field Cotton Gin Invented in Georgia The cotton gin was invented in Georgia in 1794 by Eli Whitney thereby completely revolutionizing the agriculture of what is now generally designated as The South Longstreet a Georgian propelled a boat by steam on the Savannah river seventeen years before Robert Ful tons Clermont clove the waters of the Hudson River in New York The first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean was the Savannah propelled by sail and steam which em barked from Savannah in 1819 carrying cotton and other cargo to Liverpool The first passenger train in the world is said to have been operated from Charleston S C to Augusta Ga The first Protestant Sunday School and the first or phanage in America were founded at Savannah The first chartered State University in the United States is the University of Georgia The first chartered womans college in the world is Wesleyan College at Macon Ga The first commercial gold mining operations in the United States were carried on at Dahlonega in the mountains of northeast Georgia where the Government established a mint and which claims the distinction of being the third oldest incorporated municipality in the State What is claimed to be the first golf course in Amer ica was laid out by Scotch Highlanders at Darien and the man universally accepted as the greatest golfer of all time is a Georgian RobertTyre Jones Jr The Girl Scout movement was inaugurated in Savan nah by a Georgia woman Confederate Memorial Day was conceived and in augurated by a Georgia woman at Columbus The first woman to become a member of the United States Senate was a Georgian the late Mrs Rebecca Latimer Felton The first flag of Texas was designed and fashioned by a Georgia woman The first time in medical history when an anesthetic was used in a surgical operation was by a Georgia phy sician Dr Crawford W Long whose marble statue as one of Georgias two representatives now stands in the National Capitol in Washington The first alphabet of an Indian language was per fected by Sequoyah a Cherokee chieftain of north Georgia considered one of the outstanding scholastic attainments of history Launcelot Johnson a Georgian discovered the proc ess of manufacturing oil from cotton seed thereby lay ing the foundation of the gigantic cotton seed oil in dustry The first machine for making artificial ice was per fected in Columbus Ga and patented in 1844 likewise the process of preserving fresh fruit by the dry ice method was perfected in Georgia Stone Mountain a Worlds Wonder The largest body of exposed granite in the world is Stone Mountain seven miles around the base almost a thousand feet high upon which has been started and ultimately will be finished what is conceded to be the supreme monument of all the earth a colossal sculpture in living granite in memory of the soldiers and com manders of the Southern Confederacy Georgia in area is the largest State east of the Mis sissippi river and of a total of nine climatic zones into which the United States is divided Georgia possesses eight Upon Georgia soil were born such men as Archibald 8 Top the busy water front at Savannah Left center turpentine shipping yards at Brunswick Georgia leads the Union in naval stores production Right center aerial view of great Chicopee Mills near Gainesville Below aerial view of wharves and docks at Savannah 9GOLDEN EMPIRE Georgia Could Flourish if Isolated from the World THROUGHOUT the length and breadth of the United States Georgia is known as The Empire State of the South Her sobriquet is well de served and fittingly bestowed It is based upon fact and not upon fancy Many competent authorities have made the statement that if a Chinese Wall were built around her borders Georgia notwithstanding would live and prosper flourish and educate even though shut off from the balance of the world because she possesses within her domain every product needed for sustaining clothing housing transporting and elevating a vast and progres sive community Of course no State would wish to live unto itself alone least of all would Georgia whose people are hospitable and social to the marrow of their bones by inheritance and tradition But the fact remains that the extent to which a State could sustain itself in case of necessity relying exclusively upon its own re sources materials and products is in the last analysis the most accurate measure of its strength and power Georgias strength and power were demonstrated nearly seventy years ago in the War Between the States Not until General Sherman had marched through Georgia from Chickamauga to Savannah laying waste a territory fifty miles wide and paralyzing Geor gias transportation system was the Union able to sub due and bring to terms the Southern Confederacy Sherman described Georgia as the sustenance center of the Confederacy When he set out to destroy that center he left nothing intact within reach of his army His military acumen was proven by the fact that after his invasion the Confederacy soon collapsed Georgia in area is the largest State east of the Mis sissippi river Out of nine climatic zones into which the United States is divided Georgia has eight Out of all varieties of soil in which the United States abounds Georgia is endowed with by far the widest scope and range of any State in the Union Broadly speaking Georgias topography is divided into three distinct and different sections The north ern section is mountainous and rugged rising to a maximum height of 5000 feet this being the southern most foothold of the Appalachian Range The northern section is highly fertile and productive in the valleys but in the main is cloaked in forests several hundred thousand acres of which have been acquired by the United States Government and set aside as Forest Re serves Streams falling down the southern slopes of the mountains afford immense water power enough al ready developed and harnessed to supply the States im mediate needs and the balance being in process of de velopment as the growth of manufacturing and general public use of electricity require No section of our country lying east of the Mississippi river surpasses North Georgia in scenic grandeur and recreational at tractions Rich and Beautiful Piedmont Middle Georgia or the Piedmont section consists of rolling and beautiful hills innumerable streams fertile soils plantations cultivated a hundred years and more flourishing towns and cities historic landmarks and tra ditions on every hand immense industries and mineral deposits beyond calculation Below Middle Georgia lies the Coastal Plain of the State an enormous and fascinating territory constitut Concluded from Page Eight Bulloch grandfather of Theodore Roosevelt William H Crawford statesman and diplomat Sidney Lanier poet patriot and soldier Alexander Hamilton Steph ens colleague and intimate of Abraham Lincoln when they served together before the war in the American House of Representatives Stephens afterward to be come VicePresident of the Confederate States of America Joel Chandler Harris whose inimitable Negro folk stories under the nomdeplume of Uncle Remus are known around the world Benjamin Harvey Hill lionhearted leader in the reestablishment of white su premacy in Georgia and the South during the frightful era of Reconstruction Henry Woodfin Grady the fore most editor and orator the South has yet produced whose vision and eloquence perhaps accomplished more toward healing the wounds and extinguishing the re sentments of the War Between the States than all other influences down to the date of his untimely death John Howard Payne who wrote Home Sweet Home was a frequent visitor to Georgia the original manuscript of his immortal song was found among the possessions of his Georgia sweetheart Miss Mary Har din of Athens after her death The final curtain of that fratricidal tragedy The War Between the States was rung down in Georgia when Jefferson Davis was arrested in Irwin county by a troop of Federal Cavalry Woodrow Wilson lived the major portion of his boy hood in Georgia and was admitted to the bar in Atlanta The foregoing are but a few of the abounding high lights and points of distinction in Georgia history which make Georgians proud of the heritage their State has handed down to them and to their posterity 10Neither Switzerland nor Killarney whose lakes are worldrenowned can hold out more beauty and fascination than the hydroelectric lakes in Northeast Georgia say travelers who have roamed the earth Above an aerial view of Lakemont Below an aerial view of Tallulah Lake 11GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES ing threefifths of the total area of Georgia This re gion when arrived at by automobile or train becomes at once perceptible The terrain drops from the rolling hills of the Piedmont section to an almost level prairie The nature of the soil undergoes immediate change Streams cease their rushing foaming impatience and settle down to a slow placid progress toward the sea Even the color of their waters abruptly differs from muddy in the lower part of North Georgia chocolate in Middle Georgia now to dark walnut or crystal clear Complete transformation comes over the landscape In place of wild mountains cloaked in forests in the northern tier of Georgia in place of rolling hills and fertile valleys in Middle Georgia the traveler now ar rives upon a flat countryso vast so flat so picturesque and utterly different from what he saw before that his imagination is dazzled by the variety and wonder of this Empire State In place of laboriously erected farm terraces follow ing the sinuosities of hillsides to hold the soil intact he now beholds plantations as level as a floor He be holds rows of cotton or corn or peanuts or velvet beans or sweet potatoes or tobacco or peaches or pe cans reaching away into the distance until they merge together in remote perspective In place of picturesque farm houses perched upon the slopes of picturesque hills he now beholds farm houses equally picturesque and alluring set not upon slopes but upon a dead level surrounded by live oaks draped in the mysterious and beautiful moss of the Coastal Plain In place of the wells where water was drawn with windlass and bucket in the two upper sections of the State he now beholds artesian water flowing out of the ground by its own momentum through underground channels coursing their way from the mountains to the sea In place of vast forests of hardwood in the mountains in place of the promiscuous growth of timber in the Piedmont section his vision is now contrasted and en raptured by apparently unending stretches of South Georgia pines weaving back and forth and forever sighing beneath the breezes that journey hither from the approaching ocean Georgias People Real Americans Georgias people are 99 per cent Americanborn Twothirds of the people are white preponderantly descended from AngloSaxon pioneer ancestors The mountain people of North Georgia are the purest breed of AngloSaxons in the United States Onethird of the people of Georgia are Negroes descended from African slaves Georgias white people and Georgias colored people understand each other and get along together exceedingly well No white man in Georgia would begrudge a colored man of an opportunity to better himself by work by thrift and by lawabiding citizenship Georgias people speak no polyglot of languages Their language is English the mother tongue Hospi tality and sociability are ingrained in their nature They are homeloving and churchgoing They believe intensely m education and tax and deny themselves to the limit of their resources to give their children in creasingly better and broader educational advantages They are proud of the fact that the University of Geor gia was the first chartered State University in the United States The support and improvement of the common school system is invariably the first and fore most concern of their Legislature every time it as sembles Georgias climate as remarked above is probably the most diversified of any State in the UnionGeorgia having eight of the nine climatic zones into which the United States is divided The average annual tempera ture for the State as a whole is 636 degrees The aver age temperature of the four coldest months December January February and March is only 49 degrees The average annual rainfall is 4976 inches Heat prostra tions are almost unknown in Georgia Severe winter freezes are few and far between Out of the total days of the year 365 Weather Bureau statistics show that an average of 274 days a year in Georgia are sunshine days South Georgia enjoys an average of 250 frostfree days a year which enables farmers in that section to produce a money crop a month during nine months of the year Georgias health ranks high with the health of the Nation as a whole Her splendid climate unlimited supply of pure water availability and cheapness of a diversified food supply advanced laws on health sani tation food inspection etc all contribute to make Georgia s death rate the lowest of any State east of the Mississippi river and lower than the average of the United States Georgias recreational attractions are almost unlim ited Her mountain section abounds in scenic gran deur unsurpassed in the eastern half of the United States It is dotted with lakes created by hydroelectric development which constitute a veritable paradise for fishermen and vacationists Vast areas of mountain for ests owned by the Federal Government as Forest Re serves are open to campers under moderate restrictions hun Y n a fCW yCarS Wi Pened for fishing and Great Recreational Developments In the heart of the North Georgia mountains Colonel bam Tate owner and developer of the worldrenowned Tate marble quarries has launched an immense resort and playground colony known as Tate Mountain Es tates Within two hours of Atlanta by automobile it offers a wide variety of attractions such as a modern hotel a fine golf course a lake supplied by mountain streams for fishing and bathing miles of bridle paths and a stable of horses summer cottage sites and manv other features Middle Georgia has a resort of health and pleasure which in recent years has become famous throughout the country and the world Warm Springs an ancient spa m Menwether county seventy miles southwest of Atlanta was discovered a few years ago by Franklin IX Roosevelt as a place of wonderful curative properties for infantile paralysis Mr Roosevelt and associates 12Above the magnificent glassenclosed pool at Warm Springs Foundation donated by Edsel Ford Below Franklin D Roosevelt who established and developed this great benevolent institution a parttime citizen of Georgia who is admired and beloved by all Georgia people 13 fWLiintiil HHB GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES bought the place acquired thousands of acres of pic turesque territory surrounding it erected new and modern bath houses renovated the hotel built a mag nificent golf course established a medical clinic and now hundreds of victims of infantile paralysis both adults and children are regaining muscular activity at this unique and benevolent establishment South Georgia affords a variety of hunting and fish ing surpassed by few sections of the United States For those who love quail shooting it is veritably a land of dreams Men of wealth all over the eastern half of the United States seeking opportunity to satisfy their fancy for this wonderful sport have acquired and de veloped shooting preserves throughout South Georgia The streams and lakes of this section are teeming with fish Fox and squirrel abound in the swamps and forests bordering South Georgia streams Along the Georgia coast deer bear and duck are abundant and are regu larly hunted under strict shooting limitations Barron G Collier of New York some years ago pur chased near Albany in southwest Georgia a marvelous phenomenon of Nature known then as Blue Springs It is a subterranean river gushing out of the ground through a prehistoric petroleum gas eruption Its wa ters are as blue as water in midocean and icy cold even in midsummer Mr Collier acquired several thousand acres surrounding the springs built a golf course among the finest in America erected a magnificent casino and rechnstened the place Radium Springs on account of the discovery of a high degree of radioactivity in the waters of the subterranean river Howard E Coffin another adopted citizen of Georgia some years ago was attracted to the Golden Isles along the seacoast He at first purchased Sapelo Island rehabilitated the magnificent plantation which flour ished there a century ago restored the old colonial mansion in the midst of the plantation then reached out and acquired and developed and stocked a vast hunting preserve on the mainland afterwards erected a splendid hotel The Cloister and promoted the de velopment of a great colony of beach cottages on Saint bimons Island Many Famous Golf Courses In addition to those mentioned above Georgia boasts many other golf courses which have been played over many times and praised in highest terms by the fore most golfers of the world Atlanta has the worldre nowned East Lake course where Bobby Jones com menced playing golf as a child Augusta has three famous courses Savannah offers a wonderful sand dune course and one of the most seasoned courses in the State antedating most all others is at Thomasville Beach resorts abound along Georgias seacoast Tybee Island at Savannah connected with the mainland by a paved highway has for generations been a mecca for summer vacationists throughout the Southeast On hSSl l3 JUSt off from Darien is er fine beach The bathing on Saint Simons is equal to any on the entire Atlantic seaboard and h J been lately brought into great prominence and popularity through the activities of Howard E Coffin B Georgias winter hotels and homes at Augusta Sa vannah Jekyll Island Saint Simons Island Thomas ville and numerous other places in South Georgia have for half a century been gathering places of hundreds of parttime Georgians who come here from the North to escape the rigors of that climate and to rest recre ate hunt fish golf ride and motor in South Georgias marvelous winter climate Georgias Magnificent Transportation Georgias transportation system is unique and com manding in the entire Southeast because of Georgias geographical location The great Appalachian moun tain range heading up in Pennsylvania runs south on a parallel with the Atlantic seaboard and subsides in North Georgia This range interposes a natural barrier between the seaboard and the Mississippi valley The point at which railroads can get around the barrier to ward the west and get around it toward the east is a point in Georgiaoriginally a wilderness in the prim itive forests now the City of Atlanta transportation and distribution headquarters of the entire Southeast Fortyeight steam railroads traverse Georgia with a total mileage of 7049 Ten trunk line railroads travers ing or terminating in Georgia draw into and through Georgia a vast arterial circulation of commerce that permeates every part of the United States lying east of the Mississippi river A straight line drawn from New York to New Ordeans and a straight line drawn Irom Chicago to Miami cross each other in Georgia lhat fact explains Georgias strategic importance from a transportation standpoint Georgias four ports are meeting points of water borne commerce and landborne commerce They are Savannah Darien Brunswick and Saint Marys Into them flows a vast amount of manufactured products from the East to be distributed from them by rail to the entire Southeast Out of them flows a vast amount of raw and manufactured products of the Southeast and the Middle West to be taken up at these ports and transported by sea to the markets of the world Georgias railroad system is supplemented by a State Highway system rapidly coming forward to a position of front rank in the Southeastern territory At the pres ent time no State in this section has a highway system superior to Georgias exeept North Carolina Georgias State Highways are being built on the PayasYouGo plan without a bond issue Georgias products of the field the forest the mine and the factory aggregate in the neighborhood of two billion dollars a year Georgia produces probably a greater variety of agricultural crops than any State in the Union The resources of her mines are beyond cal culation Her industry has leaped forward with prodig ious strides in the last ten years ene is clear why Georgia should be known as The Empire State of the South She is in resources and in reality a great empire A golden empire A joy ous State in which to live A State of unfolding and unlimited opportunities in which to locate Her gates stand open She holds out a hospitable and gracious welcome to all who come to visit and all who come to live 14 A selected group of charming scenes at Radium Springs near Albany developed by Barron G Collier The springs consist of a tremendous skyblue subterranean stream rushing forth at the foot of a bluff whence it flows beneath majestic live oaks to join the Flint River 15 FARM PRODUCTS Enormous Scope and Variety of Crops in Georgia ALTHOUGH Georgia is best known to the outside LX world from an agricultural standpoint as a cot X A ton State in point of fact cotton constitutes less than onethird of the total value of her agricultural production Few people outside of Georgia have any conception of the enormous scope and variety of her agricultural resources and products With eight of the nine cli matic zones into which the United States is divided and with a greater variety of soil than any other State Georgias agricultural production is probably the most diversified of any State in the Union Cotton of course remains today as it has always been Georgias leading and most valuable single prod uct of the farm but Georgia has long since ceased to be a onecrop State While it is true that Georgia still consumes more than she produces it is also true that Georgia farmers as a class are steadily advancing to ward the point where they will feed themselves not only but also feed the urban population of their State and have their cotton as a surplus money crop To illustrate the diversity of Georgias agriculture this State leads the Union in production of water melons in production of sweet potatoes in production of peanuts and in production of paper shell pecans Georgia leads the South in production of peaches Georgia is surpassed by only one other State in the pro duction of cane syrup Another interesting fact is that Georgias production of poultry and eggs is now almost onethird of the value of her cotton production And still another fact not generally realized is that Georgia is the birthplace of the white mans agriculture on the North American Continent The first white colony planted in North America was by the Spanish at Saint Augustine Florida There they laid out the first fortification and the first city on this continent From Saint Augustine the Spanish explor ers pushed their way northward along the Atlantic sea board to the Golden Isles fringing the Georgia coast And on those islands they established Spanish mis sions nearly two centuries prior to the famous Spanish missions of California and around those missions the priests with Indian labor laid out and cultivated fields and orchards half a century prior to the landing at jajiiestown of the first Englishspeaking colony of the Western Hemisphere and threequarters of a century ahead of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock Thus it is historically a fact that the birthplace of agriculture in North America was on Georgia soil In the summer of 1931 the National Editorial As sociation held its annual convention in Georgia as guests of the Georgia Press Association Business ses sions were held in Atlanta after which the editors were taken by train and automobile upon a comprehensive tour of the State from the mountains to the sea Californian Marvels at Georgia At the close of the tour a California editor said to a Georgia editor I must confess my ignorance When you inivted us to meet in Georgia in midsummer I thought it would be foolish to accept your invitation I thought of Geor gia as a low flat somewhat swampridden miasmic place unbearably hot in midsummer When you spoke of your mountains I thought you were speaking of in significant hills This tour of your State has been a revelation Have you got mountains I say you have Have you got a climate pleasant in midsummer I say you have Have you got soil and diversity of farm products and industry Well the best I can say is that you apparently have everything that we have in California possibly excepting citrus fruits and on top of that you have so many other things that I am simply bewildered when I think about them Why the other day in Middle Georgia I stopped the car in which I was being driven through a marvelous agricultural par adise and sitting there on the front seatwith the car at a standstill I looked around me and saw in the fields such a variety of crops as I had never imagined upon a single landscape I saw cotton corn velvet beans peas peanuts sweet potatoes Irish potatoes water melons sorghum cane wheat peaches pecans hogs and cows and poultry and pigeons not to mention a variety of vegetables in farm house gardens I now understand why Georgia is called The Empire State of the South I now understand why you Georgia people say so proudly Its great to be a Georgian Cotton has been the leading agricultural crop in Georgia since Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in Georgia in 1793 That invention completely revolu tionized the agriculture not only of Georgia but of the entire South Cotton production reached its peak in Georgia with a crop of 2768000 bales in 1911 then began to drop off with the advent of diversified farm ing and reached a low mark of 588000 bales in 1923 on account of the ravages of the boll weevil As Geor gia farmers with scientific assistance from their De partment of Agriculture State College of Agriculture and other agencies became proficient in combating this destructive insect cotton production started back on the upgrade and now is running around a million bales 16m a ch h lnH nf cotton On this page are typical scenes of the cottongrowing industry in ZTgifoWrft wAoe PT righta piccaninny takes his ease Left center the Georgia totes to the weigher then a picking and another warehouse scene 17GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES a year or better It is interesting to note in this con nection that Georgia cotton mills consume annually an amount of cotton about equal to the States annual pro duction Georgias corn crop ranks second in value to her cot ton The acreage planted in corn exceeds that in cot ton There is hardly a farm or garden in Georgia on which some corn is not planted every year It is uni versally used as a food both for human and livestock consumption as well as being the basis of ground mixed feed for poultry Corn and peanuts constitute the staple and almost exclusive diet of hogs raised in Georgia Work animals on farms are fed very largely on corn and fodder or a shredded mixture containing the corn the fodder and the stalk Georgia corn bread is almost as famous as Georgia barbecue Tobacco Holds Third Place Tobacco the miracle plant occupies third place in value among Georgia crops It is called by that name in Georgia because of its astoundingly rapid develop ment In the year 1911 Georgia produced about 350000 pounds In 1931 she produced more than 58000000 pounds The value of the crop in 1929 the last year when normal prices obtained for farm products was upwards of 16000000 The value of the crop in 1931 dropped much below that in common with the value of all farm products throughout the country Tobacco was introduced in Georgia as a substitute for cotton when the boll weevil marching eastward across the Cotton Belt began to devastate the cotton fields South Georgia soil and climate were found to be ideally suited to the growing of bright leaf tobacco used in cigarettes and the quality of Georgia to bacco almost immediately placed it in the very front rank Tobacco growers plant their crop in the spring from plants started in plant beds They give it in tensive cultivation cut it in early summer cure it in houses built for the purpose and take it to market around the first of August Great tobacco warehouses have been built in more than twenty South Georgia cities and towns To these markets come the tobacco buyers when the season opens and the growers meet them there bringing their crop and selling it to the highest bidders Fourth in value among Georgia farm crops is the meek and lowly peanut Georgia plants more acres in peanuts every year than any other State The value of the crop in 1929 was in excess of 13000000 and proportionately less in subsequent years with the general decline of commodity prices Peanuts are fed to hogs on a very extensive scale the hogs being turned into peanut fields to root them out of the ground Peanutfed hogs with a mixture of corn have been proven by scientific test and comparison to be the equal of hogs fed entirely upon corn and in some respects the flavor of the meat is more savory But the hogs do not consume the whole peanut crop by any means Millions of pounds of harvested peanuts are put upon the market to be utilized in a great variety of foods and oils In ad dition the peanut vines make an excellent hay Georgia sweet potatoes probably the most delicious in the world came into their own when millions of men gathered in the World War draft from all parts of the United States were trained for overseas service in Southern cantonments Georgia sweet potatoes were regularly on the diet list of the training camps The soldiers learned to like them as they never had before and spread their fame throughout the country As stated above Georgia leads the Union in sweet potato production the value of her crop in 1929 being in ex cess of 9000000 Oats and wheat are grown in large quantities throughout the State the annual sowage being around 600000 acres Oats are used mainly by the farmers as a feed for livestock They are planted in the fall and harvested in early summer although they can be planted as late as February if the fall planting should be killed off by winter freezes which does not happen often Georgia wheat is hardy and good and makes a fine quality of flour Some of it is used for home con sumption being ground at community mills and the balance goes into commercial production Georgia Peaches WorldFamous Georgia peaches are famous in every place where peaches are known The worlds finest varieties of peaches such as the celebrated Elberta the Georgia Belle and the Hiley Belle were developed in Georgia A county in the heart of the peach section which is in Middle Georgia around Macon was created from por tions of other counties a few years ago and named Peach County Under normal conditions and prices Georgias peach crop brings her annually a revenue of from three to four million dollars Georgia peaches are shipped in iced cars to markets throughout the ter ritory east of the Mississippi River In the last few years a process has been developed for quickly freez ing them fresh from the trees placing them in cold storage in cartons and serving them in midwinter as juicy and delicious as if picked within the hour No agricultural region in the United States not even the farfamed orange groves of Southern California is more beautiful than Georgias Peach Paradise When the orchards come into blossom in the early spring their beauty and fragrance surpass description Whoever has heard of a watermelon must also have heard of Georgia In fact the very word watermelon has come to be inseparably linked with the name of Georgia Her watermelon production exceeds any other State in the Union There is a combination of soil climate and rainfall in Middle and South Georgia that produces a watermelon of incomparable beauty richness and flavor Twenty thousand carloads and up wards of Georgia watermelons go out to the markets every summer Originally a small and not especially enticing nut growing wild like the hickory nut the pecan was de veloped in Georgia by scientific methods into the modern delicious incomparable paper shell No finer nut can be had in the world Its shell is so thin that two nuts held against each other in the hand can be cracked without a nut cracker It is filled with de licious meat having only a fragment of pulp easily separated from the meat which is rich in nourishment and natural oil Pecans converted into confections are a perfect candy Although pecan trees and occasional 18Georgias Miracle Crop bright leaf tobacco used in making cigarettes Top tobacco field with caring houses in the background Right center tobacco growers and tobacco buyers in a typical tobacco warehouse m South Georgia Below splendid closeup picture of tobacco Held 19 H GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES small orchards are to be found all over Georgia the commercial pecan industry centers in Southwest Geor gia around the flourishing and beautiful city of Albany known as the Pecan Capital of the World The trees are transplanted from nurseries and come into bearing in about five years During that period the ground between the trees can be profitably cultivated in any suitable crop Being a slowgrowth tree pecans do not lose their productivity and die off in early life but continue to grow and bear increasingly to a remarkable age as high as fifty years Growing of highgrade commercial apples requires a special combination of altitude soil and rainfall There are less than half a dozen sections having this combina tion in the United States One of them is in North Georgia where a million trees have been planted in commercial orchards in the past twenty years Prac tically the whole of the apple pack for commercial dis position is marketed through a cooperative organiza tion among the growers and the apples are graded and packed according to strict market standards The apple orchards of North Georgia especially in the mountains of Northeast Georgia are as picturesque and beautiful in their way as are the peach and pecan orchards of South Georgia although the topography of the two sec tions is totally different Georgia apples have held their own with the finest specimens of apples grown in the various banner apple regions of the United States from coast to coast repeatedly winning top prizes TruckGrowing Highly Profitable No line of farming in Georgia offers more attractive opportunities than the growing of truck Thousands of truck farmers adjacent to the cities have made them selves independent and welltodo by growing veget able berries etc which they deliver to their customers in small motor trucks Commercial truck growing in recent years has made remarkable progress One of the largest pimiento pepper producing areas in the country centers at Griffin with large canning plants located there and at Jackson and Woodbury