Georgia : her resources and possibilities

- '

^^1
THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA

""4 J6,
^A o

GEORGIA:
HER RESOURCES
AND
POSSIBILITIES.
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
R. T. NESBITT,
COMMISSIONER or AGRICULTURE OF GEORGIA.
ATLANTA, GA.
FRANKLIN PRINTING AND PUBLISHING CO.
GEO. W. HARRISON, STATE PRINTER, MANAGER. 1895.
GENERAL LIBRARY UNIVERSITY or GEO*GI>
tTHIIS. CIMI*

DEDICATION.
TO THE PEOPLE OF MY NATIVE STATE, FBOM HER MOUNTAINS TO HER COAST, WHOSE EVERY INTEREST I WOULD SUBSERVE, AND WHOSE HA1'I'lN'ESS AND PROSPERITY COMMAND THE SUPREMEST EFFORTS OF MY LIFE, "FOR ALL GEORGIA AND ALL FOR GEORGIA," I DEDICATE THIS BOOK, WITH THE SINCERE HOPE THAT IT WILL SERVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE RESOURCES AND POSSIBILITIES OF OUR STATE TO THE ENTIRE SATISFACTION OF EVERY SECTION OF THIS GRAND OLD COMMONWEALTH.
K. T. NESBITT.
GENERAL L_lfeKArt>
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGM
ATHWS. GE*IA

PREFACE,
The present volume makes the third descriptive work of Georgia and her resources published by the authority of the General Assembly.
That a new edition was necessary, was apparent from the great industrial and other advancement that had taken place in the State. It had also become imperative, on account of the exhaustion of the editions of the previous works, and the large number of inquirers at home and abroad for information in regard to the Commonwealth. It is our hope that the volume will, to a certain extent, answer these inquiries, and that it presents properly the great and varied resources of Georgia.
The diversity characteristic of the State prevents, in a book of reasonable size, very minute detail, and we trust that where we have yielded to brevity, sufficient has been said to invite the attention and study of those seeking information. In adopting the plan of giving each county a separate space, the law has been observed, and if any material or other resource has been omitted in any county, it is due to the fact that inquiries directed to officials have failed to secure the data.
Within the past decade a new system of terrace, or level culture, has been adopted throughout the State wherever the lands are broken or rolling, as a means of preventing denudation of the top soil from washing rainfalls, and at the same time protecting the crops of the alluvial bottoms. We invite attention to the terrace article
n >~ " i*'*'' />

6 PREFACE.

on this subject, to the evidence submitted in the comparative im

* to crops on these lands from high water since its

tI

It s our des.re that the book prove beneficial, and we J^Z
-TM . e ,, ;;it "*" those into whose hands it may fall to \,a * u occaaio ofeq to t PblliMing of t

R. T. NESBITT, Commissioner of Agriculture..

Department of Agriculture, State Capital, \

Atlanta, Ga., June 1, 1895.

}

CONTENTS.

BY. CHAPTERS.

CHAPTER I.--GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE

PAGE. l

CHAPTER II.--ECONOMIC MINERALS

CHAPTER III.--GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA

CHAPTER IV.--THE STREAMS AND DRAINAGE BASINS OF GEORGIA WITH TABLES SHOWING TRIBUTARIES AND WATER-POWER. . 127

CHAPTER V.--MANUFACTURES

197

CHAPTER VI.--AGRICULTURE

211

CHAPTER VII.--INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE

260

CHAPTER VIII.--GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA

-

907

CHAPTER IX.--GEORGIA BY COUNTIES

-"

INDEX.

Alphabetically Arranged.

A

Atlanta and West P,,oi. nt.-K,. ,,ti Analysis of Georgia marble

Asbestos



Agricultural geology

Alluvial lands

Apalachicola basin

Altamaha basin

Augusta canal

Altamaba river

Appalacbee river

Agriculture Aboriginal agriculture

Adaptability to crops

Annual production of crops

PAGE
21, 52
7g
80
102
10g
_ ^7 ]38 \ \21 ^gg y^
175
2n 213
2]5
216
233

idm^ation'of Administration of

VHo,nT. hJo. mT.asHVe.ndJaenrseoSn;,^Corm^m^ onV er o^ f AX gr cr ulte ure.

' .

OT 272

Administration of Hon. R. T. Nesbitt, Commissioner of Agriculture..... 275

Augusta Appling county
Albany Americus. Athens Atlanta.

" '

353

392

411

425

435

Banking



Banks--location of

Boundaries

Bauxite Brown and red loams

Basins--drainage

Big Haynes Creek

Barley Bermuda grass

B ;


22 23 44
SI
102 . . 127
182 22-t
225

Blue grass Bulloch county. Burke county. Banks county. . Bartow county. Bryan county. Brunswick Baker county Berrien county Brooks county. Bainbridge Baldwin county . Bibb county Butts county .... Barnesville

INDEX.

Central Railroad Climate
Climatic diseases Corundum Copper... Clay
Coal
Crystalline belt ......... Crystalline rocks Clinton iron ore ridges.. Carboniferous Coal measures Cretaceous Cenozoic, tertiary Central cotton belt ...... Coast region .... Coast tide swamp land .... Cedar shoal Coosa river
Coosawattee river Connesauga river. Chattahoochee river. Chestatee river. Cotton manufacturing Cotton-seed oil
cor^turrteeacoion-fGe^--
Capacity of soil Cotton Corn
Cartersville

PAGE
. 230 . 297 298 . 319 . 3-42 364
375 . 382
383 384 390 418 410 422 455
15,18,53 33 43 65 .67 69 74
.... 83 .. 86 .... 93 .... 94 ... 94 ... 94 . . . 95 .... 113 .. 123 ... 125 ... 181 ... 184
. 186 . . . 186 ... 1S7 ... 193 . .. 198 205 .. 212 ... 215 . . 216
217 222 .. 342

Cobb county Catoosa county Chattooga county Cherokee county Camden county Charlton county Chatham county Clinch county Coffee county Calhoun county Chattahoocb.ee county Clay county Colquitt county Crawford county Columbus Cuthbert Campbell county Carroll county
Clarke county Clayton county Columbia county Coweta county Covington Conyers Craw fordville

INDEX.

Devonian Drainage basins DeSoto's march through Georgia Deaf and Dumb Institute Department of Agriculture
Dodge county Dawson county Dahlonega Dade county Dalton Decatur county Dooly county Dougherty county
Dawson Dekalb county Decatur Douglas county Douglasville

XI
PAGE 344 346 347 348 365 366 367 371 372 385
. 386 . 387 . 388 . 389 . 405 . 409 . 423 . 423 . 424
4"2"6

"

427

4~5~3

461

93 127 211 260 267 300 ' """
331 350 361 390 391 392
429 429 431

XII
INDEX.

Education
Educational institutions Elevations

E .... .

East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia R.R. -Economic minerals Etowah river

Emory College Emanuel county.

Echols county

Effingharn county

Early county

'

Elbert countv

."

Elberton ... "

Eatonton

'

Eertilizers Flatwoods

Flint river

.

Fertilizers

First charter granted to Carolina^. Forage crops

Fannin county

Forsyth county

Franklin county

Floyd county

Fort Valley

Fayette county

Fulton county

Forsyth

"

F ..."
;

G
Government and law Georgia Railroad
Georgia Pacific Railway Gold Granite Graphite Gneiss

Geological formation and soils. .. Geological surveys

Gray gravelly lands

. '

Gray sandy and gravelly lands

Granitic lands

'...

Geographical position Grasses

PAGE
28
31
49 51
59
185
265 300 372 373 393 432 432 457
14 l0~ 194
205
211 225 320 321 323 351 395 433 434 450
4 1<J< 55
52 60 75 79
86
98 100
105
109 n0 216 225

INDEX.

Grapes Girls' Normal and Industrial College

Georgia Experiment Station

Governors of Georgia

Glascock county

Gilmer county

Gwinnett county

Gainesville

Gordon county

Glynn county

Greene county

Greensboro

Greenville

Griffin

'

Hills, red Hickory, oak, long-leaf pine hills.. ...... Hickory, Southern oak and pine Region.
Horticulture Hawkinsville Hall county Habersham county
Hart county Haralson county Houston county Hancock county Harris county Heard county Henry county

Insurance companies

Indications of progress

Iron ores Itacolumite

Indigo

Italian rye grass

;

Irrigation

Irwin county

Jefferson county Johnson county Jackson county Jasper county Jones county

PAGE
. 236 . 261 . 277 . 284
301 324 ,,--
326 354
374
' 441
441 44g
' 459
114 115 116 232 307
39g
328
329
35g
3Q4 441 442 443
' 444
.13, 14
14
^ n gy
214 229 ' 240 3gf.
302
303
33Q
_ 44g 44g

XIV

INDEX.

Knox Shale Knox Dolomite..

Law and government Liens

Limitations--statutes of Limestones

Loams--brown and red

Lands--gray gravelly

'''

Lands-sandy of mountain summits Lands--alluvial

Lands--gray, sandy and gravelly!
Lands--topography and character of " ' Lands-granitic Lands--sand and pine Lowlands of the central belt Limesink region

Long-leaf pine and wire-grass region Lands--live oak and coast...

Lands--coast tide swamp Labor

Lumber

Lucerne.

Land reclaimed

Laurens county

Lumpkin county

Liberty county

Lee county

Loundes county

LaFayette

'

Lithonia

Lincoln county

Lincolnton

Lexington

LaGrange

M Morals Monthly averages Manganese Marble
Mechanical tests of Georgia marble Mica
Mineral springs Mica schist. ....

rAGE
90,104 91
4, 14 8' 9 9, 13
"
102
105
!06, 107
10S
109
109> HO 110> 113 113' 114 ^7i H9 118' 123
119
124> 125 125, 126
202 ,. ... 207
214 241 304 331 375 397 398 399 429 447 447 455 462
32 38 73 76 79 "9 81

INDEX.
Magnesian rooks Mesozoic. Mobile basin Manufactures Margravate of Azilia Montgomery county Madison county Milton county Marietta . Murray county Mclntoshcounty Macon county Marion county Miller county Mitchell county Muscogee county Milledgeville Macon McDuffie county . . . Meriwether county. Monroe county Morgan county
Madison Monroe
N
Newspapers and periodicals. Newnan Newton county

Oils Okefinokee Swamp

Ores--iron

'

Ores--red

Ochre Oak, hickory and long-leaf pine hills or yellow loam region.

Ogeechee basin

Ochlochnee basin

Oconee river

Ogeechee river

Ocmulgee river

Oats Orchard grass

Oconee county

Oglethorpe county

87
94 127> 130_
19~
306 332 334 344 356
_' 400 401 402 403 404 418 419 448 449 450 451 451 464
281 427 453
14 57, 243
71 71 73 115 127 127 .153 173 171 178 224 228 454 455

INDEX.
Pyrites Purpose of establishing the colony Potatoes Peaches Pears Pulaski county Pickens county Paulding county Pierce county Perry Pike county Putnam county

PAGE
68 o-| 9 9o4
233 2TM3.5 ,,,, oxo-g
395 ..-,,--

Quarternary

97

Quitman

384

Quitman county .

408

Railroads Railroad mileage. . Rainfall in Georgia Rainfall at Atlanta Red ores Rocks--crystalline Rocks--magnesian Red hills Rye R'ce Richmond county Rabun county Rome , Randolph county Rockdale county Recapitulation
S
Statutes of Limitations Savannah, Florida & Western R. R Southern Railway Sylvania R. R Stillmore Air Line. South Brunswick Terminal Smithonia & Dunlap Savannah, Americus & Montgomery.
siiver

14 ,lo-
gfi
o-
71

86 87 114 oo4
224
OQC
qq-

3,TM51



.-,,

468

9 16 16 17 17 17 17 17

.^;;"""":'.:'.::::::

C8

INDEX.
Slate Sandstones Silurian Surface features Surveys--geological Shale knox Soils of Middle and Northeast Georgia Sand and pine lands Southern oak, hickory and pine region Savannah basin Suwannee basin Satilla & St. Mary's systems Streams of Georgia Savannah river Streams south of the Altamaha Silk culture in Georgia Sugar cane Southern pine
Screven county Sylvania Sandersville Schley county Stewart county Suniter county Stone Mountain Sparta Spalding county Savannah Social Circle
Temperature in Georgia. Topography Talc Trenton Tertiary--cenozoic Tennessee basin Tallapoosa river Tar and turpentine Tea plant Tobacco Truck farming The terrace reform Telfair county Twiggs county Tattnall county Toccoa Towns county

XVII
PAGE.
. 79 . SO . 89
91 100 104 108 113 116 127 127 12S 129 169 184 213 225 237 311 311 " ,, ' ,,,,,
.,,
411 429 441 458: ' .,,.
96 .45,88, 108
80 96 95 127 184 208 214 215 223 232 248 312 314 315 328 336

INDEX.

PAfiE

Taylor county.. .

412

Thomas county. .

413

Thomasville

413

Terrell county... .

414

Talbot county

460

Talbotton

460

Taliaferro county.

461

Troup county

462

Tfaomaston

464

U

University of Georgia

262

Union county

338

Upson county

,i(;4

Valdosta

399

W

Western & Atlantic Railroad Water powers of Georgia W heat Waynesboro Washington county Wilkinson county White county Walker county Whitfield county Ware county Wayne county Webster county Worth county Wilcox county West Point Walton county Warren county Warrenton Wilkes county Washington

20

127

003

298

315

317

339

359

,

3d]

379

3g0

41.-,

4IU

417

4g3

4t;4

465

4gg

466

467

o H 0
^WiMJ-
_: th-..

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

CHAPTER I.

To many, unfamiliar with Georgia, opinion

General Character as to its general character is founded alone

of Georgia.

on the fact that it is a cotton State. The

impression thus formed as to the people,

the climate, and the general resources is more frequently erroneous

than correct. Relative to the people, it is that they are indolent

and thriftless ; to the climate, that it is enervating and unhealthful to its resources, that there is but one worthy of computation,

and that is the capacity of the soil to produce the cotton plant.

The mistaken association of the cotton plant with a debilitating

climate, swamp land, and malaria doubtless arises from the fact

that the plant does flourish in such sections, but it is far from being

applicable to the whole South, and to but a small area in Georgia

Fanciful pictures of the toiling negro, beneath the burning rays of

*n almost tropical sun, that will yield clothing but little food ; of

slothful, ignorant whites-laggards in the progress of the century-

have done much to deter the development of a country which God

has most bountifully blessed. Whatever the motive and purpose

inspiring the circulation of such conceptions of the State and the

people, among distant sister States and abroad,ithas had its injuri-

ous effect, and like most false opinions requires time to be eradicated.

Fortunately only investigation can be retarded, as the most cursory

examination will demonstrate the spirit of progress that animates

the people, the beneficent effect of the State's institutions, and the

salubrity of the climate. Happily, also, in this age of rapid trans-

portation and travel, many who visit the State, who have no inter-

est in it and are therefore unbiased, can attest its general character.

What then is the true character of Georgia? Epitomized, the

people are Americans to the manner born, imbued with American

sentiments; the whites, intelligent, progressive, law-abiding, hospi-

table tolerant of all nations, and glad to welcome the worthy cti-

2

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

zen from any country ; the negroes, faithful laborers, contented with their lot, and, as a general rule, recognizing the whites as their friends; the institutions and laws in accord with the civilization of the age ; the climate varied, but in nearly every locality conducive to the preservation of health, and the highest development of plants; the resources of every kind abundant.
If this epitome is correct, notwithstanding the immense and rapid development which has already taken place, the future has in store for Georgia still greater and grander development.
The best method to inquire into the character of a State is the same as that adopted in investigating the character of an individual, and that is to ascertain her reputation among her neighboring sister States, and those from abroad, who have had an opportunity to judge. Such testimony, admitted under the strict rules of evidence, would bring to view the State in a most favorable light. At home she has acquired the title of "The Empire State of the South." The title embodies advancement in every line of industry, and demonstrates that her example in laws and institutions is worthy of emulation, and that she is high in the councils of her people. Not only among her sister States of the South has the intellectuality of the people of Georgia been felt, but in the legislative bodies of the Union. Here her statesmen have often wielded a potent influence, and even under adverse circumstances, by logic and oratory, have made their power felt. In literature, her citizens are not unknown, and in science and medicine names are found to whose humanity all humanity may well erect a monument. That natural environment in the State fosters a high development of manhood, is evidenced by the civilization of the Indian tribes inhabiting the country at the time of its settlement by the white man. These were perhaps the most civilized tribes to be found in any of the States. The population now is composed of a pure type of the Anglo-Saxon race that is unsurpassed, and negroes with intermixture of blood descended from the various African tribes.
It has been well said that Georgia in almost every respect is a variety State. This is eminently correct as to the climate. As typified in plant life, the banana, orange, and fig find their home in the southern part, while on the high peaks of the mountains of

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

3

North Georgia are found plants of the arctic zone. Elevation is a large factor in the climate of the State, and this, with general climatic conditions, will be treated more at length in the chapter devoted to that subject, the purpose here being to simply give briefly the characteristic features which constitute the general character of the State, which will be elaborated in other parts of this book.
Soils and minerals being the resultants of geological formation-- and the geological formations embracing the metamorphic, paleozoic, triassic, cretaceous, tertiary, and quaternary--nearly every character of soil and kind of mineral is to be found in the State. Under generous treatment, the soils will yield abundantly, and many of the mineral deposits for richness and in extent have had no superiors, and mining industries in gold, iron, coal, manganese, cchre, bauxite, and talc, and quarries of granite, marble, and slate
are in successful operation. In agriculture and horticulture nearly every plant is at the com-
mand of the farmer to add to the comfort of his home or make a
source of profit. In timber, long-leaf pine and almost every tree indigenous to
the temperate zone awaits the lumberman, to leave in their wake
fertile fields for cultivation. Manufacturing industries, large and small, from cotton mills to
canneries and broom factories, are growing in extent and variety, forming the foundation, with diversified agriculture, of permanent
prosperity. Transportation facilities are excellent, and commercial centers
furnish a home market. Cities and towns are upbuilding and extending their trade.
Development is the strongest witness to the character of a State and its advantages. To be demonstrated, much of it is a work of comparison of the present with the past, It shows in Georgia remarkable industrial growth, while the intellectual and moral welfare of the citizen has not been neglected. The comparisons will be presented, and will demonstrate fully that there is no better time than the present for the capitalist and home-seeker to aid in and profit by the advancement along all lines of the material wel-
fare of the Commonwealth of Georgia.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.
Governing as they do the social and commercial Government relations of men, furnishing protection for life
and Law. and property, and securing liberty, the citizen has a deep interest in the government and laws
of his land. Naturally, therefore, the home-seeker or investor desires to know the character of the government and the general character of the laws and the certainty of their enforcement in the section in which he seeks to settle or invest.
Founded upon the great principles of the common law, modified and developed by statutory enactment, the codified laws of Georgia,, with the legislative acts since its adoption, represent as high a creation and evolution of American law as is to be found in any State in the Union.
As the paramount authority and most expressive of the will and sentiment of the commonwealth, we first consider the Constitution of the State, the corner-stone of the liberties of people and the limitations of jurisprudence.
To protect the citizen in his right of liberty and property, the Bill of Rights provides, that no person shall be deprived of life,, liberty, or property except by due process of law; that all persons shall have the benefit of counsel when accused of crime, and the right to a speedy trial, in addition to many other provisions looking to the preservation of the citizen in the proper enjoyment of his property and person. It provides also, that there shall be no imprisonment for debt; that neither banishment beyoad the State nor whipping as a punishment for crime shall be allowed, and that no cruel or unusual punishment shall be administered. It is also provided, that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended* Freedom of conscience in the worship of God is secured by the following:
"All men have the natural and inalienable right to worship God,, each according to the dictates of his own conscience, and no human authority should in any case control or interfere with such right of conscience."
On the same subject another paragraph says: "No inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person or property, or prohibited from holding any public office or trust, on ac-

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.
count of his religious opinions, but the right of liberty of conscience shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness or justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the
State." As a safeguard to liberty, the Bill of Rights adopted by the
people in 1876 may be said to embody the consensus of enlightened opinion as to constitutional provisions for the protection of
the citizen. By the Constitution, within its limitations, the right to enact
laws is placed in the hands of the General Assembly, while the Governor is vested with the negative power of veto. The General Assembly is composed of two bodies, a Senate and a House of Representatives; the members of both houses are elected by a direct vote of the people. The first representing the forty-four senatorial districts, and the latter the counties in proportion to population, the more populous counties having three representatives. The administrative branch of the State government is placed in the hands of a Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller-General, Treasurer, Attorney-General and Commissioner of Agriculture elected by the people, and a State School Commissioner, Principal Keeper of the Penitentiary, and a Railroad Commission, appointed by the Governor, the latter consisting of a chairman and two others.
The courts of the State are the Supreme Court, with three justices, the Superior Court, the Court of Ordinary, and the Justice Courts. In addition to these, to meet the demands of litigation, city and county courts are created by special act, and vested with limited jurisdiction and powers.
The Supreme Court is the court of last resort, and has no original jurisdiction. The Supreme Court may be termed a court of general jurisdiction, though its jurisdiction does not extend to all cases. It also has appellate jurisdiction in certain cases. The Court of Ordinary is the probate court, with general powers relative to county matters. The Justice Courts, with jurisdiction in civil cases arising out of contract and damage to personal property, where the amount does not exceed $100.00, and a committing court
in criminal cases. The administration of the State's affairs has been for years, and is

6

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

now in the hands of safe and conservative men who have the welfare of the people and the Commonwealth at heart. Under their management, aided by the legislative bodies, the State's finances have been brought out of the chaos of the war and reconstruction until her credit stands as high as that of any State in the Union.
In the enactment of laws the legislators have been tolerant and equitable. Largely composed of the professional and agricultural classes, with commercial and agrarian constituencies, they have accorded proper protection to individual and corporate capital, with justice and without innovation upon the rights of the laborer' The spirit of the people is against paternalism of every character, and legislative interference with the rights of contract, except as demanded absolutely by the humanitarianism of civilization, is not to be found upon the statute books. In upholding and enforcing the law the judiciary and chief executive have the moral support of the community, and never, except in the case of very heinous or unmentionable crimes, shocking the sense of the whole people, is the right of a proper trial by jury ever violated. Without pleadingjustification such exceptions are under conditions that would outrage and produce ungovernable passion in the most intelligent.
Among the laws of special interest are those governing taxation, as while it is the duty of the citizens to contribute to the support of the government, it may be made burdensome and deprive him of profit from his investment or property. The power of taxation is vested in the legislature but has been carefully and wisely guarded by the Constitution. Its objects are limited to the support of the government and public institutions, payment of interest and principal of the public debt, to suppress insurrections, repel invasion or in case of war, under certain restrictions to pension Confederate soldiers and the widows of Confederate soldiers, and to provide a system of elementary education. It is provided that taxation shall be uniform on all classes and ad valorem on property. For educational purposes a poll-tax of one dollar is provided.
The following exemptions are allowed: Public property, colleges and schools, churches and cemeteries, literary associations and public libraries, and painting and statuary not for sale.
County and municipal powers as to taxation are also restricted,

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

7

and they are not allowed to become stockholders in any corporation, to lend or give except to charities and schools. County taxation is limited to public works, court expenses, prisons, quarantine, paupers, elementary education, and the debt existing at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. A two-thirds' vote is required to increase the debt of any county or municipality, and the amount of the debt must not exceed seven per cent, of the assessed value of
property. All taxes must be collected under general laws, aud property,
whether real or personal, belonging to citizens of the United States not residents of the State, cannot be taxed higher than the property
of residents. The subjects of foreign governments at peace with the State and
the United States, so long as they remain at peace, shall have the power and privilege of purchasing, holding, and conveying real estate, and may receive and enforce mortgages and other liens.
Foreign corporations are recognized by comity in the courts, so long as the same comity is extended to corporations of this State by the State or foreign government creating them. No foreign corporation, however, is permitted to own more than five thousand acres of land without first becoming a corporation of the State under
her laws. The title to realty originates in a grant from the State. By pre-
scription it may be acquired by actual adverse possession under a claim of right for twenty years, or adverse possession under written evidence of title for seven years. Such a title is good against every one except the State, and in the case of persons laboring under a disability, as minors aud insane persons, the prescription does not work against their rights until the disability is removed, when they are allowed a like time. Where the claim is under color of title, it is inoperative where there is notice of its fraudulent
character. Conveyances of real estate are made by deed, which must be
signed by the maker, attested by at least two witnesses, delivered to the purchaser or some one for him, and founded on a valuable or good consideration. No special form is required, and it is sufficient to set out the transaction between the parties. If executed

8

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

out of the State, to entitle it to record it must be attested by a commissioner of deeds for the State of Georgia, a counsel or vicecounsel of the United States, a judge of a court of record, with the certificate, under seal, of the clerk of the court of the genuineness of the signature of such judge. If executed in the State, to authorize recording, it must be attested by a judge of a court of record, or a justice of the peace, or a notary public, or a clerk of the superior court. In the case of the last named officers, it must be attested in the county where they hold office. If not so attested at the time of its execution, it may be acknowledged before any of these officers and the fact certified on the deed. Where not so attested or acknowledged, it may be made entitled to record upon the affidavit of a subscribing witness before either of the officers, testifying to the execution and attestation of the deed. When the witnesses are dead or incapacitated, the affidavit of a third party to the execution or genuineness of the signature of the witness or witnesses will admit it to record. Deeds to evade the usury law, or a part of a usurious contract, are void.
Future estates may be conveyed by deed, but it must pass the title immediately or it is testamentary and revocable. When the principles of justice require it, the consideration of a deed may be inquired into.
The legal rate of interest in the State is seven per cent. By special contract eight per cent, may be charged ; all above that amount is usurious. The penalty for usury is the forfeiture of the excess interest. Payments on all debts are first applied to the interest; when not sufficient to discharge this, interest is not allowed on the interest remaining unpaid, but it is lawful to contract to pay interest on interest that is overdue. Commissions charged to secure loans as a subterfuge to obtain a higher rate of interest are regarded as usury, but commissions to an intermediate agent between borrower and lender, in addition to regular interest, are not usurious if no benefit accrues to the lender.
By law the following liens are established, with rank Liens, as near as possible in the order named :
1. State, counties, municipal corporations for taxes. Special liens of landlords on the crops made on rented laud.

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

9

2. Decrees and judgments of the courts. 3. Laborers' special lieu on the products of their labor, and gen -

erally on the property of their employers. 4. Landlord's lien for necessaries furnished in making a crop or

support of families, upon crops made during the year such supplies

were furnished. General lien for rent. 5. Mechanics' lien on property manufactured or repaired, for ma-

terial furnished or work done. Liens of inn-keepers, carriers,

stable-keepers, pawnees, depositaries, on special property in their possession. Mechanics, contractors, material men, manufactur-

ers, including corporations, liens on railroads, factories, houses,

etc., for material furnished or work done. As a general rule liens must be enforced by suits within one

year.

The following limitations on the time in which

Statutes

actions must be brought are provided: Instru-

of Limitations. ments under seal, twenty years; statutory rights,

twenty years; promissory notes not under seal

and other simple contracts in writing, six years; contracts not in

writing and open accounts, four years; foreign judgments, five years;

domestic judgments, seven years without execution issued, with

docketed execution seven years from the last entry on the execution.. Dormant judgments maybe revived by seire facias within

three years from dormancy; suits against administrators, guardians,

executors, or trustees, except on their bonds, ten years; suits to re-

cover trust property, three years after the removal of the disability;

trespass or damages to realty or personalty, four years; personal in-

juries, two years; injuries to reputation, qui tarn actions of informers,

and claims against a county, one year; against discharged adminis-

trator by the heirs or distributees, five years. In criminal cases, murder, no limitation; capital offenses other

than murder, seven years; all other felonies, four years; misde-

meanors, two years. In civil cases, the statute does not run against persons under dis-

abilities. In criminal cases, it does not run in favor of the offender where the offense is unknown, while he absconds from the State or

conceals himself.

10

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Original liability may be revived by a new promise in writing to pay. Payment entered by the debtor upon a written evidence of debt or other written acknowledgment is equivalent to a new promise.
To be binding, the following contracts and obligations must be in writing, signed by the party to be bound, or his authorized ageut:
1. Any promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another.
2. Any agreement made upon consideration of marriage, except marriage settlements, as provided.
3. Contracts for the sale of lands, or any interest therein. 4. Any promise by an executor, administrator, guardian, or trustee to answer damages out of his own estate.
5. Any agreement that is not to be performed within a year, except contracts with overseers.
^ 6. Any promise to pay a debt barred by the statute of limitations.
7. Contracts for goods, wares, and merchandise where the amount exceeds $50 in value, whether the goods be in existence or not, unless a part of the goods be accepted and received, or something be given in earnest of part payment.
The homestead laws of the State differ materially from those of most States, the exemption being set apart upon partition, and becomes somewhat of the nature of a trust estate in charge of the court for the benefit of dependents, and is subject to debts when the conditions and purposes for which it was created no longer exist. The aggregate value of the homestead is $1,600 and the ordinaries of the several counties have general and exclusive jurisdiction in setting it apart. The following persons are entitled to an exemption: Heads of families, guardians, trustees of families of minor children, aged and infirm persons, or persons having the care and support of dependent females of any age who are not heads of families. The right to the homestead may be waived except as to wearing apparel and three hundred dollars' worth of household and kitchen furniture, and it is the custom to embrace such a waiver in all promissory notes. In lieu of the $1,600 homestead, what is

GENERAL OUTLINE OP THE STATE.

11

known as the "pony homestead," setting apart certain specific articles, may be taken. Should the husband refuse to apply for the exemption, it may be set apart out of his property on the petition of
the wife or her next friend. To prevent fraud on the part of debtors in disposing of and con-
ceding their property, any transfer or assignment by an insolvent debtor of any property of any description to any person as assignee or in trust for the creditors that reserves any right to the assignor is null and void. Any conveyance of real or personal estate or other property, or any bond, suit, judgment, and execution or contract of any description, made with the intention to delay or de, fraud creditors, and such intention is known to the party taking, is void. Where there is no notice or reasonable ground for suspicion, and the transaction is bona fide for a valuable consideration, it is valid; but every voluntary deed without consideration when
the debtor is insolvent, is void. When any corporation not municipal, traders, or firm of traders,
shall fail at'maturity to meet any debt or debts upon demand, and shall be insolvent, upon the filing of a creditor's bill representing one-third or more of the unsecured creditors and one-half of the indebtedness of the debtor which is unsecured, any court of equity may appoint a receiver to take charge of and dispose of the assets, real and personal, of such corporation, trader, or firm of traders, and distribute the proceeds among the creditors. In aid of such proceedings all necessary restraining orders, etc., may be granted.
A debtor may make an assignment for the benefit of creditors in
which preferences in good faith may be made. Statutory proceedings in attachment and garnishment, upon the
usual grounds upon which such processes are founded, are allowed in the aid of the collection of debts. In the case of garnishment, the wages of daily, weekly, and monthly laborers are excepted.
In the State the rights of creditors are favored by the courts, and
every facility for their collection has been made. In making a will, no particular form is required. All, except
nuncupative, wills must be in writing, signed by the maker, or in his presence and by his direction. It must be attested by three competent witnesses in the presence of the testator. All wills dis-

12

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

posing of real property in the State, when made outside of the State, must, to be entitled to probate, be executed with the same formality as if made in the State. Bequests to charitable, religious, educational, State, or other institutions must be executed at least ninety days before the death of the testator, and must not so dispose of more than a third of the estate if the testator has a wife, child, or descendants; otherwise it is void.
Miscegenation is prohibited. The legal age at which marriage may be contracted is seventeen in males and fourteen in females. Under eighteen in females the consent of the parents must be obtained. Marriages within the Levitical degrees of affinity and consanguinity are prohibited.
1. Total divorces are granted on the ground of intermarriage within prohibited degrees.
2. Mental incapacity at the time of the marriage contract. ,'5. Impotency at the time of marriage. 4. Fraud or force in obtaining marriage. o. Pregnancy of the wife unknown to the husband at the time of the marriage. 6. Adultery. 7. Willful desertion for three years.
8. Conviction of an offense involving moral turpitude punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary for two years or louder.
Habitual intoxication or cruel treatment may be the ground for a total or partial divorce at the discretion of the jury hearing the case. Partial divorces can be obtained on any ground held good by the English law prior to the 4th of May, 1784. The verdict of two juries is required in all divorce cases.
The property rights of the wife, both real and personal, are fully protected by the law. All her property at the time of marriage, and all given, inherited, or acquired afterwards, remains her separate estate, in no way liable for any debt, contract, or default of the husband. The wife has the right in regard to her separate estate, to contract as though asingle woman, but she can become surety for her husband or bind her property for his debts, but any sale of her separate estate to the creditors of the husband to extinguish his debts is absolutely void. In the husband's estate, the wife has the

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

13

right of dower, which is the right of a life estate in one-third of his lands. Other provisions may be accepted in lieu of dower.
The laws of the State governing accounts, bills of exchange and promissory notes, and mercantile transactions do not differ materially from the prevailing laws throughout the States and accord with the general principles of law governing commercial

affairs.

x

Banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, express, and

telegraph companies, formerly chartered by the General Assembly

are now chartered by the Secretary of State upon petition, and

given the powers provided by statute, and which are usually con-

ferred upon such companies. Other corporations are chartered in

the county of their principal office by the Superior Court, The Comptroller-General is ex officio Insurance

Insurance Commissioner, and a license, granted only on cer-

Companies. tain conditions, from him is required of all companies, and to him statements of the assets and

liabilities of the companies are made. Purely mutual life com-

panies are not required to give security. Fire companies are

required to make a deposit of $25,000, in cash or approved bonds,

and life (stock) companies a deposit of $100,000. The State Treasurer is by law the State Bank Examiner, and he

is required to examine each bank at least once a year, and to him

a quarterly statement, which is required to be published, is made.

The general banking laws are wise in their provisions, and furnish

the depositors excellent protection against fraudulent loss. Among

other provisions, they are not allowed to loan to their officers

without good collateral. Cash assets must not be reduced below

25 per cent, of the deposits. Except on collateral, not more than

10 per cent, of their capital shall be loaned to any one person. All

bad debts must be charged to profit and loss, and not appear as

live assets. When any bank becomes insolvent, the presumption

is that it was fraudulent, and its officers may be indicted, unless it

is rebutted by proof of proper administration. After the known

insolvency of a bank, it is a felony to receive deposits, unless the

same be paid in three days after demand. It is a misdemeanor for

an officer, by an agent, to purchase any indebtedness of the bank,

14

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

for himself or the bank at less than its face value, or for the officers to declare a fraudulent and unearned dividend, or to purchase with the capital of the bank the stock of the bank.
To prevent fraud and imposition in the sale of ferFertilizers. tilizers, all fertilizers and fertilizer material sold, or
offered for sale in the State, are required to be registered, inspected, and analyzed. Each bag, barrel, or package must have branded thereon, or attached thereto, the guaranteed analysis of the manufacturer and dealer, and in the event it does not come up to the guarantee, failure of consideration can be plead. All complete fertilizers must contain 2 per cent, of ammonia, actual or potential with a sum total of not less than 8 per cent, of available phosphoric acid and potash. Other fertilizers must contain 10 per cent, of available plant food. Failure to come up to the State's standard voids the sale.
All illuminating oils are inspected and must stand a Oils. fire test of 120 Fahrenheit, The Department of Agri-
culture is charged with the supervision and enforcement of the inspection laws as to fertilizers and oils.
Railroads, banks, and newspapers are properly Indications of regarded as indications of progress. Not only
Progress. do they evidence present development, but they create and promote agricultural, commercial,
and industrial growth. Often they are built or established by enterprise, not for existing but for prospective business, and are themselves a great factor in upbuilding the country upon which they depend. Especially is this true of the railroads, which by bringing the resources of a new territory in communication with the commercial world, further and foster its advancement.
For more than one year, during the last ten years, Railroads. Georgia exceeded every other State in the number
of miles of railroad constructed, and this, notwithstanding the great, undeveloped, territory of the West, a high tribute to the richness of her resources, and a forecast of future development. In 1879 the railroad mileage of the State was 2,535 ; in 1894, 5,102, exclusive of side-tracks and private lines. Of the 137 counties in the State there are only four-

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

15

teen that are not provided with railroad facilities within their own area, and to most of these the railroads through adjoining counties are easily accessible. According to the best estimates the gross earnings of the roads in 1879 were $8,419,G26. In 1894, for the year ending June 30, $17,208,824. When we consider the reduction in rates that has taken place through competition and proper railroad control, it is evident that traffic and travel in the State has much more than doubled during the last fifteen years. It is evident, too, that new lines have created new commerce, built up cities, towns, and villages, with factories and enterprises of all kinds, upon which new traffic they have relied, and by giving an impetus to the whole country, have not detracted from the earning capacity of the older roads. In the mileage constructed a considerable portion has been built by the older lines, to form new connections, and as tributary local roads.
The following is the railroad mileage :

Rallr0ad
Mileage.

CENTRAL.

Savannah to Macon Macon to Atlanta. Macon to Columbus Smithville to Georgetown Cuthbert to Fort Gaines Meldrim to Lyons Americus to Columbus Fort Valley to Columbus Fort Valley to Perry Columbus & Rome-- Millen to Augusta Savannah, Griffin & North Alabama.--
Upson County Port Royal & Western N. C Port Royal & Augusta Milledgeville Branch Savannah & Atlantic

-- 192 - 103

--

^0

58

22

58 65
-- ?1 12
59 53 60

16J -- 4
l?
20

928J

16

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

SAVANNAH, FLORIDA & WESTERN.

Savannah to Albany

Thomasville to Bainbridge

Bainbridge June, to Chattahoochee

-.

.

Thomasville to Metcalf

Dupont to Baker's Mill

Waycross to Folkston

Alabama Midland

Brunswick & Western

MILES.
258 36
._. 31 10
___ 29 34
_ 28 171

597

SOUTHERN RAILWAY.

Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line

100

Georgia Pacific

73

Elberton Air Line

._

50

Lawrenceville Branch

10

Roswell Branch

9

E. T., V. & Ga., Chattanooga to Brunswick

430

Rome to Etna

23

Rome and Decatur

18

Cochran to Hawkinsville

10

OTHER ROADS.

Atlanta & West Point

Alabama Great Southern

.

Atlanta & Florida

Augusta Southern .

Abbeville & Waycross

-

Blue Ridge & Atlantic.

Boston & Albany

.

Chattanooga, Rome & Columbus

Columbus Southern

..

Chickamauga & Durham

Chattanooga Southern

City & Suburban

Dover & Statesboro

723
85J 24
104 ~ 82J
13 22 28 134J 88 17 85 12J 10

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

17

MII.ES

Darien Short Line.-

20

East and West of Alabama

48|

Florida Central & Peninsular

155

Ga. R. R.--Camak to Macon

78

Augusta to Atlanta

_.

171

Union Point to Athens

40

Barnett to Washington

18

Gaines. Jeff. & Southern

52

Union Point & White Plaint

14J

Georgia Midland & Gulf

98

Georgia, Carolina & Northern

123

Georgia Southern & Fla., main line

169

Macon & Birmingham Div

--

105

Hartwell

10

Louisville & Wadley-

10

Lexington Terminal

4

Macon & Northern

10G

Millen & Southern

32

Macon, Dublin & Savannah. ..

54

Middle Georgia & Atlantic

66

Marietta & North Georgia.-

.

107

Midville, Swainsboro & Red Bluff_

20

Northeastern of Georgia

.

39

Oconee & Western

30

Rome

20

Sylvania

15

Stillmore Air Line

17

South Brunswick Terminal

--

16

Smithonia & Dunlap

7

Savannah, Americus & Montgomery, main line

182

Albany Division

35

Talbotton

-- 6|

Waycross Air Line

. 25

Wadley & Mt. Vernon

30

Western & Atlantic--

138

Wrightsville & Tennille

36

Total mileage, not including side-tracks and private lines.-5,040

18

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The tendency of the times in railway management is the formation of great systems and trunk lines. As indicated by the Southern, the Central, and the Plant systems, Georgia railroads furnish no exception to the rule. Such consolidations have the advantage of reducing expenses, and when properly restricted so as not to destroy competition, and controlled so as to protect the public from extortionate rates and unjust discriminations, the evils which might result are prevented. The wisdom of the Constitution prevents the destruction of competition, and the railroad commission insures just and reasonable rates, with adequate service.
In transportation facilities the State has not only improved by virtue of additional mileage, but there has been great improvement in the road-bed, track, and general equipment of nearly all the roads. Modern appliances and conveniences have been adopted, rendering travel pleasant and with more safety, and preventing damage to person and property.
Geographically and topographically Georgia is the gateway of the East to the lower Mississippi and the Gulf, and of the upper Mississippi and the West to the South Atlantic seaports, and their most direct connections pass through the State.
Locally the roads center at Atlanta and Macon in the western, and branch out from Augusta, Savannah, and Columbus on the border with other small centers, such as Rome, Americus, Athens, Albany, Waycross, Thomasville, etc.
The system of railroads as a whole is excellent, providing nearly every part of the State with transportation and market.
The first charter granted to a railroad corCentral Railroad, poratiou in the State was in 1833, and was
granted to the Central Railroad Company to construct a line from Savannah to Macon, a distance of 192 miles. The line was completed in 1843, and has always been a part of the main stem of the Central Railroad of Georgia, which was formed in 1872 by the consolidation of the Central Railroad with the Macon and Western Railroad from Macon to Atlanta. Shortly after the completion of the main track, the company began the construction of branch lines, and to acquire other lines by lease, until it soon became the greatest system in the State. Owned nearly

GENEUAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

lfl

eutirely by local capital, its management was conservative, and it

became a great factor in the development of its section. As an

investment it paid handsome dividends, and in its stocks and bonds

the savings of the poor and the estates of the wealthy in the hands

of executors, administrators, and guardians, were invested. The

company, with its great bank at Savannah, remained in a prosperous

condition until acquired by the Richmond and West Point Ter-

minal Company. Shortly after which, with this company, it passed

iuto the hands of a receiver. It is now under a distinct receiver,

with a plan for reorganization on foot. The road, with its leased

lines on a normal footing, should, as it always has, prove profitable,

and even with a much heavier debt and capitalization than in its

early history, earn for its stockholders a fair return. That after so

many years of prosperity the system should be the victim of rail-

road manipulation, and entail so much loss on citizens of the State,

and especially on those least able to bear it, is to be regretted. Pred-

icated, ,however, on the capacity of the section it serves and its

rapid progress, it is safe to say that the system will again assume

its proper position as a dividend earner. What is said of the

placing of this road in the hands of a receiver is in justice to the

condition of the country. Railroad receiverships are not com-

mendatory, and it should be known that the greatest local system

of Georgia is in the hands of the courts through other factors than

business depression, The most important cities and towns on the

lines of the company are Augusta, Atlanta, Savannah, Macon, Co-

lumbus, Americus, Albany, Griffin, Millen, Waynesboro, Fort

Valley, Perry, Montczuma, Dawson, Cuthbert, Georgetown, Fort

Gaines, Blakely, Forsyth, Barnesville, Buena Vista, Greenville,

Newnan, Carrollton, Thomaston, LaFayette, Summerville, and

Cedartown.

The Georgia Railroad was the second com-

Georgia Railroad, pany granted a charter in the State. It

was chartered December 21, 1833, and with

the exception of the branch from Camak to Macon, was completed

in 1845. The main line is 171 miles, and from Augusta to At-

lanta. Branches of the road run from Social Circle to Gainesville

and Jefferson, from Union Point to White Plains, from Union

20

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Point to Athens, from Barnett to Washington, and from Camak to

Macon. Until April, 1881, the road was operated as an independ-

ent company, at which time it was leased jointly to the Central

Railroad and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. The com-

pany has always been excellently managed and, under the lease,

pays a dividend of 10 per cent, annually to the stockholders.

The principal towns on the main line and branches are Atlanta,

Augusta, Macon, Milledgeville, Athens, Covington, Social Circle,

Warrenton, Madison, Washington, Greensboro, Gainesville, Mon-

roe, Jefferson, Decatur, Stone Mountain and Conyers.

The Western and Atlantic Railroad

Western and Atlantic was built by the State, and is usually

Railroad.

known as the State road. It was

built for the purpose of fostering the

commerce of the State with the West and Northwest and to form

the natural connection between the railroads being constructed in

the then West with the roads in Georgia and the Atlantic. It was

completed in 1850, connecting Chattanooga, Tenn., with Atlanta

a distance of 138 miles. When controlled directly by the State

politics was too radical a feature in its management, and financially

it could hardly be termed a success, though during the administra-

tion of Governor Joseph E. Brown it paid annually a considerable

sum in the State treasury. In 1870 the road and all its franchises

were leased for a rental of $300,000 per annum to a private com-

pany. Ex-Governor Brown was a large owner of the lease and

became the president of the road. Under his management, in ad-

dition to being a paying investment, the road became very popular

with the traveling public and the people generally. At the expi-

ration of the lease the road was leased to the Nashville, Chatta-

nooga, and St. Louis Railway Company, which is controlled by the

Louisville and Nashville, and thus admitted this great system into

the State. To those interested in battle-fields and war reminiscences there is

much to claim the attention along the route of the road, for the pic-

turesque country through which it passes was the line of march of

Sherman's army to the sea, and over this road Andrews and his

men, hotly pressed, made their run with the stolen engine, an inci-

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

21

dent unparalleled in war, and which, for intrepid daring on the

part of pursuer and pursued, cannot be surpassed. At Dalton,

Resaca, and many places on the line, breastworks and pits of Fed-

erals and Confederates are still plainly visible, while at Rocky

Face, Resaca, New Hope Church, and Kennesaw Mountain were

fought some of the memorable battles of the war. The road is

thoroughly equipped and furnishes excellent transportation "facili-

ties to the West and Northwest, and via Cincinnati to the East. At

Kingston the road connects with the Rome Railroad, which is six-

teen miles in length and connects Kingston with Rome. This is

one of the old roads of the State, and was opened for business

in 1847.

This road was chartered in 1847 and

Atlanta & West Point completed in 1857. It runs from At-

Railroad.

lanta to West Point, a distance of 87.24 miles, and forms a link in one of the

great routes from the Pacific coast to the East and from New Or-

leans to New York, Boston, and other Eastern cities.

The roads mentioned, with their leases, formed

Other Roads, the railroad system of the State prior to the war, since which time the number of miles constructed

and charters granted would require too much space for detail. The

Southern system--the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia, a west-

ern and coast trunk-line competing with the Nashville, Chattanooga

and St. Louis and the Central Railroad, the Georgia Pacific Rail-

road to Birmingham, Ala., and the west, the Atlanta and Charlotte

Air Line, which gives the system a trunk-line to Washington and

the east--have all been chartered and built since the war. The

Georgia, Carolina and Northern, a part of the Seaboard Air Line

system, has but recently entered the State, giving a strong compet-

itor for eastern business. The entire Plant system, with its through

lines to South Georgia and Florida, so far as the State is concerned,

has been constructed since 1869. A reference to the tabulated

statement of mileage will show many important roads which are not

in the large system, but factors in the competition for both through

and local traffic. It is a noteworthy fact that notwithstanding the

consolidations that have taken place, the State is connected with

22

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

every section by competitive through lines, which, without restraint,

will naturally remain, on account of the State's geographical lo-

cation.

In New York City, the mart of American corn-

Banking, merce, the pulse of business throbs through the great

clearing house of the banks of the city. By

these clearances, depression and revival is indicated. So in a

State, facilities for draft and check transactions and for short loans

indicate business. If banking capital and banking enterprises are

indications of growth, their testimony to Georgia's growth and prog-

ress is absolute. A growth that is not confined to the cities, but

extends to the towns and counties, which is not confined to any

section, but covers the entire State.

In 1884 the State had 22 banking institutions, operating under

the State law; in 1894 there were 118 such institutions. In 1884

the aggregate capital of the State banks was 4,142,000; in 1894

the aggregate capital was $11,642,911. There were in the State

in 1884 15 national banks, with a capital of $2,436,000 ; in 1894

the number had increased to 27, with a capital of $3,666,000.

The total banking capital in 1884 was $6,578,000, with a surplus

and undivided profits of $2,083,000; in 1894 the capital was

$15,308,911, the surplus and undivided profits, $4,799,839. Only

14 counties and 14 places had incorporated banks in 1884, while

in 1894 71 places and 63 counties had incorporated banks. A

large increase has also taken place in the number and amount of

capital employed in private banks, with a phenomenal increase in

trust and loan companies that are not classified as banking institu-

tions (as they do not do a general banking business), and in build-

ing and loan associations.

Names and Locations.

The following are the State and national banks, with their location:

<J W OQ
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S S 3

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

23

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28

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

To properly comprehend what Georgia is doing for Education, popular education requires elaborate study of the
comparative statistics of illiteracy for the several decades since the war. These statistics show that the cloud of ignorance that enveloped so great a part of the population is rapidly dispelled at the hands of a generous people. The constitution of the State provides for the maintenance of the public school system, and it is therefore a permanent institution. It says the expense of the common school system shall be provided for by "taxation or otherwise." And the same instrument sets apart for common school purposes the poll-tax of one dollar on the male population over twenty-one years of age, the show-tax, and the tax on liquor dealers. Under the authority of " by taxation or otherwise," legislative enactmeut provides a direct tax and appropriates half the rental of the State Road, dividends on the stock owned by the State in the Georgia Railroad, the net amount arising from the hire of convicts, the net amount arising from the inspection of oils and fertilizers, sale of ungranted lands, and lease of oyster lands. The sum thus provided for the support of the schools is much greater than was first appropriated or apportioned to that purpose. It must be remembered, however, that the education of the great illiterate mass with which the State was confronted necessarily depended on the exhausted finances of the State and the property-holder, depressed by the disasters of the war. From the meager beginning of a few months the system has progressed until now every community is provided with a free school for five months out of the year, while a large number of the cities and towns are provided with thorough municipal systems of common and high schools for nine months. That this substantial interest in popular education is not decreasing, but is rather on the increase, is indicated by the fact that the fund for common school purposes has increased, in round numbers, from f 490,000 in 1889 to $1,200,000 in 1894, exclusive of poll-tax. That the fund has not been wastefully, but economically and wisely expended, is shown by the rapid decrease in illiteracy and the few in the State now of school age that cannot both read and write. As constituted, the public schools are under the supervision of a State School Commissioner, while a Board of Education

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

29

and County School Commission in each county are locally in charge.
The pay of the Georgia school-teacher in the rural district, on account largely of the exceeding short term, has hardly been sufficient to induce the locating of fully equipped teachers. By the aid of normal institutes and summer schools, local teachers and pupils are rapidly qualifying themselves for the work of first grade teachers. The examinations required by the State School Commissioner are rapidly eliminating those whose education and knowledge does not enable them to properly discharge the duties of a teacher. The cities and towns are already provided with superior' educators, and soon no rural district need question the thorough competency of the schoolmaster.
By authority of law, the State School Commissioner was recently directed to have a school census of the State taken. As illustrative of rapidly diminishing illiteracy, the result was gratifying and of great importance, as bearing on the educational progress of the State. By this census it was shown that of the total school population, only three per cent, had never attended school. Classing all as illiterates who could not both read and write, the white illiteracy of the school population was 11 per cent., the colored 27. Comparing this census with others, and with those of other States, it demonstrates gratifying and steady progress. It proves that the State can no longer, notwithstanding the burden of an almost wholly uneducated race a few years ago, be classed among the most illiterate States in the Union. It is also seen that the system is reaching the great mass of the common people, and developing the ambition and pride of the masses.
In the distribution of the school fund, no discrimination is made as to the races, though the races are separately enumerated and mixed schools are forbidden. By the enumeration no comparative change in the relative number of the two races was shown. In 1888 the school population was, white, 292,624; colored, 267,657 ; total, 560,281. In 1893 the school population was, white, 315,040; colored, 289,931 ; total, 601,971--a total gain in school population of 44,690, or about 8 per cent.
It will be observed that the ratio between the white and colored

30

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

race is as 53 to 47. Relative to the accuracy of the census, the State School Commissioner says: "In the instructions which the law makes it my duty to issue to subordinate school officers, I took every precaution that would insure accuracy, economy, and completeness as to detail, both in city and country. I required all the .statistics that the law would allow to be collected. The result is that we now know the name of every child, white and black, in the State, the county, the militia district, city and ward in which he lives ; the race, age, and sex ; whether he can read and write or not; if he is blind, deaf and dumb, or idiotic: whether he has attended a public school or never entered a school of any kind."
Such detailed information is the highest evidence of the care the State is bestowing on those who are to form the future population.
Again, he says' "In my opinion, one of the most important features of this late census was the collection of statistics relative to illiteracy. While this work has never been done before, and is therefore no basis of comparison, still the facts will demonstrate that Georgia has risen very rapidly from the low position she has occupied, and the time is not far distant when there will be no illiteracy. This gratifying fact is directly traceable to the common school system.
"Great care was taken by the enumerators to make this branch of statistical information accurate and reliable. Under my instructions, the period between ten and eighteen years was selected, and, as is universally the case, inability to read and write constitute illiteracy. Of course many are classed as illiterate who can read, but who cannot as yet sign their names. Here are the figures:

Number of children between ten and eighteen who are illiterate :

White--males Colored--males

20,607 42,466

Females Female3

15,031 36,423

Total Total

35.638 78,884

Total--males

63,073

White--males

19,511

Colored--mules .... .38,141

Females
RURAL.
Females Females

51,454
14,111 .32,151

Total
Total Total

114,527
33,622 70,292

Total--males

57,652

White--males

1,096

Colored--males . ... 4,325

Females
URBAN.
Females Females

46,262 920
4,272

Total Total Total

103,914 2,019 8,597

Total--males

5,421 Females

5,192 Total

10,013

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

31

A comparison of these tables with those of other years gathered by the census bureau of the general government is most gratifying, and will assure all who seek to make their home in the State,'and yet fear that their children will be deprived of educational facilities, that the advancement in Georgia is not confined to her material resources, but also embraces the intellectual develop-

ment of the citizens." The educational facilities of Geor-
Educational Institutions, gia by no means end with public common school education, but are
supplemented by a number of old and well-established colleges, both male and female, and private preparatory schools thoroughly prepared to equip students for college matriculation, or to enter advanced classes. The State's schools, which, free of tuition, provide higher literary and mechanical education, will be found described in detail elsewhere in this volume. The following is a list of the collegiate institutions, with their location:

University of Georgia

Athens, Ga.

Emory College

^Ford, Ga,

Mercer University

Macon, Ga.

Pio Nono North Georgia Military and Agricultural College

Macon^ JJaDahlonega, Ga.

Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College ---Milledgeville, Ga.

Cuthbert Agricultural College

Cuthbert, Ga.

The Technological Institute

Atlanta, Ga.

Douglasville College

Douglasvdle, Ga.

Middle Georgia College

Jonesboro, Ga.

Gainesville College

Gainesville, Ga.

Martin Institute

Jefferson, Ga.

Wynton Male and Female College

Columbus, Ga

South Georgia Male and Female College

Dawson, Ga.

Young L. Harris Institute

Young Hams, Ga.

Boys'High School

Atlanta, Ga.

Gordon Institute Wesleyan Female College Lucy Cobb Institute

Barnesvdle, Ga. Macon> <f Athens' Ga-

Girls'High School

Atlanta, Ga.

LaGrange Female College

LaGrange, Ga.



32

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Southern Female College Dalton Female College Monroe Female College Andrew Female College Agnes Scott Female Institute Young Female College Chappell Female Institute Georgia Baptist Seminary Monroe Female College New Ebenezer College The Girls' Industrial College Shorter College

LaGrange, Ga. Dalton, Ga. Monroe, Ga.
Cutbbert, Ga. Decatur, Ga. Thomasville, Ga. Columbus, Ga. Gainesville, Ga Forsyth, Ga. Cochran, Ga. Milledgeville, Ga.
Rome, Ga.

Clark University Atlanta University Spellman University Gammon University Payne Institute University for Colored

COLORED

Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta, Ga. Augusta, Ga. Savannah, Ga.

Of other schools, 166 high schools and 1,363 private elementary schools were reported to the State School Commissioner. With schools for specific education, professional and otherwise, the State is well provided; and there are many excellent schools of law, medicine, art, music, commerce, stenography and typewriting, photography, dentistry, and other specialties. In a word, it may be said that in Georgia, at as small an expenditure as anywhere, a thorough elementary, collegiate, professional, business, or industrial education may be obtained.

Under this head, to correct error, let it be said, with emMorals, phasis, that the white citizens of Georgia, taken as a
whole, are as law-abiding, moral, and observant of the rights of property and person as any in the Union ; and the assertion is ventured without fear of contradiction, that the criminal records of no State show as clean a record for its Caucasian women as Georgia. In the penitentiary, to-day, only one woman is found convicted of a felonious offence. In regard to the white men, the percentage of felonious offences and misdemeanors is less than that of nine-tenths of the States.

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

33

Relative to the colored population, their offences against the person are usually committed on their own race, while their great class of offences against property furnishes no serious menace.
Outside of the cities, with the exception of a few counties, local option prohibition has been adopted. Being the will of each county or community, it has the approval and support of the people, and is locally enforced without dissension. The people, as a whole, drink but little, and drunkenness is rare, especially outside the cities.
Religious sentiment in the State is very strong; all the denominations are growing, and the great mass of the people are church members. Elegant and substantial houses of worship are found in the cities, towns, and villages, while the rural districts have church buildings at convenient distances. It might also be mentioned here, in connection with the sale of spirituous liquors, that by legislative enactment its sale is prohibited within a radius of three miles of any church edifice, except in an incorporated town, an inhibition that practically excludes its sale, except where under the supervision and regulation of some municipality. By the census report of 1890, the following is the strength of the leading denominations in the State: Baptists, 357,241; Methodists, 275,784; Presbyterians, 14,538; Catholics, 11,228; Episcopalians, 5,515; Disciples of Christ, 4,676; Congregationalists, 3,880; Lutherans,
1,932. Total, 679,051. No other feature of a country exerts a more powerful
Climate, influence upon man, mentally and physically, than that of the climate. It is the most powerful factor in de-
termining race tendencies, and renders a people energetic and
thrifty, or enervated and lazy. In character it is permanent. Invention and artificial device
may palliate or overcome many disagreeable conditions, but they cannot temper a rigid, nor invigorate an oppressive atmosphere Breezes, healthful and pure, or diseased and tainted, are the gifts of nature, not of man. Being inexorable, climate, as a source of comfort or discomfort, conducive to health or breeding disease, is of
the highest consideration. We have noted before that much misapprehension has existed re-
garding the climate of the State; a misapprehension growing out

34

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

of ignorance of its topography and of the vital and climatological statistics of its territory, statistics that are indisputable as to its being without extremes of either heat or cold, and as to its general healthfulness.
Variety is characteristic of Georgia, and as to the climate of the State, it is very pronounced. No other area of similar extent shows greater diversity, and no State east of the Rocky Mountains as great.
In the southern part of the State tropical fruits and flowers grow and mature, while on the high peaks of the mountains of North Georgia are found plants indigenous to the far North. A map of the United States, showing the distribution of the lines of mean annual temperature, aptly exhibits the great variations in temperature of the different sections and localities of the State. Every color of the legend except those illustrative of a mean temperature above seventy are found in the State. A very small area with a mean temperature below 40, corresponding with the north of Maine, and two small localities, one in New York and the other in New Hampshire, is found among the high mountains of the extreme north of the State. Another small area, but larger in extent than the first, with a temperature of 40-45, finding a counterpart in only two limited areas south of northern Massachusetts. A section of the mountain region with a temperature of 45-50, corresponding with Connecticut, northern Illinois, and southern Michigan. A larger area with the mean temperature of the cities of Philadelphia, and New York, followed, by the remaining area of North Georgia! constituting its greater part, and embracing the city of Atlanta with a temperature of 50-60, the same as Evansville, Ind., Cincinnati, O., and Washington, D. C. Two colors cover the remainder of the State, and show Middle Georgia with a temperature of 60-65, and Southern Georgia with a temperature of 65-70. Naturally it would be supposed that, having the same mean temperature of more northern sections,and being located in the South, Georgia, and North Georgia particularly, must be subjected to extreme cold to counterbalance the heat of a southern summer. The contrary is true, and it is due to the equable character of the climate, the many days of

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

35

pleasant weather, and the want of extremes, that such a mean temperature is secured.
The area in North Georgia of the lowest mean temperature has a minimum temperature of 10 below zero, while its area of the same mean temperature in New York has a minimum of 35 below zero. The maximum temperature of all of North Georgia-- 95-100--is in the same lines with all of New York and Pennsylvania that have not a higher maximum temperature. And the maximum temperature of the whole of Middle and Southern Georgia is the same as the greater portion of Illinois and Indiana the same lines, running up the eastern portion of the continent, include the cities of New York and Philadelphia.
Regardless of isothermal lines, it is natural to assume that the climate of a country is controlled by its geographical location and latitude. Adopted throughout, such reasoning would give to England the climate of Newfoundland, and to France the climate of the New England States; and similarly, Georgia would have the climate of northern Africa. Geographically, these countries are in the same latitude, and while latitude is the basis of climate, other factors largely dominate and control. Of these factors, rainfall, elevation, and air current exert, perhaps, the most influence. It is not, however, with the causes that create the climate of the State, but with the climate as he finds it, that the home-seeker is interested.
What has been said relative to the mean temperature of the State from the map furnishes comparisons with other localities, but fails to show the general even character of the climate throughout the year.
The following tables of the mean temperature of the weather station-s located at various points throughout the State present comprehensively the climate of the different sections. A tabulated statement of the annual rainfall is also given as indicative of the adaptability of the climate to the growth of vegetation.

GENERAL LIBRARY UNIVERSITY r GEORGIA

36

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Temperature and Rainfall in Georgia.

TEMPERATURE.
Summer Summer average above winter .
RAINFALL.

The State

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65.1 63.8 79 7
66.0 50.1

59.2 58.8 75 2
59.9 42.8

63.5 63.0 79.2 64.1 47.2

68.1 68.0 81 1 69.3 54.0

66.1 65.7 81.4 66.1 51.3

68.9 68.3 81 4 70.3 55.6

29.6 32 5 32.0 27.1 30.1 25.8

Summer Autumn
Average elevation above sea--feet

49.3 12.4 13.4 11.0 12.4
1600

60.2 15.5 13 6 12.7 18 4
17001

49.7 15.7 12.6 9.0 14.5
750

47.3 12 5 14.5 9.7 10.6
400

41.4 10 3 12.3 9.6 9.2
125

47 8 10.0 14.2 14.1 9.5
100

The average summer temperature exceeds the average annual temperature about 15 degrees, while that of winter falls 15 degrees below the annual. The spring average corresponds with the annual almost exactly, not varying from it half a degree, and this little variation is below the annual. The fall average exceeds the annual slightly, being less, however, than one degree above it.
In comparing the average of the sections we find that Southeast Georgia is the highest, with annual average of 68.9, exceeding Northeast Georgia, which is the lowest, having an average of 59.2 by 9.7 degrees. The difference in summer temperature is but 6 1 degrees, and that of winter 12.8. In single localities, Blackshear has the highest annual average, 70.3 degrees, and Rabun Gap the lowest, 56.3 degrees, a difference of 14 degrees. Blackshear is in latitude 31 15\ and 127 feet above sea level. Rabun Gap is in latitude 34 55\ and 2168 feet above sea level. The usual estimate assigns two degrees difference in the thermometer for one degree of latitude, and one degree of the thermometer to three hundred feet of elevation. In this case, the difference in latitude is a little over three and a half degrees, which would give 7 degrees, and the elevation about 7 degrees, making the actual difference 14 degrees, as stated.

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

37

Thomson, in McDuffie county, varies less than half a degree from the average annual temperature of the State, Thomson being 64.7, while the State is 65.1. Macon exceeds the State average 1 degree, while Augusta falls below it 1 degree. In summer temperature, Athens has 79.7, the State average; Thomsou, 79.5; Augusta, 79.8.
In winter temperature, Augusta, Macon, and Thomsou have nearly typical average climates, Augusta being 48.9 ; Macon, 51.3 ; Thomson 49.1. Swainsboro, in Emanuel county, has 50.4, while the winter temperature of the State is 50.1.
The annual average rainfall of the State is 49.3. Rainfall. The highest is at Rabun Gap, 71.7 inches; the lowest
Swainsboro, 39.4 inches. Middle Georgia is 49.7 inches. The greatest fall in any section is in Northeast Georgia, 60.3 inches, the least in East Georgia, 41.4 inches. The annual rainfall in Atlanta is 52.12 inches. The summer rainfall for the State averages 13.4 inches; North Georgia, 13.6 inches; Southwest Georgia, 14.5 inches. Brunswick has the greatest average summer rainfall, 16.6 inches; Americus, 16; Rabun Gap, 15.4; Atlanta, 10.80; Rome, 10.2.
Rainfall at Atlanta, Oa.

Year.

;VJ

J881 lS82 J883 lS84

J86

1888

I59O

1891

1892

1893



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<a,
3.98 7.07 4.58 5.21 8.20 5.86 1.31 2.52 1.38 1.34 2.54 2.04 1.58 4.75 2.48 3.06

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4.16 3.20 5.75 4.52 3.57 3.16 1.27 2.46 0.56 3.02 3.20 6.61 2.00 2.31 1.06 1.33 10.73 2.42 6.12 4.83 4.02 6.21 8.68 2.08 1.76 2.82 14.11 6.86 4.71 1.85 3.16 5.08 8.83 6.32 1.12 5.37 2.17 4.71 | 5.38 1.37 4.05 1 3.77 4.46 4.65 2.13 1..49 1.28 1 5.55

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4.76 1.43 3.61 6.21 4.10 3.76
5.86 3.51 2.73 1.38 2.06 0.08 6.92 6.5!
2.36 0.53 7.51 4.20 3.89 14.26
6.73 6.32
3.99 5.36 2.59 1.19 6.66 2.70 4.07 3.06 3.70 5.78

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5.44 2.81 3.44 1.35 1.52 0.70 3.94 0.03 3.28 3.99 2.21 4.89 0.02 0.59 0.39 2.62

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3
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7.86 50.33 5.70 62.70 5.53 59.74 4.37 58.13 4.81 51.53 6.09 52.54 2.64 57.64 3.03 50.78 5.79 50.40 5.42 64.98 0.60 54.75 3.89 42.60 3.08 49.97 2.89 49.87 3.18 36.43 3.45 40 .92

Average for 16 Years.. 1 6.2C

5.14

.5.96

3.6C ! 3.51

4.25 | 4.52

4.47

4.14

2.33

3.55

4.43 52.12

This average rainfall is distributed as follows : Spring... Summer. Atuumn.. Winter..
Total..

13.09 inches. 13.24 10.02 15.77 " 52.12 inches.

38

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The foregoing gives the averages for the Monthly Averages year and the seasons. The following table
gives the monthly averages :

TEMPERATURE.

RAINFALL--INCHES.

a,

a,

08

5

OH

.Qa 0a3

C3

03 .J

-- CD

Is g-Sf

a J3

I

M

EH

M

o

January.... February..., March April May
June July
August
September., October
November.. December...

48 52 57
64 72 77
81.8 79.3
75.0 67.5 55.4 49.0

39.5 43.2 46.2 56.2
63.0 70.2 73.6 71.4
66.5 59.6 46.5 40 4

55.7 60.5 62.4
68.7 75.4
80.0 84.2
82.5 80.2 74.2
65.0 55.3

4.63
3.57 4.91
4.75 2.72 4.00
4.13 5.31 4.45 3.37 3.20 4.23

7.09 7.06 7.86 5.75 4.41
5.71 3.84 5.89 6.06 6.96 4.90 6.09

3.47 2 65 3.70
1.93 4.05 2.22
2.87 3.92
6.97 4.49
1.80 3.73

Monthly averageAnnual average....

65.1

56.3

4.11 70.3 49.28

6.00 3.47 71.71 41.35

It will be seen from the table that the temperature divides off into nearly equal averages: January, 48.4; December, 49; February, 52.7; November, 55.4; March, 57.4; April, 64.5; October, 67.5; May, 72.4; September, 75; June, 77.9; August, 79.3 \ July, 81.8. The order of monthly rainfall in the State is as follows: August, 5.31 inches; March, 4.91 inches; April, 4.75 inches; January, 4.63 inches; September, 4.45 inches; December, 4.23 inches; July, 4.13; June, 4; February, 3.57 : October, 3.37 \ November, 3.20; May, 2.72.
Of the nine climate belts in the United States, eight are represented in Georgia. The only belt not represented is found in the very tip of Florida, and nowhere else in the Union, with a mean annual temperature of between 75 and 80 degrees. Of the eight climates represented in Georgia, the lowest in temperature is below 40 degrees; the highest between 70 and 75--a remarkable range --equivalent to the average range of 15 degrees of latitude, instead of 4i degrees. A climate of below 40 degrees is above the range

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

39

0f trees--only shrubs appear. The mountain peaks are known as "bald," and on their summits arctic insects are found. There is but a small part of this belt in Georgia. On the sides of the mountains, below the summit, the mean annual temperature is between 40 and 45 degrees, corresponding in climate with Upper New England, Upper New York, and the mountain region of Virginia. Georgia is represented somewhat more largely in the zone between 45 and 50 degrees, which corresponds with considerable areas in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. The zone between 50 and 55 degrees is somewhat narrow in the State, runuing in a narrow strip through North Carolina, Virginia, and up to New Jersey. The zone between 55 and 60 embraces an area two or three times as large as all the preceding zones put together. It passes through South Carolina, North Carolina, and ends in Virginia. Rabun Gap, 2,168 feet above sea level, with a mean temperature of 56.3, and Ellerslie, 2,400 feet above sea level, with a mean temperature of 56.5, are in this zone.
In the zone between 60 and 65 degrees lies nearly all of Middle Georgia. It is the Piedmont region, extending into Virginia, and westward it embraces upper Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, West Tennessee, and Arkansas. In this area are embraced the following stations: Leo, 60.1; Eome, 61.9; Gainesville, 61.3; Atlanta, 61.4; Carrollton, 62; Oxford, 62.6; Athens, 63; Augusta, 64; LaGrange, 64.1; Thomson, 64.7. Southern Georgia occupies chiefly the zone between 65 and 70 degrees of mean annual temperature, the climate corresponding with that of Lower Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and upper Florida. The following stations are embraced in this zone: Macon, 66.1; Swainsboro, 67; Ogeechee, 67.3; Nashville, 67.9; Cuthbert, 68.1; Americus, 68.2; Walthourville, 67.6; Brunswick, 68.7. Blackshear, 70.2, alone
touches the next zone. The July mean temperature for the State is 81.8. The isother-
mal line of 80 degrees, July temperature, runs above Augusta and Macon to West Point. Above the temperature is between 75 and 80 degrees; below it is between 80 and 85 degrees. The upper part embraces nearly all of North and Middle Georgia. The lower near Southwest, East, and Southeast Georgia.

40

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

North Georgia lies in the belt of between 95 to 100 maximum temperature, and the larger part of Middle and all of South Georgia in the belt of between 100 and 105 degrees maximum temperature.
Four zones of minimum temperature are represented in Georgia Northeast Georgia in from 10 to 20 below zero; from zero to 10 above fully two-thirds of the State. Georgia has the summer clime of Palestine and Jerusalem and the winter clime of Rome Italy; altogether giving the finest climate in which the English language is spoken.
Under the above-mentioned favorable climatic conditions the health of Georgia's residents is assured, and the advancement'and progress of industries established, for it is especially requisite that the laboring people within the precincts of the State enjoy those advantages of climate, which are the promoters of health, thus becoming possessed of strength, energy, and activity--important factors in the world of work.
As has been shown, North Georgia has one of the most salubrious mountain climates in the South--one that compares favorably with that of many sections famed as summer resorts. Indeed, the health-seeker has not to leave the boundaries of his State--if he resides in Georgia--for the life-giving elements of pure air and water The pine-tree, indigenous to Georgia soil, has long been regarded as possessed of peculiar healing properties for those invalids afflicted with pulmonary troubles. Its resinous, aromatic exhalations are pleasing as well as medicinal. The hill country of Georgia abounds with this growth, and South Georgia bears long stretches of piue throughout that section.
Summer and autumn are the most delightful seasons in the portions of the State known as North and Middle Georgia. The summers are not warmer than those in more northern sections the days usually have breezes stirring that temper the heat of the sun's rays, and the nights, particularly in the mountainous region are
cool, restful, and refreshing--a time when the tired mechanic'and the weary mental laborer can lie down to a slumber undisturbed by the oppressive heat and heavy stillness of other summer nights

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

41

With the sinking of the sun there seems to come a crisp, rejuvenating atmosphere, soothing alike to man and beast.
A southern night of this description is one of nature's luxuries, a luxury which the capricious dame does not extend to many portions of the globe. Once experienced, it is hard to accustom oneself to
a less favored locality. In autumn the North Georgia climate reaches its fullest perfec-
tion. The days are invigorating, yet balmy, and the nights a continuation of summer, except for the subtle chill felt in the air, the precursor of winter. With the addition of a blanket to one's ' allowance of covering, a person may sleep as deeply and refreshingly as if the night-winds held some gentle soporific. The fall season is long, for real winter is not experienced until the beginning, and often the middle, of December. Quite frequently the week of Christmas festivities is so mild that little or no fire is needed, and the days are more remindful of those beautiful ones of early
autumn than midwinter. January and February are the most disagreeable months of the
year throughout the greater portion of Georgia. March is unpleasant only for the reason that we then have the boisterous winds which are the forerunners of spring; but as an average February's rainfall is greater than that of March. Thus it will be seen that the Georgian can safely compute the number of months favorable to health and labor as nearer nine than eight.
As a home for the invalid, Georgia especially commends itself. In the northern portion are the mouutains and hills, where pure, sparkling water and healthful winds abound ; in the southern part the efficacy of salt breezes and surf-bathing can be tested, for portions of Georgia's coast are noted among the foremost seaside resorts. There have been asthmatic invalids from the North, within the writer's own experience, who, en route for Florida, have stopped over for a few days in some Georgia town. Here the climate impressed them so favorably, and so marked a change in their condition resulted therefrom, that they have been induced by these facts to remain in this State, abandoning all thought of Florida, aud eventually looking upon Georgia as a home not to be given up.
A great deal has been said regarding the satisfactory growing of

42

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

fruit in Georgia, and it only connects with the chapter under consideration in that it demonstrates more clearly the various pleasing features of a section rich in many attractions for the proposed settler. In Georgia the peach holds the prominent place as the most delicious of fruits, a fruit peculiarly adapted to this State, and one which, with proper attention, can be made the foremost product in this line. Grapes are receiving much attention from Georgia fruitgrowers, and now thousands of profitable vineyards can be seen where once there were only rocky hillsides. Berries of almost every kind,cultivatedand uncultivated,apples, pears, cherries, plums, and similar fruits abound. The Georgia watermelon is famous for its own delicious flavor, fine size, and excellent variety. With the best of fruits easily cultivated, splendid water, substantial products of all descriptions, and a pure atmosphere, surely the valetudinarian and the man possessing health can find in Georgia the home of his hope.
^ Not only to that greater animal, man, but also to the beasts under his care, is the climate of Georgia favorable in many respects. The excellent pasturage afforded them is particularly adapted for the breeding of cattle and live stock of all kinds. This, indeed, is being given much practical thought and attention by the farmer, and will no doubt, at some future time, rival cotton as a paying industry. The man, who looks into the future, can readily deduce the prosperity accruing from such a departure on the part of many farmers, who now give their time and attention to cotton alone. However, this subject has been discussed in all its phases, and the paramount question before us now is the important one of climate.
It is natural for a prospective resident to ask, when coming South, " Are the winters not unhealthily warm, and the summers enervating?" And many times has the query been answered. In point of fact, Georgia's summers, as previously stated, are cooler, on an average, than those of more northerly sections, and the winters, though not intensely cold, yet possess enough of that frosty quality to dissipate every disease germ or microbe in the country. Indeed, very little disease lurks in this favored spot. Fevers are rare, epidemics, of course, never prevail, and the various other ills

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

43

human flesh is heir to, as non-prevalent as in any other portion of a most healthful region.
Georgia is an attractive portion of the map; its very situation impresses the beholder with the advantageous features set forth above. Adjacent to some of the most progressive and desirable States, it stands preeminent among them. Blessed with the king of staples, waving with grain, bearing the treasures of fruits upon its hillsides, and the treasures of steel, iron, and gold within them, it is foremost. The herds of cattle grazing in the verdant pastures testify to its thrift and prosperity, the hum of manufactories along its rushing streams sound the note of progress; and the clear, shining faces of contented laborers, in a land of peace and plenty, where health abounds and winter and summer alike are gracious, are sufficient guarantee for Georgia's continued advancement.
The most practical features of a climate are its Climatic Diseases.conduciveness to the health of man. His
comfort is also of high consideration, and it is easily seen from the tabulated statements of temperature and moisture or rainfall that in this regard the climate of Georgia has few superiors. Relative to its general healthfulness the same is true.
With the exception of the results from density of population or disastrous epidemic but little change occurs in the death-rate of a section or locality. From the latter cause Georgia is virtually free, and the influence of the former has only been felt among the negro population.
In order to arrive at a proper conclusion as to the effect of the climate upon the health of the population, the Department of Agriculture, adopting the census of 1880 as the most complete and available, has compiled the death-rate from various causes, classifying those which could in any respect be considered as being climatic, or the result of climatic conditions as climatic diseases. The classification has been liberal, as many diseases which are found in nearly every part of the country have been embraced under the head of climatic disease. As illustrative of this, rheumatism and other maladies which are more or less augmented by the climate have been classed as a result of climatic influences, and therefore as climatic diseases.
I

44

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-- GEORGIA.

It is seen at a glance that under this arrangement many maladies that prevail to a much greater extent in other sections are still computed as a result of the climate.
The tabulated statement, which is too elaborate for presentation here, showed the death-rate in the State to be 13.9 per 1,000; from climatic diseases as has been specified, 6 par cent. In the eighteen counties of the coast and the Savannah river, the rate was 15 per 1,000, and six from climatic causes.
In group 2, composed of thirty-seven counties in North Georgia, 12.57 per 1,000. From climatic diseases, 6.67 per 1,000.
Group 3, containing eighty-four counties in Middle and South Georgia, 15.27 per 1,000; 5.41 per thousand from climatic diseases.
When attention is called to the large colored populations, whose mode of life, especially in the cities, is far from conducive to health and among whom the death-rate is nearly double that of the white population, the excellent character of the climate is seen. Let no one who contemplates making Georgia their home, or who are seeking an investment, hesitate a moment on the idea that disease and not health will be found in the State.
The- outlines of the boundaries of the State are Boundaries, given in the notes of the surveyors, filed in the Ar-
chives.
1. Beginning at the mouth of the- Savannah River; along the river to the junction of the Kiowee, and along the Tugaloo to the junction of the Tallulah and Chattooga; thence along the Chattooga to a point on the 35th parallel of north latitude, at the union of the northern boundary of South Carolina and the southern boundary of North Carolina. The general course is about 35 degrees west, and the length, in a direct line, about 247 miles. It terminates at Ellicott's Rock, on the Chattooga River, marked "Lat. 35 A. D. 1813, N. C, S. C." This line, in conformity with the Treaty of Beaufort, separates Georgia from South Carolina (all the islands of the rivers Savannah, Tugaloo, and Chattooga being reserved to Georgia).
^ 2. Thence, on the 35th parallel of north latitude, due west to Nieajack, on the northern boundary of Alabama, this line separates

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

45

Georgia from North Carolina for 78f miles to the junction of North Carolina and Tennessee; and thence for 73J miles separates Georgia from Tennessee.
3. From Nicajack, the line between Georgia and Alabama runs south 9 30' east, to Miller's Bend, on the Chattahoochee River, about 146 miles.
4. Thence down the western bank of the river at high-water mark to its junction with Flint River at a point four chains below the actual junction--latitude 30 42' 42"; longitude 80 53' 15". The average direction of this line is about 6 east, and distance about 150 miles direct. About 130 miles it separates Georgia from Alabama, and the remaining 20 miles from Florida.
5. Thence along Orr and Whitner's line south 87 17' 22" east, average direction 158|-| miles to a point 37 links north of Ellicott's Mound, on St. Mary's River. This line is marked by a succession of mounds about ten feet at the base and five feet high--a very permaneut form of landmark--and separates Georgia from Florida. It continues approximately and on an average as follows :
6. From Ellicott's Mouud, south 10 east about ten miles, thence east eight miles, thence north twenty-four miles, thence east thirty-three miles, following the St. Mary's River in its tortuous windings to the Atlantic Ocean.
7. Thence along the coast to the point of beginning at the mouth of the Savannah River, including all the lands, water, islands, and jurisdictional rights within said limits, and also all the islands within twenty marine leagues of the seacoast.
Tybee Island Beacon is in latitude 32 1' 16" and longitude 80 50' 9".
The greatest length of the State is from north to south, 320 miles ; and breadth, from east to west, 254 miles. The geographical center of the State is near Jeffersonville, Twiggs county, twenty miles southeast of the city of Macon.
Georgia is naturally divided into a number of Topography, zones, extending across the State in direction ap-
proximately parallel with the coast line, differing more or less in geology, topography, climate, and production. The

46

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

State presents great variety in her topography. From an extensive area of nearly level surface in South Georgia the country graduates towards the north through undulating, rolling, and hilly lands to a mountainous region of diversified character in North Georgia, rising at the same time from sea level to an altitude of five thousand feet.
The State is divided by bold defines into three divisions: Lower, Middle, and Upper Georgia, each having, along with diversity in itself, some prominent characteristic in common throughout its extent.
The first of these natural divisions, beginning on the south, that of Southern or Lower Georgia, extends from Florida and the Atlantic coast to a line crossing the State from Augusta to Columbus, and passing at the heads of navigation near Milledgeville and Macon. This is an approximately level, sandy region, covering more than half of the State, and embracing all Cretaceous and Tertiary formations. This section graduates from sea level to about five hundred feet.
Beginning with the low marsh lands on the coast, the country rises by terraces, first to the height of twelve or fifteen feet above tide, and next thirty or forty miles inland to the height of seventyfive or one hundred feet. Beyond this the surface varies from nearly level to undulating, and becoming hilly in the upper or northern part.
Middle Georgia is a broad, hilly region, having few elevations that are designated as mountains, and these, with few exceptions, are such as would hardly receive the distinctive name of a ridge in the more northern part of the State. Lands too steep for the plough are of rare occurrence over the larger part of this area. Pine Mountain, in Harris, and Graves Mountain, in Lincoln, are elevations of a few hundred feet above the surrounding country, that form conspicuous features in the landscape.
The Chattahoochee Ridge is a prominent feature, forming a long water divide, reaching nearly across the State, from Habersham to Troup county. Atlanta is situated on the crest of the ridge.
One conspicuous feature of the larger portion of Middle and North Georgia, in marked contrast with Southern Georgia, is the

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

47

existence of fragmentary stones, usually of quartz rocks, scattered
over the surface of the lands. Upper Georgia embraces a section with striking peculiarities of
surface and great variety of soil. Northeast Georgia varies from 1,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level. Northwest Georgia, generally distinguished as the Limestone Region, ranges from 600 or 700 to 2,500 feet, and has an extent of 3,360 square miles, covering the larger part of ten counties. Some of the features of these divisions of the State, particularly the topography, pass by almost imperceptible gradations into each other, but nevertheless become well marked, distinctive characteristics of the geological divisions to which they pertain. Some of the more important and distinguishing characteristics in the topography will be noticed more in detail in treating of the geology and of the agricultural features of the sections.
About 3,000 square miles near the Atlantic coast have an altitude of 100 feet or less above tide; 29,000, or about half of the State, range from 100 to 500 feet; 20,000 square miles from 500 to 1,000 feet j and about 6,000 square miles are above the altitude of 1,000 feet. A large part of the last area consists of steep ridges and mountains, some of which in the Blue Ridge reach an altitude
of about 5,000 feet above sea level. The mountainous parts of the State lie in one degree of latitude
north of the 34th parallel. The Appalachian chain enters the State with several parallel lines
of elevations. The highest of these, the Blue Ridge, has an altitude of from 3,000 to nearly 5,000 feet.
The Cohutta range, continuous with the Unaka of Tennessee, 3,000 feet in altitude, with an abrupt escarpment towa<rd the valley of the Oostanaula on the west, lies about 20 miles west of the
Blue Ridge. Next in order, on the northeast, comes the Lookout and Sand
Mountain table-lands belonging to the Alleghany system. Between the principal ranges of mountains here enumerated are numerous minor elevations of ridges observing a general parallelism. These decrease in height towards the southwest and ultimately die out, the most easterly ranges disapi>earing first, and the others in succession. The Blue Ridge, as an unbroken chain, extends only

48

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

about one-third the distance across the State, terminating abruptly. The Cohutta range continues into Alabama in a low elevation known as Dugover Mountain, while the Table-Land Mountains, with their associated ridges, extend with decreasing altitudes into Alabama.
So closely is the topography of the State related to the geological conditions and structure that the knowledge of one suggests with much certainty the other. The mountains, valleys, and plains are resulting features dependent primarily upon the character of the rocks. Each great geological formation is made up of a series of strata of different consistencies.
The mountains and ridges of Georgia, probably without an exception, owe their relative elevation above the surrounding country to the greater capacity of their rocks to resist the erosive influences of the atmosphere, and not to independent upheavals, according to the popular idea of their origin. The harder rocks or such as are least subject to decomposition, withstanding better the effects of the weather, are left behind in the general wearing down of the country and form its prominent features, while the softer or less resisting materials give ravines, valleys, or broad plains according to the extent of outcrop. It is a fact of common observation that the rocks of the country have in general a northeasterly bend corresponding to the directions of the ridges and mountain chains. A little observation in a hilly or mountainous region will serve to show that the rocks of the lower ground are made up of materials that readily decompose into softer materials, forming the clays or loose sands of the surface. The limestones often disappear entirely from the immediate surface and are covered up with the less soluble siliceous or argillaceous material of their own composition, or with the detritus from interstratified layers, while the more durable materials of which the mountains are made up commonly stand out in bold denuded bluffs.
Throughout Middle and North Georgia the strata lie in a series of great folds or flexures, and the beds of rocks come to the surface at all angles between the horizontal and perpendicular. In this way the harder and softer materials of which the formations are composed are successively brought to the surface, and the streams,

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

49

naturally selecting the softer beds, have worn out the hollows and

valleys, leaving the harder layers to the higher grounds. This fact

is well displayed in the northwest part of the State, where the val-

leys are scooped out of the softer limestones and shales, while the

more resisting standstones and conglomerates are left behind in the

general wearing down, and now enter into the structure of the ridges

and the mountains. For an illustration of this fact see the geo-

logical section from Lookout Mountain to Dick's Ridge, in a sub-

sequent chapter.

A geological section of this part of the State exhibits the strata

in folds like a fluted ruffle, and the mountains, with few exceptions,

situated on the downward or synclinal folds of the strata, and the

valleys on the upward or anticlinal folds, so that, contrary to the

popular idea, the valleys, and not the mountains, are on relatively

upheaved strata. A plausible explanation of these facts is sug-

gested in the evident general tendency of an upward fold to loosen

the texture and thus promote the disintegration of the rocks, as well

as to produce possibly, by fissure, convenient outlets for springs, as

well as channels for streams, which, when conforming to the trend

of the rocks, follow in most instances the anticlinal axis. The

downward fold of the strata, on the contrary, naturally tends, by

compression, to harden the beds, thus fitting them the better to

resist erosion, so that we have in such situations some of our high-

est mountains and ridges. The layers of strata of which the syn-

clinal mountains are composed have been literally washed off to the

ocean from the areas now constituting the valleys, and which, ex-

cept for this erosion, would now be the highest lands of the coun-

try. Most, perhaps all, of the geological formations of the State

give evidence of their formation by slow deposition in the bed of

the ocean, and whatever may have been the surface of the land on

first emergence, the existing surface features are largely, if not al-

together, due to erosion, controlled by the elevation above tide and

the stratigraphic condition alluded to as favoring or resisting this

action.

The following are the elevations above the average

Elevations, sea level of some of the prominent mountains and other points of interest in the State, determined

by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey:

50

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Sitting Bull (middle summit of Nantahela) Towns county Mona (east summit of Nantahela) in Towns ... Enota in Towns county Rabun Bald in Rabun Blood in Union Tray in Habersham Cohutta in Fannin Dome in Towns Grassy in Pickens Tallulah (northwest summit) in Habersham Tallulah (northeast summit) in Habersham Yonain White Walker in Lumpkin Lookout (at High Point) in Walker. Pine Log in Bartow Lookout (at Round Mountain) in Walker Pigeon (at High Point) in Walker Skit Sewanee in Forsyth Kennesaw in Cobb Stone Mountain in DeKalb Sweat Lavender in Floyd Cleveland Church in White Taylor's Ridge in Chattooga Dahlonega Agricultural College Mt. Alto in Floyd Clarksville Court House in Habersham Cams Mountain in Polk Atlanta Capital (flag staff)..

Elevat'on in feet.
5,046 5,039 4,797 4,718 4,468 4,403 4,155 4,042 3,290 3,172 2,849 3,167 2,614 2,391 2,340 2,331 2,329 2,075 1,968 1,809 1,686 1,693 1,680 1,616 1,556 1,518 1,505 1,478 1,296 1,163

The following are elevations of points in Georgia, on the line of railroads, and which have been determined by the railroad surveys:

WESTERN AND ATLANTIC RAILROAD.

aST TA(.Tm IOv N,S.
Atlanta.... Chattahoochse Bridge Ctiattahoocbee River Marietta Railroad Summit Acworth Allatoona Creek Allatoooa Etowah Bridge Etowah River.

Distance
jn mi]ea

Ejlnevfaeteiot_n

0

1,050

8

832

8

762

20

1,132

23

1,156

34

932

805

771

47

875

_ 47

696

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

51

RSTTAtTTmIOvNQS.
Kingston Adairsville Calhoun Oostanaula Bridge Oostanaula River Dalton Tunnel Hill Ringgold Tennessee line Chattanooga, Tennessee

lDnismtainlecse_ Ellnevfaeteito_n

60

721

70

723

80

633

85

655

85

623

100

773

107

859

114

776

714

,

138

663

EAST TENNESSEE, VIRGINIA AND GEORGIA RAILROAD.

DALTON TO ALABAMA STATE LINE.

STATION8.

Dalton

Rome

Cunningham Cave Spring .. Reeves

Six Mile

Vans Valley

Pryor's

...

Alabama State Line.

Elevation in feet.
782 652 707 697 658 709 662 844 930

STATIONS.
Rome Silver Creek.... Price's Station Setiey Rockmart MdPbenaon Bcaawell ; Cfaattahooohee Bridge.. Fair Grounds, Atlanta.

ROME TO ATLANTA.

Elevation in leet. 652 677 863 830 762 1(005
1,052 814 986

Sf ATKM9S.
Maooo Reeds BuiWds Adams Park Buzzard's Roost.. Cochran DuBois Eastman Chaunoey

MAOON TO CHAUXCKY.

Elevation in feet.
355 280 265 265 240 340 394 361 303

52

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

THE GEORGIA PACIFIC RAILWAY.

STATIONS.
Union Depot, Atlanta. Howell Peyton Chattahooehee Bottom of Chattahooehee River. Concord Mableton Bottom of Sweetwater Creek Austell Salt Springe! Douglasville Winston. Villa Rica Temple Bremen Waco Tallapoosa Bottom of Tallapoosa River

Distance Elevation in miles. in feet.

0

1,050

3

962

7

869

8

822

s%

750

12%

807

15

995

176-10

873

18%

940

23% 1,055

26% 1,217

32

1,132

38

1,160

45% 1.180

54

1,413

56

1,343

63% 1,154

68

915

ATLANTA AND WEST POINT.
STATIONS.
Atlanta East Point Fairburn Palmetto Newnan Grantville Hogansville.. LaGrange West Point Chattahooehee River.

Elevation in feet.
1 050 1062 1048 1^39.
9S5 892 708 778 020 600

RICHMOND AND DANVILLE RAILROAD.

STATIONS
Atlanta Doraville Waycross Suwanee Buford Flowery Branch Gainsville Belton Mt. Airy

Distance Elevation in miles, in feet.

0

1,050

15

1,070

20

1.050

31

1,027

37

1,207

44

1,122

53

1,222

67

1,342

80

1,588-

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

53

STATIONS.
Mt. Airy by U. S. Geodetic survey Toccoa

STATIONS.
Athens Depot Lula Clarksville Tallulah RabunGap Clayton

ATHEKS TO CLAYTON.

ELBERTON TO TOCCOA.
STATIONS.
Elberton Toccoa Lowest point on the line about

Distance Elevation in miies. iu feet.

1,610

93

1,040

Elevation iQ feet.
600 1,326 1,492 1,626 2,220 1,970

Elevation in feet,
663 1,025
600

CENTRAL RAILROAD.
MACON TO SAVANNAH.
STATIONS.
Oemulgee River, low water East Macon Depot Griswold .Gordon McDonald Emmit Oconee River Oconee Tennille Davisborough Spears Sebastopol Herndon Millen Paramore'sHill Scarborough Ogeechee.-.s Halcyondale Little Ogeechee, Scriven county Egypt.. Guyton Eden Station No. 1 Savannah Depot

iDistance Elevation in miles. in feet.

0

263

0

297

10%

464

20M

343

3034

245

38%

210

186

42%

221

55%

67%

191

78%

238

90%

190

100%

174

110%

158

233

120%

148

129

106

140%

110

106

15500%

126

160K

77

170%

34

180%

19

32

54

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

STATIONS.

ATLANTA TO MACON.

Atlanta Rough and Ready Jonesboro Fosterville Griffin Milner BarnMville Forsyth Prattsville Macon Depot Low water, Ocmulgee River

Distance Elevation in miles. in feet

0

1,050

11

1004

21^

905

28

900

48

975

54

863

;. (31

75

77

735

85

025

102

414

263

STATIONS.

ATLANTA TO ALBANY AND FORT GAIXES.

Macon Depot

Tobesofkee Creek Swamp

Tobesofkee Creek Track

Tobesofkee Creek Bridge

Bridge between Tobesofkee and Echeconnee Summit

Bridge proper

Seago's

\y2 Bryans

I

2 Powersville

FortValley

Ridge at Slapp's Quarter beyond Indian Creek

Uniform table-land to Marshallville

Winchester

Gradual Ascent to Flint River Bridge

Oglethorpe

Camp Creek Bridge

Andersonville

Ellaville

White Water Creek Culvert

Stewart's Turnout

Americus

Smithville

Kinchafoonee Bridge

Brown's Station

Dawson

Grave's Turnout

Notchaway Bridge

Ward's Station

Bridge beyond Ward's

Patchitla Creek Bridge

Cuthbert Depot

...

Junction

Eilnevfaeteito.n 333

275

290

295

379

39Q
300

513

385

528

5 5

491

;

4(33

290

299

300

394

589

351

474

300

339

275

309

350

*

350

992

392

415

342

44O

484

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

55

STATIONS.
Morris Station Coleman's Fort Gaines Depot Fort Gaines Bridge, about

Elevation in feet.
242 391 163% 190

GEORGIA RAILROAD.

STATIONS.

Atlanta

Decatur

Stone Mountain.

Lithonia

Conyers

Yellow River, about

Covington

Alcove (Ulcofauhatchee River) about

Social Circle

Rutledge

Madison

Buckhead

Oconee, about

Greensboro

UnionPoint

Crawfordsville

Cumming

... -

Camak

Thomson

Dearing

Berzelia

Belair

Augusta Depot Savannah River

Hamburg Depot, South Carolina.

MACON TO AUGUSTA.

STATIONS.

EastMacon... Low water, Ocmulgee River

Wolf Creek Commissioners Creek Summit between Commissioners and Fishing Creek

Footville Fishing Creek

McCrary's



Camp

Milledgeville..

Toblers Creek



Distance Elevation in miles. in feet.

0

1,050

6% 1,049

16# 1,055

24%

954

30%

909

670

41

763

674

51%

890

59

728

68

696

75%

642

514

88

627

95

674

106%

618

114%

647

124

613

133%

531

142

489

150%

517

161

324

147

119

152

Elevation in feet. Surface.

285

241

415

422

493

459

373

330

231

264

255

235

56

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

STATIONS.
Oconee River Eocky Creek Dry Pond Summit Town Creek Sparta
Two-Mile Branch Little Ogeechee Culverton Dry Creek Fulsoms Creek Ogeechee River Long Creek
Schoolhouse Summit Rocky Comfort Golden Creek Warrenton Depot

Elevation in feet.

269

214

350

315

593

648

515

540

545

'_'.'"

488

458

485

440

537

488

453

375

365

375

34S

313

525

550

455

415

453

428

Elevations in Georgia ascertained by J. E. Thomas, C.E in making a United States Railway Survey from the Tennessee River through Fisher's Gap on Sand Mountain, Alabama, to the Atlantic Coast in Georgia in 1875.

The line of this survey enters Georgia in the neighborhood of theold Burnt Village in Troup county, crosses the Thomaston branch of the Macon and Western Railroad, passes through Culloden in Monroe, Knoxville in Crawford, crosses the Ocmulgee above Hawkinsville, and passes through Eastman in Dodge county, and from there nearly follows the line of the Macon and Brunswick Road to Brunswick. The length of this line from the Tennessee River to Brunswick is 412 miles, over 250 of which is in Georgia.
The elevations above the sea level are as follows :

STATIONS.

Chattahoochee River Maple Creek Mountain Creek

St. Cloud Road

"....'.'.'".'""."".'.'.'.'.".'.'"

Atlanta and West Point Railroad Flint River

Concord

Elkins Creek

Powder Creek

Potato Creek

Thomaston Branch Railroad Tobler's Creek

Elevation iu feet. 674 745 743 861 930 697 S04 711 724 669 804 661

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE STATE.

57

STATIONS.
Culloden Knoxville Rich Hill Mill Creek Muscogee and S. W. Railroad Ocmulgee River (low water) Hawkinsville Branch M. & B. R. R Limestone Creek Macon and Brunswick Railroad, 134th mile post
Eastman McRae Station Sugar Creek Lumber City Ocmulgee River (low water) Carter's Creek Boggy Creek Satilla Atlantic and Gulf Railroad Pinholloway River Buffalo Swamp Ten-Mile Creek Brunswick

Elevation in feet.



669

640

619

504

478

214

336

250

391

356

224

103

147

250

146

93

87

118

39

25

23

16

On this line Eastman is 112 miles and Culloden 212 miles from

Brunswick.

OKEFINOKEE SWAMP.

A line of levels was run by the Geological Survey in 1875 from

Mixon's Ferry on Suwannee River to Trader's Hill on the St.

Marv 's,' showing the following elevations above ebb tide :

"Water surface at Mixon's Ferry

Bench B, in Pocket
Bench D, in Pocket Bench F, in Pocket Swamp between Pocket and Jones Island

Jones Island Swamp between Jones Island and Billy's Island

Billy's Island

Bench of Billy's Island

Camp Lee, Billy's Island

Billy's Lake water surface

Swamp E of Billy's Island

,

Two miles from Billy's Island on Little Trail

-

Prairie West, side water surface Rodenberry's House, east side

Elevation in feet.
!0'-3
1221
12 4
121 3
116.5 121.6 116.4
1180
123-8
1256
116.0
ll90
119.3
121 2
153-

58

DEPABTMENT OF AGEICULTUBE-- GEOKGIA.

STATIONS.
Long Branch, two miles from Rodenberry's House Trader's Hill Water surface St. Mary's River.l"".""i...Z".." !"""Z

Elevation
** M l\ ?!'!

A line of levels, which was run round the swamp and connected

with the water in St. Mary's river near Traders' Hill, in 1857, by

Colonel R. L. Hunter, furnishes the following information in re-

gard to the elevation of the surface at different points.

The highest part of the swamp is its northern extremitv, where

it is 126J feet above tide-water. Coming south in six miles it de-

scends five feet, and then in thirteen miles from the last point it descends only one and a half feet on the east side-it being at that

point, Mr. Matrox's, 120 feet above tide-water-while at an oppo-

site pomt on the west side (the mouth of Surveyor's creek) his

only 116J feet.

'

A nearly uniform descent continues from Mattox's to the southeast corner of the swamp, where the elevation is 116* feet, while
near Elhcott's Mound, where the branch of the St. Mary's runs out of the swamp, it is only 111* feet.

From the mouth of Surveyor's creek to the extreme western angle of the swamp it falls scarcely any, but on turning eastward towards the Suwannee river it gradually descends, and when that stream comes out of the swamp it is only about 110* feet above

At the northeast point of the pocket it is 1144 feet. From that point it falls towards the place where Cypress creek runs out, where it is about 111* feet. Then it rises to 1181 feet when half way to the St. Mary's, and gradually falls again to it.

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

59

CHAPTER II.
ECONOMIC MINERALS.
Of all the varied resources of Georgia few
Economic Minerals. are as comparatively undeveloped as her
immense wealth of economic minerals. And here to the prospector and investor a fine field is opened. While this comparatively undeveloped state exists, many deposits are well known, and others have for years been the basis of successful mining operations. The true value of others have but recently been ascertained, and they are now rapidly becoming sources of wealth to the State and profit to the operators. Especially is this true of the great stone deposits of the State. It is in the last decade that the marble and granite of Georgia has become familiar to the world of commerce, and that large plants have been constructed for placing finished stone on the market. For years these deposits of stone were well known, yet their value remaining unappreciated, they remained unutilized. The same is doubtless true of many other well known and important and abundant minerals development of which has been slow, but which from the size of the deposits and the fine character of the ore, will by the hand
of progress become great sources of wealth to the State. In North Georgia the hills and mountains abound in magnificent deposits of iron ore and while an occasional furnace is to be found, with here and there a station for ore shipments, the development is by no means commensurate with the magnitude of the deposits or the character of the ore. In Dade, Walker, Chattooga, and Catoosa counties are found vast quantities of red iron ore. In Bartow specular ore and manganese, the latter also in the adjoining counties of Floyd and Polk. In these same counties, and those that bound them extensive beds of brown iron ore are to be found Near these deposits all the essential material for the successful and cheap

60

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORG IA.

manufacture of steel and irou are at hand; and there is no reason why Georgia should not take a prominent place in these industries.
The gold of the metamorphic region is well known, and has long been successfully worked, both by vein and surface mining. In the State lead, silver, and copper are also found, the latter being an extension chiefly of the celebrated Ducktown vein into Fannin county. Other varieties are found in the counties of Union, Towns, Cherokee, Padding, Haralson, Carroll, Murray, Fulton, Lincoln and Greene. Ochre and sulphate of baryta, of the minerals used as pigments, exist in large beds.
The coal region of the State is the extreme northwestern portion, embracing the counties of Dade, Walker, and Chattooga. In corundum and other abrasive minerals the State abounds. The . bauxite deposits are the largest in the United States.
Other minerals that have been successfully mined are pyrites, mica, talc, slate, tripoli, limestone, and infusorial earth.
Of the mineral sources of wealth mentioned none Gold, have been so long known as the gold deposits of the
State. Among the Indians of the mountains gold trinkets were found by the first settlers, and the glistening particles of the precious metal in the streams and rivulets soon attracted their attention. From that time until this, mining for gold has been almost constant in that section of Georgia. Dahlonega may be regarded as the center of the gold operations of the State, and at one time the output of the mines reached such an extent as to induce the general government to establish a branch mint at that place. Notwithstanding this, the progress made in mining operations has been totally inadequate, and the methods adopted often of the very crudest character. The rich vein ore and placer deposits that are to be found, guarantee the assertion that at this time no locality in the United States affords a better opportunity to the gold miner, or offers greater advantages for practical investments handled by experience, than the gold region of North Georgia. Old mines, which prior to the war were profitably worked for years, are now idle, and many others have never been developed. In the gold region good labor is abundant aud cheap. Accessory

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

61

material, water, and water power abound in that section and are available at a minimum expenditure. These features of successful mining, together with the demonstration by past and present profitable operation, are sufficient assurance that with the adoption of modern methods large and remunerative returns could be secured.
There are at this time mines in operation whose annual product, which reaches the mint, amounts to something over $100,000 yearly. Much of the gold from the mines never reaches the mint, and is therefore not computed. Separate description of the mines now in operation would be encouraging, but enough has been said to invite proper investigation of the State's wealth in the

precious metal. It has been said, with considerable show of rea-

Bauxite.

son, that the present age will be known as the aluminum age. Certain it is that development in

the production and uses of the metal has been very rapid in recent years. Bauxite is the ore from which the metal is derived. Up to this time it has been found in commercial quantities in only two localities in the United States. These are in Arkansas and in the Coosa valley of Georgia and Alabama. In their geological relations the deposits of Arkansas bear but little resemblance to those of Georgia and Alabama, and the ore is much inferior, containing larger quantities of silica and iron. As a recognized metallic ore bauxite has only for a short time occupied a position, and any information on this subject is consequently of value to the prospector and investor. The deposits of Georgia aud Alabama are irregularly distributed over a narrow belt of country from Adairsville, Ga., in a southwesterly direction into Alabama. Recently, deposits of commercial value have been found in Walker county and in the vicinity of Summerville, in Chattooga county, evidencing that the ore beds extend as far north as the State line of Tennessee. At present two companies are engaged in operating mines in the State. The Republic Mining and Manufacturing Company, operating at Hermitage furnace, located five miles north of Rome. The Georgia Bauxite aud Mining Company, which operates the Com-
osema and Barnsley mines, in Ridge valley, near Adairsville, Bar-

62

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

tow county. Another large deposit of commercial importance is located at Six Mile Station, south of Rome. In regard to the fineness of the deposit it is of the highest quality, and on this subject and also as to the location of the deposits the report of Professor J. W. Spencer will be found of interest. Eelative to the origin and manner in which the deposits occur, the following from the report of Mr. C. W. Hayes, of the United States Geological Department, will be of interest to local and other prospectors:
"The bauxites of France are apparently residual deposits from the decay of basalt. Remains of the constituent minerals of the parent rock appear in the ore, as well as traces of the original rock structure. The ore also occurs disseminated throughout the residual material, and not, as in the case above described, in compact bodies with well-defined limits. The Arkansas deposits, on the other hand occur as regularly stratified beds in rocks of tertiary age. They are found only near the contact with certain eruptive rocks, and'their origin seems to be closely connected with the latter. In both localities, therefore, the relations of the ore differ so widely from those of the Georgia-Alabama deposits that their origin must be explained on a different theory.
"No eruptive rocks, either ancient or modern, are found in the vicinity of the latter, nor are there any rocks in this region which by weathering, could yield bauxite as a residual product; hence' any satisfactory explanation of the origin of these deposits must give the source from which the material was derived, the means by which lt was transported, and the process of its local accumulation
"As already stated in describing the stratigraphy of the region the ore ,s associated with the Knox dolomite or with calcareous sandy shales immediately overlying the dolomite. The Connesauga consisting of 2,000 feet or more aluminous shales, invariably underlies the dolomite at greater or less distance beneath the ore-bearing regions and is probably the source from which the alumina was derived.
"The faults of the region have been briefly described. Undoubtedly such enormous dislocations of the strata generated a large amount of heat. The fractures facilitated the circulation of water

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

63

and for considerable periods the regipn was probably the seat of
many thermal springs. These heated waters appear to have been the agent by which
bauxite was brought to the surface in some soluble form and there
precipitated. The chemical reactions by which the precipitation was effected
are not well understood, and the conditions were not such as can bo readily reproduced in the laboratory. Of the few soluble compounds of aluminum which occur in nature, only the sulphate and the double sulphate of potash and alumina need be considered.
"The oxygen contained in the meteoric waters percolating at great depths through the fractured strata would readily oxidize the sulphides disseminated in the aluminous shales. Sulphates would then be formed bv a process strictly analogous to that commonly employed in the 'manufacture of alum. Probably the most abundant product of the process in nature was ferrous sulphate. Some sulphate of aluminum must also have been formed together with the double sulphate of potassium and aluminum, especially in the absence of sufficient potash to form alum with the whole.
"In its passage from the underlying shales through several thousand feet of dolomite the heated water must have become highly charged with lime, in addition to the ferrous and aluminous salts already in solution. But calcium carbonate reacts upon aluminum sulphate and to some extent also on alum, forming a gelatinous or flocculent precipitate which consists of aluminum hydroxide and the basic sulphate. This reaction may have taken place at great depth, and the resulting flocculent precipitate may have been brought to the surface in suspension. From analogy with pisolitic sinter and travertin* now forming, such conditions would appear to be highly favorable for the production of the structures actually found in the bauxite. The precipitate was apparently collected in globular masses by the motion of the ascending water, and constant changes in position permitted these to be coated with successive layers of more compact material. Finally, after having received many such coatings, the pisolites were deposited on the borders of the basin, and the interstices were filled by minute oolites formed in a similar
manner, or by the flocculent precipitate itself.

64

DEPARTMENT or AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

"Slight differences in the conditions prevailing in the several springs, such as concentration and relative proportion of the various salts in solution, also temperature and flow of the water, would produce the variation in the character of the ore observed at different points.
" The bedding observed in the bauxite deposits may have been produced by the successive layers deposited on the steeply inclined outlet of the basin. After the cessation of the spring action, surface creep of the residual mantle from the higher portions of the ridges covered the deposits to varying depths, as they are found at present.
" A small portion of the ferrous sulphate was oxidized and precipitated along with the bauxite, but the greater part was carried some distance from the springs and slowly oxidized, forming the widespread deposits of limonite in this region.
"This explanation of the origin of the deposits indicates the methods to be pursued in the further development of the field They are intimately associated with the faults which intersect the strata of the region. All the known deposits are either upon or very close to, these faults. Hence, the first work of the prospector will be to locate the fault in any new region which he is investigating. This, in areas covered by the residual material, is a difficult matter, and can be done only by careful study of the*geological structure of a considerable region. Unlike the iron, with which it is so intimately connected in its origin and present association, the bauxite readily disintegrates at the surface, so that the largest deposits may be concealed by a few feet of residual soil. More careful search is therefore necessary for locating bauxite than limonite deposits. So far as can be determined theoretically, all the conditions essential for the formation of bauxite deposits similar to those described exist at many points in Northwestern Georgia and adjacent portions of Tennessee and Alabama. The ore has been reported from the vicinity of Summerville, Chattooga county, Georgia, where the geological conditions are favorable for its occurrence It has been found by the writer between Gadsden and Jacksonville

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

65

in Calboun county, Alabama, and is also reported from Jacksonville. This region is similar in its geological relations to that south of Rome.
"The southern Appalachian bauxite deposits are by no means inexhaustible, and many exaggerated claims have been made as to the quantity of the ore. As shown above, the ore occurs in local accumulations or ' pockets/ and not in a continuous bed, nor in anything resembling a vein. Nevertheless, basing an estimate upon the amount of ore in sight in the various workings and the number of localities at which it is known to occur, the quantity of ore is seen to be sufficient, for many years to come, to supply a much greater demand than now exists."
The closing suggestions as to the supply of ore are rapidly being extended by the discovery of new deposits of great extent.
The uses to which aluminum are now chiefly applied is in the form of ingots to be used as an addition to steel. The result is much less waste in casting. It is also largely used in the manufacture of cooking utensils, an industry which is rapidly and satisfactorily extending. In addition to these two great uses, it is being applied to many other purposes, including a number of experimental uses, such as aluminum plates as a substitute for lithographic stone. With the cheapening of the process of reducing the ore numberless purposes of construction and otherwise for which it is most acceptable, on account of its lightness and noncorrosive qualities, present themselves. That the cost of reduction will be lessened is almost beyond question, and with this Georgia has almost untold wealth in her bauxite beds, while without it, they will add materially to the wealth of the State.
With the exception of emery all the varieties of Corundum, corundum are found in Georgia. The area over
which the deposits extend is quite extensive, though it cannot as yet be definitely determined. It extends into the State from North Carolina through the high mountainous counties of Union, Towns, Rabun, and Habersham, and tends rather in a southeasterly direction.
In a recent admirably prepared and extensive report on the co-

66

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

rundum of the State, Mr. Francis P. King, Assistant State Geologist, gives an accurate description of all the known deposits with the mining operations so far undertaken. Of the Laurel Creek mine, which has been extensively worked, Mr. King says : "Corundum was first discovered on Laurel Creek in the early seventies by an Englishman named Thompson. Colonel Jenks followed this discovery by examination and worked intermittently during 1873 and 1874. Altogether only a few months' work was put in and the'find' seemed so poor that the property was finally abandoned. In 1880 several men living in the neighborhood mined it for asbestus. Their mining was much hampered by the frequent occurrence of hard and heavy rocks which they were forced to remove. The nature of these rocks was unknown to them, consequently they dumped them to one side. This dump was corundum. Dr. H. I. Lucas, of Chester, Mass., who already had been for some time actively engaged in corundum prospecting through North Carolina, hearing of these works, visited the locality and at once purchased the property for the Hampden Emery Company of Massachusetts, which for some years practically controlled the corundum industry of the United States. Under the able management of Dr. Lucas corundum veins were exposed, and what had formerly been a poor asbestus mine soon became one of the main sources of supply to the corundum trade of this country."
Work was continued from 1880 to 1892 with eminent success. In the latter year the hillside under which they were working the most paying vein caved in, and for a time work was paralyzed. At this time they had reached a depth of 150 feet, and were working in a vein averaging eight feet in width.
Up to the summer of 1893 work was carried on unsuccessfully at other points, the owners report, while a shaft was being run down through the dbris to the main vein.
In September of the same year the mines were closed down pending the financial stress. The Lucas mine, as it is more frequently called, is located in the county of Rabun, perhaps the most mountainous county in the State. Of the benefits accruing from the development of such resources Mr. King says: "Besides the many

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

67

taxes that have been paid on the property by the company, and the natural increase in the value of neighboring lands, a small settlement has been established in the heart of a hitherto sparsely settled portion of the country, new roads have been built, old roads have been improved, streams have been bridged, a sawmill has been erected, and by the generosity of the mine owners three months have been added to the regular school term."
Next to the Lucas mine in extent of proportions is the Track Rock mine, located on the south side of Track Rock gap in Union county. The development is only partial, but an excellent pros-
pect is already shown. The Edison mine, located about thirty-five miles north of At-
lanta, near Acworth, deserves special mention from the fact that from this property the largest specimen of pure corundum ever mined was taken. The specimen weighed nearly 100 pounds and was exhibited in the Tiffany collection at the World's fair. The product of this mine is not so hard as common sand corundum and
is more easily cleaned. A reference to Mr. King's valuable work will show numerous
other fine corundum deposits in the State. Many of these can be easily and profitably developed when depressing influences are removed, and no reason exists why Georgia should not be first in
corundum output.
A recent revival of operations in the celebrated DuckCopper, town region of East Tennessee directs attention to the
copper ores of the State. The vein of these ores extends for several miles into Fannin county, and can be easily traced. The ores of this extension are considered as equally rich in metal as those of the Ducktown mines. Only a meager amount of work has been done on the vein at the extreme northern portion of the county. When this was done there were no transportation facilities in that section, and the decline in the value of the metal subsequently retarded further investigations and operations. Several varieties of ore are found in Union, Towns, Fannin, Lumpkin, Cherokee, Paulding, .Haralson, Carroll, Murray, Fulton, Lincoln

68

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

and Green, which, with a revival in price, would offer profitable opportunities to the investor.
At the Magruder mine in Lincoln, where it is associated with silver, gold, and lead, it occurs in the form of metallic copper.
The fact that many silver ornaments were found among Silver, the aborigines of the State, early gave rise to the theory
that a rich vein of this precious metal was located within or near the State. The theory has so far never been verified, and while found in many localities associated with lead, copper, and gold, it has not yet been discovered in sufficient quantity to prove profitable for mining. It is in the form of an argentiferous galena that the metal generally occurs in the State,andthe principal localities are at the western base of the Cohutta, in Murray, and in Lincoln and Hall counties.
The United States is dependent almost entirely upon Pyrites. Sicily for her supply of brimstone, and as the sulphuric
acid used in the manufacture of chemical fertilizers can readily be made from pyrite, there seems little reason why the deposits of this ore should not be developed. In regard to the relative cost of acid from brimstone and acid from pyrites in mineral resources, for 1886 Mr. R. P. Rothwell contributed a very interesting chapter. Mr. Rothwell estimates the cost of a ton of acid fifty degrees Beau me, made from brimstone, to be $6.80, aud from pyrites $5.50. In arriving at the result one ton of brimstone "thirds" is taken at a value of $19, and two and a half tons of pyrites worth $11.50, the estimates being made for New York or Philadelphia. For acid made a:t the pyrite mines the cost was estimated at $4.20 per ton for fifty degree acid.
By reference to the chapter on manufactures, it will be seen that the State is both a large producer and consumer of chemical fertilizers, and with vast quantities of pyrites of good quality, yielding from forty to forty-five per cent, of sulphur, it is evident that phosphate reduction in the State should, and eventually will, be through the medium of the pyrite of the State.
In the search for copper prior to the war a large number of shafts were sunk, most of which' exposed iron pyrite with only a small per cent, of copper. Extensive deposits which can be worked are

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

69

found in the counties of Carroll, Padding, Haralson, Cherokee, Fannin and Fulton, and iu several localities among the mountains
of Northeast Georgia. The report of Mr. J. W. Spencer, late State Geologist, on
Clay, the Paleozoic group contains much valuable matter in regard to the clays of the section of the State embraced in
the report. In Northwest Georgia the following types of clays are reported : (1) The kaolin-like clays; (2) the clays derived from the decay of limestones and calcareous shales; (3) those formed from the disintegration of shales ; (4) and alluvial deposits. Of them he says the kaolin clays are sometimes pure white with occasional stains of iron, or agaiu of a purple tint. They often occur in large bodies. In the cherty remains of other portions of the Knox dolomite the siliceous nodules occur in the white chalky clay and could be separated from it by mechanical means.
Halloysite occurs under similar conditions in the Fort Payne chert in Dade, Chattooga, and Whitfield counties, and as the Devonian group to which this belongs exists also in the counties of Walker, Catoosa, Gordon, and Floyd, it may be found in all these counties. These clays contain only the smallest trace of undecomposed feldspar and alkalies and with even the amount of iron present would form an infusible clay. Proper experimentation will doubtless prove many of them of great value.
At Rockmart the decomposition of shales has produced a buffcolored hard material capable of being sawed or turned into ornaments. Brick made from this clay are very fine.
In Middle Georgia, immediately south of the metamorphic portion of the State, fine pottery clay is to be found in extensive beds. At Stephens' Pottery, in Baldwin county, there are large works for the manufacture of sewer pipe, flower pots, jugs and nearly everything made out of clay. At this point the bed of clay covers several acres of land, and varies in thickness from four to ten feet.
At other points in the State excellent clays of various character are to be found, and materials suitable for brick are found in every
part of the State.

70

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEOROIA.

The limestones of Northwest Georgia outcrop over Limestones, a large area of that section, and many of them are
remarkably pure carbonate of lime. The subcarDoniferous beds contain the purest limestones. These are over four hundred feet in thickness, and are found in Dade, Walker, Chattobga, Gordon, and Catoosa. At Graysville in Catoosa and at Cartersville, successful operations have been carried on for a number of years. At Graysville three qualities of stone are found : one almost a pure carbonate, showing by analysis 95.50 per cent, of pure carbonate of lime; another showing 50 per cent, of carbonate of lime and 45 per cent, of magnesia. The third is quick-setting and well adapted to be used as a cement or hydraulic lime. Many of the limestones of this group make excellent cement, and at Cement, in Bartow county, from a bed of the stone a cement of splendid quality is made, known as Howard's Hydraulic Cement, and which is especially noted for its power to resist the deteriorating and disintegrating influences of the weather. The ledge from which the stone is taken is forty-five feet thick, and the quantity is inexhaustible.
Many of the compact limestones which occur in Polk, Floyd, Gordou, Whitfield, Murray and Bartow counties, with a network of white limes, when polished produce a beautiful effect, and are generally classed as variegated marble.
The usual value of the limestone produced in the United States is about $19,000,000. Of this amount, Illinois leads with a product of three million and a half, while the product of Georgia is only about $50,000 per annum. When the indispeusability of lime in buildings of all kinds, as well as its use for agricultural purposes, is considered, it is surprising that the vast deposits of Georgia, with their varied quality and fineness, have not been more largely developed. Not only has the State the vast deposits of Northwest Georgia, but marls or limestone suitable for lime are found in great abundance in Southern Georgia. It is evident that the State offers unequalled advantages in the quarrying of limestone for a variety of purposes.

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

71

The utilization of the vast deposits of iron ore to be Iron Ores, found in Georgia has been entirely inadequate to
what is naturally demanded by the situation of the ore-banks and the fineness and quantity of the ore. The average product in the State is about 200,000 long tons, of which threefourths is brown hematite and one-fourth red hematite. In quality the ore mined does not yield as high an average as that mined in some other districts, but on account of the character of the deposits is cheaply produced, and therefore mined with equal profit
with higher priced ores. The brown ores are found chiefly in the belt of country between
the two ranges of mountains in Northwest Georgia, Lookout and Cohutta. From its character the ore is not found in continuous strata, but in large detached banks. It is mostly confined to a series'of cherty ridges east of the Chattoogata range, and numerous deposits are found in the counties of Bartow, Floyd, and Polk, and in these counties it has been extensively worked. Extensive beds are found also near Dalton in Whitfield county, near Graysville in Catoosa county, on the line of Walker and Gordon counties, in Snake Creek Gap, and near Carolina camp-ground in Chattooga. The most westerly occurrences of the beds are east of Lafayette in Walker. Towards the east extensive beds are also found in the belt of country east of the Cohutta range, extending through the counties of Cherokee, Pickeus, Gilmer, and Fanniu. In earlier days ore from some of these depbsits was frequently melted at the blacksmiths' furnace to supply local needs. The deposits in Cherokee were secured by the Confederacy just prior to the surrender, and large government works were contemplated.
In the Pudding ridges of Dade county, in the The Red Ores. Shinbone ridges of Dade, Walker and Chattooga,
and in Taylor's ridge, and Dick's ridge in Catoosa, Walker, and Chattooga, the red fossiliferous or dystone ore is found. It occurs in extensive quantities, is found in sandstone ridges that environ the coal measures, or run parallel with their western and eastern limits. Two to four beds of iron lie interstratified with shales or sandstone; the thickness varies from a

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DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

few inches to ten or twelve feet. This ore is well defined on the top of Dirt Seller mountain, Chattooga county. The geological map, issued by the Department of Agriculture, shows that the outcrop of the ore-beds has a linear extent of one hundred and twenty miles, nearly agreeing with the Devonian formation in these counties. Three hundred and fifty square miles approximate the areal extent of country underlaid by the beds, including only the portion of country bordered by outcropping beds that are estimated to be of workable thickness.
In the more westerly exposures of Walker county, and in Dade, this ore contains a considerable percentage of lime, but it is not deemed an impurity, owing to the fact that it hardly exists anywhere in excess of what is required for a flux. On the eastern side of Pigeon mountain and its vicinity the lime is leached out, thereby leaving the ore in a somewhat soft and porous state ; this result is caused by the fact of the beds outcropping at high angles of dip. Similar to the ore of Dade, and other portions of Walker county, this contains lime at a certain depth below the surface. On the' other hand, the ore is much more heavy and compact in the easterly beds, those in Taylor's and Dick's ridges, and in Dirt Seller mountain, although the beds appear not to have an equal thickness. Like that of Pigeon and Lookout mountains, the ore is of fossiliferous nature, and shows a lenticular or concretionary structure. But unlike that just referred to, the lime of the shells has been wholly replaced with iron, and the ore is'heavier and of greater compactness than that found in the weathered beds farther west. Much of the ore taken out is converted into pig iron in the State, the principal furnaces being located at Rising Fawn, and near Rome and Cedartown. Of the other classes of ore found in the State there are sufficient indications to justify the belief that there will yet be discovered deposits sufficiently large to justify operation Gray or specular ore occurs in the foothills of the mountains on tin eastern part of Bartow county. A micaceous iron is also found along the Chattahoochee ridoo-e
Magnetic iron ore, a most valuable ore, is found throughout the metamorphic formation of the State, but principally in two belts,

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

73

one extending from the western base of the Blue Ridge through the counties of Gilmer, Cherokee, and Cobb to Carroll. The other following the Chattahoochee ridge along its entire length. Iu some sections where investigations have been limited, it is found in such large quantities as to induce the conclusion that large undiscovered deposits may exist.
The richness of the manganese deposits of the Manganese. State are too well known to need commendation;
while the ore is found in a number of localities, the largest deposits are along the eastern side of Bartow county; other deposits are found also in Polk and Floyd counties. It occurs in the more recent formations of the section and in the form of nodular concretions. The ore is very high grade, and in point of production of* high grade manganese the State ranks third; yet on account of the fineness of the ore and the number of deposits, the assertion could be safely made that with a more active demand for the ore the State would soon rank first. The ore now taken put is principally shipped to England, where it is largely used for bleaching purposes. The ore is also used in the manufacture of steel. From 1892 to 1893 there was a reduction in the State's output due in some degree to the pocket character of the deposits, but chiefly to the discovery of enormous deposits in Russia which reduced the profitable demand. With the decrease in the number of tons mined, however, there has been an increase in the quality of the ore, and each year the character of the ore taken out has been higher than for previous years. Some of the ore mined in 1893 gives an analaysis showing as high as fortyeight per cent. Up to this time nearly the entire product has been from the Cartersville district, though other localities will admit of profitable mining. Free on board, the average value of the ore shipped, is about $7 per ton.
In many parts of Northwest Georgia associated with the Ochre, brown hematite iron ores are found large deposits of
ochre suitable for both paint and pigment. The deposits are the result of the disintegration and decay of metamorphic rocks *ud are of a superior quality. For the purpose of manufacturing

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

paint they are now being utilized, and at Cartersville and Emerson in Bartow county are found in operation successful establishments for drying and shipping. Works have also recently been established at Ilockmart in Polk county for the purpose of manufacturing paint from the ferruginous clays of that vicinity. Besides the deposits in the northern part of the State, a light yellow ochre is found in Washington couuty and in Southern Georgia au ochreous coucretion frequently occurs in the small round pebbles that cover the ground in many localities. Where free from grit these concretions may be used as an umber. Where the ochre deposits are now being utilized to supply material for the manufacture of paint the tonnage output is sufficient to place the State second only to Pennsylvania. The annual product at this time amounts to about 3,000 tons, with a value of $35,000, and future development promises to be rapid and profitable.
The extreme end of the Appalachian coal field extends Coal, through the northwestern portion of the State, and the
coal region is confined to the counties of that section. For years the only mine developed was the Dade Coal Mines, located at Cole City, in Dade county. These mines are very extensive, and some of the galleries in the mountain are 8,000 feet long.
A greater part of the product is converted into coke to be used in the furnaces of the State and East Tennessee. For this purpose analysis shows the coal to be of a superior quality, and that it will compare favorably with the best types of Northern coking coal. Until 1893 the entire output was from these mines. At that time a new and excellent mine was opened in Walker couuty which adjoins Dade county, and a branch road constructed from the Chattanooga, Rome and Columbus Railway to the mines. The product of these mines largely increases the output for the State, and, being very accessible to the main manufacturing centers of the State, will prove instrumental in greater industrial development. In 1892 the total product of the State in short tons was 215,498, of which 158,878 tons was converted into coke. The product now exceeds 400,000 short tons, about one-half of which is converted into coke. During 1892 the total number of men employed in the mines was

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

75

467, who made an average of 277 working days. Now there are about 800 men averaging 342 working days.
In addition to the mines now in operation there are undeveloped deposits on Round and Sand Mountains. In 1893 a new coal field resembling in character the anthracite coal was said to have been discovered near Austell, in Cobb county. But development up to this time has not been sufficient to verify the report.
- Fourteen miles east of the city of Atlanta is to be Granite, found the largest deposit of granite in the world. Not
only the largest deposit of granite, but the largest and most marvelous deposit of stone to be found on either hemisphere. From a comparatively level country, solitary and alone, rising to the height of 1,686 feet, stands a solid mountain of granite without soil and almost bare of verdure. Extending in all directions from this great wonder of nature are vast deposits of stone. Properly the mountain has received the name of Stone Mountain, and, speaking of it Dr. Alexander Means, an eminent scholar of the State, has aptly said that it was "a geological monstrosity." At its base the mountain is seven miles in circumference, while following the ordinary ascent it is one mile from the base to the apex. In character the stone is uniform, and is admirably adapted to both paving and building purposes. For years undeveloped it is now, together with the deposits near by, the basis of a rapidly expanding industry in building stone. Indeed, it may be said that the industrial progress that has developed the quarries of the mountain and vicinity has been accomplished since 1880. At that date the entire product of the State in paving material was only valued at $13,000, and the entire industry only employed thirteen hands. There are now one thousand hands employed, and the product in paving material alone is worth over $750,000. The stone is justly acquiring the
fame that it justly merits, and is to be found on many streets of Western and Eastern cities. Not only is the stone adapted for paving and paving material, for which purpose it was at first chiefly used, t.ut is also suited admirably for building and monumental work. For the former purpose it is now being utilized, and including the building stone with the paving material the value of

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

the output of Georgia granite will exceed one million and a quarter.
While the Stone Mountain region is the locality of greatest extent, there are many other granite deposits throughout the State worthy of high commendation, notably those in Coweta county. Valued as an industry to add to the wealth of the State, the granite

STONE MOUNTAIN.
quarries of the State also place cheaply at the command of the large municipalities of the commonwealth the highest class of stone.
In the churchyards amid the mountains of North GeorMarble. gia are found here and there graves where the last rest-
ing place of the earlier inhabitants are marked by stones quarried and hewn from Georgia. Yet while the marble

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77

deposits were not unknown at so late a time as 1880, it is found that the product was so small, the output of so little value, as not to entitle the State to be computed as a producer of marble in the census of that year. Notwithstanding this when development did begin, and the true character and worth of the stone became known, the growth was remarkable, and Georgia to-day stands

PIEDMONT QUARRY.
second only to Vermont in her output of marble, and the splendid quality of the stone for all purposes is known throughout the States. Nor by any means has progress ceased, as is splendidly illustrated by an examination of that part of the government geological reports relating to mineral resources. It "is found that in 1893 the value of the output was in round numbers valued at $273,000. Nearly the entire product was taken out by the Geor-

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

gia Marble Company, with headquarters and quarries near Tate, Pickens county. Here five quarries have been opened, called respectively Creole No. 1, Creole No. 2, Cherokee, Etowah, and Kennesaw. In color the product differs somewhat. A limited quantity of white marble is obtained from the Kennesaw, the crystals of which are large but very compact, and also a white clouded with lines of blue. The Cherokee produces white and bluish gray stock, both clouded with dark blue spots. A marble with very dark blue mottlings is obtained from the Creole quarries, principally used for monumental work and interior decorations. Pink, salmon, rose, and dark green with a variety of shades is to be found in the Etowah quarry, which produces only rich effects and finds its chief appreciation in wainscoting, mantels, table tops, counters, panels, etc. In 1894, besides an increase in the output of the quarries of the Georgia Marble Company, is found a very large increase from the operations of the Piedmont quarry, also located in Pickens county, which increased the product until it amounted to 481,529 cubic feet, valued at $716,385, a percentage increase over 1893 of over 174 per cent.
A comprehensive report on the marbles of Georgia has been recently made by the State Geologist, and from this it is seen that large deposits remain undeveloped. That the stone possesses merit for all purposes is conclusively shown by the ease with which it is marketed and its general acceptability; not only this, but it giv-'vs the highest results under every class of test.
The following analysis and test is a fair sample:

ANALYSIS OF GEORGIA MARBLE.

Calcium carbonate .-

Magnesium carbonate

...

Silica

Iron protoxide

Alumina

PER CENT.
-- 97.32 1.60 0.62 0.26
-- 0.25

Total

100.05

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

79

MECHANICAL TESTS OF GEORGIA MARBLE.

Test No.

Marks.

DIMENSIONS.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH.

...... Height

Compressed Surface.

Sectional Area Square Inches.

Total Pounds.

Pounds per Square Inch.

4337 Cherokee. 4338 Creole 4339 lEtowah....

6".04 6".01 by 6".0t B".03 6".00 bv 5".99 6".03 1 6". "3 by 6". 01

36.06 36.94 36.12

395.500 434.100 384.400

10.976 12.078 10.642

In structure the marble from different quarries is essentially the same, the difference being in color only. The magnitude of the deposits is greater than any other in the United States, the quarries are the largest worked, and it is safe to say that Georgia stone will grow in favor and continually add to the wealth of the State. The marble industry of the State is not however confined to the unfinished stone from the quarries, but the companies operating the quarries, and other large companies at Nelson, Canton, and near Marietta for sawing and finishing stone. So that almost the entire output is placed on the market in a finished condition.
In 1892 and 1893 twenty-five hundred squares of roofing
Slate. slate were the output in Georgia, $11,250 being the value for 1893, and for the year 1892 $10,625.
The Rockmart slate quarries supply the entire output for the State. A company, consolidated, and under the name of the Georgia Slate Company, operates the Rockmart quarries successfully, a success which will increase proportionately with the encouragement of Southern cities regarding the venture. Atlanta responded lib-
erally by securing the entire output of the year 1892. Or what is commonly known as black lead, is found
Graphite, in a number of localities in the State. The largest of these deposit* that has been opened is in Elbert county,
where it has been worked to some extent. Other deposits are found in Madison, Clarke, Pickens, Gordon, Hall, Douglas, Bartow, and
in other localities in North Georgia. This mineral is found in Union, Fannin, Habersham, Cher-
Mica, okee, Banks, Murray, Hall, DeKalb, Gwinnett, and other counties in the northern section of the State. The value
of the substance depends on its freedom from flaws and discolora-

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

tions and the size of the sheets. The deposits in Union and Fannin were for a time successfully worked, but are now idle.
Fine deposits of pure white talc are found in Fannin county Talc, and along the marble lead that extends from that county to
Cherokee. In Fannin mining on a large scale was commenced, but, owing to legal complications, the work was suspended. Near Spring Place, in Murray county, a light-green talc has been mined from time to time and for a number of years consecutively, depending on the demand for such material and its market price! In boring the artesian well of Atlanta, at a depth of 170 feet the drill passed through a bed of talc. The impure varieties of talc, commonly known as soapstone, have been found in a number of places in Middle and North Georgia. Fragments of vessels, showing the use of the material by the Indians, are of frequent occurrence in these sections. The term soapstone is also applied to a radiated asbestus found in extensive beds in Middle Georgia.
The supply of this material usually comes from the Asbestus. mines of Canada, where a highly acceptable quality
for fire-proof material is found. In Georgia deposits are found in DeKalb, Rabun, Towns, Fulton, Clayton, Carroll, and other counties. It will be noted that it was in an effort to work an asbestus mine that the Lucas corundum mine was discovered.
Through Northwest Georgia, in the Chattoogata Sandstones, ridge, Pigeon Mountain, Lookout, and Sand Moun-
tain, excellent deposits of sandstones of a variety of colors, and adapted to a variety of purposes, are to be found. In Catoosa is a deposit of red sandstone, excellent for buildino- and mechanical purposes, and capable of withstanding almost any degree of temperature.
Millstone and other minerals are associated with the marls of southern Georgia. Buhrstone is found over a large section of the State. The beds of this important material extend from the counties of Burke and Screven to the southwestern corner of the State. The stone is of very fair quality, aud has been pronounced by experts to be equal to the very best French buhr. In color it varies

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

81

from a light gray to a reddish or brown color. In Chattooga county a brecciated conglomerate occurs, which has been used for cornerstones. On analysis, the stoue shows of insoluble siliceous matter 97.72 per cent., and soluble in strong acid silica, 2.15, oxide of iron, 0.15. The hardness and small proportion of soluble matter suggest that there are other uses to which this stone might properly be ap-

P Tripoli, or rotten-stone of a superior quality as a polishing material, is found north of Dalton in Whitfield county. Large shipments from this deposit have been profitably made, and up to the general depression in the market North, has been carried on almost
continually. Lithographic stone, or stone suited for the purpose of lithography,
has been found at the base of the Newton group, in Walker and Catoosa counties. The bed varies in thickness from two or three to ten feet, and the stone is of a light clayey color, the weathered surface presenting an even and smooth appearance.
There are a few well authenticated cases of diamonds being found in the State. These were found in the gold-bearing rock of the metamorphic region, and were discovered in most instances while washing for gold. The first diamond is said to have been found in 1843, by Dr. M. F. Stevenson, at the ford of Brindletown creek, in Hall county. The formation in this section, the itacolumite'group, bears a striking analogy to the strata of the diamondbearing districts of Brazil. Opals occur in some of the^clay beds of southern Georgia. In the upper portion of Washington county, a variety is found approaching that of the fire opal. It is also Tound as far south as the county of Bulloch. A number of other minerals are found in Georgia; among them platinum, arsenic, antimony, sulphur, bismuth, zinc, tin, garnet, tourmaline, epidote, cyanite, staurolite, glauconite, serpentine, calcite, lazulite, rutile.
The numerous mineral springs throughout the Mineral Springs. State are celebrated, and with reason, for their
health-giving properties. Situated, as most
of them are, among beautiful scenery and surrounded by delightful atmosohere, they are renowned far and wide, and every summer brings countless visitors to test the medicinal qualities of the waters.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

In their virtues few are disappointed, and the springs continue to be most popular.
One of the most healthful of springs is the chalybeate, or iron, which kind predominates in Georgia. Among the list of springs catalogued below, Catoosa can boast of as many as fifty different springs scattered about within sight of each other. Indeed, the mineral resources of Georgia are not alone found in the vast quantities of ore from the rich hills, but also in the life-giving streams that emanate from these same sources of inexhaustible treasure.
A list of the principal springs and health resorts of Georgia is appended:
Angier's Mineral Spring, Beall's Springs, Bowden Lithia Springs, Catoosa Springs, Chalybeate Springs, Daniel's Mineral Spring, Franklin Springs, Indian Springs, Laurence Springs, Magnolia Springs, New Holland Springs, Porter Springs, Powder Springs Warm Springs, Watson Springs, White Sulphur Springs.

CHAPTER III.
GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.
The Geology of Georgia is a part of that Geology of Georgia, which characterizes both the Atlantic
slope and the Mississippi basin, including all the principal geological formations of the Appalachian and Atlantic coast region. All the large divisions in geology are represented in the State. Those beginning with the oldest are:
First, The Crystalline Belt of North Georgia, the horizon or horizons of which have not yet been positively determined.
Second. The Paleozoic embracing the Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous of Northwest Georgia.
Third. The Mesozoic represented by the Cretaceous, lying south
and east of Columbus. Fourth. The Cenozoic, which includes the Tertiary and Quar-
ternary of Southern Georgia. The crystalline rocks cover the largest part of the
Crystalline, agricultural divisions of North Georgia. The south ern limit of its exposure may be very correctly
defined by a line drawn on the map of the State from Augusta, through Milledgeville and Macon, to Columbus.
This line will be foufnU'..fa cross each navigable stream at the head of navigation where the rocks, dipping nearly vertically, are covered by Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. North of this, with the exception of the ten counties of Northwest Georgia, the formation covers all the country and extends beyond the limits of the State.
When the crystalline belt is approached from either of the newer formations, a decided change is observed, not only in the character of the rocks, but in the general appearance of the country, and to some extent in the indigenous growths. Approached from South Georgia the change is from a rolling region of sandy land to one of a more broken character, with a rocky or gravelly surface, from pine lands to lands covered with a growth of oak and hickory, and

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

from a sandy region where surface rocks, if any, are of a rounded or water-worn character, and of small sizes, to a rocky or gravelly surface with angular pebbles or rock fragments of various sizes and with the common occurrence of larger rock masses.
In approaching the crystalline belt from Northwest Georgia, there is a change from a region of parallel valleys and ridges, that are usually continuous for long distances, to a generally broken country, where such distinctions are not so well defined; from a limestone to a freestone country; and from one where the rocks are sandstones, limestones and shales or slates, often abounding with impressions of shells, crinoids, corals, seaweeds, or other organic remains, to one, in which the rocks are of a crystalline structure^ with no evident traces of organic life.
The topography of this area of the State is that of a broken region. The country gradually rises toward the north and is generally hilly, with few elevations rising to the proportion of mountains in Middle Georgia, but becoming quite mountainous in some parts of North Georgia. The country rises to the very general level of two thousand feet above sea near the northern line of the State, with mountains of from three to five thousand feet.
The formation terminates in Northwest Georgia in a bold and rugged escarpment, facing towards the west or northwest in what are known as the Cohutta, Salicoa, Pine Log, Allatoona and Dug Down mountains, constituting the Cohutta range. This range is two thousand feet above the valleys of Northwest Georgia in the Cohutta mountains; but it becomes gradually lower towards the southwest, until in the Dug Down mountains it is only five or six hundred feet above the valleys, and the summit corresponds nearly with the general level of the country to the southwest.
East of Lookout and Pigeon mountains, at distances of from ten to twenty miles, is another series of mountains extending nearly centrally across this division of the State. These are mostly sharp-topped, and have altitudes of from 500 to 1,000 feet above the surrounding valleys. White Oak mountain, Taylor's ridge, and Gaylor mountain ascend in a direct line across this part of the State, only separated from each other by narrow gaps. To the east of these mountains, either in interrupted parallel ranges or divergent spurs.

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

85

belonging to the same system of elevations, are Dick's ridge, Rocky Face, Chattoogata, Horn's, John's, Little Sand, Rocky, Lavender
and Horse-leg mountains. Little Sand mountain and Rocky mountain are table-lands of
small extent belonging to the Coosa coalfield. The surrounding sharp-crested mountains here have the lithological relation to these table-lands that the Shinbone and Pudding ridges before described bear to Sand, Lookout and Pigeon mountains on the northwest.
Next on the east are the Cohutta, Salicoa, Pine Log, Allatoona and Dug Down mountains, constituting a single range and extending around the eastern and southern boundary of this division of the State, being, in fact, the eroded escarpment of an elevated plateau that lies to the southeast of this region. This feature of the range is quite apparent in Polk county, where the brow of the escarpment is but 500 or 600 feet above the valleys on the northwest and corresponds to the general level of the country to the south, but in the northern part, especially in the Cohutta mountains, where the altitude is much greater, it is cut up by coves and ravines, so that mountains are encountered in all directions for a distance of ten or fifteen miles between the base and the summit of the escarp-
ment. To recapitulate:--The ranges in this division of the State may be
designated, by the most prominent mountains of each, as (1) the Lookout range in the west, (2) the Chattoogata range of the central portion of this region, and (3) the Cohutta range, on the eastern and southern border. Intermediate between these mountains area number of cherty ridges and sometimes sandstone ridges, rarely exceeding 200 or 300 feetin height. The sandstone ridges are generally narrow, while the cherty form knotty belts of from one mile to ten miles in width. These alternate with shale and lime. stone valleys, thus subdividing the areas between the mountains into somewhat narrow belts, with topographical and agricultural features varving with these lithological characters.
The valleys range in altitude from 500 or to 1,000 feet above the sea, the elevation being greatest about the divide between the waters of the Tennessee river on the north and the Coosa river on
the south.

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DEPARTMENT OF A GBICULTUBE--GEORGIA.

The aggregate thickness of the Paleozoic is estimated at about 20,000 feet. The rocks consist mainly of alternating series of shales, limestones and sandstones and conglomerate. The siliceous rocks, including the sandstones and conglomerates, siliceous shales and cherty beds associated with some limestones, are greatly in excess of the limestones and argillaceous shales, constituting, perhaps, more than half of the entire thickness, while the argillaceous beds, or such as are composed largely of clay, are somewhat in excess of the limestones. In the upper half of the series these materials are more nearly equal in their distribution.
The points of greatest scientific interest are the identification of chrysolyte and its alteration products, serpentine, the chlorite* and other minerals of the corundum belt, with the maguesian limestones of the Quebec group (the Knox Dolomite of Safford) and that of the underlying schists of the gold belt with the Knox shale of the lower part of the Quebec.
The series has been but imperfectly studied; even the relative positions of some of the groups are in dispute, and the question of age or possible equivalency remains in abeyance, inviting further research, and will not be further considered here.
The chief rocks are granite, gneiss, micaCrystalline Rocks, schists and magnesian rocks. Such va-
rieties of these as are common in Georgia will be briefly described.
Granites are of common occurrence south of the Chattahoochee ridge; but they are rarely found in large masses south of this There are several varieties in Middle Georgia. 1. A gray granite composed of quartz, feldspar, and a dark colored mica. 2. A flesh colored granite, similar in composition to the last, with a pink feldspar. 3. A dark colored granite composed largely of hornblende ; and 4, a variety known as grauulite, made of quartz and feldspar, common in some parts of Middle Georgia.
Gneiss is similar in composition to granite, only much Gneiss, more variable in character, as it occurs in this State.
The materials, unlike granite, are generally distributed irregularly in layers, often giving to the stone a beautiful banded appearance. Hornblende gneiss, composed'of quartz, hornbA <nde

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

87

and feldspar, is a common variety, sometimes covering large areas and giving rise to a deep red soil where this is the prevailing rock. It often occurs in thin layers along with other varieties of gneiss and not in sufficient quantity to affect the character of the soil. It varies from a dark gray to black, according to the percentage of the black mineral hornblende that enters into the composition of the rock, and from which it derives its name. A garnetiferous gneiss is found along the Chattahoochee ridge, and a bed of this character was passed through, in boring for artesian water in Atlanta. An epidotic gneiss is found west of the Blue
Ridge and in Troup county. This rock has the same composition as gneiss, but
Mica Schist, contains much more mica, and may be almost entirely composed of mica. It covers some exten-
sive belts of country. The lands'are usually of a sandy nature, and the soil is filled with glistening particles of mica and often
covered with quartz fragments. Itacolumite, which includes flexible sandstone, out-
Itacolumite. crops along the Chattahoochee ridge, from Habersham probably to Troup county.
It is found again near the eastern base of the Blue Ridge, and about the western sides of Gilmer, Pickens and Clarke counties, and also further south in Harris, Meriwether and Pike counties, in the Pine mountain range. The novaculite of Graves mountain, in Lincoln county is, believed to belong to the itacolumite series. This sandstone dips southeasterly, as do most of the rocks of the country where it has been observed; and underlying it on the northeast is a graphitic hydromica schist; and below this again is a crystalline limestone or marble. The series is an interesting one from its supposed relation to the diamonds that have been found in this State, as well as in North and South Carolina, California and Brazil.
A chloritic schist exists in heavy beds near Magnesian Rocks, the northern limit of the Crystalline re-
gion, and is distributed in less quantity elsewhere over the country to the south. Soapstone or talc is found in many localities. The Crystalline rocks commonly contain quartz veins, and are sometimes crossed by trap dykes. The quartz veins

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEOEG IA.

usually conform to the laminae or to the bedding of the rocks, while the traps cut these almost at right angles, and traverse the country in a direction a little west of north.
Between the Cohutta and Blue Ridge mountains, and nearly everywhere south of the last named mountains, and particularly in Middle Georgia, the rocks are very generally decomposed down to the constant water level of the country, or to the depth at which lasting water is obtained in wells.
Among the more common minerals belonging to the formation in Georgia may be named quartz, mica, feldspar, hornblende, garnet, tourmaline, graphite, epidote, talc, rutile, hematite, titanic iron, with many others, less generally distributed.
There are ten counties of the State, in Paleozoic Formations, what is known as the Limestone region
of Northwest Georgia. This section in Georgia is limited by a Crystalline range of mountains, extending around it in a semi-circle on the east and south. This range runs near the eastern sides of the counties of Murray and Gordon, and the eastern and southern sides of Bartow and Polk. The larger part of each of these is covered with Silurian strata. The counties lying wholly within the Paleozoic are Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Chattooga, Whitfield, and Floyd. The following description of some of the surface features of the section was prepared from notes of the geological survey of the State for Professor Hilgard's report on cotton production.
The country is banded by a number of mountains, Topography, ridges, and valleys, extending with a general
parallelism in an approximate northeast and southwest direction, approaching nearest to north and south in the eastern part of the division, and with divergent mountains running nearer to east and west in the southern and central portions. Sand Lookout and Pigeon mountains, in the northwestern corner of the State, are synclinal table-lauds belonging to the Alleghany coalfield. These vary in altitude from 800 to 1,200 feet above the adjacent valleys, and are usually trough-shaped on the top, having somewhat elevated borders along their brows and precipitous sides marked by perpendicular sandstone bluffs. These mountains have

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an area on top of rolling and often nearly level sandy lands, amounting in the aggregate to 200 square miles. Lookout mountain is separated from Sand mountain on the northwest by Lookout valley, which has a width of three or four miles, and extends from Alabama across this part of the State into Tennessee. Pigeon mountain is an easterly spur of Lookout mountain, giving rise to a V shaped valley, which widens out towards the north, and is known as McLemore's cove. These mountains are bordered throughout most of their extent by steep sandstone ridges of from 100 to BOO feet in height, giving rise to narrow valleys around their bases. These ridges are a constant feature of the table-land mountains and occur everywhere in this relation to them, except where they have disappeared by erosion. About the central portion of Pigeon mountain, where the table-land feature is lost with the disappearance of the sandstones and conglomerates from its summit, the ridges on each side merge into the main mountain, and with it form the broken and knobby region terminating the range. These are known in "Walker and Chattooga counties as Shinbone ridges, and in Dade county as Pudding ridges.
Along the western escarpment of the Cohuttas exist Silurian, beds of semi-Crystalline slates and conglomerates,
apparently of very great thickness. To this formation, in Tennessee, has been given the name of Ocoee group, from the Ocoee river, along which, near the line of Tennessee and Georgia, the rocks appear to have their greatest development, or at least are most prominently displayed. The group as yet is not known to contain fossils, but has been referred, on thf ground of its supposed stratigraphic relations, to the Acadiaa epoch. A sandstone of several hundred feet in thickness is conspicuously displayed in steep ridges or mountains skirting the western base of the Cohutta, Pine Log and Allatoona mountains.
This is the Chilhowee sandstone of Tennessee, and is believed to be the equivalent of the Potsdam sandstones. In Tennessee, scolithus impressions--worn holes filled with sandy rods, somewhat softer than the body of the rock--are mentioned as a common characteristic of the sandstone by Professor Safford, and indicate a probable identity in age with the Potsdam sandstone of New

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

York. These markings have not yet, as far as known, been observed in this State, but the sandstones are often filled with small rounded concretions, that disappear from the weathered surface, and give much the appearance presented by a cross section of the scolithus rods in sandstone.
This is succeeded by hard glauconitic shales and glaucomtic sandstones, associated with siliceous limestones, found in a broad belt of country along the Coosa river, and give rise here to what is known as the Flatwoods. Some portion of the same group is found in a belt of country in the eastern portion of Gordon and Bartow, and the southern part of Murray, and also come to thesurface again for a few miles in sterile ridges in the western side of Whitfield county, between Dick's ridge and Chattoogata mountain. Trilobites are found in some of the shales and limestones, and are abundant in the Flatwoods, near Floyd county.
A prominent mineral characteristic is the common appearance of green sand orglauconite in the shales and sandstones, and sometimes in the limestones. This green sand may be found, on close examination, in most of the shales and sandstones, and is sufficiently abundant in some to give them a decided green color.
Galena (a lead ore) is found associated with calcite in small rami fying veins and in pockets in some of the siliceous limestones of this group.
Shales and limestones of an estimated thickness of Knox Shale. 3,500 feet. The shales are more or less calcareous,
and are generally of a light green shade of color below the water surface, but weather into a great variety of shades from buff to red, blue, green, brown and black, but generally into some shade of brown. These shales exist in all the counties of Northwest Georgia except Dade, and are found in a number of long valleys, varying from a half mile to one or two miles in width, constituting a large part of the area of cultivated lands in this section of the State. Among these are the Oothcalooga valley of Gordon and Bartow, the Coochulle and Dogwood valleys of Whitfield, and the Chattooga valley of Walker and Chattooga.
The limestones are generally oolitic, consisting of spherical con-

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cretions, usually the size of the roe of fish, but in some beds as large as one-third of an inch in diameter. The oolitic particles show under the microscope both a concentric and radiated structure.
The limestone generally abounds in calcite veins and makes a beautiful marble when polished, the calcite veins forming a reticulated network of white lines on a dark blue ground. Galena has been found in this limestone near the Catoosa line in Tennessee.
This covers 894 square miles, or about oncKnox Dolomite, fourth of the entire extent of Northwest Geor-
gia. In Dade it makes its appearance only in a small patch in the southern part of the county; but it covers large areas in all the other counties in this section.
This formation gives rise to ridges or knobby Surface Features, belts of country from one to ten miles in
width, and from 100 to 300 feet above the adjacent valleys. These are usually steep along the outskirts, but the central portion of the broader belts usually have a valley surface. There are seven or eight belts of this character, some of which are continuous across this portion of the State, extending into Tennessee and Alabama, and are known nearly everywhere by the name of "The Ridges." The surface is everywhere covered with chert, a gray siliceous rock usually porous and of uneven fracture, in fine gravel, and in larger fragments, rarely exceeding a foot
in diameter. The formation is made up largely of dolomite or magnesian
limestone, from which the group takes its name, associated in alternating layers with siliceous beds. The latter is an impure flint, or a hornstone, and is the material that gives rise from weathering to the chert with which the hills are covered. It exists both in layers of varying thickness between the limestones and in nodular masses encased within the limestone beds.
The hornstone is of a dark blue color, resembling flint in appearance ; but, unlike that material, it is very brittle, and breaks with an irregular and not a conchoidal fracture. It weathers into a porrous stone, usually of a light gray color, but presents various shades of blue, red and brown to black. The limestones, as has been said, are generally dolomitic or magnesian limestones. There are, how-

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

ever, at the top of the series some purer limestones, alternating with these in beds of five to six feet in thickness. The dolomites are often crystalline, and usually of a gray or dove color.
Variegated argillaceous limestones abound near the upper portion of the series. The magnesian limestones are burnt for lime at Cartersville and Cement in Bartow county, and at Graysville in Catoosa; and they make a most excellent lime for mechanical purposes. At Cement, some of the beds are used for hydraulic cement. Galena, associated with fluorspar, is found in some of the chert beds of Catoosa county. Most of the limonite deposits of Northwest Georgia are on the cherty ridges of this formation. Manganese and baryta are also found in such situations.
The limestones of the ridges rarely appear at the surface. These have been leached out, the lower layers lying buried, usually to the depth of one hundred feet beneath fragments of chert and "the less soluble materials of their own composition; and it is commonly necessary in digging wells to pass through this debris to the undisturbed bed for lasting water.
The material above the limestone has most commonly lost all appearance of original stratification, or if perceptible at all, the beds are much disturbed by caving or breaking into the spaces from which the limestones have disappeared. The drainage of the formation is to a large extent underground streams. The water that falls in rain finds a ready entrance through the loose surface material and finds an outlet in the numerous streams that are found at the base of the ridges. Most of the bold limestone springs so common in this part of the State have their source in this formation.
There are no streams in the ridges except in the rainy season. In a few localities some of the larger streams have cut their way through the formation from one valley to another. The formation is an interesting one, and doubtless a most important one for future research. Buried as it is in its own ruins, it is as yet but little known.
This formation consists of limestones and calcareous
Trenton shales. It gives rise to long valleys bordered on one
side and sometimes on both sides by the cherty ridges

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

93

above described or when succeeded by newer formations by sharp-
topped sandstone ridges. The formation is represented in Cedar Valley of Polk county, in
Red Clay Valley of Whitfield, and in the dry valleys of Walker and Chattooga, in all of which it is bounded by the ridges of the underlying Knox dolomite. In the other localities of its exposure it is succeeded on one or both sides by upper Silurian sandstones, as around the mountains and ridges of the Chattoogata range, on the eastern side of Lookout and Pigeon mountains, and in Lookout
Valley of Dade county. The surface is rolling, with few fragmentary
Surface Features, surface rocks. Where the angle of dip is great, the limestones which constitute a large
part of the formation rarely appear at the surface, but where the strata is nearly horizontal; these often outcrop in broad exposed ledges, or with a light covering of soil, and with a growth of cedar
and scrubby post oak. Medina sandstone is found only in the Chattoogata range. The
sandstones have a thickness of four hundred feet. This group west of Taylor's ridge
Clinton Iron Ore Ridges, consists of sandstones and arenaceous shales of three hundred and fifty
feet thickness. In this ridge and to the east of the rocks are hard sandstones almost throughout; and in Chattoogata mountain they have a thickness of four hundred and twenty feet. The group contains three beds of red fossiliferous iron ore, varying from a few
inches to ten feet in thickness. The Devonian is represented in a bituminous shale
Devonian, with a thickness varying from five to eighty feet. This is well known in the country as" black shale;"
and from its bituminous character it is often mistaken for coal. This, with its pyritous character, has stimulated much useless digging; and petroleum, which it may be expected to furnish, is among minerals of economic importance that have not been looked for. A blue shale at the top, of a foot or more in thickness, contains phosphatic nodules. The shale is overlain by siliceous beds with geodes and, locally, by brown calcareous shales with the geodes.