In the area around Brunswick there has recently developed a very extensive commercial truck growing industry Among the truck crops extensively produced over the State in general are cantaloupes asparagus collards to matoes turnips and honey besides those mentioned above In recent years the dairy industry has come forward rapidly in Georgia until today there is hardly a county in the State without one or more herds of purebred cows Besides that the milkproducing capacity of the average run of common cows has been enormously increased by the use of purebred bulls in a great many counties provided for the use of farmers at county expense But even with the growth of this industry dairying still offers almost unlimited opportunities in Georgia for two reasons First because the State con sumes a vast amount of dairy products in excess of what she produces Second because the temperate cli mate and long grazing season make dairying conditions ideal Georgias dairy cows increased in value 1000 000 in one year alone 1929 and her dairy products are today in excess of 20000000 a year The poultry industry is also developing at a prodig ious rate in Georgia and likewise holds out the most attractive opportunities for all who are interested in raising chickens and eggs In the last few years more than 100 commercial hatcheries with a combined ca pacity of more than a million eggs have come into op eration in the State The railroads the Department of Agriculture the State College of Agriculture and the County Agents have cooperated in operating poultry cars throughout the State stopping on stated dates at stated stations Buyers traveling with the cars pur chase poultry brought in by the poultryraisers and pay cash for it Poultry and egg production in Geor gia has now reached a total of thirty to forty million dollars a year depending on the range of commodity prices Ideal for HogRaising Georgia is equally attractive and offers equal oppor tunity for the raising of hogs due to an ideal climate and an abundance of feed for growing fattening and finishing As stated above corn is universally pro duced throughout Georgia while peanuts will grow almost anywhere in the State There is room for mil lions more of hogs in Georgia as the State still imports vastly more hog meat than she produces while a ready cash market for Georgiaraised hogs is afforded by several modern packing houses located in Georiga A brief and comprehensive birds eye view of Geor gias agricultural products can be had from the follow ing statistical summary for 1929 which as stated above was the last year prior to the general decline of commodity prices and which can be taken as fairly typical of the value of the States agricultural products when business conditions shall have gradually worked back to normal Cotton lint and seed122971000 Corn 44399000 Tobacco 16806000 Peanuts 13415000 Sweet Potatoes 9424000 Oats 7632000 Hay 7078000 Sugar Cane Syrup 3960000 Watermelons 3531000 Peaches 3312000 Cowpeas 2226000 Irish Potatoes 2201000 Sorghum Syrup 1755000 Wheat 1318000 Apples 952000 Pecans 715000 Rye 323000 Soy Beans 308000 Pears 183000 Rice 60000 Miscellaneous Fruits and Vegetables 15000000 Poultry and Eggs 40000000 Livestock Cattle Hogs etc 78278000 Dairy Products 20000000 TOTAL 395847000 20 Random scenes in Georgias Peach Paradise Top left a peach packing house Top right closeup view of splendid trees in blossom Left center aerial view of a fine young orchard Below a group of Select Georgia Peaches strolling through orchard of luscious Elbertas 21MANUFACTURING Industry Has Made Astounding Progress in Ten Years A LTHOUGH basically an agricultural State Geor gia in recent years has made enormous strides in the development of industry so that now the value of her manufactured products is more than double the value of her agricultural products Especially rapid has been the growth of the cotton textile industry In 1929 the rate of increase placed Georgia second in the Nation in new spindles acquired the new investment during the year being 25000000 Only three States are now ahead of Georgia in total number of spindles these being Massachusetts North Carolina and South Carolina For many generations Georgia produced cotton that was shipped to New England as well as abroad to be manufactured into the finished product Now Geor gias cotton mills annually consume more than a million bales of cotton Threads hosiery underwear towels bedspreads rugs upholstery piece goods rope tire fabric and cord are among the important products of Georgia cotton mills Sixtyfive per cent of the total tire and cord fabric of the United States is now produced in Georgia mills The B F Goodrich Rubber Company has an immense plant at Thomaston and the Goodyear Rubber Company has a very large plant at Cedartown Among the outstanding specialty mills in the State are the Chicopee plant of the Johnson Johnson Com pany near Gainesville where surgical dressings are made and the Coats Thread Companys new plant re cently erected near Austell In recent years industry in the United States has been undergoing an unprecedented upheaval due to changing conditions in the underlying industrial struc ture Many great industries have shifted from their original locations to sections of the country hundreds of miles distant The time is past when industry had no choice but to locate in a few congested centers In dustrial leaders now have the opportunity and in fact are faced with the necessity of choosing the best loca iton from many potential sites and success or failure often depends upon the correctness of the choice Georgia is the land of this new industrial opportunity Industry Being Decentralized A shifting of hundreds of miles in the Nations cen ter of population has thrown industry in its old estab lished locations out of balance in relation to markets increasing the cost of distribution upon the ultimate consumer The tendency toward handtomouth buying from spot stocks at the nearest distributing center has been an added factor in forcing manufacturers to get nearer their markets Widespread development and distribution of electric power has been another great factor in the decentral ization of industry and almost coincidentally with modern electrical development came the discovery of Georgias vast industrial possibilities A few of the advantages offered by Georgia are abundant raw materials both of field and forest and mine a large reserve of intelligent industrious native born labor a large consuming market rapidly increas ing in purchasing power magnificent transportation facilities a climate permitting yearround operations and reducing living costs of workers a citizenship that welcomes new industry and treats it fairly Among the opportunities for still further develop ment of industry the following are outstanding in Georgia 1 Manufacture of textiles into clothing and other finished products on a scale commensurate with the enormous expansion in recent years in the manufacture of cotton into textiles 2 Manufacture of textile machinery to supply the vast and constantly expanding textile industry 3 Development of the rayon industry which has al ready commenced with the location of a great rayon plant near Rome in Northwest Georgia 4 Across Middle Georgia are belts of kaolin ample to supply the world of such high quality that they have long been important sources of supply for the ceramic industry of Ohio and New Jersey 5 A million acres of virgin forest both pine and valuable hardwoods provide an opportunity of tre mendous possibilities for furniture and other wood working plants 6 An immense available supply of pulp wood plus rapid growth of these trees plus softness and purity of water plus climatic advantages plus the rapid de pletion and slow renewal of the pulp wood supply in the North indicate that a great paper manufacturing development is just ahead in Georgia Some idea of the scope and variety of the manufac turing interests of Georgia can be gained from the 22g Top the great Pacolet wills at New Holland near Gainesville Left center Goodyear Tire Mill at Cedartown Kight center ruins of antebellum paper mill on Soap Creek in Cobb County near Atlanta Bottom left Hercules Powder Company near Brunswick Bottom right shipping scene at Brunswick 23 3DKZGEORGIA CITIES Eighteen Have Population of 10000 and Upwards CITIES in Georgia having a population of 10000 or more are listed below together with data con cerning elevation railroad service and location 1050 8 21 5 180 7 338 5 250 3 610 3 786 2 705 5 131 3 232 5 13 3 215 3 250 2 965 2 a o 0 AtIanta 270366 Savannah 85024 Augusta 60342 Macon 53829 Columbus 43131 Rome 21843 LaGrange 20131 Athens 18192 Wavcross 15510 Alban7 14500 Brunswick H022 Valdosta 13482 Thomasville u 733 Griffin 10321 Atlanta the States capital also is the largest city in Georgia In addition to being the financial and trans portation center Atlanta is the industrial leader prod ucts valued at 140000000 being manufactured in the city during 1929 Savannah is the second largest city in the State and in addition to being Georgias leading port is a manu facturing center of note with many plants devoted to the production of those articles requiring considerable use of naval stores such as felt roofing and tar products Sugar refining is done on an extensive scale Augusta in the eastern part of the State on the Sa vannah River has large manufacturing plants devoted to textiles clay tile brick lumber and cotton seed products Columbus in the western section of the State on the Chattahoochee River is one of the outstanding textile manufacturing cities of the South there being more than half a million spindles in the immediate vicinity Macon in Middle Georgia is a railroad and manu facturing city and is the center of the peach producing section Located near extensive clay mines brick tile and other clay products are manufactured LaGrange is a large textile center Waycross is an important railroad center of South Georgia Athens is the seat of the University of Georgia State College of Agriculture and other educational institutions and also has large textile mills Brunswicks importance as a port and as a naval stores center already has been men tioned Albany Valdosta Moultrie and Cordele are centers of rich agricultural territory Rome is one of the most rapidly developing manufacturing cities in the State and the site of a huge rayon mill which re cently has announced plans to double its capacity Thomasville is a winter resort of note Griffin ranks second in the world in the number of Turkish towels manufactured and also is a pimento pepper canning center Americus and Dublin are located in rich farm ing centers but each has a number of large industries Americus recently having been selected as the site of a large airplane manufacturing industry Concluded from Page 22 following figures showing the value of manufactured products in 1930 the latest statistics available Textiles 184283701 Foundry products 125764537 Bread candy ice cream 28965949 Furniture fixtures etc 27364362 Soft drinks 25667173 Naval stores 23000000 Flour grist mills etc 22863792 Fertilizers 20986676 Wearing apparel 20092797 Printing and publishing 19792557 Cottonseed products 17297609 Barrels crates etc 16864397 Ice plants 16249005 Marble and granite 12472142 Leather goods 12052171 Brick tile and other clays 9689928 Canneries 5264769 Cigars and cigarettes 1288321 Miscellaneous 115916620 GRAND TOTAL705876506 24Georgia is dotted with fine flourishing beautiful cities Above is an aerial view of Macon in the heart of Middle Georgia showing business district with Ocmulgee River in background Below is an aerial of Savan nah birthplace of the State one of Americas loveliest cities 25MINERAL WEALTH No State Has Greater Supply or Variety Than Georgia rO State in the Union is more abundantly sup plied with minerals or with a greater and more useful variety than is Georgia The Empire State of the South Georgia is rich in practically every mineral resource of commercial use except coal and iron Even as to coal she has a deposit estimated to be sufficient to supply the State for two hundred years at the present rate of consumption As to iron and steel her next door neighbor Alabama produces them in immense quantities Thirtyfour different kinds of minerals and clays are now being produced in Georgia in commercial quanti ties while undeveloped deposits already located and surveyed afford a splendid field for still further devel opment A wide belt of clay across Middle Georgia contains a variety of different kinds of kaolin which is used in the manufacture of brick and tile and for practically all kinds of tableware electrical porcelain and whiteware The clay deposit is so enormous that engineers estimate that Wilkinson County alone could supply the sedi mentary kaolins of the entire ceramic industry for the next six centuries Georgia marble and granite are famous throughout North America Their endurance and beauty have caused them to be adopted in many kinds of construc tion both for building and monumental purposes Georgia marble has become so widely used that the output of these quarries is now exceeded by only one other State Vermont Georgia marble ranges in color from pure white to almost black including marvelous flesh tones and vary ing shades of pink The Lincoln Memorial in Wash ington was built of Georgia marble and the colossal statue of Lincoln inside of the Memorial was carved from Georgia marble The famous Bok Singing Tower in Florida conceded to be the most beautiful tower in the world was built of Georgia marble The State Capitols of Minnesota Rhode Island and Utah were built of Georgia marble The United States Government building in Boston the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington the Field Museum in Chicago the McKinley Memorial at Niles Ohio the Harding Memorial at Marion Ohio and the Battleship Maine Memorial in Havana all were built of Georgia marble Georgia granite is likewise famous and widely used Stone Mountain the largest body of exposed granite in the world has been quarried for fifty years yet the granite removed is only a speck compared with what remains Georgia granite has been used in many public buildings and great structures such as bridges jetties sea walls etc all over the country Georgia ranks seventh in granite production among all the States Following is a condensed summary of the mineral re sources and developments of Georgia ASBESTOS While both the chrysolite and amphibole varieties are mined in Georiga the latter is by far the more plentiful Mines are operated in White Rabun Bar row and Habersham Counties There are several very promising asbestos properties in the State suitable for development BARYTES Georgia is the leading producer of barytes in the United States the yearly output being approximately 700000 Mines producing barytes are located in Bartow and Murray Counties BAUXITE The first bauxite deposit discovered in Georgia was in Floyd County in 1887 Deposits have since been found and developed in Polk Bartow Gordon Chat tooga Walker Wilkinson Sumter Macon and Meri wether Counties CEMENTS The raw materials in the manufacture of Portland cement consisting of limestone and shale are well distributed throughout Northwest Georgia There are still many undeveloped limestone and shale prop erties in the State and also two natural cement plants in operation CLAYS The clays of Georgia are distributed throughout the State and are practically inexhaustible In South Georgia occur the cretaceous and tertiary sedi mentary clays The colossal thickness of these de posits and their extraordinary purity are duplicated nowhere else in the UnitedStates Scarcely less im portant are the alluvial and residual clays of the Piedmont Section and of Northwest Georgia The value of clay products exceeds that of any other mineral of Georgia COAL The total coal area of Georgia is approximately 170 square miles ft is estimated that these deposits con tain 921000000 tons of coal or sufficient to last the State at the present rate of consumption for more 26These 6ne educational buildings were built of Georgia materials Above new dming hall at Georgia Tech Atlanta Lower left entrance to one of the magnificent marble buildings of Emory University Atlanta Lower right practice building at Georgia State Teachers College Athens 27GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES than 200 years Two mines are operated in Georgia and it is estimated that 12000000 tons of semi bituminous coal have been mined to the present The annual output is approximately 75000 tons FELDSPAR The feldspars are widely distributed throughout the Piedmont and Appalachian areas of Georgia be ing associated with mica and quartz There are mines in Paulding White and Rabun Counties The Geor gia output is potash feldspar and has been used principally for fertilizers FULLERS EARTH Georgia is the second largest producer of fullers earth in the United States the annual output of the plants in Decatur Stewart and Twiggs Counties be ing in excess of 1570000 Extensive deposits are available for development in these localities GRAPHITE Both amorphous and crystalline varieties of this mineral are found in Georgia particularly in Bartow Pickens Elbert Hall Madison Douglas Cobb and Troup Counties Additional deposits suitable for development are available GRANITE Occurring in inexhaustible quantities and widely distributed throughout the Piedmont plateau the granites of Georgia constitute one of its most valu able resources The largest and most interesting bar ren granite mass in the country is Stone Mountain a few miles northeast of Atlanta The stone obtained from these quarries is a light colored muscovite granite possessing remarkable strength and is quite free from all chemical and physical defects An other granite of almost equal value is that of the Lithonia district This stone covers a considerable area in the eastern part of DeKalb and the adjacent parts of Rockdale and Gwinnett Counties Deposits of granite suitable for monumental structural and roadbuilding purposes are elsewhere abundant in Georgia notably the famous blue granite of Elbert County which is unique among all granites and en joys a national reputation IRON ORE Several kinds of iron ores are found in Georgia the most common being the brown limonites and hematite ores Workable deposits are found in the northwestern part of the State The ore beds average more than two feet in breadth are approximately 175 miles long and may be mined to a depth of several hundred feet The iron ore mined annually in Geor gia is valued at 400000 LIMESTONES Cambrian silurian and carboniferous limestones exist in great abundance in Northwest Georgia Lime is produced near Cartersville and limestone is found in Pickens Gilmer Bartow Catoosa and Polk Coun ties The annual output of limestone in Georgia is valued at 650000 MANGANESE These ores are confined chiefly to Bartow Floyd and Polk Counties large deposits being found and mined intensively near Cartersville A survey is now being prepared covering a manganese property in that locality MARBLE Before 1884 the marbles of Georgia were prac tically unknown as building and ornamental stones but at present the output of its quarries exceeds that of any other State with the exception of Vermont Georgia marble is famous the world over and has been used in many public buildings and memorials including the Lincoln Memorial at Washington The most valuable marbles occur in Pickens Cherokee Gilmer and Fannin Counties The principal marble industry of the State is located in the vicinity of Tate in Pickens County where the deposit attains its greatest thickness This marble usually has a coarse texture but can be given a very high polish In color the stone varies from white to almost black The physical and chemical properties as shown by numerous tests made by the State Geological Depart ment demonstrate that its durability equals or ex ceeds that of any other marble now being developed commercially MARLS Marls of good quality are found over large portions of the State They carry a considerable amount of phosphoric acid and potash and are being used as natural fertilizer with excellent results Practically all of the South Georgia counties have marl deposits of agricultural value MICA Mica is found in a number of Georgia counties and has been worked extensively in the past OCHER The ocher mines in Georgia produce more than half of the yellow ocher output of the United States The deposits in this State are confined to a narrow belt about eight miles long and less than two miles wide on the Etowah River in Bartow County Three plants in that belt are producing approximately 1000 tons of ocher annually POTASHBEARING SLATES Slates containing from seven to ten per cent potash are found in North Georgia Slate mined in Gordon County is now being tised extensively for roofing materials PYRITE This mineral is found and mined extensively in Haralson Lumpkin Cherokee Paulding Cobb Doug las and Fannin Counties SAND AND GRAVEL In the central counties of Georgia there is a belt of natural sand extending almost across the entire State In addition to this sand which is used prin cipally for building purposes there have been im portant developments recently in the operation of silica sand deposits for glass manufacture These latter sands contain less than one per cent iron oxide and alumina and shipments afe being made for con sumption by the plate glass manufacturers 28No State or land or country surpasses Georgia in beauty and diversity of scenery Here are two views of Lake Burton an immense hydroelectric reservoir in the mountains a charming old waterdriven grist mill in the mountains and a lady Nimrod in a South Georgia quail field 29VAST FORESTS Georgia Ahead of All States in Timbered Area By C A Whittle Educational Manager Department of Forestry and Geological Development GEORGIA holds first place among the States of the Union in forest acreage Of its total acreage 23750000 are classed as forest lands In north Georgia are 350000 acres in two National Forests the Cherokee and the Nantahala Within its borders 163 species of trees are to be found On the mountains of its northern border are species indigenous to the far north on its southern border are trees of subtropical nature No State has such a wide botanical range of plant life and only Florida has a greater number of tree species No part of Georgias land area was ever tree less Trees have been Georgias greatest natural resource and promise to hold this poistion According to the last decennial census Georgia is first in naval stores pro duction third in the number of saw mills third in the production of softwood lumber fourth in cypress pro duction eighth in total lumber produced in 1929 According to the best information available Geor gias original forest area was 36480000 acres Its pres ent commercial forest area is 22872000 acres 20143000 acres being occupied with secondgrowth timber and 1579000 in potential land not restocking 1150000 acres virgin timber Five general forest types are recognized in Georgia Longleafslash pine type 10815000 acres shortleaf loblolly pineshardwood type 8178000 acres oakpine type 2069000 acres river bottom hardwoodcypress type 1200000 acres oakchestnutyellow poplar type 610000 acres This of course classifies areas according to prevailing species and is not intended to indicate that only these species are found in commercial quanti ties in any of the type regions Sawtimber is found on an estimated area of 6900000 acres and cordwood on 7566000 acres with 6827000 acres restocking and with 1579000 acres not restocking Sawmill Production The available sawtimber according to forest classes given above is estimated as follows Shortleafloblolly pineshardwood type 11695000 board feet longleaf slash pine type 4743000000 board feet riverbottom hardwoodcypress type 2280000000 board feet oak pine type 1520000000 board feet oakchestnutyellow poplar type 6320000000 board feet The total available pine or softwood sawtimber is 14817000000 board feet and the total available hard wood sawtimber is 6053000000 board feet total cord wood is 87153000 cords Wood Manufacturing In 1929 Georgias lumber shingles and laths cut was 1386250000 board feet produced by 1692 saw mills from the following species cypress 23095000 hem lock 436000 white pine 779000 yellow pine 1165 527000 ash 6303000 beech 142000 chestnut 1360 000 cottonwood 2189000 elm 1396000 hickory 610000 maple 3270000 oak 47245000 red gum 61 240000 sycamore 1861000 tupelo 9862000 walnut 88000 yellow poplar 56441000 all others 4317000 It will be seen that lumber production in Georgia in the order of species of trees is yellow pine red gum yellow poplar oak cypress tupelo ash and maple In 1929 Georgia had 2115 wood manufacturing indus tries employing 46249 people with a payroll of 27 341521 The value of manufactured products was 48840630 The kinds of products were as follows agricultural implements baskets fruit packages boxes and crates car construction and repair caskets and cof fins fixtures furniture handles planing mill products sash doors blinds and mill work signs and supplies vehicles motor and nonmotor and other industries The aggregate of board feet used by these industries was 427190000 board feet Naval Stores Georgia as the leading State in naval stores produc tion had in 1929 668 naval stores operations emplby Concluded from Page 28 SERICITE Exceptionally pure deposits of sericite a variety of mica that resembles talc are found in Pickens County in beds varying from a few inches to over six feet in thickness and lined with quartz schist There are two mining companies producing this mineral in Georgia at the present TALC Extensive talc mines are in operation in Whitfield and Murray Counties the products being consumed principally by manufacturers of paper paints toilet powder automobile tires and pencils Additional deposits suitable for development are available in Murray County TRAVERTINE Deposits of travertine recently have been discov ered in Randolph County in Southwest Georgia these being the only known deposits in the United States except a small development in Florida 30Georgia is abundantly garmented in forests Top left red oak in mountains Top right and right center long leaf pines in South Georgia Lower left an inspiring landscape in Cherokee National Forest m North Georgia mountains Lower right in among the mountain trees 31 H FISH AND GAME Georgias Resources and Variety of Both Abundant By PETER S TWITTY Game and Fish Commissioner THE potential value of Georgias sea food re sources from a commercial standpoint has never been brought to fruition It stands today how ever as one of the great enterprises of the State al though only partly developed Much the same observa tion may be made of the potential worth to the people of the State and to visitors of the still undeveloped sections of Georgias wonderful seacoasts The salt water commercial fishing industry in Geor gia already a source of considerable profit has possi bilities extending well into the millions The esti mated value annually at the present time runs from a million to a million and a half dollars These sea foods include shrimp oysters shad menhadden vari ous species of shell fish and Crustacea The principal products of the present commercial enterprises are shrimp commercially known as prawn shad oysters and menhadden On a lesser commercial scale there are Concluded from Page 30 ing 20637 people with a payroll of 8280744 The value of naval stores was 18076499 The turpentine output was 15938491 gallons and rosin was 1002446 barrels of 500 pounds each Georgia had 13 cooperage establishments in 1929 with an output of 850016 Other wood products not mentioned amount to nearly 10000000 The total forest output and wood manufacture amounts to 100000000 to 125000000 annually the largest source of wealth except agriculture in the State Forest Protection The Division of Forestry of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development is commissioned to protect care for and promote the States great fores try resources The chief ends sought are to protect the forests the State has reforestation of areas not naturally restocking and the promotion of good forestry management In its protection program the State has developed the Timber Protective Organization plan whereby timber land owners form a local organization listing 10000 or more acres in a unit follow recommendations of the Forestry Division in protective methods employed and accept entire responsibility for fighting fires A portion of the outlay in carrying out these protection measures is refunded through the State forest service from Fed eral funds made available for the purpose The plan calls for the erection of firetowers where needed installation of telephone lines construction of firebrakes purchase of firefighting tools and organ ized crews of fire fighters The effectiveness of this plan may be seen when it is noted that on these organized areas of more than 2000000 acres the area burned over in 1931 was only twotenths of one per cent whereas the area burned over in unorganized areas was 32 per cent For aiding reforestation the State has two tree nurseries one at Albany in the southern part of the State and the other at Blairsville in the mountains of north Georgia Seedlings produced by the State are made available to landowners at cost of production Work With Schools All vocational agricultural schools in the State have been induced by the State forest service to teach the fundamentals of forestry and to establish school forests on which to practice More than a hundred rural schools of this nature are teaching forestry and representatives of the State forestry staff visit them and conduct demonstrations on the school forest two or three times a year A summer forestry camp is conducted by the Di vision of Forestry for a hundred or more of these rural students each year Paper Pulp Research Through funds made available by the State of Geor gia the Chemical Foundation of New York the City of Savannah and other donors a paper research plant has been established at Savannah with Dr Charles H Herty noted chemist and native of Georgia in charge The object of this research is to solve the problems of manufacturing especially newsprint and bookpaper from southern pines and hardwoods Success has been attained on a laboratory scale and the plant at Sa vannah is to work out the solution of commercial pro duction problems This research undertaking is looked upon as holding great possibilities for the future development of forest resources of the South This research work is under the general direction of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development 32 More forest scenes Top left mixed hardwoods in mountains Top right cypress and gum in Suwanee River in South Georgia Right center reforestation plantings Lower left second growth pine in South Georgia Lower right forestry students learn tree lore from venerable Indian 33GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES crabs clams sea trout whiting croaker flounders mackerel snappers etc in other words a variety of salt water fish which are taken for market purposes The commercial prawn crop of the United States is 115000000 pounds and in this harvest Georgia ranks third in the states with 15000000 pounds with a value of about threequarters of a million dollars at whole sale distribution a portion of which in glass contain ers is exported to England and continental Europe While prawn heads the list of present values in the States commercial sea food enterprise the greater pos sibilities in value are in the vast area of fertile oyster grounds Prospective success of oyster farming of course depends largely on the protection given it by the State and the measure of interest by the State in propagation efforts These facilities are afforded now therefore the opportunity has opened and the responsi bility rests upon the oyster farmer just as would the success of any other farmingenterprise rest upon the planter of cotton or grain or truck In 1908 Georgia produced for the market 1486100 bushels of oysters and at the same time the Chesapeake Bay produced in excess of 15000000 Our production 20 years later was 149775 bushels while that of the Chesapeake Bay was 3000000 bushels The compari son is made to draw attention to the fact that in the absence of proper conservation and supervisory meas ures by the State there has resulted a woeful deprecia tion in this form of enterprise generally Oyster Beds Unpolluted These conditions have been and are being scien tifically corrected That same nature of scientific re search and experimentation carried on in agricultural endeavor has been applied to this branch of the sea food industry with the result that causes of what has heretofore been an almost complete destruction are now relieved Georgia will probably never be one of the biggest oyster producing states but the facilities and knowledge of oyster production which are available now to the prospective oyster farmer should readily bring the production in this State well up into the mil lions of bushels annually Among other discoveries which have come from sci entific study of this subject is the fact that Georgia oysters are entirely unsurpassed They are pure The many acres of inactive oyster lands as well as those now under cultivation are along the creeks and rivers in rural sections of the coastal territory They are re moved from possibility of pollution by industrial waste or sewage contamination a common condition which threatens the purity of oysters produced in bays and sounds in close proximity to industrial plants and cen ters of dense population Then too the strict and rigid sanitary supervision by State health authorities over the oyster beds and methods of preparation for shipment are insurance that the Georgia oyster must be pure fresh and wholesome for marketing While the ratio of decline in the oyster production in Georgia has been greater than that of most other States Georgia is extremely fortunate and is in far bet ter position to rehabilitate her oyster industry than any other State We have in Georgia literally millions of bushels of what are commonly known as raccoon oysters These oysters if transplanted to suitable oyster bottoms will furnish sufficient spawn to assure the reestablishment of a great oyster industry in Geor gia within a few years time On the contrary the mat ter of procuring seed oysters is a serious problem to the other great oyster producing States which do not have a supply of these native coon oysters One of our greatest oyster States is sending ships to other States of the Atlantic coast to purchase seed oysters for transplanting to rehabilitate its own oyster supply In fact most of the major oyster producing States are spending hundreds of thousands of dollars each year in replanting seed oysters and oyster shells and providing other means for oyster growth Fine Hunting and