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DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The subcarboniferous consists of a siliceous group Carboniferous, at the base, of the system of two hundred and
fifty feet. The limestones abound in flint nodules--the material of the Indian flint implements. A heavy bedded blue limestone, of four hundred feet thickness, overlies the siliceous group, and constitutes the upper group.
This covers an area of about two hundred square Coal Measures, miles in the State. The largest part of this is
in Sand and Lookout mountains. Small areas belonging to the Coosa coal field exist in Eocky mountain of Floyd and Little Sand mountain of Chattooga. The rocks consist oi 1. Two hundred feet of shales with a bed of coal on the top. 2. Two hundred and fifty feet of conglomerate and sandstones. 3. Four hundred feet of thin bedded sandstones and shales with four beds of coal.
Strata of the Triassic period, so well developed in the Mesozoic. Connecticut valley, are not known to extend into
Georgia. It exists in North Carolina in two synclinal folds containing five beds of coal, and extending southward into South Carolina. It rests non-conformably on the Crystalline in those States.
Trap dikes, so common in the Crystalline in Georgia, are believed to be of Triassic age. The dikes extend about north 20 west cutting the strata nearly at right angles to the strike of the rocks. These are rarely as much as one hundred feet in width, and most commonly only a few feet, and vary greatly in the same dike. One of the largest extends through Talbot, Meriwether, and Coweta. They are common through Middle Georgia, south of the Chattahoochee ridge. The trap weathers into dark, rounded bowlders that oommonly cover the hillsides along the dike, and to which the name of "nigger heads" is commonly given.
This formation covers a small triangular area Cretaceous. extending from Columbus southward along the
State line to Pataula creek, and eastward to the northwestern part of Schley county.
Dr. Loughridge, formerly an assistant in the Geological Survey of this State, says: "In its surface features, it differs from the

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95

regions in the other States in a total absence of the black prairies, and of any outcrop of rotten limestone. The beds are covered almost throughout by red clays and deep white sand, forming a rolling and well-timbered country. Passing southward along the river from the Crystalline rocks at Columbus, we find, at first, beds of plastic and purple clays (exposed only for a short distance). Near the mouth of Upatoi creek, eight miles south of Columbus, blue micaceous sands and clays form abrupt cliffs along the river for a number of miles, and, dipping to the southwest at a slight angle, are overlaid by heavy and yellow clays, more or less fossiliierous, and probably the representatives of the rotten limestone group.
"At Georgetown, Quitman county, and thence to the border of the Tertiary, the highly fossiliferous beds of blue marl and their ledges of limestone of the Ripley group are exposed along the river ban\ and preserve the same slight southwest dip."
The general features of the country are much like those of the Tertiary region of the State ; in fact, it seems that a large part of the area usually defined as Cretaceous is covered by somewhat superficial deposits of Tertiary sands, the marl beds with the characteristic Cretaceous fossils being found only in the beds of streams or on eroded hillsides near them. It is not improbable that the Cretaceous may yet be traced in this way much farther eastward in this State. The formation is not known to contain any minerals of much economic importance. Some of the marl beds contain potash in considerable quantity, and when this is the case, such marls may be used with profit as a fertilizer in the immediate section in which they are found. Green sand marls are found along the -banks of the battahoochee river. These are exposed for several miles on the banks of the stream in Stewart county, in beds of fifteen to twenty feet. The bed, dipping slightly to the southwest, disappears in this direc-
tion beneath the bed of the river. No complete analysis has been made of this marl, but a test tor
potash shows from 1 to 2 per cent, of that element. This formation covers about one-half ot
Cenozoic, Tertiary, the State, embracing all south of the Crystalline belt, except a small triangular area
near Columbus and a narrow belt of more recent deposits near the

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

coast. It crosses Georgia in a broad belt with an average width of 175 miles, widening out as it extends south westward across the State.
The country near the coast is level and Surface Features, sandy, but at the distance of from 50 to 75
miles inland becomes undulating, and the surface is very generally covered with a small ferruginous concretion. These pebbles are about the size of buckshot, and where these are most abundant the name of "buckshot land" or "pebbly land" is commonly applied, to distinguish these either from the more sandy lands or from such as have these concretions in less abundance.
^ There are but slight inequalities of surface, except near the principal streams, which are from fifty to seventy-five feet, between the general level of the country. The low rounded hills rarely exceed ten feet away from the water courses, affording only enough irregularity generally for good surface drainage.
Another and quite different surface feature is presented in what is known as the lime-sink region. This extends southwest from Screven county across the State, widening out into a broad belt of country in Southwest Georgia. The country abounds in lime sinks and in some sections in small lakes--lime sinks filled with water The whole country is full of depressions or sinks, in many places giving only a slight inequality of surface, that of a network of low ridges--a sort of honeycomb topography in low relief.
This is a country of subterranean streams. The surface drainage is not generally good. The water that falls must find its way either
through open sink-holes, or else by filtering through the soil into the underground channels. The marl beds formed at depths of from twenty to fifty feet is the water-carrying stratum of the country. Some of these underground waters find outlets in bold limestone springs. These are mare common along the southwest border of the lime-sink belt. The general direction of the streams, as shown by the lines of sinks, conform to the southern or southeastern inclination of the strata and to the general direction of the surface drainage in South Georgia. Ponds, lakes and swampy lands

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

97

have been successfully drained by boring through to the marl beds, allowing the water a ready escape into underground channels.
The formation is largely made up of sandy layers alternating with clays and calcareous marls or limestones. Most of these exist in a soft or friable condition. The marls or limestones, the buhrstone, a feruginous sandstone, in thin layers occurring about the upper border of the formation, and the buckshot concretions before mentioned, are nearly the only rocks of sufficient hardness not to crumble in the hand or break down on exposure.
The buhrstone is found near the upper limit of the lime-sink belt, and is itself a silicified portion of the marl beds. This stands out in bluffs on some of the streams. Some fine exposures of the bed are found on the Savannah river in Screven county. It does not appear to extend across the State in a continuous bed, as do the marl beds, but is found with interruptions along its northern limit, as shown by the mineral map of the State.
At the close of the Tertiary remarkable changes Quarternary. took place in the climate of the earth. A large
part of the Northern hemisphere was covered with glaciers, and arctic animals were driven by extreme cold into the temperate and semi-tropical regions. The effects are observed in the drift of high latitudes--transported materials, such as sand, clay and rounded bowlders, with which the country is covered as far south as Pennsylvania and Ohio.
From this phenomenon the first part of the Quaternary is designated by the name of the Glacial period or that of the Drift or Ice age. This was succeeded by the Champlain period and the Eecent or Terrace epoch.
The melting of the glaciers, as the closing event of the Ice age, brought on a flood of waters, and gave rise to a flood-made deposit, covering with sand and pebbles the older formation in some parts' of the Mississippi valley. A deposit of sand and pebbles along the upper border of the Tertiary in Georgia has been thought by some geologists to have had a like origin.
The low hammock lands, the estuary and delta formations near the coast, and the alluvium of streams, the swamp muck and stalagmitic and cave deposits in all parts of the State, as well as some

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

local drifts in the coves and at thfi mouth of mountain ravines belong to this age.

There are no extensive areas in Georgia,

Geological Formation as in some of the Northern States, cov-

and Soils.

ered with the drift material brought

from remote localities. The soils of the State, elsewhere than in the alluvium of streams, with rare exceptions, are derived from underlying rocks, or else from immediately

adjacent groups. The chief varieties of soils of Northwest Georgia

are brown and red loam, gray siliceous soils of the ridges, sandy

table or mountain lands, flatwoods and alluvial lands.

Brown and red loams are formed from the limestone and calcareous shales of several geological formations. In lands of the Chazy

and Trenton formations, the soil consists of two varieties, a brown

calcareous loam of the blue limestone area, and a red calcareous loam

of the rotten limestone. The areas of the first are on the eastern

and western sides of Northwest Georgia; the others, in the central

parts. Lands that have been in cultivation for thirty years will often produce from thirty to fifty bushels of corn per acre. When

rested in clover and the crop is turned under, the land will yield

from ten to twenty bushels of wheat per acre. Cotton has been cul-

tivated to a limited extent, yielding from six hundred to eight hun-

dred pounds per acre of seed cotton. The sub-carboniferous brown

loam lands in Walker, Gordon, Chattooga and Floyd counties are

calcareous and siliceous, or sandy, with sufficient clay in the sub-

soil to give it a somewhat retentive character, and yet admit of good

drainage, even where the lands are nearly level. It often yields,

without fertilizers, from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of seed cotton per

acre. Corn, oats and wheat do well.

In the Cincinnati group and the lower portion of the Clinton

group in Dade, and along the eastern side of Lookout mountain,

and around Pigeon mountain in Walker county, the soil is yellow

or orange colored and well adapted to corn and wheat. The lands

of the Knox Shale group are underlaid by a series of shales aud

limestones of 2,500 feet thickness. It covers about 400 square

miles, occurring in belts of half a mile to two or three miles in

width, and is found in all of the northwestern counties except

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

99

Dade. This soil contains more clay in general than most of the other lauds, the clay beneath the soil varying in depth from one foot to fifteen feet down to the shales, but rarely less thau four or five feet. The soil is more or less calcareous, and contains a sufficient amount of sand or fine gravel, derived in part from bordering clierty ridges, to promote easy culture. The principal agricultural products are corn, cotton, oats, wheat, clover and grasses. Land, in cultivation for thirty years, with nothing returned to the soil for its improvement, will produce six bushels of wheat, twenty bushels of corn, and ten bushels of oats per acre. With fertilizers, this land will produce five hundred pounds of seed cotton per acre. The color of the soil in the gray gravelly lauds of the ridges varies from light to dark gray, with generally a porous, gravelly subsoil. Sometimes there is a good clay subsoil with a gravelly soil of dark brown or red color. They are profitable for cotton, and give a better immediate return for manures than the rich valley lands. These lands are rich in potash and phosphoric acid, with a sufficiency of lime to insure their availability for the present. With the use of fertilizers, they will yield twelve hundred pounds of seed cotton per acre. Corn and wheat do well, and these lands are well adapted to the culture of fruits.
The soils of the sandy lauds of the mountain ridges are gray or yellow, more or less gravelly or rocky, on table-lands from one thousand to twelve hundred feet above the valleys. The area is about two hundred square miles, embracing Sand mountain in Dade county, Lookout mountain in Chattooga, Dade and Walker counties, and Little Sand mountain in Chattooga county. Owing to the average low temperature, these lauds are regarded as unfavorable to the culture of cotton, but specially adapted to the culture of fruit and many vegetables.
The flatwoods of the Potsdam and calciferous formations abound in short leaf pine, with post and red oaks, as its principal forest growth. The topography is diversified with mountains, hills and nearly level " flatwoods;" but the soils are more or less sterile. The most extensive area is that of the flatwoods near the Oostanaula and Coosa rivers in Floyd, Gordon and Polk counties, a mountainous section north of the Coosa river in Floyd and Polk counties, a

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGI\.

belt of hills in the southern part of Murray county, extending southward nearly across the county of Gordon, aud in the eastern part of Catoosa county, extending southward into Whitfield county. The soil is thin and is regarded as not profitable for cultivation.
Where the streams are rapid, the alluvial lands have but little extent in the mountains, but the creek and river bottoms in the valleys are comparatively broad, varying from one-eighth of a mile, on small streams, to one or two miles on larger ones, the greater part of their width being generally on the -western side of the stream. Cotton has been grown with success on alluvial lands containing a large proportion of sand. The Coosa and Etowah rivers afford some of the best cotton lands in Northwest Georgia. In Middle and Northeast Georgia, under the designation of red lauds, are included red, sandy and clay soils. Cotton grows very well; but these lands are considered best for small grain, especially oats.
In gray, sandy and gravelly lands the disintegration of the quartz, feldspar and mica of the gray gneiss rocks produce a loose, sandy, gray soil, more or less clayey, and mixed with gravel and loose quartz rock, the subsoil being generally a yellowish clay.
An absolutely complete geological surGeological Surveys, vey of the State has never been made.
This has not been due to the character of the men, in whose hands the work has been placed, but to the spasmodic appropriations made by the legislature to support the work, aud its discontinuation for years at a time. As early as 1836, Governor William Schley, in his message to the legislature, strongly urged that body to provide for a geological survey of the State. The Governor said:--" I suggest the propriety of employing a competent geologist to make a thorough survey of the State, with a view to the ascertainment of its mineral and agricultural resources and the proper location of works of internal improvement."
The general assembly complied with the Governor's recommendation, and adopted a resolution, authorizing him to employ "a suitable and well qualified person to undertake the work of a careful and scientific survey of all the counties in Georgia." Ten thousand dollars was appropriated to carry on the work. In 1837 the Governor, in pursuance of the resolution, appointed Dr.

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

101

John R. Cotting State Geologist; but in 1840 the legislature abol-

ished the office, and the Survey was discontinued. This effort to establish a geological department being ineffectual, seems to have rendered those members of the general assembly in subsequent legislatures, who were of the opinion that progress demanded a recognition of the science of geology, and that a complete geological

survey was essential to the best development of the State's resources, averse to undertaking the work, for fear their efforts might prove futile, through the action of the next or later general assem-

blies. While many efforts were made to revive the department, they proved ineffectual, until 1874, when the general assembly again created the office of State Geologist, to be again abolished before the work was completed. Progress, however, would not permit nearly a half century to again pass, before recognizing the importance of such work, by a State as marvelously rich in mineral resources as Georgia. At the present time, therefore, a competent State Geologist, with a State Geological Board, composed of the Governor, the Comptroller-General, the Treasurer, the AttorneyGeneral and the Commissioner of Agriculture, has charge of the work; and much will doubtless be accomplished, both from a prac-

tical and a scientific standpoint. It has been aptly said, that geology is of interest to the agricul-

turalist, the miner, the manufacturer and the merchant, "To the farmer, it is of the highest importance to know the
origin of the soil which he cultivates, and the causes of the changes which it undergoes." The occurrence of an abundance of potash in the soil might well be used as an illustration, as this essential to fertility is supplied by the disintegration of feldspathic and mi-

cacious rocks. "To the miner, it is essential that he should understand the rela-

tions of the metal-bearing rocks to those, which are of no value,

that he may expend his labor where profit may result." "To the manufacturer, the cheapest power that can be applied is
furnished by the waterfalls formed by the passage of streams over

beds of rocks, which resist their wearing effect." "To the merchant, the geology of the section maybe of high con-

sideration, affecting transportation."

j^^^^^S/^

LIBRARIES

OFn roP'

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Soils have their origin in the decay Agricultural Geology, and disintegration of the rocks ; and

where a soil rests on the stratum, from which it is derived, it is always closely related to this in composition. Some soils, however, are brought in part or entirely from a distance, and may have their sources in the wearing down of rocks usually different from the ones on which they rest. These are

transported soils. The alluvial deposits, the material of which is

derived from the diverse strata traversed by the streams, is generally of this character.

There are no extensive areas in Georgia, as in some of the North-

ern States, covered with drift material brought from remote local-

ities. The soils of the State, elsewhere than in the alluvium of

streams, with rare exceptions, are derived either from underlying rocks or else from immediately adjacent groups.

In crossing the country northwest and southwest in Northern and

Middle Georgia, frequent well marked changes in the soil and

growth of timber are observed that point with much certainty to corresponding changes in the underlying rocks.

The soils of the different groups are well characterized, each approaching one, in many respects, peculiar to itself. For this reason,

it will be most convenient to consider separately the soils of the

formations that give rise to arable lands. The following comprise

the chief varieties:--1. Brown and red loams. 2. Gray siliceous soils of the ridges. 3. Sandy table or mountain lands. 4. Flatwoods. 5. Alluvial lands.

These are formed from the limestones and calBrown and Red careous shales of several geological formations,

Loams.

and, as they differ somewhat, they are described separately.

LANDS OF THE CHAZY AND TRENTON. The lands are highly calcareous, and are perhaps the richest uplands in the State. The timber is large, and consists principally of red, Spanish and white-

oak, hickory, poplar, sugar-maple, post-oak and cedar, with an ad-

mixture of other varieties common to the country. The lands gen-

erally lie well; but when hilly they are inclined to wash. Where the

limestones are nearly horizontal, these are sometimes exposed or else

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

103

lie in close proximity to the surface. Such lands are usually covered with a growth of cedar and red haw, and are known as cedar glades; but there are no very extensive areas of this kind. Where the limestones lie unexposed near the surface, this fact is usually indicated by a growth of post-oaks.
The soil consists of two principal varieties, viz., a brown calcareous loam of the blue limestone areas and calcareous loam of the rotten limestone. The first varies in color from light to dark brown and almost black, a dark or chocolate brown being the most characteristic color, with a subsoil approaching to red. The soil of the rotten limestone belt is a dark red color with a red subsoil. There is a striking difference in the appearance of these lands? though, in the more essential characteristics of productiveness and in adaptation to various crops, there is little difference. Lands that have been in cultivation for thirty or more years will ofteu produce from thirty to fifty bushels of corn to the acre. The soils seem to be considerably denuded for the wheat crop, but when rested in clover, and the crop turned under, from ten to twenty bushels is not an unusual yield. Cotton has been grown but little on these lands north of Floyd county; and, in this county and Polk, about six hundred pounds of seed cotton per acre is the usual yield.
SUBCARBONIFEROUS BEOWN LOAM LANDS. The rocks of this formation consist of limestones, arenaceous shales, and siliceous or cherty limestones. The lands, which are generally rolling, but sometimes nearly level where the valleys are broad, have a brown soil that is calcareous and siliceous or sandy, with sufficient clay in the subsoil to give it a somewhat retentive character, and yet admit of good drainage, even where the lands are nearly level. The areas of this character are in the valleys immediately around Sand, Lookout and Pigeon mountains, in the broader valleys immediately east of Taylor's ridge, and again east of Horn's mountain, viz.: -- West Armuchee valley in Walker county, Sugar valley in Gordon, Dirttown valley in Chattooga, and Texas valley with a large portion of the country to the west of Coosa river in Floyd county. These are decidedly the best cotton uplands in this part of the State, yielding often without fertilizers from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of seed

104

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

cotton to the acre. They seem to be especially adapted to the cotton crop; but corn, wheat and oats do well.
The Cincinnati group and the lower portion of the Clinton group, in Dade county and along the eastern side of Lookout mountain, and around Pigeon mountain in Walker county, consist of green calcareous shales, that weather to a yellow or orange color. The rocks outcrop in the hills or on the slopes of the ridges around these mountains; and the lands to which they give rise are rich, and are very generally under cultivation. The soil is yellow or orange colored and rather argillaceous in character, though there is an admixture of fine sand and gravel, that renders it easy of tillage.
The steepness of slopes and character of soil predispose the lands to wash, and horizontal hillside plowing is necessary to prevent washing. These lands are adapted to corn and wheat. Where these formations occur east of Lookout and Pigeon mountains they are represented by hard siliceous shales and sandstone, and in this character contribute largely to the materials, of which the Chattoogata range of mountains is built.
These lands are underlaid by a series of shales and Knox Shale, limestone of about 2,500 feet in thickness. The
region covers, in Georgia, about 400 square miles, occurring in belts of from half a mile to two or three miles in width, and is found in all the counties of this section except Dade.
The formation affords an argillaceous soil of an orange or light color, and of great importance, nearly the entire area consisting of slightly rolling or nearly level lands, most of which have long been under cultivation. This soil contains more clay, in general, than most of the other good lands of the region, but is more or less calcareous, and contains a sufficient amount of fine sand or gravel derived, in fact, from bordering cherty ridges, to promote easy culture. The clay beneath the soil has varying depths of from one foot or two to fifteen feet down to the shales, but rarely less than four or five feet. The generally rolling character of the land is sufficient for good drainage. The forest growths are red, white and
Spanish oaks, hickory, dogwood, chestnut and pine; the principal agricultural products cover oats,.wheat, clover and grasses, aud

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GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

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cotton. Land of this character, that has been kept in cultivation for thirty or more years, with little or nothing returned to the soil for its improvement, will now produce about twenty bushels of corn, six bushels of wheat, and ten bushels of oats to the acre. These lands are, however, capable of a high degree of improvement, and where they have been properly kept up the yield is good. They rank as about third-rate uplands, in relation to cotton culture, and with fertilizers will produce about five hundred pounds of seed cotton per acre. The lands, where hilly, are inclined to wash ; but this can generally be prevented by horizontal plowing, though they are rarely so steep as to require this. The valleys in which these lands occur are supplied with numerous springs running from the bases of cherty ridges, that border them on one or both sides; and water is easily obtained in wells, that do not require curbing, at depths of from twenty to forty feet.
These lands have a gravelly soil, varyGray Gravelly Lands, ing in color from light to dark gray,
with generally a porous, gravelly subsoil; but in some places there is a good clay sub-soil, with a gravelly soil of a dark brown or red color. These lands are generally regarded as poor, and are, for the most part, in the original forest. The prices range from fifty cents to three dollars per acre, according to situation, the highest values being given to such as adjoin the valley lands, without regard to their adaptation to culture. Recently attention has been attracted to these, as among the most profitable lands for cotton. They are found to give a better immediate return for manures than the richer valley lands; and their present cheapness and comparatively easy culture, with their general healthfulness, give them additional importance.
The timber is of good size, and consists of red, black, mountain, post, white and Spanish oaks, chestnut, pine, hickory, dogwood, sourwood and blackgum. The oaks predominate ; but chestnut and short-leaf pine are generally abundant. When the belts are broad and the lands nearly level, as in some portions of Bartow and Polk counties, the long-leaf pine is the prevailing growth. Hickory is common, especially where there is a somewhat compact sub-soil,, and the mountain oak is found only on the high and steep portion

106

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

of the ridges. Notwithstanding the hilly character of these lands, they are less liable to injury from washing than most of the uplands, the gravel and small stones, with which the surface is covered, as well as the previous character of the soil, protecting it.

The cotton crop is less subject to injury from continued wet weather in the spring than on most other soils, and comes to maturity early, rarely failing to open well. The production, with fertilizers, is about twelve hundred pounds of seed cotton per acre. Corn does not do well on these lands, after a few years' cultivation, except in very rainy seasons. With the use of fertilizers, wheat might be made a very profitable crop, as it is less subject to disaster, and nearly always matures a better-developed grain than on the richer valley lands; but without fertilizers it does not "tiller" or spread well, and the average yield is not so good. The lands are well suited for fruit culture, the trees being healthy and long-lived, and the tops and slopes of ridges here have an immunity from late spring frosts, that often kill the fruit on lower lands.

Dr. Loughridge, in speaking of the analysis of the soils of this group, says:--"These lands are remarkably rich in potash and phosphoric acid, with a sufficiency of lime to insure their availability for the present at least. The general prevailing idea, that these ridge lands are of no value agriculturally is shown, both by this result and agricultural tests, to be a mistaken one."

The portion of the carboniferous se-

Sandy Lands of

ries above the conglomerates, consist-

the Mountain Summits. ing of sandstones and sandy shales,

(Carboniferous.)

gives rise to a gray or yellow sandy

laud, more or less gravelly and rocky.

The soils of this character are on table-lands, from 1,000 to 1,200

feet above the valleys.

Sand mountain in Dade county, Lookout mountain in Dade Walker and Chattooga counties, and Little Sand mountain in Chattooga county, afford the lands of this character, the total area of which is about 200 square miles. The topography varies from nearly level to rolling and hilly. The daily range of the thermometer here is about fifty per cent, less during the summer months

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

107

than in the valleys, though the daily minimum temperature is usually but 2 or 3 less. Owing to this average low temperature, these lands are thought to be unfit for the growth of cotton, to which otherwise they would seem to be well suited. They are especially adapted to fruit culture and to a great variety of vege-

tables. A variety of mineral springs is found on these table-lands, and
these, together with the pleasant summer climate, give importance to this region as a health resort. The timber is of medium size, consisting of mountain, white and red oaks, chestnut, pine and hickory, with less undergrowth than is common to other woodlands in this part of the State, and with a good coat of grass covering the

surface nearly everywhere.
Flatwoods. (Potsdam and Calciferous.)

These formations are made up of sandstones and hard siliceous and argillaceous shales, with siliceous limestones in certain localities. The siliceous

shales are the most abundant in the upper part of the series, and these are often glai>conitic, while the sandstone occurs in both the upper and lower beds. Owing to its somewhat varied lithological character, the topography is correspondingly diversified with mountains, hills and nearly level "flatwoods," but the soils are nearly everywhere of one general character, at least with regard to sterility. The most extensive area of these lands is that of the flatwoods near the Oostanaula and Coosa rivers in Gordon, Floyd and Polk counties, and a mountainous section south of the Coosa iu Floyd and Polk counties belonging to the same formation, and with which these flatwoods are continuous. It occurs again in a belt of hills in the southern part of Murray county, extending southward nearly across the county of Gordon. In the eastern part of Catoosa these glauconitic shales, with sandstones, are found in a narrow belt extending southward into Whitfield. It affords a thin soil of a gray or light-brown color, with but little depth above the shales and sandstones, and the lands are generally regarded as unfit for cultivation. This land abounds in short-leaf pine, with post and

red oaks as its principal forest growth.

108

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

In the mountains, where the streamsare rapid, Alluvial Lauds the alluvial lands have but little extent, but

in the valleys the creek and bottom lands are comparatively broad. The bottom lands vary from about one-eighth of a mile on small streams to one or two miles on the larger ones, the greater part of their width being generally on the western side

of the stream. The alluvial deposits of small streams vary more in character, those of the larger ones in general being most productive. Alluvial lands with a large proportion of sand are the ouly ones on which cotton has been grown with success, the Coosa and Etowah rivers affording some of the best cotton lands in this part of the State.

Under the designation of red lands

Soils of Middle

are included both red sandy and

and Northeast Georgia. clayey soils, from whatever source

they may be derived. Hornblendic

rocks, by decomposition, form a red clayey soil, more or less saudy

for a few inches, but have a red clayey subsoil. The color and

character of the soil are as varying as the proportion of hornblende

and associated minerals in the rocks. Biotite mica contains also much iron, and, if present very largely in the rock, forms, by decomposition, deep mulatto, or sometimes red, soil, having the same general appearance as that from the hornblendic rocks, but usually lighter in character.
The surface of the country occuTopography, and Character pied by these red lands is rolling

of the Soils.

or undulating and often somewhat

hilly, there being but few very level areas, and then not in very large tracts. Very little is too broken for cultivation. The growth is red or Spanish, white and post oaks, hickory, chestnut, dogwood, and some short-leaf pine, with poplar, ash, walnut, cherry and buckeye in the lowlands of some of the counties. The proportion of hickory is much larger, and that of pine much less, than on gray sandy land. Blackjack is occasionlly interspersed with these. The red lands are usually

sandy for a depth of several inches, and hence are rather easily cultivated, especially in dry weather. Decayed vegetation frequent!;-

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

109

gives to them a dark, black surface, but the subsoils and uuder-clays are very red. The latter being "in place," and derived from the disintegrated and decomposed rocks, are variegated, showing differ-

ent colored strata. On these red lands cotton grows very well, if the soil is loose and sandy. They are in general difficult to till in wet weather, being sticky, and in dry seasons are very hard and

compact. Except, perhaps, in southern counties, these red clay lands are

considered best for small grain (especially oats); as they are cold and thin, cotton crops are late maturing. A large portion, probably one-third, of these lands under cultivation is devoted to cotton.
The disintegration of the feldspar,

Gray Sandy and Gravelly quartz and mica of the gray gneiss

Lands.

rocks produces a loose, sandy, gray

soil, more or less clayey and cov-

ered or mixed with gravel and loose quartz rock. The subsoil is usually a yellowish clay. The mica schists, which are also fouud in large areas, are more or less garnetiferous, and are penetrated by quartz seams and veins of every size. By the disintegration of these schists, gray, sandy, gravelly land is produced, unless there is present much iron or biotite mica, as in the southern part of the region. By the subsequent denudation of the surface of the country, the quartz fragments are either left on the surface or are transported as gravel and sand to the low country. They are of*en accompanied by narrow, decomposed strata of other rocks of the series; but no

material change is perceptible in the lands. The surface of country covered

Topography and Character by gray lands is always more or

of the' Lands.

less rolling and hilly; but it has

broad level areas either on the

ridges or in the valleys. The slopes on the ridges are so gradual as not to interfere with their successful cultivation, excepting, of course, in the more mountainous districts. Their light, sandy nature makes them very liable, when opened up to cultivation, to wash into gullies and flood the lowlands with sands; but the methods of hillside ditching and horizontalizing practiced are successful in pre-

110

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

venting such damage. There is comparatively little of the gray lands too broken for cultivation outside of the Blue Ridge mountain region.
The growth is generally short-leaf pine, post, Spanish, red and white oaks, hickory, dogwood and persimmon, with some ash, black and sweetgums, poplar, walnut and cherry on the lowlands. Pine has not as large a growth as on granite lands, and only the short-leaf variety is found. The soils are coarse, gray and sandy, frequently colored dark for an inch or two with decayed vegetation; they are more or less gravelly from three to twelve inches deep, and have a yellow .clayey subsoil. From this intermixture of the soil and subsoil cultivation a yellow mulatto soil is obtained. Loose quartz rocks or stones are often so abundant on the surface as to require removing before the ground can be broken up.
Though these lands are said to produce late crops of cotton, they are preferred to the red clays as being more productive, and because they enable the stalks to stand the drouth better. They are also easy to till, and a larger area can be cultivated than of the red lands with the same labor. Of the gray lands under cultivation, from one-half to two-thirds are devoted to the culture of cotton. Fresh lands yield from 500 to 700 pounds of seed cotton per acre, as do also old lands by the aid of fertilizers; but without fertilizers the latter yield only 250 or 300 pounds per acre, or about 100 pounds of lint.
Large and small areas of gray sandy soils, havGranitic Lands. ing outcroppings of underlying granite rocks,
are found in many counties of the Crystalline region, but chiefly in its southern half, and cover about 2,600 square miles. The rocks often graduate into the gray gneisses, in such a manner that the line of separation cannot easily be determined.
The surface of the country is generally rolling and broken, with sharply denned and rounded hills in localities, which have the granite boulders or rounded masses, and broad level areas, where only the flat rock underlies the land. A little hornblende occasionally accompanies the granite, and black tourmaline crystals are also often found in quartz rock near its outcrop. The almost universal

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

Ill

timber growth on all these lands is pine (either long or short leaf), with oak, chestnut, hickory and some black jack. The soil is often a coarse gray or gravelly sand from three to six inches deep, with a subsoil of yellow or red clay, more or less sandy, or some-
times a whitish impervious clay. THE RESULT OP FELDSPAR DECOMPOSITION.--The soils are re-
ported by some as cold; but they are easily tilled and are well adapted to cotton culture. About two per cent, of the entire granite lands of the State are reported to be untillable, either from their broken character or because of the exposure of the granite or its near approach to the surface. In Columbia county one of these exposures is said to cover 125 acres, there being nothing but flat and bare rock, having a low scrub growth only in its seams and crevices. The yield per acre on these lands is about 800 pounds of seed cotton wten fresh and unmanured, equal to 270 pounds of lint. Cultivation rapidly reduces this product to 350 pounds of seed cotton. Cotton is planted only on the uplands, it being liable to rust on the lowlands. A noticeable feature in the soils in the granitic region is the increase of both potash and lime over that of other soils of the crystalline belt, both doubtless derived from the feldspars of the granite. The general average percentage of lime in the granitic
lands, as shown by analysis, is 0.102, an amount sufficient to make these lauds thrifty and more durable than others.
CULTIVATED LANDS OF THE CRYSTALLINE REGION.--In the high and mountainous district of the Blue Ridge region, especially in Towns and Rabun counties, there is a comparatively small amount of land suitable for tillage. The farms are small and are found principally along the water courses. In the entire group of ten counties, but 12.3 per cent, of their area (or an average of 79 acres per square mile) is under cultivation.
The lands of the region have a dark or red brown soil, very rich and durable, those of the Little Tennessee valley in Rabun county being especially noted for their fertility and excellence; but, in those couuties which lie chiefly outside or south and west of the mountains, the lands are gray, sandy and gravelly, with a yellow or red clay subsoil. But little attention is given to the culture of cotton, because of (1) the distance from market and the absence of

112

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

transportation facilities; and (2) the severe climate of the region and the short seasons suitable to the growth of cotton.
Passing south from the Blue Ridge counties, we find at first a small increase in acreage under cultivation, the average proportion in the counties of Franklin, Hart, Madison, Banks, Hall, Forsyth, Cherokee and Pickens being about 38 per cent.; but beyond these to the pine hills of the central cotton region the general average of lands that have been or are now under cultivation is about 54 per cent, of the entire area.
The lands north of the Chattahoochee river on the northeast have almost entirely gray, sandy soils, with but a few strips of red clay. The subsoils are almost universally clays. This section has been designated the "northeast division" by the State Department of Agriculture, and the yield per acre with fair cultivation is reported as follows:--Corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; barley, 25 bushels; hay, from two to three tons; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons. Tobacco, buckwheat and German millet can also be grown with great success.
The fruits adapted to the section are the apple, cherry, pear, grape, plum in all its varieties, peach, gooseberry, raspberry and strawberry.
In the rest of the Crystalline or Middle Georgia region, the products are cotton, corn, oats, wheat, and all the grains and grasses, and even tobacco may be grown successfully. After the coast country, this division was the first settled, and has continued to be the most prosperous in the State. A large proportion of the land has suffered temporary exhaustion by injudicious culture, which claimed everything from the soil and returned nothing; but this ruinous practice is fast giving way to a more enlightened and economical system.
The abandoned fields, grown up in stunted pines, and for from twenty to forty years considered useful only as pasturage, have been restored to cultivation, and are now among the most productive lands of the State.
The fruits, to which this section is best adapted, are the peach, fig, apple, pear, strawberry and raspberry. The yield per acre of the common crops under ordinary culture is :--Corn, 12 bushels ;

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

113

wheat, 8 bushels; oats, 25 bushels ; barley, 30 bushels; rye, 8

bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels.

The acreage devoted to cotton is naturally small in the northern

counties near the Blue Ridge, and averages no more than one per

cent, of the entire area under cultivation, in a belt of a few miles

in width.

Southward, the acreage increases rapidly, until in the southern

half we find that the percentage of the total area occupied by this

crop is 10 to 15 on the east, and 15 to 20 on the west, with three

counties whose average is above 20 per cent., viz., Troup, Pike

and Clayton.

Within this cotton region, there are three

The Central Cotton distinct belts, differing very widely from

Belt.

each other. These are first, the sand hills

and pine belt on the north, and bordering

the Crystalline region of the State, its sands also often extending

northward and covering some of its rocks. Second, the red hills

adjoining the first belt on the south. Third, the oak, hickory and

pine sandy loam uplands, with clay subsoils, forming, as it were, a

transitive belt from the red hills to the sandy wire-grass region of

the south, and gradually falling in elevation from the hills to the

level lands of the latter.

The Sand and Pine Lands.

The records of the State Geological Survey place the northern limit of this belt from a few miles north of Au-

gusta and Thomson, a few miles south of Warreuton and

Sparta, to Milledgeville, Macon, Knoxville, Geneva and Colum-

bus, at which point the crystalline rock are found outcropping

in the beds of streams, while the sand hills extend northward a

short distance along the uplands. The southern limit is easily de-

fined by the somewhat abrupt red clay hills along its border. Its

width varies greatly; but it is greatest on the east and west, about

25 or 30 miles from each of the large boundary rivers. Between

the Ogeechee and Flint rivers, it is rather narrow; but it widens to

the west to 20 miles or more in Taylor and Marion counties. On

the Chattahoochee, its southern limit is near the mouth of Upatoi

114

DEPARTMENT OP AGEICULTUEE--GEORGIA.

creek. The area embraced in the sand-hills is about 2,950 square
miles. The surface of the country embraced in this belt is high and roll-
ing; and this is especially the case near its northern limit, where the altitude is from 500 to 600 feet above the sea, and sometimes 100 ' feet or more above the adjoining Crystalline region. Southward the country falls to the foot of the line of the red hills, which often rise abruptly from its limit. Again, in other localities, as between the Flint and Ocmulgee rivers the lower part of the belt presents a broad plateau, which gradually declines southward. In the western portion of the belt, the transition to the red hills is
gradual. The country is very hilly and broken, with a height of from 100
to 150 feet above the streams, and is interspersed with deep gullies, formed by the washing away of clays and sands.
The usual timber growth of these sand-hills is long and shortleaf pine, scrub black-jack oak, sweetgum, and some dogwood. Along the many streams there is an undergrowth of hay and gallberry bushes, while the soil is but little less than sand, darkened more or lews by decayed vegetation.
The lands of the sand-hills region have a soil of white sand from six to twelve inches deep, and usually sandy subsoil underlaid by variegated clays; and they are not very productive, except where fresh or highly fertilized. The yield, after a few years' cultivation, is only about 200 pounds of seed cotton per acre; but on the best lauds it is 300 pounds. A large proportion of the lands originally in cultivation now lies "out."
The red-hill region is characterized by a high rolling Red Hills, or broken and well timbered surface, covered with
deep red clay lands more or less sandy. The red lands are very generally associated with silicious shell rocks and friable sandstones; and, as before stated, they are found in isolated areas over the entire yellow loam region. The beds have a thickness of sixty feet at Shell Bluff on the Savannah river, and fifty feet at Fort Gaines on the Chattahoochee; but between these points they thin out to ten or twelve feet, as they approach the central Atlantic
and Gulf water divide.

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

115

The lands of these red clay hills are usually somewhat sandy,

and have a depth of from twelve to twenty-four inches in the

eastern counties, and from six to twelve inches in others. The

subsoil is a heavy clay loam, deeper in color than the soil and

more clayey, which sometimes overlies a variegated and plastic

pipe-clay. The growth is oak, hickory, short leaf pine and dog-

wood, with beech, maple and poplar on the lowlands. The lands

of the belt lying between the Savannah and Flint rivers are con-

sidered the best of the region, and not only occur in large areas,

but are more productive and durable, and are easily tilled. The

subsoil is stiff and tenacious, and hard to " break up." The lands

yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed cotton when fresh, and 500

pounds after a few years' cultivation. Reports give the product,

after fifty year's cultivation, as 300 pounds. These lands are, how-

ever, preferred for small grain.

This region forms a belt of

The Oak, Hickory and Long- country across the State be-

Leaf Pine Hills, or Yellow tween the Savannah and the

Loam Region.

Chattahoochee rivers, and ex-

tends in width from the

sand-hills south to the pine-barrens and wire-grass re-

gion. Its width varies greatly. Between the Savannah and

Ocmulgee it is narrow, and is confined almost entirely to the

country south of the red hills, from fifteen to twenty-five miles.

Westward to the Flint river, it is wider; and in Houston county

the lands are found north of the red hills. On the west the area

widens still more, one narrow belt extending southward to Albany,

while the lower limit of the rest of the region extends to the Ala-

bama line a few miles north of Fort Gaines, and the northern

passes west to the Alabama line at the mouth of the Upatoi creek.

The entire area embraced by the yellow loam region, including

the red hills, is about 6,650 square miles.

The soils of the eastern part of this belt are sandy and gray,

except on the immediate surface, where they are dark from decayed

vegetation. Black, brown and yellow ferruginous gravel is abun-

dant in some of the counties on the surface and mixed with the

soil. The sub-soil, at a depth of from three to nine inches from

116

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

the surface, is either a yellow clay loam or yellow sand. Lands having the latter are poor and unproductive, except perhaps for a year or two, and are only kept under cultivation by fertilizers. The growth is almost exclusively the long-leaf pine. The better class of soils, with their clay subsoils and mixed growth of long-leaf pine, oak and hickory, are easy to cultivate, and are well drained, and yield an average of 500 pounds of seed cotton per acre, wheu fresh, and 250 to 300 pounds, after a cultivation often years.
West of Flint river, these lands cover the greater part of the hickory region. The upper counties, and those along the Chattahoochee river as far south as Clay county, are hilly, and are usually covered with a heavy deposit of sand. Underneath the sandy soil are the red and yellow clays over variegated and joint clays with cretaceous marls. The growth of these hills is oak and hickory, with a large proportion of long and short-leaf pine, which also characterize these lands southward. Ferruginous sandstone is abundant in some localities on high points. These lands are but sparingly under tillage, owing to their broken character and to the abundance of good valley lauds.
The region embraced in this division Southern Oak, Hickory comprises portions of the counties of
and Pine Region. Deeatur, Thomas and Brooks, lying along aud near the Florida line.
The country for the most part is high and rather rolling, and is about seventy-five feet above the open wire-grass country on the north, or one hundred aud thirty feet above the river.
In Deeatur county it presents a bolder front to that region, than in the other counties, the ascent aloug the line, from a point seven miles south of Bainbridgc, thence eastward to near Attapulgus aud northward by Climax, being quite abrupt. Eastward it gradually assumes the wire-grass feature, and the line of separation is not so well marked.
The area embraced in this southern region is estimated to be about 2,317 square miles. The surface of the country is for the most part very open, with a tall timber growth of long-leaf pine. The soil is very generally sandy from six to twelve inches deep, with mostly a clayey subsoil, underlaid by white limestone. A

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

117

peculiar feature of the region is the presence of a red clay loam in small localities, where the timber growth is oak and hickory.
Wire-grass occurs but seldom in this regiou, and silicious shellrocks are almost entirely absent except in some lowlands.
The yield is reported to be from 600 to 800 pounds of seed cotton per acre, after four years' cultivation.
These comprise the bottoms and hammocks Lowlands of the of the streams and gallberry flats. The bot-
Central Belt. toms of the larger streams are usually liable to yearly overflows and are therefore but
little in cultivation. Their width varies from 200 to 1,500 yards, and even more in the sharp bends of the streams. The growth is usually pine, oak, hickory, bay, poplar, maple, beech, gum etc. The soil is a dark loam, more or less sandy, red in some of the streams, and from one foot to six feet deep, to a tenacious pipe clay.
On the Chattahoochee river, there is but little bottom land proper, the uplands approaching to the water's edge and forming bluffs. As cotton crops on all of the bottom lands are liable to injury from early frosts and rust, corn and oats comprise the chief
crops. The gallberry flats are lowlands along the very small streams,
which have a light sandy soil and a dense growth of gallberry bushes, about three feet high, and a larger growth of titi, cassino, small bays, and a few cypress. They are somewhat marshy and are
not under cultivation. The hammocks, or second bottoms of the larger streams above
overflow, are largely under cultivation; and on some of the streams they are very extensive. They are very level, and have a growth similar to the bottoms. The soil is a rich sandy loam, from twelve to twenty-four inches deep, with much decayed vegetation, and is considered the most productive of all the lands of the belt. Of seed cotton, these hammock soils yield about 1,400 pounds when fresh, and from 800 to 1,000 pounds after being cultivated a few years. Heavy clays also underlie the lands. These lands are not considered best for cotton, that crop being liable to injury from early frosts and rust, though large crops are produced. They are said to be late, cold and ill-drained.

118

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The alluvial lands of the Savannah river are very level and wide, and have a growth of beech, white and water oaks, hickory, ash, holly, bay, birch, walnut, mulberry, sycamore and cottonwood. The soil, a fine brown loam mixed with scales of mica, is from two to three feet deep, with a putty-like, tenacious pipe-clay, which is hard to till and "breaks up in clods." These lands are largely under cultivation, being well adapted to cotton, corn and grain, though the former suffers much from rust and early frosts. The yield in seed cotton is about 1,500 pounds on fresh land, and 1,000 pounds after a few years'cultivation; and, unless prevented by having the rows far apart, or by other means, it grows to a height of five or six feet. "Very little of this land lies out.
Along the Chattahoochee river, south from Columbus to Georgetown, there are many level valleys of open prairie occupying a position similar to the second bottoms of other streams, but higher, and without their growth. In Muscogee county, these valleys are very broad and open, and have a fine sandy loam soil from five to twelve inches deep and a heavy clay subsoil.
In the counties south, where the blue clay marls approach near the surface, these prairie valleys are richer, the soil being darker and more tenacious. The sand and red clays of the adjoining hills enter more or less into its composition. In the southwestern part of Stewart county, this valley is two or more miles wide. The lands under cultivation yield from 800 to 1,200 pounds of seed cotton per acre when fresh, and from 600 to 800 pounds after five or ten years of constant tillage. On the eastern side of the State, in Burke and Screven counties, there are a number of ponds, some of them covering many acres each, which were once drained and brought under cultivation. The soil, while black from the long accumulation of decayed vegetation, was soon found to consist largely of a fine dust of silt, which, when dry, was very light. On being stirred up by plows or hoes, this dust rose in the air, and, by inhalation, so irritated and injured the throats aud lungs of the workmen, that the fields had to be abandoned. This dust is derived from the siliceous and flinty rocks, that usually are found in heavy beds on the borders of the ponds. Examinations of these rocks with the microscope, by Lyell, revealed the preseuce of very minute siliceous sponge

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

119

spicules with sharp needle-like points. The rocks, by their disin-

tegration, have formed this fine and light dust, white or sometimes

red from the presence of a little iron, and it is these spicules which

have done the injury to the workmen. This region covers a large portion

The Long Leaf Pine and of Southern Georgia south of the oak

Wire-Grass Region.

and hickory and pine lauds of the central cotton belt, extending from

the Savannah river on the east to the Chattahoochee river on the

west, and including in its area eighteen whole counties and large

parts of others. The entire region is, as it were, a vast plain, very

nearly level except on the north, and covered with a growth of tall

long-leaf pine. The surface of the upper and western portions of

this region is somewhat rolling or undulating, with a few low ridges

or hills, and is elevated from twenty-five to fifty and even seventy-

five feet above the streams, and from 200 to 500 feet above the sea.

This is especially the case in the northwestern and southwestern

portions of the region, which also differs from the rest, in being underlaid by limestone (" lime-sink region "), and having a better class

of soil, as indicated by the occasional admixture of oak and hick-

ory with long-leaf pine. The differences in the two regions mentioned are sufficiently great

to justify a subdivision into what might be termed the "pine bar-

ren" proper and the lime-sink divisions, the growth of long-leal pine and wire-grass being still common to both. This entire wire-

grass region is the special home of the gopher (testudo holyphemus),

whose holes are marked by the innumerable small hills of sand

seen everywhere. The lime-sink region lies chiefly on the west of

The Lime sink the Atlantic and Gulf water divide. The soft

Region.

limestone underlying this section, instead of the

sandstone alluded to, is accompanied on the sur-

face and sometimes in beds, by masses of a siliceous and aluminous,

and often flinty, shell rock. The eastern limit of this lime-sink region is marked by a line of

low ridges, branching off southward from the main divide, and separating the waters of the Alapaha and Withlacoochee rivers from

i

120

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

those of the Flint river. This line passes through the eastern side of Worth and Colquitt counties, and southeastward into Brooks and Lowndes. The region embraces about 7,020 square miles, and includes the following counties and parts of counties:--Screven, except a strip along the eastern and northern side of the county, the lower part of Burke, the upper part of Bulloch, all of Miller, Mitchell, Colquitt and Worth; the southern parts of Pulaski, Dougherty, Baker and Early; the northern parts of Decatur, Thomas, Brooks and Lowndes; the eastern parts of Dooly, Lee and Dougherty; and the western parts of Irwin, Berrien, Dodge and Wilcox. This is a better cotton producing region than the pine barrens, and Decatur county was at one time reported to be even the "banner cotton county" of the State in total production. It is said that four per cent, of the land is irrcclaimably swamp, and of the remainder over twenty-six per cent, has been cleared. Much of this is reported as now lying out; but 15.5 percent, of the area is under cultivation, and of this 34.4 per cent, is in cotton.
The uplands of the region, with their long-leaf pine and wiregrass, have a gray sandy soil, which is from six to twelve inches deep, and a red or yellow sandy clay subsoil; and they contain some ferruginous gravel. These lands are less under cultivation than the other varieties, as they are not so productive or as durable. They yield at first from 500 to 800 pounds of seed cotton per acre; but after eight or ten years without fertilizers, this is diminished to 350 or 500 pounds. The country is so sparsely settled, that the farms are located chiefly on the better classes of land.
The bottom lands lying along the rivers and hammocks of the creeks have a dark loamy soil (alluvial), with a clay subsoil at a depth of from ten to twenty inches. They are very durable, and yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed cotton per acre when fresh, and nearly the same after several years' cultivation. The growth on the streams is white and red oaks, ash, hickory, poplar, beech, bays and magnolia; on the uplands, along the large water courses, oaks are a prominent growth.
PINE BARRENS OR SANDY WIRE GRASS EEGION.--The division known as the pine barrens proper covers an area of over 10,000 square miles, and includes the following counties and parts of couu-

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

121

ties:--Tattnall, Montgomery, Emauuel, Telfair, Appling, Coffee, the middle of Effingham, the southern portions of Bullock, Johnson and Laurens, the eastern parts of Wilcox, Irwin, Berrien and Lowndes, the upper portions of Pierce, Wayne, Mclntosh, Liberty and Bryan, and areas in Jefferson, Washington, Dodge, Ware and
Clinch. It has a general level or slightly undulating surface, and is
underlaid in many places by a sandstone, which juts out in bold bluffs on some of the streams. The soil is usually fine and sandy with a yellow, sandy subsoil, though clay frequently underlies it. The surface of the country in the upper counties is rolling or undulating; but it becomes quite level southward; the soil also becomes less sandy. The land contains much ferrugineous gravel or brown pebbles. The wire-grass region terminates near the coast, forming the second terrace. From this terrace, there is a descent for fifteen or twenty-five feet to the savannas and pine flat and palmetto lands.
This cannot properly be called a cotton-growing section of the State. Of the large area included in it, the estimate made by the Georgia Department of Agriculture is, that about six per cent, consists of irreclaimable swamp, and of the remainder only fifteen per cent, has been cleared for cultivation. Returns show that of this a large percentage now lies out, and that but about five per cent, is under actual cultivation.
About eighteen counties are devoted to cotton culture, lumber and turpentine interests absorbing nearly the whole attention of its country people, especially near the navigable water courses.
The introduction of fertilizers in this section has made the cultivation of cotton profitable, and has broken up, to some extent, the old method of throwing away old land and taking in new.
The soil of the uplands is sandy and gray or ash colored, twelve inches deep, and has a subsoil of yellow or orange colored loam. In the higher regious, there is sometimes a clay subsoil approaching the surface, giving to the land greater fertility and durability, as indicated by the oak and hickory growth. The soil is frequently covered with gravel, either of quartz or of ferruginous concretions, yellow, or of dark brown externally, and either smooth or rough,

122

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

with a black interior. These latter are commonly known in some of the counties as the so-called "Georgia pills."
Both kinds are found in the upper portion of the region; but in the lower the ferruginous concretions only are observed, and then usually on the lower hills. It has been noted, that, on low lands containing these latter, cotton is very liable to rust.
These sandy soils, while producing a very good crop of cotton when new and fresh, very soon wear out; and, without the aid of fertilizers, their cultivation is not profitable.
The yield in seed cotton on fresh, sandy uplands, without the aid of fertilizers, is about 500 pounds per acre, though some correspondents report more than this. After cultivation for several years, this is diminished to about 300 pounds of seed cotton, or 100 pounds of lint, per acre. Of other crops, corn and oats yield 10 bushels per acre, while sorghum cane does very well, and much attention is given to its cultivation.
The bottom lands in some counties are considered better than the uplands, but are more or less liable to overflow. In the northern section, it is found that, where cotton is cultivated, it suffers from rust and is liable to be killed by early frost; hence, corn is raised instead of cotton. The soil is very sandy, and is colored almost black by decayed leaves and other vegetation. Its depth is 12 inches or more; and it is sometimes underlaid by clay. The growth is poplar, cypress and titi, with some pine and " fever tree " or "Georgia bark" (pinckneyapubeus).
The second bottoms or hammock lands differ from the bottoms in being above overflow; but their other features are similar.
PINK AND PALMETTO FLATS.--The region thus designated lies in the southeastern corner of the State, around Okefenokee swamp, and embraces mainly Charlton, Echols and Clinch counties, and large portions of Ware, Pierce and Wayne. It is considerably higher than the belt of the coast region that extends across other counties to the Savannah river. The country is very level and open, and sparsely settled, and is covered with many swamps, having a dense growth of titi, tupelo and blackgums, sweet and loblolly bays, cassino, a short-leaf pine (Pinus Elliotti) or pitch

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

123

pine of Mississippi, all interlocked and frequently tied together with bamboo briars, forming an impenetrable thicket.
Long-leaf pine and cypress are the timber growth, and the open lands are often covered with a low and dense mass of saw palmetto,
gallberry bushes and some wire-grass. ' This region is about 125 feet above the sea, the descent being very rapid on the east from the Okefenokee swamp to Traders Hill, at the head of the tide water on the St. Mary's river. Thence there is a second terrace to the edge of the savanna lands, 15 miles east of Coloveram. This terrace is covered in places with deep white sands, and is very similar to the third or Okefenokee upland.
In'the entire section, but little cotton is produced. The lands are sandy, though firm, and the roots of the saw palmetto (sabal serrulata) not only make travel disagreeable, almost forbidding the use of four-wheel vehicles, but give trouble in farming operations. The lands wear out rapidly, and have not as yet been renovated with fertilizers, new and fresh tracts being enclosed and cultivated.
In the swamps, the white sandy bottoms are covered with a muck several inches deep, while streams of dark and even black water flow sluggishly among the roots and cypress knees and across open
spaces. The creek bottom lands and hammocks of this pine-flat region
are not very wide, and have a dark loam soil from 8 to 12 inches deep, with a clayey subsoil underlaid by a blue clay stratum. This latter is found also in wells on the uplands north of Homerville, in Clinch county, at a depth of 9 feet from the surface. These lands, while considered the best for cotton, have but a small area devoted to that crop. It is claimed, that its late planting and consequent late maturity makes it liable to be killed by early frosts. The growth of these hammock lands is chiefly oak, blackgum, maple
and tupelo-gum, cypress etc. The coast region embraces savannas, live-oak
Coast Region, lands and islands, covering in all about 2,045
square miles. SAVANNAS.--The region, properly designated savannas, occupies a belt of country from ten to fifteen miles wide, between the pine barrens and the wire-grass region, on one side, and the coast live-

124

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

oak lands on the other, extends from the Savannah to the St. Mary's river, and embraces nearly all of the counties of Chatham, Bryan, Glynn and Camden, and large portions of Liberty aud Mclntosh. The surface of the country is very level, and ten to fifteen feet above tide-water; and it comprises what is known as ihe first terrace. Its northwestern limit is the blutF of the second, or wire-grass, terrace, passing through the lower part of Effingharn county (twenty miles north of Savannah) into Bryan, where it is fifty feet high. Southward, through Liberty county, this bluff forms " the gravel hill" south of Hinesville, which has an elevation of fifteen to thirty feet above the sea; deep sands are found here. Thence the limit extends through Mclntosh county to Waynesville, and, on the eastern side of the Satilla river, into and across Camden county, at a distance of fifteen miles east of Colerain. At this last point the rise is about twenty-five feet. Within this region adjoining the marsh lands, there is a belt of live-oak lands having a width of several miles, which properly belongs to the savannas. This region along the first, or lower terrace, is noted for its beautiful meadow or* savanna lands, which are broad, flat and open plains, having no growth other than sparse and tall long-leaf pine and a thick undergrowth of saw palmetto, with here and there bunches of wire-grass that has found its way down from the upper terrace. In the spring and early summer months, these plains are covered with a dense growth of flowers, which give them an enchanting appearance. The savannas at one time covered a large part of these counties; but the custom of burning of the lauds to cause a growth of young grass for grazing purposes has also produced a scrub undergrowth of trees and bushes. The soils aud subsoils outside of the live-oak lands are saudy and not much under cultivation. The streams are dark and sluggish.
Along the coast (as well as occupying the Live oak and islands) from the Savannah river to the St. Coast Lands. Mary's river, there is an irregular and interrupted
belt of mulatto saudy lands about ten miles wide, whose characteristic feature is the growth of very large live-oak trees. From their widely spreading branches, there hangs a very great profusion of " long moss " (Tillandsia usueoides), its long,

GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.

125

gray streamers reaching often as much as ten to fifteen feet towards the ground. Associated with the live-oak, there is a growth of red and water oaks, hickory, chinquapin, pine, red cedar, sweet-gum, cabbage palmetto (sabal palmetto), sassafras, and a tall variety of blue palmetto (Chamaeiops hystrix). There are properly three divisions of this live-oak belt, viz., upland or ridge, middle, and lower bottom lands, each comprising about one-third of the area. The first has sandy soils and subsoils, which are not considered as remunerative. The bottoms, on the other hand, are very rich, and have a dark soil underlaid by a blue clay. These lands are well adapted to sea-island cotton, though but little attention is given to its cultivation. The yield is about 400 pounds of seed cotton per

acre.
The Coast Tide Swamp Land.

This occupies a narrow belt, not continuous, along the Atlantic coast, but bordering on the various inlets and streams to the limits of tidewater. In White's "Statistics of Georgia"

appears the following :-- On the Savannah river, the bodies of tide swamp land are ex-
tensive, and are cultivated upward of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river. On the Altamaha, these lands equal in width those of the Savannah river; but, from the marshes upward, the width does not exceed sixteen miles, where the freshets forbid their being of any value except for timber. The soil has more of decayed vegetable mold than the land of the Savannah river, and is more easily cultivated. The tide lands of the Ogeechee extend from the marshes about ten miles. Those of the Satilla, not as broad as those mentioned above, extend from the marshes twenty miles up the river, and are not liable to freshets. On the St. Mary's, the swamp lands on the Georgia side extend only to the foot of the second terrace, some fifteen miles east of Colerain, though tide-water reaches Trader's Hill. These are the rice lauds of the State, being now almost exclusively devoted to its cultivation, though other crops do well. Black seed, or Florida seaisland cotton, was once one of the principal crops of these low swamp lands. The soil of the swamp lands along the streams and islands is ash colored and clayey, from one foot to six feet deep, to

126

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

a blue clay stratum. The growth is cypress, water oak, gum, ash, maple, beech and saw palmetto"
MARSH LAND. There is very little of what may be properly termed sea marsh along the Georgia coast. Very small areas are found at the mouths of some of the rivers.
THE SEA ISLANDS. Along the coast there lies from one end to the other a perfect net-work of islands, large and small, having a rolling surface not exceeding fifteen feet above tide. Their united areas amount to about 560 square miles. The growth is live-oak, cedars, pines and saw palmetto, with some magnolia, gums etc.
The soil is usually sandy and well adapted to the production of sea-island cotton, corn and sweet potatoes. Lemons, figs, pomegranates, olives and oranges grow finely. Cultivation of sea-island cotton has been nearly abandoned since 1861.
The cultivation of upland ootton (short staple) is now receiving more and more attention since the introduction of commercial fertilizers. Of sea-island cotton, these soils formerly yielded from 400 to 500 pounds per acre in the seed when fresh, and 300 pounds after the fourth year.

CHAPTER IV.
THE STREAMS AND DRAINAGE BASINS OF GEORGIA, WITH TABLES SHOWING TRIBUTARIES AND WATER POWERS.
A study of the water courses of Georgia is Drainage Basins. peculiarly interesting. The streams all rise
within the borders of the State, and flow to the four points of the compass, forming a large number of separate and distinct drainage basins, which discharge into the Gulf of Mexico or the Atlantic Ocean at points very remote from each other. The nine principal drainage basins, that lie wholly or partly in the State are:
FIRST The Tennessee Basin, occupied by tributaries of the Tennessee river, whose waters find their way through the Mississippi to the Gulf below New Orleans.
SECOND--The Mobile Basin, in which originate the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, finding their outlets in the Gulf at Mobile.
THIRD The Apalachicola, through which runs the waters of the Chattahoochee and the Flint rivers, reaching the Gulf at Apa-
lachicola. FOURTH--The Altamaha Basin, including the Oconee and
Ocmulgee waters which enter the Atlantic Ooean by way of the Altamaha river.
pIFTH The Ogeechee Basin, which is drained into the Atlantic Ocean, by the Ogeechee river.
gIXTH The Savannah Basin, which is drained by the Savannah river into the Atlantic Ocean.
SEVENTH The Ocklocknee Basin, which is drained into the Gulf at Ocklocknee Bay.
EIGHTH The Suwannee Basin, which is drained into the Gulf by the Suwannee river.

128

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE --GEORGIA.

NINTH--The Satillaand St. Mary's Systems, which flow into the Atlantic Ocean at Cumberland Island.
Five of these basins, the Tennessee, Mobile, Apalachicola, Altamaha, and Savannah, have a great portion of their territory lying in the Algonkian region of the State, which is all that part of the State north of a line joining Augusta, Milledgeville, Macon, and Columbus, and east of a line passing through Polk, Bartow, Gordon, and Murray counties. These two lines are shown on the map, and are designated, respectively, as the Southern Fall Line and the Western Fall Line. It may be said, in a general way, that the greatest water-powers in the State are at, or not far above the points where the rivers cross these fall lines; but, it must not be understood from this statement, that the greater part of the total water-power of the State is in the vicinity of these fall lines. The streams are a series of shoals from their heads to the fall line, which is the head of navigation in all the rivers except the Etowah, and which marks the divide between the hard granite rocks of the older crystalline region and the softer materials of a younger formation ; but the last great plunge that the river makes in this descent forms a water-power that is more important than any other along its course. To illustrate, the Chattahoochee river, from Thompson's Bridge in Hall county to West Point, a distance of about 180 miles, falls 386 feet, while from West Point to Columbus, a distance of only thirty-four miles, it falls 362 feet. About 120 feet of this is the last four miles above navigable water. There is no other fourmile section of the river that has so great a fall. It is thus seen, that while the river has a very large amount of available power along its upper course the combination at Columbus of great fall and great volume make a water-power which is the largest in the State, being nearly 80,000 gross horse-power at average low season. It is also true of the Ocouee, Savannah, Oemulgee, Etowah, and Coosawattee, that that they have a greater concentration of power, at or near the Algonkian limit than at any other single point; but the rivers of the Atlantic slope occupy lower basins in the Algonkian region than that of the Chattahoochee, while the Paleozoic country, immediately west of the western fall line is much higher than the tertiary region south of the southern fall line; consequently, these rivers have no such shoal at the fall line as those on the Chattahoochee at Columbus.
The river cuts through Pine Mountain Range (the Gulf Coast Range) about halfway from West Point to Columbus.
A striking characteristic of the Savannah and Oemulgee rivers is the great height of the shoals on their large tributaries ; notably Tallulah Falls and Anthony Falls of the Savannah basin; and the

WATER POWERS.

129

high falls on Towaliga, Alcovy, Yellow and South rivers of the
Ocmulgee watershed. It will be readily understood, from the foregoing, that the im-
portant water-powers of the State are confined mainly to the metamorphic region, where the fall is steep and the country rock is solid gneiss, that has no previous strata, and no underground caverns to form a subterranean outlet. These streams drain off absolutely all the rainfall that is not evaporated. Being in a region, where the rainfall is remarkably uniform throughout the year, they can be relied on, for constancy of supply.
Special attention may be called to the form and position of the Chattahoochee watershed. It is very narrow in proportion to its length and depth. Its greatest breadth is in the Blue Ridge mountains of Lumpkin, White, and Habersham counties, where the autumn rainfall is nearly twice as great as it is at Atlanta. The rainfall at Atlanta may be taken as an average for all that part of the Algonkian region which is not mountainous.
The following lists of important streams that go to Streams, make up the different drainage basins, and the ac-
companying water-power tables, will give some idea of the extent and distribution of the water-powers of the State, and the amount of work yet necessary to be done in order to arrive at a full knowledge of them. The tables are a compilation of data, derived from all available sources. In all the streams covered by the survey of Mr. C. C. Anderson, his low water volumes are used. The data as to other streams has been derived from Janes' Hand-book of Georgia, Henderson's Commonwealth of Georgia, the Tenth Census of the United States, and from other sources. It is mostly of a general nature and will serve to call the attention of the public to certain water-powers, without giving any very definite information concerning them. The fall, where given, is probably accurate, as the surveys were made by engineers of high standing; but the measurements of volume, though correct for the time they were taken, give very little information as to the flow of the stream throughout the year. The volumes given by the U. S. Census Reports are estimated from area of watershed, and it is highly probable, that they are in most cases too small. The tables of utilized power are from the Tenth U. S. Census, being the only data at hand. Mr. Anderson's statistics of utilized power are given in the regular power tables, but they
cover only a limited area.

130

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

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169

This river, which constitutes for its entire Savannah River. length the boundary line between the States
of South Carolina and Georgia, is formed by the union of the Tugalo and the Seneca rivers, both of which streams rise in the Blue Ridge, in the southern part of North Carolina, uniting on the line between Anderson county, S. C, and Hart county, Georgia. The Savannah pursues a nearly straight course to the ocean in a southeasterly direction, its length being about 180 miles in a straight line, and about 355 miles by the course of the river. The upper part of the stream is more nearly straight than the lower, the distance between Augusta and the head of the river being about eighty-five miles in a straight line and 1071 by the river. The stream crosses the fall-line at Augusta, which is the head of steamboat navigation. The drainage-basin of the river is long and narrow, the total area being between ten and eleven thousand square miles. That part above the head of the Augusta canal measures about 6,850 square miles. Below that point the only water power in the basin is on some tributary creek. Above Augusta there is considerable power on the river itself and on its principal tributaries. Of the 107J miles between Augusta and the head of the river, 28J miles are occupied by shoals. The bed of the stream above the fall-line is rock, sometimes overlaid with clay, gravel and sand. The fall of the stream is shown by the following table:

PLACE.

Distarce from mouth
(miles).

Elevat'on above tide
(feet).

Distance between points
(miles).

Fall between points (feet).

Fall between points (feet per mile).

Silver Bluff

0.0 170.0 203.0 230.0 248 0 355.5

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400.0

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270.0

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One of the largest and most utilized water Augusta Canal. powers in the South is the Augusta Canal,
seven miles long. At its head is a dam extending entirely across the river. It was begun in 1845, the di-
mensions then being as follows: Width at surface 40 feet, at bot-

170

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

torn 20 feet, depth 5 feet. It was enlarged in 1875 as follows: Surface width 150 feet, bottom width 106 feet, depth 11 feet, area of cross section 1,408 square feet. The dam at the head of the caual is 1,720 feet long, 10.63 feet high on the average, and is built of solid stone in cement, on a foundation of solid rock. The fall at Augusta between the level of the canal and low water in the river is in the neighborhood of fifty feet, but the fluctuations in the river render it impossible to utilize this fall economically.

AUGUSTA CANAL.
Below the main canal are two other levels, aggregating about two miles in length, the second and third levels being respectively 18 and 33 feet below the first canal. Power is used from all three. The power is owned entirely by the city of Augusta, who leases the water to the different mills at the rate of $5.50 per horse power. The Augusta Canal is regarded as one of the finest in the South.

WATER POWERS.

171

The principal shoals of the river are : Long Shoal (29J miles above Augusta). This shoal is 5 miles long with 35 feet fall, the river 1,800 feet wide. Trotter's Shoal (64 m.), 7 miles long with 74.88 feet fall; the river 570 feet wide. Cherokee Shoal (75 m.), one-half mile long with 9 feet fall, the river 1,800 feet wide. Bowman's Ledge (83 m.), 120 feet long with 3 feet fall, river 600 feet wide. Gregg's Shoal (85J- m.), one mile long with 14 feet fall, river 1,300 'feet wide. Middleton Shoal (88|- m.), one mile long with 18 feet fall, river 2,100 feet wide. Ferrell's Ledge (89 m.), 360 feet long with 3 feet fall, river 960 feet wide. Watts' Ledge (911 m.), fall 25 feet in 900 feet, river 900 feet wide. McDaniel's Shoal (95 m.), 30 feet fall in 5 miles, river 1,500 feet wide. Fork Shoal (107J), at the head of Savannah river, 1,300 feet long, 3 feet fall, river 850 feet wide. Of the Tugalo river are : Hatton's Shoal (110 miles above Augusta), one-half mile long, fall 39 feet, river 1,500 feet wide. "Shoal" (113 m.), 4 feet fall in 1,800 feet, river 300 feet wide. Guest's Shoal (H3J m.), one mile long, 23 feet fall, river 1,200 feet wide. Stribbling's Shoal (130 m.), one-half mile long, fall 2 feet, river 300 feet wide. Eastanollee Shoal (131 m.), one-half mile long, fall 2 feet, river 750 wide. Head of Navigation (154 m.). Here there is a fall of 75 feet in 2J miles. There are 654 cubic feet of water here per second, and this with the above fall will give an available horse-power of 56.34.
This stream rises in Greene county, Ga., and Ogeechee River. flows southeast through Taliaferro, then
between Warren and Glascock on its left, and Hancock and Washington on its right, thence through Jefferson, finally forming the boundary line between Burke, Screven, Effingham, and Chatham on its left, and Emanuel, Bulloch and Bryan on its right, and emptying into the Atlantic sixteen miles below

172

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE --GEORGIA.

the mouth of the Savannah. Its length in a straight line is about 160 miles, and it drains a total area of 4,720 square miles. As most of this area is below the fall line, it offers but little water power. The river crosses the fall line between Hancock and Glascock counties. Above the fall line the river flows through a rolling and hilly country, the bed being rock, overlaid between the shoals by sand, gravel and clay. The stream is navigable for a distance of 25 miles from its mouth for boats drawing sixteen feet, and for a distance of 35 miles from its mouth for boats drawing five feet. The first power on the stream is at the fall line, and is known as the Shoals of Ogeechee. The power is utilized by a grist and saw mill, with a wooden frame dam about 225 feet long and 8 or or 9 feet high, backing the water 1J miles, with an average width of 150 feet. The race is 300 feet long, the fall utilized 18 feet, and the power 30 to 40 horse power.
Four miles above is D. A. Jewell's cotton factory, with a wooden dam 280 feet long, 15 feet high ; 50 feet at one end being of stone. Water is backed 1 mile, with an average width of 150 feet. The fall is 16 feet. The power utilized is 150 horse power. During the season of low water (four months) steam power is put on to the extent of 125 horse power.
This river, with all its tributaries, lies Altamaha River. entirely within the State of Georgia, and is
the most southerly stream flowing into the Atlantic whose water power is worthy of special mention. The Altamaha is formed by the union of the Ocouee and Ocmulgee rivers (noted specially elsewhere) on the line between Montgomery and Appling counties, whence it pursues a southeasterly course, forming the boundary line between Tattuall, Liberty and Mclutosh counties on its left, and Appling, Wayne and Glynn on its right, emptying into the Atlantic ocean, through Altamaha sound, just below the city of Darien. Its length is about 75 miles in a straight line and about 155 miles by the river. The area drained by the Altamaha proper is 3,000 square miles. Its principal tributary is the Great Ohoopee, from the north, draining 1,400 square miles. The Altamaha is navigable for its entire length for boats drawing five feet of water. The mean rise and fall of the tides in Altamaha

WATER POWERS.

173

Sound is seven feet, and the tidal wave is felt for thirty miles above Darien. The Altamaha being entirely below the fall line offers no power whatever, and the power on its tributaries is not worth mentioning.
The Oconee river has its head waters in Hall Oconee River, county, but the stream proper is formed by the
union of its two forks, the North and the Middle, which unite just below the city of Athens, ou the line between Clarke and Oconee counties, whence the stream pursues a course a little east of south for a distance of 140 miles in a straight line, draining a total area of 5,400 square miles. It forms the boundary line between Clarke, Oglethorpe, Greene and Hancock counties on its left, and 'Oconee, Morgan and Putnam counties on its right, flows through Baldwin, and between Wilkinson on its right and Washington and Johnson on its left, and finally through Laurens and Montgomery, to join the Ocmulgee. Milledgeville, once the seat of State government, is located on this stream. Near this place the river crosses the fall line. The area drained above Milledgeville is 2,973 square miles. There is a navigable depth of five feet up to the Central railroad bridge, 135 miles from the mouth of the stream. Below Milledgeville the stream is very tortuous, distances by river being reckoned at three times those by laud. The bed is generally of sand and the banks of clay. Near Milledgeville the series of shoals extend for five or six miles, where the stream crosses the fall line. The fall between the mouth of Fishing creek, which empties into the river from the right just at Milledgeville, and the head of Carter's shoal is 34.2 feet. The development of this power by leading a canal from Carter's shoal to the city is being discussed. Carter's shoal is now used for a cotton gin. Just opposite Milledgeville is a grist mill. At Fraley's mill, 7 miles above Milledgeville, the power has an abrupt fall of 5 feet in 200, and 8 feet in one-fourth of a mile. The shoal is known as Cedar shoal. A fallof five feet is used by a mill ou the left bank, with a wing dam, extending one-third across the stream. The available fall is eight feet. At Satcher's shoal, 15 miles above Milledgeville, and above the mouth of Little river, the fall is five feet. The dam for the grist mill (uot now in operation) extends

174

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

across the stream. Lawrence's grist mill has a dam across to an island, but no race. The dam is six feet high and the fall used seven feet. Riley's shoal, with a fall of eight feet, is not improved. At Long shoals is located the mill of the Atwood Manufacturing Company. The fall is twelve feet in one-fourth of a mile. The factory is located on the left bank, with a wing dam extending for 500 yards up the river, the fall used being eight feet. There is a grist mill on the right bank, with a dam fifty feet long, seven feet high, extending to au island not subject to overflow, at the head of which is a wing dam to turn the water between the island and the shore. Considerable power can be developed at this point. Two miles below the crossing of the Georgia railroad is Parks' old mill, with a fall of eight feet, the dam being 350 feet by &. A large tributary,the Appalachee river, comes in from the west, just above the Georgia railroad. At Scull shoal, fourteen miles northwest of Greeuesboro, eight miles from Maxey's, on the Athens branch of the Georgia railroad, twelve miles from Madison and fifteen miles above the Georgia railroad bridge, is the cotton factory and grist mill of the Powell Manufacturing Company. The dam of wood and stone is 300 feet long and 10 feet high. The fall is 10 feet. Barnett's or Veal's shoals is eight miles below Athens, and is the finest shoal on the river. The fall is estimated at 60 feet within a distance of three-fourths of a mile. The bed of the stream is rock.
UTILIZED POWER ON OCONEE RIVER.

PLACE.

Utilized horsepower--net.

Fall (feet).

Per cent, of minimum utilized.

REMARKS.

Scull Shoal

50

G.O

4

50

5 0

17

50

0.0

15

50

8.0

30

80

10 0

6J

UTILIZED POWER--LITTLE RIVER.

Mill at dam. Dam 10 feet.

Humber's Mill Pierson's Mill. Grist Mill . . . Grist Mill. . .

25

9.0

08.0

25

13.5

25

8.0

WATER POWERS.

175

Of the tributaries, Palmetto creek drains 375 square miles, Big Sandy creek 284 square miles, Commissioner's creek 196 square miles, and Buffalo creek 286 square miles.
Little river rises in Walton and Newton counties, flows southeast through Morgan and Putnam counties, passing within three miles of the city of Eatonton and joining the Oconee between Putnam and Baldwin, about ten miles above Milledgeville. Its length in a straight line is 45 miles, but 60 miles by the course of the stream. Its drainage area is 690 square miles. This stream is remarkable for its rapid current. Cedar and Murder creeks, both entering from the west, are tributaries. The power at Humber's mill three miles from the mouth, has a fall of nine feet, which can be increased to eleven feet. The dam is of wood, 130 feet long and nine feet high.
Pierson's Mill, above Humber's, has a fall of eight feet, with a dam of the same height. Just above this is a mill with a fall of thirteen and one-half feet and 25-horse power utilized.
Fifteen miles from the mouth of the stream, and three miles below Eatonton, is one of the finest shoals on the river. A part of the shoal was used by the old Eatonton factory. The fall is about twenty-five feet in a distance of 300 yards over a bed of solid rock, with banks not subject to overflow. At the lower end of the shoals a grist-mill uses a fall of eight feet. The bed of the stream at the head of the shoal is exceedingly favorable for the construction of a dam. A fall of eighteen feet can be obtained on Murder creek, three miles from its mouth, with a dam six feet high and 200 feet long.
The Appalachee river is a tributary. It has its sources in Gwinnett county, flows southeast and joins the Oconee river just above the bridge over the Georgia Railroad. In a straight line its length is fifty-four miles; by the river eighty miles. The area drained by the Appalachee river is 506 square miles, receiving as its principal tributary Hard Labor creek which drains 173 square miles.
Five miles above the Georgia Railroad bridge, two miles from Buckhead, and four miles below the mouth of Hard Labor creek is Reid's mill, with a fall of eight feet. The mill has not been

176

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

used for a long time. Ten miles up the river, above the mouth of Hard Labor creek, is Furlow's grist-mill, where a fall of eight feet and 30-horse power are used. The dam of wood is 300 feet long, five feet high and backs the water 300 yards. One-quarter of a mile above the mill is a shoal where the fall is fourteen feet in 250 yards. The building of a dam four feet high would give a fall of eighteen feet. The bed is rocky.
Price's Mill, six miles above, has a fall of sixteen feet. Twentyfive-horse power is used for the saw and grist-mill. The shoal is a fine one. The race is 225 feet long. By extending it 100 feet down the stream a fall of twenty feet could be obtained. The shoal is half a mile long.
High Shoals, fourteeen miles from Athens, and sixteen miles from Madison, is the next power. The stream is said to fall about fifty-five feet in 400 yards, but the principal part of the fall occurs in the lower half of this distance. The fall is utilized by a cotton factory, a cotton gin and a grist-mill. The bed of the stream is solid rock, the banks high, and the width of the stream 400 feet. The power used is 179 horse-power. The drainage above the shoal is 300 square miles. Five miles above High Shoals is Snows' grist mill, with a fall of twelve feet.
Hard Labor creek has only one power worth mentioning. Three miles from its mouth, and just above where Sandy creek joins it, is a fall of ten feet, not now used. Sandy creek drains seventytwo square miles, and has a shoal two miles long, on which at one time there were four mills. The shoal is eight miles from Madison.
The Oconec river is formed by the union of the north and middle forks a few miles below the city of Athens. The north fork rises in Hall county and flows through Jackson and Clark counties, its length in a straight line being forty-three miles, and its drainage area 433 square miles. It flows directly by the town of Athens. The stream has a rapid fall.
One mile above the junction of the two forks is the factory of the Georgia Manufacturing Company, where the fall is twenty feet in a distance of one and a half miles. The dam is three hundred feet loug, ten feet high, and the foundation solid rock. The pond is a mile long and 150 feet wide. The race leading to the factory

WATER POWERS.

177

is 600 yards long, where the fall is twenty feet, and 150 horsepower is used. Four miles above the junction of the two forks is the Athens Cotton Factory. The dam is similar to that of the Georgia Manufacturing Company. The race is only a few feet in leugth, the fall twelve feet, and 180 horse power is used. On the east bank, and just opposite the factory, is a grist-mill with a race 330 feet long, a fall of thirteen feet, with sixty horse-power.
Seventeen miles above Athens, iu Jackson county is Hurricane Shoal with a fall of twenty-six feet, the drainage area being 230 square miles. It is three miles from the Northeastern Railroad. The middle fork rises in Hall county and flows through Jackson and Clarke counties to join the north fork. Its length in a straight line is forty miles, drains an area of 407 square miles, its tributaries, Mulberry fork, draining ninety-seven square miles, and Barber's creek draining seventy-four square miles. Two miles from the mouth of the middle fork, and three miles from the city of Athens, is Princeton Factory. The dam is 320 feet long, nine feet high, the foundation and abutment of rock. The pond is two miles long, and 150 feet wide. The race is 300 yards long, twenty feet wide and three feet deep. The fall is twenty feet. One hundred horse-power is used.
At Jenning's grist mill, three miles above Athens, the fall is eight and one-half feet, with a dam tour feet high. Four miles from Athens is McElroy's mill, where the fall is thirteen feet, with a dam six feet high and a race 300 feet long.
Eight miles above Athens is Tallassee Falls, where the shoal is 1,200 yards long, and the fall 51 feet. The whole fall of the shoal could be utilized, without difficulty, by using the upper part on the left bank and the lower on the right bank.
Half a mile from the mouth of Barber's creek is the Pioneer Paper Mill, using a fall of twenty feet and 120 horse-power. Three miles above is an unutilized power at Epps' shoal, the fall being twenty-four feet in sixty yards, and all available. Four miles above is a site not used, with a fall of twenty feet in 300 yards.

178

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The sources of Ocmulgee river are in FulOcmulgee River: ton, DeKalb and Gwinnett counties. The
stream proper is formed by the union of the South and the Yellow rivers, between Butts and Newton counties, whence it flows in a general direction rather east of south, to join the Oconee, passing by the city of Macon, the city of Hawkinsville, and some small towns. It crosses the fall-line at Macon, which is the head of navigation. The distance from Macon to the sea by the river is 500 miles. The Ocmulgee drains an area of 6,000 square miles, of which 2,250 square miles are above Macon. The declivity of the stream is about the same as the Oconee.
Healy's Shoals, seven and a half miles above Macon, is considered a favorable point to construct a canal from to Macon. The fall obtained would be thirty-four feet. By going up further the fall could be increased to forty feet.
At Johnston's Shoal, in Monroe and Jones counties, the river if divided by three small islands, the width above the shoal being 450 feet, and below it 350 feet. In the same counties are Harris', Bowman's, Taylor's, Rum creek, Dame's, Falling creek, Clark's, Jarrell's, Mitchell's, Glover's Mill, and Head's shoals. The most important is Glover's Mill shoal, five miles below the upper corner of Monroe county and ten miles from the city of Forsyth. The shoal is used on both sides of the river.
Seven Island Shoals in Butts and Jasper counties, twenty-five miles from Forsyth, is considered one of the best sites on the river. There is a saw and a grist-mill here. Roach's shoal has a gristmill on the left bank, with a canal nearly the entire length of the shoal. Lloyd's is the most important shoal above the city of Macon. The fall is thirty-nine feet in less than two miles. The bottom is solid rock. At Cap's shoal the river is divided by islands into three channels, the width just above the shoal being 350 feet. The Aleovee river enters from the north just above Harvey's shoal. At Lemon shoal a natural rock dam extends almost entirely across the river, leavingan opening of fifty feet called Bull Sluice. Barnes'shoal is at the junction of the South and Yellow rivers and is utilized for a grist-mill. The head of the shoal is on both streams, and just at the junction of the two is a rock ledge crossing both and

WATER POWERS.

179

forming an almost perfect dam, with deep water above it. South river is 325 feet wide; Yellow river 275 feet; the Ocmnlgee 500 feet.
SUMMARY OF POWER ON THE OCMULGFE RIVER.

LOCALITY.

Fall. Length.
Feet.

Horse-power available.

Utilized horse-power
--net 0.

Fall 0.

REMARKS.

Holt's Shoal . . . Holman's Shoal . . Johnston's Shoal..
Taylor's Shoal .
Falling Creek. . . Clark's Shoal .

400 1,400 1,500 3,000
2 100
400 3.200

000 1,200
1,360 700

325 feet wide. 400 " "
400 " "
500 " "
600 " " 400 " "

Glover's Mill Sho'l 1,(500

3,870

50

12 400 '' "

Seven Isl'nd Shoal 1,600

3,350

50

20

Lamar's Shoal . . 1 880

68)

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3 000

1,241)

1,800

580

400 " "

Lloyd's Shoal. . . 9,501)

0,1(10

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Cap's Shoal . . .

400

860

Harvey's Shoal . .

600

620

700

D05

50J

1,350

Some of the tributaries of the Ocmulgee river below the city of Macou are sand-hill streams, but none have large powers utilized, although such might be developed in places. On Mossy creek, a small stream flowing into Indian creek, which joins the Ocmulgee ten miles above Hawkinsville, and drains an area of 300 square miles, there is a cotton factory, with a fall of twelve feet and sixty horsepower, the dam being ten feet high and the race fifty feet long. This stream drains 116 square miles, and it is probable that it will afford considerable power. The Little Ocmulgee is perhaps the largest tributary, but is so far below the fall line that it is doubtful whether it affords much power. Fifteen miles below the city of Macon, Echeconnee creek, a considerable stream draining 272 square miles, joins the Ocmulgee river from the west. It is utilized only by

180

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

small grist aud saw-mills. Tobesofkee creek rises in Monroe county and, flowing through the counties of Monroe and Bibb, joins the Ocmulgee ten miles below the city of Macon. It drains an area of 260 square miles, and has only a few small grist-mills on it. The Towaliga river rises in the western part of Henry county and flows southeast, forming the boundary line between the counties of Henry and Spalding, and, flowing through the counties of Butts and Monroe, joins the Ocmulgee just opposite the corner of Jones county. It drains an area of 320 square miles and is seventy miles long. At Willis shoal, three miles from its month, the fall is ten feet, with a dam. Fifteen miles from the mouth of the stream, seven miles from Indian Spring, nine miles from Milner, and fourteen miles from Forsyth, is High falls, the best water-power on the stream. The fall is 81J feet in a distance of 400 yards, but of this fall 49 feet is in one perpendicular pitch. At the head of the shoal is a wooden dam, 400 feet by 10, straight across the stream, with a race on each bank, one leading to a grist-mill, the other to a saw-mill, the fall being 13 feet.
About 500 feet below the first dam is the second one, 200 feet by three, its crest being ten feet higher than the top of the high fall, 300 feet below. From this dam, there is a race on each side, one leading to a cotton gin and the other to a gin and wool cardiug machine. Two hundred feet below the high fall, which is fortynine feet perpendicular, is another shoal with a fall of ten feet, not used, followed by smaller shoals. The bed of the stream is solid rock, and the banks such that the entire fall is available. The area drained above this place is 200 square miles.
Four and a half miles above High shoal is Flat shoal, 250 feet long, with a fall of twelve feet. It is not used, but is available. Three miles above this, aud ten and a half miles east of Griffin, is Heflin's shoal, half a mile long, with a rock bottom, with a fall of fifteen feet and a dam four feet high. On Little Towaliga creek, which drains fifty-five square miles, and enters the main stream a few miles below High shoal, are two mills, one of them with a fall of twenty-seven feet.
The Alcovee river is another tributary of the Ocmulgee. The Alcovee rises in Gwinnett county, and pursuing a course nearly

WATER POWERS.

181

south through the counties of Walton and Newton, enters the Ocmulgee on the line between Newton and Jasper counties, from the left, one mile below the junction of the South and Yellow rivers. It drains an area of 320 square miles, and is forty-five miles in length on a straight line. In its upper part it is flat and without falls, and therefore not favorable for power; it is only below the Georgia Railroad that there is any power worth mentioning.
Six miles from the mouth of the Alcovee river, and twelve miles from Covington, is Newton Factory shoal, half a mile in length, with a fall of fifty feet.
Six miles south of Covington is Henderson's mill, with a fall of nine feet, with a dam five feet high, ISO feet long, which backs the water four miles.
Hinton's is the only shoal above this with a fall of five feet over a ledge of rock. Bear creek, draining thirty-one square miles, and which enters the Alcovee from the left below High shoal, is its principal tributary.
The Yellow river rises in Gwinnett countyt and pursuing a course a little east of south, cutting off one corner of DeKalb county, passes through the counties of Rockdale and Newton, until it unites with South river and forms the Ocmulgee. Its length in a straight line is forty-five miles, and it drains an area of 422 square miles. It passes within three miles of the towns of Conyers and Covington.
Indian Fishery shoal has a fall of twelve feet in 400 feet. A natural rock dam extends entirely across the river at the head of the shoal, with deep water above it. The stream is 320 feet wide. A grist-mill on the right bank has a fall of eleven feet. Lee's shoals, not improved, has a fall of 3.9 feet in 1,400 feet. The power is probably available. Dried Indian shoal, not improved, has a fall ot 7.2 feet in 1,500 feet, all of which is available and could be increased by a dam. Dried Indian creek enters below the head of the shoal.
Cedar shoal is the most important one on the river, the fall being 62.6 feet in 4,875 feet. The stream is variable in width and the channel is interspersed with islands. At the head of the shoal the width of the stream is 290 feet, and 300 feet below is a dam ex-

182

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

tending diagonally across, 327 feet long and four feet high, bolted to the rock. It backs the water for three miles with an average width of 300 feet. A race 300 feet long leads to a cotton yarn factory and a grist and a saw-mill on the right bank. The factory uses a fall of sixteen feet and eighty horse-power, and the grist and saw-mill use a fall of twenty-one feet and fifty horse-power. This shoal is four miles above Indian Fishery shoal and three miles from Covington. Crew's shoal, at the mouth of Turkey creek, has a fall of four feet. With a dam a fall of six feet could be obtained. Bridge shoal, at the crossing of the Georgia Railroad has a fall of 4.3 feet in 1,000 feet, but the principal fall occurs in the first 500 feet. The power is unimproved. The width of the stream at the head of the shoal is 125 feet.
Big Haynes creek, the principal tributary, comes iu a short distance above the Georgia Railroad bridge. Two miles further up the river, and five miles from Conyers, is Glenn's Shoals, with a fall of twelve feet. Four miles further up, and two miles from Conyers, is the Rockdale Paper Mill, situated on a fine shoal nearly half a mile in length. The fall is between fifty and sixty feet. The bed of the stream is rock. At the head of the shoal is a dam 150 feet long and ten feet high. The pond is two miles long and 200 feet wide. At the dam on the right bank is a saw-mill, using a fall of twelve feet and twelve-horse power. A race 700 feet long leads to the paper mill, where the fall is twenty feet, the water being discharged to a lower race leading to a grist-mill, where the fall is thirteen feet. The paper mill uses sixty horse-power, and the gristmill thirty. Below the tail-race of the grist-mill the fall is fifteen feet iu a quarter of a mile, all of which is available. Seven miles above this shoal is Baker's mill with a fall of ten feet.
Big Haynes creek drains an area of eighty-five square miles. It has a number of good small powers not used, and is less variable than most of the streams in that vicinity. Little Haynes creek has a couple of small mills. Below its mouth there is no power; above it there are several shoals. The lowest is Kennedy's, with a fall of twenty-eight feet, all utilized. The next is an unutilized power with an available fall of twenty feet within a distance of a quarter of a mile. Then comes a grist-mill, with a fall of seven-

WATEB POWERS.

183

teen feet; an unused shoal known as Indian shoal; then a grist and a saw-mill, with twenty-five feet available and nineteen feet used. Yellow river and its tributaries offer a large amount of very fine power.
South river rises in Fulton county, not far from the city of Atlanta, flows east into DeKalb county, and thence southeast, forming the boundary line, between the counties of Newton and Rockdale on the left, and Butts and Henry on the right. Its length, in a straight line is forty-five miles, and its drainage area 595 square miles. It has a number of good shoals. Pine Log shoal, the first, has a small fall, and is not utilized.
Five or six miles from its mouth is Island shoal, with a fall of seventeen feet in a quarter of a mile, all of which is available, and about eleven feet of which is used by a grist and saw-mill. It is fifteen miles from Covington. Eight miles and a half from the mouth of the river is Snapping shoal above the mouth of Snapping shoal creek, with an available fall of sixteen feet in a quarter of a mile, of which fourteen feet are used by a grist and saw-mill. Above the mouth of Walnut creek is the Pearsal old shoal, with a fall often feet in a small distance. Above the mouth of Cotton river, and eight miles above Snapping shoal is Peachstone shoal with an available fall of fifteen feet in one-third of a mile, of which ten feet are used by a grist and saw-mill and furniture shops.
McNite's grist and saw-mill is seven miles above Peachstone shoal, above the mouth of Houey creek, and seven miles from Conyers, uses a fall of twelve feet. By raising the dam twenty feet could be obtained.
Powell's shoal, not utilized, is half a mile long, with a gradual fall for the entire distance. The Albert shoal, four miles above McNites, has an available fall of eighteen feet, utilized. Four miles above Albert shoal, is Flat shoal, where the cotton factory of the Oglethorpe Manufacturing Company is located. The dam of wood is 250 feet long, four feet high, bolted to the rock, and extends across the stream. The race is 250 feet long. The factory is on one side of the river, with a fall of twenty-three feet, and on the other side a cotton gin, flour and saw-mill, with a fall of sixteen feet. The shoal is sixteen miles from Atlanta, and seven miles from

184

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Lithonia. Cotton Indian creek, a tributary of South river, rises in Clayton county and flows east, joining South river in Henry county. It drains an area of 125 square miles; that of South river above Flat shoals, 170 square miles.

-None of the streams south of the Alta-

Streams south of the maha reach above the fall-line, so they

Altamaha.

have no falls of importance and offer

so small an amount of power that they

are not worthy of special mention. Some of the smaller streams

are classed as sand-hill streams, and offer some power, which is

utilized, to a certain extent, by saw and grist-mills.

The main branch of this river rises in Tallapoosa River. Paulding county, Georgia, and, flowing
through the counties of Paulding and Haralsou, continues in an irregular southwesterly direction, until it unites with the Coosa to form the Alabama river. The area drained by the Tallapoosa is 4,935 square miles, of which 700 are in Georgia. The river has an extreme leugth of 225 miles, and is susceptible of being made navigable for fifty miles from its mouth. In Paulding and Haralson counties the upper powers are used by a few small grist and saw-mills.

The Coosa river is the most important tributary Coosa River, of the Alabama river. It is formed at Rome,
Georgia, by the union of the Etowah and Oostanaula rivers. It passes westerly across Floyd county and enters Alabama. The Coosa presents the unusual condition of a stream navigable at its head and foot, but for a long intervening distance filled with impassable rapids. From the mouth navigation is shut off by the falls at Wetumpka, but from Greensport, Alabama, to Rome, Georgia, 180 miles is navigable, and is used. Below Rome, the Coosa receives many minor tributaries, ranging in size of drainage area from 500 square miles downward.
Chattooga river, a tributary of the Coosa, rises thirty-five miles northwesterly from Rome, in Walker county, and flows southwesterly through Chattooga county, Georgia, into Alabama. It drains the valley lying between Pigeon Mountain, a spur of the Lookout Mountain range on the west, and Taylor's Ridge on the east, in-

WATER POWERS.

185

chiding in its basin 375 square miles. The most important power on this stream is the Tryon factory twenty-five miles from Rome. Sheetings, shirtings and drills are manufactured here. A canal 1,500 feet long and thirty feet wide runs the factory, supplying on the way a saw-mill, a grist-mill, and three cotton gins. The fall at the factory is sixteen feet, and 250 horse-power is used.
Cedar creek empties into the Coosa river from the south a few miles above the Chattooga river, and drains an area lying in Polk and Floyd counties of 225 square miles. It is twenty-two miles long. At Cedartown where its drainage area is eighty square miles, it is seventy feet in width and four feet in depth. The works of the Cherokee Iron Company are at Cedartown where the power is 70 horse-power. The works are extensive. Water is conveyed in a canal 600 feet long.
The Etowah river rises in the northern part of Etowah River. Lumpkin county, and flowing through portions
of the counties of Lumpkin, Dawsou, Forsyth, Cherokee, Bartow, and Floyd, joins the Oostanaula at Rome. The area drained is 1,940 square miles. Above the mouth are the towns of Kingston, Cartersville and Canton. In its lower course the fall of the river averages 3.7 feet per mile, amouutingto 232 feet in the sixty-three miles below Little river. Between the point where the public road from Dahlonega to Dawsonville crosses and Simmons' mill pond, a distance of twelve miles by the road, there is a fall of 210 feet. Twenty-eight feet fall is utilized by a sawmill, grist-mill, and tannery combined, and a ten-stamp mill of the Dahlonega mine. The Franklin mine in Cherokee county uses fifteen feet for a twenty-stamp mill.
From the boundary line between Cherokee and Bartow counties to the Western and Atlantic railroad crossing there is a fall of ninety-two feet in seven miles. The works of Mark A. Cooper were located in this section, and were at one time the most important in the South. The fall is eighty feet. The tributaries of the Etowah are small, no one draining more than 240 square miles. Stamp creek has one or two small furnaces, and there is a small cotton factory on Shoal creek. The Etowah and its tributaries drain an area of 8,026 square miles.

186

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The Oostanaula river is formed by the Oostanaula River. union of the Coosawattee and Connesauga
rivers, near Resaca, in Gordon county, aad flows in a southwesterly course to Rome, having a length of sixty miles. It is navigable. The area drained above its head is 1,606 square miles, and above the junction at Rome 2,190 square miles.
The Coosawattee river heads in Gilmer Coosawattee River. county, and flows southwesterly to Re-
saca. For forty-five miles above its mouth to Carter's Landing, the river is navigable during six months in the year. At Carter's Landing there is a fall of nine feet, and the power is used by a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a tannery und cotton gin. There is a large surplus power here.
The Connesauga river has its source in Connesauga River. Fannin county, a little below the Tennes-
see line; it takes a short turn in Tennessee and flows southerly into Georgia again, forming the dividing line between the counties of Murray and Whitfield, and in Gordon county unites with the Coosawattee in forming the Oostanaula. It drains 677 square miles.
The sources of the Chattahoochee Chattahoochee River, river are in Habersham and White
counties, whence it takes a very direct southeasterly course across the State; in Heard and Troup counties it turns southerly and continues in that direction until at the extreme southwest portion of the State it unites with the Flint river. From West Point down it forms the boundary between Georgia on the one side and Alabama and a portion of Florida on the other. From the junction ot the Soque and Sautee rivers to its mouth the Chattahoochee has a length by general course of 815 miles, but by water twice as great. Rising and flowing as far as Columbus upon the crystalliue rocks, the stream is frequently obstructed by shoals, rapids and low falls, creating valuable opportunities for the development of water-power. At Columbus the falls come to an end, and below that point the river is navigable throughout the year to the gulf, an estimated distance by water of 400 miles for steamers of three feet draught. Immediately at the head of navigation a fall of twenty-five feet is used by large cotton mills.

WATER POWERS.

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188

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Almost the entire course of the river in that portion having value for power is upon a bed of solid rock, with scarcely any sand or gravel bars. At Seven Island ford, near Belton, the stream is wide, and there is a long shoal, which could be utilized to furnish water for a canal to secure navigation by a cross route from the Mississippi to the Atlantic.
Near Mt. Airy, in Habersham county, there is a fall of seventyfive feet in three miles, about twenty feet occurring in rapid pitches in a short distance. The entire aggregate of power on the river utilized is small iu proportion to the amount available.
The fall at Columbus begins at a point four miles above the city, where the fall is forty-eight feet eight inches, but only eighteen feet being utilized by a company manufacturing sheetings and shirtings, using 150 horse-power. Cooke's privilege, just below, with a fall of thirty-eight feet, divided into two falls of twentysix feet and twelve feet respectively, is unimproved. The upper fall of twenty-six feet is formed over a long shoal. At its foot a natural dam, teu feet high, extends out from the Georgia side, opposite a precipitous point called Lover's Leap, nearly to the Alabama shore. A fall of twenty feet can be obtained here. Phillips' grist-mill uses 100 horse-power with eight feet fall.
The Eagle and Phoenix Manufacturing Company owns a privilege at the head of navigation with a fall of twenty-five feet. The main mill is on the Georgia side, just below the dam. Between the mills and the pool runs the tail-race, protected on the river side by a splendid masonry wall ten feet wide at the top. Spanning the race are heavy timber flumes conveying water from the pool to the mills. The cost of the dam and the race wall is estimated at $125,000. The Muscogee Mill, the uppermost along the race, uses a fall of twelve feet and 140 horse-power. The re* mainder of the privilege is occupied by the works of the Eagle and Phoenix Company, comprising three principal mills and a large dye house. The Eagle and Phoenix works use a total of 1,700 horsepower for the principal mills, under heads of fifteen and twenty-five feet. There is a large amount of undeveloped power in the vicinity of Columbus, and its value is great.

WATER POWERS.

189

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Above the upper line of the Columbus Manufacturing Company's property there is an "eddy" for three-quarters of a mile, and shoals then succeed for three or four miles. Between this and West Point there are no powers worth mentioning, except at Jack Todd's Shoal. The bed is generally rocky. Jack Todd's Shoal begins four miles below West Point, extending down stream seven and a half miles, with a fall in that distance of 51.31 feet. Power is used at two different points, both on the Georgia side. At the lower end of the shoal, seven miles below West Point, is the cotton factory of the Alabama and Georgia Manufacturing Company, using thirty horse-power, and a head of five feet. Five miles below West Point is the cotton factory of the West Point Manufacturing Company, where a fall of eight feet and 160 horse-power are ob-
tained. A dam thrown out from the Georgia side controls one-third the
width of the river. Seven feet of fall and fifty horse-power are used at Lanier's grist-mill. A separate short canal conveys water to the cotton factory of the West Point Manufacturing Company, where a fall of eight feet and 160 horse-power are obtained. Above this locality is a section of the river where the fall is much less rapid than below. The only use of power is by two or three gristmills where falls of eight feet may be obtained.

WATER POWERS.

191

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The drainage basin of the Chattahoochee has a length of over 300 miles ; at West Point it has a width of thirty-five miles; at Columbus fifty-five miles, but elsewhere it seldom exceeds twenty or twenty-five miles. From the upper waters down to Coweta county the southern watershed is sharply defined, and is frequently but a few miles from the river. The drainage of Atlanta is divided between the Chattahoochee river, running to the Gulf, and the Ocmulgee, running to the Atlantic. Above Columbus the Chattahoochee river receives thirteen tributaries, draining upwards of one hundred square miles each, and seven below Columbus.
Nickajack creek is a small stream, ten miles long, emptying from the north, eight miles west of Atlanta, and draining an area of forty square miles. There are numerous saw and grist-mills on the creek and power is used by the Concord Woolen Mill with a
fall of twenty-one feet. Soap creek lies near Marietta, to the northward of Atlanta, and
is a short mountain stream running down with a rapid fall over a rocky bed. Power is used for numerous saw and grist-mills and cotton gins. Three-quarters of a mile from its mouth is the mill of the Marietta Paper Manufacturing Company, using a fall of twenty-two feet and seventy-five horse-power. Within a quarter of a mile the fall is sixty-five feet. Willeo creek, near by, is a small stream on which is located the Willeo mill, where a fall of
thirty feet is obtained. Vickery's creek enters the Chattahoochee from the right,
eighteen miles nearly due north of Atlanta, and drains an area of ninety-four square miles. It supplies power to saw-mills, gristmills, cotton gins and a cotton factory, and woolen factory. The mill of the Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company is close by the mouth, where a head of nineteen feet and sixty horse-power wheel are used. A mile and a quarter from its mouth is the factory of the Eoswell Manufacturing Company. Power is obtained from a sixty-inch American wheel running under a head of twenty-seven
feet. The largest tributary of the Chattahoochee is the Chestatee
river, which joins the river from the north, six miles west of Gainesville. The Chestatee heads in the counties of Lumpkin and

194

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

White, and drains an area of 330 square miles. The stream carries a large volume of water, has a rapid fall and is valuable for power. Bull's shoal offers a fine site. The Yahoola river and Cane creek, both tributaries of the Chestatee, are small mountain streams flowing rapidly down over rocky beds, and used almost exclusively in the operations of gold-mining. In the Yahoola the fall from the head of the Hand canal to a point on the river seventeen miles by the road further down, lying a short distance south of Dahlonega is 380 feet. In the remaining one and a half miles to the Chestatee river there is a fall of thirty feet, with several good sites for power. Descending the Yahoola there is a small grist-mill; then at Dahlonega two 10-stamp mills, one 20stamp mill, and one 40-stamp mill. These mills take power directly from the river. Water is taken from the river ten miles above Dahlonega by a canal, the water being used in washing for gold. Cane creek is utilized by a small flouring mill and a stamp mill. Sixteen feet of fall and 60 horse-power are obtained.
Rising in western Georgia, within twelve miles Flint River, southward of Atlanta, the Flint river takes a south-
erly course, with a length of 230 miles and a drainage area of 8,420 square miles. From its mouth to Montezuma, a distance of 182 miles by water, the stream has been examined by government engineers with a view to rendering it navigable, but little has been done to carry out this object. Between the crossing of the Central Railroad in the southern part of Macon county and at Montezuma, a distance by water of twenty-two miles, there is a fall of forty-one feet. From Montezuma to Albany, seventy-seven miles, the fall is 125 feet. The Flint receives two tributaries with a little over 1,000 square miles each of drainage area. Two miles north of Albany, on Kinahatoochee creek, there is a fine unimproved power. The streams have a drainage area of 1,075 square miles. Tobler creek is a small stream in Upson county. Two miles from its mouth the Flint River Manufacturing Company uses a fall of fourteen feet and 25 horse-power. There is another cotton factory and several grist-mills and cotton gins.
Big Potato creek heads in Spalding county to the east of Flint river, and joins the main river eight miles south of Thomaston. It

WATER POWERS.

195

drains an area of 246 square miles. Numerous flouring and gristmills utilize its power. At liogers' privilege, three miles from Thomaston, the creek is 300 feet wide, contains several small islands, and within one-quarter of a mile has a fall of sixty feet available in shoals of thirty feet each.

196

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

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CHAPTER V.
MANUFACTURES.
The adaptability of Georgia to so great a vaManufactures. riety of vegetable life, her joint monopoly with
her sister Southern States in the production of the great clothing staple of the world, naturally led her people in the path of agriculture. Not only this, but the labor of the South for years was particularly suited to agricultural development, and in that class of pursuits found its greatest profit. Thus agriculture became the mainstay of Georgia, while other industrial resources, embodying the essentials of the highest advancement, were comparatively neglected. A new era, however, has dawned on the State, and her great advantages for successful manufacturing are rapidly being realized; advantages that are not confined to a single class of industries, but extend to nearly every branch of manufacturing. Epitomized, these advantages are : abundant power cheaply utilized, cheap fuel, cheap construction material, cheap labor by virtue of cheap living, and raw material without transportation. Under such conditions, that progress would necessarily take place would need no demonstration or substantiation by the testimony of past advancement. But the evidence found in the progress of the last, few years is so strong as to render indisputable the fact, that no section or State offers greater inducements to investors in manufacturing enterprises and educated labor at furnace and loom, than Georgia. Under abnormal conditions and false stimulants mills may be built, where the water will not grind, and furnaces, where the ore will not smelt, but such has not been the case in this State. The great majority of her enterprises have
been successful, and have yielded large returns to the investor. The depression of the times that has found in many localities the silent wheel or engine, with thousands of idle operatives, has heard the continued hum of the spindle in her mills, and seen the contented faces of busy workmen.

198

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

In 1880 there were in the State 3,593 manufacturing establishments, employing and maintaining 24,875 laborers, who received $5,266,152 in wages. The cos:t of the material consumed amounted to $24,143,939, which was converted into a finished product, with a value of $36,440,948.
In 1890 the number of factories reporting to the census bureau was 4,283, which employed 56,383 laborers, receiving $17,312,126 in wages. The factories consumed material worth $35,774,480, and produced goods valued at $68,917,020.
Only for a short period since 1890 has there been any cessation in the upbuilding of existing industries and the erection of new plants. It is safe to say, therefore, that the increase that has taken place since that time amounts to fully thirty per cent. At the present time the eyes of the world are upon the industrial South, and Georgia is receiving no small part of its attention.
With the State rapidly attaining a high place in the list of those States which rely chiefly on their industrial resources, with her magnificent agriculture and the diversity created by a home market, it is difficult to forecast the progress of the coming years.
It has often been heralded abroad that Cotton Manufacturing, the South could never become the
home of the cotton manufacturing industry. At first this mistaken idea included every class of goods-- until the demonstration, coarse fabrics, the product of Southern mills, in the markets at home and in foreign countries, was a conclusive contradiction. It is now an admitted fact that in the manufacture of the lower grades of goods the Southern States can find no successful competitor, and capital is realizing that the section of the raw material is naturally the home of the factory. Legislative committees from the great industrial States are inquiring into the causes of Southern industrial growth, and seeking to find whether injury to their established enterprises is threatened by Southern progress.
Climatic and atmospheric influences have been invoked to show that growth must cease before the point of manufacturing the highest grade of goods is reached. Incompetent labor has also been alleged, regardless of the fact that legitimate progress educates the

MANUFACTURES.

199

home laborer and induces the immigration of the foreign operative And thus development continues. A development that should be a source of congratulation to the whole nation, which may retard growth in sections far removed from the cotton fields, but which--so long as millions of bales are converted into finished goods in foreign lands--will not materially injure established factories, though in the competition of trade, it may reduce profits. The trend of the times in industrial growth is the factory side by side with the raw material, and whatever may be saidof the inability of the State to compete with Old England and New England in the manufacture of high grade goods, the thinking manufacturer and investor must recognize the logic of the situation, that, equally blessed under the same civilization, the home of the factory must be the home of the raw material. The history of the manufacturing ofcotton goods in the South and in Georgia is the history of a few years. In the household economy of the section, for years weaving and spinning of coarse fabrics has been common, with now and then a small mill for domestic use. In the mountains of North Georgia the sound of the shuttle and the hum of the spinning wheel could be heard at
nearly every farm house. These are silent now, and in their stead are found large factories daily turning out thousands of yards of goods for home and foreign use. Nearly all of this development has been effected since 1880, but fouuded on the true basis of industrial growth, their firmness and future progress is beyond cavil. In Southern development Georgia, with her sister States of North and South Carolina, has been the scene of the greatest activity, and no better field nor higher inducements can be found than are now offered by the State in this branch of industry. The cheapest water-power in the world is at hand and at less than half the cost it can be secured in New England. Like all other industries, the cotton mills have felt the pressure resting upon the entire business of the nation, and yet the mills of Georgia have been working their full capacity and many of them increasing their number of looms and spindles. These conditions have attracted widespread attention and the State's marvellous and successful progress has given a new impetus to the manufacturing
ofcotton textiles.

200

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

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MANUFACTURES.

201

The wonderful advancement of the State is well illustrated by a comparison of the official census of the government for 1880 and 1890. By the Tenth Census there were in all the States south of the District of Columbia 512,048 spindles, and in Georgia 198,656, while in 1890 Georgia alonecontained 445,452 spindles, and to-day has more spindles than the entire South prior to 1880. In 1880 the total number of looms in the State was 4,493 which in the decade had more thau doubled; increasing to 10,459 in 1890. In 1880 the capital invested was $6,348,657, with a product valued at $6,481,894. In 1890 the total capital was $17,664,675, with a product valued at $12,635,629. In 1880 the average number of ememployees was 56,348 who received in wages $1,135,185. The number of employees in 1890 was 10,530, receiving $2,366,086 in wages. In 1880 the number of bales of cotton consumed was 71,389; in 1890, 145,869.
In the progress that has taken place there has been a marked increase in the quality of the goods, and the average number of yarn spun shows that many high grade goods besides coarse fabrics are being made, and that the mills are competing in markets hitherto occupied exclusively by Northern mills.
From the following the quality and quantity in square yards produced in Georgia can be seen:
Plain cloths printing and converting 20,152,800 square yards; brown or bleached sheetings or shirtings, 54,918,249 yards; drills, twills, and sateens, 11,608,701 yards ; ginghams, 100,000 yards; cotton flannels, 2,051,108; fine or fancy woven fabrics of the value of $240,000; duck 10,309,019 yards; ticks, denims and stripes, 7,869,707 yards; yarns, 16,842,028 pounds; twine, 174,613 pounds; batting or wadding, 717,250 pounds; waste, 13,292,557 pounds ; rope, 598,353 pounds. All other products valued at
$973,816. As further illustrative of the character of goods manufactured, and
the success with which factories turning out the various classes and qualities of goods have met, in 1889 there were, in the United States, seventy-four printing machines. Of this number only three were located in the South and they were in Georgia. Of the remainder fourty-four were located in Massachusetts. Indeed, it

202

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

would seem that in the manufacture of higher grade goods the progress of the State has been particularly pronounced. In the States named, Georgia was the only Southern State that furnished any bleached yarns, and with South Carolina the only State bleaching cloth. The total amount bleached in South Carolina was 2,438,468 square yards, while in Georgia it was 7,593,950. In dyed yarn the State exceeded the next highest by over 1,000,000 yards, the total product being 6,970,922 square yards.
The wonderful growth shown by the census decade comparison has not slackened in the last five years and, at this time, is, perhaps, Greater than ever before in the history of the State. Notwithstanding the great depreciation in values throughout the entire nation, the reports of the Comptroller-General, with the exception of one year, shows an increase in the amount of capital invested in cotton factories, the decrease of that year being due, doubtless, to a change in the method of tax assessment rather than to any actual decrease. The total sum now invested in the manufacture of cotton textiles exceeds $25,000,000.
In the establishment of manufacturing enterprises no Labor, question is of higher consideration than labor and its com-
pensation. In the sharp competition that comes to all industries in this day and time, the question of the survival of the fittest is to be decided, and labor becomes a great controlling factor. Not only the compensation the laborer receives, but his content or discontent; the one leading to a full day of willing labor, the other to the sullen operative and the strike. It has been said that the South has, and always, promises a cheap labor by virtue of cheap living. The great wage-earners among the people are entitled to the highest consideration, and the laborer is certainly worthy of his hire; but climatic influences and surroundings, which enable him to live in comfort on less money, will also enable him, without detriment, to work for smaller wages. The advantages that the Georgia laborer enjoys over his co-worker in Massachusetts are aptly illustrated by a comparison of their average expenditure in the maintenance of the family.
We take, for illustration, of average years, the report of the Commissioner of Labor for 1891. Of 1!(9 families the average expendi-

MANUFACTURES.

203

tures, in Georgia per family, was $497.81; in Massachusetts of 400 families the average expenditure was $654.53. As the membership of the Massachusetts families averages slightly above that taken in Georgia, that the comparison may be absolutely accurate, the expenditures per individual is given. In Georgia this amounted to $94.26, and in Massachusetts to $177.93, a saving on a family of six persons of over $200. It may be said that the difference in the cost of living is due to the failure of the Georgia operative to provide comforts of the home, and proper healthful food. This idea is absolutely refuted by the detailed statement as to the condition of the families, their indulgences in the comforts of life, etc. Again it might be here said that the proof of the competency and readily acquired skill of the Southern mill operative is conclusively shown, and that in this regard Georgia labors under no disability or disadvantage. It is true that the majority, in fact, nearly all, the mill operatives are Americans, natives of the Southern States, yet they show a remarkable aptitude for the work and soon become skilled and proficient.
Skilled laborers, who would make good citizens, are invited and welcome to the State ; nevertheless it is apparent from the nationality of the operatives, that, up to this time, notwithstanding the marvellous growth in the manufacture of the higher grade fabrics, the development of the native workmen has kept pace with the improvement in the grade of manufactured goods.
Of the 19(J f milies referred to in the report of the Commissioner of Labor, all but three were Americans, whereas of the 400 families of Massachusetts operatives only 56 were American.
At no time in the history of the South has its industrial growth attracted such widespread attention; and, founded on sound commercial reasons, reasons that now prevail throughout the industrial world, it is beyond question assured that the section will witness a wonderful growth in the next few years. That Georgia, with unsurpassed advantages and inducements, will lead or be among the leaders in this advancement, is undoubted. Pertinent to this great Southern development, the Atlanta Constitution of December 26,
1894, says:

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

"A general southward movement of cotton-mill investments has already started. Indications all point to great activity in this direction, which, added to what the South itself is doing, will create a period of remarkable cotton-mill building.
"At the presenttimeabout twenty new mills areunder construction or contract, while a number of old mills are adding new equipments.
"This new work now under way will cost $6,000,000. The new equipments will require about 285,000 spindles and 6,000 looms. In addition to all this, companies are projected, but not yet organized, that will invest about $2,500,000 in mills. Thus within a few months the South will have over $106,000,000 invested in cotton mills, against only $61,000,000 in 1890, when the census was taken.
"Southern mills consumed in 1880 about one-fourth as much cotton as New England mills; last year they consumed nearly onehalf as much. The South produces about 60 per cent, of the world's cotton crop, but it has only 3,000,000 spindles out of a total of 85,000,000 in the world. This country has about 15,000,000 spindles, but, as the South at present produces only the coarse goods, the average consumption of cotton per spindle is larger than where the finer goods are made.
"Furnishing the raw material for more than one-half of the cotton spindles of the world, the South is no longer content to ship its cotton in its unmanufactured form. Manufactured at home, it would be worth annually more than $1,000,000,000, instead of $300,000,000 as now. Such an industry as this alone would revolutionize, the South. It would furnish employment for hundreds of thousands of hands, and create wealth on a greater scale than any other manufacturing interest has ever done.
"Because of these facts, the realization by New England of the South's destiny as the coming cotton manufacturing center, bringing about a co-operation of local and outside men and money in the great development of this industry, becomes a matter of more than national concern. Even Great Britain, now haviug due-half of the cotton spindles in the world, must soon see that it has reached the

MANUFACTURES.

205

limit of growth in this industry, and that henceforth progress in this line will be in the South."
It has been said that the trend of modern inCotton-Seed Oil. dustrial growth was the factory side by side
with the raw material. No stronger evidence of this is found than the cotton-seed oil mill. This industry of recent development naturally found its home in the South ; and Georgia's superior position among the States of her section gave her at once a leading position in the production of oil mill products. The industry is, perhaps more than any other, allied to Southern agriculture. It is of vast benefit to the farmer by enabling him, if he so desires, to market his seed at much better prices than of old; furnishes him a cheap food for his farm animals; supplies him with a more concentrated form of fertilizer and gives him that most costly of all plant foods, nitrogen, in a convenient condition to be mixed with other fertilizer material, placed in the compost heap or used alone.
The great value of the seed of the cotton plant, both for food, for stock and for manurial purposes, was for years unappreciated; and it is of the highest importance to the agriculturist of the State that they have become the source of a product in oil, meal, and hulls worth millions of dollars.
Located near the cotton fields, not only are the cotton mills a source of wealth to the State in the sense of enhauced values and property, but they are peculiarly a convenience and source of profit to the farmer.
In 1880 there was not a single cotton oil mill in the State while now there are twenty mills--paying $1,400,000 annually for the seed they consume and producing a principal product with a value of $1,800,000.
Georgia is the largest -consumer of chemical fertiliFertilizers. zers among the States of the union, and, therefore, be-
ing capable of great manufacturing diversity should be the largest producer. While not the largest, every year she stands among the first and always produces a sufficient quanity to supply her own people, were the entire product of the factories consumed at home.

206

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The industry is intimately allied with the manufacture of cottonseed oil, as cotton-seed meal, a product of the oil mill, is the material now largely used by the fertilizer manufacturer to supply nitrogen in his chemical fertilizer. The growth of the industry, while having an earlier beginning, has been as phenomeual as that of the manufacture of cotton-seed oil. In 1880, there were in the State only three factories employing 67 men who received $22,872 in wages and produced goods valued at $246,500. In 1890 the number of factories had increased to 44, and 1,328 laborers were employed with aggregate wages amounting to $484,889, with an output from the factories worth $5,826,034.

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FERTILIZER FACTORY.

The plants engaged in the manufacture of fertilizers are nearly all thoroughly equipped and prepared to reduce phosphate rock to acid phosphate. The rich pyrite deposits of the State, from which the sulphuric acid for the manufacture of acid phosphate can be made,

MANUFACTURES.

207

promise an early development, and it would seem that the da*:e is not far off when the State itself will supply all the .essentials for the manufacture of commercial fertilizers.
The fame of the long-leaf pine of southern Georgia has Lumber, reached such an extent, that the trees that supply this
magnificent timber, are known as the Georgia pine. Millions of feet of lumber are annually marketed throughout the nation. Its durability and adaptability for every class of building and interior decoration will merit consideration ; there are, however, great bodies of hardwood trees of the Appalachian range through North Georgia that remain comparatively undeveloped. That soon they will be utilized and become a great source of wealth is a necessity in view of the gradual destruction of the timber of
the country.

SAW MILL.
The average South Georgian would be at a loss to conceive how the great lumber industry appears so small as it does in the United States Census. A careful investigation of the official reports shows that the valuation placed on the lumber output falls at least fifty

208

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

per cent, short of the actual value. The fault rests, doubtless, not with the official bureau, but is due to the insufficiency of the mill returns and the local consumption. By the bureau the value of the total product was placed at $9,855,067 in 1890 it now amounts to fully $18,000,000. The largest increase is shown in the planing mill product, including sash, doors, and blinds. This increased from $737,200 in 1890, to $3,548,972 in 1893.
North Carolina bears the name of the Tar and Turpentine. Tar Heel State, yet her output of tar,
turpentine and general naval stores is far short of that of Georgia. The industry depends on the long-leaf pine of southern Georgia, and the increase in the output has kept pace with other industries. As in nearly every industry the largest increase has taken place in the last decade. In 1880 the value of the entire product was $1,455,739. In 1890 this had increased to $4,242,255, or more than doubled.

TURPENTINE STILLj
The region of Georgia pine affords three distinct industries : First, the naval stores, drawn from the standing trees, then the lumber of the fallen trunk, to be followed by a cleared field admi-

MANUFACTURES.

209

rably adapted to both agricultural and horticultural purposes, and in many instances to the highest price cotton, which is the long staple or sea island variety.
When the utilization of the trees to secure rosin was first commenced it was contended by many with great earnestness, that it was damaging to the material resources of the State, and that valuable forests were being ruthlessly destroyed without securing proper returns. Experience has dissipated this error, and proven that the tree may be utilized first for rosin and then for lumber without injury to the salable character or merit of the latter. That such is the case is indeed a blessing to the State. Both industries are by their nature temporary in character, but when the sap has been exhausted and the trunk sawed into lumber, then the staple crops, fruits and vegetables will, from the cultivated fields, find their way into the markets of the world.
The specific manufactures, the details of Other Industries, which have been mentioned, are but illus-
trative of industrial Georgia. In foundry and machine shop, in the manufacturing of cotton gins, wagons and farm implements, the growth has hardly been less pronounced.
Canning factories, clothing factories, and hundreds of small industi'ies, which render a people prosperous, have been established during the last few years, until hardly an industry remains unrepresented. In malt liquors the census decade shows an increase in the value of the product from $99,584 to $600,000. In patented medicines and compounds, in a short period from a product valued at $200,000 to a product valued at $1,200,000. In printing and publishing, from one-half million to over three millions, and so on throughout the list, aptly exhibiting the wonderful era of industrial progress and prosperity the State is enjoying.
Marked advancement, covering a very limited Conclusion, area and time, might be an artificial creation, but
rapid industrial growth throughout a State and covering a number of years, is the highest evidence of superior progress, and that existing enterprises are realizing substantial profits.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

From the facts presented, it is conclusive that the unsurpassed advantages of the State are being utilized, and that no better opportunity for remunerative investment will be offered the capitalist than is now afforded, and that intelligent, thrifty and skilled labor would do well to study Georgia before making its home elsewhere.

CHAPTER VI. AGRICULTURE.

Admired

Celtic aud Irish navigators visited the territory known as Georgia as early as the tenih

by Navigators. century, and were so impressed with the fer-

tility of soil, balmy climate, and adaptability

to a wide range of productions, that they gave it the name of Great

Ireland, or White Man's Land. Jean de Verrazzano visited it in

1525, and was highly delighted. In 1562 Jean Ribault sailed from

Havre de Grace, and, coasting northward from Florida, reached the

Georgia coast. His admiration of the country was excited to a

high point, aud as a demonstration of his appreciation he named the

rivers after the most beautiful rivers in France. The St. Mary's

became the Seine; the Satilla, the Somne; the Altamaha, the Loire;

Newport, the Charente; St. Catherine's inlet, the Garonne; Osa-

baw sound, the Gironde, and the Savannah, the Grande.

Sir Ferdinand De Soto, in March, 1540,

De Soto's March entered Georgia at the southwest corner of

Through Georgia. the State, and traveled mostly in a north-

eastern direction through the pine woods of

Lowndes, Ware, and Irwin counties, through Houston county via

Stone mountain to the Big Medicine spring (New Holland), in Hall

-county, and thence to the Conesauga river in Murray county. All

along the route the Indians furnished De Soto and his men with

abundant supplies of corn, mulberries, etc.

King Charles II.,on the 24th of March,

First Charter Granted 1663, granted to the lords proprie-

to Carolina.

tors of Carolina all the land lying be-

tween the 31st and 36th degrees of

north latitude, and westward to the ocean. This grant was enlarged

on June 30, 1665, by including all the land between the 29th de-

gree and 36.30 degree north latitude. This included the greater

portion of the present States of Alabama and Mississippi, a terri-

tory rich in natural resources, and which, if now a part of the Com-

212

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

monwealth, would constitute Georgia the third State in the Union,

being less in area only to California and Texas. In 1802, 88,020

square miles was ceded to the Federal Government by Georgia.

A very strong effort was made in 1717

Margravate of Azilia. to improve the lands between the Sa-

vannah aud the Aitamaha rivers. An

English baronet, Sir Robert Montgomery, was greatly enraptured

with the country, which he named "The Margravate of Azilia"

and termed it, "the most delightful country in the universe." In

his letters he referred to it in the following language: "Nature has

not blessed the world with any tract which can be preferable to it;

Paradise, with all its virgin beauties, may be modestly supposed at

most but equal to its native excellencies."

A charter was granted on the 9th

Charter to Trustees of the of June, 1732, constituting twen-

Colony of Georgia.

ty-one noblemen and gentlemen

a body corporate for twenty-one

years, by the name of the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of

Georgia, the grant specifying: "All those lands, countries and ter-

ritories, situate, lying and being in that part of South Carolina be-

tween the Savannah aud the Aitamaha, and westerly to the Pacific

aud the islands within twenty leagues of the coast."

In establishing the Colony of Geor-

Purpose of Establishing gia philanthropy was the main pur-

the Colony.

pose, but subsidiary to this was the

purpose of making it a Silk, Wine,

Oil, and Drug growing country. The movement to establish the

Colony in Georgia met with popular favor in London. The fol-

lowing approving lines appeared in the London Magazine for Octo-

ber, 1735:

" While ripening slow, the future purpose lay, And conscious Silence planned the opening way, Kind o'er the rising schemes an angel hung, And dropt this counsel from his guardian tongue, Wish you, this way, the royal pair inclined, To Carolina be a Georgia joined ; Then shall both Colonies sure progress mike, Endeared to either for the other's sake; Georgia shall Carolina's favor move, And Carolina bloom by Georgia's love."

AGRICULTURE.

213

The aborigines of Georgia possessed Aboriginal Agriculture, but very few agricultural imple-
ments, and those of the rudest structure, and the desire to labor was not a passion with them. Yet, with these drawbacks, the Indians, succeeded in obtaining from the soil abundant yields of corn, pumpkins, gourds, beans, and melons. Their system of culture was not elaborate or scientific. They selected the richest spots in their towns and in the valleys; when they took in a new piece they girdled the trees with stone axes. When the colonists located on these lands they found that the roots and stumps of the trees had disappeared showing that the land had been cultivated by the Indians for many years.
Fine crops of rice, corn, peas, potatoes, pumpkins, cabbages, and indigo were grown in Liberty by the colonists in 1732.
Silk culture attracted considerable attention in Silk Culture in South Carolina, and on the 31st of January,
Georgia. 1732, Sir Thomas Lambe certified that the silk produced in South Carolina possessed as much
natural strength and beauty as the silk of Italy. The cost of the production of silk in Georgia was estimated by
General James Oglethorpe to be 25 per cent, lower than in Piedmont. All minds seemed to agree in the belief that the production of silk was important to be considered and fostered. The production of raw silk was begun in Georgia under flattering auspices. It became the fashion, and in 1735, upon the king's birthday, the cpieen illustrated the royal approval of the industry by appearing in a full robe of Georgia silk. In 1739 Samuel Augsporer carried the raw silk from Georgia to England, and it was pronounced by John Zachary, an eminent raw silk merchant, and Mr. Booth, the great silk weaver, to be as fine as Italian silk and worth twenty shillings per pound. At New Ebenezer, in 1741, twenty girls made seventeen pounds of cocoons which sold in Savannah for three pounds, eight shillings. In 1747 eight hundred pounds of cocoons were raised in Georgia, of which onehalf was raised at Ebenezer. In 1750 one thousand pounds of cocoons and seventy-four pounds, two ounces of raw silk were sold in Ebenezer for one hundred and ten pounds sterling. In 1764

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

fifteen thousand two hundred and twelve pounds of cocoons were delivered in Savannah.
In his official account of the reasons for establishing the Colony of Georgia, the Secretary of the Board of Trustees says: "The Italian, French, Dutch, Indian, and China silks, imported, thrown and wrought only, may, on the most moderate compilation, be reckoned to cost us five hundred thousand pounds sterling per annum, which may all be saved by raising the raw silk in Georgia. The saving of the five hundred thousand pounds sterling per annum is not all; but our supplying ourselves with the raw silk from Georgia carries this further advantage along with it, that it will provide new, or additional, employment for at least 20,000 in Georgia for about four months in the year, during the silk season, and 20,000 more of our poor here all the year round, in working the raw silk."
In his "new and accurate account" of the Colony of Georgia, General James Oglethorpe remarks: " We shall be the market for great quantities of raw silk, perhaps for wine, oil, cotton, drugs, dye-stuffs, and many other lesser commodities. It must be a weak hand indeed, that cannot earn bread where silk worms and white mulberry trees are so plentiful. In Georgia the working-hand will have the benefit of all his labor." General Oglethorpe, to give an idea of the genial climate, quoted the following lines as applicable:
"The kind Spring which but salutes us here, Inhabits there, and courts them all the year; Ripe fruits and bloaooms on the same trees live, At once they promis, when at once they give. So sweet the air, so moderate the clime, None sickly lives, or dies before his time. Heaven, sure, has kept this spot of earth uneurst To show how all things were created first."
The Tea Plant. The tea plant thrives well in Middle, Eastern, and South Georgia. Trees nearly half a cen-
tury old are growing in Liberty, Talbot, and other counties.
In 1735 lucerne was first planted in FredLucerne--Indigo, erica. Indigo was first planted on Bermuda,
now known as Colonel's Island, and its culture was very profitable until the invention of the cotton gin, in

AGRICULTURE.

215

1783, stimulated the culture of cotton, and the culture of indigo

was abandoned.

The Saltzburgers, at Ebenezer, in 1738, made

Cotton Culture, a limited experiment in cotton growing. The

yield was abundant and the quality excellent.

But at that time the trustees favored silk and wine and did not

enc6urage the culture of cotton. In 1794 the principal exports

were pitch, tar, rice, and deer skins. Indigo at this time was

added to the list of staple productions.

History is silent as to the individual who first introduced the

seeds of the cotton plant in America. It was cultivated in 1736,

in Talbot county, Maryland, as a horticultural plant. The earliest

and most decided proof of the practicability of raising cotton crops

to advantage was first given in a letter from Mr. Leake, of Georgia,

addressed to General Thomas Proctor, of Philadelphia.

Tobacco has never been one of the staple crops of

Tobacco. Georgia, yet it has time and again been demon-

strated that it can be successfully and profitably

raised. In 1786 Dioneysius Oliver erected a tobacco warehouse

in the fork between the Savannah and Broad rivers, at Petersburg.

In 1842 Georgia made 141,542 pounds of tobacco.

The cession of a large part of her territory to the

Boundaries. Federal Government by Georgia left her in a

compact form and strictly a Southern State. Geor-

gia lies between 30 degrees, 21 minutes, 39 seconds, and 35 degrees

north latitude; her northern boundary is 36 degrees south of the

lowest parallel of Europe.

The variety of soil and climate in Georgia

Adaptability to makes the cultivation of almost any crop a

Crops.

possibility. The crops may be classed under

two heads: money crops; provision crops.

Cotton takes the lead as a money crop, but rice, syrup, tobacco, veg-

etables, fruits, melons, and truck products for the market can be

considered under this head.

The provision crops for a home market include all the cereals,

the leguminous crops, peas, beans, root crops, vegetables, and fruits,

embracing everything for food of man and beast not tropical.

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DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The data of the annual production of crops are not Annual as accurate and full as they should be. The estimaProduction ted annual product of cotton ranges from 800,000 of Crops. to 1,100,000 bales; com, 30,000,000 bushels; oats,
5,000,000 bushels; wheat, 3,000,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 5,000,000 bushels; Irish potatoes, 2,500,000 bushels; rice, 35,000,000 pounds.
The geographical position of Georgia, lying just Geographical at the bend of the coast, serving as the key-
Position, stone of the grand arch formed by the Atlantic and Gulf States, its wide range of soil, and magnifi-
cent climate peculiarly fit the State for diversified agricultural pursuits. Both the Atlantic and Gulf slopes are hers; the range of latitude is considerable, as the chief extent of territory is from north to south. The range of elevation is very great--from tidewater by a gradual rise to bold mountains. The soil in the northwestern part of the State is composed of disintegrated limestone; in the northeastern part, of granite and like stones; in Middle Georgia, red clay and gray soils with potash; in the southern part, lime and marl.
The capacity of the soil under intensive culCapacity of Soil, ture has been demonstrated in numerous in-
stances in every section of the State. Well authenticated yields are reported as follows:
In Cotton--6,917 pounds per acre in Washington county, 4,594 pounds in Troup county, 4,500 pounds in Carroll and Burke counties, 4,000 pounds in Crawford county, 3,500 pounds in Bulloch county, 2,700 pounds in Brooks and Clay counties, and 2,200 pounds in Coweta and DeKalb counties.
In Cora--137 bushels per acre in Spalding county, 125 bushels in Cobb county, 123 bushels in Wilkes county, 119 bushels in Thomas county, 115 bushels in Crawford county, and 104 bushels in Cherokee county.
In Oats--137 bushels per acre in Wilkes county, 131 bushels per acre in DeKalb county, 121 bushels in Floyd county, 115 bushels in Coweta county, 100 bushels in Schley county, and 75 bushels in Brooks county.

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In Wheat--Sixty-five bushels per acre in DeKalb county, forty bushels in Carroll county, aud twenty-eight bushels in Cherokee, Milton and Walton counties.
In Sweet Potatoes--800 bushels per acre in Berrien, Crawford and Richmond counties, 500 bushels in Brooks county, and 400 bushels in Fulton county.
In Irish Potatoes--420 bushels per acre in Wilkes county, 109 bushels in Walker county.
In Upland Bice--100 bushels per acre in Early, Hall, Pike and White counties.
In Cane Syrup--700 gallons par acre in Bulloeh county, 695 gallons in Thomas county, 600 gallons in Brooks county, and 480 gallons in Burke county.
In Clover Hay--16,000 pounds per acre in DeKalb county, 10,000 pounds in Greene county, 6,575 pounds in Cobb county.
In Peavine Hay--10,720 p Kinds per acre in Spalding county. In Corn Forage--27,130 pounds per acre in Greene county. TnBermuda Grass Hay--13,953 pounds peracre in Greenecounty. In Lucerne--9,400 pounds per acre in Gordon county. In Crabgrass Hay--8,046 pounds per acre in Bibb county. In Sugar--Twenty-one barrels per acre in Bulloeh county.
The test of time has demonstrated beyond all cavil that Cotton. Georgia is well adapted to the culture of cotton. The
original purpose of establishing a colony in Georgia was to make it a silk, wine, oil, aud drug-growing country. The trustees of the colony favored the production of silk instead of cotton and therefore encouraged the former. While Georgia was well adapted to the culture of all these in addition to cotton, the invention of the cotton gin stimulated the culture of cotton, and the raising of silk was abandoned.
Owing to the environments of the cotton planter in ante-bellum days, he was enabled to make the culture of cotton very profitable. With an abundant capital in lands and servants to till them, the central idea of each agricultural campaign was to take in more land to make more cotton to purchase more slaves, and to purchase more slaves to take in more land to make more cotton. Transportation and railway competition was not as complete and sharp

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DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

as now, and hence the planter was forced to make his supplies at home. Hence the old Southern Home, generally like the one shown in the illustration, was the abode of unstinted hospitality and generous welcome.

O, tho old Southern Home, where tho magnolias bloom And each soft wind that blows is a breath of perfume; "Where the festooned moss to the live oak cling, And you hear the sweet notes that the mocking-birds sing; Where the cypress and pine spread their emerald sheens, And the ripening gold of the orange tree gleams.
In this home, where plenty crowned the board, dwelt the highest type of Christian citizenship, and from it were sent men of wisdom to the councils of the nation and men of valor to lead the armies of their country to conquest and victory.
But the system of agriculture that prevailed was destructive to the fertility of the soil, and the continuance of success in the culture of cotton. The legacy of this system to the State of hills marred and seamed by huge gullies, and fields turned out to broom sedge and

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219

briars, was one that served as a badge of poverty and a reminder that unless the system was changed, "Ichabod" was forever written

on the hopes and prospects of the Georgia cotton planter. Under the old system the cotton-grower could utilize his acres, running up into the thousands. He had control of his land, his labor, and

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

his larder. He could reduce the cost of production to a low point. Of cotton, it has been truly said :

'Twas born of the burden of toil From the strength and the speed of the plow,
It springs from the heart of the soil And the seeds that are glorified now.

After the "war between the States" had terminated, the cotton planter was confronted with an entirely new order of things. The old Southern home mouldered in ashes, his capital invested in slaves was wiped out, his live stock and farm implements all gone, his land worn out or impoverished. With an abundance of poor land, and no means or machinery or implements, the farmer had to begin at the very bottom to build up his section. This condition of things inaugurated a system of purchasing supplies on time, stimulating the growth of the plant by commercial fertilizers, and depending upon the culture of cotton to pay for supplies for man and stock, for hire of labor and for commercial fertilizers. In its effects this system was almost as ruinous as the ante-bellum system. The farm and the tiller of the farm becomes impoverished. The

trouble is not so much the planting of cotton as it is the system pursued by the planters.

The cotton plant is one of the most valuable of plants to the farming world. It is increasing in value with each recurring year. It does not deplete the soil as other plants do. On a farm on which cotton is the staple product, only 2 J pounds of plant food are sold off of an average Georgia acre, while 97 pounds are returned to the soil in the plant and the seed.
In every ten bushels of wheat sold from the farm, the following quantities of the principal elements of plant food are removed. Compare it with that of lint cotton from an average acre in cotton:

Nitrogen..... Potash -Lime Magnesia Phosphoric acid

Wheat

Lint Cotton.

,

12.40 pounds. 1.00 pounds.

3.30 "

.50

36

,75

1.40 "

.25

4.90 "

.25 "

22.36

2.75

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The contrast is a remarkable one, and yet tbe cotton soils are being more rapidly exhausted than those on which wheat is the principal staple produced for market. This apparent contradiction arises from the existence of other factors which operate to a greater extent in aiding the exhaustion of cotton soils. After the cotton crops are gathered the fields are left bare and exposed to the leaching and washing action of the rainy season. A single heavy rain in winter or early spring when the surface is finely pulverized by recent freezes, causes greater injury to the naked field than would be the removal of a dozen crops of lint cotton. Cotton farms therefore have not been exhausted by the removal of plant food in the sale of their products, but by exposure to winter rains, by the waste of home manurial resources, and the absence of a system of rotation by which the soil is supplied periodically with a sufficiency of vegetable matter.
The necessity for a radical change in the system of agriculture is so urgent that planters will be forced to make it. The changed conditions of labor in the South renders it almost impossible to continue cultivating large areas. The trend of the times is to small farms. This necessitates the diversification of pursuits, enabling the land owner to till his own land and reap the fruit of his own industry. In the past the cotton grower of the South produced a crop which enabled the mill owners of the North and of Europe to amass fortunes, while he himself made but little by producing it. The logic of the times is that Georgia and the other cotton States have advantages that Old and New England have not, nor can they acquire them. The prominent advantages which are apparent are:
First.--Cotton is obtained at a less price. Second.--Cotton is in a better state to work. Third.--Water and steam power cost less money. Fourth.--Buildings for machinery and operatives' houses can be built for less money. Fifth.--Labor for the mills can be secured for less price, and less for the work actually performed. Sixth.--The climate being moist, is better adapted for spinning cotton, and is equal to Old England for spinning.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Seventh.--The climate being more temrjerate than New England, neither as hot nor as cold, laboring people can live at less cost.
Eighth.--The soil being cheaper, richer, and more productive, the cost of the necessaries of life being produced here, are cheaper here than in New or Old England.
Ninth.--The Southern manufacturer who makes at home what the people consume, and has the means to control their products, sells them at an advance over the Eastern manufacturer equal to the cost of its transportation from there to the cotton States consumers.
The manufacture of cotton here in Georgia where it is produced will open up new channels of enterprise. The cotton oil mills have already exerted a marked influence in the State; the growing volume of the business done by truck farmers; the impetus now being given to the live stock industry, all point to a decided change in our system of agriculture. Cotton will remain a staple crop, but to have it as a money-making crop the grower must place it in a money-making position. To do this, he must bring his land up to a high state of fertility by home-made fertilizers, rotation of crops, and thorough tillage-- and not make cotton chargeable with the support of the entire farm. The limit to the productive capacity of an acre has never been reached.
As early as 1540, Georgia was noted for the production Com. of Indian corn. In Sir Ferdinand De Soto's celebrated
" march through Georgia," the Indians supplied his forces with corn in abundance. Their crude system of agriculture was rewarded by abundant harvests of corn. From the elevated hills of Walker county to the plains of South Georgia, with good tillage and ordinary seasons, abundant crops of Indian corn have been made. At one time, during the prevalence of "the war between the States," Southwest Georgia was given the title of " the land of Goshen," as it supplied corn to the Confederacy. Under proper culture, the soil will not fail to respond in abundant yields. The average yield per acre can be largely increased under the system of rotation and intensive culture. The highest yield reported is 137 bushels per acre.

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Tobacco.

While not a staple crop, tobacco can be successfully and profitably raised in Georgia. The first tobacco warehouse erected in Georgia was in 1786. There is

TOBACCO FARM.
a decided tendency in the State to bring up the culture of tobacco to a more commanding position among the crops of the State. An increase in facilities for curing, handling, and marketing tobacco will develop its culture, and enable those who grow it to make a success of it. In many sections of the State farmers now find it profitable, and it may be classed as a growing industry.
Before the advent of colossal through transportation Wheat, lines, and low through freight rates from the West,
wheat was grown in Georgia successfully and profitably. Georgia wheat held high rank with millers, and the local mills in the State turned out flour of a most excellent quality. But when the competition from the West became so sharp, Georgia millers had to abandon the eontest, and farmers ceased to cultivate

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

wheat to as large an extent as before. With good culture the yield of wheat will be satisfactory. Many farmers yet sow it for their own use, and find it profitable.
One of the most valuable crops to the Georgia farmer is Oats, that of oats. With ordinary good seasons the yield will
be satisfactory. There is a growing tendency among farmers to devote more acreage and attention to this crop. It enables the grower to make his farm self-sustaining, as the oat crop can be produced at very little expense. Then its culture benefits the soil.
A very valuable crop is that of rye. When cut several Rye. times the yield of green forage is very large, and comes in at
a time when needed. It pays well, and the demand for it attests the fact of the increase in the number of those cultivating it iu Georgia.
Generally barley is sown with rye, and serves a valBarley. uable purpose. It is, however, not cultivated to so
large an extent as its importance warrants. The cultivation of sweet potatoes in Georgia is one ot
Potatoes, the most important in farm economy. The soil is well adapted to their culture, and responds in favor-
able seasons with abundant yields. Sweet potatoes are of practical utility on the farm. In some sections they are used for fattening hogs. Yields of 800 bushels per acre have been reported. Irish potatoes do well, and the utilization of them as a crop by truckers has largely increased the cultivation of them and added to their importance. Two crops are ordinarily made iu the year. Many years ago, a gentleman iu Decatur, Ga., made three crops, within twelve months.
On the Georgia coast for many years the culture of rice Rice, has been a prominent industry. In Southwest Georgia
and other portions of Georgia the culture of upland rice has been steadily increasing in volume and importance. The great clog upon the progress of its culture, the absence of mills for cleaning it, is being met by the erection of mills, aud the growth of this industry is assured. Yields of one hundred bushels per acre are reported iu Hall, White, Early and other counties.

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225

The culture of sugar cane, or ribbon cane, has Sugar Cane, proved successful in Southern Georgia and to some
extent in Middle Georgia It is cultivated in DeKalb county, within a distance of twenty-four miles from the State capital, and yields abundantly. In many sections sorghum is cultivated to some extent for the same purpose, and farmers find that it pays them to grow it.
The millets, clovers, cow peas, Indian corn, Forage Crops, teosinte and millo maize are all cultivated with
success. As forage crops, with liberal fertilization and good tillage, these crops make enormous yields, and the tendency to plant them by the farmers of Georgia is growing.
Almost any portion of Georgia, except where exGrasses, hausted by long continued and exhausting cultivation
of laud naturally poor or containing an excessive quantity of sand, will grow grass. The only climate superior to ours in this particular is that of England and Ireland where the winters are so mild that the grass remains green the whole year. The climate of the South is better adapted to grass culture, taking in consideration the whole year, than the Northern States, where during the whole winter and late in the spring the ground is hard frozen or covered with snow. The hay crop in Georgia is seldom injured by dry weather in the spring. There is always rain enough in the spring to mature the grass, and not enough rain to render precarious the harvesting of hay. Winter grazing is one of our greatest advantages.
It must be borne in mind that while considering the whole year, the Southern climate is well adapted to the successful cultivation of valuable forage plants and grasses, it is impossible to raise rich grass on poor land. Success in the culture of grass is a question of food for the plant--that food which the plant requires. Any land that will bring good wheat will bring good clover, and any land that will bring good oats will bring good grass.
One of the most valuable grasses is that known as Bermuda grass. Thirty years ago in many sections it was considered a pest. Now, in those same localities it is considered a blessing. It takes hold of the soil with its mass of roots, besides covering the

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

surface with a superficial network of twine-like runners which makes a compact sward. Dr. D. L. Phares, in his Farmer's Book Of Grasses, gives it high commendation. He says: "As a fertilizer it is one of the best. Being always moist and, where the growth is vigorous, studded with dew drops underneath throughout the dryest, hottest days; air enmeshed in large quantity, as in the packings for ice, in its densely tangled and packed masses seems to keep the carpeted earth cool and moist in hot weather and warm in cold weather. Hence the continuous, ceaseless absorption, condensation and storage of plant food from the atmosphere in the roots and subjacent soil. Nor is this all; perhaps not its most important influence in fertilizing the soil. At any rate, a more remote or secondary effect, though so far as I am aware wholly ignored, is of no little importance in arriving at its value as a fertilizer. It is well known that earth worms have the power, under certain conditions, of improving and elevating the soil, and even making soil where there is none, by elaborating materials from the subsoil and atmosphere and depositing on the surface the manufactured fertilizer. I have often looked with wonder and admiration at the vast amount of this kind of beneficent work performed by these little
creatures in a single night. "A piece of ground well coated with this grass is the paradise of
these worms--rather the cheerful laboratory of these industrious little manufacturers of fertilizers. Many may be surprised to learn that here on any pleasant night, and often day, the sounds emanating from the industrial works of these pigmies may be distinctly heard. With all their might, little individually, it is true, but in the combination of vast numbers mighty, they are constructing soil
for the intelligent farmer. " Nor is this all; their bodies are made up very" largely of albu-
minoids--the best plant food--and these, as the successive generations die, are added to the soil. I will not stop to mention other benefits bestowed on the soil by other kinds of labor of this industrial hive, but I must not omit another good growing out of the
presence of these worms. "Such a Bermuda grass meadow as that described is in summer a
paradise for pigs, too--not merely for the grass, the value of which

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227

all recognize, and which the pigs enjoy, but the benefit and enjoyment are doubled by the animal food so much craved by hogs and furnished by these worms in ample supply. The pigs literally revel among the tender grass aud tender, luscious worms as the human animal delights in his green peas, mutton, and fat oysters in March and April.
"Treating this grass from an agricultural standpoint, I need only mention its utility in binding together and holding levees of sand and loose soil against floods of water, its preventing lands from washing, and its filling gullies, in all which its value is inestimable."
The following rotation on Bermuda grass land has been adopted by some with excellent results : The first year, cotton; the second year, corn; the third year, oats or wheat, sown after corn. The grass begins to run as soon as the small grain is cut, and if grazed on several years there will be a thick sward of Bermuda. If Bermuda grass is torn up by the plow, and blue grass and white clover seed are sown, after harrowing aud previous to rolling, the perfection of a pasture, capable of sustaining the best live stock, whether horses, mules, colts, cattle, sheep, or hogs, will be produced, winter and summer. There is nothing equal to it at the North, or in Europe. As the Bermuda dies down in autumn, the blue grass and white clover then appear, the reverse occurring in the heat of summer.
Rev. C. W. Howard, in his " Manual for the Cultivation of the Grasses," places meadow oat grass at the head of winter grasses for Georgia. It has the double advantage, he says, of being a good hay as well as winter pasture grass. It does not answer well on moist land; rich upland is the proper soil for it. On such land it will grow from five to seven feet tall, completely hiding a man walking in it. It will grow on more sandy laud than most of the artificial grasses. Hence it is well suited to a large portion of the soil of the cotton belt, perhaps better suited on this account than any other upland grass. The yield of hay on rich land is large aud the quality is excellent. It matures rapidly--seed sown in the spring will produce seed in the fall ; the seed is ripe when the stalk is green. It shatters easily, and the seed must, therefore, be saved in time. If it be desired to save seed, it is best to cut off the heads with a cradle

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

and tie in bundles as grain; afterwards the rest can be mowed for

hay. This is a great advantage of being able to save hay and seed

from the same crop. Of a wet season it may be necessary to cut a

second crop. After it is cut, no stock should be allowed to graze it,

during the summer and fall. The rowen or aftermath, or aftergrowth,

all of these names being used, should remain until after Christmas,

then the stock may be turned upon it in dry weather, and remain

during the months of January and February. If it be not designed

to make hay, they may continue on it until the other grasses spring.

The amount of green food yielded by this grass during the winter

is greater than that of any other grass. On rich land at Christmas,

the ends of the leaves will have turned yellow, but there will be

found an astonishing mass of green grass beneath, which live stock

eat with avidity.



Orchard grass for hay and winter pasture ranks next in import-

ance to the tall meadow oat grass. It succeeds well in Georgia

on drained and dry bottom land or on rich upland.

It should be cut for hay as soon as it blossoms ; if cut then, the

hay is sweet, tender and nutritious ; if deferred until the seed has

formed, the hay will be hard and valueless. After cutting, orchard

grass springs rapidly, and the aftergrowth is heavy. It should not

be pastured during the summer or fall, but reserved for winter

grazing. Orchard grass grows wild in an orchard or in thinned

woodland. With the exception of meadow oat grass, orchard grass

stands a drouth better than any other of the cultivated grasses.

Where hay is an object, these two grasses, meadow oat and

orchard grass, should be sowed with red clover and white, as each

of the four blossoms at the same time, and is, therefore, simultane-

ously ready for the scythe. They answer also to mix wilh clover

in a rotation, where the clover is to stand two or three years, as

they mature rapidly, and assist in giving a compact sod. The

farmer should remember, that a sod of good grass and clover turned

under, is quite equal in value to a costly application of either

putrescent or purchased manures.

The hay is of high quality, and the young grass contains a larger

per cent, of nutritive digestible matter than any other grass. It

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229

thrives well without renewal on the same ground for thirty-five, nay, forty years.
Perhaps the most beautiful of all grasses is Italian rye grass. On very rich land, the green of the blades almost approaches blackness, and their shining lustre is metallic. It seems to be indifferent to climate and texture of soil, requiring only dryness and richness. It thrives as well in the severe climate of Scotland as in its native sunny Italy.
It has been grown with success in all parts of this State, from the sandy lands of the coast to the blue limestone lands of the northwestern part of the State.
It is an annual, and should be sowed in August or September at the rate of ten pounds of seed to the acre. Italian rye grass sowed in August or September, will be ready for grazing in Feb-
ruary. On rich lands no other grass will probably bear so many mow-
ings, nor is any other better adapted to green soiling. It is a ravenous feeder and thrives on the richest soils and many applications per year of rich fertilizers. But the enormous yield of delicious forage amply repays the expense of such feeding, in the sleek coats and distended sides of the happy colts, horses, sheep and cattle, the improved health of the animals, the big pails brimming with rich, -delicious milk and the well-filled tubs of beautiful, fine flavored butter.
In the dairying districts of Europe, where irrigation is employed, the quantity of forage afforded by this grass is simply enormous. But to obtain the best results, it must be abundantly fertilized. This grass stands drought well and grows most luxuriantly in our Southern States. If not kept grazed or mowed, however, the leaves cover the ground so deeply and densely, that an excess of rain in very hot weather in the extreme South causes it to rot suddenly, destroying even the roots.
In the dried state, Way's analyses show that tho Italian rye grass contained 71.19 per cent, of nutritive matter and timothy only 68.26. Animals are very fond of it for grazing, green soiling, or as hay; selecting it among other grasses. They are usually the best judges of what is adapted to their own conditions and the

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DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

needs of their systems. And the effects this grass produces on their general condition and upon the products of the dairy confirm the judgment of the cows. Now it is true that cut and fed green Italian rye grass contains much more water than timothy. The cow decides that this is no disadvantage, as in consequence she has to go seldomer to and take less water from the pool. It is mixed intimately in the grass ready for her use. The grass is 'tenderer more easily masticated and digested and the nutrition more completely assimilated, thus reducing waste of muscular and nerve tissue and heat producing principles, The total crop of timothy for the year is besides small compared with that of the Italian rye grass to the acre ; and but two cuttings at most of timothy may be had while the later may be cut many times.
Kentucky blue grass is very valuable as a pasture grass. Its very narrow leaves, one, two, or more feet long, are in such profusion and cover the ground to such depth with their luxuriant growth, on rich laud, that it must be seen to form an adequate idea of beauty, quantity, and value.
On account of its slow maturity, blue grass seed should never be sowed by itself. It should be mixed with red and white clover, meadow-oat, and orchard grass. These will occupy the ground at once, and the blue grass will advance slowly, but in the end will whip the whole of them out, except the white clover. For this reason blue grass should never be sowed with grasses designed for permanent meadow, as it will be certain finally to root them out.
On very rich land, blue grass will make hay excellent in quality, but small in quantity. Its chief value is for winter pasture. While they last, meadow-oat and orchard grass are much superior to it, But the permanence of blue grass gives it a great advantage. It will last an indefinite number of years. After having been long grazed, it becomes what is popularly called " hide-bound," and ceases to thrive. If a coulter is then run through it both ways, thoroughly tearing the sod, the grass will renew its youth and spring again with great vigor.
Blue grass, designed for winter pasture, should be treated in the same way with meadow-oat and orchard grass. Thus treated, it will not only last, but will continue to improve. This improve-

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231

ment will be the more decided if the stock grazing it are suffered to remain all night upon it. It should be remembered, in the treatment of pastures, that a large portion of the excrement of live stock is voided during the night, or when they first rise in the morning. This is, of course, lost to the pasture when the stock are driven to the yard at night.
Blue grass will bear more shade than any other grass, and itshould therefore be the main reliance in woodland pastures. While it affords excellent graziug for horses, cattle and sheep, its greatest value is for hogs, especially in woodland pastures. The trees thinned out and trampled around scarcely ever fail in their mast, and, between the acorns and grass, hogs can be raised and nearly fattened at very small expense.
Close grazing does not injure it as it does many other grasses, from the fact that it is stoloniferous, or runs and spreads from the roots. On the whole, it is an exceedingly valuable grass to Georgia farmers who own land rich enough to produce it.
There is, perhaps, more nutriment in a given amount of blue grass than any other grass with the exception, perhaps, of the Bermuda. Live stock will keep fat on it when they seem to be biting into the very clay or gravel.
Bermuda and crab-grass are considered the best for summer pastures, meadow oat grass, orchard blue and Terrell grass, red and white clover for winter pastures.
Shrader, Texas blue, and others are regarded as excellent grasses. Of the grasses valuable for hay, timothy is regarded as the best. It succeeds best on moist bottom land, but does not bear drought and grazing well. It will yield four tons of excellent hay per acre, but the great objection to it is that this quantity removes six: hundred pounds of potash from the soil. Herd's grass grows well on hill tops and sides, in ditches, gullies and marshes, but specially delights in moist bottom land. It furnishes considerable grazing during warm spells in winter, and in spring and summer an abundant supply of nutrition. Herd's grass and timothy do well together and produce an excellent hay. Of the artificial grasses, red clover, perennial clover, crimson clover, white clover, vetch, lucerne, burr clover, and the millets

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

X

do well. Georgia is well adapted to the cultivation of the grasses, and the drawbacks to success are as few and as easily removable as in any portion of the world.
One of the growing industries of the State is Truck Farming, that of truck farming, and, at no distant day,
it is destined to rank among the first in importance and value. The increase in acreage has been steady and sure. The influence in quickening and developing other interests in the section where trucking prevails, has been marked and widespread. As a step towards the diversification of agricultural pursuits, it is exerting a wholesome influence in demonstrating the error of devoting all efforts to the cultivation of all cotton.
It may be said with truth that where proper transportation facilities are provided, there is scarcely any section of the State that does not offer inducements to the truck grower. In melons, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, and other vegetables, the shipments from Georgia to other sections have been steadily increasing in volume, keeping pace with the improvement in transportation facilities. The development of this industry at Savannah and vicinity has been wonderful. The increase in 1893 over the preceding year was 84,866 crates and 46,672 barrels, exclusive of melons. At Augusta, Brunswick, Pelham, and other points, the inducements are very great.
In the production of the watermelon, Georgia "leads the van," both as to quality and quantity. The Georgia melon has a national reputation, and each season finds it extending its distribution for i'..e delight of thousands. It ranks as a money crop, and nearly 100,000 acres are devoted to its culture, requiring over 10,000 cars to carry the fruit to market. The advantages of Georgia are unexcelled anywhere, and the future of the trucking industry is one of great promise.
The development in horticulture in Georgia has Horticulture, been phenomenal. She stands among the first in
the products of her orchards. The fine climate is highly favorable to the cultivation of fruits of all kinds. While the adaptability of Georgia soil for the culture of fruit has been known for decades, yet the knowledge that the possibilities of

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233

V
'

her soil covered a wide range of fruits of all kinds is the result of the information imparted by the State Horticultural Society of Georgia. This society, composed of men of culture and experience, and whose presiding officer is a standard authority on horticultural matters in this country and in Europe, after years of careful testing the various fruits, have given their approval to a large variety of fruits that can be--and are--successfully raised in Georgia. Their work is one of inestimable value to the people of Georgia, and can ,be accepted as the most reliable authority on the subject.
The society divided the State into four secfions, viz.: The upper or mountain region, embracing that section of Georgia between the 34th and 35th degrees of latitude, north; the middle region, between the 32d and 34th degrees, including the southwestern portion of the 32d degree, except the counties for the southern region ; the southern region, comprising the counties of Baker, Berrien, Brooks, Charlton, Clinch, Colquitt, Early, Echols, Lowndes, Miller, Mitchell, Pierce, Thomas and Ware; the lower or coast region, comprising the counties of Bryan, Chatham, Camden, Glynu, Liberty and Mc In tosh.

The Eleventh Census gives the following as the amount of the
principal orchard products (iu bushels) produced in the State in 1889:

Apples Apricots Cherries.. .__ Peaches Pears Plums and prunes. .

2,113,055 bushels.

2>233

._.

10173



1,490,633 "

113,868 "

49 668 "

The shipments for the last two years will largely exceed this. Apples.--It will be noted that the statement of the Eleventh Census of the shipment of orchard products in 1889 gives the largest shipment to apples. Iu the northern part of the State very fine apples are grown, and there are quite a number of varieties successfully grown in other sections of the State.
Peaches.--In the production of peaches Georgia stands at the head in quantity and flavor.

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The peach has flourished ou Georgia soil for scores of years, and there are but few localities in the State, where they are unknown. Georgia is as noted for her peaches as Florida is for her oranges. Within the last few years this industry has been greatly extended. The acreage has beeu more than doubled, and the capital invested in peach orchards largely increased. The development has not been confined to any one section. In every section of the State, from Cobb, Coweta, Troup, Spalding and Houston, to Macon and Berrien counties, this industry has attained a commanding position. The Georgia peach has no superior in America for flavor. The great profitableness of the business is due to the fact that the fruit gets into the northern markets several weeks earlier than the products of the more northern orchards, and the prices received are many times greater than can be had later in the season.
Mr. J. H. Hale, of Connecticut, who was in charge of the Horticultural Department of the Eleventh Census, and who is conceded to be the best informed peach man in the country, in a speech at a meeting of the American Association of Nurserymen at Minneapolis, said:
" Having visited every fruit section in the United States--every fruit-growing section in every State in the Union, and had my peach eye open, because I love peaches and peach culture--I just lost my head when I got in that section of Georgia, and I do not think that, California excepted, there is another such district in the United States for the growing of fruit. If you go right south thirty miles from Macon you will find brown, chocolate-colored, loamy soil, with a splendid clay bottom. It is a magnificent soil, easy to work, and the peach trees going down into that red clay, it does produce fine colored peaches, and they look better and taste better than those of California. "
There are nearly sixty varieties of peaches successfully grown in Georgia.
The leading market varieties in the order of maturity are: Alexander, Beatrice, Louise, Hale's Early, Tillotson, Fleitas, St. John, Tuskena, General Taylor, Mountain Rose, Foster, Eirly Crawford, General Lee, Chinese Cling, Old Mixon Free, Susquehanna, Elberta, Stump the World, Columbia, Lemon Cling, Mus-

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cogee, Indian Blood Cling, Picquet's, Church, White Heath Cling, Eaton's Golden, Baldwin's, Austin, Darby, Bustian's.
The leading varieties for shipping to Northern and Western markets are :
Alexander, Fleitas, St. John, Tillotson, Crawford's Early, Crawford's Late, Elberta, Stump the World, Susquehanna.
For family use, in addition to those given above, are : Early Rivers, Hale's Yellow, St. John, Amelia, Mountain Eose, General Taylor Cling, Duff Cling, General Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Chinese Cling, Thurber, Lemon Cling, Columbia, Old Mixon Cling, Picquet's, Osceola, Baldwin's Late, Heath White, Demming's September Cling, Eaton's Golden, Bustian's October, Austin's Late, Tinsley's October.

FOUR-YEAR-OLD KEIFER PEAR ORCHARD WITH SEA ISLAND COTTON BKTWSEN THE ROWS.
Pears.--Thirty-five varieties of pears appear in the catalogues of the Georgia Horticultural Society as having stood the test.
The LeConte and Keif'er pears have special prominence in southern Georgia and have proven very profitable.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The best varieties for market in order of maturity are--on Quince: Buerre Giffard, St. Michael Archangel, Buerre Superfine, Howell, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Seckel, Burre d'Anjou.
On Standard : Doyenne d'Ete, Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett, Belle Lucrative, LaConte, Flemish Beauty, Buerre Clairgeau, Lawrence, Keiffer, Buerre Easter, and Winter Nelis.
Oriental Type: Daimio, Mikado, Garber, Mine. Von Siebold, very productive, and valuable for canning and evaporating.