Fishing Millions of dollars have been invested in Georgia in the past few years by capitalists who were first attracted to the State by the splendid opportunities for hunting and fishing and the unexcelled climatic conditions for field and stream sports The great va riety and scope furnishes not only an abundance of opportunity to the natives and citizens of our State but is proving an irresistible attraction to visitors Many of the species of game birds and animals are found in Georgias fields and woodlandsVirginia whitetailed deer fox squirrels grey squirrels rabbits the red and grey fox and among the furbearers are opossum raccoon bear mink otter civet cat beaver One of the annual seasonal events in Georgia is the weekofsport by hunting associations composed of groups of citizens who meet at stated periods for an extended deer hunt in the woods of middle and lower Georgia This custom is aside from the numerous hunt ing clubs scattered all over the State An equally great perhaps an even greater attraction is offered sportsmen in the great variety of game birds The native bobwhite quail and the majestic wild tur key are principally sought with great success by lovers of the great outofdoors The dove a favorite game bird abounds in the fields of the State and the wood duck is fairly plentiful Millions of migratory ducks and geese are found along the waters of the lower part of the State during the season of migration and this furnishes a large part of the snappiest sport to people who live in and come to Georgia For those who love best the rod and reel or the hook and line the streams and waters of Georgia afford an almost unlimited sport The cold mountain streams of the upper part of the State abound in rainbow and brook trout and those streams wind their way through some of the most magnificent scenery on the American continent Many of the species known as warm water fish are found in the waters of all sections of the State largemouth bass smallmouth bass perch bream pike all of these and other varieties are easily found in abundant quantity Salt water sport fish along the Georgia coast are quite abundant and of great variety channel bass or red fish school bass winter and sum mer trout drum sheephead mackerel croakers whit ing etc Very Moderate Regulations Hunting and fishing in Georgia are under very mod 34Top left U S Government Fish Hatchery near Warm Springs which supplies millions of small fish to stock Georgia lakes and streams Top right fishing lake in Lowndes County Left center Howard E Coffin and Calvin Coolidge return from deer hunt Below bass fishermen on Lake tsurton 35AIDING FARMERS Functions of the Georgia Department of Agricult THE State Department of Agriculture consists of several subdivisions all under the supervision of the Commissioner of Agriculture They are as follows Executive Office Bureau of Markets Food and Drug Division Fertilizer Inspection State Chemical Depart ment State Entomological Department State Veterin ary Department Peach and Apple Inspection State Sta tistician The Commissioner of Agriculture is also by virtue of his office Chairman of the Board of Entomology Commissioner of Immigration a member of the Board of Trustees of the State College of Agriculture Chair man of the Board of Directors of the Georgia Experi ment Station member of the Board of Trustees of the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station and member of the State Board of Geology The Executive Office The executive office is under the direct supervision of the Commissioner of Agriculture who supervises the entire Department correlating the activities of the various branches and outlining the policies to be car ried out The sale of revenue stamps and tags is handled through this office Bureau of Markets This department is supported by funds derived from the sale of fertilizer tags and every dollar spent by the Bureau is with the idea of bringing direct returns to the farmers of the State through the establishment of better market connections Hogs and poultry sales are conducted by the Bureau in connection with the County Agents of the State Fruits and vegetables in sufficient quantities are sold direct for the farmers Market conditions throughout the country are closely studied with the idea of securing the best market at all times thereby increasing the beaefits of this work to the farmer The Georgia Market Bulletin published by the Bu reau of Markets is a free advertising medium for farm products of the State The most urgent need to enable the profitable mar keting of vegetables and truck crops and fruits is co operation of the farmers in preparing and shipping the same in merchantable condition and in standardized quality and containers Food and Drug Division The Pure Food and Drug Division is charged with the sanitary inspection of all places preparing serving or offering for sale food or drinks to the public also the inspection of such food or drinks Also the inspec tion of all commercial feeds and of all oyster beds or the water where these beds lie adjoining this State Food inspectors are required to take samples of all foods and drinks that are manufactured or offered for sale within the State also commercial feeds sending same to the State Chemist for analysis The inspectors of the Food and Drug Division are charged with the duty of seeing that all U S P and National Formulary preparations offered for sale in the State are up to the standard taking samples of same to be analyzed by the State Chemist It is the duty of this division to see that every drug Concluded from Page 34 erate regulations compared with any other State The State of course gives official attention to conservation protection and propagation of its wild life and that of its streams and waters but equally does its Fish and Game Department afford cooperation and aid to the sportsman outside of ruthless destruction or improper pot hunting The regulatory laws of the State are very conservative and the policy of the administering department is to effect observance more through the encouraged spirit of cooperation and respect than through the agency of strongarm enforcement methods The interesting and romantic history of the settle ment on the Georgia coast by Oglethorpe John and Charles Wesley and other pioneer colonists is famil iar to every Georgia school child The exclusive recrea tion clubs of nationally known millionaires on Jekyll and Cumberland Islands are known throughout Amer ica and within the past few years there has been de veloped on Sea Island Beach one of the most marvelous playgrounds of the entire Atlantic coast which has be come a mecca for thousands of visitors each year Thousands of Georgians are attracted to the Georgia coast throughout the year because of unusually fine salt water sport fishing and unexcelled hunting facilities that are found in the coastal counties The Georgia coast has become a rendezvous for prominent sports men who are lured there because of the unsurpassed climate and the marvelous opportunity it affords for hunting fishing and other forms of healthful outdoor sport and recreation 36Top sneak hunting for duck along a tidewater creek on Georgia coast Bottom left a party of happy sports men at the close of a days deer hunt in Charlton County Bottom right a pair of crack shots and a pair ot crack dogs poised for a covey of quail to rise m South Georgia 37 HH GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES store advertising as such has a registered druggist of the State of Georgia in charge and to ascertain that merchants selling family medicines do not dispense from broken packages of the same or sell poisons such as are restricted by law to detect and correct any mis branding of family medicines etc and to supervise the manufacture and sale of drugs chemicals and family medicines offered for sale in the State Fertilizer Inspection Fertilizer inspection is carried on through the Chief Fertilizer Inspector with six fulltime assistants lo cated in different sections of the State together with other shortterm inspectors who are actively on duty and paid for four months only during the busy season These inspectors are charged with the duty of drawing samples of commercial fertilizer from the original con tainers sealing them in bottles under their official seal and forwarding them to the Commissioner of Agricul ture with their reports thereon the samples being sent by the Commissioner to the State Chemist for analysis State Chemical Division The State Chemical Laboratory analyzes the various classes of materials to enable the enforcement of the laws regulating their sale Official samples drawn by duly authorized inspectors are sent to the Laboratory under the inspectors seal In the analysis of fertilizer the available phosphoric acid total nitrogen water soluble nitrogen and potash are determined as a check on the guaranteed commer cial value The availability of the nitrogen is also de termined In the Feeds Laboratory the protein fat and fiber are determined Feeds are also examined microscopi cally for any adulteration The Insecticide Laboratory analyzes the various In secticides and Fungicides commonly used on cotton field crops and fruit as a check on the guaranteed analysis The Food and Drug Laboratory examines milk from over the State so that only pure healthful milk may be sold This Laboratory also prepares the various in oculations of nitrogen gathering bacteria for legumes which are sold to the farmers at cost State Entomological Department The Department of Entomology is controlled by a Board of three members of which the Commissioner of Agriculture is chairman The State Entomologist ap pointed by a majority of the Board is in charge It is the duty of this department to handle all cases of plant disease and insect pests also the police work of inspecting the potatoes and nursery stock and es tablishing when it is necessary quarantines to prevent infected plants and insect pests from being introduced into the State State Veterinary Department The State Veterinary Department is in charge of the State Veterinarian who supervises the work of tick eradication and the prevention of reinfestation also the work of stamping out tuberculosis among the cattle of the State which work is now carried on insofar as the appropriations warrant Quarantines are established by this department to prevent infected animals from being brought into the State This department is also charged with the inspection of meats poultry and hogs offered for sale within the State The State Dairy Inspector is also sent out by this department It is his duty to see that all dairies pro ducing milk for public consumption are kept and op erated in a sanitary manner Peach and Apple Inspection The inspection of peaches and apples under a law passed by the Legislature in 1927 comes under this de partment The law provides that the growers of these fruits pay the cost of inspection and that the entire amount received shall be used in inspecting and stand ardizing these products and provides for their ship ment in standard grades State Statistician The Statistician works in connection with the Fed eral Department of Agriculture in compiling agricul tural statistics in the State 38Typical scenes in Georgias Apple Paradise in Northeast Georgia Top left lovely Georgia Pippins making sweet cider Top right spraying apple trees through underground pipe system pressure furnished by gravity from tank above orchard Below a picture requiring no caption 39SCHOOLS COLLEGES Georgia Contributes Liberally to the Cause of Education O State believes more strongly in education or contributes more in proportion to its means to the cause of education than does the State of Georgia Georgias deep interest in education is indicated by the fact that the University of Georgia is the oldest chartered State University in the United States also by the fact that Wesleyan College at Macon a Metho dist institution is the oldest chartered female college in the world Of the general revenues coming into the Treasury of Georgia approximately onefourth of the whole is appropriated to the support of the common schools and higher education Education of children from eight to fourteen years of age is compulsory in Georgia except in cases where a boy or girl shall have completed the seventh grade before attaining the age of fourteen years Georgias common school system is supported from the following sources 1 An annual appropriation by the State prorated among the Counties on a basis of population of children of school age 2 A compulsory Countywide school tax in every County of not less than one and not more than five mills this tax being expended in the County where levied 3 A permissive localschool district tax not exceed ing five mills which is spent in the district where levied 4 A State tax of one cent per gallon on gasoline col lected by the State and distributed monthly among the Counties and a few independent City school systems on the basis of their relative educational needs and financial abilities so as more nearly to equalize edu cational opportunities throughout the State During the year 1931 approximately nine hundred thousand Georgia children attended the common schools and upwards of sixtyone thousand boys and girls were enrolled in accredited fouryear high schools Although every County in Georgia is not able to maintain a ninemonth school term the number of nine month schools is steadily increasing as is likewise the number of accredited high schools The steady advancement and upward trend of com mon school education in Georgia is demonstrated by the fact that in the past ten years no less than 3500 oneteacher schools have been consolidated into less than 900 modern schools fully graded housed in modern welldesigned and wellequipped buildings to and from which more than 100000 children are trans ported free by motor bus In the populous Counties there is a steady trend to ward consolidation of the County schools with the City schools Twenty years ago there were twenty three such consolidations in operation while today there are eightyfive County school systems are administered by Boards of Education and directly presided over by County School Superintendents High Schools Increasing The extent to which the opportunities for boys and girls completing the common school course to get the advantage of an accredited fouryear high school course have increased and multiplied in Georgia is clearly in dicated by the following statistics In 1905 there were only twelve such high schools having an enrollment of 420 pupils with 35 teachers 4208 library books and 1040 worth of laboratory equipment In 1931 there were 417 such high schools having an enrollment of 61246 pupils with 3002 teachers 572601 library books and 579346 worth of laboratory equip ment Vocational education has also made rapid strides in Georgia in recent years The State matches dollarfor dollar all funds allotted by the Federal Government in aid of vocational education and today there is hardly a County in Georgia where vocational education in one form or another is not carried on The field of voca tional education embraces agriculture home economics trades and industries and rehabilitation After 1932 the text books used in the common schools of Georgia will be uniform in every County as adopted and prescribed by the State Board of Educa tion and all text books will be adopted for a period of not less than five years and all will be supplied to the Counties by the State at wholesale cost The State Department of Education is administered by a Board composed of four members appointed by the Governor with the Governor and State Superin tendent of Schools as exofficio members The State Superintendent is elected by the people of the State as a whole The functions of the Department are ad visory and supervisory the latter functions being per formed by a staff of eight supervisors for the common schools and seven supervisors for vocational training At the close of the War Between the States Georgia had on her hands a large population of emancipated Negro slaves practically one hundred per cent of whom were illiterate In spite of the devastation and impov erishment wrought upon the State by that conflict Georgia early shouldered the burden of educating the Negroes That the financial provision for education of the Negroes has been as generous as the resources of the State and the Counties would justify is indicated by the following figures contrasted with the fact that at 40Two celebrated private institutions of learning near the cultured City of Rome Above a magnificent building of the Berry Schools donated by Mr and Mrs Henry Ford who frequently visit Berry Schools Below a lovely scene on the campus of Shorter College for Girls 41GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES the close of the War in 1865 ALL Negroes in Georgia were illiterate In 1923 the number of illiterate Negroes in Georgia between the ages of 10 and 18 years was 12383 In 1928 the number of illiterate Negroes between the ages of 10 and 18 years has been reduced to 7157 These facts with reference to educating the Negroes are emphasized for the reason that outside commenta tors in pointing to Georgias relative standing in liter acy with other States are in the habit of overlooking the difference between white illiteracy and colored il literacy Georgia has forged ahead resolutely and with in creasing determination to reduce her rate of illiteracy and is still going forward along that line In 1920 the percentage of illiteracy among white people ten years of age and over was 54 By the year 1930 that figure had been reduced to 33 per cent In 1920 the percent age of illiteracy among colored people ten years of age and over was 291 By 1930 that figure had been re duced to 199 percent In the year 1931 Georgia reduced in one year her total illiteracy of all the people white and colored ten years of age and over twelve per cent WHICH WAS THE LARGEST PROPORTIONATE REDUCTION OF ANY STATE IN THE UNION and received special notice and commendation by the United States Office of Education Georgias University System The capstone of Georgias system of public education is the University of Georgia and its various branches which by an Act of the Legislature of 1931 were all placed under the administration of a single Board of Regents appointed by the Governor and which thus consolidated are henceforth to be known as the Uni versity System of Georgia As stated above the University of Georgia located m the classic city of Athens and the parent institution of the University System is the oldest chartered State University in the United States Chartered by an act of the Assembly of Georgia in 1785 it antedates the Constitution of the United States Abraham Baldwin a graduate of Yale University came to Georgia in young manhood and embarked upon the practice of law As a member of the Assembly he drew introduced and passed the act granting a charter to the University of Georgia The act bestowed upon the University a gift by the State of 40000 acres of the public domain the largest tract of which was in Middle Georgia Abraham Baldwin was made the first President of the University Under his able and wise administration the land grants were sold off from time to time until by the year 1801 there had been accumu lated from that source a fund sufficient to erect the first building This building stands today on the University campus in Athens Known as Old College it was built ac cording to the blue prints and specifications of Con necticut Hall on the campus of Yale at New Haven A tew years ago the outer walls of the original building were found to be unsafe and were taken down and re stored in exact accordance with the original blue prints and of brick of the identical color of the orig inal brick The whole interior of the building is the same today as when erected Abraham Baldwin was a member from Georgia of the convention that framed the Constitution of the United States and after the formation of the Union he became a Senator from Georgia He was succeeded as Presi dent of the University of Georgia by Josiah Meigs a young and brilliant member of the faculty of Yale who presided over the institution until 1820 when Moses Waddell became President Waddell had been the head of a famous preparatory school in South Carolina and was the preceptor of John C Calhoun During his Presidency of ten years there were graduated from the University of Georgia two great Georgians Robert Toombs and George F Pierce Brilliant Galaxy of Alumni From 1830 when Moses Waddell was succeeded by Alonzo Church until 1860 the University of Georgia turned out a wonderful galaxy of brilliant graduates among them being Howell Cobb Thomas R R Cobb Alexander H Stephens Crawford W Long Benjamin W Palmer Shelton P Sanford John and Joseph LeConte Benjamin Harvey Hill Herschel V Johnson John B Gordon and Francis S Bartow John and Joseph LeConte were among the greatest scientists and naturalists this country has ever pro duced Going to California with the early American pioneers they became prominent in that State and led in the establishment of the University of California of which John LeConte was President for an extended term Forty years before Darwin published his De scent of Man Joseph LeConte was expounding the theory of evolution in writings and class lectures Alonzo Churchs brilliant service of thirty years as President of the University came to a close in 1860 when the title of President was changed to Chancellor and Andrew A Lipscomb a distinguished Methodist minister was elected to the office During the War Between the States the University practically sus pended operations but was quick to resume its activ ities on the fullest scale possible in those trying times when the fighting ended Dr Lipscomb served as Chancellor until 1874 and among the famous men graduated from the University during his administra tion were Henry W Grady Emory Speer Peter W Meldrim David B Hill Nathaniel E Harris John Temple Graves and Samuel Spencer Under the Constitution of Georgia adopted in 1877 which is the present Constitution with amendments adopted from time to time there was no authority given the Legislature to make appropriations for higher education except to the University of Georgia As the State gradually recovered from the War the Legis lature desired from time to time to broaden the oppor tunities for higher education either by establishing colleges to serve various localities or by taking over existing colleges privately launched but in doing so was compelled to make these institutions nominally branches of the University of Georgia As they were established or taken over by the State each was given by law a separate Board of Trustees interlocked with the Board of Trustees of the parent institution viz the University of Georgia and thus there grew up a multiplicity of institutions and Boards each nominally 42Top Georgia Military College at Milledgeville formerly State Capitol where Georgia seceded from the Un ion Lower left campus scene at Wesleyan College Macon oldest chartered female college in the world Right center Georgia State College for Women Lower right Academy for the Blind 43 GOLDEN ISLES Fascinating History and Romance Along Georgia Coast By Dolores B Colquitt IIX large offshore islands on the Georgia coast Cumberland Jekyll Saint Simons Sapeloe Saint Catherines and Ossabaw are shown on old charts as The Golden Isles of Guale and for nearly four centuries have been crowded with history and romance Guale was the northerly province of Florida and in cluded these islands and a narrow strip of mainland opposite them Portuguese explorers visited them early in the 16th century and Spanish settlements dot ted the entire chain in 1566 the first in all Florida fol lowing the establishment of Saint Augustine the pre vious year Spanish missions the first by Jesuits and then by Franciscans flourished on the Golden Isles for many years and antedated by two centuries the California missions and around them were groves of oranges lemons figs olives and pomegranates the first in Amer ica At each mission station was also a military post with a small garrison and this chain of forts constitu ted a threat to British possessions along the North At lantic coast that led finally to the establishment of the Colony of Georgia as a buffer between Spanish Florida and English Carolinas The long triangular contest over the Golden Isles between the Spanish English and Indians has had scant attention in American history as written The Spanish enslaved the Indians of Guale and carried them to Saint Augustine and Havana to build fortifications Their tribal allies in the interior retaliated and mas sacred the missionary friars on Saint Catherines Ossa baw Sapeloe and Saint Simons Only on Jekyll and Cumberland did the friars survive this massacre Caro linians later razed the rebuilt missions on Saint Cath erines and Sapeloe and carried off the Indian converts that had been gathered there after years of proselyting in the interior Concluded from Page 42 a branch of the University but in actual practice each one more or less a separate institution and all more or less competing with one another At the session of 1931 the Georgia Legislature in the course of a general reorganization of the depart ments boards and bureaus of the State abolished these separate administrations of the various branches of the University and consolidated them all together under a single Board of Regents appointed by the Gov ernor which Board on January 1 1932 took over entire control management supervision and administration of the whole and renamed it under the law the Uni versity System of Georgia University Has Many Branches The institutions composing the University System are the University of Georgia at Athens the Georgia School of Technology at Atlanta Georgia State Col lege for Women at Milledgeville Georgia State Teach ers College at Athens Georgia State Womans Col lege at Valdosta North Georgia Agricultural College at Dahlonega State College of Agriculture at Athens Bowdon State Normal and Industrial College at Bow don South Georgia State Teachers College at States boro Middle Georgia College at Cochran Georgia State College for Men at Tifton South Georgia Junior State College at Douglas State Agricultural and Nor mal College at Americus Medical Department of the University at Augusta Georgia Industrial College at Barnesville Georgia Vocational and Trades School at Monroe Georgia School for the Deaf at Cave Spring Fourth District A M School at Carrollton Seventh District A M School at Powder Springs Eighth District A M School at Madison Ninth District A M School at Clarkesville Tenth District A M School at Granite Hill Georgia Academy for the Blind at Macon Also three institutions for Negroes Forsyth A M School at Forsyth Georgia Normal and Agricultural College at Albany and Georgia State Industrial Col lege at Savannah If all the institutions comprising the University Sys tem of Georgia were grouped upon a single campus the total enrollment of students there assembled would be in excess of 25000 But higher education in Georgia is by no means con fined to the University System The State has a num ber of denominational and private institutions of higher learning which have played a notable part in the educa tional and cultural development not only of Georgia but the Nation at large Those conferring degrees are Agnes Scott College at Decatur Bessie Tift College at Forsyth Brenau Col lege at Gainesville Emory University at Atlanta La Grange College at LaGrange Mercer University at Ma con Oglethorpe University at Atlanta Piedmont Col lege at Demorest Shorter College at Rome Wesleyan College at Macon Berry College at Rome Atlanta Law School at Atlanta Columbia Theological Seminary at Decatur AtlantaSouthern Dental College at Atlanta and Southern College of Pharmacy at Atlanta These institutions have a combined enrollment of ap proximately 9000 students have plants and equipment valued at more than 15000000 have endowments ag gregating nearly 10000000 and have libraries ag gregating 368000 volumes 44 Historic campus scenes and two contrasting vignettes Top left mens dormitory at University of Georgia Athens Bottom right the University Chapel Top right a foaming mountain stream with wooden covered bridge in background Bottom left young deer on State Game Preserve 45 yiii TB BH GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES Spain practically abandoned the Golden Isles about 1698 and by a gentlemens agreement with England the territory was a No Mans Land for a half century Neither nation permitted settlement by its nationals on any of the islands and the Indian tribes followed suit by denying the right of any of the Creek Confed eracy to live there calling them the Hunting Islands and resorting to them for seafood and hunting and fishing in season Great Plantations Established After the establishment of the Colony of Georgia in 1733 the islands became important groups of planta tions growing indigo and staple food crops After the Revolution the culture of Sea Island cotton became the leading industry and for nearly a century the Golden Isles maintained an aristocracy of planter fam ilies that led the South in wealth and culture The homes of all the wealthy planters were burned or shelled during the Civil War only the Spalding man sion on Sapelo now owned by Howard E Coffin having enough walls left for later rebuilding This structure had also escaped British bombardment during the War of 1812 For many years after the Civil War the Golden Isles were mainly hunting islands as in Indian days Nearly 50 years ago Thomas Carnegie bought the greater part of Cumberland and the family has several homes and a great game preserve there In 1886 the Jekyll Island Club composed of 100 of the nations leading men of great wealth established on Jekyll the finest and most exclusive winter resort in the world Saint Simons on the seaward end of which is Sea Island is connected with the mainland by a causeway and is an important summer and winter resort Sapelo has been owned by Howard E Coffin since 1911 Ossabaw is a great game erve and winter home of Dr H N Torrey of De troit and Saint Catherines the largest of the chain is owned by Mrs C M Keys of New York All the Golden Isles have ocean beaches on one side and lie along the Florida Passage the inside waterway from the North to Florida resort territory The Golden Isles are one of Americas most historic localities and being unexploited retain unsurpassed charm of native beauty In the discovery of this part of the coast these Islands were the first land discern ible to the weary watchers in the stormbattered cara vel and consequently were the first lands to be appro priated by the discoverer in the name of the King Enchanted with the splendor of the unrolling vision the Spaniards named them The Golden Islands Centuries before the coming of the Spaniards and before Lief Ericson had discovered Vineland the Golden Islands were part of Huitramanaland Great Island of the Icelandic sagas which maintain that at some more remote period before the Icelanders Huitra manaland was peopled by the Irish from whom it de rived its name The Norse voyages to America form the backbone of Icelandic literature and these sagas which scholars now accept as genuine historical com position tell of three such voyages to Huitramanaland Thus it is believed that ancient Irish and Norse mari ners sighted the Golden Islands Under Spain Two Centuries Within the lifetime of Columbus Portuguese ad venturers furnished data for Cantinos chart dated 1502 which shows that the Georgia coast had been vis ited before Ponce de Leons discovery ten years later From the earliest days of exploration of America maps show the Golden Islands as part of Guale a province of ancient Florida and as such was included in the Spanish Main Thus these Islands were governed for more than two centuries by the sovereigns of Spain from Ferdinand and Isabella to Philip V when the English seized them in the 1730s at the time of the founding of the Colony of Georgia After the standard of Spain had long been planted among the Golden Islands French ships under Ribaut andLaudonniere came in an attempt to dispute the for mers claim In and out among the islands fluttered the banners of the Fleurdelis and upon each river and sound were bestowed the names of rivers of France St Marys River became the Seine Saint Andrews Sound the Somme Saint Simons Sound the Loire the Altamaha River the Charante Sapelo River the Gironde Ossabaw Sound the Grande and the Sa vannah River the Dulce Spains wrath was aroused and in 1564 the Golden Islands witnessed the move ments of Menendez great caravels from Havana which routed the French expedition Extant records show that during the Spanish regime a number of zealous priests suffered martyrdom while laboring among the savages However many were con verted to Christianity and the first pastoral visit ever made on what is now United States soil was that of the Bishop of Cuba in 1605 by order of Philip III of Spain to administer confirmation to more than a thou sand Indians of the Golden Islands The Indian inhabitants of the Golden Islands be longed to the nation of Creeks Their forebears who had resided here were of advanced mental culture as indicated by ornamentation and archaeological evi dence shows that these aborigines of the Golden Islands possessed some of the culture of the Mayans of Yuca tan which had seeped through to this region by way of the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies Notable among the remains of this prehistoric era are a circu lar fortification or ceremonial enclosure of over 300 feet in diameter located on Sapelo Island and the great causeway of shell deposit on a neighboring small island Pirates and Buried Treasure At times freebooting sea pirates descended upon the Golden Islands In 1683 and again in 1686 Agramont the notorious Abraham plundered the missions and despoiled them even of their bells About 1715 Thomas Leache the famous Blackbeard while ravaging the coast from Saint Augustine to the Virginia Capes fre quented the Golden Isles to secretly bury his treasure and an Island where legend says his cache lies hidden adjoining Sapelo bears the name of Blackbeard Island About the time of Blackbeard the English under the reign of George I began to exert themselves for pos session of the Golden Islands and claimed them as part of Asilia a barony of South Carolina to be granted to Sir Robert Montgomery This gentleman prepared an elaborate scheme for the settlement and exploitation of his estate but his plans failed In 1736 three years after Englands establishment of 46The Golden Isles of Georgia Top pool in front of Howard E Coffin home on Sapeloe Island Lower left ruins of Fort Frederica built by General Oglethorpe largest and strongest British fortification ever erected in North America Lower right Cloister Hotel at Sea Island 47 HHHl jjaffij GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES the Colony of Georgia in defiance of Spain Oglethorpe the founder intruded upon the Golden Islands and built the fortress and town of Frederica upon Saint Simons Island In 1742 a Spanish fleet of over fifty ships arrived from Havana anchored in Saint Simons Sound and there in a naval engagement defeated the English and destroyed their fortifications located on the south end of Saint Simons Island Subsequently as the Span ish landing forces pressed toward Frederica where Oglehorpe had retreated they were defeated by the English at Bloody Marshone of the decisive battles of America for it broke Spains hold over vast territory and assured English dominance on the North American Continent During the Colonial period the Golden Islands of Sapelo Saint Catherines and Ossabaw were owned by a wealthy Jewish merchant of London who spent con siderable sums of money in developing them only to find later that they were illegally sold to him by the Indian empress of the Creeks In the 1790s Jekyll Sapelo Blackbeard and part of Saint Catherines and Ossabaw were purchased by a company of five French noblemen who had fled from the Reign of Terror and like Sir Robert Montgomery they proposed an extensive but futile scheme for the development of coastal Georgia Under Five Different Flags In its nearly 400 years of occupation by the white man Saint Simons Island has been under the flags of Spain France England the United States and the Con federate States of America The export trade of the present United States began with the shipment of sas safras peltries wild turkeys and chinaroot to France from Gualquini Harbor at the mouth of Frederica River now overlooked by the beautiful home of the Sea Island Yacht Club The great Franciscan Mis sion of San Buena Ventura flourished there for nearly a century and the English settlers in 1733 found exten sive plantations and old orange and olive groves set by friars who carried the Cross in one hand and a fruit tree in the other wherever they went When General James E Oglethorpe established his colony of Georgia the ostensible reason was to provide a haven for oppressed debtors and his Savannah town on Yamacraw Bluff was filled with them The real rea son for the enterprise was the erection of a buffer state between English Carolina and Spanish Florida so well down in the Debatable Land he established Fort Fred erica on Saint Simons Island garrisoned it with a regi ment of British regulars and colonized nearly two companies of Scotch Highlanders The Savannah col onists almost starved but old Spanish fields on Saint Simons Jekyll and Blythe Islands nearby grew great crops that fed Oglethorpes proteges Fort Frederica was the largest and most costly British fortification in America and in its construction tabby blocks from a Spanish mission of the 16th century were incorpor ated Both John and Charles Wesley the founders of Methodism served as rectors of Christ Church at Fred erica on Saint Simons The Battle of Bloody Marsh in which Oglethorpe freed the Atlantic coast from the Spanish menace was fought a few miles from Fort Frederica and the Highlanders reddened the marsh with the lifeblood of the Don and started Spains re treat from American supremacy It was one of the worlds great battles and the destiny of America hung in the balance until its outcome was decided One days catch and kill at Cabin Bluff Preserve 48Top left ruins of ancient Tolomato Mission near Darien Top right Mrs C H Anthony of New York with a mornings catch taken 100 yards from Cloister Hotel Below Mr Coffins palatial home on Sapeloe Island built in 1800 destroyed by Sherman rebuilt by Mr Coffin 49PAVED HIGHWAYS Link Every Section and County of the Empire State IN THE last ten years Georgia has made more rapid progress than any Southeastern State in developing her State Highway System with the single excep tion of North Carolina By reason of the fact that Georgia in area is the larg est State east of the Mississippi River coupled with the fact that Georgia has a total of 159 Counties cou pled with the further fact that Georgias State High way System as established and required by the law creating it is a CountysitetoCountysite system the development of Georgias State Highways has been an undertaking of colossal magnitude Georgias State Highway Department was created by the Legislature of 1919 The State Highway Act es tablished a State Highway Department to be adminis tered by a State Highway Board of three members ap pointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate The act directed the Board to lay out a system of State Highways connecting all the Countysites with one an other and the system thus laid out consisted originally of 4800 miles of highways Since 1919 the State High way Department has been authorized by the Legisla ture from time to time to take over additional mileage until now the total mileage of the authorized State Highways of Georgia is 8000 When it commenced operations under the Act of 1919 the State Highway Department had only the funds arising from the sale of motor vehicle license tags which were relatively small In 1921 the Legislature added to these funds a gasoline tax of one cent a gal lon which materially increased the Departments finan cial resources Since 1921 the scale of motor vehicle licenses has been substantially increased now rang ing from 1150 for the lowpriced passenger car to as high as 1500 for heavy trucks and the gasoline tax has been increased from time to time until now it is six cents a gallon of which four cents goes to the State Highway Department So strong became the sentiment in Georgia for ac celerating the State Highway program that in five or six years after the establishment of the State Highway Department there sprang up an agitation over the State for a highway bond issue This continued actively and aggressively for at least five years but the advo cates of the PayasYouGo plan were finally able to demonstrate by a conclusive test of balloting in the Legislature that they were in the majority The bond issue advocates acquiesced in good grace and since that time Georgia has gone forward harmoniously with the development of her State Highway System financed by motor vehicle licenses plus a relatively high gaso line tax these two sources of current revenue supple mented by Federal aid instead of the bond issue method 15800000 for Highways in 1932 During the calendar year of 1932 the State Highway Departments budget provides for an expenditure of 15800000 of which the motor vehicle license tax furnishes 4200000 the gasoline tax furnishes 8500 000 and Federal aid furnishes 3100000 This expenditure is divided as follows Construction 813 per cent Maintenance 125 per cent Land Buildings and Equipment 36 per cent Administration 26 per cent From the establishment of the State Highway De partment in 1919 down to the present time there has been expended in the development of the State High ways of Georgia a total of 133750000 all from cur rent revenue supplemented by Federal aid and by num erous Counties and without a State bond issue For this expenditure the State Highway Department has made what most citizens agree to be a splendid showing Georgia now has a total of 2764 miles of hardsurfaced roads in her State Highway System plus a total of 2229 miles of roads which are graded and topsoiled and ready for hardsurface as the develop ment of the system progresses To give some idea of the magnitude of the operations of the State Highway Department more than 48000 carloads of material are now being used and trans ported annually in construction and maintenance these including crushed stone cement sand gravel slag asphalt lime rock structural steel etc Materials local to Georgia are used by the State Highway Department in every instance where avail able and suitable to traffic conditions In this connec tion it is interesting to note that no State in the Union has a greater variety or a more abundant supply of materials for building and maintaining highways On the outside back cover of this issue of Georgia and Her Resources is a map of the State Highways of Georgia prepared by the Highway Department by special request illustrating the approximate status of the system as of January 1 1933 50A veritable paradise of scenic grandeur and outdoor recreation abounds in North Georgias mountain country Here are shown a mountaineers cabin a mountain trout stream a magnificent mountain top view in Cherokee National Forest and a summer cottage overlooking Tallulah Gorge 51iMmtUi CHASE S OSBORN Tells Why He Chose to Make His Home in Georsia OU ask me to tell how I come to be a resident of South Georgia If there is interest in the mat ter at all it resides in the reasons for my staying here Anybody might come here accidentally as I did But to stay when one has the world to choose from and the power to go where one likes is the thing Between thirty and forty years ago a Mr Hunton of De troit bought pine lands hereabouts and built a sawmill A mutual friend of Mr Hunton and myself came here as his guests to shoot There was a neat little boarding house It burned My friend Mr R J Cram of West Chester Pa who would be here now if he had not been striken with total blindness conceived the idea of building a hunting camp To this end he invited three or four others to join him I was one of them To be a bit independent of the camp I bought a few acres and built a camp on a smaller scale for my own use and also set out pecan trees Those were the busiest days of my life One year found me in Africa another in Asia still another in Europe or in South America or elsewhere out of my own country So for years I could not come to Georgia regularly But I hau met John McPhaul and other fine men here They looked after my small belongings until I could visit them more frequently This came about when I decided to quit active business and devote my self to study and writing Having seen all the earth and having wintered in California and Florida and on the Riviera and in Egypt and in the South Seas and in fact every place thought to be attractive in the winter it was easy to discover the advantages and attractions of South Georgia First of these are the people And if one is rightly consti tuted as to philosophy and morals people must always be the first consideration I found them with an hon esty and realness and grace that I had not seen else where or since or before in all the earth There was no pretense no pose no frill no dogjust plain honesttoGod people If there is an inhibition in South Georgia I have not discovered it in thirty years of contact They love you if they do and they hate you if they do There is a charm of personal and hu man honesty that is of the land This makes for social conditions that are perfect In addition to this there is none of the mongrel mob 52 that crowds into and flourishes in places cheaply pop ular One can be quite sure that if a man introduces a woman as his wife she is Whether important or his is true If one wishes society that is not plated he can find the cream at Thomasville where the Davisons the Whitneys the New York Bakers the Philadelphia Masons the New Jersey Thompsons the Arch bolds and their high and excellent kind form circles the like of which has not yet been discovered or anything better farther south But if one wishes just quiet gentility where life is sweet in its simplicity he chooses spots like Poulan where I live in Possum Poke in Pos sum Lane Somewhere between these descriptions is the excel lent town of Albany In seeking the genesis of con ditions in what I pridefully call my part of South Georgia I found a great reason for its so cial superiority came from the fact that it is largely peopled from North Carolina Now there may be tough Tarheels but I never saw one that was not good to know and live with It so transpires that even they are improved by transplant ing to Georgia just as is the Yankee I can visit and walk afield and shoot and botanize and geologize and do as many things delightfully as I wish and everybody tries to see that I succeed at what I undertake or wish to do Nor do they ever obtrude Such good taste and good sense are hard to find elsewhere There is a tranquil charm and beauty that scarcely exists elsewhere For a time it puzzled me to deter mine why Then of a sudden as it were I knew the mocking bird as it had not revealed itself before and the brown thrasher sang for me its most delicately pflTr tht t0hes that yu cal1 down he the lh S t m lhC bl3Ck hy bushes that you call the gall berry the cat squirrels played in my pecan trees the jasmine and wild violet and the bay and flash of the cardinal In fact one cannot phrase the ovehness of South Georgia without exhausting both language and space There is asubtle something that I cannot define that once seen seizes the senses as noth ing else that I have witnessed on the earth I know well the sunsets and the gloamings of Tehe ran and the Mokettim hills that are more famous than those of Kashmir South Georgia has evenings andGlimpses of the tranquil charm and beauty of South Georgia Top left turpentine farm near home of former Governor Osborn of Michigan Top right picturesque old grist mill still regularly grinding Be low largest tung oil tree in the world growing in South Georgia 53159 COUNTIES Condensed Statistics About Each of Th THE State of Georgia is divided into several politi cal divisions as follows There are 159 counties 10 Congressional Districts 51 State Senatorial Districts 31 Superior Court Circuits and approximate ly 1800 Militia Districts Atlanta is the Capital city of the State and the sec ond largest city in the Southern States The State Legislature or General Assembly is com posed of the Senate with 51 members each of whom serves a term of two years and the House of Repre sentatives composed of 205 members each elected to serve two years The Legislature meets every two years unless called into extra session by the Governor convening on the fourth Wednesday in June and re mains in continuous session for a period of 60 days The eight counties having the largest population have three representatives each in the House They are Bibb Chatham DeKalb Floyd Fulton Laurens Mus cogee and Richmond The 30 counties ranking next in population have two representatives each These coun ties are Bartow Brooks Bulloch Burke Carroll Clarke Cobb Colquitt Coweta Decatur Dodge Elbert Emanuel Gwinnett Hall Jackson Jefferson Lowndes Meriwether Mitchell Screven Sumter Thomas Troup Walker Walton Ware Washington Wilkes and Worth The other 121 counties have only one Rep resentative each The following synopsis or sketch of the 159 counties in Georgia contains Name of county population of county name and population of county seat number of square miles in county taxable property values taken from 1931 State tax digest Congressional Dis trict State Senatorial District and Judicial Circuit in which county is located Also the number of farms in each county with a short sketch of principal crops pro duced educational institutions other than grammar schools or high schools Population figures and num ber of farms are taken from the Federal 1930 census APPLING 13315 Baxley 2122 area 454 square miles taxable property 3387964 Congress Eighth district Senate Third Brunswick circuit Products cotton corn cane hay melons cattle hogs tobacco pecans honey poultry naval stores lumber crossties barrel staves Average altitude 206 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil Has three tobacco warehouses at Baxley handling 3500000 pounds in 1931 Farms in county 1450 ATKINSON 6894 Pearson 715 area 330 square miles taxable property 136384200 Congress Elev enth Senate Fifth Alapaha circuit Products to bacco cotton corn peanuts potatoes hay melons all vegetables soy and velvet beans hogs lumber naval stores Average altitude 205 feet Excellent water supply Pebbly clay soil 719 farms in county BACON 7055 Alma 1235 area 357 square miles taxable property 194831200 Congress Eleventh Senate Fortysixth Waycross circuit Products to bacco cotton corn peanuts hay melons soy and vel vet beans vegetables poultry hogs lumber building material oil mill products Average altitude 205 feet Sandy loam soil 850 farms in county mornings that are born in the heavens in a manner of mystery so engaging and fascinating as to be untena ble And these are almost confined to Georgia At first I thought it chauvinism that made me find this thing of silent joy just in Georgia Then I discovered that the latitude and longitude of Georgia are exactly right for a certain suffusion and blending of the sunlight and the zodiacal light producing an effect that entrances one Seen through the towering long plumed pines or veiled by populars and persimmons and gums in which nestle festooned mistletoes there is nothing in the world as beautiful No Whistler etching is to be mentioned as even approaching the delicacy of tracery And the colors are so exquisite one may fairly taste them Once in a while a faint auroral effect is to be detected and the result is transporting Suppose we get down to earth and mention the prac tical for a moment Life is easier and filled with more worthwhile things in South Georgia than is always ap Concluded from Page 52 predated or can be enumerated It is one of the health iest regions of the earth Albanys death rate is the lowest in America The nights in winter are snappy and stimulate one The days are mild and unctuous and relax one just enough There is none of the ener vations of a warmer climate nor any of the dangerously exacting rigors of the northern winter just a perfectly balanced condition that keeps one at his best all the time neither too high in spirits nor too low If you wish climate and opportunity and charm of people and songful birds and fragrant flowers and good soil and wild and tame life proportioned invitingly you can find these combined with sweet sunshine and wholesomeness which is all I wish and is why I hope to live a part of all my life in South Georgia In fact there is more than the average person can comprehend or assimilate of the perfections of earth Also the snakes stay in their holes in the winter I could just keep on forever in praise of South Georgia 54 pXttjussLSzx isstnxz Zr ass Below State Capitol snapped as an airplane grazed its lofty dome jyGEORGIA and Her RESOURCES BAKER 7818 Newton 377 area 357 square miles taxable property 158436800 Congress Second Sen ate Ninth Albany circuit Products cotton corn cane potatoes velvet beans pecans hogs poultry vegetables A big hydroelectric plant in county sup plies power for a number of towns in this section Av erage altitude 200 feet sand loam soil 1287 farms in county BALDWIN 22766 Milledgeville 6189 area 307 square miles taxable property 4230872 Congress Sixth Senate Twentieth Ocmulgee circuit Products corn cotton cane potatoes wheat oats hay peas vel vet beans pecans peaches poultry hogs Extensive clay deposits altitude 276 feet red sandy soil Seat of Georgia State College for Women Georgia Military Institute State Sanitarium and State Farm Former capital of State Middle Georgia fair held each fall at Milledgeville Farms in county 974 BANKS 9703 Homer 281 area 222 square miles taxable property 1599231 Congress Ninth Senate Thirtythird Piedmont circuit Products poultry eggs cotton corn wheat oats rye hay potatoes peas peaches apples pecans dairies asbestos Average alti tude 1700 feet red and gray soil 2085 farms in county BARROW 12401 Winder 3283 area 168 square miles taxable property 277266600 Congress Ninth Senate Twentyseventh Piedmont circuit Products cotton corn peas hay wheat oats cane apples peaches pears pecans textiles furniture foundry Average altitude 941 feet soil gray and red 1861 farms in county BARTOW 25355 Cartersville 5255 area 471 square miles taxable property 674928200 Congress Seventh Senate Fortysecond Cherokee circuit Prod ucts corn grain cotton potatoes hay peaches apples iron manganese ocher barytes bauxite cement lime stone and textiles Average altitude 748 feet red and gray soil Cartersville has many manufacturing plants and is the center of mining activities Adairsville also has several manufacturing plants Farms in country 2692 BEN HILL 14500 Fitzgerald 7000 area 256 square miles taxable property 353345900 Congress Third Senate Fortyfifth Cordele circuit Products poultry livestock cotton corn potatoes hay pecans pears peaches tobacco textiles oil mills cigars im plements also has railroad shops and stone plants Alttude 515 feet Three tobacco warehouses are lo cated at Fitzgerald which handled about 1400000 pounds in 1931 Much honey is produced in the coun ty Trucking business tomatoes fordhook lima beans turnips asparagus dewberries peanuts developing rapidly and large acreages are being cut up and utilized for these lines Lands are good and can be bought cheap Prospects are the fine quality of soil and uni form favorable climate will become known and this will be a very large shipping point for truck fruits and vegetables Ben Hill County fair held in Fitzgerald each fall 993 farms in county BERRIEN 20000 Nashville 2000 area 500 square miles taxable property 350000000 Congress Eighth Senate Fortyfifth Alapaha circuit Products cotton corn grain soy and velvet beans peanuts fruits strawberries watermelons livestock poultry hogs tobacco lumber turpentine canneries textiles Aver age altitude 290 feet sandy loam clay subsoil There are three tobacco warehouses at Nashville which han dled nearly 8000000 pounds in 1931 Berrien County 4H Fair held at Nashville each fall 1893 farms in county BIBB 77042 Macon 64045 area 277 square miles taxable property 4868637500 Congress Sixth Sen ate Twentysecond Macon circuit Grows practically all farm products including cotton grains truck peaches and pecans hogs and poultry and is a large manufacturing center especially in clays and textiles Located in or near Macon are Wesleyan College Wes leyan Conservatory Mercer University Mount de Sales Academy St Josephs School Central City College for Negroes Georgia Academy for the Blind Beda Etta College for Negroes Macon Linotype School four business colleges as well as city and county grammar and high schools Georgia State Agricultural Exposi tion held in Macon each fall Altitude 373 feet 1099 farms in county BLECKLEY 9131 Cochran 1023 area 205 square miles taxable property 213707400 Congress Sixth Senate Fourteenth Oconee circuit Products grown cotton corn grain peanuts hay peaches wat ermelons cane and almost any kind of farm crop that can be grown anywhere in the State hogs beef and dairy cattle and poultry is raised very extensively Middle Georgia A M Junior College located in Cochran and also has textile mill and cold storage plant curing nearly 400000 pounds of meat annually The total amount received from the cooperative hog and poultry sales held regularly and from the sale of whole milk sour cream and cured meat is 12500000 annually Traversing the county are two state high ways 1023 farms in county BRANTLEY 6895 Nahunta 352 area 400 square miles taxable property 160010700 Congress Elev enth Senate Third Waycross circuit Products all farm products including tobacco corn sweet potatoes watermelons hogs and poultry lumber and naval stores 690 farms in county Estimated BROOKS 21334 Quitman 4149 area 514 square miles taxable property 610428000 Congress Elev enth Senate Seventh Southern circuit Products cotton corn hay hogs cattle poultry cane grain fruits pecans vegetables tobacco sweet potatoes pea nuts watermelons textiles cooperage plant lumbering veneering plant now operating Average altitude 173 feet sandy loam clay subsoil Two tobacco ware houses at Quitman handling 1222221 pounds in 1929 Barwick and Barney are two of countys most progres sive centers Farms in county 2447 BRYAN 6500 Clyde 107 area 431 square miles taxable property 167368300 Congress First Sen ate First Atlantic circuit Products cotton tobacco corn oats velvet and soy beans cane potatoes lumber ing hogs poultry and cattle Average altitude 32 feet Sandy loam soil Pembroke largest town in county has 841 population 523 farms in county Bryan is one 56Top a section of the famous Cyclorama depicting the Battle of Atlanta one of the finest war pictures ever painted Below left the Administration Building State College of Agriculture at Athens Below right a sunset scene on Lake Burton in the mountains 57GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES of the largest producers of turpentine in the state It has fine fishing waters both salt and fresh Henry Ford owns about 50000 acres of land in Bryan County BULLOCH 26497 Statesboro 3976 area 668 square miles taxable property 704793700 Congress First Senate Fortyninth Ogeechee circuit Prod ucts livestock cured meats poultry eggs hogs pota toes corn melons pecans beans peanuts tobacco large quantities of these products being sold annually Manufacturing tile fertilizer cotton seed products lumber products Two tobacco warehouses at States boro which handled 2264932 pounds in 1929 Georgia Normal School at Statesboro Altitude 253 feet Dark gray red pebbled soil 3176 farms in county BURKE 29225 Waynesboro 3923 area 956 square miles taxable property 810878600 Congress First Senate Seventeenth Augusta circuit Farm products are valued at 600000000 of which about 400000000 worth were sold the remainder being used for home consumption Principle products include cotton corn oats tobacco sweet potatoes hay melons hogs and poultry Corn yields of from 60 to 100 bush els per acre and high cotton yields reported There are 15 soil types in county which will grow variety of crops Practically all schools consolidated Average altitude 86 feet 3681 farms in county BUTTS 9345 Jackson 1776 area 203 square miles taxable property 308735500 Congress Fourth Senate Twentysixth Flint circuit Products pepper poultry eggs hogs pure bred cattle cotton corn grain hay potatoes peaches apples textiles Average altitude 720 feet Gray clay subsoil A large power plant has been developed on the Ocmulgee river near Jackson Indian Springs containing water of nedicinal properties and owned by the State is in Butts Comity County Fair at Jackson each fall 1242 farms in county All schools have been consolidated into five large and two small schools CALHOUN 10577 Arlington 1331 area 284 square miles taxable property 222118000 Congress Second Senate Ninth Albany circuit Products to bacco cotton corn grain hay velvet and soy beans sugar cane potatoes peaches grapes pecans peanuts hogs and poultry Average altitude 337 feet Soil red pebble 1634 farms in county CAMDEN 7000 Woodbine 350 area 711 square miles taxable property 226285200 Congress Eighth Senate Fourth Brunswick circuit Products corn sugar cane rice grain potatoes all vegetables pecans some tropical fruits Fishing is an important industry at St Marys on the coast Dark hammock gray soil Average altitude 25 feet 365 farms in coun ty Howard E Coffins hunting preserve of 60000 acres is in Camden County CANDLER 8998 Metter 3169 area 228 taxable property 190720300 Congress First Senate Forty ninth Middle circuit Products tobacco cotton corn grain potatoes peas hay watermelons velvet and soy beans livestock hogs poultry Three tobacco ware houses at Metter which handled 4047558 pounds in 1929 Altitude 300 feet Soil red pebble and loam 1188 farms in county CARROLL 35000 Carrollton 5051 area 492 square miles taxable property 681080800 Congress Fourth Senate Thirtyseventh Coweta circuit Di versified farming has made great strides in Carroll 75 per cent of farmers being white every land lot has run ning water on it Much poultry eggs and pure bred hogs and livestock cotton corn oats wheat hay peaches Manufactures textiles cotton seed products has three flour mills Fourth District A M School located at Carrollton and Bowdon State Normal In dustrial College is at Bowdon Average altitude 1100 feet Gold and pyrites mined 5286 farms in county CATOOSA 9425 Ringgold 681 area 169 taxable property 203014800 Congress Seventh Senate Fortyfourth Cherokee circuit Products cotton corn grain potatoes especially Irish potatoes peaches ap ples fruits berries Minerals sand limestone iron bauxite road materials and gold Average altitude 784 feet Soil red clay 975 farms in county CHARLTON 4381 Folkston 706 area 881 square miles taxable property 299320800 Congress Eighth Senate Fourth Waycross circuit Products tobacco corn tropical fruits vegetables sugar cane poultry eggs hogs and livestock lumbering and naval stores Average altitude 80 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 306 farms in county Onehalf of the great Okefenokee Swamp lies in Charlton County and one of the easiest entrances to the swamp is Folkston Charlton County boasts a halfmilliondollar bank thousands of acres of growing pines and a model rural school system CHATHAM 105431 Savannah 85024 area 370 square miles taxable property 6044498200 Con gress First Senate First Eastern circuit Truck growing extensively engaged in big yields per acre re ported Savannah is States largest port more cotton being shipped from here than any port on the Atlantic Ocean and it is the leading export city in the world for naval stores Much lumber and other wood prod ucts are also exported It is also a large import city Many large manufacturing plants operate here Aver age altitude 65 feet St Vincents Academy and School for Girls Papes School for Boys and Girls Marist Sacred Heart and Benedictine Schools located in Sa vannah Georgia State Industrial College for Negroes near Savannah Has 21 types of usable soils Georgia State Farm Fair is held each fall at Savannah There are 277 farms in county CHATTAHOOCHEE 8888 Cusseta 343 area 218 square miles taxable property 64853000 Congress Fourth Senate Twentyfourth Chattahoochee circuit Products all generally grown on farm including cat tle hogs poultry cotton grains peanuts and water melons Average altitude 650 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 301 farms in county CHATTOOGA 15404 Summerville 933 area 328 square miles taxable property 408592500 Congress Seventh Senate Fortysecond Rome circuit Prod ucts cotton corn grain in abundance peaches and other fruits and vegetables poultry eggs and fine live stock and alfalfa Minerals Iron bauxite clay man ganese coal slate talc sandstone Manufactures tex tiles etc Average altitude 780 feet Soil red upland sandy loam 1486 farms in county 581 o r Winners o profitable farming contest in 1931 Lett to rightJ K Lee Carroll County G F Wiley County Agent A P Winston Clarke County L B Watson County Agent J C Daughtry Candler County O L Johnson County Agent A H Jennings Sumter County J K Luck County Agent Below leftW A Akins and Family Bulloch County Below rightMr Daughtry again 59GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES CHEROKEE 20204 Canton 2911 area 429 square miles taxable property 6792270 Congress Ninth Senate Thirtyninth Blue Ridge circuit Products cotton corn wheat oats sweet potatoes poultry eggs and hogs cattle raising dairying all fruits such as apples peaches Manufactures textiles and marble plants Several hundred persons are employed in the lumber industry in the county Minerals gold mica soapstone iron ore asbestos clays marble Average altitude 894 feet Soil gray red mulatto Cherokee County Fair at Canton each fall Reinhardt College located in county At Canton is one of the most mod ernly equipped creameries in the State Largest num ber of registered Guernseys in any county in State There are thirteen consolidated schools of the junior high school type and one senior fully accredited high school 2459 farms in county CLARKE 25609 population City of Athens 18 192 area 114 square miles taxable property 14399 70500 exclusive of 300000000 of State and County School property in Athens Georgia Tenth Congres sional District Fiftieth Senatorial District Western circuit Grows all farm products favorable to this sec tion including much poultry and eggs livestock arid truck There are 53 manufacturing plants in the coun ty producing a wide variety of manufactured articles including textiles textile goods fertilizers mill work implements baseball bats shovel handles cotton seed products compound lard canned goods creamery prod ucts cotton garments Athens is the seat of the Uni versity of Georgia State College of Agriculture State Teachers College Lucy Cobb Institute and Lumpkin Law School Clarke County is served by five railroads and six well established highways fed by a wellkept system of county roads Annual industrial pay roll exceeds 2000000 and the 3000 students in the various educational institutions expend an equal amount in Athens lch year The average altitude of the county is 705 feet Soils are mostly red clay and gray loam There are 1102 farms and three hydroelectric plants in the county CLAY 7000 Fort Gaines 1500 area 203 square miles taxable property 1489377 Congress Third Senate Eleventh Pataula circuit Products cotton corn grain sugar cane potatoes peanuts hay peaches pecans much truck poultry and hogs Average alti tude 190 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 957 farms in county CLAYTON 10260 Jonesboro 1065 area 142 square miles taxable property 373501000 Congress Fourth Senate Thirtyfifth Stone Mountain circuit Soil highly productive and grows 38 cash crops which with proper rotation and diversification a yearround income is assured All staple crops are grown such as cotton corn potatoes hay watermelons much truck poultry eggs livestock cattle and hogs Has fine rail road concrete highway and power facilities Average altitude 917 feet 1211 farms in county CLINCH 5987 Homerville 1148 area 900 square miles taxable property 218561800 Congress Eighth Senate Fifth Alapaha circuit Products to bacco cotton corn grain sugar cane potatoes sweet and Irish peaches fruits vegetables hogs and poultry Altitude 176 feet Soil sandy loam 315 farms in county COBB 35539 Marietta 7634 area 353 square miles taxable property 1052581500 Congress Sev enth Senate Thirtyninth Blue Ridge circuit All farm crops suitable to this section are grown dairying pure bred cattle and poultry raising rapidly increasing here in the last few years much truck is grown in this county and marketed in Atlanta which is 20 miles dis tant from Marietta with paved road cpnnecting Ma rietta has many manufacturing plants such as textile furniture marble machinery etc also many cotton gins Average altitude 1118 feet Red mulatto soil Acworth population 1163 Roswell 1200 other towns in Cobb that have several manufacturing plants Many historical points including Kennesaw Mountain and other Civil War battle fields located in county Four railroad trunk lines and one interurban electric line serve county Good roads including Dixie Highway paved through county Well known as one of the lead ing farm counties agricultural display taking first prize at State and Southeastern Fairs 1929 Seventh District A M School located at Powder Springs Cobb County Fair held each fall at Marietta 