VINEYARD AT TIFTOX, GA.
Grapes.--In the production of grapes Georgia is forging to the front rauk. The acreage in vineyards is being largely increased, and the output is attaining a proportion that is attracting the attention of the entire country. Georgia is well adapted to grape culture. One of the leading purposes in establishing the colony in Georgia was to make it a wine producing country.
There are over 38 varieties successfully cultivated in the State. The leading varieties for shipping, in order of maturity, are :

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Moore's Diamond, Moore's, Brighton, Ives, Delaware, Niagara, Concord, Perkins, Diana.
The best varieties for wine are : Red--Norton's Virginia, Leuoir, Clinton, Concord, Ives, Thomas. White--Missouri Reisling, Catawba, Delaware, Elvira, Warren, Noah, Scuppernong.
Other Fruits.---There are also a number of other fruits that thrive well and yield abundantly on Georgia soil: Figs, cherries, plums, Japanese persimmons, strawberries, blackberries, mulberries, etc.
The list of woody plants in Georgia embraces Woody Plants, over 230 varieties. We give simply the com-
mon name by which they are known and distinguished :
Anise, magnolia, sweet bay, white poplar, paw-paw, American lime, loblolly bay, toothache tree, prickly ash, sumach, poison elder, poison oak, fox grape, summer grape, frost grape, muscadine, Virginia creeper, supple-jack, buckthorn, Carolina buckthorn, strawberry bush, bladder nut, soapberry, horse-chestnut, buckeye, striped maple, mountain maple, sugar maple, red or swamp maple, ashleaf locust, yellow-wood, red bud, wild cherry, mock orauge, hawthorn, red haw, syringa, witch-hazel, sweet gum, dogwood, sour gum, Ogeecheelime,snowberry, elder, button bush, short-leaf pine, pitch pine, pind pine, loblolly pine, long-leaf pine, white pine, hemlock, spruce, red cedar, white cedar, cypress, bullace, plum, sloe.
" The bamboo, it is generally conceded, is the Southern Pine, most useful tree that grows, but before the award
is finally determined, the long-leafed pine is entitled to distinguished consideration. By this is meant the longneedle pine, as it is sometimes known, the pinus palustris, or pinus australis, which is to be found all the way along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and among the sand hills for 150 miles back from the sea, from the Potomac to the mouth of the Mississippi, and serves more of the wants of mankind than any other tree that is known in the temperate zone, if not in the world. From the roots to the tips of its slender, needle-like leaves, every atom is capable of performing a valuable service, and not a splinter need be wasted.
" Like the palm, which is the most graceful and picturesque of trees, it has a long, straight, slender trunk, usually rising to the

23f

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

height of seventy, and often to a hundred, feet, without a curve, or a knot, or a branch, and at the top. is a cluster of delicate branches, bearing brush-like bunches of needles, long and evergreen, which decay and drop out annually, one after another, but never enough at a time to lose their color, nor deprive the tree of its statuesque plumage.
" It knows no difference between winter or summer, nor between frost and heat. It will grow densely on the thirsty plains of sand that lie between the ocean and the Piedmont country, or in the swamps, where its roots and base are never dry; or it will stand alone to decorate the barren dunes that the sea has piled up along the beach when in a tempestuous temper. It forms almost a continuous forest for a distance of 1,000 miles, regardless of the character of the soil or the climate, and indifferent alike to drouth and deluge. In a pine forest there is no underbush. The ground is always smooth where it is not swampy, and covered with a carpet of decayed needles, that have a deep reddish brown color, and are slippery a*nd elastic under the tread. The trunks stand like a series of stately colonnades, sustaining a green canopy, as the trees are usually near enough for the branches to overlap at the top and furnish a perpetual shade like a twilight.
" These pines exhale a balsam which lingers continually in the atmosphere with a fragrance that is grateful to most nostrils, and is a specific for pulmonary and throat diseases, although to some sensitive people the odor is offensive. It is a remedy that cannot be administered in any other place, and to inhale it physicians in all parts of the country send their consumptive, catarrhal, asthmatic, and bronchial patients here, to Georgia, where other conditions are equally favorable. Thus, as it grows, untouched by the hand of man, this beautiful tree impregnates the atmosphere with health restoratives, and that quality alone gives it a most conspicuous value to man.
"The timber that is cut from it is known as Georgia pine, and for general purposes is considered the most useful furnished by any forest tree. It is light and enduring, it is soft and yields readily to tools; it will endure water and weather better than auy other of the soft woods, its resinous qualities enable it to hold paint and

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varnish longer than any other lumber; it has a toughness and tensile strength greater than any other wood tvvice its specific gravity, it is equally good for building and for cabinet work and furniture, and will wear as well out of doors as in. It has a straight, even and beautifully marked grain, which is susceptible of high polish, and can be furnished in almost any size and length required.
" The roots and bark have well known medical and chemical properties that have been utilized for years. They make the best of lampblack, and their sap is used in certain colorings and dyesThe highest grades of charcoal are from the bark, which carries a heavy percentage of carbon, and the sawdust a heavy percentage of alcohol and creosote. Hogs are fattened upon the 'mast' or seed, and the needles are put to a dozen uses, but next to the timber and lumber taken from the trunks the sap is the source of the greatest profit as the basis of ' naval stores.' Whea the sap begins to run in the spring the bark of the tree is chipped away with a special tool made for the purpose until two or more square feet of the trunk are laid bare. The sap rapidly hardens as it oozes out of the veins and is exposed to the air, and forms a gum upon the surface, or it may drip into a basin or cavity at the the foot of the tree cut to receive it. Every night and morning the trunk is scraped and the basins emptied, and about once a week a fresh cut is made into the bark and more surface exposed, until the sap has passed up into the branches and stops running. While this no doubt weakens the tree and stops its growth a certain amount of sap may be taken every spring indefinitely without destroying its vitality, unless the trunk should be girded, when, like every other tree, it will die.
"The gum is thrown into a cauldron and boiled, and the steam is passed through a ' worm '--a coil of large pipe, and similar to that used in a liquor distillery, and the condensation drops into a tank and is called spirits of turpentine. The residue in the cauldron is resin, or rosin, as it is often spelled. This is run off into rough barrels while it is hot and solidities.
"There are several grades of resin and turpentine, chiefly based upon their degree of purity, which is chiefly governed by the care exercised in gathering and redusing the gum, although the soil in

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

which the tree is growing makes some difference in the quality of the sap. The turpentine can be clarified by chemical processes, but the resin cannot. It is usually divided into three grades--fine, medium, and common--and there is a special fine grade of ambercolored crystals known as 'window-glass resin,' which is used on violin bows, in the manufacture of stained glass and fine painters' materials--like sizing for canvas, transparent varnish, and so on.
"Tar is made by slowly burning the resinous fiber of the pine tree in kilns similar to those used in making charcoal. As the wood is consumed the sap and gum are cooked, and being released escape into a receiver below the fire, from which they run into a vat or spit.
"The fiber in the green state is boiled in vats, and the escaping vapor, being distilled, is known as 'wood spirits/ a form of alcohol of great value in chemistry and the basis of certain patent medicines; but the best quality is made from sawdust.
" By another method of treatment creosote is produced, which is used as stock in the manufacture of certain drugs and chemicals, and for preserving timber against decay and the attacks of the 'teredo,' a water-worm that is exceedingly destructive to boats, piles, bridge timbers, wharves, and other wood exposed in the Southern waters."
In short, the uses of the pine are almost endless, and a detailed account of them would require too much space here. The above resum6 is true and sufficient, and shows how a Northern visitor regards this tree, which, with its health-giving breath, its treasure of wood, sap, gum, and foliage, stands stately and majestic in the silent reaches of our Southern forests, tossing its acerose foliage in the wind, and waiting for the axe that sooner or later must gash its straight and flawless trunks.
The growth of the trucking and orchard iuIrrigation. dustries has been so extraordinary that every
feature looking to their fuller development and every factor of success will necessarily command attention. One of the most important subjects commanding investigation is that of irrigation, not simply as a preveutative of drouth, but as giving to the producer the complete control of the supply of water to the

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growing plant at the ri^lit time and in the right quautity. The question also takes hold of the proper drainage of the land and the preservation of our forests. It is fortunate for Georgia that she has at this juncture a State Commission of Irrigation, composed of able and cultured gentlemen who will give the matter a thorough investigation. Dr. H. C. White, of Athens. Ga., is the President. Colonel George W. Harrison, of Atlanta, is the Secretary. The other members of the Board are: Hon. Martin VCalvin, of Richmond, Hon. Garland M. Ryals, of Chatham, and Major W. G. Whidby, of DeKalb.

LAND RECLAIMED.
Senator J. A. Mercer, of the Ninth District, at By the State, the October term of the General Assembly, 1894,
introduced a most important initiatory measure looking to the future reclamation of hundreds of thousands of acres of lands, that in their present condition are absolutely worthless, that by a thorough system of drainage, could in a few years be made the most productive lands in the State.
The act was approved December 17, 1894, and reads as follows:
SECTION 1. It shall be the duty of the State Geologist to give his attention to the administration of the affairs of the survey; to visit all parts of the State, so as to make himself familiar with the needs of each section; to supervise the work of his assistants, including all reports submitted by them for publication; to undertake such field work as his time will permit, and to perform such other duties as pertain to his office.
SEC. 3. It shall also be the duty of said State Geologist to make a survey of the water courses, ponds, lakes, and swamp regions of Georgia, submit, in the report provided for in this act, a topographical map, showing the location, extent, means, and plans of drainage, and also estimate of the cost of said drainage of the ponds, lakes, and swamps of Georgia. The State Geologist shall also make an estimate of the value and extent of the lands to be

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

reclaimed by said drainage, and the State Geologist is hereby authorized to employ two competent topographers and four assistant topographers and two drivers, as may be necessary, to carry out the purpose of this act. The State Geologist shall have supervision of the entire work of the survey, and shall be responsible for the accuracy of the same. It shall be the duty of the State Geologist to make report to the Advisory Board once every three months, to wit: on the second Wednesdays of March, June, September, and December of each year. But no individual, firm, or corporation shall have the right to call upon or require the State Geologist to enter upon any special survey for his or their special benefit; but the survey is to proceed upon a settled plan for the benefit of the public and investors and developers in general.
Section 12 provides that "There shall be an advisory board, consisting of the Governor of the State, who shall be president of the board, the Commissioner of Agriculture, the State School Commissioner, the State Treasurer, the Comptroller-General, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney-General, any four of whom shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business."
Whether the foregoing bill of Senator Mercer is to be regarded merely as a means of demonstrating the economy and practicability of reclaiming these waste lands, and thereby.stimulating co-operative private enterprise in the prosecution of an extended system of internal improvement, similar to the great irrigating enterprises of the West, but upon the converse principle of restoring fertility to the land by a thorough system of drainage that would carry off the surplus of water that now covers them, or as a means of ultimately giving an outlet for the profitable employment of the convict labor of the State, is a matter to be determined in the future (after the present lease system shall have expired in April, 1899). Much will depend upon the reports made by the State Geologist, and as he has one of his assistant topographers, Mr. D. L. Wardroper, actively engaged in the survey of the pond, lake, and swamp lands of Calhoun (Senator Mercer's own county), and working towards Albany, some practical information on the lines indicated may be looked for when the legislature convenes in October.

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In its last analysis, so far as State aid is concerned, everything must depend upon the final action taken by this body. If the reports should demonstrate favorably the practical and economical questions involved in the reclamation of these lands, upon some equitable plan of mutual benefit to both parties, and at the same lime that would yield to the investor (whether State or individual) a sure and permanent, if moderate, return, and on a similar basis of credit as the millions invested in the great systems of Western irrigation (we mean the increased fertility and producing capacity of the land reclaimed),a long stride towards stimulating private enterprise in the work, in the event that the State shall fail in her duty, will have been accomplished, and, it may be, the all-important question of Georgia having her barns, corncribs, and smokehouses within her own State limits would be solved, the countless millions of bushels of corn and other cereals that are now pent up in the latent fertile energies of these alluvial but submerged lands would be liberated, and the aggregate resources and wealth of both citizen and State would be largely increased.
On October 29, 1889, the bill providing for By a Corporation, the sale of the Okefinokee swamp became a
law by the approval of the governor. On March 18, 1890, certain gentlemen, amongst them Henry Jackson, of Atlanta, and Frank Coxe, were by Hon. John B. Gordon, then governor of Georgia, declared the highest bidders for the property, by which declaration, under the terms of the act aforesaid, these gentlemen became an incorporated company, having the name of the Suwanee Canal Company. The survey provided for was ^-g^, rapidly had, and upon its completion the company paid the State in full for the property at the price of 26 J cents per acre. > Nearly all the stock is owned by Georgians. Henry Jackson, of Atlanta, was elected president of the company, and A. E. Thornton, the vice-president of the Atlanta National Bank, was made vice-president. In September, 1891, dirt was broken for the canal from the eastern margin of the swamp, at a point near its center, to the St. Mary's river, a distance of six miles, lacking 300 feet. This river, at high tide, is 120 feet below the level of the swamp, and there-

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

fore upon the completion of a canal of proper dimensions, the water would be rapidly discharged with great velocity.
Mr. Henry Jackson, the president of the company, is more familiar with this property probably than any living mau. He has made explorations in every direction, the result of which shows that it lies on a north and south line, being about forty-five miles in length by an average width of about thirty miles. In it are numerous islands, which have been already reclaimed by nature. The most prominent of these are as follows : Black Jack Island, about seven miles in length by about a mile and one-half in width, covered with Georgia long-leaf pine, which will cut between 5,000 and 6,000 feet to the acre. Mitchell's Island, about four miles in length by about two miles in width, covered by long-leaf pine of equal quality to that of Black Jack. Billy's Island, seven miles in length by about one mile, in width, covered by long-leaf pine that will cut from 2,500 to 3,000 feet to the acre. Floyd's Island, seven miles in length by about one mile in width, covered by longleaf pine much less in quantity per acre than on the other islands named.
There are many other small islands also covered with a fine growth of pine timber, some cedar and some maple. Running north and south are large timber bays, varying from five to thirty miles in length, of various widths. The term bay in that section of the State is used as synonymous with cypress "brake" elsewhere.
The cypress timber is the finest quality of black cypress, and in all except the central bay, will cut about 25,000 feet to the acre. The central bay, or backbone of the swamp, approximately thirty miles in length by an average width of twelve to twenty miles will cut approximately 50,000 feet to the acre. Many of the acres in this bay will approximate 100,000 feet. These timber bays are separated from each other by immense prairies, the largest beinothe Grand prairie, which is about five miles in width and four miles in length, and the Chase prairie, of even larger dimensions. Lt this season of the year, these vast openings are as snow white as cotton fields, because of the luxuriant growth of water lilies. Interspersed with these beautiful flowers, in great abundance, is found the bloom of what is known as the bulltongue, a flower of

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exceeding beauty, being about the length and diameter of the index finger, the top half of the most brilliant yellow and the lower half white. The water drained from these prairies, the muck could be upturned by steam plows. The swamp, in fact, presents the ideal place for the dredge boat and the steam plow. The whole area, with the exception of the islands, is covered by about eight feet of muck, on top of which is approximately two feet of water. There are also many lakes of various dimensions and of great beauty, in which there is no growth whatever, the depth of water being about three feet, underneath which is the inevitable muck. Billy's lake is about five miles in length, but narrow, averaging not more than 200 feet. Here the water is from fifteen to twenty feet in depth, and there is no muck--the bottom is sandy. The central ridges of the islands are covered with sand, sloping off into hammock land, and thence into muck. Each island is surrounded by a heavy bay of timber, the finest being that about Floyd's Island. As above stated, the pine timber on Floyd's Island is poor, but as soon as you reach the hammock land commences the red bay, the magnolia, the white bay, the white holly, etc. The red bay tree grows to the dimensions of three feet in diameter, sixteen feet from the ground, often going to the height of seventy feet before the first limb is reached. This wood, when sawed, is the most beautiful I have ever seen. It takes a polish almost equal to that of mahogany. The white holly is there known as Henderson wood, and from this most of the piano keys in this country are made. When dry it is as white as ivory, and the grain is not discoverable.
The supply of cypress is immense, and its superior quality is due to the fact that it has not been subjected to the alternations of floods and droughts, as is the case with the river cypress. All of this timber has been protected from depredations of every character, and there is not a scratch thereon, except what may have been placed by the nomadic hunter or the wandering beast. On Black Jack Island and Mitchell Island can be obtained views of virgin pine forests, as they came from the hand of the Creator, and the contrast between them and the forests with which Georgians are generally familiar, blackened and scarred by the turpentine men, cannot be expressed.

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* On Billy's Island was the wigwam of Billy Bow-legs, the In diau chief, from whom it takes its name. The swamp abounds
with fish and game of all kinds. Deer, bear, turkeys, woodcock, partridges, snipe, etc., are found on the island and in proximity thereto. It is also the home of the otter, the wild cat, the panther, etc. Its waters are filled with what is known as the trout, but really the large mouth black bass, bream, perch, etc. In the spring of the year the fishermen in that section shoot the trout with bows and arrows.
The sportsman who can stand the hardships of hunting in water and muck, and of carrying his food and blankets on his back, finds there a paradise.
The primary object of the Suwauuee Canal Company has been to reach the nearest timber and to open a water-way to the St. Mary's river by which it can be floated out. To this end the canal was commenced at what is known as Camp Cornelia, and was simultaneously constructed towards the west and towards the east, This water-way has been cut by the largest dredge boat now engaged on interior work in the United States to a distance of twelve miles from the eastern margin of the swamp, and millions of feet of superb cypress are now ready to be brought out so soon as the work is completed to the river. This canal in the swamp is fortyfive feet wide and of a minimum depth of six feet. The dredge is supplied with fuel and the dredge crew with provisions by a steam tug seventy-one feet long by sixteen feet beam. The largest expenditure made by the company has been in working through a ridge immediately adjacent to the swamp, about a mile and threefourths in width, and having an average elevation above the water of the swamp of about thirty-five feet. The cut through the deepest portion of this ridge is forty feet in depth ; hence, at the top the canal is from seventy-five to one hundred feet in width.
From Camp Cornelia to Folkston, the nearest point on the Savannah, Florida and Western Kailroad, is a distance of about eleven miles. The company has constructed a railroad to the track of the Savannah, Florida and Western. The contractors who made the first cut through the ridge, Brooks Brothers & Co., have never left Charlton county. They have already constructed a railroad from

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Trader's Hill, the county seat, in the direction of the southeastern margin of the swamp, in order to reach pine timber. This road passes within two miles of Camp Cornelia. They are now delivering pine logs and cross-ties into the St. Mary's river at Trader's Hill. The canal company will also probably construct a railroad to some point on the Satilla river to supply the demand for logs of the mills on that stream. From the time of the commencement of work in September, 1891, to the present moment, not a day has been lost. The company does not owe a dollar in the world except to the stockholders thereof, who submitted to voluntary assessment for development purposes. This fund is not yet exhausted.
The company has erected a sawmill on the eastern edge of this wilderness, with a capacity of about 50,000 feet per day. Its skid, which pulls the cypress logs into the canal, is at work about six miles from the mill. Upon the canal are operating two tugboats, engaged in towing rafts of logs to the mill basin. About 30,000,000 feet of cypress have been deadened, and are now ready to come out. The railroad connects both with the St. Mary's river and with the Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad. Therefore, the company can reach the markets of the world either by rail or by water. A second dredge boat has been launched and put in operation. One is cutting its way westward, directly across the swamp, and the other northward, in the direction of Floyd's Island. One of these boats is fitted with electricity, so that the very center of the swamp is now illuminated by arc and incandescent lights. It works night and day.
The benefits to flow to that section of Georgia, now regarded as the poorest section of the State, are simply incalculable. Already comfortable cottages are going up in the neighborhood of Camp Cornelia. The business at Folkston has been largely increased, and the company has kept steadily employed never less than fifty hands, and for a long period of time some 250. These men have moved their wives and children to the vicinity of their work, and during the three summers spent there, there has never been a case of fever or of malarial sickness of any kind.
Mr. D. C. Bacon, for years identified with the lumber interests of Georgia, declares that the long-leaf pine timber on Black Jack

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DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Island will cut 6,000 feet to the acre, and that so far as the cypress is concerned, he has never seen its equal anywhere. Before many years elapse Charlton county will become one of the most prosperous in the State. It has an embryo wealth which cannot now be estimated, and I firmly believe that the work of the Suwannee Canal Company will develop it. An area of between 500,000 and 600,000 acres, half of it heavily timbered, will be redeemed to the State, and that section of Georgia will derive the first and the largest benefit therefrom.
The views in this wonderful wilderness are bewilderingly beautiful. Through the main timber bay, as the canoe makes its way in a mere trail through immense cypress trees, many of them from four to six feet in diameter, it constantly emerges into large lagoons, or lakes. The trees are garlanded with moss and flowers, and as the rays of sunlight penetrate through the limbs and branches to the water, a picture is presented worthy of the finest brush. This trail runs an almost west course for a distance of about twelve miles, when it emerges into Billy's lake. It was only discovered last December, and up to that time Billy's Island had only been reached by going to the extreme northern end of the swamp and coming down on the western side of this bay, traversing a distance of from fifty to sixty miles.
Mr. Jackson determined to go directly through, and made arrangements, with two guides, to make the trip. They expected to have to cut a path out, and to camp for a week in the muck and water beneath the heavy timber. But one of these men, preparing for the trip, found this run of water, and, after perseveringly following it, cutting out trees, occasionally hauling his boat over others, to his surprise he emerged into Billy's lake. Thus the waters of the Atlantic and the Gulf were, in fact, connected. On all the larger islands are a number of Indian relics. On Black Jack Island are three Indian mounds, ou Billy's Island two, and on Floyd's Island two. They have not yet been opened.
Outside of the mineral and timber value The Terrace Reform, of land, there can be no subject that so
essentially interests the entire people of the State as their productive power in agricultural products. Upon

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this alone depends the important question to the land owner, whether their market value, according to their more or less favorable location, shall be one dollar or one hundred dollars per acre ; and the price of food supplies to the people will, in time, depend on the greater or less fertility of the soil.
Before going into the merits of a reform that proposes to bring lands that have been denuded and worn out back to their original productive capacity, and retain them at the point of maximum production, a retrospective glance at the surroundings and conditions that have been slowly but surely, and year by year, working in the opposite direction and reducing their productiveness to a minimum, will be necessary to a clearer comprehension of the subject. Under the old regime little or no attention was paid to levels or horizontals in the cultivation of broken or rolling lands. With a virgin soil and an abundance of woodland waiting to be denuded of its timber and put under cultivation, straight rows and long ones, with little regard to levels, was the order of the times, and the long u measuring stakes," capped with lint cotton to make them more distinctly visible to the eye at the distance of a few hundred yards, were the means used to secure them. With the first symptom of exhaustion, however, manifested in a reduced production, the lands were at once " turned out" to rest and recuperate.
After 1865 the old system was taken up and followed, in the main, with redoubled energy, but under very different conditions and surroundings.
From time immemorial in our agricultural history " King Cotton " has been the money crop of the State.
Under the spur of necessity, and as a means of enabling them to regain lost ground and better their condition, the planters of the cotton belt proper, in their eagerness to increase the number of their cotton bales from year to year, overlooked or disregarded this evidence of exhaustion in the decreased production of the land, and, instead of turning them out to rest and recuperate as always had been done under the old system, continued to keep them in cultivation for years after the crops had ceased to pay for the labor and expense bestowed upon them.

250

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

If we take the Savannah river watershed as an illustration of the foregoing, and include South Carolina, where the conditions and cultivation were the same, we will find that the continued disregard of levels in cultivation, as well as the natural exhaustion of the soil under this high-pressure system of " clean culture," culminated in 1886, '87, and '88 in an abnormal frequency as well as volume of floods that were destructive to the crops (corn mainly) on the bottom lands of the creeks, branches, and rivers in both States. A condition without precedent, of course, as there had been no excess of rainfall in the three years referred to, except upon the assumption that, as the lands on both sides of the Savannah river had been treated alike and for the same length of time, their normal absorbing capacity had given out about the same time; and that instead of having a freshet once, or at most, twice in a decade, and as a rule in the winter months, when the rainfall was greatest both in Middle, Northeast, and North Georgia, we had them semiaunually in 1887, thrice a year in 1888, and five times per annum in 1886, when the figures at the Augusta bridge stood at over thirty feet above low-water mark in January, March, April, May, and at twenty-seven feet nine inches in July.
These continued disasters for three consecuti*-.- years, resulting in the all but total destruction of crops on t\ie richest and most productive lands on both sides of the Savannah river (we mean the alluvial bottom lauds), like the moral lessons we learn in the school of adversity, proved in the end to be profitable object-lessons and a rich legacy of experience, if it was dearly bought, to the landowners in the loss of hundreds of thousands of bushels of corn annually. The example of a few pioneers in terracing as far back as 1885, and the benefit to the land growing out of it, was not lost to the people, and the terrace reform may be said to have had its beginning in earnest in Middle Georgia about seven years ago, or in 1889, and since that time neighbors have been striving to emulate each other in putting their land under a more or less perfect system of level cultivation. As a result of their work in this direction, we find from the following tabulated statistics of high water, that as the terrace reform progressed, high water in the Savannah has diminished almost to an ante-bell KM

AGRICULTURE.

251

standard, and the summer floods that sent us West for our corn for three consecutive years have disappeared altogether since 1889, or for the past seven years, as there has been no high water (anything over 26 feet) later than March or earlier than October since that time, and it takes more than 26 feet to flood the bottom
lands below Augusta:

252

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

water mark at city bridge for 12 years, DAVIDSON, City E Qgineer, C. A. Maxwell, A distant Engin eer.

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The work of terracing land being based on exact mathematical principles, didactic instructions on how to terrace best, or how to prevent terraces from breaking, appears to be a work of supererogation, since with terraces (as with our sins) any mistakes of omission or commission against the law of levels, will be sure to find us out and expose us to the ridicule of our neighbors after the first hard and washing rain. A few hours spent in carefully scrutinizing a well terraced farm, where the green and unbroken horizontal lines, well sodded in grass and weeds that have served the purpose of conserving the rainfall for several years, would be time more profitably spent than that of following instructions blindly, that in their nature can only be general. No farm, or even large field will be terraced so perfectly at first that subsequent heavy rains will not make some slight change in some of the levels apparent and necessary. The deviation of a few inches from the level in a single terrace draws the surplus of water from the entire area protected by it to the false point of level, endangering the terraces below it. The very first principle involved in level cultivation, is that every terrace tub must not only stand on its own bottom, but it must hold its own water, and not tax its nearest neighbor with its surplus of rainfall, and it is only by a systematic subsequent revision of mistakes, however slight, as time and heavy rainfalls reveal them, that perfection can be reached.
Sometimes a terrace at a particular hollow saucer-shaped point, that has been perfect for several years, becomes filled up to a level by a gradual deposit of the top soil from a higher level of the same terrace area; in such cases a timely furrow on the upper side, so as to bring the height of terrace at this particular point on the same level as the entire line of terrace, may anticipate a break at the next heavy rainfall, not only of this particular terrace, but of several other adjoining ones.
At another time, the first terrace or level of a given field, that has remained intact for several years, may be broken suddenly and unexpectedly from the surplus water of outlying unterraced land at a higher level, and whose surplusage had been diverted from its previous direction from new terrace levels in adjoining fields. When this is found to be the cause of break in the first

254

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

terrace, the surplus water cau be diverted from the terrace in any direction found most convenient to dispose of it, by running a furrow hvice in the same direction, above and nearly parallel to the broken terrace, allowing whatever fall may be necessary to carry the surplus water to the point desired. In this way a simple and effective barrier against all future breaks at the same point from the same cause is established, and with less than an hour's work properly directed. In this case, cause and effect not being so closely connected as to be always apparent, the remedy of one man may be non-effective because misdirected, while remedies for such work, and for every emergency that can arise, are always simple and effective when the cause is recognized. Again, commercial fertilizers being soluble, and as a rule put in near the surface, are made more effective by being protected from washing and leaching rainfalls on land properly terraced.
Our attention was specially directed to the conservative influence of the terrace, on land belonging to L. C. Coleman, of Lincoln county, in the spring of 1887, during a heavy rainfall. The laud had just been terraced and was prepared for cotton in three-feet rows; the water having been brought to a state of stasis and almost meeting on the top of the cotton beds, presented the unique appearance of a sheet of clear water suspended on a hillside slope. On looking at the land after the rainfall had been absorbed, the bottom of each water-furrow was covered with a fine impalpable dry powder as if it had been strewn there, and. similar of course to the same rich alluvial deposits found on level b'ottom lands from back water.
The best time to determine levels of three feet and lay off terraces by them, is when the land is being prepared for crops in the spring. In this way the land between the terraces being in a condition to absorb the maximum of rainfall, the terrace has an opportunity to become matted in grass and weeds before the land is brought back to a level by cultivation. As the land between the terraces will vary in width, and the tendency of the topsoil will always be towards the lower terrace, it is most important that the short rows be equidistant from both ; the strain on the lower terrace will in this way be protected by the through and through

AGRICULTURE.

25O

rowa 'hat are each a terrace in themselves during the season of cul-
tivation. In what we have written in advocacy of level culture, we are
not unmindful of the large percentage of lands that are cultivated on the tenant system, and where the landowner, living it may be, in distant cities, visits them once a year or collects his rents through some local agent. While it may be true that in such cases level cultivation may be neglected in some parts of the State, it is not true in the main even of absent landlords, on the Savannah river watershed either in Georgia or South Carolina; most of them are in the front ranks in the terrace reform.
For our own convenience we divide landowners into two great classes: One strives to make two blades o: grass and two ears of corn grow where only one grew before; and in greater or less measure are successful. The other succeeds in fuller measure in the opposite direction without striving ; or to puc it otherwise, where the counterparts of each class .can be easily located by every landowner for himself. By the first, we mean those who are known as the substantial, solid, and successful farmers in every county ; who commenced life on small ancestral homes left to them it may be, and who have bought up the worn-out lands of their neighbors twenty, thirty, or forty years ago, and who by their prudent and generous treatment of the soil have brought it up from the poverty and low state in which they found it to rank in fertility with the best lauds of the section wherever found, while the other class are the men whose lands were first impoverished and sold as already intimated to the first class.
There is still another large and important class that we have left out in this enumeration ; we mean those who have striven manfully, and with some success, to keep their lands in a kind of statu quo position. The first, as might be anticipated, have been the pioneers in terrace reform, while this last named class have been close on their heels ; and whatever laggards there are may be looked for among that other class, who have a capacity for reducing the single ear of corn to a nubbin, and even their active cooperation can be counted on, for this reason, that their lauds will be much more

256

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEOEG r A.

easily cultivated, both for man and beast, on the level or terrace plan.
With the imperative duty of impressing the necessity for conserving the vegetable humus or topsoil, upon which the fertility of the land depends, on the minds of the agriculturists of the State, it follows in natural sequence that any system of cropping that will supply new vegetable matter in greatest abundance will be sought after and adopted as a means of increasing more rapidly the producing power of the land.
But there are two active, powerful aud coercive agents that tend to exhaustion of this vegetable humus--heavy, denuding and washing rainfalls, and the consuming and exhausting rays of a semitropical sun in the summer mouths ; both must be guarded against, and any crops that will keep the land shaded from the sun's scorching rays in clean culture crops, like corn or cotton, during July, August and September, will lessen the exhaustion in this direction.
Any variety of field pea that will grow the most luxuriant vine, shade the land earliest and longest, and with the densest shade, and thus gather rich stores of nitrogenous material from the atmosphere itself for the upbuilding of the soil, would be valuable, and ought to be sought after as a means of more rapidly replacing the double process of waste and exhaustion that has been going on in past years from both sources. In other words, engage the active support and co-operation of the triune elements--sun, rain, and air, or atmosphere, and make each contribute their just proportion to the fertility and maximum production of the land by acting, in an agricultural sense, in harmouy with them, instead of in derogation or contravention to them.
Planting land in cotton that never reaches twelve inches above ground ought to be abandoned until it has been built up by crops that will shade the land, and double its productive capacity in a few years. In putting such land in cotton the humus, or topsoil, that is saved from washing by terrace or level culture is consumed by the scorching rays of the sun, and in this way is doubly exhaustive to the soil; while lands that will average a bale of cotton to two acres in the cotton belt proper will begin to lock in the middles in July, and by affording shade be much less exhaustive to the

AGRICULTURE.

257

land. If this assumption is correct, it follows, of necessity, that lands that fall below a half bale to the acre, or eight hundred pounds of seed cotton, ought to be promptly turned out to rest and recuperate ; or, what would be still better, and tend to a more rapid recuperation and improvement, relegate such land to the cereals and such other crops as will secure the densest shade, and thus assist in hastening the time when the soil of the State will yield, under the most favorable conditions, their maximum product, and prove Georgia to be indeed the Empire State of the South in her agricultural resources, by being adequate to supply in opulent abundance the food supplies of her entire population. We have an abiding faith that the tide of progress in this direction began when the principle of levels in the cultivation of the land was recognized and adopted by the agriculturists of the State.
As statistics for a long series of years demonstrate the fact that the variation in mean average annual rainfall in any given section of the State varies only in an infinitesimal degree, if the foregoing tabulated statistics had gone farther back, say to 1878, showing a similar extended precedent, as well as subsequent period of immunity from injury to crops from high water on the Savannah river watershed, the theory we have been aiming to prove, that the destruction to the crops on the lands referred to, for three consecutive years, was caused, not by any excess of precipitation or rainfall, but by a diminished capacity of absorption in the land, would be still more apparent, and, in our opinion, would cease to be a theory merely, and become an inevitable, demonstrable conclusion of fact, and point out clearly the only way in which a recurrence of similar disasters can be avoided in the future.

The foregoing terrace article is contributed by Dr. George Paterson,

Editor of the Lincolnton News. He was among the pioneers of terrace

reform in Georgia, published a small volume on the subject early in 1889,

and received the following personal letter of acknowledgment and en-

dorsement from Ex-President Jefferson Davis, who was a celebrated civil

engineer.

R- T- NBSBITT, Commissioner of Agriculture.

258

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

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CHAPTER VII. INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

In almost all States we find those institutions

Institutions of which the philanthropic and altruistic tenden-

the people

cies of the people have caused to be erected--

lasting monuments to the State's progress and public spirit, and

evidences of the advancement of all things pertaining to educa-

tional and social elevation.

Georgia is not lacking in such signs of progress. Although a

comparatively brief period has elapsed in which these things could

be accomplished, still the people have succeeded in placing a number

of necessary institutions throughout the State. Of these the ma-

jority are educational, and it is certain that others are to follow in

more rapid succession.

The liberality of the people, and the wisdom of the lawmakers

have founded the Deaf and Dumb Institute at Cave Spring, the

Girls' Normal and Industrial College and the Lunatic Asylum atMil-

ledgeville, the University of Georgia at Athens, and its branches,

the School of Technology at Atlanta, and the Academy for the

Blind at Maeou. These are all in a flourishing state, and have done

and are doing much good for the State.

The Deaf and Dumb Institute, at Cave Spring, is one of the best

of its kind. It has been established for some time, and numbers

many pupils. The buildings are commodious and substantial,

situated in a town in the mountain country of North Georgia, not

far from the city of Rome. The healthfulness of the place is as-

sured, and the spring from which the town takes its name is a famous

feature of that region. No more satisfactory locality for the estab-

lishment of a school of this character could have been found. The

inmates are, apparently, well, happy and contented, and make good

progress in their various studies. Here the afflicted children, and

those of more advanced years, can find a home where they are

INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

261

taught in the most approved manner, and where health prevails, and with surroundings of exceptional attraction. It is a fine testimonial to the energy and unfailing purpose of those disinterested persons who succeeded in placing it there.
The Girls' Normal and Industrial College, at Milledgeville, is of more recent origin than the above-mentioned institute. It opens the way to unlimited possibilities for working women, and those in all stations of life; its scope and aim are broad. Branches of all industries suitable to women are there taught, besides the regular curriculum of all good colleges. Georgia has done much in the way of turning out educated women.
The interest felt in the future of this hitherto dependent sex deepens. As trades and occupations increase so should the capable women of the country aspire to fill the positions particularly adapted to them. In recognizing this fact, and the broader field of usefulness Opening before them, all women with the spirit of independence feel the necessity of fitting themselves and their daughters for whatever niche in the working world they, individually, are destined to fill. The multiplication and diversity of labor demand the participation of women in certain branches of industry. The Normal School, which is the present subject under discussion, is especially intended for the equipment of girls for every line of work. It is located at Milledgeville, the old capital of the State, a most delightful portion of Middle Georgia, interesting in its historical features, and holding the additional attractions of scenery and healthfulness and pleasant social environment.
The school's establishment is in a measure due to the indefatigable efforts of Hon. W. Y. Atkinson, at present governor of this State. To him is due much of the success and prosperity of the venture, and the prestige it has gained for him has been well deserved. Numerous articles, illustrated and otherwise, have been written regarding this school and its purposes, and it makes most interesting reading. The school has a large number of pupils whose ambition is unchecked and whose future usefulness in varirious spheres of life is certain.
In the Normal and Industrial College for Girls Georgia has shown appreciation of and encouragement to her daughters; in

262

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

the University at Athens she has placed the foundation stone for the upbuilding of a famous race of men whose names should go down the ages as synonyms of their State's high position in the world of art and letters. In Atlanta the School of Technology is a worthy companion to the State University. It has done and is doing much for the young men of the State. Its corps of teachers is judiciously selected, and the success which attends this institution is well merited by those in whose hands it rests. The School, more recently founded than the University,.is fast proving its iudispensability to the State.
^ Given time, and money Georgia will boast of as many institutions for the good of her people as any state in the Union.
The Lunatic Asylum is also in Milledgeville, and is one of the best conducted in the South. Its benefits are felt throughout the State, and it is everywhere recognized as a safe, pleasant, and satisfactory refuge for the poor unfortunates whose afflictions make such a place necessary. Of late years the demand for more room has caused the State to appropriate funds for an extension, and to-day the asylum shelters with ease all those confided to its care.
The University of Georgia, at Athens, is an institution of which Georgians may be justly proud. It has for its location the town of Athens, whose name is not all that recalls the city of classic renown. Georgia is especially noted for its excellent provision for boys in the matter of schools, and the University at Athens is of exceptional excellence. Its tutelage is thorough, and embraces all branches of study. The young men turned out from this institution have been living illustrations of its splendid achievements. The buildings are spacious and well finished, and the grounds extensive and delightful. Outside the regions of study and lecture routine the athletic pursuits so necessary for growing youth are followed, and the State baseball and football teams are famous over the country for their prowess. Some of our lawyers, journalists, and business men were inmates of this old and well established University.
Provision was made by the Constitution of 1868 for "a thorough system of general education to be forever free to all children of the State." At a meeting of the Georgia Teachers' Asssociation,

INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

263

held in Atlanta August, 1869, a committee was appointed to report upon a school system adapted to the condition and wants of Georgia. The Committee consisted of Professor Gustavus J. Orr (afterwards State School Commissioner), Chairman ; Bernard Mallon, Superintendent of the Public Schools of Atlanta; John M. Bonnell, President of the Wesleyan Female College; Martin V. Calvin, and David W. Lewis, President of the North Georgia Agricultural College at Dahlonega.
By direction of the Committee the Chairman prepared the report and it was submitted to the Executive Committee, composed of Rev. H. H. Tucker, Professor W. Leroy Broune, Rev. Alexander Means, D.D., Professor W. D. Williams, Rev. J. M. Bonnell, D.D., Professor Bernard Mallon, and Professor Gustavus J.
Orr. After nine hours spent in discussing the report, section by sec-
tion, it was adopted as written. At a meeting of the Georgia Teachers' Association, held at
Macon, in November, 1869, the report was discussed for an entire day and unanimously adopted. That report forms the main provisions of the first public school law, approved October 13, 1870.
Under this act an organization was effected, and Governor R. B. Bullock appointed General J. R. Lewis State School Commissioner. Subsequently this position has been held by Professor Gustavus J. Orr, Hon. J. S. Hook, and Professor S. D. Bradwell. The present Commissioner is Professor G. R. Glenn.
It is a just and fitting tribute to the men who framed the public school system of Georgia to state that at a meeting of the National Educational Association a committee raised for the purpose of framing an ideal school system for a State, and composed of some of the ablest educational men of the entire Union, with the school laws of all the States before them, in their report followed to a remarkable extent the Georgia school law. A comprehensive review of the operations of this law, and a list of the educational institutions of the State, appears on pages 28 to 32, in the chapter devoted to a "General Outline of the State," of this work.

i

264

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The legislature of Georgia, February 25th, 1784, passed an act laying out what was then called the counties of Franklin and Washington, the territory covered by them including as many as a dozen or more of the present counties. At that time there was no college or seminary of learning. By the 11th section of this act 40,000 acres of land, then wild, were conveyed to the Governor and certain other persons named, in trust, for the endowment of a college or seminary of learning. On the 29th of January, 1785, a charter was granted to "The University of Georgia." The original intention of the legislature was to erect the buildings at Louisville, in Jefferson county. This plan was changed, however, as Governor John Milledge, in 1801, gave to the trustees, for the benefit of the University, 630 acres of land, on a part of which the University buildings are now situated and a large part of the city of Athens is built. The institution went into operation, being partly sustained by the rent of the lands given to it by the State. It was soon discovered that this plan was unwise, and the lands were all sold, payment being made in the notes of the purchasers, secured by mortgage. The State authorized the Governor, by the act of December 16th, 1815, to advance to the trustees any amount of money not exceeding two-thirds of the amount called for by these notes, and to receive the notes in lieu of the same. The amount agreed upon was $100,000, but as the money was not paid, this sum was regarded as a debt due the University by the State, and it was agreed that the interest paid upon the same should be 8 per cent. In compliance with this arrangement, the sum of $8,000 per annum has been paid the trustees ever since. From 1830 to 1841 a donation of $6,000 per annum was made by the State to the University to replace losses by fire in 1830. From 1841 to 1875 the State did nothing for the University. In 1875 the State appropriated $15,000 to the University for furniture, apparatus, and general outfit of the State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Two thousand dollars was given it by the State in 1881 to enable the trustees to establish free tuition, and $3,000 in 1883 for repairing the buildings. Dr. William Terrell of Hancock county in 1854 bequeathed $20,000 to the University; in 1873 the city of Athens gave the institution $25,000 for the erection of Moore

INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

265

College; in 1883 Senator Joseph E. Brown gave the trustees $50,000, invested in 7 per cent, bonds of the State of Georgia, the interest to be devoted to educating worthy young men too poor to
pay their way. In 1866 the State of Georgia, by legislative enactment, accepted
the gift from the United States of 30,000 acres of land for each Senator and Representative in Congress. In 1872 Governor James M. Smith transferred the fund arising from the sale of the lands to the trustees of the University of Georgia, and in May, 1872, the trustees opened and established the Georgia State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts as an integral part of the University of Georgia, controlled by its trustees and presided over by its chan-
cellor. The Medical College of Augusta in 1873 became one of the de-
partments of the University of Georgia. Branch colleges were established at Dahlonega, Milledgeville, Cuthbert and Thomasville.
Emory College, at Oxford, was. founded in 1837. It has furnished the State and country at large with leading men in all ranks of public and private life. The college bears a distinguished reputation for thoroughness and for making higher education possible to young men of limited means. It is under the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church South.
Mercer University, now located at Macon, was organized in 1838 as Mercer Institute in the town of Penfield. It is under the control of the Georgia Baptist Convention. Mercer University has been an efficient agent in strengthening the denomination and has contributed to all the walks of life men of culture and ability.
Wesleyan Female College at Macon, the oldest chartered college in the world for the education of women, was chartered in 1836. The college was formally opened in 1839. Mr. George I. Seney, of New York, gave it an endowment fund of $50,000. This college is controlled by the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and has done a grand work in educating and training young ladies for the duties
of life. The Cherokee Baptist Female College was organized at Rome in
1873. In 1877 Col. Alfred Shorter purchased the property, and erected three large buildings, now known as Shorter Female College.

266

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

In 1868, Youug Female College was organized in Thomasville,

Ga., Major E. R. Young having bequeathed the sum of $30,000

for that purpose.

\

The Johnston Institute was organized at Butler in 1872, but in

1875 its name was changed to that of the Butler Female College

and Male Institute.

Andrew Female College at Cuthbert, designed for the higher ed-

ucation of women, is the property of the Methodist Episcopal

Church South, and was established in 1853.

The Methodist College at Gainesville is under the fostering care

of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. It was chartered in

1881.

The Southern Female College at LaGrange was organized in

1843. It enjoys a national reputation.

LaGrange Female College, under the charge of Professor Rufus

W. Smith, is an old and successful educational institution.

The Agnes Scott Institute at Decatur ; Cox's College at Man-

chester ; Griffin Female College; Georgia Baptist Seminary at

Gainesville, are all excellent institutions with large patronage.

For the colored people there are a number of institutions : At-

lanta University, established in 1867 ; Clark University, chartered

in 1877; Spellman Seminary, Atlanta; Morris Brown College, At-

lanta, are equipped and endowed for the purpose of educating col-

ored youth, and the attendance is large at all of them.

The Georgia Lunatic Asylum was opened for the reception of

patients in 1842.

The Georgia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was opened up

in July, 1849, at Cave Spring. Previous to that time, by an ar-

rangement with the State, the education of deaf mutes was made a

department of the Hearn Manual Labor School, at Cave Spring,

and previous to this arrangement, $3,000 was appropriated for the

education of the deaf and dumb of Georgia at the asylum at Hartford, Conn.

The Savannah Female Asylum was organized in 1801.

Pio Kono College at Macon, controlled by the Roman Catholic

church, enjoys a high reputation for excellence in discipline and

thoroughness in instruction.

INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

267

The School of Technology at Atlanta, although in operation but a short time, is accomplishing a grand work in technical instruc-
tion of the young men of Georgia. The Lucy Cobb Institute at Athens and the Girls' Industrial
College at Milledgeville sustain a distinguished reputation through-
out the South. There are a number of colleges and institutions scattered through-
out the State accomplishing a grand work in training the youth of the "Empire State": Douglasville College, Douglasville; Martin Institute, Jefferson; Wynton Male and Female College, Columbus; South Georgia Male and Female College, Dawson; Young L Harris Institute, Young Harris; Gordon Institute, Barnesville; Dalton Female College, Dalton; Monroe Female College, Monroe; Chappell Female Institute, Columbus; Monroe Female College, Forsyth, and New Ebenezer College at Cochran, for the whites; and Gammon University, Atlanta; Payne Institute, Augusta, and the University for the Colored, Savannah, for the colored.
The Academy for the Blind at Macon is a beneficent institution, doing practical good to a class whose condition enlists and should
enlist the sympathy of all. The establishment of a State Department of
Department of Agriculture must be credited to the persistent Agriculture. and continued efforts of the Georgia Agricultural Society. When it was first organized it was called the " Southern Central Agricultural Society," the aim being to include the agricultural interests of the adjoining States, and it was chartered by that name February 17, 1854, with Hon. Thomas Stocks, of Greene county, as its first president. In 1860 its name was changed to the "Georgia State Agricultural Society," and a new charter obtained, in which the sum of $2,500 per annum was appropriated from the State treasury in aid
of the society. The society is a representative body of intelligent and progressive
men, elected annually by the local agricultural organizations. It also 'has a number of life members, and justly has large influence in
the State.

268

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The society, at its session in Atlanta, in 1870, adopted resolutions calling upon the legislature to establish a State Department of Agriculture "which would be commensurate with the interests to be subserved, and upon such a basis as will provide liberally for all purposes of information, improvement, and guidance of the agricultural interests of the State." At the meeting at Columbus, in 1874, similar resolutions were adopted. These declare that "our thrift and well-being require that the farming and material interests should have a State Agricultural Department established." These efforts on the part of the State Agricultural Society were supplemented by Governor James M. Smith in his annual message to the legislature, in January, 1874, strongly recommending "the establishment of a Department of Agriculture for the State." He said: "Men now distrust analyses and experiments which are given to the world on unofficial indorsement. Could the information so much needed in the everyday operations of field and shop be sent forth from such a department, it would carry with it a weight and sanction rendering it acceptable to the public. Here could be gathered from every source the most advanced ideas and methods affecting the great interests committed to this department." , The result was the passage of a bill, approved February 28, 1874, to establish a Department of Agriculture for the State of Georgia. This act required the department to be under the "control and management of one officer, who shall be known as the Commissioner of Agriculture," to be appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and appropriated $10,000 per annum to pay necessary employes and expenses and carry on the work of the Department. The creating act prescribed the following as the duties of the Commissioner :
"SECTION. IV. That the duties of said Commissioner shall be: " 1. He shall prepare, under his own direction, a hand-book describing the geological formation of the various counties of this State, with information as to the general adaptation of the soil of said counties for the various products of the temperate zone, and for the purpose of giving a more general and careful estimate of the capacity and character of the soil of the counties of this State; to obtain a correct analysis of the same, he shall be furnished by the Executive of this State, from the State treasury, with a sum of not more than one thousand ($1,000) dollars, with which to furnish a sufficient chemical apparatus to use in connection with said office, for the purpose of analyzing the soils and minerals of this State as he may

INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

269

deem of importance. Information upon the above subjects, and others of interest to those who till the soil of this State, shall be given in circular or pamphlet form, to the Ordinaries and to the Agricultural Associations of the various counties in this State, for distribution at such times as the Commissioner may be prepared to do so.
" 2. Said Commissioner shall provide for the proper and careful distribution of any seeds that the government of the United States may desire to introduce into the State of Georgia, and shall make arrangements for the importation of seeds that he may deem of value to this State, and for the proper, careful, and judicious distribution of the same; also, for the exchange of seeds with foreign countries or adjoining States, for seed from this State ; and their distribution in a proper manner shall be entirely under his supervision and control.
" 3. Said Commissioner shall have under his especial charge the study of the various insects that are injurious to the crops, plants, and fruits of this State, their habits and propagation; and he shall, at various times, as he may deem proper, issue circulars for distribution as aforesaid in this State, as to the proper mode for their destruction, and any information upon said subject that he may deem of interest to the planters, farmers, and horticulturists of this State.
"4. Said Commissioner shall examine into any question that may be of interest to the horticulturists and fruit-growers of this State, and in all endeavors that he may deem proper toward encouraging these important industries
" 5. Said Commissioner shall have under his especial charge the diseases of the grain, fruit, and other crops of this State, and he shall, at various times, report upon any remedy for said diseases, or any useful information upon said subject, and he shall employ, in a manner that he may deem fit, a chemist to assist him in his researches, and a geologist to assist him in preparing a geological survey of the State, and other business that he may deem of importance to advance the purpose for which this department is created.
" 6. Said Commissioner shall have under his especial charge the analysis of fertilizers. A fair sample of all fertilizers sold in this State shall be first submitted to said Commissioner, and the same shall be thoroughly tested by him, and if any brand of fertilizers so tested by said Commissioner is pronounced of no practical value, the sale of the same shall be prohibited in this State; and any person violating the provisions of this act, or selling any fertilizer in this State without first submitting a fair sample of the same to said Commissioner, under rules to be prescribed by him, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be liable to be prosecuted and punished for the same, as is now provided in paragraph 4310 of the Code of Georgia as last revised.
" 7. Said Commissioner shall report, as is hereinbefore set forth, upon any matter of interest in con-nectisn with the dairy that he may deem of interest to the people of this State.
"8. It shall be the especial duty of said Commissioner to investigate and report, as is hereinbefore set forth, upon the culture of wool, the utility and profits of sheep-raising, and all the information upon this important subject that he may deem of interest to the people of this State.
"9. Said Commissioner shall investigate the subject of irrigation, and what portion of this State can be most benefited thereby, and all information upon this subject that he may deem important to the people of this State.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

" 10 Said Commissioner shall give attention to the subject of fencing, and shall report at such times as he may deem proper upon said subject, as is hereinbefore set forth.
" 11. Said Commissioner may report, in the manner as is hereinbefore set forth, upon any matter or subject that he may deem of interest to the agriculture of this State."
The department was established in September, 1874, the Governor appointing Dr. Thomas P. Janes, of Greene county, the Commissioner, a practical and successful farmer, who never before held any office, and who at once entered upon the discharge of his
duties. Being not only the first Agricultural Commissioner of the State,
but in the United States; without fingerpost or precedent as guide, he proceeded with caution and admirable judgment to select his corps of assistants, and formulate a plan of operations.
Within the first two years a large amount of valuable information on labor and various features of farm economy, stock raising, the cultivation of grasses, forage and other crops upon which the farmers of Georgia had not been well informed, were collected and published for the information of the agriculturists of the State.
One of Dr. Janes' first publications was a small manual of " Sheep Husbandry in Georgia." Many thousand copies were needed to supply the demand for this little book, and it only needed the supplemental protection of a stringent dog law to arouse such an interest in sheep culture as would have added largely to our wealth, comfort and happiness. Unhappily, so far, the General Assembly of Georgia has failed to furnish the supplement.
In compliance with a special requirement of the organic law the " Hand Book of Georgia," a work of more pretention and great value soon followed. It was designed to supply the people of Georgia with correct information of their own State, its condition, resources, and institutions, and to furnish immigrants, actual and prospective, with accurate and reliable information on subjects con-
nected with Georgia, which would be of interest to them. Following in succession was the "Farmers' Scientific Manual," "Manual on the Hog," " Manual of Georgia," and "Georgia from the Immigrant Settlers' Standpoint."

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271

Perhaps the most important demonstrable results for good during Dr. Janes' administration is shown in his vigilant supervision exercised over the inspection, analysis, and sale of commercial fertilizers. Before the Agricultural Department was established there was a law requiring the inspection and analysis of fertilizers, but there was no one officer designated to prescribe rules and enforce the law, hence our farmers were much imposed upon by the sale of worthless compounds of whose value they were unable to form any correct estimate.
The Commissioner at the end of the first season after the department was organized, published the analysis, price, and actual commercial value of every fertilizer sold in Georgia. This was in June, 1875, and it attracted the closest attention and scrutiny of farmers all over the State. Every person was able to see the facts for himself concerning every fertilizer in Georgia put in print side by side for comparison.
The Commissioner also required 500 pounds of each brand sold, to be placed in the hands of experienced and careful farmers in different sections of the State to be subjected to a careful soil test.
In January, 1876, early in the fertilizer season, the analyses, prices, and commercial values of fertilizers then on sale were published, and to this was annexed the results of the experiments or soil tests made the previous season, and in June following the analyses, prices, etc., of the whole season were published, thus furnishing to the farmers of Georgia the means of ascertaining the commercial and agricultural value of any brand of fertilizer on the market, and at the same time saving to them time and an amount in actual cash annually that it would be difficult to estimate.
Dr. Janes was reappointed at the end of his first term of four years, and continued in office until August 29, 1879, when he resigned. Governor Colquitt immediately filled the vacancy by appointing Judge John T. Henderson, of Newton county.

272

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

On the 29th of August, 1879, Hon.

Administration of Hon. T. J. Henderson, Commissioner of Agricul-
ture.

Thomas P. Janes resigned the office of Commissioner, which he had held since August 25th, 1874. At the request of a large majority of both

branches of the General Assembly, then in session, backed by a strong sentiment of approval through-

out the State, Governor Alfred H. Colquitt immediately appointed

the Hon. J. T. Henderson, of the county of Newton, to fill the

unexpired term, the Senate unanimously confirming, and the new

Commissioner entered at once upon the duties of the office.

Judge Henderson was a farmer, and had been all his life inti-

mately connected with the progress and success of agriculture.

Endowed with a liberal education, sound judgment, and a discrim-

inating knowledge of the agricultural conditions, as well as the

natural resources of the State, he was well prepared to take charge

of the Agricultural Department. With his usual discrimination,

which rarely failed him, he at once recognized the merits of two

of the former workers in the office, viz : Capt. R. J. Redding

and Prof. J. S. Newman, both of whom had served four years in the office.

The first was retained as Assistant Commissioner, and the last as

the Editing Clerk. W. H. Howell was appointed Commissioner's Clerk. Upon the resignation of W. J. Land, Chemist of the de-

partment, November 12, 1879, Dr. N. A. Pratt was appointed to

fill the vacancy. After the expiration of one year Dr. Pratt re-

signed, and was succeeded by the appointment of Dr. H. C. White, of the University of Georgia.

Among the salient features of Commissioner Henderson's thir-

teen years of service, the following may be briefly mentioned :

At the suggestion and earnest solicitation of Assistant Commis-

sioner Redding, Commissioner Henderson was induced to call a

convention of Agricultural and State Chemists of the several States

interested in the manufacture, sale, aud use of commercial fertil-

izers, for the purpose of devising and adopting a uniform method

for the analysis of such fertilizers. The responses to the circulars

sent out were prompt and unauimously favorable, and the Commis-

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273

sioner accordingly called the proposed convention to meet in Washington, D. C, July 28, 1880. There was a full attendance of the officials named, and other invited scientific gentlemen. Judge Henderson was elected President and A. R. Ledoux, of North Carolina, Secretary. A tentative and temporary method of analysis was formulated after two days'discussion, and the Conventiou theu resolved itself into a section of the Association for the Advancement of Science, and held its next meeting with that body at Philadelphia, Pa. After four years' experience as a section of the Association for the Advancement of Science, it was found expedient to organize into a separate and distinct body, to be known as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, which now occupies a high and influential position among the scientific organizations of the country. Its methods of analysis, improved and perfected from time to time, has become the acknowledged standard in the United States.
The interstate convention of farmers which was held in Atlanta August the 16th, 17th and 18th, 1887, was the outcome and result of Commissioner Henderson's efforts to bring the farmers of the South into more intimate and sympathetic union, for the investigation of the causes of the agricultural depression, and devising remedies for the same. The convention was very largely attended by representative delegates from nearly every Southern State, including some of the most prominent men of the times, and doubtless contributed materially to the slowly rising tide of prosperity which is now discernible. Among the more valuable and enduring publications of the department during Commissioner Henderson's term are the following: The Manual on Cattle, a volume of 150 pages, was prepared by Professor J. S. Newman, editing clerk, under the direction of the Commissioner, and published in 1880. In 1883 a revised and enlarged edition of the Manual on Sheep Husbandry, first published by Commissioner Janes, was issued from the department. Also, Manual OQ Poultry--both prepared by Professor Newman. In 1885 appeared the Commonwealth of Georgia, a prototype of the preseut volume, containing 379 pages, and embracing a very comprehensive account of the country, the people and the productions of Georgia, embellished and illustrated

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DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

by numerous agricultural, geological and climatological maps, and tables showing the distribution, wealth and employment of the people. Its preparation was the joint work of Assistant Commissioner Redding, Editing Clerk A. R. McCutchen (who succeeded Professor J. S. Newman in 1886) and the Hon. Samuel Barnett of Wilkes county, especially engaged for the purpose, all under the able direction of the Commissioner. The work was comprehensive in its scope and design, painstaking, accurate and complete in its details, and altogether constituted one of the most creditable publications of its character ever issued by any State of the Union.
In Commissioner Henderson's first biennial report to the Governor in October, 1880, he made a strong appeal for the establishment of an agricultural experiment station. This recommendation was repeated in each biennial report made during his administration, and frequent appeals were made by him to the people on the same subject. Finally the United States Congress came to the aid of the farmers of the whole country and passed the Hatch Act, providing for the support and maintenance of such a station of each of the States and Territories of the Union. The General Assembly of Georgia accepted the terms of the Hatch Act, December 29, 1888, and Commissioner Henderson was shortly to realize one of the most cherished hopes of his administration. The establishment of a Georgia Experiment Station was not, it is true, by original action of the General Assembly of the State, but none the less gratifying and acceptable.
By the terms of the Georgia law, known as the Calvin Act, above referred to, the Commissioner of Agriculture became ex officio the President of the Board of Directors of the station, thus closely uniting the two kindred institutions over both of which he presided. It was with peculiar pleasure that Judge Henderson presented to the Board of Directors the name of a long-time friend and associate in office, Capt. R. J. Redding, for election to the position of director in charge of the station. The vacancy thus caused in the position of Assistant Commissioner was filled by the appointment of Capt. John O. Waddell, of the county of Polk. During the administration of Judge Henderson the current work of the department, the distribution of seeds, the publication of

INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

275

monthly crop reports, general correspondence with farmers, the in-

spection and analysis of fertilizers, analyses of soil test of fertil-

izers, etc., was greatly enlarged and extended. During this period

the law requiring a rigid inspection of illuminating oils was en-

acted, adding greatly to the duties and responsibilities of his office.

At the expiration of the unexpired term for which Judge Hen-

derson was appointed, he was recommissioned by Governor Col-

quitt for a full term of four years. He was reappointed and com-

missioned in 1882 for second full term of four years by Governor

Colquitt, and again in 1886 for a third full term by Governor

Henry D. McDaniel, closing, in 1890, a continued service for

thirteen years.

Notwithstanding the wise and benefi-

Administration of Hon. cent aims of its founders, some un-

it. T. Nesbitt

checked abuses found their way into

the Agricultural Department, through

the inspection of oils and fertilizers; duties simple enough in them-

selves and requiring integrity of purpose rather than superior skill

or knowledge, but which brought disproportionately large emolu-

ments to the fortunate holders of such positions.

At leading central points like Atlanta or Savannah under this

system, as much as eight or ten thousand dollars annually were re-

ceived by individual inspectors of oil and fertilizers, which were

both combined at the time, a sum about equal to the entire cost of

the supreme judiciary of the State.

The office of State Commissioner of Agriculture having been

made elective, it was under these conditions and surroundings that

the present Commissioner, Hon. R. T. Nesbitt, of Cobb county,

made the race against Judge J. T. Henderson for the office. It

might be added that the farmers, whose interests were specially

to be served by the department, finding some tares among an

abundance of wheat, were in the front ranks of those who were

willing to tear down the institution, which had been built up

mainly for their own care and protection.

In his active canvass before the people in 1890, assailing his op-

ponent's position, as he naturally would, at its weakest point, he

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

was successful in the October State election, and promptly entered upon the discharge of the duties of the office the following month.
In justice to Judge Henderson, however, we ought to state that the condition referred to was the outgrowth of an unforeseen condition of things, following a rapidly increased consumption of both oils and fertilizers, and for which no provision was made in the statute law of the State.
The legislature beiug then iu session, the new Commissioner immediately suggested and urged the abolition of the former system of compensation to oil inspectors, and an Act allowing them to retain only $125 per month out of the inspectors' receipts, and making monthly returns to the State Treasury of all sums in excess of this amount, was approved December 20th, 1890, thereby saving a large sum annually to the State.
The above bill was introduced by his excellency, Governor William Y. Atkinson, then a member of the Lower House from Coweta county.
And in December, 1891, following the same line of retrenchment, the fixed salaries of the twelve guano inspectors allowed by law were reduced from $125 to $83 per month, only four inspectors being kept on duty the whole year, the others from four to six months. In this connection, the Commissioner later introduced a bill changing the mode of guano inspection. The plan had been to inspect in bulk before leaving the factories. The bill provided that this should be done after the fertilizer was shipped to different points and put upon the market in separate packages. Here was exhibited the ever-vigilant watchfulness over the interest of the people, for whose special benefit the Agricultural Department was established.
Another important change is found in the removal of the State laboratory from Athens to the Capital. This affords increased advantages and facilities to the State Chemist, Dr. Geo. F. Payne, in his daily routine work, which has greatly increased, being more than three times as much as formerly. This most important branch of the department is thus more immediately under the Commissioner's inspection and supervision.
One of the most important changes introduced is in the substitu-

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277

tion of plate matter furnished to the weekly press throughout the State at a nominal cost of one dollar monthly, per county, in lieu of the circulars and bulletins previously issued. The " monthly talks " and practical hints on every subject- connected with the farm, garden, orchard, etc., carefully arranged as to time and season of the year, are published in monthly installments through the country papers. Thousands of the smaller farmers in the more remote sections in the State, miles from postal facilities, who rely mainly for information on their home county paper, receive valuable information through the medium of these monthly letters, inquiries, and answers seldom or ever reached.
During the present year the Commissioner has issued a handsomely illustrated manual entitled: "Georgia a Fair Field for Home-seekers and Investors."
In addition to the foregoing, the Commissioner has been engaged in the preparation of the present volume, "Georgia, Her Resources and Possibilities," intended to follow the "Commonwealth of Georgia," issued by his predecessor in office, and taking into account the long strides of progress and advancement that have been made in the various manufacturing and economic indus-
tries of the State since that time. In the multiplicity of duties of the department, the Commissioner
has a most able, efficient and painstaking assistant in the Commissioner's clerk, Dr. B. L. Mclntosh.
The present Commissioner is now serving out his third term in office as Chief of the Agricultural Department of the State.
In 1887 Congress passed what is known as Georgia Experi- the "Hatch Act" appropriating $15,000 per
ment Station. annum to each state and territory in the Union for the support and maintenance of an Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. Under this act such stations were to be conducted in connection with the Agricultural Colleges in the respective States and Territories. In Georgia, accordingly, preparations were made to carry on a station at the State Agricul-
tural College in Athens. At its ensuing session in 1888, the General Assembly passed the
Calvin Act, providing for the appointment by the Governor of a

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Board of Directors consisting of one practical and successful farmer from each Congressional District and one member of the Faculty of the State College. Of this Board the Chancellor of the University and the Commissioner of Agriculture are ex officio members, and the latter President of the Board. The following Board of Directors were appointed : First District, J. H. Evans. Halcyondale; 2nd. P. E. Boyd, Leary; 3rd. Wright Brady, Americus; 4th. J. H. Mobley, Hamilton; 5th. A. J. Smith, Conyers; 6th. Eden Taylor, Pope's Ferry; 7th. Felix Corput, Cave Springs; 8th. J. P. Parks, Jr., Greensboro ; 9th. J. N. Twitty, Gainesville ; 10th. W. H. Warren, Augusta; 11th. Benj. Milikin, Jessup.
The act authorizes the Board thus constituted to locate the station at any point in the State which in their judgment, offered the advantages of healthfulness, representative character of soil, accessibility, centrality and the best inducements of a donative character.
After careful inspection of several sites offered by as many counties the Board made choice of the farm of Mr. M. L. Bates, one and a half miles north of Griffin, Ga., and the station was located there in the summer of 18S9, and the following station officers were duly elected and installed :

Director Horticulturist Agriculturist

R. J. Redding Gustave Speth Jas. M. Kimbrough

Subsequently on the death of Horticulturist Speth, Mr. H. N. Starnes was elected to the vacancy. Mr. H. J. Wing was elected Dairyman, Dr. H. C. White Vice Director and Chemist, and R. E. Hardee Assistant Chemist.
The organization has continued to the present time (1895), excepting that the office of Assistant Chemist was discontinued January 1st, 18J4.
The location of the station is a point of meeting of three railroads, the Georgia Central, the Georgia Midland and Gulf, and the Savannah, Griffin and North Alabama. It has its own postoffice, Experiment, Ga.
The farm comprises 130 acres of fairly representative Middle

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279

Georgia soil, all of which is now either under cultivation in annual
crops or in lawns and wood pasture. The entire tillage area is divided into permanent experimental
sections excepting a portion devoted to the illustration of the ter-
race system of soil preservation. The buildings comprise an office, four residences, chemical labor-
atory, butter and cheese dairy house, large barn, ginning and tool house, green-house, engine house, etc.
The entire premises is supplied with a system of water mains, hydrants and elevated tanks which afford ample fire protection and domestic service, the power being furnished by a steam pump and hydraulic ram and the water supplied from a bold spring.
A variety of practical field experiments are conducted, with a view to finding out the best methods of soil renovation and fertilization, including grass, fruit, and vegetable culture. Indeed, almost every problem of practical farming is undertaken for solution, the leading object of the management being to illustrate and demonstrate to visiting and reading farmers the best and most profitable methods of performing the various operations of the farm and the possibilities of Georgia soil and climate under the best con-
ditions. The station publishes quarterly bulletins of progress and results
and experiments, which are sent out free to any person engaged in
farming who makes request for the same. Dairy management in all its practical details is a favorite and
popular feature of the farm. Butter and cheese of the very highest quality are daily made, and every young man or woman will be afforded every facility to learn the theory and practice of dairying without charge, except for board, on application to the director. Already the success of the station dairy, in proving the adaptation of Georgia's climatic and other natural conditions to the production of the highest grades of butter and cheese, has encouraged the organization of a dozen or more creameries and cheese fac-
tories in the State. The orchards and vineyards are rapidly coming forward, and in
a short time the station will have become a source from which much reliable information, garnered from its own past experience,

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

in regard to all departments of practical agriculture, will be distributed to the farmers of the State.
The following quotation from one of the station bulletins, in regard to its aims and purposes, must close this brief article :
" In addition to its chief function as an establishment for investigation, the Station wishes to be also a bureau of information for the farmers of the State. It expects in its bulletins, from time to time, to publish results of experiments and work which have been obtained at other Experiment Stations and in the laboratories of scientific workers throughout the world, whenever these results shall be considered to be of interest to the people of Georgia. The Station will be glad, moreover, to render every assistance in its power, in any matter connected with agriculture, by information or advice to any farmer of Georgia who may apply to it in person or by letter. Although a creature of the national government and dependent upon its bounty, it is the special servant of the farmers of Georgia, and to serve them acceptably and usefully shall be its constant aim. That the service may be useful, the Board of Directors will endeavor to guarantee by selecting qualified officers for the work of the Station and holding them strictly to competent and enthusiastic work. That it may be acceptable requires the cooperation of the farmers themselves, who are cordially and earnestly urged to feel and manifest a genuine interest in the work of the Station, to suggest to the Director any special lines of investigation in which they may be interested and to apply to the Station at any and all times for such information and advice as it may be able to give."

INSTITUTIONS OP THE PEOPLE.

231

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.

PLACE.

NAME.

PERIOD.

CHARACTER.

Abbeville Albany . Alpharetta Americus . Athens . . Atlanta
Augusta
Bainbridge Barnesville Blakely Blackshear Buchanan . Brunswick. Butler . . . Calhoun . . Canton . . . Carrollton . Carte rsville Clarksville . Covington

Exponent . . . . Weekly

Herald

Democratic.

World

Milton Enterprise

Democratic.

Times-Recorder. .

Banner

Southern Farmer . Monthly ,

Agricultural.

Woman's Work . .

Household.

Constitution . . . Daily .

Democratic.

Weekly

Evening Journal Daily .

Commercial . .

Christian Index . Weekly

Religious.

YTail and Express

Democratic.

National ....

Republican.

Sunny South . .

Literary.

Way of Life . . .

Holiness.

Peoples' Party Paper

Populist.

Wesleyan Ch. Advo .

Religious.

Southern Farm . . . Med. & Surg. Journal

SMeomnit-hmlvon. th. ly

Agricultural. Medical.

Old Homestead .

Literary.

Plowboy

Agricultural.

Dixie

Trade.

Southern Architect

Trade.

Southern Cultivator .

Agricultural.

Southern Ed. Journal

Educational.

Southern Med.Record

Medical.

Southern Fancier . .

Poultry.

the Church in Georgia

Religious.

Chronicle . . . Daily .

Democratic.

Weekly

Evening News . . Daily .

Evening Herald .

Georgia Baptist. . Weekly . . . Religious.

Southern Progress. Monthly . . . Industrial.

Democrat Gazette

Weuekly . . . Democratic.

Georgia Farm .... Semi-monthly Agricultural.

Home Journal . . . Weekly . . . Democratic.

News

Observer

Times

Banner-Messenger .

Times-Advertiser . . Daily .

Democratic.

Gospel-Messenger . . Weekly.

Religious.

Times Cherokee

Advance.



Democratic.

Times

Free Press

Courant-American. .

Advertiser

Istar

282

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS-CorKinwed

PLACE.
Covington . Cedartown Columbus..
Conyers
Crawford ville Cuthbert . . Dal ton
Dawson . . . Douglasville Dublin. . . . Dahlonega. Demorest . Decatur . .
Eastman . . Eatonton . . Elberton. . . Forsyth . . Franklin . . Fairburn. . . Fort Valley Fayetteville Gainesville.
Greensboro Greenville . Griffin. . . .
Hartwell II
Harlem .
Hamilton . . Hawkinsville Jackson . . . Jasper . . . Jefl'erson . . Jonesboro . . Kirkwood . . LaFayette . . LaGrange . .
it
Lawrenceville Lexington .

NAME.

PERIOD.

CHARACTER.

Enterprise

Weekly

Standard

Enquirer-Sun .... Daily .

II

II

Weekly-

Evening Ledger . . . Daily .

Sunday Ledger. . . Weekly

Sunday Herald . . .

Solid South

Rockdale Banner . .

Advocate-Democrat .

Liberal-Enterprise. .

Leader ...

Argus

North Georgia Citizen

Music Teacher .... Monthly

News

Weekly

New South ....

Courier

Signal

Northeast Georgian .

New Era

Record

Times-Journal . . .

Messenger

Star .

Advertiser

News and Banner . .

Standard

Leader

News

Eagle

Georgia Cracker. . .

Herald-Journal . . .

Meriwether Vindic't'r

Morning Call ....

News and Sun ....

u

II

Daily .

Sun

'.'.'. Weekly

Institute Reflector. . Monthly

Sentinel

Weekly

Farmers' Light . . .

Journal ......

Dispatch and News .

Middle Georgia Argus

Republican ....

Jackson Herald . . .

News

Kicker

Messenger

Reporter

Graphic

K

Herald

Oglethorpe Echo . .

Democratic.
Democratic. Musical. Democratic. Populist. Democratic.
Literary. Democratic. Populist. Democratic. Republican. Democratic. Independent. Literary. Democratic.

INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

283

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.--Continued.

PLACE.

NAME.

PERIOD.

CHARACTER.

Louisville Maeon . .
Madisou . . Marietta . . McDonough . Milledgeville Monroe . Montezuma . Monticello Meldrim . . Newnan. . . Perry . Quitman . Kinggold . . . Rome . . .

Sylvania
Statharn - Sycamore . Sandersville Savannah .

Sparta . Statesboio .
Summerville Talbotton . ,
Tallapoosa Thomson . Thorn aston Thomasville

Tifton . Toccoa

. . .



Valdosta .

Washington .

AVarrenton . Way cross .
it
Wrightsville Wavnesboro .

News and Farmer Telegraph . . .

Weekly . It
Daily . .

Evening News . Fruit Grower .... Weekly . Madisonian ....

Journal

Weekly Union-Recorder . .

Walton News .... Southern Fruit Jou'n'I Monthly Jasper County News Weekly" .

Guidon Herald and Advertise

Houston Home J'rnal

Free Press .... New South ....
Tribune

Daily . Weekly

Courier Hustler

Daily .

Telephone .... Weekly

News

News Middle Ga. Progress Morning News . .

Daily . . . . Semi-weekly

Press

Daily . . . .

Independent . . . Weekly . . .

Tribune Ishmaelite ....

Banner

Star Chattooga News .

New Era ...

West Georgia News

Journal .....

Journal

Times Advertiser ....

Daily . Weekly

Times-Enterprise

Daily . Weekly

Gazette .

News . . Times . -

Chronicle

Gazette Clipper

Herald . , Headlight .

Daily . Weekly

True Citizen

Democratic. Horticultural. Democratic. Horticultural. Democratic.
Democratic.
Republican. Democratic. Populist. Democratic.
Democratic.

CHAPTER VIII.
GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA.
General James Edward Oglethorpe, first governor of Georgia, conceived and executed the plan of founding an English colony iu that portion of the Carolina proprietaries grant, between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers. His purpose was to create an asylum in the New World where insolvent debtors and persons fleeing from religious persecution might begin life anew and enjoy religious freedom.
By royal letters patent, issued in June, 1732, the proposed colony was called Georgia, in honor of King George II. With 116 emigrants Oglethorpe landed at the present site of Savannah in February, 1733, where he was soon hospitably received by delegates from the lower Creek Indians. Oglethorpe also established settlements at Darien, Augusta, and St. Simon's Island. In 1736 the colony received considerable accessions of emigrants with whom came John and Charles Wesley, the founders of Methodism. In 1738 George Whitfield visited Georgia, founding the Orphan House, at Bethesda, near Savannah. Wm. Stephens, by authority of the trustees, acted as governor from July 11, 1743, to April 8, 1751. From the latter date Henry Parker acted to October 1,1754.
For about ten years after the establishment of the colony of Georgia the government was administered by General Oglethorpe. On the 20th of June, 1752, the trustees of Georgia resigned their charter and the province was formed into a royal government. Until 1754 the colony remained in a defenceless condition, when John Reynolds, an officer in the British navy, was appointed governor, with powers similar to those of other governors in America.
By the instructions of the king the governor was directed to convene a,General Assembly, but as the royal instructions excluded several of the most populous villages in the province, the council divided it into three districts, and on the 7th of January,

GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA.

285

1755, the first legislature of Georgia, consisting of three branches-- Governor, Council and Common House--met in Savannah. When the news of Governor Reynold's appointment reached Georgia, it was hailed with joy; lands were taken up, settlers flocked in, trade increased and prosperity began to manifest itself in the once desolate places. The indications for good soon vanished however. The governor did not come up to their high wrought expectations, and that was crime enough, iu the eyes of most of the colonists, to demand his impeachment. On the part of the governor it should be considered that his position was one peculiarly trying. He was required to begin, arrange, digest, and carry out the many necessary steps and changes in the first establishing of a new and, to the people, untried form of government. This required patience, energy, knowledge, and firmness, which Governor Reynolds did not possess. He was not adequate to the duties which his station required. He was allowed to resign his gubernatorial commission, having held it a few months short of four years. On the Kecall of Governor Reynolds, Henry Ellis was appointed (August 15,1756) lieutenant-governor of Georgia. The gazettes of the day, noticing his appointment to Georgia, add, "where such an active, sensible and honest man is so much wanted." He landed at Savannah February, 16, 1758, being welcomed to his province with all possible marks of respect and gladuess. When he had taken the required oath and received the great seal of the province and become invested with the full powers of government, the town was illuminated with the discharge of guns and the glaring of bonfires. The oft-repeated huzzas testified the universal joy which his presence diffused. The prudent and judicious course of Ellis preserved Georgia, though the most exposed of all the provinces, from the ruthless attacks of our savage foes. The administration of Ellis was highly beneficial to Georgia. He found it in a most disturbed state. Discord had glutted itself with the broken peace and blasted hopes of the settlers. Representatives had been forcibly expelled from the as-
sembly, members ejected from the council, judges displaced from the bench, offices turned out in merest caprice, meuial body-servants of the governor and secretary were appointed to posts of honor, confusion and misrule pervaded the whole province. It was no

286

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGTA.

easy task to bring order out of this chaotic mass. But Ellis began with temperate measures and gentle means, engaging by mildness and urbanity the affections of the people, and yet firm and decided in putting down the evils to which the province was subjected. In the same way he managed the complicated affairs of the Indians, gathered them to him in council, spoke to them friendly talks, conciliated their feelings, redressed their wrongs, and made them feel that he was their father and protector.
James Wright was appointed lieutenant-governer of Georgia on October 31, 1760, and on the 20th of March, 1761, the king conferred upon him full executive powers, with the title of captaingeneral and governor-in-chief.
He was a native of South Carolina, and son of Chief Justice Robert Wright of that State. In many respects he was peculiarly qualified for his new position. His American birth, long residence in Carolina, his familiarity with colonial affairs, his business habits and legal acquirements pointed him out as the one who would secure the confidence of the Georgians, and administer the government with dignity.
The death of George II. occurred on the 25th of October, 1760, and George III. was proclaimed king on the 10th of February with the utmost civil and military pomp which the province could display. It was the only time in the history of Georgia that the ceremony of proclaiming a king was witnessed on her soil.
Governor Wright, in his speech to the General Assembly March, 1761, congratulated them on the happy accession of the young king to the throne of his grandfather. The sentiment received a loyal echo from both houses. He displayed great zeal in advancing every interest connected with Georgia, and evinced distinguished ability in his intercourse with the Indians during a period when the slightest imprudence would have involved the people in the horrors of a savage war. When his commission reached Savannah on the 28th of January, 1762, and was published with the usual formalities, the military was drawn up on Johnson square, three volleys were fired, answered by the cannon from the Fort and the ships in the river. A ball was given the ladies by the governor. Nearly every house was illuminated and the chronicle

GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA.

287

of the day declares that there never was an occasion on which the joy and satisfaction of the people were more apparent. But notwithstanding his approved abilities and unsullied integrity, and the confidence and affection of the people, secured by his unremitting devotion to the interest of the colony, when he attempted to enforce the "Stamp Act" the situation was reversed. Two men-of-war and a transport arrived from Boston on the 12th of January at Tybee, with a detachment of the king's troops. It was resolved by the Council of Safety that the governor, with other prominent persons, should be forthwith arrested.
The first object was to secure the governor. Major Joseph Habbersham undertook to perform the difficult duty. Proceeding that very evening to the mansion of the governor, who had assembled the council to consider what was proper to be done, he passed the sentinel at the door, entered the hall, marched to the head of the table, and laying his haud on the shoulder of Governor Wright, said: "Sir James, you are my prisoner." The party, astonished at
his boldness and supposing from his firm manner that a large force was surrounding them, fled in the utmost precipitation through the doors and windows.
The governor gave his solemn parole not to go out of town, or hold any correspondence with the officers or others on board the ships at Tybee, and was suffered to remain in his house under guard. On the night of the 11th of February he contrived his escape, and went in' haste to his majesty's ship Scarborough, Captain Barday on board, at Tybee. Owing to the disturbed condition of the country, and the invasion of British troops, there was no other governor appointed to act in Georgia until July 2, 1771, when James Habersham was appointed, and on June 22, 1775, William Erwin was elected president of the Council of Safety. On January 20, 1776, Archibald Bullock was made president of the Provincial Council, each discharging the functions of governor.
Button Gwinnett acted as governor from February 22d to May 3th, 1777, when John A. Treutlen entered upon the office of governor, having been elected under the new constitution. John Houston was elected governor January, 1778; and John Werreatt as president of the Executive Council, acted as governor to Novem-

288

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

ber4, 1779, at which date George Walton was elected and served to January 7, 1780, when Richard Howley was elected and acted to January 7, 1781; Stephen Heard was elected and served to August 15, 1781. Nathan Brownson succeeded him until January 8, 1782. John Martin was governor from that date to January 9, 1783. Lymau Hall was governor to 9th of January, 1784. John Houston was again governor from January 9, 1784, to January 14, 1785. Samuel Elbert from January 14, 1785, to January 9, 1786. Edward Telfair from January 9,1786, to January 9,1787. George Matthews January 9, 1787, to January 25, 1788. George Handley January 25, 1788, to January 7, 1789. George Walton January 7, 1789, to November 9, 1790. Edward Telfair November 9,1790, to November 7,1793. George Matthews November 9, 1793, to 15th January, 1796. During his term of office in 1795, the Yazoo Fraud Act was passed by the legislature and signed by the governor, but no corruption was imputed to him. For $500,000 the legislature sold to certain companies 35,000,000 acres of land. Jared Irwin was elected governor January 15, 1796. Under his administration the act was rescinded in 1796, and the enrolled bill, with all the papers of the usurped act, were produced by the secretary of State, and after examination by president of the Senate, speaker of the House and clerk, were handed to the messenger, who in presence of Governor Jared Irwin and the General Assembly at Louisville, in front of the capitol, cried with a loud voice:
"God save the State and long preserve her rights; and may every attempt to injure them perish as these wicked and corrupt acts now do."
Mr. Adams, when president, nominated Governor Matthews before the Senate for governor of the Mississippi Territory, and afterwards withdrew the nomination upon hearing that the opposition to his appointment on account of the Yazoo Act was very great. When Matthews heard of this, he immediately set out on horseback for Philadelphia, where Congress sat, to chastise President Adams. On his arrival in Philadelphia, he went directly to the president's house, hitched his horse, went to the door, his Revolutionary sword at his thigh, his three-cornered hat on his head, and gave a thundering knock at the door. Upon the servant opening it, ha de-

GOVERNORS OP GEORGIA.

289

manded to see the president. He was answered that the president was engaged. He replied to the servant that he presumed his business was to carry messages to the president. " Now, if you do not immediately inform him that a gentleman wishes to speak to him, your head will share the consequences." The servant returned and informed the president that a very strange old fellow wished to see him, and would take no denial. Mr. Adams directed that he be admitted. Upon Governor Matthews entering the room where the president was, he said: "I presume you are Mr. Adams, president of the United States." The president bowed. The governor continued: "My name is Matthews--sometimes called Governor Matthews; well known at the battle of Germantown, however, as Colonel Matthews of the Virginia line. Now, sir, I understand that you nominated me before the Senate of the United States to be Governor of the Mississippi Territory, and that afterwards you withdrew the nomination. Sir, if you had known me you would not have taken the nomination back. If you did not know me, you should not have nominated me to so important an office. Now, sir, unless you can satisfy me, your station as president shall not shield you from my vengeance." Mr. Adams, knowing the governor to be a staunch Federalist, satisfied him, and promised to appoint his son John supervisor of public revenue in Georgia. The governor expressed himself content.
James Jackson was governor from January 12,1798, to March 3, 1801. No man did more to have the Yazoo Act rescinded than James Jackson. He resigned a seat in the United States Senate, came home, and was elected a member of the legislature from Chatham to lend his influence to the accomplishment of that object.
David Emanuel was president of the senate and governor ad* interim from March 3, 1801, to November 7, 1801. -Josiah Tattnall was governor from November 7, 1801, to November 7, 1802. As an evidence of his great popularity and the sense Georgia had of his purity of character and high public services, the legislature took off the name of his father from the confiscation acts, with full liberty to remove into the State with his property, subject to his sole and entire disposal, and restored him to all the rights of citizenship. Governor Tattnall had the inexpressible pleasure of signing

290

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

the act absolving his own father--the only act, it is believed, ever approved by a governor of Georgia with words of comment preceding the executive signature. These were words of gratitude from a public servant to his country for good rendered to his earthly parent.
John Milledge was governor from November 7,1802, to September 3, 1806. Jared Irwin, president of the senate, acted as governor to November 7, 1806, at which time he was elected governor, and served to November 9, 1809, at which date David B. Mitchell was elected governor and served to November 13, 1813. Peter Early, elected governor November 13, 1813, and served as governor up to November 9, 1815. He had previously been in Congress, and was a leading member in the impeachment case of Judge Chase, and his speech for the prosecution was considered the ablest delivered on that occasion. His term of office as governor was at a critical period in the history of the country, when the stoutest hearts trembled for its safety. With incredible dispatch he organized the militia of the State, and his military arrangements were in the main extremely judicious, and his administration of the government from beginning to end was most able and patriotic. Uninfluenced by selfish conduct, he cheerfully rendered the government every assistance in his power towards carrying on the war with vigor and effect. David B. Mitchell was a second time elected governor November 9, 1815, and served to March 5, 1817.
William Rabun, president of the senate, became governor ad. interim on the resignation of David B. Mitchell March 4, 1817, and was elected governor by the legislature in November, 1817, and served as governor until his death, October 28, 1819. It was during his administration that he and General Andrew Jackson had a very spicy correspondence in respect to their relative duties and powers, on account of one Captain Wright, having contrary to orders, destroyed an Indian village (Chehaw) containing women and children and old men.
Matthew Talbot, on the death of Governor Rabun, became governor from October 28 to November 13, 1819, when John Clark was elected governor and served until November 13,1823. George M. Troup elected governor November 13, 1823, and remained in

GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA.

291

office until 1827. His election in October, 1825, was the first time that a governor was elected by a popular vote of the people, the legislature, prior to that date, having elected their governors. A treaty was made at Indian Springs in 1825, during his administration, with the Creek Indians, from which a conflict with Mr. Adams, president, seemed unavoidable. Governor Troup was resolute and maintained the right of the State to survey the lauds obtained by the treaty with the Indians. John Clark, who had defeated him before the legislature for governor, was brought out to oppose him before the people. The rallying cry of Troup's friends was " Troup and the treaty," carrying the popular vote by a majority of seven hundred.
John Forsyth was elected governor November, 1827; George E. Gilmer, November, 1829; Wilson Lumpkin, October, 1831 William Schley, November, 1835; George R. Gilmer again in 1837 Charles J. McDonald elected governor 1839, served four years vetoed the act of the legislature dividing the State into congressional districts in conformity to an act of Congress passed for that purpose. George W. Crawford was elected governor in 1843; was the first and only governor to that date who had made the convicts in the penitentiary pay expenses. G. W. Towns elected governor in 1847, served four years; Ho well Cobb elected in 1851, and served two years; H. V. Johnson elected in 1853, and served four years; Joseph E. Brown, elected in 1857, when he received the news of his nomination for governor was on his plantation binding wheat.
Among his first innovations of long established customs was the abolishment of the huge popular levee, when everybody was allowed to come uninvited in masses. He also abolished the use of wine from his festal board. Being a tern perance man, he carried out his temperauce principles practically. His war against the act of the legislature legalizing the suspension of the banks created much discussion in the legislature and great feeling and excitement among the people. The W. & A. R. R. was at that time under the direction of the governor.
He made an entire change of management in the force from superintendent down, thus creating an intense enmity in the discharge of employees. An income from the road to the State of $200,000

292

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

the first year, $300,000 the second year, and $400,000 the third was an argument well calculated to silence grumblers and please the people, it was so much in excess of its previous earnings. He was elected governor four times on account of his firm attitude in protecting the interests and liberties of the people of his State. His opposition to the conscript law made him many and bitter enemies among the friends of President Davis. He was immovable in a cause he thought just. In the latter part of May, 1865, Governor Brown, Alex H. Stephens, Howell Cobb, and B. H. Hill were arrested and carried to northern prisons. Governor Brown was paroled by President Andrew Johnson; returned to Georgia and resigned his place as governor on 29th of June, 1865. On the 17th of June James Johnson, of Columbus, Ga., was appointed provisional governor of Georgia. On the 13th of July, 1865, he issued his proclamation calling a convention to be elected on the first Wednesday in October, 1865, and to assemble in Milledgeville on the fourth Wednesday in October. It continued in session until the 8th of November, 1865, repealed the ordinance of secession, repudiated the war debt, and abolished slavery. At the election for governor of Georgia Chas. J. Jenkins was unanimously elected governor. The legislature assembled on the 4th of December, 1865, and on the 6th a legislative committee notified Governor Jenkins of his election and asked him to appoint a time to be inaugurated. On the 14th of December, 1865, Chas. J. Jenkins was inaugurated governor of Georgia, and on the 15th adjourned the legislature until the 15th of January, 1866.
On the 7th of January, 1868, General Meade addressed a letter to Governor Jenkins and requested him to draw his warrant on the treasury for forty thousand dollars. Jenkins answered : " I can find nothing in the constitution, which in the remotest degree authorizes the construction that they intend to saddle the treasury of Georgia with the cost of this Reconstruction Convention, and I am unable to find any duty devolved on me in the multiplied reconstruction acts, except not to obstruct. Believe me, General, in my official position compliance with your request would involve the abandonment of previously reposed duty, and that the State's money could not pay the expense of the convention." The letter bore date on

GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA.

293

the 10th of December. On the 13th General Meade, in a short, polite note, informed Jenkins that he had removed him from his
office. Brigadier-General Thos. H. Ruger was detailed for duty as gov-
ernor of Georgia. Governor Jenkins sent the money, about four thousand dollars, and the great seal of the State to the Fourth National Bank in New York City for safe keeping.
General Pope ordered an election for delegates to be held on the 29th, 30th and 31st of October to a Reconstruction Convention which met in Atlanta on the 9th of December, 1867 ; elected J. R. Parrott president, and provided for an election on the 20th of April, 1868, for the ratification or rejection of the Constitution framed by that body and for the election of a governor and General
Assembly. Rufus B. Bullock was elected governor, and inaugurated July
22, 1868, and continued in office until October 23, 1871, at which date he resigned the office. Benjamin Conley being president of the senate took the oath of office on October 31, 1871, and acted as governor ad interim until January 12, 1872. James M. Smith, having been elected, entered upon the duties of the office and served
two terms. On the first Monday in October, 1876, Alfred H. Colquitt was
elected governor for four years. His indorsement of the bonds for the Northeastern Railroad and the appointment of Joseph E. Brown to the United States Senate for the unexpired term of John B. Gordon until the assembling of the legislature were used against him as a reason why he should not be nominated for a second term. After a bitter contest in the Convention for several days failing to secure two-thirds of the delegates, he was recommended by a very large majority as the candidate of the Democratic party for governor. On the popular vote he triumphed over all opposition and carried the State by fifty-four thousand majority. The Constitution of 1878 had reduced the term of governor from four years to two years. Alexander H. Stephens was elected governor and inaugurated in November, 1882. On the 3d of March, 1883, he died. James S. Boynton, being President of the State Senate, was sworn in on the 4th of March, 1883, and was

294

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

ad interim, governor until Henry D. McDaniel was elected and qualified on May 10, 1883, to fill out the unexpired term of A. H. Stephens.
Governor Stephens had represented Georgia in Congress many years prior to his election as governor, and was acknowledged as one of the ablest members in the Lower House of Congress. During his life he did much for deserving young men by advancing money to enable them to obtain an education to fit them as useful members of society. He had by the beneficence of a society of ladies, graduated at the University of Georgia, they hoping he would become a Presbyterian minister. He, however, chose the profession of law, had a very lucrative practice, and refunded to his lady benefactors every dollar expended on him. His broad conservative views on all questions of politics, whether State or national, caused him to be recognized as Georgia's " Great Commoner."
In October, 1884, Governor H. D. McDaniel was elected governor and served for a term of two years. John B. Gordon was elected governor in 1886, and served as governor until November, 1890, when W. J. Northen was elected and served two terms. He had been a planter and teacher in Hancock county for some vears previous to his election as governor and in each vocation was a success. He did much during his term of office towards fostering public schools and impressing the people by letters and public addresses with the importance of a higher education. October 27, 1894, our present chief executive, W. Y. Atkinson, entered upon the discharge of the duties of the office of governor with bright prospects of advancing the material and intellectual interests of the people.

GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA.

295

LIST OF THE TERMS OF GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA.

June 15, 1732

James Edward Oglethorpe, appointed

Governor of Georgia.

July 11, 1743

William Stephens

April 8, 1751.

April 8,' 1751

Henry Parker

October 1, 1754.

October 1, 1754

John Reynolds

August 15, 1757.

August 16, 1757

Henry Ellis

October 31, 1760.

October 31, 1760 James Wright

July 11, 1762.

July 2, 1771

James Habersham

February 11, 1773.

June 22, 1775

William Erwin

January 20, 1776.

January 20, 1776 Archibald Bulloch

February 22, 1777.

February 22, 1777 Button Gwinnett

May 8, 1777.

May 8, 1777

John A. Treutlen

January 8, 1778.

Januarys, 1778

John Houston

December29,1778.

December 29, 1778 John Werreatt

November 7, 1779.

November 7, 1779 January 7, 1780 January 7, 1781

George Walton Richard Howley Stephen Heard

January 7, 1780. January 7, 1781. August 15, 1781.

August 15, 1781

Nathan Brownson

January 8, 1782.

Januarv 8, 1782 John Martin

January 9, 1783.

January 9, 1783 Lyman Hall

January 9, 1784.

January 9 1784 John Houston

January 14, 1785.

January 14, 1785 Samuel M. Elbert

January 9, 1786.

January 9, 1786 Edward Telfair

January 9, 1787.

January 9, 1787 George Matthews

January 25, 1788.

January 25, 1788 George Handley

January 7, 1789.

January 7, 1789 George Walton

November 9, 1790.

November 9, 1790 Edward Telfair

November 7, 1793.

November 9, 1793 George Matthews

January 15, 1796.

January 15, 1796 Jared Irwin

January 12, 1798.

January 12, 1798 James Jackson

March 3, 1801.

March 3 1801

David Emanuel

November 7, 1801.

November 7, 1801 Josiah Tattnall

November 7, 1802.

November 7, 1802 John Milledge

September 3,1806.

November 7, 1806 Jared Irwin

November 9, 1809.

November 9, 1809 David B. Mitchell

November 13,1813.

November 13, 1813.. ..Peter Early

November 9, 1815.

November 9, 1815 David B. Mitchell

March 4, 1817.

March 4 1817

William Rabun

October 28, 1819.

October 28 1819 Matthew Talbo'

November 13,1819.

November 13, 1819 John Clark

November 13,1823.

November 13, 1823 George M. Troup

November 13,1827.

November 13, 1827 John Forsyth

November 13,1829.

November, 1829 November, 1831

George R. Gilmer Wilson Lumpkin

November, 1831. November, "1835.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

November 16, 1835 William Schley

November 16,1837.

November 16, 1837 George E. Gilmer

November 16.1839.

November, 1839 Charles J. McDonald

November, 1843.

November, 1843 November, 1847

George W. Crawford George VVr. Towns

November, 1847. November, 1851.

November, 1851. Howell Cobb

November, 1853.

November, 1853 Herscbell V. Johnson

November, 1857.

November, 1857 Joseph E. Brown

June 29, 1S65.

June 17, 1865

James Johnson, prov. Governor December 1, 1865.

December 14, 1865 Charles J. Jenkins

December 13,1867.

December 13, 1867 Thos. H. Ruger, military Governor...July 22, 1868.

July 22, 1868

Rufus B. Bullock

October 23, 1871.

October 31, 1871... Benjamin Oonley

January 12, 1872.

January 12, 1872 James M. Smith

November, 1876.

November, 1876 Alfred H. Colquitt

November, 1882.

November, 1882 Alexander H. Stephens

March, 3, 1883.

March 4, 1883

James S. Boynton, ad interim

May 10, 1883.

May 10, 1883

Henry D. McDaniel

November, 1886.

November, 1886 John B. Gordon

November, 1890.

November, 1890... William J. Northen

October 24, 1894.

October 24, 1894 William Y. Atkinson

CHAPTER IX. GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY ACCORDING TO SECTIONAL DIVISIONS.

Counties.

Bulloch

Burke

Dodge

Eraanuel



Glascock

Jefferson

Johnson

Laurens

Montgomery

Pulaski

Richmond

Screven

Twiggs

Telfair

Tattnall

Washington

Wilkinson

Total, 17 counties

EAST GEORGIA. '

Population. 13,712 28,501 1M52 14.703 3,720 17,213 0,129 13,747 9,248 l6i550 45,194 ",434 8,195 5,477 10>258 25,237 10,781
254,841

Bulloch.--The county of Bulloch is bounded north by Emanuel and Screven counties, east by the Ogeechee river, south by Bryan county, and west by the county of Tattnall.
It was laid out in 1796 and named for Archibald Bulloch, a devoted champion of the rights and liberties of the people in the Revolutionary struggle for American independence.
The face of the country is level and is composed of hammock and pine gray uplands. The hammock lauds are the best" and produce cotton--long and short staple--corn, oats, wheat, rye, sugarcane, and potatoes. The pine and cypress timber have been very

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

valuable to the citizens iu lumber and shingles shipped to market. Rosin and turpentine have also been profitable. Eice on the hammock lands yield well. Fruits, peaches, pears, plums and smaller fruits, with melons, grow well and yield the owners remunerative prices for their labor. Abundance of fine fish are taken from the rivers. The range is good, with a mild winter climate, which enables the farmers to raise sheep and cattle for market at a very small comparative outlay of money. The facilities for travel and transportation are good. The Dublin Branch Eailroad and the Dover and Statesboro Railroad from the Central penetrate the county. The Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous. The people are industrious and kind. Since the building of railroads into the county the lands have very much increased in value. The population in 1890 was 13,712; county tax 6.30 mills; municipal tax 3| mills; improved lands, $489,870; average value per acre $2.26; wild lands $25,490; average value 78 cents; stocks and bonds, $12,997; household furniture, $121,627; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, etc., $401,756; plantation and mechanical tools, $67,083; watches, jewelry, $8,835; real estate, $1,205,979; personal, $1,188,112; property returned by colored tax-payers--land, 14,102 acres, value $31,306; money, $3,625; household furniture, $8,544; horses, mules, etc., $28,894 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,179.
Burke.--Burke county is bounded north by Richmond county, east by the Savannah river, south by Screven county, southwest by Emanuel county, and west by the county of Jefferson.
In 1758, this division of the State was laid out as St. George parish. The name was changed to Burke in 1777 in honor of Edmund Burke, a distinguished champion of American liberty, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, January 1, 1730; was chosen a member of Parliament under the Rockingham administration. The subject of his first speech was the affairs of America, in which he exerted himself to defeat the project of a misguided ministry. During his parliamentary career, he embraced every occasion to speak in glowing terms of injured America. He opposed every proposition of the British Parliament to exact .,,ws oppressive to American citizens.

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299

The Savannah river separates this county from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee river from Emanuel county. Briar creek flows through the whole length of the county, and is celebrated for the rich lands on its borders. There are beds of marl at Shell Bluff, Brushy creek. Briar creek, and calcareous marl in many of the springs and in the banks of the creeks, and forms much of the subsoil of this region. Limestone, for making good lime, of almost inexhaustible quantity, is at Shell Bluff. Buhrstone in almost every part of the county, chalcedony and Jasper, with many fossils. The soil is fertile, and will produce per acre, under proper system of cultivation, corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 15 ; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200; field peas, 20 ; ground peas, 60; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 1,500 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds ; cane syrup, 200 gallons.
The religious denominations are Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian, with a few others. Waynesboro is the county site, located on the Augusta & Savannah Railroad, 30 miles from Augusta. Has a population of 1,200 or 1,500 of intelligent and refined citizens ; no town has a better population. Good churches and schools. The population in the county is above an average in point of intelligence and refinement.
The population in 1894 was 28,501; rate of county tax, 5.63 mills; school fund, $16,172; acres improved land, 577,317; average value, $2.90; city property, $352,692 ; value shares in bank, $35,000 ; money, etc., $168,242 ; value of merchandise, $108,185 ; stocks and bonds, $12,997 ; household furniture, $113,360 ; value horses, mules, cattle, etc., $318,290; plantation and mechanical tools, $92,392; watches, jewelry, etc., $13,578 ; real estate, $1,970,083; personal estate, $891,555. Property returned by colored tax pavers--number acres of land, 20,174, value, $58,822 ; city property, $18,162; money, $75; household furniture, $34,186; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $82,272; plantation and mechanical
tools, $16,555. "Waynesboro has a bank with a capital of $50,000. It was
named for General Anthony Wayne. The water is impregnated with rotten limestone, which adds to the productiveness of the soil, but does not improve the taste of the water. It has always been

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

considered one of the best agricultural counties in the State. The

Savannah river and the railroad offer transportation and nieaus of

travel.

Dodge.--The county of Dodge is bounded north by Pulaski

county,.east by Laurens county, south by Telfair and Wilcox, and

west by Dooly and Wilcox. It was laid out and named in honor

of William E. Dodge, of New York, on account of his liberal in-

vestments in building up the county. Eastman is the county site--

a growing little town. Population of county in 1890, 11,452;

school fund, $6,463.50; acres improved land, 221,601 ; wild land,

170,811 ; average value per acre, $2.50 and $1.04; city propertyj

$218,915; money, etc., $137,051; merchandise, $70,365; stocks

and bonds, $2,690; value household furniture, $97,766; horses,

mules, etc., $232,011; plantation and mechanical tools, $32,059 ;

watches and jewelry, $10,585; real estate, $939,983; personal estate

$801,461. Property returned by colored tax payers--number

acres of land, 17,433, value, $41,244; city property, $13,330;

money, $2,024 ; household furniture, $10,538; horses, mules, etc.,

$19,975; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,969. Rate of county

tax, 5.63 mills; city tax, 5 mills.

The Ocmulgee river runs through the county. The lands are

rich and very productive on the river in cotton, corn, oats, and

sugar-cane. The lands in the county are valuable on account of the

fine timber which is converted into lumber and sent to the mar-

kets. Rosin and turpentine are also of great commercial value.

Potatoes, peas, melons and various vegetables grow iu luxuriance

in this county. The county is considered healthy. Winter climate

delightful. Production per acre: Corn 15 bushels, oats 10,

wheat 10, rye 10, sweet potatoes 100, field peas 8, ground peas 30,

and cotton 500 pounds, sea island 350 pounds, crab grass hay

2,000 pounds, corn fodder 2,000 pounds, sugar-cane syrup 350

i

gallons.

Emanuel.--Emanuel county is bounded north by Jefferson,

Burke, and Johnson counties, east by Screven and Bulloch coun-

ties, south by Montgomery county, west by Laurens county. It

was laid out in 1812 from Bulloch and Montgomery counties.

Swainesboro is the county site. Population in 1895, 14,103 ; school

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301

fund, $9,001 ; acres improved land, 379,314; wild land, 120,348; average value per acre, $2.11, $1.14; city property, 57,366, electric lights, 300; money, etc., $331,454; value merchandise, $79,355; stocks and bonds, $21,803; cotton manufactories, 21,557; iron works, 650 ; capital invested in mining, $110 ; household furniture, $122,043 ; horses, mules, etc., $421,234 ; plantation and mechanical tools, watches, jewelry, etc., $7,918 , real estate, $996,019 ; personal estate,$1,245,349; property returned by colored taxpayers: number acres of land, 17,796 ; value, $35,543 ; city property, $145; money, etc., $4,692; merchandise, $624; household furniture, $11,511 ; horses, mules, etc., $25,246 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,648. Rate of county tax, 6.73 mills.
The productions of the county are cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, groundpeas, melons. Timber is fine ; the pine and cypress make excellent lumber and shingles for shipment to Savannah. Turpentine and rosin in large quantities are shipped to the markets. Ogeechee and Big Cannouchee are the principal rivers and from which large quantities of fish are caught. The people are liberal and hospitable to all who visit their county. They possess a republican simplicity and kindness of heart that is not excelled by any.
The means of transportation and travel are by the Millen and Southern, Midville, Swaiusboro and Red Bluff, Wadley and Mt. Vernon, and Stillmore and Air Line railroads. The land is level and produces per acre: Corn, 12 bushels; oats, 20; sweet potatoes, 150 ; field peas, 10; groundpeas, 200; seed cotton, upland, 500 pounds ; sea island, 400 pounds ; sugar cane syrup, 500 gallons. There is fine summer range for cattle and hogs.
The county was named for David Emanuel, a brother-in-law of General John Twiggs, and under him fought bravely for the liberty of his county. Was a frequent member of the legislature from Burke county and president of the senate. Died in 1808.
Glascock.--Glascock county was laid out from Warren county in 1858. It is bounded north and west by Warren, south and west by Jeiferson and Washington counties. Gibson is the county capital. This county was named for General Thomas Glascock,

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Speaker of the House of Representatives and member of Congress in 1835-36, 1837-38, and who died in Augusta, Ga., in 1838. Population in 1890, 3,720; school fund, $2,295.00. Rate of county tax 4.20 mills; acres improved land, 85,065 ; wild lands, 2,040; average value per acre, $2.60 and 84 cents; city property. $26,920; money, etc., $56,124; value of merchandise, $11,510; household furniture, $27,104 ; horses, mules, etc., $69,380; plantation and mechanical tools, $17,044; watches,jewelry, etc., $1,150. Real estate, $249,907; personal estate, $199,659. Property returned by colored tax-payers, acres of land, 706 ; value, $1,917 ; city property, $525 ; amount of money, $30; merchandise, $30 ; household furniture, $2,830 ; horses, mules, etc., $4,581 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $9.79.
The lands in this county with good culture will yield per acre : corn, 10 bushels; oats, 20; Irish potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 125; field peas, 10; ground peas, 30; seed cotton, 750 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 250 gallons. The Ogeechee river forms the western boundary and affords a quantity of fish and sport for those fond of the " hook and line." The citizens are intelligent and hospitable. The Augusta, Gibson & Sandersville Railroad runs through the county, which gives them an outlet either east or west for travel and shipping produce.
Jefferson.--Jefferson county is bounded north by Richmond and McDuffie counties, east by Burke county, south by Washington county, west by Glascock county. Louisville is the county site and was the capital of the State from 1795 to 1804. It was at Louisville that the Yazoo Act passed, ceding to private parties millions of acres of land on the Mississippi river, and by act of the Legislature of 1796, February 13, the act, with all the pa[>crs and evidence pertaining to it was, in front of the capital and in the presence of the Governor and both houses of the Legislature, publicly burned. The lands in this county are very fertile and produce cotton, corn, oats, potatoes, with every variety of vegetables. The Ogeechee river runs through this county, and before the building of the Central Railroad, was used as a medium to get their produce to Savannah, by having the obstructions removed so that boats could descend from Louisville to Savannah. Roger L.

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

303

Gamble, a member of Congress and judge, died in Jefferson county. Population in 1890, 17,213; school fund, $9,328.25; county tax, 4.25 mills. Acres improved land, 323,182 ; average value per acre, $3.46; city property, $272,655; money, etc., $382,847; merchandise, $115,870; stocks and bonds, $8,886; cotton manufactories, $3,065 ; household furniture, $130,932; horses, mules, etc., $320,230; plantation and mechanical tools, $63,810 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,550. Real estate, $1,393,562 ; personal estate, $1,111,365. Property returned by colored tax-payers-- number acres of land, 9,218; value $30,595; city property, $8,435 ; money, etc., $350 ; household furniture, $28,140 ; horses, mules, etc., $66,870 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,465.
The lands produce per acre, under proper cultivation: corn, 12 bushels; oats, 20; rye, 6; Irish potatoes, 300; sweet potatoes, 300; field peas, 10; ground peas 50; cotton, 500 pounds; crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, stalk and blade, 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 300 gallons; cane syrup, 400 gallons.
There are several localities in which shell marl is found. Near Louisville is found buhrstoue--equal, it is said, to the celebrated French buhr. Nodular oxide of iron, agate, chalcedony, and hornstone. Fossils of great variety and interest are abundantly diffused, such as clypeaster, etc. The religious sects are Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian. The Ogeechee river affords fine fishing sport. There are manufacturing interests in the county. The county was named for Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States.
Johnson.--Johnson county is bounded north by Washington and Jefferson counties, east by Emanuel county,south by Laurenscounty, and west by Wilkinson county. It was laid off from Laurens and Emanuel counties in 1858, and was named for Governor Herschel V. Johnson, a distinguished citizen of Georgia, who was Governor in 1853-57; Judge of Ocmulgee circuit, in 1860 on the ticket for Vice-President with Stephen A. Douglass. Wrightsville is the county site with a small population; other postoffices are Ethel, Hodo, Kite, Kittrell, Nasworthy, Regnant, and Spain. The face of the county is level. Lands easily cultivated and produce good crops of cotton, corn, oats, potatoes, sugar cane, and ground

304

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

peas. Rosin and turpentine, and lumber are about the most remunerative of the products of this county.
Population in 1800, 6,129; school fund, $5,005.75; rate of county tax 6.68 mills; municipal, Wrightsville, 3J mills; acres of improved land, 174,448; wild lands, 6,361; average value per acre, $2.63, $1.19; city property, $82,338; money, etc., $112,040; merchandise, $42,803; household furniture, $57,159; horses, mules, etc., $182,043; plantation and mechanical tools, $33,049; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,104; real estate, $550,074; personal estate, $485,795. Return of property by colored tax-payers--number acres of laud, 3,774; value $8,839; city property, $1,675; money, etc., $1,260; household furniture, $6,200; horses, mules, etc., $16,570; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,525. Health of the county is considered good by the inhabitants and a desirable place for residence.
The lands under proper tillage produce per acre: corn, 10 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 10; rye, 4; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200; field peas, 20; ground peas, 40; seed cotton, upland, 500 pounds; sea island cotton, 300 pounds; crab grass hay, 2,500 pounds; corn fodder, 150 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar cane syrup, 250 gallons.
The religious denominations are principally Methodist and Baptist. School facilities moderately good.
Laurens.---Lalireas county was formed in 1807, and is bounded north by Johnson and Wilkinson counties, east by Emanuel county, south by Montgomery and Dodge counties, west by Pulaski and Dodge counties. It was named for Lieutenant Col. John Laurens, who was born in Charleston, S. C, in 1755. Joined the army in 1777, was appointed aid-de-camp to General Washington. He displayed great gallantry at Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth, for which Congress in 1778 resolved that he be presented with a Continental commission of Lieutenant-Colonel in testimony of the sense which Congress entertained of his patriotic and spirited services as a volunteer in the American Army, which he declined, as he was unwilling to accept an office which might expose him to the jealousy of older officers. On the 27th of August, 1782, he received a wound near Combahee that proved fatal. The Oconee

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

305

river flows through this county. Several small streams are tributaries to the river. Dublin, the county site, located a half mile from the river, is now a thriving and growing town since it has had the advantage of railroad facilities. The face of the country is rolling. The soil has a clay foundation with sand and vegetable mould in the pine lands and lime in the oak lands, which renders the lauds very fertile and productive in cotton, corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye,, potatoes, pindars, sugar cane and any variety of the finest vegetables grown in this country. The timbers are very fine and afford great quantities of the best of lumber, rosin and turpentine for the market of Savannah over the railroads that penetrate and pass through this county from Macon south.
Population in 1890, 13,747; school fund, $10,250.25; acres improved land, 435,261 ; wild land, 117,642; average value per acre, $2.73 and $1.46; city property, $264,540; bank stock, $20,000; money, etc., $244,157 ; merchandise, $109,760; in shipping and tonnage $4,250 ; stocks and bonds, $19,350; cotton manufactories, $2,735 ; iron works, $5,000 ; in mining, $600 ; household furniture, $139,507 ; horses, mules, etc., $354,985; plantation and mechanical tools, $54,973; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,312; real estate, $1,619,212 ; personal estate, $1,103,716 ; property returned by colored tax-payers--number acres of land, 20,427 ; value, $58,394 ; city property, $5,255; money, etc., $3,082; merchandise, $185; household furniture, $18,636 ; horses, mules, etc., $43,363; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,669.
The yield per acre is: corn 20 bushels, oats 40, wheat 15, rye 15, barley .25, Irish potatoes 200, sweet potatoes 300, field peas 50, ground peas 75, seed cotton upland 800 pounds, sea island 500, crab grass hay 6,000, Bermuda grass hay, 6,000, corn fodder 300, sorghum syrup 150 gallons, sugar cane syrup 300. There are 14 or 15 turpentine distilleries, any number of saw-mills, brick company, iron works, shingle machine, a nursery company, with many other smaller industries to aid the growth of the town. The rivers and swamps afford fine sport to those who are fond of hunting and fishing. There is an abundant supply of fish caught from the Oconee and other streams. Many inducements are offered home-

306

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

seekers who are given pleasure in raising fine fruits and everything that contributes to the comfort and happiness of man.
Montgomery.--Montgomery county was laid out from Washington county in 1793, and is bounded north by Laurensand Emanuel counties, east by Tatuall county, south by Appling and Telfair counties, west by Dodge county; was named for General Richard Montgomery, an early martyr in the cause of liberty. At the siege of Quebec this gallant soldier lost his life. He advanced at the head of the New York troops (being in command), and assisted with his own hands in pulling up the pickets which obstructed his approach, when he was killed, with two of his aids, by the only gun fired by the enemy. Mount Vernon is the county site, a flourishing little town, with some twenty-five or thirty other postoffices. The Oconee river flows through this county. The face of the country is generally level, soil sandy and parts of it very productive. Productions are cotton, corn, oats, sugar cane, potatoes, melons and ground peas. Rosin and turpentine in large quantities are shipped from this county to Savannah. Much of the fine pine timber is being concerted into lumber and shingles for the markets of the country. Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous of religious sects. Good schools are being established through the county, and the moral and intellectual tone of the people elevated. Population in 1890, 9,248; school fund, $6,150.25; improved lauds, 407,684 acres ; wild lands, 73,122 ; average value per acre, $1.58 and $1.10; city property, $79,175 ; money, etc., $159,063 ; merchandise, $73,896; iron works, $1,500; household furniture, $98,380; horses, mules, etc., $170,540; plantation and mechanical
tools, $33,968 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,707 ; real estate, $927,673 ; personal estate, $822,715. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land 15,929, value $33,773; city property, $1,599 ; money, etc., $1,034; merchandise, $80; household furniture, $10,657; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $22,593; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,249 ; county tax, 5.02 mills. This county with proper tillage will yield per acre : corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 20 bushels ; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field jioas, 10 bushels; ground peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 250 gallons.

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

307

The Oconee river runs through this county and affords an abundaut supply of fish for those who are fond of the pastime of catchiug (hem with the hook and line. It also affords water power for moving freight to market. The Savannah, Americus and Montgomery Railroad runs through the county and affords means of transportation and travel for its citizens.
Pulaski.--Pulaski county is bounded north by Twiggs county, cast by Laureiis county, south by Dodge county, west by Houston and Dooly counties, and was formed from Laurens county in 1808, and named for Count Pulaski, a Polander, who came to America during the Revolutionary war and united his fortunes with the Americans in their struggle for independence in 1779. At the siege of Savannah he received a fatal shot. The city of Savannah has erected a monument and named a city square to commemorate his memory. The Ocmulgee river flows through this county with many smaller streams emptying into it. The lands on the east side of the river are fertile, and produce cotton, corn, sugarcane, oats, ground peas, potatoes, and a variety of vegetables. Rosin, turpentine and lumber afford valuable employment to many hands in shipping it to market.
Hawkinsville is the county site, located on the west side of the Ocmulgee river. The place is increasing in business and population; forty-seven miles south of Macon. Baptist and Methodist are the prevailing religious sects. The population in 1890 was 1(5,559 ; school fund, $9,452.50; rate of county tax, 6.63 mills; municipal tax 1 per cent.; improved lands $275,458; wild lands $11,210 average value per acre, $3.20 and $1.95; city property, $425,581 bank stock, $60,000; money, $265,230; merchandise, $151,815 stocks and bonds, $15,000; household furniture, $133,353; horses mules, etc., $237,754; plantation and mechanical tools, $52,383 watches, jewelry, etc., $10,498; real estate, $1,329,234; personal estate, $991,653. Property returned by colored tax-payers--number acres land, 14,614; value, $50,979; city property, $26,976; money, etc., $4,135; merchandise, $440; household furniture, $2,318; horses, mules, etc, $45,901; plantation and mechanical tools, $10,675.
The lands in this county, with a proper system of cultivation,

308

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

will produce per acre: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; rye, 6 bushels; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; field peas, 15 bushels; ground peas, 50bushels; upland seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab grass hay, 4,000' pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugarcane syrup, 200 gallons.
The people for travel and transportation of products to market have the Brunswick Division of E. T. & V. Railroad and the Oconee and Western Railroad, beside the river Ocmulgee. Hawkinsville, the county site, has an increasing population of about 2,500,. with schools aud churches of Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian, with acceptable ministers to occupy them.
Richmond.--Richmond county is located in Eastern-Middle Georgia. It was settled at Augusta in 1735 by General Oglethorpe, soon after his entry into the State. The farming lands of the county are very fertile and susceptible of the highest state of cultivation. North and west of Augusta the lands have grey and red top soil, with clay subsoil, and are slightly rolling, well watered with streams and springs. This clay subsoil has the effect of retaining all fertilizing matter which may be used. South of the city the lands are of sandy loam texture, light to cultivate, very productive, and are especially adapted to fruit and vegetables. The bottom lauds of the Savannah river, which borders the county and separates Georgia from South Carolina, are rich alluvial soil of unsurpassed productiveness, and are especially adapted to the culture of hay, grain, etc. On these soils all farm products reach pcrperfection. Augusta, with its 45,000 population, affords a local market, and competitive transportation facilities to other markets; abundant labor, good society and schools, and cheap lauds, offer strong inducements to agriculturists and horticulturists. The health of the county is good. The climate is mild, but not oppressive. For twenty-three years the mean annual temperature has been 64 Fr.; for spring mouths, 63.7; summer 79.6; autumn, 64.1; winter, 48.6. By the same record for twenty-three years, the total aunual rainfall lias been 48.19 inches, distributed as follows: Average monthly rainfall, spring months, 4.14; summer, 4.71; autumn, 3.23 ; winter, 3.98; mean annual humidity for ten years, 75, being

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

309

less than many localities famed for their climatic influence in cases of pulmonary troubles. Population of the county in 1880 was 34,665 ; in 1890 it was 45,194, and at the present time it is about
60,000. Augusta, the county seat, is situated on the Savannah river, at
the head of steam navigation. In size it is the third city iu the State, containing a population of 45,000, and is the industrial and mercantile mart of a large section of Georgia and South Carolina. The city proper embraces an area of six square miles, with eighty miles of streets. The principal business and residence streets are noted for their width and beauty. The city is perfectly level, and most of its streets are lined with grand live-oak and elm trees. Broad, the great business street, is 180 feet wide and three miles long. It is paved with asphalt, and has a double-track electric railway in the center. Green, the most elegant residence street, is the same width as Broad street, and with its four rows of magnificent shade trees, presents the appearance of a park. All of the streets are well lighted with electricity, and continued improvements are being made in its thoroughfares. The roads of the county are unsurpassed; being constructed of cement.gravel, are pleasant for driving, and light on loaded wagons. In the conduct of her local affairs the city government is well administered, and is in the hands of the business element. The paid fire department, with a modern electric alarm system, and a well organized police force protect property and person. The rate of city taxation is $1.25 per $100, and is made payable in three installments if so desired. The bonded debt of the city is $1,751,800; for the discharge of this there is an abundant asset in the great canal and water works owned by the city, which cost over $2,100,000.
There is no floating debt, and there is usually a balance in the treasury of from $30,000 to $100,000. Water-power rents nearly discharge the interest on the bonded debt, placing the city on a splendid financial basis. In 1880 the assessed value of property was $13,780,681 ; in 1890, $20,958,882, an increase in the ten years of 52.64 per cent.; and in 1894 the assessed valuation was
$23,412,000. The sanitary conditions of the city are unexcelled, and are in

310

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

charge of a capable board of health. A superior system of sewerage, with pure water drawn from the Savannah river seven mi!c9 from the city and carried to the city through settling basins, are highly conducive to healthfulness. The supply of water is 5,000,000 gallons per day, and is distributed throughout the city, being sufficient to supply a population of 100,000, therefore leaving large quantities available for .sanitary purposes. Augusta's death rate is one of the lowest of the cities of the Union, being only 11.36 per 1,000 per annum for whites.
Manufacturing.--Augusta is pre-eminently a manufacturing city. It is the Fall River of the South in the manufacture of cotton textiles; and by virtue of superior advantages is destined to be one of the largest manufacturing centers of the United States. The great water-power canal owned by the city is nine miles long and 150 feet wide, and is one of the largest water-power canals in America, developing 14,000 horse-power, of which 11,000 is now in use. Its water is taken from the Savannah river at a point seven miles above the city, where a dam and lock of solid masonry are constructed, making available the entire waters of the Savannah river, the eighth river in size in the Union, being next larger than the Hudson river. So cheap is this power that the city is able to furnish it with profit to manufacturers at $5.50 per horse-power per annum. This is the cheapest developed power in the United States. Supplementing the canal, the numerous small streams near the city are available for manufacturing purposes.
In 1880, by the census, there were sixty manufacturing establishments reporting, with a capital of $2,069,272, employing 1,680 hands, and paying $448,825 in wages. In 1890 there were 280 establishments, with a capital of $7,057,521, employing 5,556 hands, and paying $1,804,619. The scope of inquiry in 1890 was broader than that of 1880, and for the purpose of making the comparison accurate 137 .establishments reporting in 1890 have been omitted, as they were not embraced in the reports for 1880. This makes the total nnmber of establishments in 1890 417. The figures show a wonderful industrial increase, and on analysis are striking, in the fact that the average wages per hand has increased from $267 to $325. Of the capital employed in 1890 $5,337,362 was in the



GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

311

manufacture of cotton textiles. There are thirteen mills, with 239,705 spiudles and 6,596 looms, which consume 85,000 bales of cotton annually. Two of the mills have a capital of $1,000,000 each; four $600,000 each; two $500,000, and the others smaller capital. Financially, all of these mills have proved remarkably successful, and have paid large dividends and accumulated a surplus. Brown cotton sheeting, drills, plaids, yarns and batting are the chief products, and the output has been sold at home and abroad, in Europe, Asia and Africa, in competition with English aud Eastern spinners. Besides cotton goods other leading industries are lumber, brick and terra cotta ware, fertilizers, cotton-seed oil, grist products, glass, ice, beer, foundry and machinery, wagons, hay presses, brooms, shirts, patent medicines, clothing, and other minor articles. The success of these industries is due largely to the presence of raw materials near the factory aud the unexcelled shipping facilities which the city enjoys.
Commerce.--Cotton forms the basis of the business of the city, and the annual receipts amount to from 200,000 to 275,000 bales. Nearly every branch of trade is represented, and the trade transactions of all classes amount to $65,000,000 a year. The active banking capital of the city is $1,846,186.
Transportation.--By steamboat Augusta is furnished permanent competition to the Atlantic seaboard. As a railroad center she is a gateway from which the roads radiate into South Carolina and Georgia. Nine railroads enter the city and connect with five seaports, which give ocean competition, and supply lines to every section of the country, giving unsurpassed transportation facilities, both as to rates and to service.
Screven.--Screven county was laid out from Burke and Effingham counties in 1793. It is bounded north by Burke county, east by the Savannah river, southeast by Effingham county, and west by the Ogeechee river. The Savannah, Ogeechee, and Little Ogeechee rivers are the principal streams, aud afford large quantities of as fine shad as ever found their way to market. It is a source of considerable revenue to those engaged in catching and shipping the fish to market.
Sylvania, the county site, is a small town of some commercial importance.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The face of the country is generally level. The soil is of a siliceous formation. The lands are very productive on the watercourses where it is not liable to inundation. Some pine lands are very productive. The hammock lands are very rich and yield large crops of cotton, corn, potatoes, oats, sugar cane, rice, melons. Large quantities of lumber, staves, and wood are prepared and shipped to the Savannah market,
Methodist, Baptist, and some other denominations constitute the religious sects. Hospitality is a leading feature in the character of the people. Population in 1890, 14,424; school fund, $9,401.75 ; county tax, 8.63 mills; municipal, 2.7 mills; improved land, 417,553 acres; wild land, 8,671--average value per acre, $1.39 and .27 ; cityproperty,$133,899 ; money, etc., $225,025 ; merchandise, $115,190; stocks and bonds, $3,240; household furniture,$97,449; horses, mules, etc., $288,179; plantation and mechanical tools, $53,131; watches,jewelry,etc.,$10,456; real estate,$718,l 19; personal estate, $854,334. Property returned by colored tax-payers--number acres ot land, 17,075; value, $21,905; city property, $1,919; money, etc., $1,387; merchandise, $10,000; household furniture, $12,334; horses, mules, etc., $45,756 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,278.
The lands, with proper cultivation, will yield per acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 10; Irish potatoes,l'OO; sweet potatoes,100; field peas, 10; ground peas, 20; seed cotton, 800 pounds; corn fodder, 150 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 240 gallons.
The Savannah river and Central Railroad afford transportation and means of travel to the citizens for sending products to market.
Telfair.--Telfair county was formed in 1807, and is bounded north by Dodge and Montgomery counties, east by Montgomery and Appling counties, south by Coffee and Irwin counties, west by Wilcox county. It was named for Edward Telfair, who bore a conspicuous part in everything pertaining to the liberties and independence of the people. He was a member of Congress. He was elected Governor of Georgia from January 9, 1786, to January 9, 1787, and again from November 9, 1790, to November 7, 1793. Was one of the commissioners appointed by the Governor to form a treaty with the Cherokee chiefs, establishing the boundary

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line between the State of Georgia and the Cherokee Nation. All of which offices and positions lie filled with honor to himself and to the satisfaction of the people of Georgia. McRae is the county site, a flourishing little town on the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad. There are a number of smaller towns and postoffices in the county : China Hill, Clayville, Cobbville, Elmina, Fentress, Helena, Jacksonville, Lumber City, Milan, Neilly, Oswald, Poplar Hill, Scotland, Temperance Town and Wootten's Mill.
The face of the country is level. The soil sandy and productive, and especially so on the streams. The swamp and hammock lands on the Ocmulgee are very rich. The chief productions are cotton, corn, sugar cane, peas, rye, oats, potatoes, melons, and fruits. There is a large business in rosin, turpentine, lumber, shingles, etc. The markets are Savannah and Brunswick. The climate pleasant and generally healthy. Remote from the water courses, fevers are unknown. Methodist and Baptist are the most numerous religious sects. Education has been receiving more attention for the past few years.
Population in 1890, 5,477; school fund, $4,246.25; acres of improved land, 144,157 ; wild land, 179,453; average value per acre, $2.20 and 99 cents ; city property, $135,220 ; money, etc., $64,573; merchandise, $60,201; capital invested in shipping, $6,045 ; stocks and bonds, $300 ; cotton manufactories, $500; ironworks, $170; household furniture, $59,131; horses, mules, etc., $150,392; plantation and mechaniclal tools, $16,745; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,222 ; real estate, $631,987 ; personal estate, $416,594. Property returned by colored tax-payers--number acres of laud, 8,477; value, $10,442; city property, $4,340; money, etc., $215; merchandise, $200; household furniture, $7,241; horses, mules, etc., $13,917; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,366. The best lands, with judicious culture, will produce, per acre: corn, 25 bushels; oats, 30; rye, 20; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200; field peas, 15; ground peas, 15; seed cotton, upland, 2,000 pounds; sea island, 800 pounds ; crab grass hay, 1,500 pounds; fodder, 500 pounds ; sugar-cane syrup, 375 gallons. The county is healthy, with a mild, delightful climate, and industrious and hospitable population. McRae maintains the South Georgia

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

College, which offers fiue educational advantages. A great deal of business has been done at Lumber City, on the Ocmulgee river and Southern Railroad, and is a good location for any manufacturing enterprise, especially that in wood. Large quantities of lumber, rosin and turpentine are shipped from this point to Savannah and Brunswick. A fine canning business of fruits and vegetables could be carried on at this point successfully. Everything necessary could be grown abundantly in this county. Streams afford abundant fish.
Twiggs.--Twiggs county was formed in 1809 out of Wilkinson county, and is bounded north by Bibb and Jones counties, east by Wilkinson county, south by Pulaski county, and west by Houston county. The Ocmulgee river forms the boundary line on the west. Shellstone, Crooked, Flat, and Savage creeks empty into the Ocmulgee. Jeffersonvilie is the county site, with Big Sandy, Billiards, Burns, Fitzpatriek, and other postoffices. The Baptist and Methodist are the prevailing denominations. The northern part of the county is generally broken, with gray soil. The lands on the Ocmulgee river and Turkey creek are fertile. Bluustone of good quality is found in this county. It abounds with lime rock. The climate on the water courses is not as healthy and desirable as some other adjoining counties. It was named for Colonel John Twiggs of Richmond county, who was eminently deserving the gratitude of the people of Georgia for having given a county his name. He proved himself one of the most efficient and patriotic defenders of the liberties of the people during the Revolutionary war with the British and Indians. Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, sugar cane, and a great variety of vegetables grow and yield fine crops in this county. Population in 1890, 8,195; county tax, 5.46 mills; school fund, $4,682.72 ; acres improved land, 217,843; wild land, 5,222; average value per acre, $2.35 and 41 cents; city property, $29,434; money, etc., $35,545; merchandise, $11,750; stocks and bonds, $1,000 ; household furniture, $29,086 ; horses, mules, etc., $97,501 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $19,111; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,706; real estate, $542,037 ; personal estate, $252,717. Property returned by colored tax-payers--number acres of land 7,174; value, $17,980, city property, $150; money, etc.,

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315

household furniture, $6,896; horses, mules, etc., $22,905; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,846.
The lands in this county, with proper cultivation, will yield, per acre : corn, 20 bushels ; oats, 25 ; wheat, 8 ; rye, 5 ; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 125; field peas, 10; ground peas, 40; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 2,000 pounds ; Bermuda grass hay, 2,000 pounds ; corn fodder, 450 pounds ; sugar-cane syrup,
300 gallons. The Ocmulgee river abounds with fish, and has been a medium
of transportation for products on boats that plied the waters. The East Tennessee and Virginia, and Macon, Dublin and Savannah Railroads are the medium through which the people have travel and transportation for their surplus products.
Tattnall.--Tattnall county was formed in 1801 from Montgomery county. It is bounded north by Emanuel county, northeast by Bulloch county, southeast by Liberty couuty, south by Appling county, west by Montgomery and Emanuel counties. It was named for Josiah Tattnall, who, for many years was an active and influential man in shaping the legislation and politics of Georgia ; was Senator from Chatham county when the rescinding act of the Yazoo fraud was passed; was sent to Congress, and elected Governor in 1801, and. on account of failing health, resigned the office in 1802. The Ohoopee river flows through this county, also the Altamaha. Reidsville is the county site, situated on a high, sandy hill, four miles from the Ohoopee. The lower part of the county is level, the upper part hilly ; soil sandy, except on the water courses, which is stiff. The lands in production are an average in that section. Cotton, corn, sugar cane, potatoes, melons, ground peas, and an endless variety of vegetables ; rosin, turpentine, and lumber engage much of the time of the citizens of Tattnall in getting their products into the markets of Darien and Savannah, by rail over the Savannah, Americus and Montgomery road,and to Stillmore by the Air-Line Railroad, where remunerative prices are realized. This county is considered healthy, the climate pleasant and agreeable, and especially so in winter. Population in 1890,
10,253; school fund, $7,307; acres of improved laud, 514,111; wild land, 30,445 ; average value per acre, $2.57 and $1.74 ; city

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

property, |93,490; money, etc., $376,930; merchandise, 118,939 ; capital in shipping, $1,340 ; household furniture, $162,806 ; horses, mules, etc., $463,391 ; plantation and mechanical tools, 572,161; watches, jewelry, etc., $9,612; real estate, $1,501,726; personal estate, $1,409,211. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 20,181 ; value, $59,038 ; city property, $885; money, etc., $5,031; merchandise, $70; household furniture, $16,204; horses, mules, etc., $34,510; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,958; county tax, 2.43 mills. The average production per acre : com, 20 bushels ; oats, 15 ; sweet potatoes, 200; field peas, 20; ground peas, 100; seed cotton, 1,200 pounds; sea-island, 700 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 200 gallons. Churches and schools through the county fairly good average; people hospitable; fish abound in the streams.
Washington.--Washington county is bounded north by Hancock and Glascock counties, east by Jefferson county, south by Johnson and Wilkinson counties, and west by Wilkinson and Baldwin counties. This county was laid out in 1781, and embraced a verylarge and extensive territory, and was named for George Washington. The face of the country is generally level, and contains some of as fine lands as any in the State. Tlie soil is mixed with lime, and very fertile, some of it said to have produced 3,000 pounds of cotton per acre. The Oconee and Ogeechee are the rivers on the eastern and western portions of the county, each one well supplied with fish. Sandersville is the county site, on the ridge between the Oconee and Ogeechee rivers, 480 feet above tide-water, 135 miles from Savannah, three miles west of Central Railroad, opposite Tennille on the road.
The county is inhabited by a generous and high-minded people. The Methodists and Baptists are most numerous. Buhrstone is abundant in this county. Near Sandersville are sinks or caves in which fossil teeth, ribs and shells of endless variety are gathered, also opal, hornstone, jasper, chalcedony and agate. The streams of the county abound with rare mussels, many of them rich in these beautiful shells. Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, fruits and vegetables succeed well in this county. The Auo-usta, Gibson & Sandersville Railroad terminates here and gives an out-

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let to Augusta, being eighty-two miles long. Also the Wrightsville & Tennille, thirty-nine miles to Dublin and from there fifty-six miles to Macon.
The county is considered healthy. Educational and moral interests of the people are looked after. Population in 1890, 25,327; school fund, $15,696.50; improved lands, 434,393 acres; wild lands, 1,250; average value, $4.59 and $1.00; city property, $467/014; shares in bank, $4,650; Building and Loan Association, $8,820; money, etc., $426,510; merchandise, $156,905; stocks and bonds, $41,000; iron works, $4,950; household furniture, $208,762; horses, mules, etc., $J 16,220; plantatiou and mechanical tools, $106,548; watches and jewelry, $15,780; real estate, $2,462,301; personal estate, $1,470,799. Property returned by colored tax-payers--number acres of laud, 7,878; value, $33,541; city property, $12,509; money, etc., $853; household furniture, $28,237; horses, mules, etc., $47,794; plautation and mechanical tools, $8,770.
Production of the lands per acre: corn,20bushels; oats, 35; rye 10; Irish potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 200; field peas, 20; ground peas, 25; seed cotton, 800 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 350 gallons. The manufacturing enterprises are Variety Iron Works, Eureka Corn and Flour Mills, Perkins saw-mill. There are a number of excellent fruit farms in the vicinity of Tennille and Oconee Station.
Wilkinson.--Wilkinson county is bounded northeast by Baldwin county, east by Washington and Johnson counties, south by Laurens county, west by Twiggs county. It was organized in 1805 by the Lottery Act of 1803, and was named for General Wilkinson who participated actively in the war of the Revolution and afterwards in the war of 1812. Died in Mexico 25th of December, 1825. The county site is Irwinton, named for Governor Irwin, and is situated between Big Sandy and Commissioners creeks; was made the county site in 1811. The face of the country is undulating. The soil is varied on the Oconee river which separates it from Washington, and on the creeks the lands are very productive. The pine lands are poor, but the fine pine timbers are utilized and made profitable to the owners. The productions are

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats and sweet potatoes, which are said to grow to great perfection in this county. R >tten limestone abounds in this county, a quarry near Irwinton, soft kind, which, upon exposure to the atmosphere, becomes hard, and has been used very successfully in constructing chimneys. The people are industrious and hospitable. The towns are generally small and do but little business. The river and creeks abound in fish. The Central Railroad runs through the county which gives the people facilities for the transportation of their produce to market.
Population in 1890, 10,781; school fund, $5,931.90; county tnx, 4.13 mills; acres improved land, 267,609; average value $2.44; city property, $52,131; merchandise, $30,099; stocks and bonds, $16,930; cotton manufactures, $735; household furniture, $75,282; horses, mules, etc., $178,810; plantation and mechanical tools, $36,581; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,391. Real estate, $706,618; personal estate, $551,570. Property returned by colored tax-payers --number acres of land, 7,682; value, $20,731; city property, $2,456; money, etc., $6.58; household furniture, $11,335; horses, mules, etc., $24,827; plantation and mechanical tools, $,310. The lands in this county, proj)erly utilized, will yield per acre: corn, 1-5 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 10; Irish potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 75; field peas, 12; ground peas, 30; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 2,000 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 250 gallons.

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319

Counties.
Banks Dawson Fannin Forsyth Franklin Gilnier Gwinnett Hall Habersham Hart Jackson . ., Lumpkin Madison Milton Pickens Rabun Towns Union White
Total, 19 counties

NORTHEAST GEORGIA.

Population.
8>562 5>6L2 8.724 n-155 14>620 9>074 19.899 TM>W

11,573



10,887 19>176 6>867

11,0-4
6-208 8>182 5.606
4>064 7-749 6'151

196,180

Banks.--Banks county was formed from Habersham and Franklin counties in 1858, and is bounded north by Habersham county, east by Franklin county, south by Madison county, and west by Hall county. It was named for Dr. Richard Banks of Gainesville, a noted and skillful surgeon. Homer is the county site, a small village in a healthy location. The lands are rolling, moderately fertile; on the water courses they are rich and produce corn, cotton, wheat, rye, oats, peas, potatoes (yam and Irish), cabbage, onions, and a variety of vegetables; peaches, apples, plums, and grapes are of fine flavor. The climate is remarkably healthy, air cool and invigorating; water pure freestone. The population plain, unassuming, industrious, and hospitable. For travel and transportation the citizens have the Atlanta and Charlotte Air-Line and the Northeastern railroads. There are no large water courses; Hudson fork and Middle fork and North fork form Broad river. These afford ample water-power for propelling ordinary machinery for mills, factories, etc. Population in 1890, 8,562; school fund, $5,306.75; improved lands, 133,947 acres; wild lands, 416; average value per acre, $4.57 and 89 cents; stocks and bonds,

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

$7,500; cotton factories, $2,500; value of household furniture, $47,399; horses, mules, cattle, hogs, sheep, etc., $138,068 ; real estate, $653,460; personal estate, $368,912. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres of land, 3,083; value, $10,663; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $7,658; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,204 ; money, $155. Rate of county tax, 5.38 mills.
Dawson.--Dawson county was formed out of Lumpkin, Forsyth, and Gilmer counties in 1857, and is bounded north by Fannin county, east by Lumpkin and Hall couuties, south by Forsyth county, west by Pickens county. Amicalola creek is the boundary line between this county and Gilmer. The falls on this creek are said to be higher than Toccoa, which are 180 feet. Dawsonville is the capital, a small town. The county was named for William C. Dawson, who was representative-and senator in Congress, judge of the Ocmulgee circuit, in every respect a very popular and influential man. School fund, $3,066.75; population in 1890,5,612; improved laud, 127,806 acres; wild land, 16,286; aver-age value, $3.21 and 62 cents; city property, $18,152; money, etc., $66,943 ; capital invested in mining, $6,400; household furniture, $33,409 ; horses, mules, etc., $90,068. The lands in this county yield per acre: Corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25; rye, 20; wheat, 10; Irish potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 75; field peas, 10; cotton in seed, 600 pounds; crab grass hay, 2,000 pounds ; corn fodder, 250 pounds ; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; tobacco also yields a good and remunerative crop. This county is in the heart of the gold region, having been formed from Lumpkin and Fbrsyth, two of the best gold counties in the State. There is on almost every branch on the north side of the Etowah river a placer gold mine; large quantities of gold have been taken from the bed of the Etowah river and washed out with au iron pan, and paid good wages. Etowah is the principal river, and its bottom lands are very rich and productive. Amicalola creek rises in the northwestern part of the county, and runs through it in a southeastern direction ; its falls are said to be seven hundred feet, and are surrounded with the grandest scenerv.
Fannin.-- Fannin county was created out of Union and Gilmer counties in 1856, and is bounded north by North Carolina and Tennessee and Union county, east by Lumpkin and Dawson

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321

counties, south by Gilmer and Murray counties. Morgantown is the county site. Toccoa river rises in the southern part of the county and runs into Tennessee. The county was named for J. W. Fannin, who was killed in Texas while aiding to achieve her independence in 1836--37. He and his command were taken prisoners and shot, not one being left to tell the tale. The lands are very hilly and mountainous, and abound in minerals, as gold and copper; corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes (especially Irish), turnips, cabbage; apples of very superior flavor grow in this county, and are kept almost from one end of the year to the other. The people are a hardy, hospitable class; manufacture at home most of their cloth jeans and linsey for winter wear; have plenty of milk and butter, corn and rye bread, and understand, as few other people do, how to prepare it to make it palatable to the taste; they believe in religious and political freedom, and protest most vigorously against the government's interfering with their right to have the extract of corn without let or hindrance. The lands in this county, with proper cultivation, will yield per acre: Corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20; rye, 12; wheat, 10; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 50; field peas, 10; crab grass hay, 1,500 pounds; clover, 1,200; corn fodder, 200; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons. This county is well watered and timbered-- oak, hickory, maple, pine, white and spruce gum, poplar, and ash. Population in 1890,8,724; school fund, $8,724; acres of inproved land, 218,981; wild land, 69,935; average value per acre, $1.56 and 33 cents; property, $36,926; money, etc., $57,924; value merchandise, $18,255; household furniture, $28,987; horses, mules, etc., $105,875; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,717; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,157; real estate, $402,254; personal estate, $231,862. The Marietta and North Georgia railroad affords the people transportation for shipping to market chickens, eggs, and apples, with such other products as they can spare.
Forsyth.--Forsyth county was laid out in 1832 from Cherokee county, and is bounded north by Dawson county, east by Hall and Gwinnett counties, south by Milton county, west by Cherokee. It was named for John Forsyth, one of Georgia's most distinguished men. In the House of Representatives, in the United States Senate, Secretary of State under Mr. Van Buren, Minister to

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Spain and Governor, all of which he filled with distinction and acceptably to the people.
The bottom lands in this county on the Chattahoochee and Etowah rivers are very rich and fertile. The valley lands are also productive and yield fine crops in cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. Climate is healthy, water cool and pure. For sociability and hospitality the citizens of this county cannot be excelled. Camming is the county seat, named for Col. Wm. dimming of Augusta, situated on Vickery creek, surrounded by beautiful scenery and within 2i miles of Sawney Mountain, which is thought to contain an abundance of gold. Other mines have yielded large amounts of gold ; silver and copper have also been found, but we cannot afford space to dwell on the immense mineral resources of this county. They are inexhaustible and can never be fully known and appreciated until thoroughly investigated and developed by the science of geology and put into practical o]>eration.
Population iu 1890, 11,155; school fund, $6,248.25; rate of county tax, 3J mills; acres improved land, 152,822 ; wild lauds, 2,709; average value per acre, $5.36 and $1.10; city property $29,835; money, etc., $167,908; merchandise $22,475; household furniture, $69,558; horses, mules, etc., $168,552; plantation and mechanical tools, $34,895 ; watches, icwelry, etc., $1,595 ; real estate, $852,478 ; personal estate, $528,245. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres land, 2,121 ; value, $7,587; city, 275; money, $436; household furniture, $2,188; horses, mules, etc., $4,835 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $746.
The lauds in this county produce under good culture, per acre : Corn, 25 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 15; rye, 10; barley, 15; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes, 200 ; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 50 ; seed cotton, 600 pounds ; crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds ; Bermuda grass hay, 1,000 pounds; clover, 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 500 pounds ; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons.
The county is healthy, well watered, with an abundance of timber. Appks, peaches, pears, plums, and other fruits, and a great variety of vegetables mature well, and are in great profusion in this county, for which it is specially adapted. Two or three

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323

diamonds have been found, and other precious stones, as the ruby and garnet. The Chattahoocb.ee river forms the eastern boundary, and affords water power sufficient for any number of factories.
Franklin.--Franklin county is one of the oldest counties in the State, and when first laid off embraced a large extent of territory out of which several other counties have been made. It was named for Benjamin Franklin, the great American philosopher and statesman, who was born in Boston, January 17, 1706. He filled many important and responsible positions with honor to himself and in the interest of his country. In 1776, he was sent as eommissioner plenipotentiary to France, and concluded a treaty with the Kingdom, February 6, 1778. While acting as a commissioner for negotiating peace with the mother country, his answer to the question as to terms which might be obtained was, " Nothing but Independence." He died April 17, 1790.
Carnesville is the county site, named for Thomas B. Carnes, an eminent lawyer and judge. Tugalo river, which separates it from South Carolina, is the most important stream. The lands on this river are very rich and productive ; also bottom lands on the creeks in the county which produce abundant crops of cotton, corn wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, and any variety of vegetables. The county has Habersham and Savannah river north; east, Savannah river and Hart county; south, Madison ; west, Banks and Habersham.
The climate is pleasant and healthy. The people are frugal, industrious, and hospitable. The religious sects are Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian. Several Indian mounds are in the county.
Population in 1890, 14,620 ; school fund, $8,829.SO ; rate of county tax, 4 mills; acres improved laud, 196,542; average value per acre, $5.32 ; city property, 99,565; money, etc., $184,265 ; value merchandise, $50,380 ; household furniture, $82,249 ; horses, mules, etc., $198,732 ; plantation and mechanical tools, 42,767; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,863. Real estate $1,146,827; personal estate, 610,704. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres of land, 3,501; value, $13,502; city property, $375 ; money, etc., $87; household furniture,

324

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

$3,923 ; horses and mules, $10,319 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,531.
Post-offices, Ashland, Avalou, Bold Spring, Cromer, Eastanollee,. Garlandville, Goodwill, Henry, Iron Rock, Lavonia, Martin, Mize,. Red Hill, Royston, Salubrity, Walnut Hill, and West Bowersville.
Gilmer.--Gilmer county is bounded north by Fannin and Tennessee, east by Dawson, south by Pickens, west by Murray and Gordon. Laid out from Cherokee in 1832. Ellijay is the county site, situated on the west bank of Ellijay river, from which it derives its name.
The face of the country is very mountainous, the principal mountains are Cohutta, Frog, Coal, Bald, Long Swamp, Amicalola, Turnip Town, Tallona and Sharptop. In the valleys, on the water courses, the lands are very rich--a black, sandy soil, well adapted to corn, oats and rye; the oak and hickory lands with walnut growth grows wheat very well. Irish, potatoes grow to great perfection and yield in large quantities. Apples and peaches, andl especially the former, grow to very great perfection. Turnips,, onions, cabbage, beets and carrots do well. The county is rich in minerals. The White Path mine, six miles north of Ellijay,. on the road leading to Morganton, and the Carticay mine, ten miles east of Ellijay, each have yielded large quantities of gold. Iron: ore of excellent quality is abundant. Beautiful marble, white and variegated, is found in several places. Several mineral springs of fine medicinal properties are in this county.
This climate cannot be excelled as a place to rejuvenate and build up brokeu-duwn constitutions.
Population in 1890, 9,074. School fund, $5,204.53 ; rate of county tax, 6.13 mills ; municipal, 2J mills; improved land, 245,914 ; wild land, 46,632 acres ; average value, $1.62 and 39c. ; city property, $39,810; money, etc., $63,136 ; merchandise, $23,637; manufactures, $100 ; household furniture, $33,108 ; horses, mules, etc., $117,032; plantation and mechanical tools, $16,988 ; watches,, jewelry, etc., $1,662 ; real estate, $457,978 ; personal, $271,352.
The lands produce, per acre : Corn, 25 bushels ; oats, 12 ; wheat, 9 ; rye, 7; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 50 ; field peas, 5 ; ground peas, 40 ; seed cotton, 300 pounds; crab grass hay, 2,000

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pounds; clover, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder blades, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. There is a cheese and butter factory in constant operation and doing well; also a lumber manufacturing company with a capital of $100,000.
It has near at hand the finest mountain timber that grows--oak, hickory, maple, poplar, walnut, gum, white and spruce pine, and chestnut. The mountains afford fine summer range for cattle and horses. Hogs thrive well and fatten in the fall on chestnuts and acorns. Milk and butter, chickens and eggs are produced and raised in great abundance, and cheap. It is emphatically the poor man's county. No use for doctors where they drink the pure, cold freestone water and breathe the cool, bracing atmosphere. The county was named for Gov. Geo. R. Gilmer.
This section by reason of its salubrious climate, pure water, and mineral and agricultural resources is very attractive and inviting. The Piedmont region has a national reputation for freedom from epidemics and malaria.
This county has an abundance of stone for building purposes, and iron ore abounds. The streams afford any desired amount of water power for the use of mills and factories. Also, fish to supply the wants of the people. The climate is salubrious, and the county can show a list of people who attained to a very old age, equal to the pro rata of any county in the State. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, melons, and grapes do well in this county.
Gwinnett.--Gwinnett county is bounded north by Forsyth and Hall, east by Hall, Jackson and Walton, south by Walton and DeKalb, west by DeKalb, Milton and Forsyth. Was laid out under the Lottery Act of 1818. Was named for Gov. Button Gwinnett. The Chattahoochee river is the principal stream and the western boundary line, and abounds in fish, with many facilities for mills and factories.
In the northern part of the county the face of the country is hilly. There is a belt of red land, which enters the county at the east and runs south, which is of very superior quality. The lands on the water courses are rich and productive. The uplands ave mostly gray. The county has some very productive farms, and

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DEPARTMENT OP AGIUCULTURE--GEOIJCIA.

with proper cultivation will produce, per acre; Corn, 15 bushels;

oats, 30 ; wheat, 10 ; rye, 5 ; barley, 10 ; Irish potatoes, 50 ; sweet

potatoes, 75; field peas, 10; ground peas, 20; seed cotton, 750

pounds; crab grass hay, 2,000 pounds ; clover, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons.

Population in 1890, 19,899; school fund, $12,084.50 ; improved land, 290,036; wild land, 290 acres; average value, $5.42; city property, $291,403 ; value shares in bank, $15,000; money, etc.,

$308,353; merchandise, $98,100; stocks and bonds, $770; cot-

ton factories, $154,174; iron works, $3,230; in mining, $70;

household furniture, $157,924; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $304,-

886; plantation and mechanical tools, $68,245; watches, jewelry,

$10,248; real estate, $1,863,350; personal estate, $1,111,294!

Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of Ian,!,

2,534; value, $11,570; city property, $3,284; money, etc. $613 ;

household furniture, $5,854 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $12,320.

plantation and mechanical tools, $1,660.

'

Gold has been found in the Chattahoochee river and some other

places. Granite of excellent quality is abundant ; also, iron, quartz

and buhrstone. The climate is fine and health of the county good.

Hall--Hall county is bounded north by White and Lumpkin,

east by Habersham and Bunks, south by Gwinnett and Jacks,,,!

west by Forsyth and Dawson; named for Lvman Hall, member

of Congress, who signed the Declaration of Independence and was

Governor in 1783-4, The rivers are Chattahoochee, Chestatee

Ocouee and Little, and on these rivers the lands are very produc-

tive in corn, wheat, rye, oats, and some cotton. Gainesville, the county site, is a thriving and growing city of several thousand

population. Ou account of the healthfulness of the climate, cool

and bracing atmosphere, it is quite a summer resort for seekers of

health. Several Hue mineral springs in the county are places of

resort by pleasure and health-seekers. Absolom, Bellmont, Bellton

Bowdre, Candler, Chestnut Mountain, Flowery Branch, Gillsville'

Gainesville, Jarrett, Land, Lula, Mauldin's Mills, Murrayvillo'

Ocouee Mills, Price, Sugar Hill, Strickland, Glades, Trust and

Woolley's Ford are the post-offices. A great variety of minerals

exist in this county. The first diamond ever discovered in Georgia

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327

was found in this county; one of the diamonds brought 200. It is also famous for gold. The Glade mines, a deposit vein, is operated very profitably. Hayden's mine, Stocking Eator mine, on the Chestatee, the Chattahoochee, Mud and Camp creek gold mines have been successfully operated. There are also iron, silver, lead, ruby, amethyst, emerald, with many other stones of value.
Population in 1890, 18,047; school fund, $11,577; rate of county tax,.3.63 mills; city, Gainesville, 7J mills; improved lands acres, 248,904; wild land, 13; average value per acre, $5.41 and $2.90; city property, $1,181,303; shares in bank, $103,625; gas and electric lights $6,000; building and loan associations, $7,000; money, etc., $461,781; merchandise, $191,335; stocks and bonds, $8,450; cotton manufactures, $154,174; iron works $1,200; mining, $895; household furniture, $192,282; horses, mules, etc., $240,919; plantation and mechanical tools, $72,262; watches, jewelry,
etc., $12,058. Real estate, $2,530,631; personal estate, $1,458,738. Property
returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 2,944; value, $11,157; city property, $15,880; money, etc., $1,250; household furniture, $6,006; horses, mules, etc., $9,835; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,588. Good churches and schools in this county, and especially in Gainesville. The people in point of intelligence and refinement are equal to any in this section of the
State. The lauds in Hall county with a proper system of cultivation
will produce per acre: Corn fifteen bushels, oats twenty, wheat ten, rye ten, Irish potatoes 100, sweet potatoes 200, field peas fifteen, ground peas twenty-five, seed cotton 1,500 pounds, crab grass hav two tons, Bermuda grass hay two tons, clover two tons, fodder 300 pounds, sorghum syrup 250 gallons.
The county site, Gainesville, has three banks, with $115,000 capital paid in and a large reserve fund; she has three shoe factories, $150,000 invested; two furniture factories, $50,000 capital; two carriage factories, $75,000; spoke and handle factory, $25,000; two large tanneries, $50,000; one iron foundry, $40,000, besides various minor industries in the city and county; has fine school and church buildings in the city, two Methodist, two Baptist, two

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Presbyterian, one Episcopal, all white, and four colored churches. They are all well supported and with efficient and able ministers to occupy the pulpits. No county in the State is better supplied with schools and churches than Hall county, and no more desirable county for home-seekers.
Habersham--Kahersham county is bounded north by White and Rabun, east by Tugalo river and Franklin, south by Bunks and Hall, west by White aud Hall; was laid out by the Littery Act of 1818. Named for Joseph Habersham of Savannah, a distinguished and patriotic actor in the Revolutionary War. Was Postmaster-General under Washington and Adams. Died on the 17th November, 1815.
This county is broken. The lands on the Tugalo river are very productive in corn, wheat, rye, oats. Some cotton is raised in the southern portion of the county. Clarksville is the county site, named for Governor Elijah Clark; is situated near the Soque river on a high ridge, from which there is a fine view of the surrounding country. The water is a pure freestone, so cool as not to require ice in its use. The people are hospitable and kind. The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians are all represented by churches in this county. The Tallulah Falls, noted for their sublime grandeur, are in this county, twelve miles east of Clarksville; also the Toccoa Falls of 185 feet.
Population in 1890, 11,572; school fund, $6,908; rate of county tax, 4 mills; acres improved land; 212,511 ; wild lauds, 12,551; average value per acre, $2.65 and 74 cents; city property, $380,086; shares in bank, $62,300; money, etc., $126 963 merchandise, $186,930; stocks and bonds, $7.70; cotton manufactories, $154,174; iron works, $275 ; household furniture $34944; horses, mules, etc., $304,886; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,825 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,500 ; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc., $1,599; real estate, $952,032; personal, $734,787. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres laud, 2,508 value, $5,743 ; city property, $9,865 ; money, etc., $500 ; household furniture, $1,830; horses, mules, etc., $3,031; plantation and mechanical tools, $453.
With proper cultivation the lands will produce per acre : corn

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329

thirty bushels, oats forty, wheat fifteen, rye twelve, Irish potatoes 100, sweet potatoes 100, field peas ten, cotton in the seed--upland-- 500 pounds, clover 2,000 pounds, corn fodder 300 pounds, sorghum syrup 75 gallons.
There is a wool factory on a large scale operated very successfully in this county, with many minor industries to give employment to those who want work. Apples, peaches, grapes, melons, pears, cabbage, turnips, onions, and almost every vegetable in the temperate zone do well. Iron ore of a superior quality is abundant in this county, also the hard timbers--oaks, hickory, maple, poplar, gum and pine. There are several saw and grist mills; water power is all that could be asked for propelling machinery. Granite of the best and inexhaustible in quantity, is all over the county.
Hart.--Hart county was formed from Franklin, Elbert, and Madison in 1856; bounded on the north by Savannah river and Franklin, east and south by Elbert, Savannah river and Madison, and west by Franklin. It is said to have been named for Mrs. Nancy Hart, who lived in Elbert, and on account of her eccentricities of character. Hartwell is the county site. Post-offices: Air Line, Bowersville, Cooper, Eagle Grove, Ford's Store, Oak Bower, and Shoal Creek. Population in 1890, 10,887; school fund, |6,789; county tax, 6.63 mills; city tax, 2J mills; improved land, 152,777; average value per acre, 3.94; city property, $121,246; shares in bank, $40,000; Building and Loan Association, $8,890; money, etc., 167,177; merchandise, $45,190; stocks and bonds, 1,000; cotton manufactories, $7,750; iron works, $800; household furniture, $73,492; horses, mules, etc., $133,546; plantation and mechanical tools, $35,024 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,874; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc., $2,286; real estate, 723,032; personal estate, $547,984. Property returned by colored taxpayers-- number acres land, 3,365; value, $12,580; city property, $975; money, $195; household furniture, $4,623; horses, mules, etc., $12,005; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,048.
The lands on the Savannah river are very productive in cotton, corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes. Climate and water both conducive

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.
to health. Production on an average with those in adjoining counties.
Production of land per acre : corn 15 bushels, oats 30, wheat 8, rye 10, Irish potatoes 100, sweet potatoes 100, field peas 15, seed cotton 800 pounds, crab grass hay 2,000 pounds, Bermuda grass 4,000 pounds, corn fodder with stalk 4,000 pounds, sorghum syrup 75 gallons. One cotton mill in Hartwell, capitalized at $50,000; two fruit canning enterprises, four cotton-seed oil and guano factories, all succeeding well.
Jackson.--Jackson county is bounded north by Banks and Madison, east by Madison, south by Clarke and Oconee, west by Hall and Gwinnett. The branches of the Oconee river run through this county Big Sandy, Mulberry, Barber's, Curry's, and Beach creeks are some of the streams. Jefferson, named for President Thomas Jefferson, is the county site, situated on the waters of the Oconee, incorporated in 1812. The county abounds with granite and quartz, some crystallized, soapstoue, asbestos, and tor.rmaliue. The climate is pleasant and favorable to health. Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians predominate. The lands are generally very productive. On the Oconee and creeks there are some good lands. Productions: cotton, corn, and other grains usually grown in this latitude.
The county was named for James Jackson, of Savannah, one of the most gifted and prominent men during the Revolution, and for years thereafter, and who aided in forming a constitution and State government. He was a member of the legislature, representative and senator in Congress, and Governor of the State, all of which he filled in the interest of the people and credit to himself.
Population in 1890,19,176; school fund, $12,203.50; county tax, 4.13 mills; municipal tax, 5 mills; acres of improved land, 248,778 ; average value per acre, $6.09 ; city property, $265,570; shares in bank, $50,900; money, $402,583 ; merchandise, $95,826; stocks and bonds, $22,900 ; household furniture, $139,458 ; horses, mules, etc., $354,985; plantation and mechanical tools, $54,973 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,848 ; real estate, $1,782,536 ; personal estate, $1,193,624. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of laud, 6,182; value, $34,102; city property, $2,710;

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331

money, $309 ; household furniture, $8,923; horses, mules, etc., $25,565; plantation and mechanical tools, 4,459.
Jackson county is one of the best average counties in the State. It is well watered by the forks of the Oconee river, and the lands, with proper culture, will yield per acre : corn 15 bushels, oats 25, wheat 12, rye 10, barley 15, Irish potatoes 60, sweet potatoes 75, field peas 10, ground peas 30, seed cotton 600 pounds, crab grass hay 2,000 pounds, corn fodder 200 pounds, sorghum syrup 150
gallons. There is in Harmony Grove a thriving little town of about
1,200 inhabitants, a cotton factory, a State bank, each doing a good business, and in the county are quite a number of mills. Jefferson, the county site, has one bank. There are two railroads, the Northeastern from Athens to Lula, and the Gainesville, Jefferson and Southern, each running through the county and affording fine facilities for travel and transportation.
The county is healthy and offers inducements to home-seekers. Lumpkin.--Lumpkin county is bounded north by Union, east by White, south by Hall, west by Dawson and Fannin, and was formed out of Cherokee in 1838. Dahlonega is the county site. The rivers are Etowah, Chestatee, Tenatee, and Amicolola, Yellow Shoal, Cain, Yahoola and Town creeks. Blue Ridge is in the northern part of the county. Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian are the prevailing religious
sects. The county was named for Wilson Lumpkin. Original settlers:
H. W. Rily, Charles I.Thompson, General Fields, Lewis Ralston, Mr. Leathers and J. Blackwell.
The land is dark, with clay foundation, and easily cultivated; on the rivers and creeks very fertile and well adapted to corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, Irish potatoes, cabbage, onions, turnips and a variety of vegetables. Apples succeed well.
The climate of this county is pleasant, and the water delightfully cool, many persons living to a great age. Porter Springs is a very popular health resort in the summer, and has been the means of restoring many broken-down systems to health and vigor by the use of the water and the bracing atmosphere.