3389 farms in county COFFEE 20000 Douglas 4213 area 632 square miles taxable property 429153400 Congress Eighth Senate Fortysixth Waycross circuit Doug las has five tobacco warehouses that handled nearly 11000000 pounds in 1931 Soils are especially adapted to growing of fruits such as strawberries blackberries and dewberries melons tomatoes peppers peas pea nuts tobacco dairying hogs and poultry raising large ly engaged in Cotton corn oats hay are produced South Georgia State College and Georgia Normal Busi ness College located in county Coffee County Fair held at Douglas each fall Average altitude 275 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 2055 farms in county COLQUITT 30622 Moultrie 8026 area 529 tax able property 620925000 Congress Second Senate Fortyseventh Southern circuit Three tobacco ware houses at Moultrie handled about 5000000 pounds in 1931 South Georgia Fair at Moultrie held each fall Norman Junior College at Norman Park and Moultrie Commercial College at Moultrie Swift Packing Plant at Moultrie slaughters 150000 hogs each year stimu lating hog raising in that section Many melons are shipped from county each year also much poultry egs and farm products such as cotton corn peanuts potatoes pecans hay peppers cane syrup Manufac tures lumber products Average altitude 325 feet Soil sandy loam and clay subsoil 3400 farms in county COLUMBIA 8693 Appling 841 area 350 square miles taxable property 171882800 Congress Tenth Senate Twentyninth Augusta circuit Farm crops grown in east Georgia thrive on the clay grayish loamy soils of the county Some truck is grown together with cotton corn oats and wheat potatoes hay watermel ons and pecans One of leading peach growing coun ties and dairying much sour cream being sold Pure bred livestock is being introduced on farms Much hogs poultry and many eggs are sold Gold fullers earth and clay are mined Average altitude 263 feet j 1266 farms in county 60Though poultry and egg production has grown enormously there remains unlimited opportunity for this in dustry in Georgia Here are a Hock of White Leghorn hens a typical Georgia dairy scene and the electric refrigeration plant of R F Sams Jr scientific truck grower 61GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES COOK 11650 Adel 1720 area 241 square miles taxable property 268497400 Congress Eighth Sen ate Sixth Alapaha circuit Products tobacco Adel having two warehouses that handled around 3400000 pounds in 1931 and other crops generally grown in this section including cotton grain beans potatoes pea nuts hay with much live stock hogs poultry and eggs being sold annually Average altitude 246 feet Soil pebbly loam and clay subsoil 1296 farms in county Cook County is the home of the Sowega Melon Grow ers Association a cooperative marketing organization of 3500 melon growers COWETA 25125 Newnan 6373 area 443 square miles taxable property 9256937 Congress Fourth Senate Thirtysixh Coweta circuit The red and gray soils produce all farm crops in abundance apples pecans watermelons 325000 peach trees in county dairying and livestock hogs and poultry raising mak ing great gains in county Textiles and foundry prod ucts are manufactured and gold and granite are mined Coweta County Fair at Newnan each fall Commercial College at Newnan Average altitude 959 feet 2270 farms in county CRAWFORD 7020 Knoxville 574 area 319 square miles taxable property 162532100 Congress Sixth Senate Twentythird Macon circuit Cotton corn 400000 peach trees asparagus peanuts sugar cane grain melons livestock hogs and poultry Ex tensive clay and sand mines are located in county Ro berta with 449 population is in county Average alti tude 375 feet Soil sandy loam 959 farms in county CRISP 17343 Cordele 6880 area 277 square miles taxable property 528203400 Congress Third Senate Fortyeighth Cordele circuit More than three milliau dollars worth of products are sold each year which includes cotton peanuts corn peavine hay pecans melons potatoes peaches asparagus hogs poultry and eggs cattle dairy products naval stores and lumber Average altitude 250 feet Soil gray pebbly clay subsoil Cordele has a number of manu facturing plants Crisp County is the only county in any state that has constructed owns and operates its hydroelectric system The plant located on Flint River is 20000 horsepower and cost 1250000 The power will be sold to consumers at a nominal rate Crisp County Fair at Cordele each fall 1545 farms in county DADE 4246 Trenton 450 area 186 square miles taxable property 175919200 Congress Seventh Senate Fortyfourth Cherokee circuit General farm crops fruits and vegetables grown and coal limestone road materials and iron are mined Soil red and gray Farmers are diversifying and much livestock poultry and eggs are sold annually 486 farms in county DAWSON 3512 Dawsonville 203 area 216 square miles taxable property 67493500 Congress Ninth Senate Thirtysecond Northeastern circuit Products cotton corn grain potatoes hay sorghum apples peaches and poultry some alfalfa and beans hard woods gold Average altitude 1700 feet Soil red and gray 684 farms in county DECATUR 25000 Bainbridge 8000 area 823 square miles taxable property 753108700 Congress Second Senate Eighth Albany circuit Products to bacco a warehouse handling nearly 500000 pounds in 1931 at Bainbridge peanuts corn cotton hay and other crops favorable to this section Many hogs cat tle poultry and eggs sold annually Bainbridge is a large manufacturing center Average altitude 119 feet Soil Norfolk orange fine loam 1731 farms in county DEKALB 68666 Decatur 13275 area 272 square miles taxable property 3260487800 Congress Fifth Senate Thirtyfourth Stone Mountain circuit Dairy ing poultry and hog raising and truck growing are en gaged in largely by the farmers Many manufactures are located in the county including extensive granite quarries which turn the stone into the finished product Stone Mountain largest solid granite mass in the world and upon which is to be carved the Confederate memorial is in this county Agne Scott College Colum bia Seminary Emory University Oglethorpe Univer sity are located in DeKalb Average altitude 1019 feet 2472 farms in county DODGE 21599 Eastman 3022 area 431 square miles taxable property 543505900 Congress Twelfth Senate Fortyeighth Oconee circuit Prod ucts cotton corn grain potatoes hay melons pears pecans peanuts poultry hogs livestock and dairying textiles fertilizers Average altitude 361 feet Soil dark gray sandy loam 2623 farms in county DOOLY 18025 Vienna 1832 area 397 square miles taxable property 467359100 Congress Third Senate Fourteenth Cordele circuit Products cotton corn hay grain melons peanuts sugar cane potatoes peaches pecans pears livestock hogs poultry and eggs textiles oil mills lumbering Average altitude 350 feet Soil Norfolk sandy loam 2523 farms in county DOUGHERTY 22306 Albany 14507 Albany and Suburbs 18217 area 342 square miles taxable prop erty 16000000 Congress Second Senate Tenth Albany circuit Albany is in the center of the pecan industry of the State more pecans being marketed there than in any other city in the South More than 70000 acres of pecans are in the Albany area Many other farm crops such as cotton corn melons peaches peanuts hay and grain are grown and much live stock hogs poultry are sold Radium Springs containing high medicinal properties are near Albany This city has 36 manufacturing plants Average altitude 212 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil Georgia Normal School for negroes and two Business Colleges in Albany 791 farms in county DOUGLAS 9461 Douglasville 2318 area 208 square miles taxable property 196274500 Congress Fifth Senate Thirtyninth Tallapoosa circuit Prod ucts hardwoods cotton corn potatoes peaches apples melons fruits and vegetables livestock poultry eggs graphite Average altitude 1215 feet Soil red mu latto 1391 farms in county EARLY 18273 Blakely 2106 area 524 square miles taxable property 443805500 Congress Sec ond Senate Ninth Pataula circuit Products cotton corn grain hay peanuts livestock hogs poultry eggs I 62Georgia is ideally suited for production of milk cream butter and cheese and the market is almost unlimited since Georgia imports far more of these products than she produces On this page are four views of modern scientifically operated dairy farms in Georgia 63GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES Plan of diversification is followed in Early a solid train load of local products being shipped from the county in one day Many saw mills operate Altitude 300 feet Soil red clay sandy loam 2952 farms in county ECHOLS 2744 Statenville 438 area 362 square miles taxable property 76644100 Congress Elev enth Senate Sixth Southern circuit Products to bacco corn peanuts potatoes velvet beans and other crops grown in South Georgia Lumber and naval stores are main products and much livestock hogs and poultry are raised Purebred sires are rapidly replac ing scrub sires Ample grazing territory for large in crease in hog and cattle production Average altitude 152 feet Soils Blanton Norfolk and Leon sandy loam 245 farms in county EFFINGHAM 10169 Springfield 402 area 448 square miles taxable property 276051500 Congress First Senate First Ogeechee circuit Products cot ton corn tobacco pecans sugar cane peas grain fruits and vegetables poultry hogs and livestock Average altitude 75 feet soil sandy loam 988 farms in county ELBERT 18484 Elberton 4650 area 364 square miles taxable property 524302200 Congress Tenth Senate Thirtieth Northern circuit Products cotton corn grain hay alfalfa soy beans Sudan grass silage legume crops sorghum peaches pecans and many fruits and vegtables Dairying is engaged in on a large scale and much poultry and eggs are sold the farms gener ally stocking up with purebred animals and poultry Elberton is the center of the granite industry several large quarries operating here which ship stone to every state in the union and to foreign countries Fine mon umental memorial and building stone are quarried Other industries include textile mills oil mills cream ery hatchery machine plant cotton compress and a silk mill that weaves goods from silk imported from Japan This mill and its village is one of the most modern in the south Average altitude 670 feet Soils are highly productive and are being improved with dairy herds and legumes Elbert County Fair at El berton each fall 2428 farms in county EMANUEL 24256 Swainsboro 2442 area 889 square miles taxable property 521219500 Congress First Senate Sixteenth Middle circuit Products tobacco corn cotton truck melons potatoes pecans peaches grain hay poultry eggs hogs dairying and livestock for market Has ten months growing season and yearround pastures with reasonably priced land fine schools good roads and power Swainsboro on seven state highways and two railroads has ice plants planing mill turpentine stills cotton gins and other plants Average altitude 350 feet Emanuel County Fair each fall 3104 farms in county EVANS 7102 Claxton 1600 area 287 square miles taxable property 1300000 Congress First Senate Fortyninth Atlantic circuit Products to bacco corn cotton cane potatoes grain peanuts wa termelons hay cattle hogs sheep poultry and eggs Two tobacco warehouses at Claxton handling around 2300000 pounds in 1931 Average altitude 350 feet Soil gravel surface clay subsoil 697 farms in county FANNIN 12949 Blue Ridge 1190 area 401 square miles taxable property 195104700 Congress Ninth Senate Fortyfirst Blue Ridge circuit Products corn rye wheat oats sweet and Irish potatoes hay apples in abundance peaches livestock poultry and eggs Coal marble are mined Average altitude 1760 feet clay soil abundant water supply Many hardwoods are found in the forests of the county 1476 farms in county FAYETTE 8660 Fayetteville 796 area 234 square miles taxable property 148049300 Congress Sixth Senate Twentysixth Griffin circuit Products corn cotton potatoes grain hay apples peaches pe cans livestock hogs poultry eggs many vegetables which are trucked to markets Average altitude 1100 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 1631 farms in county FLOYD 48667 Rome 21843 area 502 square miles taxable property 20016311 Congress Seventh Senate Fortysecond Rome circuit All farm crops adaptable to north Georgia are grown in Floyd in cluding alfalfa the farms being stocked with purebred cattle hogs and poultry many of which are marketed in Rome Many apples peaches and other fruits and vegetables are grown Rome is a large manufacturing center having 75 industries including stoves agricul tural implements furniture brick rayon yarn hosiery and other textile products This city which is reached by several railroads and main highways has abundant power and is the center of educational facilities in cluding Shorter College an Agrade college for women Berry Schools Darlington School for boys together with an excellent public school system Georgia School for Deaf at Cave Springs Average altitude 614 feet 2848 farms in county FORSYTH 10719 Cumming 648 area 247 square miles taxable property 172937800 Congress Ninth Senate Fiftyfirst Blue Ridge circuit Products cot ton corn grain potatoes apples other fruits and veg etables hogs poultry livestock Gold and other min erals are found in the county Average altitude 1316 feet Soil red and gray 2169 farms in county FRANKLIN 16590 Carnesville 861 area 279 square miles taxable wealth 317173900 Congress Eighth Senate Thirtyfirst Northern circuit Prod ucts cotton corn potatoes wheat oats rye hay peaches apples grapes livestock Poultry raising en gaged in extensively much poultry and many eggs be ing sold each month There are several manufacturing plants in the county Average altitude 1000 feet Soil red pebble clay subsoil 2744 farms in county FULTON 327419 Atlanta 359668 area 533 square miles taxable wealth 284140125 Congress Fifth Senate Thirtyfifth Fulton has recently ab sorbed Campbell and Milton Counties greatly increas ing her farming area in which are grown cotton corn hay melons peaches etc while large amounts of truck milk cream butter poultry eggs and fruits are produced and marketed daily in Atlanta Atlanta is 64When its watermelon time in Georgia The two top pictures require no title Notice that the little colored boy is so engrossed that he does not even feel the By exploring his dome of thought Below is a beautiful country home on the Dixie Highway a few miles south of Macon 65GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES the capital of the State and one of the largest cities of the South six boroughs having been incorporated in the city by act of legislature in 1929 It is the leading com mercial and industrial center in the Southeast its prod ucts being valued at more than 135000000 annually Approximately 622 plants manufacture more than 1500 different articles It is a railroad and highway center with unexcelled transportation facilities as well as one of the leading centers of aviation in the country It has abundant cheap electric power for industries Natural gas was piped into the city for use early in 1930 Atlanta is the loaction of over fifteen hundred branches of nationally known concerns doing business in the Southeast as the large number of office build ings attest It is a leading educational center 34 col leges universities and other institutions of learning being located in or near Atlanta Altitude 1050 feet The Southeastern Fair is held in Atlanta in October of every year 3960 farms in county GILMER 8500 of whom 8450 are white Ellijay 654 area 440 square miles taxable property 1741 282 Congress Ninth Senate Fortyfirst Blue Ridge circuit Products corn wheat rye potatoes hay ap ples peaches hogs livestock poultry and eggs Many hardwood mills operate in county and marble iron ore and other minerals are mined Average altitude 1312 feet Soil red sandy loam Gilmer county apples are of many varieties and finest color and flavor and large quantities are shipped each year Gilmer County Fair each fall at Ellijay 1227 farms in county GLASCOCK 4390 Gibson 442 area 170 square miles taxable property 73758800 Congress Tenth Senate Eighteenth Toombs circuit Products corn cotton hay oats wheat rye potatoes peanuts soy and velvet beans livestock hogs poultry and eggs peaches and pecans Average altitude 500 feet Soil sandy gray red 705 farms in county GLYNN 19400 Brunswick 14022 area 439 square miles taxable property 13000000 Congress Eighth Senate Fourth Brunswick circuit Brunswick is an important port much cotton lumber turpentine and rosin and other products being shipped from there an nually It is the center of a large fishing industry and has approximately 30 manufacturing plants of major importance which spend in salaries and for raw ma terials approximately 4000000 annually Brunswick is the center of a large trucking area cucumbers Irish potatoes both spring and fall cabbage strawberries dewberries asparagus sweet potatoes beans tomatoes lettuce celery and onions being grown Profits of from 500 to 1000 an acre have been reported from Glynn truck farms Brunswick and adjacent islands afford fine climate for tourists both winter and summer Ga Carolina Schol of Commerce at Brunswick 168 farms in county GORDON 16942 Calhoun 2371 area 375 square miles taxable property 404551700 Congress Sev enth Senate Fortythird Cherokee circuit Products cotton corn all grains peaches alfalfa vetch clover cattle dairy products poultry and eggs fruit and veg County shiPs annually 70000 gallons of milk 130000 pounds of butter 212500 dozen eggs Manu factures brick several large plants being located in county textiles tile lumber hardwood materials Gor don county was the home of Sequoya the chief who formed the Indian alphabet and who has been selected by Oklahoma to occupy a place in the National Hall of Fame at Washington The treaty with the Indians which caused their removal from this section was made in this county Average altitude 716 feet Deep loam red subsoil 2408 farms in county GRADY 19200 Cairo 3169 area 444 square miles taxable property 3980149 Congress Second Senate Seventh Albany circuit Grady county sells products valued at approximately 450000000 annu ally composed of syrup corn tobacco cotton and seed peanuts poultry and eggs vegetables and plants pe cans and nursery stock naval stores and lumber sweet potatoes melons collard and other seeds other truck Grady county produces 98 per cent of the collard seed of the world and more tomato plants than any other county in the South Grady is the center of the syrup industry in the State and more pure cane syrup is shipped from Cairo than any other point in the world Average altitude 324 feet A tobacco warehouse loca ted at Cairo handled nearly 900000 pounds in 1931 2194 farms in county GREENE 12619 Greensboro 2125 area 416 square miles taxable property 311180000 Congress Eighth Senate Nineteenth Ocmulgee circuit Prod ucts corn cotton grain potatoes hay peaches truck pecans livestock poultry and eggs Dairying is be coming an important industry in county many sour cream stations being established Much poultry and many eggs are also sold Textiles and cotton products lumber brick are manufactured and kaolin and other minerals are mined Average altitude 598 feet Soil red and gray County Fair held in fall at Greensboro 1559 farms in county GWINNETT 29000 Lawrenceville 2175 area 400 square miles taxable wealth 5808000 Congress Ninth Senate Fiftyfirst Piedmont circuit Products cotton corn grain hay soy and velvet beans peaches apples pecans and livestock Much poultry and eggs are sold Several manufacturing plants are located at Lawrenceville At Buford are located the extensive plants of Bona Allen Incorporated which manufac ture harness collars bridles saddles mens and boys shoes and leather specialties valued annually at 6 00000000 The plants use 250000 hides annually em ploy 1500 people with a payroll amounting to 900 00000 annually Average altitude of county 1082 feet Gwinnett Agri Indus Fair at Lawrenceville each fall 3925 farms in county HABERSHAM 12748 Clarkesville 617 area 290 square miles taxable property 6394030 Congress Ninth Senate Thirtyfirst Northeastern circuit Products corn hay grain cotton potatoes apples 280000 peach trees other fruits dairy cows hogs poul try and eggs Manufactures hardwood products sad dles etc mines asbestos and graphite Large quan tities of apples are shipped from Habersham Cornelia being the center of the apple industry in Georgia Ninth District A M School at Clarkesville Piedmont College at Demorest Average altitude 1363 feet Soil red clay subsoil 1175 farms in the county 66 7Vo pictures vividly illustrating the bountiful yields of wellcultivated Georgia farms Above is an exhibit of corn produced n Carroll County at the Southeastern Fair in Atlanta Below is an enormous mound of peanuts m a warehouse m South Georgia with debutante trimmings 67 ttteii GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES HALL 30313 Gainesville 8024 area 437 square miles taxable property 11788535 Congress Ninth Senate Thirtythird Northeastern circuit Farm crops suitable to northeast Georgia including cotton corn grain hay with dairying making great gains has creamery at Gainesville the poultry industry has grown to such extent that commercial hatcheries are operated Many farms are stocked with purebred hogs and other livestock Many minerals are mined Gaines ville is the center of a large number of textile and other manufacturing plants including surgical dress ings overalls pants underwear jug ware carpets Av erage altitude 1200 feet Soil red clay Brenau Col lege and Riverside Academy are located at Gainesville 2697 farms in county HANCOCK 13070 Sparta 1613 area 530 square miles taxable property 284035500 Congress Sixth Senate Twentieth Ocmulgee circuit Products cot ton corn grain potatoes peanuts hay peaches pecans truck vetch and beans Permanent pastures are planted which are encouraging dairying and hog raising in county Much poultry and many eggs are sold each month Manufactures flour textiles mines granite kaolin clays and chalk Tenth District A M School at Granite Hill Average altitude 557 Soil red gray 1755 farms in county HARALSON 13243 Buchanan 429 area 284 square miles taxable wealth 270524200 Congress Seventh Senate Thirtyeighth Tallapoosa circuit Products cotton corn wheat oats potatoes rye peaches apples other fruits livestock poultry and eggs Textiles are manufactured and gold pyrites and copper are mined Tallapoosa and Bremen are other towns Average altitude 1000 feet Soil red gray 1681 farms in county HARRIS 11140 Hamilton 439 area 501 square miles taxable property 2419239 Congress Third Senate Twentyfifth Chattahoochee circuit Prod ucts cotton corn grain potatoes peanuts hay apples peaches melons berries hogs livestock poultry and eggs and truck Power on streams is being developed in county Average altitude 786 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil Chipley is located in this county also 1465 farms in county HART 15174 Hartwell 2048 area 261 square miles taxable property 259499500 Congress Tenth Senate Thirtieth Northern circuit Crops favorable to east Georgia are grown and plan of diver sification followed by farmers in recent years has caused dairying livestock and poultry raising to bring thousands of dollars into county Products cotton corn grain potatoes hay apples peaches and pecans textiles are manufactured Average altitude 838 feet Soil gray gravelly which is being improved by leeume plants 2278 farms in county HEARD 9557 Franklin 311 area 285 square miles taxable wealth 1263339 Congress Fourth Senate Thirtyseventh Coweta circuit Products cot ton corn hay and grains peaches poultry and eggs beans and vetch grown Mines graphite and other min erals Average altitude 696 feet Soil red and gray 1747 farms in county Heard county has two senior high schools and five consolidated rural schools HENRY 15933 McDonough 1360 area 324 square miles taxable property 3564848 Congress Fourth Senate Thirtyfifth Flint circuit Products cotton corn wheat oats potatoes hay watermelons peaches apples pecans hogs poultry and eggs beans and vetch textiles fertilizer textile products Average altitude 866 feet Soil clay sandy loam clay subsoil 2559 farms in county HOUSTON 11279 Perry 1396 area 450 square miles taxable property 337498000 Congress Third Senate Twentythird Macon circuit Prod ucts cotton corn peas oats wheat potatoes hay pea nuts melons pecans 636000 peach trees in county hogs poultry and eggs soy beans and vetch textiles and foundry products The Clinchfield cement plant is located in this county manufacturing 700000 barrels of cement annually Average altitude 300 feet Soil red and gray 1241 farms in county Estimated IRWIN 12199 Ocilla 2200 area 378 square miles taxable property 2665000 Congress Eighth Senate Fortyfifth Tifton circuit Products tobacco corn cotton grain peanuts potatoes hay peaches pecans trucking and turpentine hogs poultry and eggs soy and velvet beans lumbering Average altitude 686 feet Soil gray pebble clay subsoil 1606 farms in county JACKSON 21609 Jefferson 1869 area 346 square miles taxable property 4284970 Congress Ninth Senate Thirtythird Piedmont circuit Products cot ton corn grain peas peanuts potatoes hay sorghum peaches apples pecans pears livestock hogs poultry and eggs alfalfa vetch textiles Average altitude 1000 feet Soil gray red pebble clay subsoil Commerce with population of 2459 is also located in this county 2979 farms in county JASPER 8686 Monticello 1593 area 321 square miles taxable property 192895100 Congress Sixth Senate Twentyeighth Ocmulgee circuit Products cotton wheat grain corn potatoes hay pecans half million peach trees in county pepper dairying pure bred cows poultry and eggs lumber mills bobbin spool factory farm implements fertilizers flour mills ice factory Average altitude 800 feet Soil clay and loam Much alfalfa vetch and other cover crops are planted to improve soil 1147 farms in county JEFF DAVIS 9000 Hazlehurst 1500 area 400 square miles taxable property 2500000 Congress Eighth Senate Third Brunswick circuit Products tobacco having two warehouses at Hazlehurst that han dlel approximately 2500000 pounds in 1931 cotton grain corn livestock hogs poultry eggs fruits and vegetables for market potatoes sugar cane peanuts pecans naval stores crossties lumber Average alti tude 256 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 979 farms in county JEFFERSON 20727 Louisville 1663 area 646 square miles taxable property 4613519 Congress Sixth Senate Eighteenth Middle circuit Products cotton corn grain hay potatoes peanuts peas to bacco peaches apples pecans melons fruits and vege tables livestock hogs poultry and eggs limestone marl Louisville was former capital of Georgia Wad 68Poet orator and soldier fittingly memorialized Above is the Burns Cottage near Atlanta exact replica of the poets birthplace and home of Atlanta Burns Club Below at left bronze statute of Henry W Grady m the r heart of Atlanta Right statue of General John B Gordon 69GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES ley With population of 1423 has several manufacturing plants Average altitude 236 feet Soil red and gray 2582 farms in county Jefferson county has six ac credited high schools JENKINS 12908 Millen 2522 area 342 square miles taxable property 3488411 Congress First Senate Seventeenth Ogeechee circuit Products to bacco cotton corn sugar cane potatoes grain apples peanuts peaches fruits and vegetables pecans hay hogs poultry and eggs vetch and beans textiles fer tilizers ice Average altitude 158 feet Soil red peb ble clay subsoil 1676 farms in county Jenkins county was created in 1906 from portions of Burke Screven and Emanuel JOHNSON 12682 Wrightsville 1741 area 292 square miles taxable property 254177900 Congress Sixth Senate Sixteenth Dublin circuit Products tobacco cotton corn grain sugar cane potatoes peas fruits and vegetables livestock hogs poultry eggs Altitude 567 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 1742 farms in county JONES 8992 Gray 600 area 377 square miles taxable property 166297700 Congress Sixth Sen ate Twentyfirst Ocmulgee circuit Products all crops grown in middle Georgia including cotton corn gram hay potatoes watermelons soy beans one mil lion peach trees in county also many hogs poultry and eggs are sold Average altitude 300 feet Soil red gray Kaolin is mined 1000 farms in county Jones county has no debt of any kind LAMAR 9695 Barnesville 3188 area 182 square miles taxable property 271670400 Congress Sixth benate Twentysecond Flint circuit General crops grown in middle Georgia produced on farms including HARkT Crn grain Ptatoes alfalfa beans and vetch jW Pches pecans livestock hogs poultry and eggs Tig sold Many manufacturing plants are located at xiarnesville textiles leading Milner is another town in the county Sixth district A M School at Barnes ville 919 farms in county LANIER 5190 Lakeland 1007 area 225 square mitU oaXaWe PrPerty 123687900 Congress Eighth Senate Sixth Alapaha circuit Products to bacco and other crops grown generally in south Geor gia peaches and pecans soy beans much interest is taken in hog and poultry raising Much lumber and naval stores produced 564 farms in county mUREKS 32693 5Lublin 6681 area 806 square miles taxable property 910912500 Congress Sixth COoeCSorXnteent UbHn PrdUCtS cotton corn gram hay potatoes peaches and vegeta Ss Tane many hgS and much Pultrynd ZV UmCS Planted tensively Creamery cSoadnf f fr lTl daity Prducts hundreds of carloads of farm products sold annually Dublin has many manufacturing plants Average altitude 452 ssSdrr Manyne yieds fcotton and cr are reported by Laurens farmers 4167 farms in county LEE 8328 Leesburg 691 area 326 square miles atf TeenPthPeSrtyi210437600 Cngress ThirdTsenl ate Tenth Southwestern circuit Products cotton corn peanuts potatoes grain sugar cane hay pecans peaches fruits vegetables hogs poultry eggs Aver age altitude 279 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil Naval stores and lumber are important products 1137 farms in county LIBERTY 8260 Hinesville 416 area 936 square miles taxable property 2485249 Congress First Senate Second Atlantic circuit Products tobacco corn cotton rice potatoes oats sugar cane figs grapes pecans hogs poultry and eggs soy beans naval stores and saw mills using pine and hardwoods Average al titude 30 feet Soil sandy clay subsoil 1111 farms in county Liberty County Fair held each fall at Hines ville Liberty is one of Georgias coastal counties and many miles of tidewater rivers supply an abundance of fish oysters and shimp LINCOLN 7846 Lincolnton 915 area 291 square miles taxable property 1406147 Congress Tenth Senate Twentyninth Toombs circuit Products cot ton corn peaches and other fruits and vegetables grown in this section Much interest taken in livestock cat enn gS and Poultry The cream sales total about t50000 annually and many hogs chickens and eggs are sold Soy beans and vetch planted Gold copper manganese routile and granite are mined Average altitude 500 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 1 481 farms in county LONG 4180 Ludowici 615 area 350 square miles taxable property 121616700 Congress First Senate second Atlantic circuit Products general in south east Georgia are produced including a lively interest in livestock hogs poultry eggs Many vegetables are grown for market also fruits Clay products are manu tactured also rosin turpentine lumber 300 farms in county Long county offers fine opportunities for livestock raising and reforestation Three junior and one senior high schools LOWNDES 29982 Valdosta 14783 area 476 square miles taxable property 1339631100 Con gress Eighth Senate Sixth Southern circuit Large variety of crops grown also plants for sale nuts and truits Vegetables are grown for shipment to markets north and south and permanent pastures afford grazing ground for livestock the year round County has 16 towns each being a shipping point Much tobacco is grown there being eight warehouses in county five at Valdosta that handled around 8500000 pounds in 1931 and three at Hahira handling 3200000 pounds in 1931 Government has large fish hatchery at a large lake in county Valdosta has industrial plants wholesale houses and 300 or more retail concerns It is the seat of the Georgia State Womans College and of the Jun ior College of Emory University Tobacco Belt Ex position at Valdosta in fall 1817 farms in county Lowndescounty has 85 fresh water lakes and is famous as a fisherman s paradise wMPKk 6012 DfWonega 5 area 280 square miles taxable property 140849500 Congress Ninth Senate Thirtysecond Northeastern circuit Products cotton corn wheat oats potatoes hay onions cab bage apples peaches Mines gold mica pyrites Dah lonega the third oldest incorporated city in Georgia 70 Truck farming in Georgia is a potential gold mine whose surface has only been scratched Top left gathering cabbage plants in South Georgia Top right a prosperous truck farmers home in South Georgia Below a fine field of young cabbage growing on a level South Georgia farm 71r GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES has long been the center of gold mining in Georgia a mint being located there several years prior to 1861 which was discontinued Mining for gold is being re sumed on a large scale in the county Average alti tude 1519 feet The North Georgia Agricultural Col lege is located at Dahlonega 816 farms in county McDUFFIE 9018 Thomson 1910 area 287 square miles taxable property 235432000 Congress Tenth Senate Twentyninth Augusta circuit Products cot ton corn wheat oats rye cane potatoes hay vegeta bles apples peaches melons hogs poultry and eggs many acres in legumes Gold clay Average altitude 503 feet Soil sandy clay 1197 farms in county McINTOSH 5752 Darien 925 area 470 square miles taxable property 2004380 Congress First Senate Second Atlantic circuit Crops suitable to tropical climate are grown including much truck for market Some cotton and corn poultry and eggs are sold Mclntosh one of the oldest counties in the state was established Dec 19 1793 Its natural lowlands and majestic liveoaks and excellent fishing grounds attract visitors by the hundreds Hunters find duck wild tur key deer and game birds in season Darien is a port from which many fishing vessels operate their catches cf shrimp and oysters being shipped or canned Other industries include operation of sawmills cutting cross ties and logs cattle raising and recently truck farm ing and the production of bulbs for market has proven profitable Sheep and goats are raised Average alti tude 25 feet Gray black soil 274 farms in county MACON 16695 Oglethorpe 953 area 369 square miles taxable property 369829600 Congress Third Senate Thirteenth Southwestern circuit County has 50000 pecan trees 40000 acres in corn and oats 40000 acres in cotton more than 1000000 peach trees Grows many melons peanuts potatoes Asparagus growing was started in Marshallville territory several years ago several thousand acres being planted each year the yield being large S H Rumph at Marshallville