332

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The gold mines in this county are very rich in their yield of the precious metal, many millions having been taken from them. The Single-ton mines, near Dahlonega, and the Calhoun mine on the Chestatee, have yielded enormous quantities of gold. Cain creek and Yahoola creek are celebrated localities. On the latter is the famous lot, 1052, which once created a sensation among the gold speculators in the '30's. In almost every portion of the county gold exists. The water courses, in many instances, have been changed from their original channel to wash the alluvial and gravel in their beds for gold. All the hills near Dahlonega have been riddled with shafts and tunnels in search of gold.
Population in 1890, 6,867; school fund, $3,894.50; improved land, 178,083; wild land, 21,626 ; average value per acre, $2.00 and 59c. ; city property, $93,103 ; money, etc., $68,599 ; merchandise, $33,376 ; capital invested in mining, $20,000; household furniture, $36,460; horses, mules, etc., $72,710; plantation and mechanical tools, $24.024; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,956; real estate, $463,303; personal estate, $259,890.
Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 1,549; value, $2,270; city property, $833; money, etc., $44; household furniture, $608; horses, mules, etc, $1,821; plantation and mechanical tools, $322.
The lands used for agricultural purposes in this county, with proper culture, will produce, per acre : Corn, 28 bushels ; oats, 18 ; wheat, 15; rye, 18; Irish potatoes, 165; sweet potatoes, 45; field peas, 15 ; crab grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 85 gallons.
Apples, pears, peaches, and quinces grow well. Apples are extra, grown in the upper part of the county on the rich hillsides.
There are twelve gold mills now in operation paying good dividends. Hundreds of hands are at work on the branches with pick and pan, and saving from one to four dollars each per day. The county is composed of a hardy, plain, and hospitable people, at the call of a visitor ready to drop pick and pan and show him round among the gold diggings, with a hearty good will.
Madison.--Madison county is bounded north by Franklin and Hart, east by Elbert, south by Oglethorpe and Clarke, and west by

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333

Jackson. Laid out from the adjoining counties in 1811, and named for James Madison, President of the United States. North and South prongs of Broad river, Mill Shoal, Brushy, Holly, Fork and Shoal creeks compose the water courses. Dauielsville is the county site, named for General Allen Daniel, and is located ou a high, uneven ridge.
Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian are the prevailing religious denominations. The climate is pleasant and healthy, with several instances of longevity. Some gold has been found on Broad river, and large quantities of iron ore, with a fine article of granite and quartz.
The people are of industrious and frugal habits. Hospitality is one of their most prominent characteristics. The lands on the rivers and creeks are fertile. The productions are corn, oats, wheat, rye, tobacco, potatoes, melons, fruits and a variety of vegetables.
Population in 1890, 11,024; school fund, $6,409.25 ; improved land, 108,338; average value per acre, $3.97; city property, $30,075; money, etc., $105,198 ; merchandise, $22,488 ; stocks and bonds, $300; household furniture, $62,165; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $139,823 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $33,059; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,984; real estate, $699,309; personal estate, $406,026.
Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of of land, 2,727 ; value, $9,846 ; city property, $957 ; money, etc., $465 ; household furniture, $3,143; horses, mules, etc., $1,565 > plantation and mechanical tools, $1,768.
The lands, with proper cultivation and rotation of crops, produce per acre: Corn, 18 bushels; wheat, 7 ; oats, 10; rye, 8; Irish potatoes, 40; sweet potatoes, 50; field peas, 10; ground peas, 20; seed cotton, upland, 400 pounds; crab grass hay, 1,200 pounds ; corn fodder, 150 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons. Tobacco, with attention, does well, and also melons.
The water courses have many natural shoals, which would afford ample power for propelling any kind of machinery in mills ol-
factories.

334

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Milton.--Milton county was formed in 1857 from Cherokee, Forsyth, and Cobb, and is bounded north by Cherokee and Forsyth, east by Gwinuett, south by DeKalb, and west by Cobb; was named for Colonel John Milton, who was Secretary of State for Georgia in 1789. Alpharetta is the county site. Postoffices are Arnold, Coker, Dinsmore, Fields's Cross Roads, Freemausville, McClure, Mazeppa, Ocee, Skelton, Stono, Warsaw, and Webb. The country is rolling. Lands on the river very productive. Water good and plentiful; climate healthy and very similar to that in the adjoining counties. The population is industrious and hospitable. Methodist and Baptist are the dominant religious sects. Population in 1890, 6,208; school fund, $3,499; improved land, 8(5,518 acres; wild land, 1,165; average value per acre, $6.56 and $4.07; city property, $28,470; money, etc., $113,629; merchandise, $19,260; stocks and bonds, $24,500; cotton factories, $2,000 ; household furniture, $49,735 ; horses, mules, etc., $113,285; plantation and mechanical tools, $22,268 ; watches and jewelry, $2,240; real estate, $597,852 ; personal estate, $367,881. Property returned by colored tax-payers--land, 6,050 acres, value $3,190; city property, $'410; household furniture, $1,043; horses, mules, etc., $2,729; plantation and mechanical tooJs, $3.77. Productions of the land per acre : corn, 15 bushels; oats, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; barley, 8 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field peas, 15 bushel ; groundpeas, 50 bushels; seed cotton, 650 pounds ; crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds ; clover, 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. One butter and cheese factory. An abundance of fine timber and stone for building purposes.
Pickens.--Pickens county was formed out of Gilmer and Cherokee in J856, and named for Governor Pickens of South Carolina. Jasper is the county site and named for Sergeant Jasper, who was shot down in Savannah, with the standard of colors in his hand, by the British. It is bounded north by Gilmer, east by Dawson, south by Cherokee, au<l west by Gordon. Mountain creek runs into Etowah river, Talking Rock into Coosa river. The county has an inexhaustible supply of the finest marble in the United States. Immense quantities of the marble are blocked out and

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.
brought to Marietta and put in shape and form for market. The Marietta and North Georgia Railroad runs through the county and close by the quarries, which makes it convenient to have the marble shipped to any market where there is a demand for it. The lands in the valleys and on the creeks are very productive. Corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, Irish potatoes, cabbage, and turnips grow to fine perfection. Apples do well. Tobacco grows to as near perfection and as luxuriantly as in any county in the State. Population in 1890,8,182; school fund, $4,624.75; rate of county tax, 4.13 mills; improved lands, 141,279 acres; wild lands, 17,262; average value per acre, $2.73 and 37 cents; city property, $54,706 ; money, etc., $121,623 ; merchandise, $34,805 ; cotton manufactories, $3,335 ; invested in mining, $225; household furniture, $42,971; horses, mules, etc., $86,902; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,104; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,008; real estate, $436,364; personal estate $409,050. Property returned by colored tax-payers--acres land, 963 ; value, $1,968 ; city property, $477 ; money, etc., $2,158 ; household furniture, $47 ; horses, mules, etc., $876 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $85. Postoffices: Alice, Elaine, Burnt Mountain, Hinton, Jerusalem, Jockey, Ludville, McDaniel, Marble Hill, Mineral Springs, Nelson, Scare Corn, Talking Rock, Tate. The lands well cultivated will yield per acre : corn, 15 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; barley, 8 bushels;
Irish potatoes, 125 bushels; field peas, 15 bushels ; crab grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. Inhaling the pure, bracing atmosphere and drinking the cool freestone water, with the active life of the mountaineers, has caused many of them to live to a good old age. James Simmons, up in the nineties, died a short time ago.
Rabun.--Rabun county is bounded north by Tennessee, east by North Carolina, south by Habersham, west by Towns and White ; was laid out in 1819, and was named in honor of Wm. Rabun, Governor of Georgia from March, 1817, to October 24, 1819, when he died on his plantation a few days before his term of office expired. Clayton is the county site, named for Judge A. S. Clayton. The Tennessee, Chattooga, Tallulah and U'lufta are the principal rivers, with several creeks--War Woman, Tigertail, Wild

336

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Cat, Persimmon and Mud creeks. The waters of the Tennessee and Savannah rivers rise near the same point. There are on the water courses a few bodies of fine lands, but generally so hemmed in by the mountains that to reach them by a vehicle you have to travel some miles in a roundabout way.
The rivers contain mountain trout, and the mountains deer, turkey and some bears. Granite abounds, iron, carbonate of iron, alum, etc. Gold has been found in several localities. On Persimmon creek, Powell, Stoneciphers and Smith mines have been operated with some profit. Kabun is a county of mountains. In whatever direction you turn your eye it beholds ridges of mountains, one behind the other. The different peaks are named Bald Mountain, Screamer, Pinnacle, Tallulah, etc. The valleys are Tennessee, War Woman, Persimmon, Tigertail, and Simpsons. Corn, rye, oats, wheat, Irish potatoes, cabbage, onions, beets, turnips grow in very great abundance. No better couutry on earth for apples to keep through the entire winter. Cabbage heads grow to enormous size in white heads, from which is made the fine sauerkraut we get in the fall and winter. Population in 1890, 5,606; school fund, $3,175.25 ; county tax, 7.03 mills; acres improved laud, 205,160 ; wild land, 59,219; average value per acre, $1.23 and $1.24; city property, $54,111 ; money, etc., $50,913; merchandise, $8,787; capital invested in mining, $3,125; household furniture, $34,072; horses, mules, $95,584; plantation and mechanical tools, $12,659; watches, jewelry, etc., $852 ; real estate, $229,719 ; personal estate, $557,081. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres laud, 980; value, $705; money, etc.,$77; household furniture, $224 ; horses, mules, etc, $879 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $140.
Towns.--Towns county was formed out of Union and Rabun counties in 1856. Is bounded north by North Carolina, east by Rabun, south by White, and west by Union county. Was named for G. W. Towns, who was in Congress in 1834, and Governor in 1847 and in 1849 ; died in the city of Macon in July, 1854, at the age of fifty-four years. Hiawassee is the county site, named for the river on which it is located. This river is the largest and only stream of any importance in the county. It and the Chattahoochee

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337

river have their source in the Blue Ridge and near the same point and run in opposite directions. Postoffices, Campagne, Hunt, Gumlog, Hiawassee, Mountain Scene, Osborn, Visage, Welch, Young Harris. The latter has the school of that name endowed by Young; L. G. Harris of Athens, Ga., and under the direction of the North, Georgia Methodist Conference. It has a very large patronage from young men who are not able to go to a regular college. Every arrangement and endeavor here is to have an education conferred at the least possible outlay of money. The corps of teachers are well qualified and able to impart a thorough business and scientific, education. Its number increases every year. In this county orii the rivers and creeks there are some very rich lands. Corn, rye,, oats, sweet and Irish potatoes grow and yield abundant cropsApples of the finest quality, cabbage heads as large as a peck measure, very firm and white, from which the finest sauerkraut is. made. Turnips grow to immense size and in great quantities.. Most of the chestnuts found in the market in the fall of the year come from this section. The mountains abound in game--bear, deer, turkey, wolves, and panthers. The face of the country is mountainous. Cool and bracing in the summer season. The water cannot be excelled on the earth--so cold as to cause your teeth to* ache while drinking a half pint of it. The people are hospitable and ready to share the last hoecake and cup of buttermilk with a. stranger. Population in 1890,4,064; school fund, $2,566.25 -y improved lauds, 96,405 acres; wild lands, 25,503 acres; average value per acre, $2.16 and 25c; city property, $12,850; money,, etc., $42,746; merchandise, $8,305; cotton manufactories, 10; capital invested in mining, $561; household furniture, $20,840 ; horses, mules, etc., $66,385; plantation and mechanical tools, $976; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,052; cotton, corn, annual crops, $2,167; real estate, $227,588 ; personal estate, $159,137. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land 545; value, $3.10; money, $156 ; household furniture, $65; horses, mules, etc., $245; plantation and mechanical tools, $14.
The lands, when properly cultivated, yield per acre: corn, 20> bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 40 bushels; field peas, 20>

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

bushels; ground peas, 20 bushels ; crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds ; corn fodder, 1,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons.
There is any quantity of granite for building or any other use. The mountains abound iu as fine timber of oak, hickory, walnut, ash, poplar, cherry, etc., as any county in Georgia and in the summer afford fine range for cattle and horses in the various grasses and peaviaes. For hogs, acorns, hickory nuts and chestnuts. Health of the couuty perfect. If a man with family of children wishes to educate them with a small outlay of money and dispense with the doctors, Young Harris is the place.
Union.-- Union county was organized and laid out from Cherokee as one of the ten counties in 1832 ; bounded north by North Carolina, east by Towns, south by Lumpkin, and west by Fannin. Blairsville is the county site, named for James Blair, of Habersham county, who represented that county many years in the Legislature. The principal streams are Notley and Toccoa. Mountain trout and horny-heads are the fish caught out of them. The climate is delightful in summer. The invigorating and bracing atmosphere and cold freestone water are promoters of health. The lauds are excellent on the creek and river bottoms, also the oak and hickory table-lands. The productions are corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, potatoes, cabbage, turnips, peaches, apples. The forest timbers are oak of various kinds, hickory, poplar, white and spruce pine, gum, walnut, black locust, maple, and laurel. The county is rich in minerals. It is said that diamonds have been found in this couuty. Gold has also been found on Ivy Log, Brass Town, and Coosa creeks; also variegated marble. In the western part of the couuty iron ore, alum, granite quartz, and sulphate of iron are common. The millstone in large quarries of most excellent quality are found on Ivy Log and Brass Town. The Blue Ridge crosses the southern part of the county with its different peaks, distinguished by name as Ivy Log, Cooper's, Creek Blood, Track Rock, Ball, and Round Top Mountain.
The religious denominations are Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian. Track Rock is about seveu miles east of Blairsville, in the gap of Enchanted Mountain. At the head-waters of Brass Town creek the rock is a species of soapstoue, and on it are tracks

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supposed to have been made by the Indians, and tracks of turkeys, deer, cows, horses, bears, men, boys and girls, etc. On Notley river about one and one-half miles from Blairsville a battle occurred between the Cherokee and Creek Indians in regard to claims of territory. Population in 1890, 7,749; school fund, $4,484.25; improved lands, 203,474 acres; wild lands, 31,367 acres; average value, $1.70 and 33 cts.; city property, 11,270; money, etc., $83,798; merchandise, $10,770; stocks and bonds, $1,000; invested in mining, $6,260; household furniture, $27,681 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., 127,035; plantation and mechanical tools, $20,328; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,381; real estate, $368,053; personal estate, $288,964. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land 175, value $370; city property $150; household furniture, $152 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $313.
When Union county was organized in 1832 the politics of Georgia was Union and States' rights. John Thomas was the representative, and being called on by the legislature for a name, replied, " Union, for none but Union men live in the county."
The productions of the county, with good culture, will yield per acre--corn, 20 bushels ; rye, 15; wheat, 12; oats, 15; Irish potatoes, 100; field peas, 25; groundpeas, 50 bushels; crab and herdsgrass hay, 1,000 pounds ; clover hay, 2,000 ; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. The county is remark .ably healthy and the citizens kind and hospitable to strangers.
White.-- White county was formed out of Lumpkin and Habershara in 1857. Bounded north by Towns, east by Habersham, south by Hall, and west by Lumpkin. Clevelaud is the couuty site, named for Benjamin Cleveland, for many years a representative in the legislature.
The rivers are the Chattahoochee and Tesentee; creeks are Dukes' and Smith's, Santee, Shoal, Blue, and Mossy. The face of the country is generally hilly. In the northern part a ledge of mountains, the Blue Ridge, passing on the north line. Tray and Yonah are noted places of resort. From the top of Yonah .Stone Mountain cau be distinctly seen with the naked eye. The lands suitable for cultivation are generally in the valleys, and are <very productive, and will, with proper culture, yield per acre: Corn,

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25 bushels; oats, 20; wheat, 15; rye, 15; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet or Spanish potatoes, 150; field peas, 30; ground peas, 60 bushels; cotton in seed, 600 pounds; crab grass hay, 1,500 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 2,000 pounds; clover, 2,000 pounds; herds grass hay, 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup 100 gallons. The climate is delightful, with its bracing atmosphere. Freestone spring water,. so cold that your teeth are made to ache before you can drink sufficient to quench your thirst.
This is one of the counties from which is shipped in midwinter the large white, crisp cabbage heads, and barrels of sauerkraut, with wagon loads of the most luscious and juicy apples. Nacoochee valley is about eight miles long, and ranges in width from one quarter to three-quarters of a mile, and is one of the most beautiful valleys in the State. Minerals are found in great variety and quantity in this county, and in it the first gold mines in Georgia were discovered. The stamp gold mills now in successful operation are the Calhoun Mining Company of Charleston, S. C, with a ninemile canal and several thousand acres of laud ; W. K. Reeves of Athens, gold mill; John Martin, London, Eng., with ten miles of canal and several thousand acres of land, placer mine ; John Thurmond, gold mill; Childs & Nickerson, Athens, Ga., nine-mile canal, ten-stamp mill, and placer mining; Nacoochee Hills Gold Mining Company; Charles Roberts, England, several thousand acres of land, placer mines; Plattsburg Gold Mining and Milling Company; Moore & Merrett, gold mill. In addition there are a large number of men in squads engaged in placer mining at different places in the county. There is an abundance of the finest water power to propel any kind of machinery for factories or mills.
The people of this county are accommodating, hospitable, and particularly attentive to strangers who visit them.
The population'in 1890 was 6,151; school fund, $3,355.50; acres improved land, 140,677; wild land, 21,338; average value per acre, improved land 82.78, wild land 17 cents; city property, $11,860; money, etc., 71,754; merchandise, $10,240; stocks and bonds, 8600; household furniture, 825,251); horses, mules and cattle,, etc., 877,100; plantation and mechanical tools, 813,126; watches, jewelry, etc., 81,499; real estate $406,993; personal estate, $210,-

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438. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 1,176; value, 2,977; household furniture, $690; horses, .mules, cattle, etc., 2,819; plantation and mechanical tools, 388.
This county was named for Colonel John White of Chatham county, a brave soldier of the Revolutionary war, who, by stratagem, with only seven men, captured Captain French and one hundred and eleven soldiers and five vessels on the Ogeechee river. This he did by building large fires around their camp, so as to induce them to believe they were surrounded by a large army.
The mountains abound with deer, turkeys and other game, and afford fine pasturage for cattle and other stock during the summer, .and in the fall hogs fatten on the acorns and chestnuts.
In 1834 a subterranean village was discovered in Nacoochee valley by miners excavating a canal. The depth to which it was covered was seven to nine feet. Some of the houses were embedded in a stratum of auriferous gravel. They are thirty-four in number, built of logs six to ten inches in diameter, from ten to twelve feet long. Cane baskets and fragments of eartbenware were found in *he rooms. Specimens of curious workmanship, such as crucibles
.and mortars, were also found.

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Counties. Bartow Cobb Catoosa Chattooga Cherokee Dade Floyd . Gordon Haralson Murray Paulding Polk Walker Whitfleld

NORTHWEST GEORGIA.

Total, 14 counties

Population, 20,616 22,286 5,431 11,202 15,412 5,707 28,391 12,75.3 11,316 8,461 11,048 14,945 13,282 12,916
194,671

Bartow.--Rich in minerals and agriculture, Bartow naturally claims a high place in the list of Georgia counties, and indeed among the counties of the United States. Perhaps no county could be found that presents more diversity of geology, soil, and vegetation than Bartow. Coupled with these are immense water powers, and an abundance of construction material. In geology all the formations of the crystalline and silurian periods are found, while in soils the Trenton and Quebec limestones give calcareous soils. Chazy and Quebec shales give aluminous soil. Chilhowee sandstones and Quebec cherts give siliceous soils. Limonite iron, ores give ferruginous soils, and alluvial bottoms give humus soil. Variety in vegetation follows variety in geological formation, and the county is found difficult to surpass in the production of cotton, all the cereals, grasses aud fruits; while in the forest growth, the walnut, hickory, ash, elm, poplar, maple, sycamore, wild cherry, sweet gum, oaks (of nearly every class), chestnut, persimmon, and a variety of pines, with dogwood and other growths, are represented. The great mineral wealth, the iron, manganese, ochre, bauxite, and limestone (utilized for both carbonate of lime and hydraulic cement), with active and successful operations in all, is seen by referring to that portion of this work relating to economic minerals.

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Cartersville, the county site, is a town of about 4,000 inhabitants. It is situated near the Etowah river on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, and at the terminus of the East and West Railroad. It is a miniature city possessing all modern conveniences-- walerworks, gas, and an excellent system of public schools. A number of successful manufacturing enterprises are in operation, furnishing lucrative employment to wage-earners, and a home consumption. Other important towns in the county are Kingston, which is the terminus of the Rome Railroad; Adairsville, where one of the largest and most successful flouring mills in the State is located, the Veach mills; Emerson, the site of a large ochre drying establishment; Cassville, the old county town; Cass Station, Altoonaand other small villages.
The analysis of the soil of this county, which is typical of the region, shows its great natural fertility and to what a high state of cultivation it can be brought after years of tilling by virtue of its retentive character. Analysis: 35 percent, available for plant food; of this about one-fifth is soluble silica, insuring strength of stalk to all cereals; potash, nearly 1 per cent.; phosporic, nearly .4 of a per cent.; lime and magnesia, over one per cent.; an aggregate of oxide of iron and alumina of over 11 per cent., insuring moisture by deep plowing and a retentive soil; organic matter, 10 per cent., and therefore susceptible of years of cultivation without fertilization. Necessarily such a soil is productive. The population of Bartow in 1890 was 20,616, and it is increasing in wealth and population.
Population, 20,616; school fund, $12,851; acres improved land, 244,938; wild land, 20,941; average value per aere improved land $6.81; wild land, 79c; city property, $645,380; money, etc. $298,446; merchandise, $102,511; stocks and bonds,$7,300; household furniture, $157,113; horses, mules, and cattle, $271,608 plantation and mechanical tools, $64,347; watches jewelery, etc. $14,130; real estate, $2,352,438; personal estate, $1,117,170 Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land 4,197; value, $19,334; household furniture, $7,136; horses, mules cattle, etc., $14,505; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,420.
With fair cultivation the lands will produce: corn, 35 bushels

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oats, 30; wheat, 18; Irish potatoes, 160; sweet potatoes, 125; field peas, 18;.cotton, 1,200 pounds: crab grass hay, 4,000; clover hay, ,000; fodder, 500; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons.
Cobb.--Like her sister county, Bartow, Cobb county possesses those qualifications which place her among the first counties in the State. In point of location, the situation of the county is unsurpassed, and her intelligent, thrifty citizens have not been slow to avail themselves of their superior advantages, and the county is well known as one of the most progressive in the State. Located just north of Fulton county, the city of Atlanta is a home market for her agriculture, while with her own raw material, the crude mineral and raw agricultural products of the rich counties of Bartow and Cherokee are at hand for her factories. The soil of the county is varied, and one of those types characteristic of the crystalline period, to which geological formation the area of the county belongs. The lands of the county are productive and susceptible of a very high state of cultivation. Diversified agriculture largely maintains, and the country is rapidly becoming a source of supply for the city of Atlanta in the production of milk, butter, vegetables and poultry. A wide and profitable field is however open for intelligent operations in these branches of agriculture. All the staple crops, cotton, corn, oats, wheat, rye, clover, and grasses grow to the highest perfection, while the ease with which vegetables and fruits, large and small, are produced, render them easy money crops, with an abundant household supply.
Marietta, a town noted for its beauty, its healthfulness and the progressive spirit of its citizens, is the county site. Located twenty miles from Atlanta, at the highest point on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, over 1,100 feet above the level of the sea. Its pure, health-giving air and water have rendered it famous as a resort for invalids seeking to recuperate or for a pleasant abiding place. Not only is Marietta a health resort, but it is a thriving town of 4,000 people, with a fine business, an excellent system of public schools, electric lights, splendid hotels, substantial banks and mercantile houses, prosperous manufacturing establishments, foundry and machine shops. Among the principal industries, the largest chair fac-

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torics in the State, the largest paper mill in the State and one of the largest plants for finishing marble, besides four marble yards. There is also a creamery, a canning factory, and a knitting mill. In addition to the transportation facilities furnished by the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad controlling the Western and Atlantic, Marietta has the Marietta and North Georgia Railroad direct to Knoxville, Tenn.
Besides Marietta, Cobb has a number of thriving towns. In the eastern part of the county on a branch of the Southern Railroad, is Roswell, a manufacturing village of over 1,000 inhabitants. Here one of the great powers of the Chattahoochee is utilized to turn spindles and run looms for the manufacture of both cotton and woolen goods. The town is especially adapted to manufacturing, and its inhabitants are, to a great extent, thrifty operatives.
Acworth is the next largest town on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, and is a growing town, fed by a splendid mineral and agricultural country. There is a large flouring mill here, also chair factory and variety works for turning out mantels, wheelbarrows, etc. At Concord in the southern part of the county is conducted a suc cessful woolen mill. Other towns on this road are Smyrna, Vining and Kennesaw. The western part of the county is supplied with transportation facilities by both the Georgia Pacific and the East Tennessee, both parts of the Southern system, and the thriving villages of Austell and Powder Springs are located on these roads. Some of the finest fruits in the State are produced in this county. Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, and strawberries are successfully marketed. It should be mentioned that in addition to the regular trains, an accommodation train provides the citizens of Marietta an opportunity to do business in Atlanta, and a large number of people do business in Atlanta and reside in Marietta.
Another noteworthy fact is the location of the large Federal cemetery on the outskirts of the town. Continually increasing in wealth and population, the county now has a population of about 28,000; the United States census of 1890 gave it at that date as .22,286.
Population, 22,286; school fund, $13,769; acres improved land,

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207,002; wild land, 1,665; average value per acre improved land,. $8.31; wild land, 1.48; city property, $1,307.12; money, etc., $546,824;merchandise,$198,622;stocks and bonds,$49,870; household furniture, $226,305; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $252,109; plantationand mechanicaltools,$65,873; watches, jewelry, etc., $19,611.; real estate, $3,133,860; personal estate, $1,893,349. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number acres of land, 6,534; value, $48,639 ; household furniture, 11,286; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $16,252; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,788.
The lands produce: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 150; field peas, 18; cotton, 1,000' pounds; crab grass hay, 5,000; clover hay, 5,000; fodder, 500; sorghum syrup, 250 gallons.
C'atoosa.--Catoosa county is located in the northwestern part of the State, and has many fertile valleys, and its uplands are level and productive. The proximity of Chattanooga, Teun., has given rise to a large trucking and dairying interest, and the former, through the instrumentality of a Truckers' Association, has been extended to shipments to the North. Through the instrumentality of the association cold storage cars have been secured for Northern shipments or either to Cincinnati and the Northwest. By virtue of there shipping facilities through the association joint shipments are made in car-load lots.
Ringgold is the county seat, and enjoys a fine mercantile business with the farmers of the vicinity. All the staple crops and fruits grow well in the county and the average production per acre is very high. Cotton has only been grown in the county in later years, but its cultivation has been successful and with the use of commercial fertilizers it matures in time to avoid frost. Many fine deposits of building and other stones are found in the county, and the sand and limestones especially are of a superior quality. At Greysville large works have been in operation for a number of years, converting limestones into carbonate of lime. By referring to Economic Minerals the high quality of the stone as shown by analysis will be seen.
Catoosa Springs, with its varied waters, and one of the most

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noted health resorts in the country, is located in this county. Local transportation is well provided by the Western & Atlantic Railroad, while i'roni Chattanooga through lines branch out in every direction.
The population of the county in 1890 was 5,431, in point of area the county being one of the smallest in the State.
Population, 5,431; school fund, $3,382; acres improved land, 90,802; wild land, 7,971; average, value per acre, improved land $6.19; wild land, $1.75; city property, $55,800; money, etc., $79,137; merchandise, $12,601; stocks and bonds, $1,700; household furniture, $36,609; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $117,187; plantation and mechanical tools, $21,008 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,528; real estate, $632,572; personal estate, $916,467. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number acres of land, 459; value, $1,167; household furniture, $792; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $2,290 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $244.
With fair cultivation the lands will yield 20 bushels corn; 20 bushels oats; 15 bushels wheat; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; field peas, 15 bushels; cotton, 800 pounds ; crab grass hay, 3,000 pounds ; clover, 5,000 pounds; fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 250 gallons.
Chattooga.--Chattooga county was laid out in 1838 from Walker and Floyd and named for its principal river. Is bounded north by Walker, east and south by Floyd, and west by Alabama. Summerville, the county site, is situated in Chattooga valley. The face of the country is uneven, traversed by mountains and ridges. Although a small county it contains much good laud. The bottoms and valleys are fertile and very productive, having a dark mulatto soil which produces corn, cotton, wheat, tobacco, oats, rye, peas, potatoes, clover and barley, with almost all kinds of vegetables in that climate. Broomtown, Chattooga, and Armucha are the names of the principal valleys of many fine lands. The county is filled with an industrious and hospitable people.
Acres of improved land, 163,625; wild land, 42,456 ; average value, $5.90 aud $1.05; value shares in bank, $15,000; money,. etc., $177,173 ; stocks and bonds, $30,021; cotton factories, $450,635; iron works, $10,075 ; capital invested in mining, $20,000;

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

value household furniture, 94,525; horses, mules, etc., $203,075 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $35,070 ; jewelry, 7,260 ; cotton and annual crops, 10,484; real estate, 1,050,588; personal estate, 1,117,411. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres of land, 3,450; value, 11,422 ; city property,2,995 ; household furniture, 4,911; horses, mules, etc., 12,139; plantation and mechanical tools, 1,305. Population in 1890, 11,202; school fund, 6,897.50 ; rate of county tax, 1 per cent. ; municipal, 1\ mills.
Cherokee.--Cherokee county is located north of Cobb countv, in the crystalline region of Georgia. It receives its name from the Cherokee Indiaus who inhabited that section prior to the 'Cherokee purchase by the State which opened that portion of Georgia for settlement. The county is much broken, but abounds in fertile valleys, while the uplands are productive. In character, the soil is principally gray sandy or gravelly lands, with a belt of red clay lands with hornblende rocks running diagonally across the county from northeast to southwest. The timber of the county is oak and other hardwoods with short-leaf pine. The staple crops are cotton and the cereals, and in the western part of the county a high grade of chewing tobacco is grown,and upon this product that section of the county depends largely for its money crop. In minerals the county is exceedingly rich, and there are found deposits of gold, copper, iron, mica, talc, marble and other minerals. Many of the most successfully operated gold mines of the State prior to the war are located in Cherokee, among them the Sikes, the Kellogg, the Franklin McDonald, the Putnam, the Williams and others. Active operations which are profitable are still carried on at the Franklin McDonald. The vein at this point is well denned and not of a pocket character, and the shafts of the mine, with the tunnels, have been carried several hundred feet under the ground. Other older mines have given thousands of dollars of gold to the world, and with the mines of post bellum days they offer an inviting field to the investor and prospector.
Canton, the county seat, is located on the Marietra and North Georgia Railroad, twenty-five miles from Marietta and forty-five miles from Atlanta. It is a progressive little city of 1,000 inhabi-

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349

tants, doing a thriving business, with hanking facilities and several manufacturing enterprises. The principal of these is a marble mill for sawing and finishing marble and for monumental workThe town is delightfully situated on an eminence, around the base

DAIItY FARM.
of which flows the Etowah river, which, with Little river, is the chief stream watering the county. The town has an excellent school, which is in session nine months out of the year. During the summer months the hotels, which furnish good accommodations, are filled with summer boarders, Canton being noted for it-> general healthfulness. Near the town is a remarkably strong alum.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

spring, which, while undeveloped, possesses great curative powers in cases of bowel troubles, chronic sores, etc. Woodstock, Holly Springs and Ball Ground are thriving villages on the railroad, while at Walesca is located a fine school, which is attended by a large number of scholars from adjoining counties.
In 1890 the county had a population of 15,412, which has since been steadily increasing.
Population, 15,412: school fund, $9,197; acres improved land, 252, 867; wild land, 21,047; average price per acre, improved land, $4.23; wild laud, .75; city property, $124,272; money, etc., $283-, 275; merchandise, $52,074; stocks and bonds, $13,750; household furniture, $93,784; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $191,419; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,527; watches, jewelry, etc, $5,858; real estate, $1,211,701; personal estate, $752,390. Property returned by colored taxpayers, number acres of land, 3,162; value, $8,551; household furniture, $1,990; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $3,715; plantation and mechanical tools, $532. A fair yield of crops would be corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 125; field peas, 15; cotton, 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 4,000; clover hay, 5,000; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons.
Bade.--Dade county was formed from Walker county in 1837, and named for Frank L. Dade, who, at the head of a detachment of soldiers, was shot from his horse, and all but one or two of his men were butchered by the Seminole Indians on their way to Fort King, December 28, 1835. Trenton is the county seat, located on Town creek between Lookout and Raccoon Mountains. It is a small town and has good cool water and bracing atmosphere, with good health. The lauds in Lookout valley, which extend through the county, are very fertile and productive in corn, oats, wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, peas, grasses and clover; onions, turnips, beets, cabbage, aud many other vegetables grow to great perfection, with apples, peaches and grapes, of very superior flavor, in great profusion. The timbers are, the oak, hickory, cedar, poplar, gum, ,pine, walnut, chestnut, locust and mountain birch. The climate it

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cold in winter, but pleasant and invigorating in summer. Sulphur and chalybeate springs in various parts of the county.
The county is in shape of an isosceles triangle, with the base on the Tennessee line and apex a little northwest of the line between Walker and Chattooga counties. The Alabama Great Southern Railroad runs through Lookout valley to the Alabama line. Located on the road is Morganville, Trenton, Rising Fawn, Clover Dale and Smith, all prosperous little towns and increasing in population and wealth.
The mineral resources of this county are very great. Bituminous coal, iron ore of excellent quality, with other valuable minerals, abound in this county.
Population in 1890, 5,707 ; school fund, $2,541.75 ; acres unimproved land, 118,812 ; wild land, 26,595; average value per acre, 4.39 and 77c; city property, f 104,395; money, etc., $112,682 ; merchandise, $25,345 ; stocks and bonds, $6,600; cotton manufactories, $12,105; iron works, $10,000; capital invested in mining, $108,900 ; household furniture, $41,394 ; horses, mules, etc., $185,787; plantation and mechanical tools, $23,708; watches, jewelry, etc., $42,043; real estate, $647,352; personal estate, $530,351. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 443; value, $1,625; household furniture, $392; horses, mules, etc., $1,325 ; county tax, 4.25 mills ; municipal 3 mills.
Lookout valley comprises most of the agricultural lands of the county and will produce per acre: corn, 25 bushels; oats, 30 ; wheat, 15 ; rye, 15 ; barley, 20 ; field peas, 20 ; upland cotton, 600 pounds ; crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds ; clover, 6,000 pounds ; corn fodder, 600 pounds; sorghum syrup, 250 gallons; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels.
The mountains furnish fine summer range for stock, and has many acres of rich and productive lands, with deer, turkey, and other game for the huntsman's rifle. The Dade coal mines have, with convict labor, furnished for foundries, factories and other use immense quantities of coke and coal. Population kind and hospitable to visiting strangers.
Floyd.--Floyd, one of the most progressive counties in the State;, is located in Northwest Georgia, on the Alabama line. The

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

population of the county is 19,380 white, and 11,120 colored ; theUnited States census of 1890 gave it then as 28,391.
The soil is very productive, and the county abounds in rich valleys of large area and mountains of great beauty, well adapted for vineyards and grasses. In price there is a wide range, depending upon location in regard to the city of Rome, and the character of the soil. River bottoms command the highest price, with creek bottoms, uplands, and highlands following in the order named. Mountain lands are very cheap, but can be made remunerative and valuable in the hands of experienced men. Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, clover and the grasses grow luxuriantly. Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, nuts, etc., and all fruits of the temperate zone grow with but little care, and flourish in the greatest profusion.
Iron, bauxite, and manganese are found in large deposits, and are successfully mined. The deposites of bauxite are the largest in the world, and with the development in the use of aluminum, will be the foundation of a great industry. Marble, granite, and limestone of the finest quality are found in inexhaustible quantities, and slate exists in large deposits.
The county is blessed with navigable streams, in addition to railroad facilities. The Oostanaula and Etowah join at Rome, and form the Coosa. The Oostanaula is navigable for 105 miles above the city, and the Coosa for 250 miles below, with large yearly appropriations by the General Government to open it to the Gulf. The Southern Railway Company, with lines to Chattanooga, Atlanta, Selma, and Decatur; the Chattanooga, Rome and Columbus, and the Rome Railroad, connecting with the Louisville and Nashville Railway system, furnish abundant railway facilities, and give direct outlets to the Northwest and Atlantic and Gulf ports. The Etowah river, which is not navigable, is a swift flowing mountain stream, with immense power, which can be utilized at comparatively small expense for factory purposes.
Good public roads make all parts of the county accessible, aud umler progressive management of county affairs, seventy miles of turnpike of easy grade, well drained aud macadamized, have been constructed.

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Rome, the county site, is the commercial and manufacturing center of that section of the State. It has a population of 15,000, is an excellent cotton market, receiving 100,000 bales annually. Providing a home market for the small products of the farm, its superior transportation facilities secures a healthy demand for all products.
As a manufacturing city Rome possesses great advantages, which, have been appreciated. Among the important established industries: are the following : The Rome Rolling Mill, making merchant bar iron and manufacturing cotton ties; Rome Foundry and Machine Works, Brick Works, Standard Scale Company, Stove Works, Cotton Factory, Rome Hollow-ware and Iron Factory, Steam Ginners, Cotton Compress, Gas Works, Plow Factory, Electric Light Plant, Electric Street Railroad, Cotton-Seed Oil Mills, Ice Factory, Harness and Saddle Factories, two Planing Mills, Garlock Rubber Packing Factory, Steam Tannery, Furniture Factory, Excelsior Works, Broom Factory, Mattress Factory, Carriage and Wagon Factory, Acid Phosphate Works, and the Rome Charcoal Iron Furnace.
In addition to the general public school system of the State, the City of Rome has an excellent public and high school system of her own, with Shorter College, a high grade finishing school for girls and young ladies.
The location of the county, to those familiar with the State, is a sufficient guarantee of a healthful, pleasant climate.
Population, 28,391; school fund, $18,329 ; acres improved land, 271,409; wild land, 12,029; average price per acre, improved land, $6.99; wild land, $1.14; city property, $3,011,888; money, etc., $825,969; merchandise, $506,031; stocks and bonds, $44,225; household furniture, $290,334; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $314,387;; plantation and mechanical tools, $77,382; watches, jewelry, etc., $35,593; real estate, $4,922,855; personal estate, $2,857,767.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number acres of land, 15,803; value, $64,530; household furniture, $21,550; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $37,508; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,458. With fair cultivation the lands yield: corn, 25 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 20 bushels; rye, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field peas, 15 bushels; cotton,

354

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

1,000 pounds; crab grass hay, 5,000 pounds: clover hay, 5,000 pounds; fodder, 600 pounds; sorghum syrup, '200 gallons.
Gordon.--The county of Gordon is noted for its fertile and productive soil, and the profitable farms throughout its length and breadth. Calhoun, the couuty seat, is a pretty and prosperous town on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. It is a town of banking facilities, a number of churches, schools, and successful business houses. The residents are refined, moral and progressive people, upbuilding their town and county whenever possible. They welcome strangers and newcomers to their midst.
The county has the Oostanaula river and also the Coosawattee dividing it from Murray county. The creeks of size are Oothcaloga and Sillacoa. Along the borders of the streams are broad and fertile valleys.
In this county is the noted stock farm of Richard Peters, now the property of Richard Peters, Jr. Here some of the most remarkable productions of which Georgia soil is capable have been made.
The county is essentially self-sustaining, and a diversified system of cropping prevails. The minerals of the county are those characteristic of the ten Northwest Georgia counties embraced in the Paleozoic age. The bauxite deposits, of which special mention has been made, extend into this county, and the limestone deposits are particularly high in carbonate of lime, as well as others adapted to the manufacture of hydraulic cement.
In addition to the Western and Atlantic Railroad, the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad portion of the Southern system furnishes transportation facilities to the western part of the county, and situated on this line are Plumville, Sugar Valley, and other thriving villages. Growing in wealth and population, fine opportunities for industrial development are offered. In J 890, the county had a population of 12,758.
The forest growth of the couuty is that indigenous to the Appalachian range, and the soil is admirably adapted to fruits of all kinds, as well as all staple crops.
Population, 12,758; school fund, $9,051; aeres improved land, 198,572; wild land, 20,735; average price per acre, improved land, $6.43, wild land, 38c; city property, $185,598; money, etc., $205,408; merchandise, $54,697; household furniture, $98,905;

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

355

horses, mules, cattle, etc., $223,831; plantation and mechanical tools, $46,791; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,055; real estate, $1,470,6S8; personal estate, $704,088. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number acres of land, 2,796; value, $8,622; household furniture, $2,841 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $5,977; plantation and mechanical tools, $908.
The lands will yield: Corn, 25 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 18 bushels; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; field peas, 15 bushels; cotton, 800 pounds: crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover hay, 5,000 pounds; fodder, 400 pounds; sorghum syrup, 300 gallons.
Haralson.--Haralson county was formed out of Polk and Carroll in 1856. Bounded north by Polk, east by Paulding, south by Carroll, and west by Alabama. Was named for Hugh A. Haralson, of Troup county, who had been member of Congress from 1845--50. Buchanan is the county seat on the C. R. and C. Railroad, near the head-waters of the Tallapoosa river. The face of the county is broken, on the water courses the bottom lands are rich, and the valley lands are fertile and produce fine crops of cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, peas, and potatoes. The atmosphere cool and bracing, with pure water. There is considerable pine timber of a superior quality obtained from this county. The population is hospitable and kind to those who visit them and anxious to extend any courtesy to them. It is a thrifty and growing county.
Population in 1890, 11,316 ; school fund, $62,375 ; county tax, b\ mills; city tax, Buchanan, 1J mills; improved lands, 173,564; wild lands, 40,058 ; average value per acre, $4.01 and $1.37 ; city property, $555,361; shares in bank, $32,218; gas, $2,500; money, etc., $163,577 ; value merchandise, $59,342 ; bonds, $100; cotton manufactures, $4,900; capital iron works, $67,700; capital in mining, $13,300; household furniture, $91,902; horses, mules, etc., $136,561 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $28,822; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,050; real estate, $1,306,400; personal estate, $1,691,020. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 1,589 ; value, $5,979 ; city property, $2,145 ; money, $216 ; household furniture, $1,407 ; horses, mules, etc., $2,686 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $463.
The lands, under a proper system of tillage, will produce per

356

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

acre : Corn 20 bushels, oats 30, wheat 15, rye 20, Irish potatoes

100, sweet potatoes 100, field peas 15, ground peas 70, seed cotton

600 pounds, crab grass hay 6,000 pounds, clover 8,000 pounds, cane

fodder 300 pounds, sorghum syrup 100 gallons. The county

abounds in fine oaks, gum, maple, poplar, and other hardwoods

of superior quality. There are quite a number of lumber mills

preparing the timber to be utilized by the planing mills and shingle

machines. There is a foundry and machine shop, powder works,,

I

wagon factory, two chair factories, stove works, with a number of

smaller iudustries. Apples, peaches, grapes and a great variety of

vegetables grow well and yield abundant crops. Water power is

sufficient for all needed purposes. The C. R. & C. Railroad and

Georgia Pacific pass through the county east and west and north and

south, which affords ample facilities for travel and transportation.

Murray.--This county occupies a rich and prosperous section of

Northwest Georgia. It is rich in minerals, and has within its bor-

ders some of the richest farms in the State. The land is fertile

and productive, also bearing fine pasturage for the raising of cattle

as an industry. Spring Place, a thriving little town, is the county

site. It possesses good schools, a handsome court-house, churches,

etc. Murray is the equal of any county in the State, in the pro-

duction of wheat to the acre, cotton, corn, fruits, and all cereals.

It is pre-eminently an agricultural county. The Cohutta moun-

tain range crosses the eastern portion of this county. Profitable

mining has been done on these mountains, and some of the finest

fruit is grown in sheltered orchards along this beautiful and famous

range. The county is watered by the Connesanga aud Coosawattee

rivers with their numerous tributaries. No railroad traverses the

county and Dalton is the chief market town for a great part of the

county. The Coosawattee, now the northern branch of what sub-

sequently becomes the Coosa, is a navigable stream for nearly all

the year and furnishes marketing transportation to Rome.

Population, 8,461; school fund, 5,743; acres improved land,

184,118; wild land, 37,803; average value per acre, improved

land, $3.79; wild land, 30 cents; city property, $13,490; money >

etc., $69,110; merchandise, $15,285; household furniture, $42,864;

horses, mules, cattle, etc., $143,324; plantation and mechanical

tools, $26,199; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,237; real estate, $726,034;

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

357

personal estate, $316,683. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number acres of land, 321; value, $520; household furniture, $410; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $1,693; plantation and mechanical tools, $245. Yield of crops: Corn, 25 bushels; oats, 35; wheat, 25; rye, 30; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 200; cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,200; clover, 4,000; fodder, 600; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons.
Paulding.--Paulding county was organized in 1832, it being one of the original ten counties then formed out of the Cherokee country ; it is bounded north by Bartow, east by Cobb, south by Douglas and Carroll, and west by Haralson and Polk. It was named for John Paulding, one of the captors of Major Andre, for which Congress voted him a silver medal and an annuity for life. Dallas is the county site; post-offices--Braswell, Brownsville, Crowsville, Etta, Hiram, Huntsville, McPherson, Nebo, New Hope, Other, Oval, Remus, Rollins, Roxanna, and Yorkville. Tallapoosa river has its source in this county ; Pumpkin Vine, Little Cedar, Day, Floyd, Hill's Camp, Euharlee, Raccoon, and Sweetwater creeks. The lands on the creeks and in the valleys are very fertile ; produce cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, tobacco, potatoes, and cabbage ; apples and pears grow well in this county. Population in 1890,11,948; school fund, $7,109.25; improved lands, 174,012 acres; wild lands, 26,529 ; average value per acre, $4.74 and 85 cents ; city property, $44,125; money, etc., $108,790 ; merchandise, $31,299; capital invested in mining, $1,300; household furniture, $65,670; horses, mules, etc., $177,054; plantation and mechanical tools, watches, jewelry, etc., $3,513; real estate, $892,512; personal, $472,520. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 2,479 ; value, $10,997 ; city property, $1,160 ; money, etc., $132; household furniture, $2,115 ; horses, mules, etc., $7,119; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,165. There has been some gold found in this county. The face of the country is hilly, and fine timber for all agricultural purposes--oak and hickory, pine, gum, poplar, and maple--with any quantity of stone for building purposes are here. There is an abundance of water in springs and streams and shoals for milling. The lands, under a proper system of cultivation, would yield per acre : Corn, 20 bushels; oats, 15; wheat, 12; rye, 10; barley, 10; Irish potatoes, 75 ;

358

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

sweet potatoes, 50; field peas, 10; ground peas, 15; seed cotton, 700 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons. There are ores of various kinds--gold, copper, sulphurous pyrites.
Polk.--Polk county is bounded north by Floyd, east by Paulding, south by Haralson, and west by the State of Alabama. It was formed in 1851, chiefly from Pauldiug, and named for James K. Polk, tenth President of the United States, a native of North Carolina, born in 1795, died at his home, in Nashville, Tenn., June 15,1849; he was a member of Congress and Speaker of the House of Representatives during the administration of General Jackson. Cedartown is the county site, named on account of the number and extent of the cedar growth in that valley. The city is a thriving and prosperous one ; has two railroads to cross each other at the city. The surrounding lands in that portion of the county are of the best, and the population unexcelled by any county in that section. The lands in that valley are sufficiently level for all practical purposes, well watered with springs and running streams; are very fertile, produce in abundance cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, clover, potatoes, and all kinds of vegetables. The city has graded schools and church buildings, all well filled by efficient teachers and preachers. The climate is bracing, the water cool and invigorating. Postoffices--Bussy, Daniels, Davittes, Esom Hill, Etna, Fish, Fullwood Springs, Grady, Greenway, Hamlet, Lake Creek, Oreville, Pasco, Priors, Pock Mart, Seney, Youngs, and Walthall. The slate quarry near Rock Mart affords an inexhaustible supply of slate of a superior quality for covering houses. The Pumpkin Vine, Euharlee, Raccoon, aud Sweetwater have good lands that are very productive. Population in 1890, 14,945; school fund, $7,993 ; rate of county tax, 5.03 mills ; municipal tax, 1 per cent.; improved lands, 157,115; wild lands, 60,148; average value per acre, $7.86 and 83 cents; city property, $541,450; value shares in bank, $110,000; gas and electric lights, $27,925; money, etc., $248,386 ; city property, $84,705 ; stocks and bonds, $600 ; cotton manufactories, $4,800; iron work, $54,800; in mining, $16,475; household furniture, $113,041; horses, mules, etc., $187,099; plantation and mechanical tools, $43,425 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,386; real estate, $1,826,928; personal estate,

GEOKGIA BY COUNTIES.

359

$971,688. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 6,842; value, $27,067; city property, $12,335; money, $310; merchandise, $160; household furniture, $7,177 ; horses and mules, $17,152; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,596. The lands, well cultivated, will yield per acre : Corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30 ; wheat, 15 ; rye, 10; barley, 25 ; Irish potatoes, 100 ; sweet potatoes, 50 ; field peas, 15 ; ground peas, 20 ; seed cotton, 800 pounds ; crab grass hay, 4,000 ; Bermuda grass hay, 4,000 ; corn fodder, 450 ; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons ; sugar cane syrup, 50. Polk county in 1880 had a population of 11,952; in 1890,14,945; Cedartown, the county seat, in 1880 had a population of 843 ; in 1890, 1,625, and is increasing in wealth and population very rapidly, with many inducements to home-seekers to visit the county and look for themselves.
Walker.--Walker county is bounded north by Dade and Catoosa, east by Whitfield, south by Chattooga, west by Dade, and was laid out from Murray in 1833. LaFayette is the county seat, named for General LaFayette. The county was named for Freeman Walker, of Richmond county, many years an efficient member of the Georgia legislature; in Congress 1819--21; died on 23d September, 1827, at his residence on Spring Hili, Richmond county. The rivers east and west of Chickamauga empty into the Tennessee. The creeks are Peavine, Rocky and Snake. The lands on the rivers are of a dark chocolate color, very fertile in corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, clover and barley. The valley or table-lands are gray and dark soil, and in addition to the river lands, produce fine crops of cotton. McLemores Cove, Peavine, Armuchee and Chickamauga valleys for fertile and productive lands cannot be excelled by any lands in the State. There is au abundance of fine timber in this county; also granite, limestone, marble and bituminous coal of a superior quality. There are Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians, with some few of other denominations in the county. The population is a thrifty and hospitable one. Wilson Cave, near the county site, is quite worth seeing as a curiosity. A visitor in describing it, says : " After descending through an aperture, a flight of natural stairs ten or twelve feet, they were then shown the grandest and most magnificent room

360

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

formed on each-side with the utmost regularity and ceiled overhead with a perfectly smooth surface, with an almost infinite number of stalactites formed from the drippings of water, resembling in size and appearance various animal bodies. Having reached the extreme end of this spacious dome, we found that to proceed further we had to ascend stupendous heights, over craggy precipices and yawning gulfs to the height of some fifty or sixty feet, when we discovered through a small opening another room less spacious, but far more beautiful and picturesque. There appeared to the beholder, not only the representation of a part of the animal creation, but a true delineation of a great number of inanimate objects, such as cones, pyramids, altars, tables, candle-stands, with a facsimile of some of nature's choicest productions."
Crawfish Springs, fifteen feet deep and 200 feet wide, is in this county. The Round Pond embraces four or five acres with no visible outlet; water forty-eight feet deep; sea-green color; water never becomes stagnant. Long Pond is a beautiful sheet of water, and abounds in excellent fish, as most of the water courses do.
Population in 1890, 13,282; school fund, $7,650; acres improved land, 235,199; wild laud, 43,094; average value per acre, $6.64 and $1.09 ; city property, $85,862; money, etc., $344,116 ; merchandise, $58,153 ; stocks and bonds, $4,000 ; cotton manufactories, $65,000 ; iron works, $100; in mining, $55,724; household furniture, $77,377 ; horses, mules, etc, $321,138; plantation and mechanical tools, $47,563; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,380; real estate, $1,696,771 ; personal estate, $1,149,093. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 4,445; value, $9,740; city property, $1,685; money, $300; household furniture, $2,314 ; horses mules, etc., $9,966 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $8.32 ; county tax, 2.63 mills.
The lands in Walker county, well cultivated, will yield per acre: wheat 20 bushels; rye, 20; barley, 30; Irish potatoes, 200 ; sweet potatoes, 50; field peas, 15 ; ground peas, 25 ; cotton in seed 1,000 pounds; crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds ; clover, 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 900 pounds ; sorghum syrup, 250 gallons.
It is in this county that the general government has purchased several thousand acres of land on which the battle of Chickamauga

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

361

was fought, and under the direction and supervision of the Government, it is being handsomely improved, and when completed, there will be no grounds or cemetery in the South comparable to it in point of artistic beauty and grandeur.
There is a large and well equipped hotel for the accommodation of visitors with Chickamauga post-office established there. The large Chickamauga has an inexhaustible supply of water with bathing-house for the guests.
Whitfield--Whitfield county is in the northwestern part of the State. It is a thriving section, and has for its county seat Dalton, a town of about four thousand inhabitants. This is a most attractive spot, situated as it is in a fertile valley, and surrounded with mountain ranges. It has the advantages of gas and excellent waterworks, two banks, public schools, a female college, a large cotton factory, lumber, iron, and machine manufactories, and steam flouring and sausage factories with cold storage for summer slaughtering, thus supplying a home market for the hogs raised in Whitfield and adjoining counties. A canning factory with a large capacity has led to the development of the fruit and trucking interest of the county.
Excellent hotels, equipped with all modern conveniences, with the health of the section, has converted the town into a summer resort of no mean proportions.
A short time ago the county erected a handsome and spacious new courthouse of brick and stone. This edifice stands as a monument to the thrift and prosperity of the county. Dalton is a town of churches, and its social and moral commendations are great.
The principal towns of Whitfield are Tunnel Hill, Tilton, Red Clay, Varnell's, and Cohutta.
Whitfield has the Connesauga river on the division line between it and Murray county, which, with its tributaries, furnishes the chief drainage of the county. The soils of the county are varied and diversity in agriculture prevails, and excellent marketing opportunities are afforded by the two great systems of railroad that pass through the county from north to south, diagonally crossing each other at Dalton. The systems represented are the Southern and the Louisville and Nashville by the control or lease of the Western and Atlantic railroad by the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis. The population of the county in 1890 was 12,916.

362

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Population, 12,916; school fund, $8,462; acres improved land, 165,342; wild land, 8,648; average value per acre--improved land $4.92; wild land, 60 cents; city property, $749,457; money, etc., $338,158; merchandise, $160,577; stocks and bonds, $10,000; household furniture, $153,351 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $191,652; plantation and mechanical tools, $40,304; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,765; real estate, $1,569,453; personal estate, $1,201,247. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number acres of land, 2,242 ; value, $6,456 ; household furniture, $5,060 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $6,042 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $556. With fair cultivation the lands will yield : corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 30 bushels; rye, 12 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels ; field peas, 15 bushels ; cotton, 550 pounds; crab grass hay, 2,000 pounds ; clover hay, 2,500 pounds; fodder, 1,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons.

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

363

Counties.
Appling Bryan Camden
Charlton Chatham Clinch
Coffee Echols Effingbam Glynn Liberty Mclntosh Pierce Ware Wayne

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. '

Population^

8<676 5>52t>

...

6,178



3>335
57'740 6-652

10-48n

3''

5'599

13.420

12'887

6'470

6'379



8'811_

7'485

Total, 15 counties

102,704

Appling.--This county is located in the southeastern part of the State. It was laid out in 1818, and named after General Daniel Appling of Columbia county. It is bounded on the north by the Ocmulgee and Altamaha, which streams and their tributaries, with

the head-waters of the Satilla river, water the county. In 1880 it contained a population of 5,276, which had increased

(64.44 per cent.) to 8,676 in 1890. There are no large towns in the county. Baxley, the county site, contains a population of 337, and Hazlehurst a population of 290. The increase in the county's population is far above the average, and the towns, though small, are improving and the people progressive. The county is chiefly timbered with pine, and turpentine and lumber are the principal manufacturing industries ; also large quantities of logs are rafted down the Altamaha river. The lands are level, and under proper cultivation, productive. They are especially adapted to long-staple or sea-island cotton, which always commands a high

price. There are in the county 372,507 acres of improved land and
302,414 acres of wild land. The former are returned for taxes at $1.36 an acre and the latter at 57 cents, which is about one-fourth of the price for which they can be purchased. The following are the tax return valuations of the property of the county : House-

364

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

hold furniture, $85,688 ; farm animals, $317,669 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $31,023; jewelry, $5,361; real estate, $746,765; personal property, $758,929. Of this, the colored taxpayers return 15,931 acres of land, valued at $22,697, with total property worth $43,500.
The principal agricultural products are cotton, corn, sugar cane and rice. In horticulture, pears and grapes grow to the greatest perfection, while many other fruits yield well. Wild grass furnishes fine grazing, and cattle and sheep can be raised with scarcely any expense.
Transportation facilities are provided by the Southern Railway, which crosses the county diagonally, and the Altamaha river which is a navigable stream. The streams both large and small abound in fish excellent for the table. The people enjoy good health, and the climate is mild though not oppressive. Taxation is very low, the county rate being 3.63.
Bryan.--Bryan county was laid out in 1793, with Bulloch north, Chatham northeast, the Atlantic south, and Liberty west. Named for Jonathan Bryan, one of the founders of the State of Georgia. He came to Georgia in 1752, the year in which the trustees resigned their charter. Three years thereafter he was commissioned by the king judge of the geueral court; was in addition appointed one of the royal counselors of the colony. By word and action he did all in his power to build up the colony, and as long as the crown respected the rights of the province Mr. Bryan respected and recognized its authority; but when those rights were violated his independence would not suffer him to submit.
The river Ogeechee runs through this county, with the Cauoochee running in a southeasterly direction through the county and emptying into the Ogeechee. The lands on the rivers are particularly adapted to rice, and very productive. The long and short staple cotton grows well in this county, though the quantity of highland adapted to corn and cotton is limited. Truck farmers are beginning to realize the great value of having their vegetables grow so convenient and handy for delivery fresh from the gardens to the citizens of Savannah. The streams supply the markets with large quantities of fish and game. The people of the city who

GEOKGIA BY COUNTIES.

365

enjoy the sport of shooting and fishing make the southern part of this county an outing for that sport. Population in 1890, 5,520; school fund, $3,262.75; rate of county tax, 5J mills; improved lands 202,319 acres, average value $1.56; wild lands 49,574, average value 77 cents; invested in tonnage, $906 ; stocks and bonds, $1,150; cotton factories, $1,750; value of household furniture, $4,115; value of horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs, $144,111 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $18,753; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,636; real estate, $367,839; personal estate, $353,612. Pro] erty returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 13,269 ; value $21,946; amount of money, etc., $1,102; household furniture, $5,183; horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs, $14,433 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,282.
The facilities for travel and transportation are very good. The Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad runs through the center of the county. The Eden and Americus and the Dublin branch run through the northern part of the county.
Camden.--Camden county was formed in 1777 from the parishes of St. Thomas and St. Mary's. It is bounded on the north by Glynn, east by the Atlantic ocean, south by St. Mary's river, west by Charlton. St. Mary's is the county seat, situated on the north side of the river, nine miles from and in sight of the ocean. Has a fine harbor, being accessible to the largest vessels. The streets are broad and adorned with shade trees. A place of resort for invalids, and those especially with pulmonary trouble. Well supplied with churches of the different denominations, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Catholic. Population about 1,000. Considerable business transacted here. Several islands are included in this county, Cumberland and Jekyl the most important. The former eighteen miles long and from one-half to three miles wide. On this island General Lee, known as " Light Horse Harry," was buried. The soil is of a light, sandy character, adapted to the culture of cotton, corn, rice and potatoes. Lemons, figs, olives, oranges, pomegranates and melons grow finely. Live oak and cedar are the principal forest trees. Deer and other small game are abundant, and fish of every variety. Duugeness, formerly the property of General Green, is on this island.

366

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

The rivers of most importance in the county are the St. Mary's, the southern boundary, and the Satilla. The lands on the rivers are noted for their fertility in the production of rice and long and short staple cotton. Cattle, sheep, and hogs are raised at a small expense.
This county was named for the Earl of Camden, one of the most illustrious members of the British Parliament, who, with great zeal, advocated the cause of the American colonies.
Acres improved land 24,406, wild land 287,966--average value, $10.85 and 67c; capital invested in shipping, $14,671; stocks and bonds,$44,040* cotton factories,$1,025; iron works, $5,000; household furniture, $44,234; mules, horses, cattle, sheep, etc., $167,496 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $21,854; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,760 ; real estate, $512,646 ; personal estate, $554,203. Property returned by colored taxpayers--land, 2,883 acres, valued at $31,041 ; city property, $7,765 ; money, $2,142 ; household furniture, $10,902 ; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, etc., $39,505 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,470 ; school fund, $3,700; population, 1S90, 6,178; rate of county tax, 2.80 mills.
Charlton.--Charlton county was created from Camdeu in 1856 ; bounded north by Ware, east by Camden and St. Mary's river, south by Florida, and west by Echolsand Clinch. Was named for Judge T. U. P. Charlton of Savannah. Traders' Hill, on the St. Mary's river, is the county seat--a small point, where it receives some trade. The river forms the eastern boundary on the Florida line.
About three-fourths of the land in this county are wild lands and devoted to stock raising--there being no county in the State better adapted for raising sheep, cattle and hogs at a small outlay of money. The climate is very mild in winter. It is the exception when at any time in winter months the cattle exposed suffer from cold. The streams supply the country with an abundance of fish, and the wild lands with game. On the neck or strip of land between the Okefinokee swamp and Florida line, tobacco grows well, melons, potatoes, long staple cotton and sugar cane.
In 1890, population, 3,335 ; school fund, $1,787.50; rate of tax, 4.33 mills; acres of improved land 156,704, average value per acre, 78c.; wild lands 548,904, average value per acre, 19c. ;

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

:67

money, debts, etc., $32,426; value of shipping, $8,014 ; household furniture, $19,917 ; mules, horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, $122,176 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $12,500; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,090; real estate, $109,983; personal estate, $358,468. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 7,460; value, $4,466; household furniture, $777 ; mules, horses, sheep, cattle and hogs, $3,434; plantation and mechanical tools, $377.
This county offers the lovers of the sport of fishing and hunting a fine field for the gratification of that desire, with the additional pleasure of a supply of oranges and figs. Transportation of products and travel are over the Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad.
Chatham.--Chatham county received its name from Lord Chatham. Both in the history and commerce of the State the county is distinguished, and occupies a most prominent position. It is located on the coast with the Savannah river forming the dividing line between it and the State of South Carolina and a more favorable situation for every class of traffic and development would be difficult to find. Savannah, the county seat, is the great maritime mart of the South Atlantic coast.
The city has a population of 55,000. It covers an area of 4,000 acres, and the value of the city property is fully $40,000,000, with a commerce amounting to $120,000,000 annually. As a port it is the chief shipping point for naval stores in the world, and is the second largest cotton port of America. It is the headquarters of five lines of ocean steamships, four lines of river steamers, and of the two great railroad systems of that section, the Central and Plant system, and is on two trunk lines north and south. The climate of the city is a pleasant one, the average temperature being 66, approximating that of Bermuda, Gibraltar, Spain, Palermo, Sicily, Shanghai in Chrua, and Sydney, Australia.
Under l?beral sanitary appropriations garbage is disposed of by cremation, and the most improved plant for disinfecting purposes in maritime sanitation has been erected. The thorough quarantine system, with the caution and care of the city government in looking after the health of the municipality has made the health record enviable and placed Savannah in the front rank of seaport towns from a sanitary standpoint.
Pure water is supplied by artesian wells.

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DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

In 1874, when the United States Engineering Department took charge of the work of improving the Savannah harbor, the high water draft of vessels to and from the city was about 14J feet; the navigable channel is now fully twenty-three feet deep at high tide from the city to the sea. This increased depth has been secured, notwithstanding the fact that up to 1890 the appropriations for improvement were entirely inadequate, and the work progressed in a desultory and unsatisfactory manner. The harbor at present affords an anchorage of about 2,000 acres, to which 350 acres will be added by the improvements now being carried on. The city has more than five miles of wharves, with more than twice that length of water front, which can be utilized when the twenty-six feet of water, the aim of present improvements, is secured. The improvement of the channel has led to an increase in tonnage and cheaper rates by reason of larger vessels. Many of the vessels that now enter the harbor have a tonnage of from 2,000 to 5,000 and draw from eighteen to twenty-two feet of water. In 1883 the total tonnage from Savannah was 550 vessels, aggregating 559,366. The tonnage in 1892 was 1,060,208, practically an increase in nine years of 100 per cent. In 1872 the exports and imports of the city by water amounted to $72,358.00, and in 1892 to more than $150,000,000.
Of the cotton raised in the Southern States Savannah receives from 11J to 12 per cent., her receipts some years exceeding 1,000,000 bales. Of the sea-island crop the city receives about 80 per cent, of the total crop. The receipts of naval stores amount to about 300,000 casks spirits of turpentine and 1,100,000 barrels of rosin. These materials are exported heavily to the great supply ports of Europe, and ships under every flag carry these products of Georgia's pine trees from the State's great port to every market on the coasts of Africa, Asia, Australia and South America, while coastwise steamships and transcontinental railroads supply New York, BostoD, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Montreal and the commercial centers of the interior. In fact, wherever soap is manufactured or paint is used or naval stores are needed for any purpose whatever, Savannah supplies that need.
The shipments of timber and lumber from Savannah have grown to be a business of mammoth proportions, and with the large area

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369

of forest tributary to the port is destined to much greater growth. As showing the growth of the lumber traffic, in 1889-90 there were 107,371,082 feet shipped, which in two years had increased to 140,243,603. Of the latter, 126,215,442 feet were shipped coastwise, and 14,028,161 feet to foreign ports. Among foreign countries, Spain and the Argentine Confederation take the largest shipments.
The financial strength of Savannah is well known, and in the city some of the strongest banking institutions in the South are to be found. The aggregate banking capital, surplus and undivided profits of the city exceed four and a half millions, and the net clearings amount to over one million. The wholesale jobbing trade of the city amounts to $35,000,000, and as the merchants engaged in it are pushing and wide-awake, and never lose an opportunity to enter into new fields that have from time to time been offered by additional railroad construction, the trade is continually increasing-; The principal trade is in Georgia, Florida, South Carolina and: Alabama, while in some lines of business it extends as far north as Tennessee and North Carolina, and in the provision line an export business has been started with Havana with profitable results.
In manufacturing, Savannah offers extraordinary advantages. Labor is abundant and cheap, living is economical, and transportation facilities to interior points and to foreign ports are excellent. The raw materials for the manufacture of woolen and cotton goods are at her very doors, and the humidity of the atmosphere is advantageous. There are now in successful operation a cotton yarn mill, a knitting mill, cotton seed oil mills, agricultural implements works, ice factories, boiler works, machine shops, brass foundry, brick manufactories, sash, door and blind factories, carriage works, cigar manufactories, fertilizer works, flour mills, grist mills, planing mills, soap .works, fertilizer works, oyster canning factory, and many other minor enterprises.
There are three large mills for cleaning rice, and the city is one of the large Southern markets for that product. The receipts io 1892-93 amounted to 552,904 bushels, which embraced virtually the whole crop of Georgia. The total output of the factories of the city have a value of $7,000,000, and furnish employment to many men, women and children.
It is needless to say that Savannah and Chatham county have a

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

fine system of public schools, and that the city is provided with all

modern conveniences, such as electric lights, gas, rapid transit, etc.

But not only is Savannah a great commercial town and port, but it

is also delightfully situated as a residence town. No other Ameri-

can city has a greater wealth of foliage, gigantic oaks and magno-

lias, with here and there catalpas and banana trees. In addition to

rich foliage, the parks and squares are adorned with statues and

fountains, and roses and camellia japonica bloom luxuriantly in mid-

winter in the open air. To natural beauty is added a varied and

striking architecture, much of it in the style of by-gone days, which

the art of the present is eager to imitate.

In the prosperity attending Savannah Chatham county has

shared. In 1884 the real estate outside of the limits of the city,

by the tax digest, was valued at $1,353,693. In 1894, by the

-digest, it was valued at $3,869,950. In considering these fig-

ures it must be remembered that such returns are ordinarily about

50 per cent, of the actual value. The county has an area of about

500 square miles, of which about 30,000 acres are salt marshes un-

fit for cultivation. For several years the lowlands have been un-

dergoing a system of drainage, which when completed, will open

many fertile acres valuable for truck farming. Notwithstanding

the fertile bottom lands of the Savannah and the two Ogeechee

rivers are easily irrigated and have for years been profitably de-

Toted to rice culture, so valuable is land becoming for trucking

for the Northern market, that it would seem that this land will be

eventually applied to that purpose. In 1893 the local shipments

alone amounted to 160,433 crates and 85,020 barrels of vegeta-

bles, bringing to the truck farmers a revenue of over half a mil-

lion dollars. Superior railroad and ocean transportation gives

Chatham and adjoining counties magnificent advantages- as a truck-

ing district, and offers an inviting field to the horticulturist.

Population, 57,740; school fund, $29,507; acres improved land,

184,088; wild,

; average price per acre--improved laud,

$20.65; wild land,

; city property, $17,126,185; money,

etc., $1,988,995; merchandise, $1,710,830; stocks and bonds,

$739,725; household furniture, $516,290; horses, mules, cattle,

etc., $196,730; plantation and mechanical tools, $272,050; watches,

jewelry, etc., $33,180; real estate, $20,927,784; personal estate,

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

,371

'$9,09(5,695. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number acres of land, 6,022 ; value, $308,345 ; household furniture, $975 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $11,420; plantation and mechanical tools, .
Yield of crops, with fair cultivation : Corn, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 100; crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds; cane syrup, 350 gallons.
Clinch.--Clinch county was laid out from Ware in 1852; has Coffee on the north, Ware and Chatham on the east, Echols on the south, and Lowndes and Berrien on the west. The county was named for General D. L. Clinch on account of the heroism and bravery he displayed at the battle of Withlacoochee in the Florida war. He was member of Congress from Georgia in 184345; died in 1849. Homerville is the county seat, a small, pleasant town of about 1,000 located on the Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad, with an intelligent and thrifty population. Have recently increased their interest in education.
The face of the country level, the soil gray, growth of timber pine, and adapted to the growth of cotton, corn, tobacco, sugar cane, potatoes. The climate is mild and the immense quantity of wild uncultivated grass lands would indicate a fine field for raisinoprofitably for market at small cost cattle, sheep and hogs. The Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad is the outlet for travel and transportation east and west from Clinch county to the markets with the products of its citizens.
Population in 1890, 6,652; public school fund, $3,430.75; acres of improved land, 307,574; wild land, 615,543; average value per acre, 92 and 25 cents; city property, $51,695; money, etc., $108,813; value of merchandise, $32,529; household furniture, $59,749; horses, mules, sheep, cattle and hogs, $234,149; plantation and mechanical tools, $31,127; watches, jewelry $5,521; real estate, $488,630; personal estate, $594,463. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 2,392; value, $5,494; city property, $2,110; money, etc., $420; household furniture, $4,225; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, etc., $3,880; plantation and mechanical tools, $743. Melons, peaches and grapes grow well in this county. Lumber and turpentine and rosin have been to some extent engaged in and pay handsome dividends.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Coffee.--Coffee county was created in 1854 out of Irwin, Telfair and Appling, with Telfair north, Appling and Pierce east, Clinch south, Irwin and Berrien west. Head-waters of the Satilla river are in this county. Douglas is the capital, located near the center of the county, a small town of little importance in a commercial way. The county was named for General John E. Coffee of Telfair county, a member of Congress in 1833-5 and 6 who had taken an active part in the war of 1812. The Ojmulgoe river is on the north boundary of the county with the head waters of the Satilla river. The lands in this county are mostly piney woods,, gray except on the borders of the river. The productions are cotton, corn, sugar cane, potatoes, melons; peaches and grapes grow well in this county with proper attention. Rosin, turpentine and lumber are shipped to Brunswick at remunerative pricesOn account of the large amount of wild land in the county the raising of stock, cattle, sheep and hogs is a profitable business. The Brunswick and Western Railroad runs through this county and. affords means of travel and transportation of the produce for market.
Population in 1890, 10,483; school fund, $5,936.75; improved lands, 533,964 acres; wild land, 267,916 ; average value per acre,. $1.29 and 74 cents; city property, $59,711 ; money, etc., $25,664; iron works, $7,240 ; value household furniture, $238,066 ; horses,, mules, sheep, cattle, etc., $293,730; plantation and mechanical tools, $53,251 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,472; real estate, $939,967; personal estate, $1,203,421. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 23,171; value, $31,136; city property, $3,255 ; money, etc., $5,372 ; household furniture, $5,906; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, etc., $20,803; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,534; rate of county tax, 3.67 mills.
Echols.--Echols county in 1858 was formed out of Clinch and Lowndes, bounded on the north by Lowndes and Clinch, on the East by Charlton, south by Florida and west by Lowndes. Was named for Colonel Robt. M. Echols of Walton county, who was President of the State Senate, and colonel of a Georgia regiment in the Mexican war where he died. Statenville is the county seat; other post-offices: Alexauderville, Daton, Paul, Prescott, Tarver and Valentine.
Population in 1890, 3,079; school fund, $1,765.00; rate of

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

373

State and county tax, 4 mills; acres improved lands, 115,391; wild land, 235,262 ; average value, $1.26 and 16 cents; city property, $2,867; money, etc., $28,600; merchandise, $5,225 ; household furniture, $24,188 ; horses, mules, etc., $94,732 ; plantation, and mechanical tools, $1 2,201; watches, jewelry, $5,750; real estate, $186,228; personal estate, $231,128. Property returned by-colored taxpayers--acres of land, 3,848 ; value, $3,075 ; household furniture, $1,921; horses, mules, etc., $4,599; plantation and mechanical tools, $493.
The productions of this county are cotton, corn, sugar cane, tobacco, melons, ground peas and potatoes, with a variety of vegetables. The timber is valuable by converting it into lumber and shipping it to market. Alapaha river runs through this county, from which an abundant supply of fish is taken. Rosin and turpentine are shipped in large quantities to market from this county. Lauds and climate much the same as adjoining counties.
Effingham.--Effingham county was settled by the Germans in 1735, and constituted a part of the parishes of St. Matthew and St. Philip in 1777. The name was changed from parish to that of county, and named for Lord Effingham, an illustrious member of the British Parliament, who opposed with unwearied ardor the attempts of the ministry to destroy the liberties of America.
Springfield is the county seat, situated in a healthy pine barren about twenty-seven miles from Savannah. Wooden courthouse, an academy, churches, and a few stores.
The greater portion of the county is level. The soil is varied, a large part of it unproductive. Cotton, corn, rice, peas, potatoes, melons, peaches, apples, pears, quinces and grapes grow well. The forests yield excellent pine and cypress, all of which have a good and convenient market in Savannah. The roads are generally good. The climate is healthy. The Savannah and Ogeechee rivers afford large quantities of fish for market, and at the proper season the finest shad are found in Savannah market, fresh from these rivers*
Population in 1890, 5,599; school fund, $3,950.50; acres improved land, 263,301; wild lands, 12,962; average value, $1.91 and 61 cents; city property, $149,585; building and loan association, $2,500; money etc., $118,621; merchandise, $22,454; invested in shipping, $2,200; stock and bonds, $15,500; iron

374

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

works, $250; household furniture, 73,294 ; horses, mules, etc.,. $172,646; plantation and mechanical tools, $34,373 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,168 ; real estate, $658,784; personal estate, $505,789. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 8,672value, $24,563; city property, $300; money, $561; household furniture, $4,259; horses, mules, etc., $11,150; plantation and. mechanical tools, $1,977 ; rate of State and county tax 2.63 mills.
Postoffices, Clio, Eden, Egypt, Guyton, Marlow, Oaky, Kinson. aud Tusculum.
The land will yield per acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 15; Irish potatoes, 35; sweet potatoes, 100 ; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 40 ;; cotton in seed, upland, 800 pounds; sea island, 300 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 500 gallons.
Glynn.--Glynn county was formed out of St. Patrick's and St. David's parishes in 1777, and is bounded north by Mclntosh, east by the Atlantic, south by Camden and west by Wayne.
The Altamaha, Turtle and Little Satilla are the chief streams. The face of the country is broken by extensive swamps, which, when drained, become the most valuable lauds in the county. The pine barrens are a gray, light sandy soil. Hammock lands are very fertile and peculiarly adapted to cotton. The tide lauds, which consist of river swamplands within the proper rise and fall of tides, constitute the fertile rice lands of the Altamaha. The island swamps, consisting of a rich clay soil, are productive if drained and embanked. The swamp lands bordering the Altamaha, are of inexhaustible fertility. The productions are of sea-island cotton, rice, corn, sweet potatoes, cow peas, sugar cane syrup. On the coast of this county are numerous islands, chief of which are St. Simon's, Jekyl, Blythe, Colonels, Crispine, Little St. Simon's,, Long Island, Rainbow, Hammock and Latham.
The county was named for John Glynn, eminent in his profession as a lawyer, highly esteemed for his probity of character, and conspicuous for his lave and unwavering support of rational and constitutional liberty.
Brunswick has a population of 10,000. Rate of county tax, 5.63 mills; acres of improved land, 56,551; wild land 132,814; average value per acre $8.88 and $1.33 ; city property, 3,493,808 ; shares in bank, $553,500; gas and electric lights, $50,000; build-

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

375

ing and loan association, 4,025 ; money, etc., $250,178 ; merchandise, $355,019; shipping, $33,497; stocks and bonds, $42,800; cotton manufactories, $60,500; iron works, $162,350 ; household furniture, $241,639; horses, mules, etc., $120,566 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $26,674; watches, jewelry, etc., $24,001 ; real estate, $4,173,852; personal estate, $2,064,873. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 5,307 ; value, $40,295 ; city property, $158,816; money, $1,404; merchandise, $4,908; household furniture, $19,974 ; horses, mules, etc., $28,588 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,120; school fund, $6,432.
The city of Brunswick has a bright future ahead, surrounded by a fine fruit and truck growing section, with magnificent plantations and fine railroad facilities for her immense shipping business in cotton, lumber, naval stores, cross-ties and phosphate rock. A line of steamers plying to Liverpool and Bremen. One National and two State banks ; one cotton factory ; 4 saw-mills, pine timber; 1 shingle mill; 2 saw mills, cypress timber; 1 oyster and canning factory ; 3 plauing and variety mills; 2 ice factories.
The lands will produce per acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats 20; Irish potatoes, 200 ; sweet potatoes, 400; field peas, 20; ground peas,, 30; crab grass hay, 10,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250pounds; sugar cane syrup, 300 gallons.
It is abundantly supplied with pure water from artesian wells through a perfect system of waterworks. It is well lighted with electricity and gas. It has an efficient fire department with telegraphic fire alarm. It has one hundred miles of extraordinary inland fishing. It has magnificent oak shade trees in all its streets and parks. It has a fine public school system for preparing for university education, and open to the entire community. Schools and churches ample to meet the educational and religious needs of the people. It has a cultured society of live, prosperous business men.
Liberty.--Liberty county was formed in 1777, being known before as St. John's parish. It received its name because its inhabitants were the first in the State to publicly express their detestation of the measures of Parliament to oppress the colonies. It is bounded north by Tattnall and Bryan, east by Bryan, south by McIntosh and Wayne, west by Mclntosh and Tattnall.- Canoochee river forms the line between this' and Bryan county, and the

376

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Oemulgee between it and Wayne county. Hinesvilleis the county seat. The other post-offices are : Arcadia, Bay view, Beard's Creek, Dorchester, Fleming, Flemington, Gertrude, Gum Branch, Johnston Station, Josselyn, Mclntosh, Onida, Paxton, Biceborough, Sigma, Smiley, Strumbay, Taylor's Creek and Walthourville. The soil is composed largely of sand and clay, and produces fine crops of cotton, corn, rice, oats, sugar cane, potatoes and ground peas. The timber is valuable for shingles and lumber to ship to Savannah ; also, rosin and turpentine are valuable products.
There has for very many years been considerable interest taken in education and morals ; hence the population of the county is better than most of the counties in that section.
Population in 1890, 12,887 ; school fund, $7,478.75 ; rate of county tax, 4 mills ; improved land, 456,556 ; wild land, 27,239 ; average value per acre, $1.45 and 48 cents; city property, $74,875; shares in bank, 200; money, etc., $130,521 ; value of merchandise, $57,198; number shipping, $575; stocks and bonds, $14,070; household furniture, $66,004; horses, mules, etc., $319,012; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,991 ; watches, jewelry, etc.. $5,947 ; real estate, $751,478 ; personal estate; $124,672. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 40,253; value, $74,283 ; city property, $660; money, etc., $407 ; merchandise, $368 ; household furniture, $7,897; horses, mules, etc., $58,353; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,291.
It is said that the first church building in Georgia for public worship was erected in this county about 1754, on the plantation of Thomas Mallard. Dr. Lyman Hall, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, resided many years in this county. Dr. Stevens in his History of Georgia, in referring to many of the early settlers of Liberty county, says: " The accession of such a people was an honor to Georgia, and has ever proven one of its richest blessings. The sons of that colony have shown themselves worthy of its sires,.as they were the moral and intellectual nobility of the province."
The lands in this county, with proper culture, will yield, per acre: Corn, 10 bushels; oats, 15; rice, 50; Irish potatoes, 40; sweet potatoes,.200; field peas, 5; ground peas, 40; sea-island cotton, 800 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 250 gallons.