propagated the Elberta peach the most famous in the world Practically every train passing through county takes on shipments of food grown locally for other mar tS L T are manufacturing plants at Montezuma Marshallville and Oglethorpe 1905 farms in county MADISON 14923 Danielsville 296 area 284 square miles taxable property 2400000 Congress Eighth Senate Thirtieth Northern circuit Products cotton corn grain hay hogs poultry eggs and dairy ing much cream being sold annually Many acres in legumes Graphite is mined Average altitude 900 feet boil sandy loam clay subsoil 2602 farms in county MARION 6968 Buena Vista 1097 area 360 square miles taxable wealth 154465000 Congress Fourth Senate Twentyfourth Chattahoochee cir cut Products cotton corn hay grain sugar cane peanuts potatoes peas peaches pecans hogs cattle and poultry raising naval stores lumbering Averaee SSI 80eet Soi1 sandy clay 1og2 farms n MERIWETHER 22437 Greenville 760 area 496 square miles taxable property 500289500 Congress Fourth Senate Thirtysixth Coweta circuit Prod ucts cotton corn oats 750000 peach trees in county pecans pepper peanuts vegetables dairying hogs poultry and eggs Woodbury with a population of 918 has several manufacturing plants including a pimiento pepper canning factory Soil gray gravelly and red Manchester population 2776 has railroad shop and several manufacturing plants 2434 farms in county The famous Warm Springs Foundation developed in recent years by Franklin D Roosevelt is located in Meriwether County MILLER 9074 Colquitt 830 area 253 square miles taxab e property 2200000 Congress Second Senate Eighth Pataula circuit Products cotton corn potatoes hay grain cane peanuts peas fruits and vegetables hogs cattle poultry eggs naval stores lumbering limestone Average altitude 250 feet Soils sandy loam 1474 farms in county MITCHELL 23617 Camilla 2022 area 548 square miles taxable property 555575400 Congress Sec ond Senate Eighth Albany circuit Principal products i four warehouses two at Camilla handling JS w PUnS m 1929 and tWO at Pelham handling 2343306 pounds in 1929 County shipped 764 cars wa termelons in 1929 Other products are cotton potatoes peanuts pecans cattle hogs poultry eggs sour cream beans cucumbers tomatoes squash eggplant okra peas and other truck shipped in large quantities Sheep lambs goats wool and syrup marketed in quantities Pelham with a population of 2762 is a thriving busy city having plants manufacturing cotton cloth cotton seed products and fertilizers in it is marketed or con veyed for shipment much of the countys products in cluding large amounts of naval stores and other farm products Large creambuying stations and commer cial hatcheries are located in Pelham and Camilla 2 877 farms in county MONROE 11606 Forsyth 2277 area 484 square miles taxable property 374552300 Congress Sixth benate Twentysecond Flint circuit Products cot ton corn potatoes wheat oats peaches pecans lum ber livestock poultry and eggs Dairying is making much progress with farmers cover crops being planted for grazing and for soil improvement Many manu facturing plants are operated at Forsyth textiles lead ing Average altitude 704 feet Mica is mined Soil loam mulatto red clay subsoil Bessie Tift College and State A M School for Negroes are located at Forsyth 1277 farms in county MONTGOMERY 10019 Mount Vernon 779 area 190 square miles taxable property 183336400 Con gress First Senate Fifteenth Oconee circuit Products tobacco corn cotton potatoes sugar cane grain hay peaches pecans grapes and other fruits and vegetables hogs poultry and eggs and dairying Average altitude 125 feet Soil sandy loam 1291 farms in county MORGAN 12487 Madison 1965 area 272 square miles taxable property 372260500 Congress Eighth Senate Twentyeighth Ocmulgee circuit Products cotton corn hay grain peaches pecans and many other fruits and vegetables livestock growing is gaining in county with much milk many hogs poultry 72 Mclntosh County claims the first golf course to be laid out in America This may be disputed but none will dispute that Robert Tyre Jones Jr a Georgia product is the foremost golfer in the history of the game Below Bobby and his home course is a sand trap at Sea Island 73GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES and eggs sold Eighth District A M School located at Madison County Fair at Madison each fall Av erage altitude 677 feet Soil red gray 1791 farms in county MURRAY 9215 Chatsworth 607 area 342 square miles taxable wealth 190241400 Congress Seventh Senate Fortythird Cherokee circuit Products cot ton corn oats wheat hay apples peaches pears clo ver many other fruits and vegetables cattle hogs poultry and eggs Average altitude 1400 feet Soil sandy loam clay subsoil Talc pyrites limestone road materials barytes and gold are mined 1493 farms in county MUSCOGEE 57492 Columbus 43131 area 235 square miles taxable property 4430987000 Con gress Third Senate Twentyfourth Chattahoochee circiut Crops suitable for west Georgia are grown and many hogs poultry and eggs are marketed Columbus is said to be the second largest textile manufacturing city in the South with more than a half million spin dles This city also manufactures brick iron and wood products South Georgia Power Company formerly the Columbus Electric and Power Company has de veloped much power on the Chattahoochee river and other streams its lines serving approximately 200000 people and an area of 12000 square miles Fort Ben ning the largest Infantry School in the world con taining approximately 97000 acres United States army post is near Columbus Chattahoochee Valley Expo sition each fall at Columbus 627 farms in county NEWTON 17291 Covington 3203 area 262 square miles taxable property 4958968 Congress Fourth Senate Thirtyfourth Stone Mountain circuit Products corn hay cotton peanuts sweet and Irish potatoes peaches apples pecans hogs poultry and eggs and cattle with dairying making rapid progress Has many breeders of Jersey Hereford and other pure bred cattle and has some of the finest permanent pas tures in the State Many pure bred cattle are sold also many dairy products hogs and poultry Large textile mills are located at Porterdale and Covington Emory University Academy is located at Oxford 1783 farms in county OCONEE 8082 Watkinsville 465 area 172 square miles taxable property 1713515 Congress Tenth Senate Twentyseventh Western circuit All crops favorable to middle east Georgia are grown including cotton corn grain potatoes hay and peaches with dairying hog and poultry making great progress Av erage altitude 800 feet Soil red gray 1348 farms in county OGLETHORPE 12926 Lexington 455 area 504 square miles taxable property 331949100 Congress Eighth Senate Fiftieth Northern circuit Products cotton corn wheat oats peas hay peaches textiles granite Hogs and poultry raising increasing Soy and velvet beans and vetch grown Average altitude 299 feet Soil red clay 2115 farms in county PAULDING 12325 Dallas 1410 area 324 square miles taxable property 218606200 Congress Sev enth Senate Thirtyeighth Tallapoosa circuit Prod ucts cotton corn wheat oats potatoes sweet and Irish peaches apples pecans cattle hogs poultry eggs iron ore copper pyrites textiles and textile products Av erage altitude 1500 feet Corn and cotton club boys have made yields as high as 44 bales of cotton on 22 acres 182 bushels of corn on one acre and 111 bushels on another acre 2252 farms in county PEACH 10268 Fort Valley 4560 area 150 square miles taxable property 313248500 Congress Third Senate Twentythird Macon circuit Many crops are grown extensively including cotton corn pecans peanuts asparagus In county are 350000 peach trees and Fort Valley is one of the largest peach ship ping points in the State Livestock growing has made rapid headway in county many cars of hogs being shipped annually also many chickens and eggs Fort Valley is a large manufacturing center the products including textiles and textile goods crates baskets flour ice oil mill bottling plants dairies etc Farms in county 786 Estimated PICKENS 9686 Jasper 563 area 231 square miles taxable property 183014700 Congress Ninth Senate Fortyfirst Blue Ridge circuit Farm prod ucts such as corn some cotton apples and other fruits and vegetables thrive in county At Tate is located the Georgia Marble Company which produces marble and granite used in erecting buildings and memorials all over the United States and other countries Georgia is only exceeded by Vermont in the annual output of marble a large percentage of which comes from Pick ens The quarries of Pickens county give employment to several thousand persons Average altitude 1500 feet Pickens County Fair at Jasper each fall 1075 farms in county PIERCE 12522 Blackshear 1816 area 517 square miles taxable property 392179400 Congress Eighth Senate Fortysixth Waycross circuit Prod ucts tobacco four warehouses at Blackshear that han dled 8865950 pounds in 1929 corn cotton sweet pota toes peas peanuts pecans hogs poultry and eggs Le gumes extensively planted Average altitude 106 feet Soil sandy loam 1247 farms in county PIKE 10853 Zebulon 576 area 200 square miles estimated taxable property 203806000 Congress Fourth Senate Twentysecond Griffin circuit Prod ucts cotton corn grain pecans peaches potatoes hay apples pepper vegetables dairying hogs poultry and eggs Legumes are extensively planted Average alti tude 700 feet Soil red gray Concord has a large gram mill and nursery Meansville Molena and Wil liamson are other towns 1561 farms in county POLK 26000 Cedartown 8126 area 317 square miles taxable property 1000000000 Congress Sev enth Senate Thirtyeighth Tallapoosa circuit Cot ton corn grain and many other crops flourish in Polk with much fruit also being grown one apple orchard containing 40000 trees Dairying poultryraising are thriving Cedartown and Rockmart contain many plants which manufacture textile goods paper foundry products marble lumber cotton oil The Clearwater mill of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber manufactures tire fabric at Cedartown In Cedartown is located branch of U S Finishing Co of New York The mines of Woodstock Operating Corp operate two washers shipping large quantities of high grade iron ore In Rockmart is one of the largest cement plants in the 74Two lovely and historic Georgia cities as seen from the air At the top is Rome in Northwest Georgia perched upon her seven hills the site of an ancient Indian metropolis where DeSoto was hospitably re ceived Below is Americas in Southwest Georgia photographed in a mist of rain 75GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES South also Goodyear Tire Rubber Co fabric mills County fair held in fall each year 1925 farms in county PULASKI 9004 Hawkinsville 2485 area 258 square miles taxable property 300000000 Congress Third Senate Fourteenth Oconee circuit Products shipped in one year include milk 9000000 cream 600000 peaches 3500000 hogs 4500000 cattle 800000 corn 500000 poultry and eggs 600000 melons 400000 vegetables pears potatoes etc 800000 hay straw grain etc 300000 cotton and seed 94500000 pecans 600000 peanuts 3900000 total 119100000 Estimated value Thousand acres in vetch Textiles creamery products ice lum ber etc are manufactured Pulaski claims the only whole milk plant and condenser in the State handling 1000 gallons of milk per day Both pine and hard woods found in county Average altitude 817 feet Pulaski County Fair at Hawkinsville each fall 980 farms in country Six State and Federal highways converge at Hawkinsville PUTNAM 8367 Eatonton 1876 area 361 square mles taxable property 212532500 Congress Sixth Senate Twentyeighth Ocmulgee circuit Most agri cultural crops including cereals and grasses cotton corn peaches and pecans thrive here Dairying is grow ing rapidly one local creamery paid Putnam farmers 11488800 for sweet cream in one year with many thousands of dollars worth of sour cream also being shipped out of the county Thousands of acres of vetch Much poultry and many eggs are sold also the production in 1931 being 40000 chickens and 113000 dozen eggs Average altitude 577 feet Soil red choc olate 984 farms in county Joel Chandler Harris whose Uncle Remus Negro stories are famous the world over was born in Putnam County QUITMAN 3820 Georgetown 345 area 144 square miles taxable property 1070000 Congress Third Senate Twelfth Pataula circuit Products cotton corn peanuts hay grain pecans potatoes cane peaches hogs cattle poultry and eggs Iron ore is mined Average altitude 600 feet Soil loam and clay 490 farms in county County is free of debt RABUN 6331 Clayton 798 area 377 square miles taxable property 424486900 Congress Ninth Senate Fortieth Northeastern circuit Prod ucts corn grain potatoes sweet and Irish hay ap ples grapes berries Poultry is important and thriv ing industry Asbestos graphite gold mica are mined Many large apple orchards are located in Ra bun and the Tallulah Falls power plant and others of the Georgia Power Company are in this county Aver age altitude 2100 feet Many tourists visit this sec tion during the summer months 770 farms in county RANDOLPH 17174 Cuthbert 3235 area 412 square miles taxable property 333873000 Con gress Third Senate Eleventh Pataula circuit Prod ucts tobacco cotton corn oats asparagus peaches peanuts melons truck poultry and eggs hogs dairy cows and creamery products pecans pears Satsuma oranges blueberries bauxite limestone kaolins lum ber both pine and hardwoods naval stores many man ufacturing plants Andrew Junior College at Cuth bert excellent roads and railroad facilities A new product of the county is Golden Travertine being mined from a limestone deposit from Greers Cave about six miles north of Cuthbert This marble is more beautiful than the imported Travertine and was used in the new Fox Theatre and City Hall in Atlanta Loamy soils clay subsoils Average altitude 446 feet 2227 farms in county RICHMOND 72984 Augusta 60302 area 319 square miles taxable property 4852005900 Con gress Eighth Senate Eighteenth Augusta circuit County has 32 distinct types of soil adaptable to grow ing almost all field crops and fruits Ten months growing season permits yearround pastures for graz ing thus encouraging livestock and poultry raising There are 13 large textile mills in and around Augusta producing annually more than 25000000 worth of goods Augusta is second largest inland cotton mar ket in the United States Thirteen plants produce clay for 175000000 building brick and 50000 tons for hollow tile annually This section produces more than five million feet of gums and other hardwoods each year Augusta has many other plants that manufac ture a variety of products This city is a famous win ter tourist and golfing resort having several tourist hotels and golf courses that draw patronage from all over the United States Exchange Club Fair at Au gusta in November At Augusta is located the Junior College the medical department of the University of Georgia Broad Oak School Haines Institute for Ne groes and Paine College for Negroes Farms in coun ty 1400 ROCKDALE 7245 Conyers 1817 area 119 square miles taxable property 188744000 Con gress Fifth Senate Thirtyfourth Stone Mountain circuit Products corn cotton oats wheat forage Irish and sweet potatoes truck peanuts strawberries alfalfa clover livestock and poultry and eggs Gran ite quarrying is an important industry the county be ing rich in deposits of granite a continuation of the Stone Mountain stratum 16 miles away Average alti tude 880 feet Soil sandy loam 982 farms in county SCHLEY 5347 Ellaville 758 area 154 square miles taxable property 135000000 Congress Third Senate Thirteenth Southwestern circuit Products cotton corn hay potatoes grain hogs soy beans poultry and eggs peanuts pecans peaches watermelons lumbering Average altitude 400 feet Soils sandy loam 758 farms in county SCREVEN 24000 Sylvania 1781 area 794 square miles taxable property 444218800 Con gress First Senate Seventeenth Ogeechee circuit Products tobacco cotton corn oats wheat rye cane potatoes hay peanuts hogs poultry and eggs naval stores lumbering Average altitude 250 feet Soil red and clay 2754 farms in county Millhaven planta tion the largest cultivated farm in Georgia compris ing 18000 acres is in Screven County SEMINOLE 7399 Donaldsonville 1031 area 266 square miles taxable property 214346300 Con gress Second Senate Eighth Pataula circuit Prod ucts tobacco peanuts corn potatoes cotton hay hogs poultry and eggs lumbering The Hereford cattle herds at Donaldsonville are among the largest 76Two more interesting aerial views Above is Atlanta looking east from a point a little north of the Terminal Station Below is the great stadium Sanford Field at the University of Georgia with buildings and campus scenes in both the foreground and background 77GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES of the kind east of the Mississippi river 953 farms in county SPALDING 23495 Griffin 10321 Greater Grif fin 18030 area 209 square miles assessed valuation of taxable property 804847500 Congress Sixth Senate Twentysixth Griffin circuit Agricultural products cotton corn small grain peaches pimento peppers vegetables dairy products poultry products livestock and hogs Spalding County is world famous as grower and canner of pimento peppers Griffin the County Seat is an important industrial and agricultural center located forty miles south of Atlanta on the Central of Georgia railroad the South ern Railroad and the Dixie Highway The chief arti cles manufactured in Griffin are Turkish towels sta ple cotton goods hosiery diaper cloth infants hose underwear sweaters buggies optical goods medicine cotton seed products building materials cabinets and fixtures bottled drinks canned pimento peppers canned vegetables ice food products Griffin has a 4000000gallon daily capacity water works system Spalding County has County High School and five consolidated rural grade schools pro vided for by bond issue All main roads are paved 1131 farms in county STEPHENS 12000 Toccoa 4602 area 166 square miles taxable property 250000000 Con gress Ninth Senate Thirtyfirst Northeastern cir cuit Products cotton corn grain peas peaches ap ples cattle hogs and poultry much poultry and many eggs being sold annually Toccoa has several factories Average altitude 1045 feet Soil red and gray 1235 farms in county STEWART 11108 Lumpkin 1103 area 467 square miles taxable wealth 369562200 Congress Third Senate Twelfth Southwestern circuit Prod ucts cotton corn peas beans peanuts sugar cane all grain potatoes peaches pears cattle hogs and eggs Fullers earth is mined Thousands of acres planted in legumes There are several manufacturing plants at Lumpkin and Richland the latter city having a population of 1529 Average altitude 650 feet Soil loam and clay 1194 farms in county Stewart County has two accredited high schools and these and the grammar schools have ninemonth terms Bus trans portation is provided for school children throughout the county SUMTER 29640 Americus 8754 area 456 square uV axable Property 789646300 Congress Third Senate Thirteenth Southwestern circuit All farm crops common to south Georgia are grown in feumter m abundance including cotton corn peanuts oats wheat potatoes pecans 260000 peach trees in county Livestock thrive on allyear pastures and many hogs poultry and eggs are sold annually For ests include 32 varieties of valuable pine hardwood and other timber Has 22 different kinds of soil win ters short and mild snow seldom seen summers tem perate Kaolin and bauxite are mined Many manu facturing plants are operated at Americus and other towns in the county are Leslie Plains and DeSoto Junior College at Americus eleven consolidated coun ty high and grammar schools with free school trucks from every section of county Americus Institute in Americus is negro industrial training school Four miles from Americus is famous world war Souther Flying Field containing 411 acres 12 hangers 832 x 272 foot brick and concrete warehouse field complete ly tiled for drainage slightly rolling and is said to be one of the finest air fields on the continent and is ex tensively used today by commercial air lines Aver age altitude 360 feet 2362 farms in county The fa mous Andersonville prison park and national ceme tery is in Sumter County twelve miles north of Amer icus TALBOT 8454 Talbotton 1060 area 312 square miles taxable property 175749600 Congress Fourth Senate Twentyfifth Chattahoochee circuit Products corn cotton oats hay rye potatoes pecans 365000 peach trees sugar cane cattle hogs poultry and eggs vetch and beans Average altitude 415 feet Soil loam and clay 1000 farms in county TALIAFERRO 6172 Crawfordville 840 area 212 square miles taxable property 138448200 Con gress Tenth Senate Nineteenth Toombs circuit Farm products planted in east Georgia are grown here including corn cotton peaches peanuts grain etc Livestock hogs cream and other dairy products conCr S and eggs are marketed Average altitude 589 feet Loam and clay soil 924 farms in county TATTNALL 15411 Reidsville 640 area 466 square miles taxable property 339962100 Con gress First Senate Second Atlantic circuit Prod ucts tobacco corn velvet beans pecans pineapple pears watermelons sugar cane for syrup Irish and sweet potatoes hay fruits in commercial quantities all grains Satsuma oranges peanuts cover crops live stock hogs poultry eggs Long leaf pine abound in forests also many hardwoods Rich soil and fine cli mate Tattnall County Fair in fall at Reidsville Average altitude 245 feet 776 farms in county TAYLOR 10789 Butler 857 area 340 square miles taxable property 192315000 Congress Third Senate Twentythird Chattahoochee circuit products cotton corn potatoes hay grain cattle hogs poultry and eggs kaolin textiles 100000 peach trees in county Average altitude 606 feet Soil loam and clay Reynolds 926 population is another town in the county 1338 farms in county TELFAIR 14997 McRae 1314 area 373 square miles taxable property 500020000 Congress Eighth Senate Fortyfifth Oconee circuit Farm products include cotton corn peanuts tobacco peaches watermelons cantaloupes pecans sugar cane Irish and sweet potatoes many grains and hay much of which is sold in large quantities Allyear pastures afford grazing for cattle hogs and other livestock many carloads of which are sold annually Fiftyfive purebred bulls in county Vetch and other cover crops are grown for winter roughage Much poultry and many eggs are sold each year Berries such as raspberries and dewberries are grown in commercial quantities Dr W H Born has a dewberry farm con taining 40 acres the largest of its kind in the South trom whch he ships about 40 cars cf berries annually Naval stores is an important industry also much lum 78r35Sf23Ir Three typical scenes on Georgia farms whose owners farm profitably despite depression Top leftHome of W A Akins Bui loch County a 1930 winner in profitable farming contest Top rightHome of George T Deriso Sumter County a 1930 winner BelowBarnyard of W W Seaton WhitSeld County State winner in 1930 79GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES ber both pine and hardwood is sawed Average alti tude 230 feet Soil dark loam red Lumber City and Helena are other towns in the county 1692 farms in county TERRELL 18280 Dawson 3827 area 322 square miles taxable property 413232600 Congress Third Senate Eleventh Pataula circuit Products tobacco cotton corn potatoes peaches pecans pea nuts and all farm crops grown in south Georgia Ter rell farmers are diversifying and many cattle hogs poultry and eggs are sold annually in carload lots Many vegetables are grown for market including as paragus and turnips The Southwest Georgia Expo sition is held at Dawson every fall at which a number of adjoining counties make displays Much pine and hardwood in county Average altitude 352 feet 2328 farms in county THOMAS 32312 Thomasville 11733 area 530 square miles taxable property 1218764600 Con gress Second Senate Seventh Southern circuit Thomas is another county that is diversifying its crops many hundreds of carloads of farm products moving from the county each year made up of hogs cattle poultry eggs truck vegetables melons sweet potatoes pecans cotton corn and peaches Tobacco is planted extensively and there is a large tobacco warehouse located at Thomasville Cattle raising is given impetus by presence in county of many pure bred herds such as Herefords and Jerseys Pine and hardwood forests Average altitude 250 feet Soil sandy loam Many tourists spend the winters at Thomasville and large areas in the county are owned by capitalists who spend the winters there 2415 farms in county Thomasville has factories producing box es crates baskets foundry castings concrete pipe brick and insecticides TIFT 16068 Tifton 3385 area 271 square miles taxable property 504549700 Congress Second Sen ate Fortyseventh Tifton circuit Tift crops are widely diversified principal products being cotton tobacco corn peanuts pecans melons plants for sale vegetables livestock poultry and eggs Tifton is one of the leading tobacco markets of the State having four large warehouses that handled around 10000000 pounds in 1931 also the huge redrying and stemmery plant of the Imperial Tobacco Company Tifton is the junction of three main trunk line railroads and thrt state highways one U S Route 41 which is paved north and south Good roads touch every farm in the county Soil is red pebble sandy loam highly productive on which a variety of crops are grown Many manufacturing plants operate at Tifton Tifton is the home of two state institutions the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station and the Georgia State College for Men 1398 farms in county TOOMBS 17164 Lyons 1445 area 393 square miles taxable property 437627600 Congress First Senate Fifteenth Middle circuit Toombs crops are widely diversified food crops cotton corn oats to bacco and livestock and poultry and hogs leading products The early sweet potato industry Blue Stem Jerseys and Porto Ricans centers in Toombs hun dreds of cars being shipped each year Many carloads of livestock cattle and hogs poultry eggs and much truck and corn are also sold annually Four tobacco warehouses at Vidalia that handled around 9000000 pounds in 1931 Naval stores are also produced to the value of 250000 annually Average altitude 300 feet Soil sandy loam Vidalia population 2860 also in Toombs County 1933 farms in county TOWNS 4346 Hiawassee 167 area 181 square miles taxable wealth 83415300 Congress Ninth Senate Fortieth Northeastern circuit Products corn wheat rye oats apples Irish and sweet potatoes and many fruits and vegetables Corundum and other minerals are mined Average altitude 1963 feet Many hardwoods abound in the forests of the county Young Harris population 281 is the home of Young Harris College Annual 4H Club Fair is held at Hia wassee 663 farms in county TREUTLEN 7488 Soperton 1081 area 137 square miles taxable property 147590100 Con gress First Senate Sixteenth Oconee circuit Prod ucts cotton corn tobacco grain potatoes vegetables hogs poultry eggs cattle naval stores Velvet and soy beans planted extensively Sandy loam soil 1065 farms in county Treutlen offers fine advantages for livestock growing dairy products and poultry The county school system is exceptionally good TROUP 36748 La Grange 20131 area 435 square miles taxable property 1290912500 Congress Fourth Senate Thirtyseventh Coweta circuit Has eight types of soil grows peaches pears apples ber ries vegetables corn cotton peanuts pecans and all general farm crops the industrial cities of the county furnishing ready markets Many hogs poultry and eggs are sold in carload shipments LaGrange an West Point contain many large manufacturing plants some of the largest textile and textile product plants in the South being operated in these two cities Abun dant electrical power is a factor in the development of this section from an industrial standpoint College for Women at LaGrange Penn Studios and Oppor tunity School GaAla Fair at West Point in fall Average altitude 786 feet 1836 farms in county TURNER 11196 Ashburn 2070 area 231 square miles taxable property 287504500 Congress Third Senate Fortyseventh Tifton circuit Adopt ing the Cow Hog and Hen plan of farming several years ago Turner is one of the pioneer counties in the State to get away from allcotton farming and as a result many farms are stocked with purebred cattle hogs and poultry many carloads of each being shipped from the county annually Allyear pastures aid dairy ing in the county and much milk and cream are sold Cooperative hog and poultry sales are held and many eggs are also shipped from the county Thousands of acres in soy and velvet beans General crops grown include pecans potatoes peanuts hay melons and peppers Turner County Fair at Ashburn each fall Average altitude 450 feet Soil red pebble 1331 farms in county TWIGGS 8372 Jeffersonville 692 area 314 square miles taxable property 142996700 Con gress Sixth Senate Twentyfirst Dublin circuit Farm crops planted in this section are grown such as 80In dear old Georgia my Southern home Top left Agricultural College students judging dairy herd m Tilt County Top right a scene on picturesque Soap Creek in Cobb County near Atlanta Below the lovely coun try home of R D Fullwood near Tifton typical of Southwest Georgia 81GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES cotton corn potatoes sugar cane grain peanuts watermelons peaches and pecans Cattle hogs poul try and eggs are sold extensively Fullers earth and clay are mined Average altitude 470 feet Soil gray and loam 947 farms in county UNION 6342 Blairsville 298 area 324 square miles taxable property 92725200 Congress Ninth Senate Fortieth Northeastern circuit Products corn Irish and sweet potatoes oats wheat rye ap ples peaches grapes vegetables mica hardwoods Hogs and poultry important industry Average alti tude 1926 feet Soil red clay 1117 farms in county UPSON 19514 Thomaston and adjacent mill vil lages 10159 area 317 square miles taxable property 621053800 Congress Fourth Senate Twentyfifth Griffin circuit Products cotton corn pepper ap ples grain potatoes watermelons poultry and hogs iron mica lumber Upson County has 890000 peach trees and shipped more cars of peaches in 1929 than any other county in the State or east of the Rocky Mountains Thomaston is a manufacturing center especially for textiles large mills being devoted ex clusively to the production of fabric for automobile tires a large percentage of the fabric used in the auto mobile industry being manufactured by the Goodrich Tire Fabric Mills in Silvertown an incorporated town just outside the limits of Thomaston Average alti tude 576 feet Soil red and gray Yatesville and The Rock are other towns 1101 farms in county WALKER 26200 LaFayette 2809 area 432 square miles taxable property 6853457 Congress Seventh Senate Fortyfourth Rome circuit Crops grown cotton corn oats hay potatoes soy beans peas sorghum peaches and apples much truck Pure bred hogs are being placed on many farms also pure bred cattle there being more than 125 dairies each with 10 cows or more in the county There are 20 different types of soil in the county which grow crops in abun dance and soil is further improved by planting le gumes such as rye vetch clovers soy beans and peas Much poultry is sold Coal iron bauxite kaolin shale cements clays ocher spar manganese are mined Walker County Fair each fall at LaFayette Rossville population 1427 is in Walker County 2371 farms in county WALTON 21114 Monroe 3704 area 331 square miles taxable property 471413500 Congress Eighth Senate Twentyseventh Western circuit Products cotton corn potatoes peaches hay grains vegetables hogs much poultry and many eggs are sold annually Purebred cattle are on many farms which with cover crops are used to improve soil and to fur nish dairy products at same time T M Glass of near Gratis reports growing 62 bales of cotton on 42 acres of land Several manufacturing plants operate at Monroe Average altitude 1110 feet Soil red and loam 3039 farms in county The Fifth District A and M School from which graduated the famous Bar ron brothers football players of Georgia Tech is lo cated near Monroe WARE 25558 Waycross 15510 area 771 square miles taxable property 937420100 Congress Eighth Senate Fifth Waycross circuit Products corn sweet potatoes Irish potatoes grain fruits pecans and vegetables naval stores lumber poles cross ties piling Much pine and hardwood timber Tobacco crop growing in importance many acres be ing planted in this weed around 2800000 pounds be ing handled in 1931 at the two Waycross warehouses Waycross is an industrial center large railroad shops being located there Other towns in the county are Waresboro Fairfax Rushkin Millwood Glenmore and Hebardville Soil sandy loam clay subsoil 908 farms in rounty A large portion of the Okefsnokee Swamp lies in Ware County WARREN 11181 Warrenton 1289 area 404 square miles taxable property 200002200 Con gress Tenth Senate Nineteenth Toombs circuit Products cotton corn oats potatoes hay vetch corn wheat rye melons peas oats peanuts cantaloupes pecans peaches pears figs grapes hogs poultry and eggs excellent pastures which encourage placing purebred cattle on farms much cream being shipped annually Legumes extensively planted Warren Glascock farm fair held each fall Beall Springs has high medicinal properties Average altitude 500 feet Soil red loamy Jewell Camak Barnett and Nor wood are other towns 1554 farms in county WASHINGTON 25028 Sandersville 3011 area 669 square miles taxable wealth 537834900 Con gress Tenth Senate Twentieth Middle circuit Products cotton corn peanuts oats hay other grains beans potatoes berries melons and peaches Clay and sandstone are mined a large cement plant at Sanders ville Washington is one of the pioneer counties in the State in diversified crops many purebred herds of cattle with cover crops being used for many years to improve the soil and at the same time develop the dairy industry Some of the finest purebred cattle herds in the State are in this county and much milk and cream are also sold Farms are being stocked with purebred hogs and many are sold each year also many chickens and eggs Manufacturing plants are located at Sandersville and Tennille The population of the latter city is 1768 Average county altitude 400 feet Soil sandy loam 3318 farms in county WAYNE 12647 Jesup 2303 area 788 square miles taxable wealth 570987400 Congress Eighth Senate Third Brunswick circuit Wayne farmers annually produce around 300000 bushels of corn 1000000 pounds of tobacco 120000 bushels of sweet potatoes 20000 bushels of oats 1500 tons hay 4000 acres in velvet beans 3000 acres in peanuts 20000 pounds pecans 500 bushels peaches 1200 bushels of pears Many hogs chickens and eggs are sold Naval stores is important industry Average altitude 100 feet Soil sandy loam Several manufacturing plants are located in the county 1069 farms in county WEBSTER 5033 Preston 322 area 302 square miles taxable property 107201600 Congress Third Senate Twelfth Southwestern circuit Prod ucts cotton corn tobacco potatoes grain peas water melons sugar cane hay peaches cattle hogs poultry and eggs lumber Average altitude 325 feet Soil gray sandy 728 farms in county 82i in iSi mm South Georgia has been appropriately likened to the Land of Canaan of Holy Writ Above are a field of oats during harvest time and two groups of fattening swine in Tift County whose diversified crops are typical of progressive agriculture in South Georgia 83GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES WHEELER 9149 Alamo 613 area 264 square miles taxable property 1924485 Congress First Senate Fifteenth Oconee circuit Prod ucts cotton corn potatoes hay grain fruits and pecans lumber naval stores cattle hogs poultry and eggs Average altitude 300 feet Soil sandy loam CrGps are widely diversified in Wheeler the soil being especially adapted to a variety of fruits and vege tables many of which are shipped in carload lots 1264 farms in county WHITE 6056 Cleveland 489 area 245 square miles taxable property 119921600 Congress Ninth Senate Thirtysecond Northeastern circuit Produpts cotton corn grain potatoes sorghum ap ples peaches cattle hogs poultry and eggs Much sour cream is sold also poultry and eggs Forests abound in valuable hardwoods Gold limestone as bestos are mined Average altitude 1550 feet Soil red and loam 921 farms in county WHITFIELD 20786 Dalton 8160 area 283 square miles taxable property 799288500 Con gress Seventh Senate Fortythird Cherokee circuit Farm crops planted generally in north Georgia are grown in Whitfield which include corn oats wheat apples peaches and other fruits and many vegetables and berries especially strawberries Fine pastures have encouraged cattle and hog raising many fine herds being found on farms Poultry and egg busi ness is large Dalton is a manufacturing city The products are varied many textile woodwork and print ing plants being among the industries Average alti tude 774 feet 1811 farms in county WILCOX 12500 Abbeville 1200 area 403 square miles taxable property 273099000 Congress Third Senate Fortyeighth Cordele circuit Prod ucts cotton corn grain pecans peanuts potatoes peaches naval stores lumber cattle hogs poultry and eggs Average altitude 180 feet Soil gray gravel Rochelle population 1046 is another town in the county 1856 farms in county WILKES 15944 Washington 3157 area 458 square miles taxable property 452378000 Con gress Tenth Senate Fiftieth Toombs circuit Prod ucts cotton corn sweet and Irish potatoes peas beans alfalfa clovers truck berries pecans peaches peanuts wheat oats rye vetch Products valued at 1500000000 are grown annually on the farms of the county Livestock thrive on the fine pastures and as result many dairy products hogs poultry and eggs are sold Average altitude 630 feet Soil clay loam Tignall population 630 is another town in the county There are several manufacturing plants in the county 2373 farms in county WILKINSON 10846 Irwinton 561 area 472 square miles taxable property 205779500 Con gress Tenth Senate Twentyfirst Ocmulgee circuit Products cotton corn potatoes oats wheat rye hay sugar cane pecans melons berries fruits vegetables hogs poultry eggs and many cattle cream routes be ing established in the county Clays kaolin and lime stone are mined The clays are being extensively mined Altitude 488 feet Soil sandy loam Gordon population 1081 is also located in the county 1307 farms in county WORTH 21093 Sylvester 1984 area 651 square miles taxable property 437501800 Congress Sec ond Senate Tenth Tifton circuit Products cotton melons corn peanuts velvet beans pecans sugar cane sweet potatoes hay tobacco dairy products hogs poultry and eggs truck crops lumber crossties naval stores Diversified plan of farming is followed generally in Worth The county is honeycombed with a number of towns several of which have manu facturing plants Average altitude 181 feet Soil pebble loam 2981 farms in county Snaking hardwood logs out of forest in North Georgia 84I A page of Georgia skyscrapers taken at random There are more of these modern structures in Georgia than i in any State in the Southeast according to statistics and by no means all are in Atlanta but adorn the skylines of Savannah Augusta Macon and other cities 85ENCYCLOPEDIA Selected Tables and Information Useful to Farmers Assembled in the following pages is material fre quently sought on the farm or in the farm home As a quick reference it will prove of value a source of useful facts not usually available Neither the State of Georgia nor any incorporated municipality may legally levy a tax on Georgia farm products or the sale thereof while such agricultural commodities remain in the hands of the producer The two section of the Georgia code specifically cov ering the exemption of farm products are as follows Code Section 998 a CERTAIN FARM PROD UCTS EXEMPT All farm products including baled cotton grown in this State and remaining in the hands of the producer but no longer than for the year next after their production shall be exempt from taxation Acts 1913 page 122 Code Section 1851 Code Section 1608 PRODUCE NOT TAXABLE BY CITIES OR TOWNS No mu nicipal corporation shall levy or assess a tax on cot ton or the sales thereof nor levy or assess a tax on any agricultural products raised in this State from the time of their introduction into said corporation Acts 1873 pages 67 68 Lawful Weight Bushel Measure of Farm Commodities The legal weight of the following articles or com modities per bushel as specified by Georgia law are as follows Of wheat sixty pounds of shelled corn fiftysix pounds of corn in the ear seventy pounds of peas sixty pounds of rye fiftysix pounds of oats thirty two pounds of barley fortyseven pounds of Irish potatoes sixty pounds of sweet potatoes fiftyfive pounds of white beans sixty pounds of cloverseed sixty pounds of timothyseed fortyfive pounds of flaxseed fiftysix pounds of hempseed fortyfour pounds of bluegrass seed fourteen pounds of buck wheat fiftytwo pounds of dried peaches unpeeled thirtythree pounds of dried peaches peeled thirty eight pounds of dried apples twentyfour pounds of onions fiftyseven pounds of stone coal eighty pounds of unslacked lime eighty pounds of turnips fiftyfive pounds of cornmeal bolted or unbolted fortyeight pounds of wheat bran twenty pounds of cottonseed thirty pounds of groundpeas twentyfive pounds of plastering hair eight pounds of rough rice fortythree pounds of tanbark per cord two thousand two hundred and fifty pounds Acts 1876 p 107 1880 p 150 1894 p 110 1906 p 118 In the absence of express agreement otherwise the law fixes the weight of sweet potatoes at 55 pounds to the bushel Fain v Ennis 4 Ga App 716 62 S E 466 Normal Weight for Calves The Minnesota College of Agriculture in Bulletin 215 reports the normal weight of growing calves to be approximately as follows Holstein Jersey Birth 90 lbs 55 lbs 20 days old 110 lbs 70 lbs 40 days old 135 lbs 88 lbs 60 days old 160 lbs 108 lbs 90 days old 200 lbs 155 lbs Weight of Fat Cattle Table for Estimating Weight of Fat Cattle Medium Fat Girth in Feet and Inches Good Shape Fair Shape Pounds Pounds 5 Feet 6 Inches 850 900 5 Feet 7 Inches 875 925 5 Feet 8 Inches 900 950 5 Feet 9 Inches 925 975 5 Feet 10 Inches 950 1000 5 Feet 11 Inches 975 1025 6 Feet 0 Inches 1000 1050 6 Feet 1 Inch 1050 1100 6 Feet 2 Inches 1100 1150 6 Feet 3 Inches 1150 1200 6 Feet 4 Inches 1200 1250 6 Feet 5 Inches 1250 1300 6 Feet 6 Inches 1300 1350 6 Feet 7 Inches 1350 1400 6 Feet 8 Inches 1400 1450 6 Feet 9 Inches 1450 1500 6 Feet 10 Inches 1500 1550 6 Feet 11 Inches 1550 1600 7 Feet 0 Inches 1600 1650 7 Feet 1 Inch 1650 1700 7 Feet 2 Inches 1700 1750 7 Feet 3 inches 1750 L800 Weights and Volumes of Water 1 cubic inch of water weighs 03617 lbs 1 cubic foot weighs 625 lbs 1 pt liquid weighs 1044375 lbs 1 gallon weighs 8355 lbs 1 cubic foot748052 gals I gallon231 cu inc 1 liquid quart5775 cu in Pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of waterheight in feet x 434 Foreign Measures of Distance Compared to Mile Mile Kilometer American or English mile 1000 1609 French kilometer621 1000 86GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES German Geographical mile 4610 Russian verst663 Austrian mile 4714 Dutch ure 3458 Norwegian mile 7021 Swedish mile 6644 Danish mile 4682 Swiss stunde 2987 I 7420 1067 7586 5565 11299 10692 7536 4808 Commodity Weights and Measures A pints a poundor very nearlyof the following water wheat butter sugar blackkerries A gallon of milk weighs 86 lbs cream 84 lbs 462 qts of milk weighs 100 lbs A keg of nails weighs 100 lbs A barrel of flour weighs 196 lbs of salt 280 lbs of beef fish or pork 200 lbs cement 4 bags 376 lbs Cotton in a standard bale weighs 480 lbs A bushel of coal weighs 80 lbs A barrel of cement contains 38 cu ft of oil 42 gals A barrel for dry commodities contains 7056 cu in or 105 dry qts A bushel stroked contains 215042 cu in a bushel heaped27477 cu in Used to measure apples potatoes shelled corn in bins A peck537605 cu in A dry quart67201 cu ins A beard foot144 cu in a cord contains 128 cu ft A barrel of flour weighs 196 lbs net 42 bu of wheat makes a barrel of straight flour Solids lbs per cu ftAnthracite 87112 Cement set 170190 Clay 122162 Coal soft 7594 Glass common 150175 Ice 57 Iron pure 491 Iron cast 444 Ivory 114129 Lead 711 Lime mortar 103111 Lime slaked 8187 Limestone 167171 Marble 160177 Paper 4472 Rock salt 136 Sand stone 134147 LiquidsAlcohol 504 Benzene 561 Gasoline 410 430 Milk 642646 Cocoanut oil 577 WoodsCedar 3035 Ebony 6983 Pine white 2231 Pine yellow 2337 Hickory 3758 Mahogany 41 Maple 3747 Oak 3756 Walnut 4043 The Capacity of a Silo To find the capacity of a silo multiply onehalf the diameter or onehalf the width across by the same fig ure then by 31416 and this product by the height of the silo If the measurements are in feet this will give the number of cubic feet in the silo Multiply the num ber of cubic feet by 35 the average number of pounds of silage to the cubic foot and divide by 2000 to de termine the number of tons To Determine Quantity of Hay in Rick Generally 512 cubic feet of hay in stack or mow weigh one ton To determine with reasonable accuracy the number of tons of hay in a rick of average shape multiply the over that is the distance from the ground on one side to the ground on the other by the width then the length and then by 037 Watermelon Loading Rules FIRSTCars shall be ventilated on sides and ends No cars shall be deemed standard loaded without such ventilation SECONDMelons shall be carefully handled stacked and piled tightly THIRDNo cars shall be deemed standard loaded unless papered around the side and ends to the full height of the melons The floor shall be properly bed ed with either excelsior pine straw or other suitable bedding In no event will sawdust or shavings be ac cepted Do not close vents with paper FOURTHMelons of Watson and shall be graded as follows Average 18 lbs 20 lbs 22 lbs 24 lbs 26 lbs 28 lbs 30 lbs 32 lbs 34 lbs 36 lbs Min Wt 16 lbs 18 lbs 20 lbs 22 lbs 24 lbs 26 lbs 28 lbs 30 lbs 32 lbs 34 lbs Max Wt 20 lbs 22 lbs 24 lbs 26 lbs 28 lbs 30 lbs 32 lbs 34 lbs 36 lbs 38 lbs Depth 5 deep 5 deep 4 deep 4 deep 4 deep 4 deep 4 deep 4 deep 4 deep 4 deep Grey varieties Count 1600 melons 1500 melons 1150 melons 1050 melons 1000 melons 960 melons 880 melons 840 melons 800 melons 720 melons Melons of Dixie Bell variety shall be graded as fol lows Average 18 lbs 20 lbs 22 lbs 24 lbs 26 lbs 28 lbs 30 lbs 32 lbs 34 lbs 36 lbs 38 lbs Min Wt 16 lbs 18 lbs 20 lbs 22 lbs 24 lbs 26 lbs 28 lbs 30 lbs 32 lbs 34 lbs 36 lbs Max Wt 20 lbs 22 lbs 24 lbs 26 lbs 28 lbs 30 lbs 32 lbs 34 lbs 36 lbs 38 lbs 40 lbs Depth 4 deep 4 deep 3 deep 3 deep 3 deep 3 deep 3 deep 3 deep 3 deep 3 deep 3 deep Count 1350 melons 1200 melons 1050 melons 1000 melons 920 melons 860 melons 800 melons 760 melons 720 melons 680 melons 640 melons FIFTHMelons shall be fresh clipped from vines and loaded into cars within 24 hours from time clipped No ill shaped diseased specked or otherwise imperfect melons to be loaded in standard cars Melons to be taken from healthy green vines only No melons shall be loaded while wet or on wet bedding SIXTHAll melons shall be treated for stemend rot with a paste made from a formula approved by the Bu reau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agricul ture of the United States SEVENTH No cars shall be deemed standard loaded unless all of the foregoing rules are complied with and shippers and growers are urged against load ing any cars which will not conform to the abo e stand ard Law Bans Certain Sized Hampers and Baskets The standard containers act of 1928 passed by the Federal Congress fixes the standard far hampers round stave baskets and splint baskets for fruits and vege tables and for other purposes This new legislation defines standard hampers and round stave baskets for fruits and vegetables to be of the following capacity bushel bushel bushel ss bushel 4 bushel I bushel 1 bushels bushels and 2 bushels For the purpose of the act a bushel 87GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES standard dry measure has a capacity of 215042 cubic inches This act describes standard splint baskets for fruits and vegetables to be of 4 quart 8 quart 12 quart 24 quart and 32 quart baskets The standard quart dry measure for the purpose of this act has a capacity of 672 cubic inches The enforcement of this act is in the Bureau of Agri cultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture and on and after November 1 1929 it will be unlawful for any manufacturer to sell or offer for sale hampers roundstave baskets or splint baskets for fruits and vegetables that do not comply with this act This applies to both intrastate and interstate ship ments This law was brought about because of the fact that many containers were made which gave to the untrained eye the appearance of having a greater capacity than they actually did For instance 76 bushel hamper is not readily distinguishable from a bushel hamper to the untrained eye Those wishing complete information concerning reg ulations may obtain it by writing to the Department of Agriculture Washington D C To Keep Horse Flies Off Farm Animals It may be impossible for the man who has droves of cattle on the ranges to apply a remedy to keep the flies from drawing their blood and vitality but that it is not impossible for the man with a few cattle on the farm especially dairy cattle Many flycontrol preparations are on the market some of which are good and some of which are worthless In order to be safe use any one of the three following formulas which are recommended by Professor J R Watson entomologist of the Florida Experiment Sta tion No 1 Laundry soap i pound Water 4 gallons Crude Petroleumi gallon Powdered napthaline 4 ounces No 2 Fish oilUZlOO parts l1 tar50 parts Crude carbolic acid 1 part No 3 Laurel oil1 11 part Linseed oilIZLMl parts One may buy theingregients and prepare the solu tion himself and save considerable money thereby All must be thoroughly emulsified by running through a spray pump after which they are ready to be sprayed upon the animals Any of them if properly prepared and applied should keep a cow or horse free of flies for at least a day How Long Does It Take This table shows how much time it takes on the average to do the ordinary farm jobs over the country as a whole A work day is 10 hours of man or horse labor OPERATIONS Work Days Production of crops per acre Man Horse 1 imothy alfalfa and clover hay per cutting 1 1 Oats wheat barley rye buckwheat and millet 2 3 Corn husked from standing stalks 2 45 Corn husked from shock or for silo 5 55 Corn for silo Central States 3 88 Corn husked Southern States 4 Sorghum cut for hay 3 Irish potatoes Northern States 11 Irish potatoes Southern States 13 Sweet potatoes 10 Sugar beets 6 Sugar cane for sirup Georgia 16 Tobacco Kentucky 35 Cotton 13 Peanuts harvested Georgia 5 Peanuts hogged off Georgia 3 Watermelons Georgia and Florida 5 Field Beans 4 Rice Louisiana Arkansas and Texas 35 Cabbage Northern States 13 Cabbage Southern States 20 Onions Texas sold by crate 68 Onions Ohio grown from sets sold in bunches x 93 Onions Ohio grown from seed sold in bunches 149 Tomatoes Northern States 15 Tomatoes Florida 17 Cucumbers Florida 32 String Beans Florida 22 Strawberries Florida 74 Citrus fruits Southern States 10 Radishes Ohio sold in bunches 45 Beets and carrots Ohio sold in bunches 82 Apples 15 Caring for live stock per year except feeding steers and feeding sheep Horses cornbelt States 8 Horses Eastern States 12 Dairy cows 18 Young stock cattle colts etc 25 20 feeding steers per month 2 10 hogs cornbelt States 10 10 hogs Eastern States 20 10 brood sows and raising pigs to weaning 30 100 ewes 50 100 feeding sheep yard lot per mo 35 100 chickens well cared for 20 10 7 5 10 7 8 6 3 2 4 55 55 12 8 14 10 10 11 7 10 7 9 7 5 8 5 75 75 2 2 15 2 2 5 5 3 2 Amount of Seed Used Per Acre Alfalfa broadcast lb Alfalfa drilled lb Barley bu Beans field small bu Beans field large bu Beets common not sugar lb Blue Grass bu Broom corn lb Buckwheat bu Cabbage plants no Clover alsike lb Clover Japan lb Clover mammoth lb Clover red alone lb Clover red on grain ib Clover crimson lb Corn for grain lb Corn fodder for silage lb Cotton bu Cowpeas for forage bu Cowpeas in drill with corn bu Cowpeas for seed bu Field peas small bu Field peas large bu Flaxseed lb Oats bu Orchard grass lb Peanuts bu Potatoes bu Average of Reports rsumatea Kange of Bulk of Plantings 183 15 to 20 148 12 to 18 184 15 to 20 76 5 to 10 129 10 to 15 63 55 to 75 107 75 to 125 60 3 to 7 98 75 to 125 5658 5000 to 7000 87 8 to 12 99 9 to 15 104 8 to 12 107 8 to 12 98 8 to 12 121 10 to 15 95 6 to 12 260 15 to 35 96 9 to 11 131 10 to 15 63 40 to 65 70 50 to 75 93 75 to 125 117 10 to 15 292 25 to 30 237 20 to 25 126 10 to 15 102 10 to 11 86 7 to 12 GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES Rice bu 198 15 to 25 Rye for grain bu 144 125 to 175 Rye for forage bu 182 15 to 20 Soy beans drilled bu 79 50 to 100 Soy beans broadcast bu 137 100 to 150 Sugar beets lb 131 12 to 18 Sweet potato plants no 6605 6000 to 7000 Timothy lb 94 8 to 12 Tobacco plants no 4762 Wheat bu 138 125 to 175 Storing Fruits and Vegetables Where fruits and vegetables are stored in cellars barns pits or other places there are certain require ments that must be met in order to avoid decay Only products that are free of diseases should be stored Often lack of air causes rotting Dry heat will cause spoiling more quickly than any other condition When these products are stored in a dry place and be gin to shrivel sprinkle the floor With water frequently every day if necessary When put in storage pits lack of ventilation is often the cause of rotting Pits should be provided with a flue or chimney in the top so as to give the proper ventilation It is during the first month or two of storage that most ventilation is needed as that is the time when the most moisture is given off Number Trees or Plants to an Acre Distance No Plants Distance No Plants Apart Per Acre Apart Per Acre 12 by 1 inch 522720 1 foot by V2 feet 19360 12 by 3 inches 174240 2 feet by 2 feet 10890 18 by 1 inch 348480 2 feet by 3 feet 7260 18 by 3 inches 116160 3 feet by 3 feet 4840 18 by 12 inches 29040 4 feet by 1 foot 10890 18 by 18 inches 19360 4 feet by 2 feet 5445 24 by 12 inches 21780 4 feet by 3 feet 3630 24 by 18 inches 14520 4 feet by 4 feet 2772 30 by 1 inch 209088 5 feet by 5 feet 1742 30 bv 6 inches 34848 6 feet by 6 feet 1210 30 by 12 inches 17424 7 feet by 7 feet 888 30 by 24 inches 8712 8 feet by 8 feet 680 40 by 30 inches 9970 9 feet by 9 feet 537 36 by 3 inches 58080 10 feet by 10 feet 435 36 by 30 inches 5808 12 feet by 12 feet 302 42 by 24 inches 6223 20 feet by 20 feet 108 42 by 36 inches 4148 25 feet by 25 feet 70 42 by 42 inches 3556 30 feet by 30 feet 48 48 by 18 inches 7790 35 feet by 35 feet 35 6 by 6 inches 174240 40 feet by 40 feet 27 1 foot by 1 foot 43560 50 feet by 50 feet 17 1 foot by 2 feet 21780 60 feet by 60 feet 12 1 foct by 3 feet 14520 70 feet by 70 feet 9 To find the number of plants or trees in an acre at any distance apart multiply the one distance in feet by the other to give the square feet in each space and di vide this distance into 43560 Example 4 by 4 feet equals 16 square feet By dividing this into 43560 the number of square feet in an acre we have 2722 which is the number of plants required to set an acre when put 4 by 4 feet apart The table above gives the number required for most of the distances ordinarily used Period of Incubation The period of incubation varies with different species cf poultry as shown in the following table Kind of Poultry Days Kind of Poultry Days Hen 21 Peafowl 28 Pheasant 2224 Guinea fowl2628 Duck 28 Ostrich 42 Duck Muscovy3335 Goose 30 Turkey 28 Pigeon 17 The period of incubation varies somewhat with con ditions so that a hatch may run one or two days over in some cases because af an accident during incuba tion or a low temperature throughout that period or it may come off earlier If through any accident the eggs are chilled or overheated it is advisable to con tinue the hatch testing the eggs after a few days to determine the extent of the damage Gestation Table In the following table the last day of each month and the 10th and 20th of the succeeding month only are given Intervening days can be quickly and easily figured For instance when the time of service is say January 6th simply add 6 days to the December 31st expiration date February 3rd add 3 days to the January 31st expiration date March 17th add 7 days to the March 10th expiration date etc Time of Mares Cows Ewes Sows Service 340 Days 285 Days 150 Days 112 Days Dec 31 Dec 6 Oct 12 May 30 Apr 22 Jan 10 Dec 16 Oct 22 June 9 May 2 Jan 20 Dec 26 Nov 1 June 19 May 12 Jan 31 Jan 6 Nov 12 June 30 May 23 Feb 10 Jan 16 Nov 22 July 10 June 2 Feb 20 Jan 26 Dec 2 July 20 June 12 Feb 28 Feb 3 Dec 10 July 28 June 20 Mar 10 Feb 13 Dec 20 Aug 7 June 30 Mar 20 Feb 23 Dec 30 Aug 17 July 10 Mar 31 Mar 6 Jan 10 Aug 28 July 21 Apr 10 Mar 16 Jan 20 Sept 7 July 31 Apr 20 Mar 26 Jan 30 Sept 17 Aug 10 Apr 30 Apr 5 Feb 9 Sept 27 Aug 20 May 10 Apr 15 Feb 19 Oct 7 Aug 30 May 20 Am 25 Mar 1 Oct 17 Sept 9 May 31 May 6 Mar 12 Oct 28 Sept 20 June 10 May 16 Mar 22 Nov 7 Sept 30 June 20 May 26 Apr 1 Nov 17 Oct 10 June 30 June 5 Apr 11 Nov 27 Oct 20 July 10 June 15 Apr 21 Dec 7 Oct 30 July 20 June 25 May 1 Dec 17 Nov 9 July 31 July 6 May 12 Dec 28 Nov 20 Aug 10 July 16 May 22 Jan 7 Nov 30 Aug 20 July 26 June 1 Jan 17 Dec 10 Aug 31 Aug 6 June 12 Jan 28 Dec 21 Sept 10 Aug 16 June 22 Feb 7 Dec 31 Sept 20 Aug 26 Tuly 2 Feb 17 Jan 10 Sept 30 Sept 5 July 12 Feb 27 Jan 20 Oct 10 Sept 15 July 22 Mar 9 Jan 30 Oct 20 Sept 25 Aug 1 Mar 19 Feb 9 Oct 31 Oct 6 Aug 12 Mar 30 Feb 20 Nov 10 Oct 16 Aug 22 Apr 9 Mar 2 Nov 20 Oct 26 Sept 1 Apr 19 Mar 12 Nov 30 Nov 5 Sept 11 Apr 29 Mar 22 Dec 10 Nov 15 Sept 21 May 9 Apr 1 Dec 20 Nov 25 Oct 1 May 19 Apr 11 Dec 31 Dec 6 Oct 12 May 30 Apr 22 Preserving and Candling Eggs PRESERVING IN WATER GLASSTo preserve 15 dozen eggs in water glass the following directions should be followed 1 Select a 5gallon crock earthen or stone and clean it thoroughly then scald and allow to dry 2 Heat 10 to 12 quarts of water to the boiling point and allow it to cool 3 When cool measure out 9 quarts of water place in the crock and add 1 quart of commonly called wa 89GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES ter glass which can be purchased at almost any drug store Stir well so that the solution becomes thor oughly mixed The solution thus prepared is ready for the eggs which may be put in all at once or from time to time as they are obtainable Care should be taken in putting them in the jar not to crack or break the shells also make sure that the solution covers the eggs by at least two inches at all times Put the crock containing the preserved eggs in a cool dry place and cover with a tight lid or waxed paper to prevent evaporation To preserve a smaller or larger number of eggs the solution should be mixed and prepared in the same proportion PRESERVING WITH LIME SOLUTIONIf wa ter glass is not obtainable lime may be used It is not considered so good as water glass as in some instances eggs preserved by this method have tasted slightly of lime although at other times lime water has proven entirely satisfactory To preserve with lime dissolve 2 pounds of unslaked lime in a small quantity of water and dilute with five gallons of water that has previously been boiled and cooled Allow the mixture to stand until the lime set tles then pour off and use the clear liquid Place clean fresh eggs in a clean earthenware crock or jar and pour the clear limewater into the vessel until the eggs are covered At least 2 inches of the solution should cover the top layer of eggs If best results are to be obtained the eggs should be fresh and clean and preferably infertile For this rea son it is always best when possible to candle the eggs carefully before preserving them unless they are known to be strictly fresh If an egg is only slightly soiled a cloth dampened with vinegar may be used to remove the stains but eggs should not be washed with water or soap and water as water removes the protecting coat ing that is on the shell and may tend to cause the con tents to spoil Under no circumstances should badly soiled or cracked eggs be used for preserving as one or more such eggs in a jar may spoil all the others USING PRESERVED EGGSFresh eggs pre served according to these directions will usually keep from 6 to 10 months and can be used satisfactorily for all purposes in cooking and for the table If however preserved eggs are to be boiled a small hole should be made with a pin in the larger end of the shell before placing them in the water to allow the air in the egg to escape when heated and thus prevent cracking FERTILE AND INFERTILE EGGSAn infertile egg is one laid by a hen that has not been with a male Jlrdorf or 3 weeks and the germ cell of which is not fertilized The length of time varies somewhat but ordinarily all eggs will be infertile after the male has been separated from the flock for from 2 to 3 weeks If the germ cell of the egg has not been fertilized the egg will not hatch and it is impossible for a blood ring to form in such an egg when exposed to heat which so often happens with fertile eggs Infertile eggs will keep mUch longer than fertile eggs and are best for all purposes excepting hatching A fertile egg is just the opposite of an infertile one It is an egg laid by a hen that has been allowed to run with a male bird within 2 or 3 weeks and the germ cell of which is fertilized The length of time required for fertilizing varies somewhat depending on the vigor of the male Generally speaking however a good per centage of the eggs will prove fertile after the male has been with the flock from 2 to 3 weeks Fertile eggs are the one from which chicks are hatched and are de sirable for hatching purposes only as they spoil much sooner than infertile eggs often resulting in heavy The male bird makes the egg fertile and the fertile egg if heated develops a blood ring making it unfit to eat If you do want hatching eggs then allow the male to run with the flock during the hatching season but take him away after the hatching is completed The hens will lay just as many eggs without a male as with one CANDLING EGGSBy the term candling is meant the discarding or sorting out of the bad eggs from the good ones by holding the egg before a strong light in such manner that the rays of the light come to the eye through the egg so that the condition of the contents can be seen The she11 of a newlaid egg has a soft glow or bloom which is a visible sign of perfect freshness This glow or bloom is destroyed by handling and in any case disappears after the egg has been exposed to the air for a short time After that it is difficult to tell a fresh egg from an old one by the appearance of the shell therefore candling becomes necessary if you would be sure that the egg is good Eggs can be candled best in a dark room by the use of a bright light inclosed in a box or case having a hole a trifle smaller than an egg directly opposite the light At this hole the eggs is held for examination An or dinary hand lamp a lantern an incandescent bulb or a flashlight may be used Any box that set on end is large enough to hold the lamp will do In addition to the hole opposite the light there should be a hole at the top end of the box otherwise the heat from the top of the chimney would set the box on fire A tester chimney made of tin such as used on a lamp for test lng eggs in incubators may be used for candling When such a chimney is available the box is not necessary as the eggs are tested by means of the hole in the side of the chimney The box and light should be placed on a table or a shelf where most convenient Place on one side the eggs that are to be candled and on the other side have separate boxes or anything that will hold the eggs for the good and the bad eggs Hold the eggs one by one large end up close to the light A perfectly good fresh egg shows full and clear before the light There is almost no air cell at the large end and the yolk outline is only faintly visible A fixed air cell of oneeighth to threesixteenths of an inch in depth indicates a fresh egg as eggs run gener ally A larger air cell with a movable lower line indi catesaccording to sizes and fluctuationsa stale egg or one becoming weak and watery 90 8 it I GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES 1 Very small dark spots which sometimes may be seen are usually blood clots Large dark spots blood rings and shadows are due to heat and germination and in dicate the first stages of decay An egg that looks very dark or black except for a large fixed air cell contains a chick at an advanced stage of incubation An egg which looks dark when tested in the same way but shows a large air cell with a movabls lower line is usu ally in an advanced stage of fluid decomposition or what is commonly known as a rotten egg At first it may be a little difficult to test the eggs as here directed but with a little practice it becomes a very simple matter PRESERVING EGGS BY THE USE OF WATER GLASSUse pure water that has been thoroughly boiled and then cooled To each ten quarts of water add one quart of water glass Pack the eggs in a jar and pour solution over them cover well Keep the eggs in a cool dark place A dry cool cellar is a good place If the eggs are kept in too warm a place the silicate is deposited and the eggs are not properly protected Do not wash the eggs before packing for by so doing you injure their keeping quality probably dissolving the mucillaginous coating on the outside of the shell For packing use only perfectly fresh eggs for stale eggs will not be saved and may prove harmful to the others Water glass is a very cheap product that can usually be procured at about 50 cents per gallon and one gallon would make enough solution to preserve 50 dozen eggs so that the cost of material for this method would be only about a cent per dozen Water glass is sodium and potassium silicate so dium silicate being usually the cheaper If wooden kegs or barrels are used in which to pack the eggs they should first be thoroughly scalded with boiling water to sweeten and purify them I Average Yield of Products from One Cord of Fat Pine j Turpentine 12 gallons Pitch Residue 5 gallons Pine Oil 4 gallons Charcoal SO gallons I Akrole 4 gallons Acid WaterISO gallons 1 Refined Tar Oil14 gallons In Case of Poison First Send for a physician Second Empty the stomach by an emetica tea spoonful of mustard or two teaspoonfuls of common salt in tepid water teaspoonful of alum in water Tickle the throat with a feather or finger Apply anti dotes as follows I Pcison Antidote No Poison Antidote No Acetic Acid 6 Alcoholic Liquors 10 Ammonia 9 Antimony 5 Aqua fortis 6 Arsenic 2 Bitter Almond 7 Blue Vitriol 3 Bug Poison 3 Carbolic Acid 3 Carbonic Acid Gas 10 Charcoal Fumes 10 Chloride of Zinc S Chloroform inhaled 10 Chloroform swallowed 1 Laudanum 1 Lye 9 Morphine 1 Muriatic Acid 6 Nitre 9 Nitric Acid 6 Opium 1 Oxalic Acid 6 Paris Green 2 Phosphorus 2 Prussic Acid 7 Rat Poison 2 Saltpetre 9 Sugar of Lead 4 Sulphuric Acid 8 Coal Gas 10 Copperas 3 Corrosive sublimate 3 Ether inhaled 10 Ether swallowed 1 Strychnine 1 Tartaric Acid 6 Toadstools 4 White Lead 4 White Vitriol 5 1 Emetic If patient is drowsy give cold coffee keep awake and moving 2 Emetic Warm extremities give large doses of magnesia raw eggs lime water milk flour and water 3 White of eggs milk flour and water give largely for ten minutes then give emetic and follow by mild stimulants 4 Mustard emetic followed by Epsom salt 5 Emetic Give warm water to relieve vomiting tea to tablespoonful baking powder salaratus chalk lime or magnesia followed by milk and white of egg 6 Emetic Baking powder etc as in No 5 fol lowed by linseed tea or slippery elm tea 7 Emetic Followed by brandy or by teaspoonful ammonia in pint of water 8 Large quantities of water followed by large doses magnesia or lime 9 Drink diluted vinegar or lemon juice fol low with tablespoonful castor oil cream sweet oil or linseed oil then with teaspoonful doses an hour apart for three hours 10 Fresh air inhalation of ammonia warm extrem ities artificial breathing as in drowning First Aid to the Injured DROWNING1 Loosen clothing if any 2 Empty lungs of water by laying body on its stomach and lift ing it by the middle so that the head hangs down Jerk the body a few times 3 Pull tongue forward using handkerchief or pin with string if necessary 4 Imi tate motion of respiration by alternately compressing and expanding the lower ribs about twenty times a minute Alternately raising and lowering the arms from the sides up above the head will stimulate the ac tion of the lungs Let it be done gently but persistently 5 Apply warmth and friction to extremities 6 By holding the tongue forward closing the nostrils and pressing the Adams Apple back so as to close the entrance to the stomach direct inflation can be tried Take a deep breath and breathe it forcibly into the mouth of patient compress the chest to expel the air and repeat the operation 7 Dont give up People have been saved after hours of patient vigorous effort 8 When breathing begins get patient into a warm bed give warm drinks or spirits in teaspoonfuls fresh air and quiet BURNS AND SCALDSCover with cooking soda and lay wet cloths over it Whites of eggs and olive oil Olive or linseed oil plain or mixed with chalk or whiting Sweet or olive oil and lime water LIGHTNINGDash cold water over the person struck SUNSTROKELoosen clothing Get patient into shade and apply ice cold water to head Keep head in elevated position 91GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES MAD DOG OR SNAKE BITETie cord tight above wound Suck the wound and cauterize with caustic or white hot iron at once or cut adjoining parts with a sharp knife Give stimulants as Whiskey Brandy etc VENOMOUS INSECTS STINGS ETCApply weak Ammonia Oil Salt Water or Iodine FAINTINGPlace flat on back allow fresh air and sprinkle with water Place head lower than rest of body CINDERS IN THE EYERoll soft paper up like a lamplighter and wet the tip to remove or use a medi cine dropper to draw it out Rub the other eye FIRE FROM KEROSENEDont use Water it will spread the flames Dirt sand or flour is the best extinguisher or smother with woolen rug tablecloth or carpet SUFFOCATION FROM INHALING ILLUMI NATING GASGet into the fresh air as soon as pos sible and lie down Keep warm Take ammonia twenty drops to a tumbler of water at frequent inter vals also two to four drops tincture nux vomica every hour or tyo for five or six hours Percentage of Plant Food in Animal Excrements T fci Se e o H o a e V o x w Horse Solid Liquid Mixed 80 20 Cow Solid 70 Liquid Mixed 30 Pig Solid 60 Liquid Mixed 40 Sheep Solid Liquid Mixed 67 33 Hen Mixed 75 90 78 85 92 86 80 97 87 60 85 68 55 bo 055 135 070 040 100 060 055 040 050 075 135 095 100 t2 si s 030 trace 025 020 trace 015 050 010 035 050 005 035 080 0 o o 040 125 055 010 135 045 040 045 040 045 210 100 040 Composititon of Dried or WaterFree Excrements Kind of Portion of Nitrogen Phosphoric Potash Animal Excrement HorseSolid Liquid CowSolid Liquid PigSolid Liquid SheepSolid Liquid 220 1350 265 1250 275 1300 190 900 Acid 120 JL35 2750 400 125 035 Plant Food Constituents Produced Annually in ments by Farm Animals Per 1000 Pounds Live Weight 160 1250 065 1700 200 1500 115 1400 Excre of Kind of Animal Nitrogen Phosphoric Acid Potash Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Lbs Lbs Lbs Lbs Lbs Horse Cow Pig Sheep Hen 79 76 101 62 85 49 80 49 57 43 38 92 42 68 12 2 58 19 73 38 32 45 108 55 88 o o z 3 c c 2360 2960 3060 2425 1870 How Late to Plant Vegetables In planting the fall garden it is well to plant a big variety of vegetablespractically all of those planted in the spring It is usually best to make the last plant ings so they will mature just before frost provided they are kinds that will not withstand frost The table herewith lists some of the more common vegetables that will not stand frost and the number of days it usu ally takes them to mature under average conditions This information will enable us to determine how late we can wait to plant these vegetables and have them mature before frost Days Vegetables to mature Bush lima beans 70 to 80 Snapbeans 45 to 55 Blackeyed peas 65 to 75 Lady peas 60 to 70 Days Vegetables to mature Irish potatoes 75 to 100 Cucumbers 55 to 80 Squash 60 to 80 Tomatoes 100 to 120 Vegetables which will withstand considerable frost but not very hard freezes and the number of days it ordinarily takes them to mature are listed in the fol lowing table Vegetables Days to mature Mustard 30 to Turnips 60 to 40 80 65 to 85 Days to mature 130 to 150 Vegetables Onions from seed Onions sets for green 35 to 40 KohlRabi 65 to 75 English peas 40 to 70 Cabbage 90 to 120 Cauliflower 100 tol25 Chinese Cabbage 90 to 110 The following list of vegetables will stand in the open throughout the winter in most sections of the South and may be planted well into the fall Carrots Beets 65 to Swiss chard 45 to Radishes 20 to Lettuce 60 to 70 65 30 75 Days Vegetables to mature Spinach 30 to 60 Kale 90 to 120 Rape 90 to 120 Collards 100 to 130 Days Vegetables to mature Salisfy 150 Parsnips 150 Rutabagas 80 to 100 Creamery Costs Analyzed Southern Dairy Products Journal A recent study of the cost of operating creameries made by L C Thompson of the University of Wiscon sin reveals some interesting cost figures The average costs of operating a creamery are shown in the following table Supplies 3938 Labor 3150 Depreciation 1233 Fuel 753 Interest 343 Ice 240 Taxes 240 Insurance 103 In this study a questionnaire was sent to all of the creameries in Wisconsin Fortyseven creameries in 23 counties responded which during the year of the sur vey made 27000000 pounds of butter or 19 per cent of the States output so the figures can be taken as fairly representative of the industry While the figures may not apply to all sections they will give the creamery manager a fair idea of how his costs should be divided in operating his plant and may result in a study of local costs and a resulting increase in the efficiency of the plant 92GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES They are worth pasting up in the office for compari son Homemade Stock Feed or Tonic The stock and condimental feeds that are generally bought on the market which are represented to be con ditioners tonics and fatteners have for their founda tion simple and wellknown drugs and feeds If a tonic or feed is desired one of known composition may be nrxed at home with entirely satisfactory results The following two formulas are suggested II I Pounds Pounds Glauber salt 5 Glauber salt 2 Saltpeter lSoda 1 Fenugreek 1 Salt 1 Gentian 2 Fenugreek Yt Linseed meal SO Linseed meal 25 A heaping teaspoonful of one of the above mixtures fed with the grain 3 times a day is sufficient When a tonic is needed it is advisable to investigate why it is needed The stock should receive daily at tention regarding feed water salt exercise grooming sanitation and comfortable quarters Neglect of any of these factors is usually an underlying cause of the poor condition of an animal Showing 34 feet 10 inches in the board which counts 35 feet Homemade Hog Tonic Experienced hog feeders have asserted that a mixture of charcoal ashes lime salt sulphur and copperas kept where hogs can eat it will tend to prevent worm infes tation Though there is no positive experimental evi dence in support of this idea the mixture is of value as a source of mineral matter in the diet and perhaps as an appetizer and tonic Following is a formula Charcoal1 bushel Airslaked lime4 pounds Hardwood ashes1 bushel Sulphur 4 pounds Salt 8 pounds Pulverized copperas 2 pounds Mix the lime salt and sulphur thoroughly and then mix with the charcoal and ashes Dissolve the cop peras in 1 quart of hot water and sprinkle the solution over the whole mass mixing it thoroughly Keep some cf this mixture in a box before the hogs at all times or place in a selffeeder Board Measure Beards are sold by the square foot surface one inch in thickness If cut thinner they count the same as if an inch thick To ascertain the number of square feet in a board multiply the width in inches by the length in feet and divide the product by 12 the quotient is the number of feet in the board and the remainder is the odd inches Six inches and over remainder are counted an additional foot For example measure a board 22 inches wide by 10 feet long as below Multiply 22 the width in inches by 19 length in feet 198 22 12418 Product Plank Measure Board measure is the basis of plank measure that is a plank 2 inches thick and 133 feet long and 10 inches wide contains evidently twice as many square feet as if only one inch thick therefore in estimating the contents of any plank we first find the contents of the surface taken one inch thick and then multiply this product by the thickness of the plank in inches ExampleSuppose we wish to ascertain the contents of a plank 6 feet long 12 inches wide and 2 inches thick First multiply the width in inches 12 by the length in feet 6 and divide the product by 12 This will give the contents of a board 1 inch thick 12 inches wide and 6 feet long If the last product be multiplied by 2 the result will be the contents of a plank 6 feet long 12 inches wide and 2 inches thick Thus 12 width in inches 6 length in feet 1272 2 thickness in inches 13J2 contents in feet board measure The Measurement of Timber or Scantling NOTE The following valuable tables are taken from Days Ready Reckoner by permission of the pub lishers Dick Fitzgerald of New York Scantling or timber for building is sold by the square foot of inchboard measure Thus a cubic foot of scantling which is a foot wide a foot thick and a foot long contains twelve feet measurement To as certain the square feet in a piece of scantling of any length width and thickness multiply the width in inches by the thickness in inches then multiply the product of these figures by the length in feet and di vide the second product by twelve the quotient is the number of feet and the remainder if any is the odd inches Six inches and over are usually reckoned as an extra foot In measuring the length of a piece of timber the lum berman counts even feet only Unless the length is full ten inches or more over an even number of feet the ex cess is not counted but ten inches over are counted as a full foot In marking the contents of a piece of timber when it runs over measure the lumberman usual ly places a mark at the spot where the measurement ends The marks are made on one end of the stick with Roman capital letters instead of figures as XXI for 21 XVIII for 18 and so on ExampleSuppose a stick of timber to be 11 inches in width 9 inches thick and to measure 27 feet in length Quotient 34 10 remainder Multiply 11 the width by 9 the thickness Product 99 by which 93GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES multiply 27 the length in feet 693 Divide this 198 product by 122673 Divide by 12719040 Quotient 222 9 remainder The quotient is the number of square feet inch board measure the 9 remainder being the odd inches As 6 inches and over are counted a foot 223 feet are the contents of the stick Logs Reduced to Square Timber To reckon the contents of a round log in cubic feet of square timber first reduce it to square timber thus Measure the diameter or thickness at each end in inches add these measurements together and divide the sumtotal by 2 the quotient is the average diam eter Onethird of this diameter is allowed for the chips or slabs To deduct this third divide the num ber of inches diameter by 3 and subtract the quotient from it the remainder is the proper diameter for meas urement The thickness of the log is generally counted in even inches and onethird of an inch excess or up ward is added as an extra inch After getting the square of the log in manner above described the num ber of cubic feet in it is reckoned the same as in square timber But as in the reduction of logs fractions of inches often have to be reckoned an example may be useful for a perfect understanding of it ExampleSuppose a round log to be 35 feet long 24 inches thick at the butt and 19 inches thick at the top Add 24 and 19 the two diameters Sumtotal 43 to which add two ciphers to include the fractions and then divide by 24300 Deduct 13 for slabs 32150 average diam 717 True diameter 1433 or 1413 inches Reduce this to thirds thus Three times 14 is 42 and the odd one makes 43 thirds Multiply 43 by 43 129 172 Total 1849 which represents ninths of inches Add two ciphers to include the fractions and then to reduce to inches Divide by 9184900 20544 Multiply by 35 the length of the lot 102720 61632 Divide by 12 59920 Cubic feet 4993100 counting 50 feet Miscellaneous Measurements One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs 53 pounds To find side of an equal square multiply diameter bv 8862 One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds To find area of a circle multiply square of diameter by 7854 To find diameter of a circle multiply circumference by 31831 To find circumference of a circle multiply diame ter by 31416 To find surface of a ball multiply square of diameter by 31416 To find cubic inches in a ball multiply cube of diame ter by 5236 Doubling the diameter of a pipe increase its capacity four times Each nominal horse power of a boiler requires 30 to 35 lbs of water per hour A gallon of water U S Standard weighs 813 pounds and contains 231 cubic inches There are nine square feet of heating surface to each square foot of grate surface A cubic foot of water contains 7 gallons 1728 cubic inches and weighs 62 pounds A horse power is equivalent to raising 33000 pounds one foot per minute or 550 pounds one foot per second The average consumption of coal for steam boilers is 12 pounds per hour for each square foot of grate sur face To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water multiply the height of the column in feet by 434 Steam rising from water at its boiling point 212 de grees has a pressure equal to the atmosphere 147 pounds to the square inch To evaporate one cubic foot of water requires the con sumption of iy2 pounds of ordinary coal or about 1 pound of coal to 1 gallon of water How to Ascertain Certain Measurements CIRCLE Diametercircumference X 31831 Cir cumferencediameter X 31416 Areadiameter squared X 7854 SPHERE Surfacediameter squared X 31416 bic contentsdiameter cubed X 5236 Cu 94GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES CYLINDER Areacircumference of base see cir cle X height Contentsarea of the base X height CONE OF PYRAMID Lateral surfacecircumfer ence of base see circle X V2 the slant height Vol umearea of base X 13 altitude the altitude be ing the perpendicular distance from the base to the highest point Volume of frustrum of pyramid or conel3 height X sum of the areas of the up per and lower bases and square root of their prod uct TRIANGLE Areabase X Vz altitude Given meas urements of three sides get sum of sides from this subtract each side separately multiply all re mainders and Yi sum together square root of prod ustarea Hypotenuse of right trianglesq root of the sum of the squares of the other two sides SQUARE RECTANGULAR OR PARALLELO GRAM Areabase X altitude TRAPEZOID Areaaltitude X Vi sum of parallel sides HEIGHT OF TREE OR BUILDING may be found by length of shadow Set up a stick and measure its shadow then height of treelength of shadow of tree X height of stick length of shadow of stick BARREL Volume same as for cylinder but with a diameter equal to half the sum of head and bung diameters SPEED OF FALLING BODY ond 16 feet the first sec 1632 48 feet the second second 16j32280 feet the third second 16322112 feet the fourth second 16324144 the fifth second 16j32nl feet the nth second VELOCITY OF SOUND LIGHT AND RADIO Sound in air at 60 F travels 1120 feet per second in water 4708 feet per second in wood at least 10000 feet per second in metal at least 4000 feet per second Light travels 186600 miles per second Radio waves are considered to have the same speed as light Arithmetical Principles In measuring surfaces and volumes we are often in need of simple rules by which calculations can be made that will enable us to do quite difficult farm engineer ing Especially is this true of geometrical calculations The easiest of all surface measurements is the sur face The surface of a square is ascertained by multi plying the length by the width stated in terms of the same denomination and we have the area TO FIND THE AREA OF A CIRCLE MULTI PLY THE CIRCUMFERENCE BY THE RADIUS AND DIVIDE BY 2 Therefore if the radius half the diameter of a circle is known the area can be as certained by multiplying the radius by itself square it and multiply this product by 31416 TO FIND THE CONVEX SURFACE OF A PRISM OR A CYLINDER Multiply its altitude height by the perimeter sum of its boundary lines of its base TO FIND THE VOLUME CUBIC CONTENTS OF A SPHERE Multiply the convex surface by the radius and divide by 3 TO FIND THE CONTENTS OF A CYLINDER Multiply the diameter of the base by 31416this gives the circumference of the base Then multiply this cir cumference by the radius half the diameter and di vide this by 2this gives the area of the basethen multiply the area of the base by the altitude which gives the cubic contents or volume Square root is serviceable in many calculations If you want to know the length of one side of a square and have the area you find it by the rules of square root Square root applies to areas hence the side of a square is the root of the area The following is the rule for finding the square root Separate the number into periods of two figures each beginning at the decimal point Find the greatest square in the lefthand period and write its root as the first figure of the required root Square this root subtract the result from the left half period and to the remainder annex the next period for a dividend Divide this new dividend by twice the part of the root already found and write the quotient as the second figure of the required root Annex to this divisor the figure thus found and multiply by the number repre senting this figure Subtract this result bring down the next period and proceed as before until all the periods have been thus annexed The result is the square root required Inaug 1 1789 2 1797 3 1801 4 1809 5 1817 6 1825 7 1929 8 1837 9 1841 10 1841 11 1845 12 1849 13 1850 14 1853 15 1857 16 1861 17 1865 18 1869 19 1877 20 1881 21 1881 22 1885 23 1889 Presidents of the United States Born Died Politics George Washington17321799 Federal John Adams17351826 Federal Thomas Jefferson17431826 Republican James Madison17511836 Republican James Monroe17581831 Republican John Quincy Adamsl7671848 Republican Andrew Jackson17671845 Democrat Martin Van Buren17821862 Democrat Wm Henry Harrison 17731841 Whig John Tyler17901862 Democrat James Knox Polk17951849 Democrat Zachary Taylor17841850 Whig Millard Fillmore18001874 Whig Franklin Pierce18041869 Democrat James Buchanan17911868 Democrat Abraham Lincoln18091865 Republican Andrew Johnson18081875 Republican Ulysses S Grant18221885 Republican Rutherford B Hayes18221893 Republican Tames A Garfield18311881 Republican Chester Alan Arthur 18301886 Republican Grcver Cleveland 18371908 Democrat Benjamin Harrison18331901 Republican Vocation Planter Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Farmer Lawyer Lawyer Soldier Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Tailor Soldier Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer 95GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES 24 1893 Grover Cleveland18371908 Democrat Lawyer 25 1897 William McKinley18431901 Republican Lawyer 26 1901 Theodore Rooseveltl8581919 Republican Publicist 27 1909 Wm Howard Taft18571930 Republican Lawyer 28 1913 Woodrow Wilson18561924 Democrat Teacher 29 1921 Warren G Harding 18651923 Republican Publisher 30 1923 Calvin Coolidge1872 Republican Lawyer 31 1929 Herbert Hoover1874 Republican Civ Engr Population of the Earth by Continents All estimates of population are guesses more or less based on official or unofficial censuses in the principal countries Following are the approximate figuresAfrica 145 000000 America North 138000000 America South 66000000 Asia 950000000 Australia 10000000 Europe 48000000 Polar Regions 50000 Rasmussen estimates that there are 33000 Eskimos other coun tries and regions 167000000 This would give a total world population of 1906 000000000 which is the figure set in May 1927 on the basis of data prepared by the secretariat of the League of Nations Of the total population approximately 1580000000 persons occupy territory within the orbit of the league Approximately 17 per cent of the total population are nationals of states which do not belong to the league According to statistics gathered by Prof E M East of Harvard University 150000 persons are born every day and 100000 die He says the United States population will become stationary at 200000000 before 2000 A D The Races of Mankind According to Dr A Hrdlicka curator Division of Physical Anthropology United States National Mu seum Washington D C three main human races are recognized today which are 1 the whites 2 the yel lcwbrowns and 3 the blacks Each one of these shows a number of subraces or types which are often called races also The principal of these are WHITES Mediterraneans the Alpines and the Nordics YELLOWBROWNS The Mongoloids the Ma lays and the American Indian BLACKS The Negrito Negrillos and Bushmen the Melanesian Negroes and Australians and the Afri can Negroes Population of the world by races under a slightly dif ferent classification is estimated as followsIndoGer manic or Aryan white 821000000 Mongolian or Tu ranian yellowbrown 645000000 Semitic white 750000000 Negro and Bantu black 139000000 Ma lay and Polynesian brown 40000000 American In dian North and South red halfbreeds 28000000 TungOil Nuts from Immense Tree in South Georgia The Oil Is Used in Making Paints and Varnishes 96FARM ANIMALS Showed Substantial Increase or 1932 over 1931 GEORGIA farmers are devoting more attention to livestock than usual according to the report issued by the Georgia Crop Reporting Service on January 29 1932 This report indicates an increase of 2 per cent for all cattle and 7 per cent for hogs on January 1 1932 compared with the same date one year ago Milk cows showed a 2 per cent increase and heifers being kept for milk cows wert 4 per cent greater than one year ago For horses mules and sheep a slight reduction is indicated The total value of all livestock not including poul try on farms January 1 1932 was 45183000 com pared with 61381000 on January 1 1931 Most of the decrease in value is due to marked reduction in value per head of all species The estimated number of cattle was 789000 as com pared with 773000 last year Milk cows and heifers being kept for milk were 419000 head or 53 per cent of the total cattle The number of hogs on farm was 1390000 as against 1299000 on January 1 1931 However a decreased val uation per head lowered the total value to 6905000 being 37 per cent below the value one year ago Mules and horses decreased 2 per cent from last year the current estimate being 368000 compared with 376 000 head last year Valuation is placed at 25114000 or 6710000 below January 1 1931 SUMMARY OF LIVESTOCK ON GEORGIA FARMS JANUARY 1 1930 JANUARY 11931 JANUARY 1 1932 FARM ANIMALS Revised Thousand Revised Thousand Thousand Head Head Head 38 344 382 320 36 340 376 329 35 333 368 Milk Cows and Heifers two years old and over 336 Heifers one and two years old being kept for Milk Cows 73 80 83 758 773 789 1312 38 1299 38 1390 37 Farm Total Farm Farm Total Farm Farm Total Farm Value Value Value Value Value Value Per Thousand Per Thousand Per Thousand Head Dollars 1 Head Dollars 1 Head Dollars 1 Horses and Colts 7700 2926 6300 2268 5200 1820 Mules and Mule Colts 10500 36080 8700 29556 7000 23294 39006 8464 31824 6824 25114 Milk Cows and Heifers 15680 3600 11884 2500 8400 Heifers 12 years old being 1387 1500 1200 1100 913 All Cattle and Calves including Milk Cows and Heifers 3160 23994 2390 18485 1660 13079 Swine including Pigs 970 12687 840 10925 500 6905 Sheep and Lairbs 420 161 390 147 230 85 Total Horses and Mules all Cattle Swine and Sheep 75548 61381 45183 NOTE 1 Value per head derived by dividing total value by total number Total value represents sum of values by age groups 97GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES t rl 3 111 O O u u o O a 3 en W W H 8 fee 2 s a 12 S3 O 8 1 5 c rv T3 S o 52 OS 5 HOS EX CO v fia u 0 COJ BO t go P U o o ftfc Co ft s 03 co pq PQ o o CO 00 tooo CM il lOtO OOof DCs o o OlOOOTtnooo r to to to o to to qo rtOi OtOlA IN 00 00 oo to CO to 00 CO 3957 1736 8403 Ot o NNNifl O00IOC4 corco o tNtN OIV00rH r to co ca r to to to intntONvo to tO IN to OivWOiN r r oo t t o to in 11 CO so a co tto oo or to CO IN tN 00 CO 00 ftf iT to o N tr to lO O Ol ot to C 00 00 cq to ot CO 52238 27398 124766 cn o o tN 74142 75520 114154 40514 o CO CO o CO o s 00 00 O V lO tO CO CO rID O 00 00 it 00 oo to at at 00 r ot h Nco il o 00 CO 0iHOI oo 00 1450 2472 3132 o o CO Ol CO ot Ol ot co N cn coto niOrtio to o rCO oo oo ION xf lOlO v CM H COOtO torCto ctfo t to m o tN VO to VO ot gs SE 0 ON OA VO CN CO IH to N to to CO 11 13892 30910 36194 to at i o 00 154986 52372 121858 60235 ii to oT 00 CO CO 00 CO i s 00 1 1 wow ooo R Ot roo O CO to 00 s 11 oo to PI 1 tO tto e rr r to to o OS p o WH O to tocr to in ito o too CO CO Ol CO CO o PJ ov vo oo ot to to 11 to 1 tN O c J 54808 37836 46662 00 o CO CO 107771 88359 147801 44827 00 n t oo 00 CO 1jto oc CO o o to ca to oo to t tI CO rH c4 hONO t coOOkO wf o rCto N OM Ov co co o co co r 5 to to to Ot CO in n ojr to v to to to Ot CO O CN h co0 CO C CO CO S1 ONWJHIO totcfVr o to M N N N N to tN O OOtOtN to Ot CO w o CO CO to to to it CO o to to N 00 o to to u CM vO a M OJ OXOJ m Otn to OOtOtN o it it of N to oo tor r o o 00 00 iT 00 tN tN tN O to to 00 O ot o Ot t t ri 00 tN 1t OtTltOCs o to o o t I 11 to to to 1H tflNNlOiH Ot 00 i to CO o o o N ii r Ot CO it Ot i to M o o to to to ot IDNCONit to w otto CO to to CO otcotOoot il H o 11 11 i iitN u C a 3 s 02 H W 4 Q 3 O JS 1 H H S PQ 2 z Jo KH C pq pq pq pq pdz t oo 3 w oo O 3 3 XI o o iJ3X h V A U b ess 2 H W H pq H H 3 O J3 t to 2 3 3 o OjC J3 v w S pq pqpq i itt tu tu to 10 3 3 o o XC u u f rn u u M 13 TO 1 tkU pq 3 O v u O 5 V Oh H W M s o Pi o O 98GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES o ot co o to 00 o o o o o o o oo ooo ooo o o o n pq oqwm PQ COO CO CO o dooui IN t0 N O O 00 r HOO to to n Tiro CNf 00 CM CM o to COCM w O w t tNO 0901 rNOO CO CO CO ooco cm w CM 0H 00 CM CM CO too CO to 00 00 to fO CO N00 woo to to O t oo w to to CO to tO O Ot ooc t DOOO 6 v to Of to CMCM to oo coot coooo ct to o to r CO w CO CO co id d to Ot to Ot 00 00 tOCWtOfctO woiocm IO CM w to CO to CM i I coCMto CO CM CM CM N ot to c toorT tONn CM 00 00 cCtdoo OtO HOj i5 co to OIO CM CM CM W OO Ot CO Ot cm to to CM CM to r oo to oo d r w CM cm d w HH0O 00 no IN to to CO Ot 00 w OCO to Ot O ONOO crr CM 00 o CM CO O Cm CO to s 00 CM IN Ot CM PtooO HN i1 W O CM O CM 165302 163630 110986 00 W of CO io to to to too miowo c wootooof to rico Qt to W W CM to cm w IN CM Of to HK1N to o CM O CMIO ONrtfJl 1 cCM 1 Ot to 00 00 ON00r W 1 to IO NtOO CMtoO IN 00 NInOOOi tOOOIOts IO to o 00 CM o oo CM 8326 5144 7216 to 00 to o N CO to C W C Ot W in to to r rT cm cm W O CO 00 CM CM W OO NrtllJ CO oo w to td COIN tO cm o to Ot Ot to WO Ot O 00 00 to Ot O 00 o to oo to 00 w to 00 to oooot o to CM ii ii 00 to o to to to to to to to tooo to rHtsOOW ti I 1t Cmooco il CO CO C W HUlflO to to to to 00 cot to r co ot U CM I CO otto I 00 to to I to o 00 CM 00 Ot to OB vo to m CO iH 11 O CO to Ot 00 H motH to oorI CM CM CO CO CM CO Ot 00 cirtoto Ot tO CM w CM too to to CM I Ot C w CM rCit CO to O 0CM ooooto MOO Ot W r tOw 00 IO IN to to CM 00 CO CM COCMOt w OlO 00 00 ON iio to to pcto to to to to to c to to Ot 00 CM IO C to CO to to WOO OlOt Ot 00 00CM w o ot CO 11 H 135819 224386 209309 IO 11 to d to to 40128 10185 101487 179436 127541 O 00 c oo to to to o CM tO 00 torCM IN to 00 00 Ot CMCM b3 C O 3 art 2 isa rtoc3 x tax o 00 o CM CM cTcm CO otto ft w a 2jJ 1 U w gS b e Sw Oft H w s H 00 a w N Wino o vo o U A to 3 3 t U u re w H H W Sit m 2 u rrj L a o 2 s w H H W s 3 o w u 3 o Cfl W ooo CM CM tO CM to 00 o Ot co r 00 tO w to CM tooo to t w CO CM Ot CM to to w to CO Ot 00 CM 00 CO tOCO o OtNH 00 CO w 00 CO wto 00 CM CO to www ft w 3 o H S o s u O W g B 2 pqAS H W w w w lH 5 00 3 u 0 2 o 2 o o bB rt v 51 Oflw PQ H W S w 5m CM 00 N to o o to 00 O co Ot CM CO to Ott to oT co CM to tto 00 CO c OOtN co 00 Itl 11 11 w CO CO W S H O to 3 tf o 2 o v o o pq OT w Es OT PuK rt o to w o o pq co W H H oo 3 O V 4 J 3 2 v 0 3 u X 2 3 u u rt u J 2 53P5 S C B S rt o P oo to to o to Ot 00 CO t O Ot OC V cTircooocr tto 00 to w tocor wcmw H w 3 2 o H to t 3 w to o 3 3jS O O 4 JSB b D V rt see B 00 2 B rt S u 3 w O 2c O 0 b b u rt 3 i B B CJB 00 g fflfj Phzwot w a H oo O R tl 99GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES 0 o K O fa CO fa co 5 s El O 8 a o V IS K fa a CS Q o s o o So S v k fc gs 3 is o w O tJ o HO5 0 o E u CJ2 a 21 55 o Bfe e si 00 w o 1 MO to 00 o IOIO ui6 IO oi to M vyf at m MVO 00 CO fH i old r4 o com 00 oao 00 COCO moo w4 oi NO Ol 09 i M CO w o o ooco tTio com M ON or om oi ON o Ol CO MO 00 00 inio mo o M o M o 1 o CO m oo oi 00 tco Ol s Ok co 00 00 00 C cvo o CO 00 M CO 1 o 1i cooo w O oo o Ol oo ooT 09 oo MOO oo tCco Nil ft r vo Mco mid s tOi oV M CO N o 8o m o Ol CON io 00 00 lO VO M ooo Ol 7 oo oo m C t Ol rC rt o Mco o oc CO ro r ot CO to t tH o o M 00 il V u J n 3 2 II 3 O J3 u I So w b 09 2 100 w s CO O V a CO u tl X 4 O o O CO is I o H GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES GEORGIA COTTON PRODUCTION Quantities in Running Bales Linters Not Included County 1931 1930 The State Appling Atkinson Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brooks Bulloch Burke Butts Calhcun Campbell Candler Carroll Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Effingbam Elbert Emanuel Evans Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Glascock Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones 1394400 6355 2478 5502 6760 14091 21158 4817 5687 4068 5842 10763 26339 36053 6325 9633 4469 7716 33362 1739 10425 10683 6375 5506 4773 14377 11670 24425 6245 7223 11869 1844 12007 858 4790 3862 20938 21438 4556 5128 12728 1586 13125 27436 5893 9196 17574 10419 21780 6886 15592 2303 6825 21044 1388 12951 10376 8944 6286 19255 8354 17840 6061 8718 19860 5289 24175 14852 14626 1621 1597475 7585 2933 6915 7606 14373 19232 7433 5130 4906 6575 11700 24201 41482 7809 17469 5057 8288 38127 2271 10732 11286 8399 9021 4481 17395 11949 26939 6046 7138 15388 1952 16596 871 6298 4817 24956 26304 6848 6416 17826 1687 12717 29646 6244 10025 16835 10686 22474 6270 15018 2762 8674 24006 1791 15344 11527 9225 7000 18335 9540 18482 8170 12535 23892 5306 27005 14988 16104 1757 County 1931 1930 Lamar 5577 Laurens 32221 Lee 2125 Lincoln 6000 Lowndes 8235 McDuffie 9260 Lumpkin 338 Macon 13676 Madison 19509 Marion 4487 Meriwether 12483 Miller 4414 Milton 8963 Mitchell 16691 Monroe 5139 Montgomery 9625 Morgan 13856 Murray 5497 Muscogee 976 NeWton 12300 Oconee 9084 Oglethorpe 13072 Paulding 9824 Peach 6989 Pickens 2751 Pierce 4553 Pike 10322 Polk 15891 Pulaski 8014 Putnam 3546 Quitman 1111 Randolph 12931 Richmond 7291 Rockdale 5999 Schley 5631 Screven 23914 Seminole 5754 Spalding 6655 Stephens 5539 Stewart 6207 Sumter 18228 Talbot 3163 Taliaferro 4181 Tattnall 6318 Taylor 10240 Telfair 14316 Terrell 14433 Thomas 12632 Tift 12831 Toombs 11823 Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Upson Walker 6082 8881 9001 3584 3358 7147 Walton 26568 Ware 1852 Warren 10039 Washington 19605 Wayne 4205 Wheeler 5947 White 1312 Whirfield 8271 Wilcox 14966 Wilkes 12409 Wilkinson 3999 Worth 11651 All other 15776 5718 34051 4344 5834 8934 10091 394 17684 23207 5166 15730 7472 9373 22401 4746 10484 16446 4740 909 12814 9622 12659 8920 7459 2731 4791 11936 13980 10128 4228 2105 21487 7482 6950 6710 24317 9295 8783 6422 7839 24826 3612 4939 7697 12284 16386 28211 15610 12866 12768 6991 10621 12827 3936 2763 7251 30945 1989 12914 21462 5474 6693 979 8372 19275 13605 3890 14126 16977 101iwp GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES SUMMARY OF ALL GEORGIA CROPS For Years 1931 1930 and 1929 CROP YEAR AVERAGE 000 Yield Per Acre PRODUCTION 000 Price Dec 1 TOTAL VALUE 000 Cotton 1 bales1931 3440 1930 3863 1929 3753 Cotton Seed tons1931 1930 1929 Corn bus1931 1930 1929 Wheat bus Harvested1931 1930 1929 Oats bus Harvested1931 1930 1929 Rye bus Harvested1931 1930 1929 Potatoes Irish bus1931 1930 1929 Potatoes Sweet bus1931 1930 1929 Tobacco 2 lbs1931 1930 1929 Hay All tons 31931 IncL Peanut Hay 1930 1929 Sorghum Syrup gals1931 1930 1929 Sugar Cane Syrup gals1931 1930 1929 Watermelons 4 melons1931 Price per thou 1930 1929 Peanuts lbs Acr all purposes1931 1930 1929 Peanuts lbs Harv for nuts1931 1930 1929 Cowpeas bus except hay1931 1930 1929 Soybeans bus except hay1931 1930 1929 Apples bus 1931 1930 1929 Peaches bus1931 1930 1929 Pears bus 1931 1930 1929 Pecans lbs 1931 1930 1929 Total above Crops1931 9389 1930 9109 1929 9123 TOTAL ALL CROPS1931 9558 1930 9453 19299461 3672 3432 3432 49 26 48 332 246 289 13 10 12 18 15 13 91 79 85 84 114 98 694 540 579 16 12 11 28 28 29 75 80 71 723 575 615 410 333 392 136 75 77 18 14 11 194 1395 197 1593 171 1343 180 619 183 707 159 596 100 36720 105 36036 120 41184 130 637 105 273 85 408 240 7968 205 5043 201 5809 85 110 65 65 60 72 68 1224 71 1065 68 884 50 4550 80 6320 93 7905 710 59640 917 104538 915 89670 54 377 61 330 53 304 61 976 62 744 65 715 100 2800 130 3640 165 4785 270 20250 400 32000 330 23430 660 477180 650 373750 650 399750 660 270600 650 216450 650 254800 95 1292 90 675 70 539 95 171 100 140 98 108 1500 1126 650 9134 5500 3700 204 155 155 8500 4400 4000 I 057 093 158 1150 2100 2800 46 86 88 90 135 155 46 74 80 97 162 189 95 135 140 65 75 80 068 103 187 991 1571 1613 43 70 90 50 60 75 6500 7000 15000 015 033 034 95 200 230 180 300 280 65 110 140 55 115 115 70 105 105 115 284 292 39758 74074 106097 7118 14847 16688 16891 30991 36242 573 369 632 3665 3732 4647 107 105 136 1163 1438 1238 2958 4740 6324 4056 10767 16768 3736 5184 4904 420 521 644 1400 2184 3589 1316 1908 3518 7158 12334 13592 1227 1350 1240 308 420 302 975 1239 910 5024 6325 4255 143 163 163 979 1250 1170 98975 173941 223059 101898 179422 228978 Value Per Acres i 1156 1918 2827 207 384 445 460 903 1056 1169 1419 1317 1104 1517 1608 823 1050 1133 6460 9585 9520 3251 6000 7440 4829 9445 17110 538 960 847 2625 4342 5855 5000 7800 12376 1755 2385 4955 990 2145 2210 902 1800 1610 1711 3000 2745 1 From official cotton report as of December 1 2 All types included 3 385000 in 1931 308000 acres in 1930 and 350 000 acres in 1929 Included under all peanuts and deducted from total crops 4 Included 4740000 melons estimated not harvested in 1930 Including acres planted in corn reduced to equivalent solid acres as well as acres grown alone In cluding acreage grazed or otherwise utilized as well as that gathered Greater than and including commercial crop 102GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES DIAGRAMS SHOWING ACREAGE AND VALUES OF GEORGIA CROPS FOR YEAR 1931 No 1 Acreage of 1931 crops in per cent of total crop acreage No 2 Value of 1931 crops in per cent of total crop value Not including 385000 acres peanuts from which hay was saved 31 103GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES ON Q W a tfS SI ri ft o w K U z o On a w ii g ft g I2 t a Z O O 104GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES Q W H tn I II B W a w u O Is its Q W H W o o h ft ft u H w 105GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES o w en M ft S o Dn X en Q W H en I a 2 t fin 2 ft wj u O u u o wjii 106GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES CO ffix o w a w a w wo J2 O B w w 107w GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES en a s I S en v J w i pa w I en w o w pa C fe w g C pa H 108GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES en w o 4 H O o fa a en Ww w es H w ft 3 en On IT 1 o S 5 2 H w u en 109GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES M w o b u w H ac u On W j a II V IV JU 110GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES 0v oi a en w 2 8 sa PS p ZS L3S ug cn W en PS o SS inGEORGIA and Her RESOURCES 112GEORGIA and Her RESOURCES w u a y 0 en S el u O 113GEORGIA and Her RESOURCE en w 2 as I o u 3 as o w It m 114a map of the Georgia State Highway System specially prepared by the State Highway Department for thi edition of Georgia and Her Resource showing the approximate status of the system as it will be on January 1 1933 UNIVERSITY Of GEOHQIA jjlggMjj 3 2106 05424 31bD DATE DUI DEMCO 38297