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

377

The oaks, pine, palmetto, ash, gum, cypress, magnolia, poplar, maple, and hickory all grow in this county. Apples, peaches, and grapes succeed well iu this section, and offer very many inducements to parties wishing to engage in the business to visit Liberty county. The rivers and streams afford a fine supply of fish for market and home use. Taken all together it is an easy county to make a living in.
Melntosh.--Mclntosh county is bounded north by Liberty, east by the Atlantic, south by Glynn, and west by Glynn and Wayne and Liberty; was laid out from Liberty in 1793; was named to commemorate the Mclntosh family, who were among the earliest settlers in Georgia and have been in the front ranks in the war of the Revolution, in that of 1812, and in the war with Mexico. It was Colonel John Mclntosh who, when asked to surrender the fort -at Sunbury, by Colonel Fraser of the British army, replied: "Come and take it."
Darien, the county seat, situated on the north bank of the Altamaha river, a point where large quantities of shingles and lumber are received and shipped, is now growing iu business and population. The post-offices are Bahama, Crescent, Doboy, Inverness, -Jonesville, Pudgeville, Sapelo, and South Newport. The Altamaha
lands are very rich and produce large quantities of rice, sugar cane, and long-staple cotton; rosin and turpentine is quite a trade at Darien, and the pine lands are also valuable for their timber. The islands of Sapelo, Wolf, Doboy, Hinds, Blackbeard, Broughton, Butners, Wrights and Pattersons are attractive places as winter sresorts, where the sports of fishing and hunting are engaged in with great pleasure by those fond of the sport.
Population in 1890, 6,470; school fund, $3,815.75; improved lands, 101,440; wild lands, 103,589; value of the lands per acre, $3.30 and 61 cents; city property, $197,585 ; shares in bank, $50,"000; building and loan, $250; money, etc., $13,815; merchandise, $86,360; invested in shipping, $24,807; cotton factories, $3,600; household furniture, $38,757; horses, mules, etc., $89,198; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,031; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,616; real estate, $596,809; personal estate, $374,092. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 13,108;

378

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

value, $44,355; city property, $62,069; merchandise, $1,600; household furniture, $4,984; horses, mules, $20,896; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,632.
The lands in Mclntosh county, with proper attention and cultivation, will yield per acre, corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 300; field peas, 20; ground peas, 30;. sea-island cotton, 500 pounds; crab grass hay, 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 300 gallons. The summer grazing makes this county desirable for raising cattle and sheep. The mild winters relieve the owners of the expense of housing them and enable them to live through the winter with little or no expense of feeding.
Pierce.--Pierce county was formed from Appling and Ware counties in 1857; is bounded north by Appling, east by Wayne, south by Ware, west by corner of Appling and Ware counties; was named for Franklin Pierce, twelfth President of the United States, who was born in New Hampshire in 1801, inaugurated President in 1853, March 4th; had been general in the Mexican war and member of Congress.
Blackshear is the county seat, located on the middle branch of Satilla river. Post-offices, Avant, Coffee, Exeter, Hoboken, Offerman, Mudge, Patterson, and Schlatterville. Productions, cotton, sugar cane, corn, rice, potatoes and melons. Rosin, turpentine, and lumber are shipped from this county to the Savannah market. Population in point of intelligence and industry are much the same as the adjacent counties.
Population in 1890, 6,379; school fund, $3,677.75; rate of county tax, 4.63 mills; municipal tax, 1 mill; acres of improved laud, 255,615; wild land, 134,009; average value per acre, $1.86 and 59 cents; city property, $125,290; value of shares in bank, $25,000; money, etc., $165,477; merchandise, $55,609; stocks and, bouds, $30,000; in cotton manufactories $14,400; household furniture, $80,240; horses, mules, etc., $252,737; plantation and mechanical tools, $29,450; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,307; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc., $900; real estate, $681,145; personal estarfe, $754,093. Property given in by colored taxpayers--number acres of laud, 7,004; value, $22,950; city property, $4,450; money,.

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

379s

etc., $1,792; merchandise, $40; household furniture, $7,845; horses,. mules, etc., $10,729; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,728.
There is a guano factory, cotton-seed oil mill, a canning factory,, and a lumber manufacturing company, each doing a prosperous business. They have the timber grown in their own county to run the lumber factory. There is an abundant supply of peaches,, pears, and tomatoes raised at hand to operate to its fullest capacity the canning factory, where they are delivered at low prices. The tiller of the soil, by industry and proper cultivation of his land, can make per acre: 25 bushels corn; oats, 20; Irish and sweet potatoes each, 100; field peas, 10; ground peas, 50; seed cotton, seaisland, 1,000 pounds; crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 500 gallons.
Ware.--Ware county is bounded north by Coffee and Appliug, east by Pierce, south by Charlton and Clinch, and west by Berrien; was named for Nicholas Ware, of Richmond county, who had served the people many times in the legislature, was elected United. States Senator in 1821, and died in New York 1824.
The lands in this county are level with many swamps interspersed. Lisrhtsoil and tolerably productive in sugar cane, cotton, corn, potatoes, tobacco, peaches, melons, figs, and oranges. There are several creeks with any quantity of fish. Turkey and deer in the country give sport to the huntsman. The people are a hardy,, industrious class. The Brunswick and Western Railroad passes through this county; also the Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad, each of which affords facilities for transportation, with Savannah and Brunswick as markets.
Rosin, turpentine and lumber are obtained for market from this county. The climate is warm but healthy when not too near the swamps. The Baptist and Methodist are the prevailing religious sects. Population in 1890, 8,811 ; school fund, $5,046.00; county tax, 5.63 mills; improved lands, 183,088 ; wild lands, 401,567;: average value per acre, $1.66 and 29 cts.; city property, $820;685 ;. shares in bank, $63,743; building and loan association, $10,124 ; money, etc., $217,963; merchandise, $165,938 ; stocks and bonds, $2,600; cotton manufactories, $7,651 ; iron works, $150; household furniture, $153,878; horses mules, etc., $248,155; plantation.

380

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

and mechanical tools, $28,901; watches, jewelry, etc., $14,790; real estate, $1,242,014; personal estate, $1,053,263. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 9,935 ; value, $12,618; city property, $43,103; money, etc., $1,416; merchandise, $360; household furniture, $16,076; horses, mules, etc., $11,383; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,505.
This is a section of Georgia very inviting in many respects, and the prospect for a large increase in population in a short time is very flattering.
Waycross, in 1880, had a population of 628; in 1890 a population of 3,364, and is increasing in numbers and wealth. Has three banks, one private of $25,000, and two national banks, each of paid up capital $50,000.
The county is one of the best stock-raising counties in the State. The population over doubled in a decade. Waresboro is the second town in population and importance.
This county offers fiue inducements to parties who wish to engage in stock-raising, and especially in that of cattle and sheep, on account of the extent of range in the wild and uncultivated lands, where the grass affords fine grazing almost the year round. The winters are so mild as not to require shelter for the stock; to mark :and brand is about all that is required, except to shear the sheep in the spring of the year. The pine and cypress timber is very valuable. Peaches, grapes, lemons, and oranges grow well. The lands, with proper cultivation, will yield per acre : Corn, 15 bushels; oats, 10; sweet potatoes, 200; field peas, 10; ground peas, 25 ; seaisland cotton, 800 pounds; corn fodder, 200 , sugar cane syrup, 300 gallons. The Georgia Southern and Florida railroad affords an outlet for travel and transportation for their products to the markets.
Wayne.--Wayne county is bounded north by Liberty, east by Mclntosh and Glynn, south by Camden and Chatham, west by Pierce and Appling; was named for General Anthony Wayne, one of the heroes who stood foremost in the struggle for their country's liberty. Jesup is the county seat. The Great Satilla river flows through the southern part and the Altamaha washes the north side ;

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SSI-

each abounds with fish. At Jesup the East Tennessee and Brunswick Railroad crosses the Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad.. The soil responds well to fertilization, producing sugar cane, longstaple cotton, corn, potatoes, and a variety of vegetables ; rice and melons are grown to advantage; hogs, cattle, and sheep can be raised cheaply, on account of the advantage of range, which is very extensive, more than half the county being wild lands with fine grazing; this enables the stock to get in good condition during the summer and fall; with the mild winters the expense is spared of housing, and it requires but little outlay to carry them through the winter; with the trouble of branding and marking in the spring, by fall they are in condition to be put upon the market, which can be found at home.
The county is settled by an industrious and honest class of farmers, who are not surpassed for morality and hospitality. The Methodist and Baptist are the prevailing religious denominations. Population in 1890, 7,485 ; school fund, $4,778.25 ; county tax, 2.12 mills; improved land, 242,284; wild land, 280,572 acres;, average value per acre, $1.36 and 53 cents; city property, $160,685; shares in bank, $5,000 ; money, etc., $143,618 ; merchandise, $57,129; stocks and bonds, $13,000; cotton manufactories $17,634; household furniture, $68,436; horses, mules, etc., $254,520; plantation and mechanical tools, $26,287; real estate, 641,861; personal estate, $636,987; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,931. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 10,622; value,. $13,151 ; city property, $9,455 ; money, etc., $1,297 ;. household furniture, $4,382 ; horses, mules, etc., $698 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $989. The land, under a proper system of culture, will produce per acre: Corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20; Irish potatoes, 75 ; sweet potatoes, 200 ; field peas, 15 ; ground peas, 30 ; seaisland cotton, 500 pounds; crab grass hay, 2,000; corn fodder, 250; sugar cane syrup, 200 gallons. The Altamaha and Satilla rivers afford an abundance of fish, and with the Brunswick and Albany and the Savannah, Florida and Western railroads afford transportation and means of travel. . Jesup is increasing in commerce and population; in 1880 it had a population of 562, and in 1890, 907,, with almost an equal increase in the population of the county.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Counties. 'Baker . . . . 'Berrien .... TSrooks .... Calhoun . . . , Chattahoochee Clay Colquitt . . . . Crawford . . . Decatur . . . Dooly Dougherty . . Early Houston . . . Irwin Lee' Lowndes. . . Macon .... Marion ... Miller .... Mitchell . . . Muscogee . . . Quitman . . . Randolph . . .
:Schley .... Stewart . . . . Sumter .... Taylor .... Thomas . . . Terrell .... 'Webster . . . Wilcox . . . Worth ....

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

Total 32 counties

Topulation 6,144 10,604
13,97!) 8,438 4,902 7.817 4,794 9,315 19,949 18,146 12,206 9,792 21,613 6,316 9,074 15,102 13,183 7,728 4,275 10,906 27,761 4,471 15,267 5,443 15,682 22,107 8,666 26,154 14,503 5,695 7,980 10,048
378,147

Baker.--Baker county was formed out of Early in 1825. Bounded north by Dougherty and Calhoun, east by Mitchell, south by Miller and Mitchell, and west by Early. Named for Col. John Baker, a patriot of the Revolutionary war. Newton, situated on the west bank of the Flint river,is the county seat. Post-offices are : Cheevertou, Hoggard's Mill, Milford, and Mimsville. Flint river runs through the county, with Coolewahee, Ichaway-nochaway and Chickasawhatchee emptying into the Flint. They abound in fish and afford the people sport and cheap food.

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

383

The face of the country is level, and the county is composed of oak and hickory and pine lands, the former darker and much more productive than the latter gray lands. Cotton, corn, oats, sugar cane, potatoes and melons grow abundantly.
This county, for many years, and until the death of Mr. Primus Jones, produced and had in market the first bale of cotton.
The county was considered unhealthy when first settled, but the decomposition of vegetable matter has, in a great measure, ceased, and the people are substituting artesian water and using it instead of the rotten limestone, on account of which the health of the county has changed very much for the better.
The transportation facilities are good. The Arlington extension runs near the line on the north, and the Savannah, Florida & Western Railroad on the south, each passing near the county line.
Population in 1890, 6,144; school fund, $3,259.25; acres of improved land, 194,271; acres wild land, 32,435 ; average value per acre,improved, $2.74; wild, $1.00 ; invested in cotton factories, $20,110 ; city property, $11,733 ; money and solvent debts, $143,814 ; merchandise, $14,899 ; value of household furniture, $22,143 ; value -of horses, mules, cattle, etc., $98,645 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $15,325 ; value of cotton, corn, annual crops, etc., $5,114 ; real estate, $400,423; personal estate, $758,927. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 10,314 ; value, $18,120 ; household furniture, $6,929 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $35,726; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,371.
The rosin, turpentine and lumber industry is engaged in in the piney woods section of the county. Large quantities of a very superior syrup are made and shipped to market from this county; also watermelons of immense size and excellent flavor are grown for
the markets. Berrien.--Berrien county receives its name from one of Georgia's
most distinguished statesmen, who ably represented the State in the highest legislative body of the United States--John McPherson Berrien. The county is typical of the wiregrass section of the State, and perhaps may be said to lead in the progress of that section. The growth of the county is the Georgia pine, and here this magnificent tree, adapted to so many wants of man, grows to the greatest per-

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fection. The immense area of forest is now being utilized for naval stores and timber, and as the forest disappears a splendid agricultural and horticultural interest is being built up. While the forest stands and the open country remains uufenced and free for pasturage, on the wiregrass which grows in profusion, sheep and cattle can be raised at as small a cost as anywhere in the world. The former can be raised without any food except the range, through the entire year.
Tifton, the principal town of the county, is symbolical of progress. It is a thriving little city with a thrifty and rapidly increasiug population. The large saw-mills of Mr. Henry Tift, with a product of several million feet of lumber, is located here. Near the town are several large vineyards, the grapes from which are early and unsurpassed. Peaches are very fine, orchards are still being set out; in this section there is no danger from frost and a crop is always assured. Among nearly every class of grapes the Delaware grows to perfection and matures earlier than in any other locality where it is now grown.
Cycloneta farm, operated by the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad, is situated in the northern part of the county, and is a magnificent practical demonstration of the capacity of the county and section in every branch of husbandry. In 1890 the county had a population of 10,694.
Brooks.--Brooks county was created out of Thomas and Lowndes in 1858. Little river runs through the northeast corner about half its length, where it falls into the Withlacoochee river, which separates it from Lowndes to the Florida line. Thomas is west, Colquitt and Berrien north, Lowndes east, and Florida south. It was named for Preston S. Brooks, member of Congress frorii South Carolina, for castigating Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, who had in a speech abused Senator Butler of South Carolina. Ocopilco and Piscola creeks fall into the Withlacoochee.
Quitman is the county seat, named for General John A. Quitman of Mississippi, and is located on the Savauuah, Florida and Western Railroad. It is a prosperous and growing town, well supported by the products of the surrounding country ; has good schools and churches, with an intelligent, moral and thrifty population of 2,000.

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

385

The face of the country is level, and portions of it sandy, and some hammock. Each of these produce abundant crops of cotton long and short-staple, rice, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, sugar cane; oranges, figs and melons are very superior. The pine timber affords a superior quality of lumber for building purposes, with large quantities of rosin and turpentine. The Little and Withlacoochee rivers aiford an abundant supply of fish. Sheep, cattle and hogs, on account of the mild climate and superior range, can be grown at a very little outlay of money. This is especially so with sheep. The Savannah, Florida and Western and the Boston and Albany Railroads each pass through the county and afford means of travel and transportation of the products of the people to market.
The health of the county is good. Many people from the North seek it as a pleasant and healthy winter resort. Population in 1890, 13,979; school fund, |8,609 ; rate of county tax, 3J mills; municipal, 5 mills; number of acres of improved land, 285,338; wild land, 8,957 ; average value of each, $3.89 and $1.54 per acre ; value of city property, $349,239 ; money and solvent debts, $377,264; value of shares in bank stock, $163,600; building and loan associations, $7,500; stocks and bonds, $53,030; cotton manufactories, $12,422; iron works, $1,000; household furniture, $121,992; horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs, $286,130; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,540; real estate, $1,469,557; personal estate, $1,337,733. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number of acres of land, 12,228; value, $57,409; money, $3,206; household furniture, $15,187; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., $49,942; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,917.
Calhoun.--Calhoun county was created out of the north part of Early in 1854, with Randolph and Terrell north, Dougherty east, Baker and Early south, and Clay west.
It was named for John C. Calhoun, who had been Vice-President, Secretary of War in the cabinet of President Jackson, and Senator in Congress from South Carolina for many years. Morgan is the county seat, a small town some miles from railroad, and has not improved much. Ichaway-nochaway is the largest stream in the county, running centrally through it. The lands are generally level and gray soil, and produce fine crops of cotton, corn, sugar

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

cane, potatoes, oats, melons, and peaches. The timber is not as valuable as it was several years ago, much of it having been cut down and converted into lumber. The range for cattle, sheep, and hogs is fairly good, which enables the inhabitants to raise their own supply of meat at a small cost.
Arlington and Leary are on the Arlington Extension, a railroad running from Albany through the county to Columbia, on the Chattahoochee river in Alabama. Each of the above towns are growing and prospering in business. Improved, lands 168,331 acres; wild land, 3,483; average value, $2.53 and $ 1.28 per acre; stocks and bonds, $8,075 ; value household furniture, $43,107 ; mules, horses, sheep, cattle hogs, etc., $124,570; plantation and mechanical tools, $33,552; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,961; real estate, $49-9,243; personal estate, $341,177. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 7,085; value, $16,779 ; household furniture, $10,765; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., $25,514; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,622.
Ghattahoochee.--Chattahoochee county is bounded north by Muscogee, east by Marion, south by Stewart, and west by Chattahoochee river. Was formed from Muscogee and Randolph in 1854; was named for the Chattahoochee river, the waters of which wash its western border. Cusseta, the county seat, a small town located near the center of the county, of a few hundred population, has increased in business and population since the building of the Columbus and Southern Railroad through it. It has also benefited the farmers in offering facilities of travel and transportation, and this with the Buena Vista and Ellaville Railroad gives the people facilities of travel and transportation for their produce. The face of the country is level, the soil gray with piney woods growth, which produces cotton, corn, sugar cane, potatoes, oats and vegetables of very great varieties, peaches, the scuppernong grape a-nd figs.
Population in 1890, 4,902; rate of county tax, 1 per cent.; municipal, \\; number of acres of improved land, 144,839 ; wild land, 2,845 acres; average value, $2.40 and 83 cents per acre; value of city property, $18,835; money, etc., $15,977; value merchandise, $5,330 ; value household furniture, $22,265; horses,

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

387

mules, $69,060 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $13,688 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,260 ; real estate, $396,450 ; personal estate $164,076. Returns of property by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 4,025 ; value, $11,293 ; city property, $275 ; household furniture, $5,165 ; horses, mules, etc., $12,159; plantation and mechanical tools, $535.
The two railroads, with the steamers of the Chattahoochee river, afford ample transportation and traveling facilities.
Clay.--Clay county was formed in 1854 put of Early and Randolph; bounded north by Quitman, east by Randolph and Calhoun, south by Early, west by the Chattahoochee river, and was named for Henry Clay of Kentucky, one of the most distinguished statesmen on the American continent, many years Speaker of the House of Representatives. Was Secretary of State under President Adams, foreign minister, and many years Senator in Congress from Kentucky, died in AVashington City while in the discharge of that office.
Fort Gaines is the county seat, located near the Chattahoochee river, on a beautiful bluff 160 feet above common water mark, a prosperous and growing town of 1,500 population. Baptist and Methodist churches. There are in the county 15 public schools for whites and 14 for colored ; average attendance, 453 whites and 496 colored ; total expenditure, $5,732.84.
Fort Gaines is at the terminus of a branch railroad twenty-five miles southwest of Cathbert.
The country is comparatively level, and most of it covered with a growth of long-leaf pine. On the Chattahoochee and some creeks the wood growth is oak and hickory. The lands are very rich and productive in corn, cotton, wheat, oats, sugar cane and potatoes. Some of the pine lands, with a red clay foundation, produce cotton finely. The population is hospitable and intelligent.
The population in 1890 was 7,817; school lund, $4,241; acres of improved land, 134,779; wild land, 732 acres; average value per acre, $3.74 and $2.32; city property, $203,085; bank stock, $54,O00; money, etc., $75,942; stocks and bonds, $8,300; cotton factories, $5,320; value household furniture, $60,959; value mules, horses, cattle, sheep, etc., $103,344; plantation and mechanical

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

tools, $21,017; watches, jewelry, etc., $(3,204; real estate, $648,666; personal estate, $404,133. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 5,781 ; value, $13,270 ; city property, $4,765; household furniture, $7,606; mules, horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, $14,088; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,648.
Melons, peaches, grapes, and many other fruits and vegetables grow well in this county. With a proper system of cultivation and enriching the soil, much of the land will produce one-half a bale of cotton or twenty bushels of corn per acre, and all other products iu proportion.
Colquitt.--Colquitt county was taken from Irwin and Thomas in 1856. Worth is north, Berrien east, Brooks and Thomas south, Mitchell west. Moultrie is the capital, located between Ochlochnee and Ocopilco creeks. This county took its name from Walter T. Colquitt, who was born in Virginia in 1799. His parents moved to Hancock county, where he was sent to school to Dr. Beaman, at Mt. Zion Academy; from thence to Princeton ; read law at Milledgeville under Colonel Rockwell; was elected judge of the Chattahoochee circuit at 27 years of age; member of Congress in 1838; Senator iu 1842. He was possessed of great versatility of talent, and was recognized as one of the ablest speakers in the State. Died in 1855.
Population in 1890, 4,794; school fund, $5,880.75; acres of improved land, 217,515; wild land, 176,021; average value, $1.95 and $1.50; city property, $22,488 ; money, etc., $49,790; value'of merchandise, $24,201; cotton manufactories, $5,190; household furniture, $41,062; horses, mules, etc., $185,787; plantation and mechanical tools, $23,708; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,453; real estate, $694,229 ; personal estate, $399,263 ; rate of county tax, 4.63 mills. The face of the country is generally level; soil gray and mostly sandy. The timber is mostly pine. The productions of the county are cotton, corn, oats, potatoes, sugar cane, melons, peaches, grapes and plums, with a great variety of vegetables adapted to this climate. Rosin, turpentine and lumber are dealt in to a considerable extent in this county, and are shipped to Savannah

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

389

and Brunswick for sale. Little river forms the eastern boundary, and supplies the people with an abundance of fish. The Boston and Albany Railroad passes through a portion of the county, and is the medium of travel and transportation for the citizens and their products to market.
The lands in this county, with proper culture, will yield per acre: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 20; Irish potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 150; field peas, 10; ground peas, 35 ; seed cotton, 650 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 300 gallons. In addition to these, melons and grapes each grow to great perfection. Grape culture is being introduced in this county with a prospect of very great success in the quality and quantity. Cattle and sheep do well on account of the extensive territory of wild lands. Its citizens are looking forward to the time, not far distant, when this will be the banner county of Southwest Georgia. People kind and hospitable, moral and temperate.
Crawford.--Crawford county is bounded north by Monroe, east by Bibb, south by Houston, and west by Taylor and Upson. It was laid out in 1822. Knoxville is the county seat, named for General Knox of Revolutionary memory. The county was named for Wm. H. Crawford, one of the most distinguished men of his day. He served Georgia in the United States Senate for many years; was Secretary of the Treasury, minister to France, judge. In each position he discharged with credit every duty required. Flint river is the only stream of any magnitude. The creeks are Ulcohatchee, Spring, Walnut, Sweetwater and Deep.
The face of the country is uneven. The northern part of the county is of a dark gray soil and adapted to cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats and potatoes, with all the varieties of vegetables in that climate. Peaches and other fruits do well. The bottom lauds are dark soil and very fertile.
TheMacon audBirmingham andthe Atlanta and Florida Railroads afford transportation for products to market, either north and south, or east and west. The religious denominations are Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian. There is an increased interest of late years in education. The school commissioner reports of white population only 4 per cent, illiterate.

390

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--QJEORGIA.

Population in 18!)0, 9,315; school fund, $5,320.75; rate of county tax, 3 mills; acres of improved land, 194,9S7 ; wild land, 8,605; average value per acre, $2.90 and 84c.; city property, $43,385 ; money, etc., $35,133 ; value of merchandise, $26,270 ; household furniture, $46,494; mules, horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., $141,177; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,657 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,054; real estate, $615,126; personal estate, $316,441. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 9,430; value, $24,446 ; city property, $1,245 ; money, etc., $645 ; household furniture, $7,848 ; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., $27,293; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,511.
Deeatur.--Decatur county is bounded north by Miller and Mitchell, east by Thomas, south by the Florida line, and west by the Chattahoochee river. The county was named for Stephen Decatur, a naval officer of high repute. He displayed both skill and courge as a naval officer during the war of 1812, and afterwards on the Mediterranean sea before Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli ; was challenged to single combat by Commodore James Barron, and was mortally wounded on the first fire. Bainbridge is the capital, situated on the east bank of the Flint river, and is a prosperous and growing town. The lands through the county are very productive, and, altogether, it is considered one of the best counties in Southwest Georgia. Products are cotton, corn, sugar caue, oats, peas, potatoes, tobacco, and melons; pine, cypress and a variety of oaks. The magnolia grows to great perfection in this county. People are hospitable and industrious.
Population in 1890, 19,949 ; school fund, $13,414.50; acres improved land, 501,703; wild land, 113,052; average value $2.58 and $1.58 ; city property, $378,092 ; shares in bank, $40,000 ; gas and electric light, $1,250; building and loan, $10,301; money, etc., $273,927 ; value merchandise, $145,885; stocks and bonds, $18,174; cotton manufactories, $18,000; household furniture, $164,585 ; horses, mules, etc., $472,372; plantation and mechanical tools, $93,669 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $17,605 ; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc., $13,149 ; real estate, $1,821,952 ; personal $1,421,330. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres of land, 40,912 ; value, $84,574 ; city property, $23,888; money, etc., $1,769 -r

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391

household furniture, $23,913 ; horses, mules, etc., $80,013 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $15,380.
The lauds in Decatur county are, in some respects, very fine, and with good culture will produce per acre : corn, 20 bushels , oats, 25 ; sweet potatoes, 200 ; field peas, 15; ground peas, 25 ; seed cotton, 750 pounds ; sea-island cotton, 400 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 350 gallons ; Cuba aud Sumatra cigar tobacco, 600 pounds. There is a bank, factory, novelty works, three large first-class lumber mills and quite a number of smaller ones, all in successful operation and doing an immense business, with about twenty turpentine distilleries, all in successful operation. Rate of county tax, 2.67 mills; municipal tax, 4 mills.
Dooly.--Dooly county is bounded north by Houston, east by Dodge and Wilcox, south by Worth, and west by Sumter. The county was named for Colonel John Dooly of Lincoln county, a brave officer in the Revolutionary war, who was murdered by the Tories in his own house in 1780.
Population in 1890, 18,146; school fund, $10,479.25; rate of county tax, 4.09 mills; city tax, 6.25 mills; improved land, acres, 322,182; wild land, 125,656 ; average value per acre, $3.35 and $1.87; city property, $407,966; value of shares in banks, $97,500; building and loan associations, $39,000; money, etc., $251,824; value merchandise, $125,550; stocks and bonds, $10,572; cotton manufactories, $64,320 ; iron works, $12,500 ; household furniture, $164,466 ; horses, mules, etc., $369,777 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $71,857; watches, jewelry, etc., $9,601; real estate, $1,723,405 ; personal estate, $1,575,695. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, $9,383 ; value, $9,086; city property, $10,884; money, etc., $3,205; household furniture, $20,404; horses, mules, etc., $38,738; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,237.
The face of the country is level. The lands are productive, particularly the river bottoms, suited for cotton, sugar cane and peas. The pine lands are fertile, and produce cotton, potatoes, and almost any variety of vegetables. The pine timber is very valuable when converted into lumber and shipped to market. Large quantities of fine syrup are made for market and home consumption

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

in this county. Vienna is the county site. Flint river runs through the western part of the county, and abounds in fish. The Savannah, Americusaud Montgomery, Georgia Southern and Florida, and the Albany, Florida and Northern Railroads pass through this county.
The lauds in Dooly county will, with proper culture, yield per acre : Corn, 20 bushels ; oats, 25 ; Irish potatoes, 100 ; sweet potatoes, 225 ; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 30 ; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 1,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sugarcane syrup, 250 gallons.
The population in 1880 was 12,420, in 1890, 18,146, an increase of 5,726, which is evidence of thrift and improvement in the county. The towns are increasing rapidly in population and wealth. Cordele has two banks, with manufacturing industries, and Vienna one bank. Both places are increasing rapidly in wealth and population.
Dooly county, because of the cheapness and fertility of land and means of transportation, offers many inducements to home-seekers to make money.
Dougherty.--Dougherty county is bounded north by Lee, east by Worth, south by Mitchell and Baker, and west by Calhoun. Albany is the capital, located on the west bank of the Flint river, a town of more than 4,000 population, growing rapidly and increasing in population and commercial importance. Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians are supplied with good church buildings and efficient and able ministers. An educated corps of teachers have the schools in charge and give satisfaction to their patrons. An abundant supply of the purest artesian well water has contributed greatly to the health and comfort of the citizens. The first house in Albany was built by Colonel Nelson Tift, in 1836. Since that date its growth has been increasing, and large brick buildings greet the eye on all sides. Ice, guano, and oil factories, with many smaller industries, give employment to the laborers. This county is possessed of some of the finest and most productive lauds in the State for the production of cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, field peas, sugar cane, potatoes (Irish and sweet), melons, peaches, pears, and grapes, with an endless variety of vegetables under a proper system of cultivation. With lands fertilized

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they will produce one bale of cotton or 20 bushels of corn per acre, and other crops in proportion. These lands have wonderful capabilities with intelligent culture, and offer many inducements to home-seekers.
It was formed out of Baker in 1854, and named for Charles Dougherty, of Athens, Ga., one of the most distinguished and intelligent men in the State. Flint river in the east and Kinchafoonee in the west afford an abundant supply offish. The railroads offering transportation and travel are the Arlington Extension; Americus and Albany; Albany, Florida and Northern; Brunswick and Western; Columbus and Southern, and the Savannah, Florida and Western, which afford ample facilities for either travel or transportation in any direction.
The population in 1890 was 12,206; public school fund, 16,325.25; acres improved land, 196,935; wild land, 7,250; average value per acre, $3.92 and $1.39; city property $1,393,191; shares in bank, $162,500 ; gas and electric lights, $12,500 ; Building and Loan Association, $10,900; money, etc., $373,927 ; value of merchandise, $261,412 ; stocks and bonds, $36,740 ; cotton manufactories, $118,875 ; iron works, $2,000; household furniture, $160,972 ; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., $146,225 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,291 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $25,659; real estate, $2,175,244; personal estate, $1,386,182. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 10,684; value, $49,069 ; city property, $71,910; money, etc., $2,618; merchandise, $3,790; household furniture, $29,101; horses, mules, cattle, hogs, sheep, etc., $64,734; plantation and mechanical tools, $15,272; rate of county tax 5.63 mills; municipal tax, 1 per cent. The people are industrious, kind and intelligent, and ready to extend a cordial greeting to all newcomers.
Early.--Early county is bounded north by Clay and Calhoun, east by Baker and Miller, south by Miller and Decatur and west by Chattahoochee river. Was laid out in 1818 and named for Governor Peter Early, who came from Virginia to Georgia in 1795. Elected to Congress in 1802 ; in 1807 was elected judge of the Ocmulgee Circuit. For this station he seems to have been eminently qualified. In 1813 he was elected Governor of the State

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

and on the 15th of August, 1817, he died in Greene county, when the people of Georgia felt that a distinguished statesman and patriot had descended to the tomb.
The lands are generally level, some in the northern portion undulating. On the rivers and creeks lands are rich and productive with oak and hickory growth. Piney woods lands lie well and are fairly productive. Cotton, corn, oats, potatoes, grouud peas, sugar cane and melons make remunerative crops. Large quantities of a superior article of syrup are manufactured from sugar cane for home consumption and market. The timber is abundant and of superior quality, making shingles and sawing into lumber for market is the disposition made of it.
Blakely, the county seat, located on the Arlington Extension, is a growing and prosperous town.
Population of the county in 1890, 9,792; school fund, $6,262.25 ; rate of State and county tax, 4.63 mills; city tax Blakely, 4 mills; acres of improved land, 293,640; wild land, 28,780; average value, $2.47 and $1.25; city property, $128,355; money, etc., $250,055; merchandise, $46,445; stocks and bonds, $13,420; household furniture, $77,265; horses, mules, etc., $224,955; plantation and mechanical tools, $35,685 ; watches, jewelry, $5,750; real estate, $899,860; personal estate, $7,240,835. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres of land, 22,815; value, $67,560; city property, $6,860; money, etc., $1,580; merchandise, $270; household furniture, $19,670 ; horses, mules, etc., $58,475 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $10,950.
Besides Blakely, the post-offices are Cedar Springs, Damascus, Hilton Station, Jakin, Josephine Saffold and Sowhatchee.
The yield per acre is about in corn, 15 bushels; oats, 15 ; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 12; ground peas, 50; upland seed cotton, 600 pounds ; corn fodder, 200 pounds ; sugar cane syrup, 250 gallons. There are a number of turpentine stills and saw-mills in this county and all doing a prosperous business.
Houston.--Houston county is bounded north by Bibb and Crawford, east by Twiggs and Pulaski, south by Dooly, and west by Macou. The Ocmulgee river bounds it on the east. Mossy and Big Indian creeks are in this county. The lands are very rich on the

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river and creek bottoms. Perry is the county seat, has the Perry

Branch Eailroad from Fort Valley, twelve miles from the Southwestern Railroad, and is surrounded by a population of intelligent and

thrifty farmers. The lands in the county are generally level, and

of a limestone formation. On the river and water courses the

lands are very rich and productive in cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats,

potatoes, sugar cane, rice, and ground peas, and is easily cultivated.

Fort Valley, with a population of 2,500, is on the Southwestern

Railroad, twenty-eight miles from Macon. Has a good hotel,

churches and schools. Is a growing and prosperous town, surrounded by one of the finest and most productive sections in the

State. There is perhaps no county in the State possessed of more

fertile lands. Within the past few years it has developed that the lands of this county are remarkably well adapted to the growth of

fruit, and especially of peaches, which grow to very great perfection. This fact has induced many Western fruit-growers to make large

purchases of these lands for fruit and grape culture, and their in-

vestment seems to be judiciously and wisely made. The county

was named for John Houston of Chatham county, one of the

most zealous advocates of the liberty and freedom from British con-

trol of the American colonies. In 1778 and 1784 he was elected

governor of Georgia.



Population in 1890, 21,613; school fund, $11,703; rate of

county tax, 5 mills; Perry municipal tax, 5J mills ; acres improved land, 338,596 ; wild land, 8,174 ; average value, $4.79 and 63 cts.;

city property, $400,385; shares in bank, $72,640; gas, $500;

Building and Loan Association, $10,000; money, etc., $180,506;

merchandise, $97,032 ; stocks and bonds, $15,000 ; cotton factories,

$60,889; iron works,'$3,400; mining, $10,635 ; household furni-

ture, $143,007; horses, mules, etc., $314,491; plantation and

mechanical tools, $54,471; watches, jewelry, etc., $13,291; real estate, $2,029,750 ; personal estate, $1,039,574. Property returned

by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 14,905; value, $69,-

168; city property, $14,395; money, $45 ; merchandise, $535;

. household furniture, 30,241 ; horses, mules, etc., $91,180.; plan-

tation and mechanical tools, $6,381. The land with proper culture will yield per acre, corn, 15

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

bushels; oats, 20 ; wheat, 6; rye, 5; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes, 200; field peas, 10; ground peas, 50; seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab grass hay, 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 100 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons.
There is a foundry, a cotton and gin factory at Fort Valley ; a cotton factory 4J miles from Perry ; a spoke and hub factory at Henderson; aerate, basket and plow handle factory at Fort Valley ; a canning factory; a currycomb and broom factory at Perry* and at Grovania a guano and oil factory. The orchards in peaches, plums, grapes, and apples, cover an area of nine miles, and will require at least 1,000 extra hands to gather, ship, and otherwise dispose of the fruit of this year's crop. Perry has a bank with a capital of |25,000 paid up. Fort Valley has two banks, each and all prospering, with many other smaller industries to give employment to the laborers.
Iricin.--Irwin county was laid off by the Lottery Act of 1818. It is bounded north by Wileox and Telfair, east by Coffee, south by Berrien, west by Worth. The Ocmulgee and the Alapaha are the principal rivers. Population in 1890, 6,316". Irwinville is the county seat, and is a small place in the piney woods. Lands are generally good. In the eastern part of the county are some fine lands, producing cotton, corn, sugar cane, oats, rice, potatoes, and ground peas. Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing Christian denominations. The people are kind and hospitable. Climate is warm.
The county was named for Governor Jared Irwin. He was in the convention revising the State Constitution in 1789, was gov-
ernor in 1796, and signed the act rescinding the Yazoo law, and was again governor from 1806 to 1809.
County tax, 4.63 mills ; school fund, $4,029.25 ; acres of improved land, 328,788; wild land, 8,174; average value per acre, $4.79 and 63 cents; city property, $21,355 ; money, etc., $126,790; merchandise, $31,880; stocks and bonds, $400 ; cotton manufactories, $1,030 ; iron works, $150; household furniture, $58,162; horses, mules, etc., $246,340; plantation and mechanical tools, $34,637 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,834 ; real estate, $827,641 ; personal estate, $679,592. Property returned by colored tax-

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payers--number acres of land, 2,706 ; value, $20,665 ; city property, $575 ; money, etc., $2,419 ; household furniture, $6,523 ; horses, mules, etc., $13,106; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,763.
The Ocmulgee river and the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad afford the citizens the means of travel and transportation of their products to market. The rivers abound in fish.
The lands, under a proper system of cultivation, produce per acre: Corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15 ; rye, 12; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 250 ; field peas, 15 ; ground peas, 25 ; seed cotton, upland, 1,200 pounds; sea-island, 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds ; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 200 gallons. Tobacco grows and matures well in this county with proper attention. Melons, fruits, and a general variety of vegetables grow and mature well. Some of the finest timbered lands in the State are found in Irwin county.
Lee.--Lee county is bounded north by Sumter, east by Dooly and Worth, south by Dougherty, and west by Terrell. It was laid off in 1826, being a portion of the territory acquired from the Creek Indians.
Leesburg is the county seat, located on the railroad between Smithville and Albany. It is a thriving town of some seven or eight hundred population. Flint river forms the eastern boundary. The Kinchafoona and Muckalee run through the county centrally, unite in the northern part of Dougherty, and fall into Flint river just above Albany. The lands on these streams are very rich and productive, and produce, when properly cultivated, per acre : Corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 10; sweet potatoes, 200; field peas, 15; ground peas, 30 ; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crabgrass hay, 4,000; corn fodder, 400; sugar cane syrup, 250 gallons.
Smithville is a flourishing little town of about one thousand inhabitants, at the junction of the railroads, where the Southwestern Railroad leaves the Americus and Albany Railroad. It has two large saw-mills, one turpentine distillery, and blacksmith and wood shops. It is surrounded by orchards of Le Conte and Keiffer pears. W. W. Thompson, the proprietor and owner of one pear orchard, expects to ship as many as seven or eight thousand barrels to market this season, and his neighbors, as many more

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

besides quantities of plums and melous, all of which mature to great perfection. The lumber trade, turpentine and rosin, and other industries afford employment for quite a number of hands. The county has good schools and churches.
Population in 1890, 9,074; school fund, $4,834.25; acres improved land, 217,494; wild land, 7,113; average value per acre, $3.66 and $2.28 ; city property, $139,531; money, $44,652 ; merchandise, $44,639; cotton factories, $835; household furniture, $62,860; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $152,063; plantation and, mechanical tools, $38,357 ; watches, jewelry, $4,284 ; real estate, $952,393; personal estate, $377,822. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres of land, 13,362; value, $48,211; city property, $15,310;' money, etc., $1,559; merchandise, $360; household furniture, $27,992 ; horses, mules, and cattle, $59,595 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $13,893.
The county was named for Richard Henry Lee of Virginia. The productions per acre are, with proper cultivation : Corn, 12-20 bushels; oats, 20-30 ; wheat, 10-12; rye, 20-25; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200; field peas, 25-50; ground peas, 50-75 ; upland cotton, 500-1,000 pounds ; cane syrup, 200250 gallons. There is one rice mill, one ice factory, one vinegar and cider mill, one flour mill, ten saw-mills and gins, and a canning factory. The Baptists and Methodists each have a flourishing college, well patronized and supported. Lowndes.--Lowndes county is bounded north by Berrien, east by Clinch and Echols, south by Florida, and west by Brooks. It was laid out from Irwin in 1825, and was named for William Jones Lowndes, who was born in South Carolina about 1781. In 1812 he was elected a member of Congress for the Charleston district, and soon acquired distinction. He united with the Southern delegates in carrying on the war of 1812; was opposed to the charter of the United States Bank in 1815; was chairman of the ways and means committee until 1822. He was unanimously recommended by his State as a candidate for president in 1822 ; but bad health and having to leave the country under the advice of his

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399

physician prevented his name from being used for that office, and while on the trip for the restoration of his health, he died.
The rivers are Alapaha, Little and Withlacoochee. The general face of the country is level. The lands are divided into pine and hammock. The whole of it is productive, and some of the hammock lands produce as well as any lands in the State. Cotton, corn, rye, tobacco, rice, peas, sugar cane, Irish and sweet potatoes, ground peas and crab grass, and of fruits and vegetables, peaches, pears, plums, blackberries, huckleberries, grapes; pomegranates, watermelons, muskmelons, citron, cabbage, collards, turnips, English peas and egg plant all grow and yield in great profusion.
The rosin and turpentine industry in this county is very large, giving employment to a great many hands, and is a source of fine revenue to those engaged in it. In addition to this, the pine trees are being sawed into lumber and shingles to accommodate the demand in Valdosta, and to keep pace with the increase of commerce and the new industries building up in that city, to wit: Vaidosta Guano Works, Valdosta Cotton Seed Oil Mill, Valdosta Ice and Pork Packing Company, Valdosta Machine Shops, Valdosta Cooperage Company, Industrial Variety Works, buggy and hack factory, Boyd Bros.' Cornice Works, and Valdosta Telephone Company. All these industries give employment to laborers and add wealth to the country. The ice and pork packing company is proof that the people are growing more hogs and raising a surplus for market. Some of the best Georgia made syrup has been from Lowndes county. This growing town is situated on the railroad 155 miies south of Savannah, and has been increasing in population and wealth for many years. There are good church buildings and schoolhouses, with good and efficient men in charge, and all well patronized. Many streams in this county at some point sink or disappear and are not seen for miles, and then make their appearance again and flow on as tranquilly to their destination as if nothing strange or unusual had happened to them. In this county are many large open ponds, covering miles in extent, without any trees in them. A portion of the surface of these

400

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

ponds is covered with beautiful and rare botanical specimens. The streams and ponds abound in fish of various kinds.
Population in 1890, 15,102; school fund, $8,715.75; acres improved land, 327,955 ; wild land, 8,210 ; average value, $2.79 and 30 cents; city property, $798,718 ; shares in bank, $338,777 ; building and loan association, $44,000; money, etc., $442,777 ; merchandise, $270,737 ; stocks and bonds, $7,000; cotton manufactories, $9,400; iron works, $1,598; household furniture, $156,389; horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs, $284,068; plantation and mechanical tools, $53,487; watches and jewelry, $16,183; real estate, $1,717,613; personal estate, $1,740,549. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 21,535; value, $58,011; city property, $37,837; money, etc., $1,763; merchandise, $2,227; household furniture, $20,624; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., $37,252 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,660.
The prevailing religious denominations are Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian. Valdosta, in 1880, had 1,515 population; in 1890, 2,854, and increasing more rapidly than at any time in its history. Within a few miles of Troupville, the old county seat, are the ruins of an old town. Large live oaks grow in front of the ruins, in straight rows, and so regular in their distances that it is scarcely probable that they are of spontaneous growth. Roads are also discernible. These are wide and straight.
Macon.--Macon county is bounded north by Taylor and Crawford, east by Houston, south by Dooly and Sumter, and west by Schley and Taylor, and was named for Nathaniel Macon, a distinguished son of North Carolina, who fought through the Revolutionary war as a private, refusing any promotion ; served as representative in the State legislature for a number of years ; then as a representative in Congress for three terms ; was Speaker of the House ; then a senator in Congress ; President pro tern, of the Senate ; was tendered the office of Postmaster-General, which he twice declined ; resigned the office of Senator in November, 1828 ; died in Warren county, North Carolina, June 29, 1837.
Flint river flows through this county, and has the following tributaries : Beaver, Juniper, Horse, Whitewater, Buckhead, and

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Spring creeks. Many and large quantities of fish are taken from the waters of the Flint river.
Post-offices: Coogle's Mill, Delta, Exum, Fountainville, Garden Valley, Grangersville, Lowe, Marshallville, Montezuma, Oglethorpe, Ryley, Pinta, and Winchester. Oglethorpe is the county seat, located on the west side of the Flint river, on the Savannah and Western Railroad, fifty miles south of the city of Macon. Montezuma and Marshallville are the two most populous and bus- I iness towns in the county.
Population in 1890, 13,183 ; school fund, $6,708.50 ; improved lands, 210,211; wild lands, 4,157; average value per acre, $3.93 and $1.02 ; city property, $309,028 ; money, etc., $302,805 ; merchandise, $128,803 ; stocks and bonds, $34,507 ; cotton manufactories, $1,913; household furniture, $106,388; horses, mules,, etc., $179,892; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,199 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,205; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc., $21,100; real estate, $1,140,846 ; personal estate, $879,469. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 6,673; value, $18,833 ; city property, $75,801; money, etc., $1,143 ; merchandise, $858 ; household furniture, $13,816 ; horses, mules, etc., $23,062; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,179.
In this county is the celebrated Rumph peach orchard, one of the largest in the State, and noted for the production-of the Elberta peach, in such great demand in the markets. He also is largely interested in growing grapes and other fruits and making wines of the most delicate flavor. The orchard and vineyard are located near Marshallville. Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes are the leading products of this county, with fruits and melons in verv great abundance and superior quality, the lands being very productive.
Marion.--Marion county is bounded north by Talbot, east by Taylor and Schley, south by Webster, west by Chattahoochee and Muscogee. Laidoffin 1827. Was named for General Francis Marion, of Revolutionary fame, who, on account of his success in suppressing the enemy in his attacks, was dubbed the "Swamp Fox."
Buena Vista, the county seat, is prosperous. Healthy location, with churches and schools. Refined and hospitable population. The nature ot the soil is mostly of a loose sand, but productive. Cotton, corn,

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

rice, potatoes, peas, sugar-cane, melons, peaches and grapes mature well. Methodists and Missionary Baptists are most numerous. Some Episcopalians and Presbyterians, with an orderly and moral population.
There are some remarkable Indian mounds on the plantation formerly owned by Colonel Wm. M. Brown. The climate is healthy and the county comparatively free from disease. Buena Vista and Ellaville Railroad passes through this county and adds greatly to the convenience of the people in shipping their crops to market. The people are hospitable and kind.
Population in 1890, 7,728 ; school fund, $5,158 ; rate of county tax, 5.46 mills; munnicipal, 3.5 mills; improved lands, 212,769 acres; wild lands, 11,110 acres; average value per acre, S3.08 and 41c. ; city property, $157,820 ; shares in banks, $22,850; money, etc , $134,213; merchandise, $56,831 ; stocks and bonds, $300 ; household furniture, $71,651; horses, mules, etc., $144,516; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,285 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,983 ; real estate, $819,317 ; personal estate, $486,068. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres of land 3,444; value, $10,825; city property, $24,775; money, $564; merchandise, $179; household furniture, $10,299; horses, mules, etc., $16,682; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,321.
The lands in Marion county, under a proper system of tillage, will yield per acre: corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 25 ; wheat, 7 ; rye, 5 ; Irish potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 150 ; field peas, 15 ; ground peas, 25 ; upland cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds ; sorghum syrup, 50 gallons ; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons.
Millet--. Miller county was laid out in 1856 from Early and Baker. Is bounded north by Early and Baker, east by Mitchell, south by Decatur and west by Early. Was named for Andrew J. Miller, of Augusta, Ga., who had for many years been honored by his constituents with a seat in the Legislature, and served as President of the Senate with marked ability and fairness to each party. Died at his home in Augusta in 1856, a serious loss to his county. Colquitt is the county seat. Post-offices: Bait, Horn's Cross Roads, Mayhaw, Pond Town, Spooner and Twilight. The face of the county is nearly level; the soil light, with a heavy growth of pine timber, and grows cotton, corn, potatoes, tobacco, sugar-cane and ground-peas. Rosin and turpentine extracted from the pine trees is a profitable branch of trade by its citizens. Watermelons grow abundantly and mature well in this county. Acres improved land, 136,460; wild land, 43,215 ; average value per acre, $1.83 and $1.05 ; city property, $12,025 ; money, etc., $55,054 ; value

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merchandise, $13,075 ; stocks and bonds, $1,000 ; household furniture, $32,130; horses, mules, etc., $129,321; plantation and mechanical tools, $16,055; watches, jewelry, etc., $7.50; real estate, $308,396; personal estate, $267,493. Returns of property by colored taxpayersnumber acres of land, 4,918 ; value, $8,528 ; city property, $25 ; money, etc., $250; household furniture, $2,905 ; horses, mules, etc., $10,703; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,871 ; population in 1890, 4,275; school fund, $2,561. Lands in this county will yield per acre: Corn, 15 bushels; oats, 10; sweet potatoes, 150; ground-peas, 15; seed cotton, 800 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. Spring creek is well supplied with fish, the most important stream in the county.
Mitchell.--Mitchell county was formed out of Baker in 1857 ; bounded north by Baker and Dougherty, east by Worth and Colquitt, south by Thomas and Decatur, and west by Miller and Baker. Was named for David B. Mitchell, who was. governor in 1809 and 1815. Camilla is the county seat. Apex, Baconton, Dewitt, Faircloth, Flint, Magnolia, Pelham, Raiford, Stubbs and Tuton are the post-offices. The face of the country is level, and most of it has been heavily timbered. There are no lands in Georgia, perhaps, more fertile and productive than the pine lands in this county. Cotton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes,melons and ground peas grow luxuriantly. The timber is valuable when sawed into lumber and shipped to market. Also, the rosin and turpentine trade is remunerative, and adds largely to the income of the county each year, according to the labor engaged in it. Population in 1890, 10,906; school fund, $6,561.50; improved land, 247,784 ; wild lands, 70,689 ; average value per acre, $3.36 and $1.22; city property, $199,265: shares in bank, 49,600; money, etc., $177,430; value of merchandise, $64,410; stocks and bonds, $2,400; cotton manufactories, $17,500; household furniture, $93,735; horses, mules, etc., $170,540; plantation and mechanical tools, $46,760; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,535; real estate, $1,121,050 ; personal estate, $793,740. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 13,313; value, $42,360; city property, $6,805; money, etc., $315; merchandise, $265; household furniture, $18,180; horses, mules, etc., $39,700; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,195. Flint river forms the western boundary of the county, and affords an abundant supply of fish to those who engage in the sport of catching them. The Savannah, Florida & Western Railroad passes through the county, and affords transportation for the products of the county. The lands, with proper culture, will produce per acre : Corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet potatoes, 150; field

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

peas, 15; ground-peas, 30; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; corn fodder,. 450 pounds ; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. Peaches and pears grow well. Watermelons are very fine, and any and everything that will. grow on rich piney lands will prosper and do well in Mitchell county.
Muscogee.--Muscogee county is situated on the western border of the State and is one of the most important counties in the Chattahoochee valley. It is bounded as follows : on the north by Harris county, on the east by Talbot and Marion counties, on the south by Chattahoochee county and on the west by Alabama. As to her agricultural advantages, Muscogee is, in some respects, without a superior in the State The quality of the soil is about the average, and owing to its adaptability to thegrowth of every farm product planted in the South, together with its close proximity to an excellent local market, namely, Columbus, diversified farming is engaged in as extensively and profitably as in any other county of its size in the State. The quality of its soil varies according to localities. The northern section of the county, from the Harris line extending south to a distance of four or five miles, is of a red clay soil. There is a small strip of mulatto land in the county covering an area of about two miles across the county, extending from the Chattahoochee river at Clapp's Factory, passing the Double Churches, Nance's, Flat Rock and Wimberly, forming the dividing line between the red and gray sections of the county. The remainder of the county, with the excep tion of the river bottoms, is of a gray, sandy soil. The red soil is the most productive of the uplands. It is more broken, however, than the gray, and is not as easily cultivated as the latter. There is a great deaL of land in the county along the Chattahoochee that is unsurpassed anywhere in fertility. A portion of this is subject to overflows, but so great is the yield that, if only one crop in every three should succeed, the river lands prove very profitable to the owners.
There are 127,980 acres of farm lands, cleared and uncleared, in this county. It is divided into farms averaging about six hundred acres each, every one of which is abundantly supplied with water from natural streams flowing from bold springs. About 20 per cent, of the laud iu the county is now in original woods; about 40 per cent, of it is iu cultivation, and the remaining 40 per cent, which was once cultivated, is covered with second growth timber. The predominant timber in Muscogee is pine, although there is considerable oak, hickory, poplar, chestnut and dogwood in the northern portion of the county.
The principal agricultural products are cotton, corn, oats, peas, potatoes, sugar-cane, melons, and vegetables of every description. The last

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named are grown extensively in the immediate vicinity of Columbus for marketing purposes, which proves very remunerative to those engaged in this industry.
The land throughout Muscogee county is well adapted to fruit culture. There is no one in the county engaged exclusively in horticulture, al though excellent opportunities are offered those desiring to engage in that business in this section.
The most important streams in the county are : the Standingboy, Upatoie, Bull, Flat Rock, Randall's, Jones, Roaring, Pine Knot, and Juniper creeks.
The combined State and county tax rate for Muscogee last year was '68 cents on the hundred.
The area of the county, including the city of Columbus, is 210 square .miles.
The elevation of the county averages about 450 feet above sea level. The climate is healthful and water as good as can be found anywhere in the world. Farm lands in Muscogee can be bought for from $5 to $40 per acre. Population in 1890, 27,761. Columbus, one of the oldest cities in Georgia, and also one of the largest, is the capital of Muscogee county. Established Manufacturing Center.--Columbus has been a cotton and woolen manufacturing point for over forty years, and there is an abundance of educated white labor at command here, and no other character of labor is used in any of the cotton and woolen mills in the South. This advantage is manifest. Wages are lower than in the North and East; working hours are longer, and the help is all native and to the manor born, easy to control and tractable. Water Power.--Besides numerous steam-power plants, there are now operated by water-power at this point five cotton, one woolen, and one flour mill. There are two falls within the corporate limits of the city, and an abundant horse-power yet unused, while immediately contiguous to the city, and extending practically for forty miles north, there is an inexhaustible supply of water-power which can be obtained and developed.
Free Mill Sites.--Corporations of any respectable magnitude, desiring to locate in Columbus, can obtain free and ample mill sites, properly located for steam mill plants, with railroad front. If water-power is preferred, the unused power contiguous to the city can be developed very advantageously.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Taxation.--The combined State and count)' tax is sixty-eight cents per one hundred dollars. The county of Muscogee has no debt, and carries money to its credit in bank at all times.
Strikes.--There never was a strike, or labor trouble of any kind, in this city.
Legislation.--There has been no oppressive legislation in this State against manufacturing interests, nor is any feared.
Coal.--Being nearer to the coal mines of Alabama than any other important point in Georgia, the price of fuel in Columbus is always at the minimum, and ranges now from $1.65 to $2.05 per ton, according to the quantity of coal used.
Railroads.--There are seven railroads centering at Columbus, giving quick and reliable transportation in every direction.
A belt line of railway encircles the city, going into the suburbs, and. affords connection with the river front and all existing lines of railway,, making quick delivery of cars to any line to and from any manufactory absolutely certain.
Water Navigation.-- The Chattahoochee river is navigable from. Columbus southward to the Gulf of Mexico, some four hundred miles,, and there are four lines of boats plying on the river, furnishing transportation at all times, and giving competition in freights by water.
Freight Rates.--The rates of freight from Columbus to the points ^ named below are as follows on manufactured cotton goods: To New York 58 cents, to Chicago 50 cents, to Boston 58 cents, to St. Louis 45 cents, to New Orleans 36 cents, to Baltimore 54 cents, to Cincinnati 40 cents, and all other points in proportion. It has always been the policy of the Southern railroads to give low rates on manufactured cotton products. These rates are lower, as a rule, than are given from the East tothe same points, and following this determination, the future will probably give lower instead of increased rates from Southern manufacturine centers.
Cotton.--Columbus being at the head of the Chattahoochee Valley, with its fertile, rich lands, producing large quantities of cotton of the very best staple, there is always obtainable here cotton at the minimum price. Some of the mills of this city gin the cotton received directly from the farms, thus saving the cost of baling, and handle the cotton in much better condition than where it has been baled and compressed. The total receipts of cotton at cotton warehouses and compresses of this city are about 150,000 bales per annum. Having ample warehouse

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407

room, there is always a stock of cotton here to draw from, which is no inconsiderable advantage to the cotton mills.
The Jobbing Trade.--Columbus, a leading manufacturing center of the South, also enjoys a fine wholesale trade, being on the boundary line between the two States, and at the head of navigation of the Chattahoochee river, with 400 miles of river trade subject to Columbus. The present jobbing trade of the city, in all lines, reaches eleven Southern States.
Insurance.--One of the largest and most successful fire insurance companies in the State of Georgia is located at Columbus. As all mills here are equipped by the General Fire Extinguisher Company with automatic fire sprinklers, they obtain the very lowest rates of insurance vouchsafed to Eastern manufacturing companies, either from the stock companies, factory syndicates, or the Eastern mill mutual companies. In this respect Southern mills are at no disadvantage whatever with those in the North and East.
Schools.--Columbus was the first city in the South to adopt the graded public school system, which system has been thoroughly perfected, and the schools are second to none in the Union. Modern school houses, with sanitary arrangements complete, are provided for pupils of every class. There is also a large number of private schools, besides a business and female college.
Public Library.--An admirable public library, domiciled in its own building, is one of the institutions of the city, adding greatly to her educational advantages.
Social Life.--Being one of the oldest cities of the State, Columbus has never had a mushroom boom, that has had so undesirable an effect on some cities. Columbus is noted for a high degree of culture and refinement, coupled with a generous hospitality for all worthy newcomers.
Banks.--Columbus has four National, one State, and two savings banks. There is always ample money here for the legitimate use of any manufacturing company located in this city.
Courts.--Regular terms of the United States Court, Superior and City courts are held in Columbus
Churches.--There are twenty-three churches, embracing every denomition, and every other advantage pertaining to a refined and religious citizenship.
Other Facts.--This city has doubled its population during the last decade. It has the best equipped and most approved electric street rail-

408

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

way, nearly every street in the city having tracks on it, which system is operated by water-power.
The higher liquor license is enforced. The two largest flour mills in the State are here. The only jute bagging manufacturing establishment in Georgia is located iu Columbus. The Southern Department of the General Fire Extinguisher Company, capital 82,000,000, is located here.
The city is lighted by electricity. The Gas Company furnishes ample power for illuminating and domestic purposes. There is a gravity system of waterworks, taking the water from the contiguous hills of Alabama.
Columbus has several large clothing manufacturing establishments, barrel, trunk and box factories, three cotton compresses, cotton-seed oil mills, two large iron foundries, four ice factories, plow factories, fertilizing manufactories, and numerous other minor industries incident to a manufacturing city.
The most beautiful scenery in any city in the State is contiguous to the boulevard drive of the North Highlands.
Cost of Building.--Owing to the mildness of the climate and the cheapness of labor and materials, buildings can be erected for one-half the amount it would cost in the State of New York or Massachusetts. Everything that can possibly be required in building will be found accessible and at low prices. For the convenience of any one desiring to estimate the co3t of dwellings or manufacturing plants, we give the present cost of the principal items:
Material.--Building timber (rough per thousand), $7.50; building lumber (dressed), $8.00 to $12.00; brick (per thousand), $8.00 ; lime (per barrel), sixty cents; sand (per yard), thirty-five cents ; stone--fine quality granite (rough per yard), $1.25 ; cast iron (per pound), 2i c.
Labor.--House carpenters, per day, $1.50; brick masons, per day, $2.50; plasterers, per day, $2.25; painters, per day, $1.75.
Quitman.--Quitman was formed from Randolph and Stewart in 1858 ; bounded north by Stewart, east by Randolph, south by Clay and corner of Randolph, west by Chattahoochee river. It was named for General John A. Quitman, of Mississippi, a brilliant officer in the Mexican war ; he died in 1859.
Georgetown is the county seat on the railroad near the river, with a thrifty and progressive population. Hatcher and Morris stations are on the railroad branch from Cuthbert to Fort Gaines. Average crops of corn, 12; oats, 15 ; sweet potatoes, 100 ; field peas, 10; grouud peas. 40 bushels per acre; cotton, 1,000 pounds; cane syrup, 150 gallous; population 1890, 4,471; school fund, $2,302; rate county tax, 2.63

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

409

mills; improved lands, 102,782; value, $3.50 per acre; city property, $26,055; money, etc., 889,137; merchandise, $6,965; household furniture, $39,099 ; horses, mules, etc., $70,487; plantation and mechanical tools, $22,887; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,46 ; real estate $383,995; personal estate, $232,641. Peaches and pears succeed well; also melons.
Randolph--Randolph county was formed from Lee in 1828; is bouud ed north by Stewart, east by Terrell, south by Calhoun and Clay, west by Q.uitman and Clay. It was named for John Randolph of Virginia, who for many years was a Representative in Congress ; afterward in the Senate, when he and Henry Clay fought a duel. In 1830 he was sent as Minister to Russia by President Jackson. On the 22d.of May,1833,he died in Philadelphia. Post-offices : Benevolence, Coleman, Lodrick, Shellman, Springdale and Cuthbert the county seat, which was named for the Hon. J. A. Cuthbert, who was Senator in Congress from Georgia and died in Mobile at a very advanced age. Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians and some Episcopalians in this county ; schools are good, and especially in Cuthbert Society refined and intelligent. The climate is mild and may be called a healthy county. The county contains a large quantity of fertile lands, capable of producing in large quantities almost everything necessary for the comfort of man--cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, sugar-cane, rice, potatoes, ground peas, melons and an endless variety of vegetables and fruits. Population in 1890, 15,267 ; school fund, $9,967.25 ; acres improved land, 265,121; wild land, 405; average value per acre $3.90 and 98 cts.; city property, $402,190; shares in bank, $69,500 ; money, etc., $237,460; merchandise, $132,565; cotton manufactories, $5,000; household furniture, $111,830; horses, mules, etc., $223,955; plantation and machinery tools, $46,305; watches, jewelery, etc., $9,950 ; cotton, corn and annual crops, etc., $16,910; real estate, $1,417,965 ; personal, $885,735. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 8,597; value, $33,610; city property, $31,060; money, etc., $420; merchandise, $390 ; household furniture, $13,420; horses, mules, etc., 24,490; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,535; county tax, 5 mills
Scldey.-- Schley county was formed out of Macon, Marion and Sumter in 1857. Bounded north by Taylor, east by Macon and Sumter, south by Sumter and Marion,and west by Marion. The county was named for Wm. Schley, who was governer of Georgia 1835-7, judge of the middle circuit 1825-7. He lived in Augusta much respected and beloved by all. Buck's creek runs through the county. Headwaters of Muekalee :.are in the southern part of the county. Rllaville is the county seat, 21 miles north of Americus. Post-offices are La Cross, Murray's Cross Roads,

410

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Poindexter, Schley, Stewart's Mill. The face of the country mostly level. Cotton, corn, oats, sugar-cane, potatoes, peas, and ground peas grow well. Rosin, turpentine and lumber are shipped to market with profit to those engaged in business. The population consists of hospitable intelligent citizens. Good country churches and country schools in the various sections of the county.
Population in 1890, 5,443; school fund, $2,902.25 ; rate of county tax, 5.37 mills; municipal, 2 mills; acres improved land, 101,768; average value per acre, $4.64; city property, $52,439; shares in bank, $25,000 ; money, etc., $70,331; merchandise, $32,704; stocks and bonds, $2,500; household furniture, $45,541; horses, mules, etc., $88,164 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $18,791 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,062; real estate, $524,842; personal estate, $320,505. Returns made by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 3,492 ; value, $13,461; city property, $2,680; money, etc., $560; household furniture, $9,815 ; horses, mules, etc., $12,275; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,684.
The lands in this county, with a good system of culture, will yield per acre: corn, 10 bushels; oats, 20; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200 ; field peas, 12 ; ground peas, 40; seed cotton, 500 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 150 gallons
Stewart.--Stewart county was laid out from Randolph in 1830; isbounded north by Chattahoochee county, east by Webster, south by Randolph and Quitman, west by the Chattahoochee river. It was named for Gen. Daniel Stewart, who was born in Liberty county in 1762, joined the American army at fifteen years of age, and was frequently in battle under Generals Suruter and Marion and Col. W. R. Harden, always coining up to the full measure of a brave soldier. Lumpkin is the county seat, situated on the waters of Hodchodkee creek, twenty two miles from Cuthbert. The Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterians are the prevailing religious sects.
There is a large amount of land in this county of a dark gray color, which produces in abundant quantities cotton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes, oats, pindars, with any quantity of the finest vegetables. There are red pine lands which grow wheat in addition to the other products mentioned. The people are very hospitable and kind to strangers looking at the country, and have an average of refinement and intelligence.
The population in 1890 was 15,682 ; school fund, $8,696 50 ; county tax, 5 mills; municipal, 33J mills; improved land, $282,857; aver, age value per acre, $3.79; city property, $233,887; shares in bank,

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

411

$100,000; money, etc, $164,472; merchandise, $78,300; stocks and bonds, $4,400; household furniture, $105,156; horses, mules, etc, $204,519 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $10,097 ; watches, jewelry, $7,211 ; cotton, corn, annual crops, $19,880; real estate, $1,30(5,489 ; personal estate, $776,230.
There is a guano factory at Richland, and large brick kiln at Omaha The Columbus and Southern Railroad passes through the county. Chattahoochee river, on the west, affords transportation, with Savannah, Americus and Montgomery Railroad.
Sumter.--Sumter county was laid out from Lee in 1831 ; is bounded north by Schley and Macon, east by Dooly, south by Lee and Terrell, west by Websterand Schley; was named for Thomas Sumter, who was horn in Virginia in 1734, and settled in South Carolina, where he took an active part in the Revolutionary war. He proved to be a man of great courage and indomitable will. He received the name of the "Game Cock," and was so called by his intimate friends. He lived to the mature oldage of 98 years, honored to the last. Died June 1, 1832, at his residence near Bradford Springs in South Carolina. The people of this county are above an average in point of intelligence and hospitality. The Flint river forms the eastern boundary of this county. The Muckalee, Muckaloochee and Kinchafoonee are the streams of the county, out of which the people catch many fish. Americus is the county seat, a pretty and thriving city on the waters of the Muckalee creek. It has a fine system of public schools which has attracted many families to have the benefit of education at small cost. Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians all have good church buildings and able ministers to fill them. The face of the country is level and much of the lands are very productive in cotton, corn, sugar cane, potatoes, field peas and ground peas ; some wheat and oats are grown on the best lands. Population in 1890, 22,107 ; school fund, $12,858,75 ; county tax, 3.13 mills; municipal, 8^; improved land, 275,724; wild lands, 1,391; average value per acre, $5.52 and $1.39; city property, $1,815,882; shares in bank, $334,000; building and loan association, $9,520; money, $428,758 ; value of merchandise, $375,618; stocks and bonds, $164,613 ; cotton manufactories, $24,218; iron works, $15,000; household furniture, $260,959; horses, mules, etc., $284,589 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $70,601; watches, jewelry, etc., $31,142; real estate, $3,341,164 ; personal estate, $2,100,561. Returns of property by colored taxpayers--number acres of land 13,468; value, $80,335; city property, $194,047; money,.

412

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

$111,633; merchandise, $3,367 ; household furniture, $37,219 ; horses, mules, etc., $18,112; plantation and mechanical tools, $12,076.
Sumter county has for travel and transportation the Southwestern Railroad, the Savannah, Americus and Montgomery Railroad, each passing through it, and the Buena Vista and Ellaville Railroad from Americus to Columbus.
The lands in Sumter with good tillage will yield per acre: corn, 20 bushels ; oats, 25 ; Irish potatoes, 100 ; sweet potatoes, 250 ; field peas, 15 ; ground peas, 30 ; seed cotton 800 pounds ; crab grass hay, 2 tons ; corn fodder, 450 pounds ; sugar cane syrup, 250 gallons, with any variety and quantity of vegetables. Peaches and pears grow and thrive well in this county. The people are realizing the importance of raising all supplies, such as corn, meat, syrup and everything to supply home consumption.
The city of Americus has a population of 7,000 or 8,000. Taylor.--Taylor county was formed out of Talbot, Crawford, Macon, Monroe and Marion in 1852. The Flint river bounds it on the north and northeast, Macon and Schley on the south, Marion and Talbot on the west. Butler is the county seat, situated on the Southwestern Railroad, a small place, with level surface and well shaded streets. Reynolds, on the same railroad, is in the eastern part of the county. The lands are productive, mostly of a gray soil. Produce cotton, corn, oats, peas, potatoes and vegetables. The school facilities are good. The county is well supplied with churches--Methodist and Missionary Baptist. The population is an orderly, industrious and hospitable people. Improved lands, 220,200 acres; wild lands, 18,579 acres; average value of improved lands, $2 25 to $2.50 per acre ; wild land, 95 cents per acre ; household and kitchen furniture, $64,234; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $117,251 ; real and personal estate, $947,693. Population in 1890, 8,666 The lands of this county will produce per acre, with good culture: corn, 12 bushels; oats, 20; wheat, 6; rye, 5 ; Irish potatoes, 75 ; sweet potatoes, 100 ; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 30; seed cotton, 700 pounds; crab grass hay, 1 ton; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 200 gallons. Flint river affords any quantity of fish to those who engage in the sport of catching them. The county is very healthy and desirable to live in.

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

41$

Tliomas --Thomas county was formed from Decatur and Irwin in1825; is bounded north by Mitchell and Colquitt, east by Brooks, south by Florida, and west by Decatur ; was named for Jett Thomas who was Captain of Artillery in Floyd's army at the battles ot Autossee and Chatibbe. He was born in Virginia in 1777, and died in Milledgeville of cancer in 1815. Thomasville is the county seat and is one of the most prosperous and growing cities in that section of the country. It has been quite a resort for the visiting people from the North to spend their winters. The location is very healthy. Hotel facilities not excelled. Good schools, with churches of the various denominations. A cultivated and refined citizenship, all of which make it an attractive resort for the people of the North to spend their time and money. The rivers are Ochlochnee, Mickasuchee, besides streams of less note. The post-offices are Ancilla, Boston, Cairo, Chastain,:Leb, McDonald, Meigs, Metcalf, Ochlochnee, Patten, Susina. The face of the country is level, soil sandy but very productive. Cotton, corn, oats, sugar-cane, tobacco, potatoes, melons, figs and oranges grow to great perfection. There issome game, and the streams abound in fish. No people have a higher reputation for industry and hospitality. Population in 1890, 26,154; school fund, 14,646.50; acres improved land, 449,121; wild land, 6,850 ; average value per acre, S3.32 to 1.76 ; city property, $1,437,400; shares in bank, 379,000; gas and electric lights, 12,000; building and loan association, 35,000 ; money, etc., 469,437 ; merchandise 296,506 ; stocks and bonds, 14,500 ; cotton manufactories, 812,220 ; household furniture, 273,590; horses, mules, etc., 354,370 ;. plantation and mechanical tools, 80,008 ; watches, jewelry, etc, $21,-194; real estate, 2,905,044; personal estate, 2,029,893. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 21,412; value 68,562; city property, 98,315; money, etc., 5,604; merchandise, 2,445; household furniture, 26,833;, horses, mules, hogs, cattle, and sheep, $52,251 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $11,153 ; rate of county tax, 2^ mills ; municipal, 5 mills. For passage and transportation of produce they have the Savannah, Florida & Western, and Thomasville and Albany Railroads.
The lands produce per acre under a proper system of cultivation corn, 20 to 30 bushels; oats, 20; rye, 20 ; barley, 40; Irish and; sweet potatoes, 200 each ; field peas, 25 ; ground peas, 40; upland seed cotton, 600 pounds per acre ; crab grass hay, 2 to 3 tons; sorghum, syrup, 250 gallons ; sugar cane syrup, 300 to 400 gallons.
Thomas county and Thomasville offer very many inducements to home-

414

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

seekers and visitors to go there. The mild healthy climate, the fertile soil which produces in such profusion melons, peaches, pears, figs, oranges, plums, all of superior quality, to be had fresh at their doors at moderate charges, with the benefits of the highest grade lor the education of their children.
Terrell.--Terrell county was formed from Lee and Randolph in 1856; is bounded north by Webster and Sumter, east by Lee, south by Calhoun and Dougherty, and west by Randolph. It was named for Dr. Wm. Terrell of Hancock county at one time an efficient member in the Legislature from his county and a member to Congress 1817-21. He contributed $20,000 for an agricultural professorship in the University of Georgia. Died July, 1855, age 73.
Dawson is the county seat, situated on the Southwestern R. R., and the Columbus Southern and is a growing city. Has good schools and churches: Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian. Post-offices and towns : Bronwood, -Cottondale, Graves' Station, Parrott and Sasser. The S. \V. R. R. and Columbus Southern pass through Dawson, crossing at that point. The face of the country is generally level. Kinchafoonee runs through northeastern part of the county, Ichaway-nochaway forms southwestern boundary, Chickasawhatchie in the central. The population is intelligent and hospitable. The lands are productive and the country healthy. Population in 1890, 14,503; school fund, 8,421.75; rate of county tax, 6.63 mills; improved land, 203,212; wild land 1,050; average value per acre, $4.76 and $1; city property, 6443,060 ; shares in bank, $58,000; money, etc, $287,811; merchandise, $119,404; stocks and bonds, $42,135; cotton manufactories, $9,745 ; iron works, $6,100 ; household furniture, $135,687; horses mules, etc., $23,430; plantation and mechanical tools, $56,926 ; watches, jewelry etc., $10,280 ; cotton, corn, annual crops, $10,751; real estate, $1,411,830; personal estate, 81,094,985. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 13,286; value, $64,351; city property, $14,030; money, $350; household furniture, $26,368; horses, mules, etc., $44,584; plantation and mechanical tools, $10,564.
The land in this county, well cultivated, will produce per acre: corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 35; wdieat, 13 ; rye, 8 ; Irish potatoes,75 ; sweet potatoes, 150 ; field peas, 12 ,; ground peas, 75 ; seed cotton, 8001bs ; crab grass hay, 4,000; corn fodder, 250; sugar cane syrup, 300 gallons. The people are intelligent and thrifty and have excellent public roads throughout the county, which is good evidence of progress and refinement.
Dawson has two variety manufacturing and machine shops, one foundry,

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

415

two carriage factories one wagon factory, one cigar factory; a good system of water works, splendid public school building and churches, the churches supplied by efficient and acceptable ministers, the schools occupied by a corps of educated teachers carrying into effect a system of graded schools for the benefit of the people of the town. The town is healthy, with a good police government.
Wefts to'.--Webster county was laid out in 1854 and is bounded north by Marion, east by Schley and Sumter, south by Terrell and west by Stewart; it was named for Daniel Webster, one of the most distinguished statesmen this country has ever produced. He was many years in the United States Senate from Massachusetts, was Secretary of State under both Harrison and Taylor in 1841-50, and was considered the ablest debater on the American continent. He died in 1852.
Preston is the county seat, named for Preston of South Carolina; situated on the east side of the Kincbafoonee river, which is the most important stream in the county.
The face of the country is level and off the river has a gray soil, which produces cotton, corn, oats, sugar-cane, potatoes and melons. The bottom lands are dark and more fertile and productive than the gray soil.
There has been considerable trade in rosin, turpentine and lumber from this county.
The religious denominations are mostly Baptists and Methodists. The means of travel and transportation are over the Americus and Montgomery and Columbus Southern railroads. Population in 1890, 5,695; school fund, $3,292.50; county tax, 5.63 mills; improved lands, 128,706; wild lands, 219; average value, $3.38 and $1.85; city property, $19,332; money, etc., $54,601; merchandise, $16,925; stocks and bonds, $12,075; cotton manufactories, $275; household furniture, $43,081; horses, mules, etc., 8103,426; plantation and mechanical tools, $23,335 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,219; real estate, $554,783; personal estate, $272,142. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 3,104; value, $9,485; city property, $795; money, $32 ; household furniture, $8,087; horses, mules, etc., $13,083 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,316. The lands will, with proper culture, yield per acre: corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 20; wheat, 7; rye, 5 ; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 150; field peas, 10; ground peas, 30 ; seed cotton, 600 pounds ; corn fodder, 150; crab grass hay, 3,000 ; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. The population is composed of an industrious and hospitable people.

416

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Worth.--Worth county is bounded north by Dooly, east by Irvvin and Berrien, south by Golquit, west by Mitchell, Dougherty and Lee. It waslaid out in 1856 from Irwin and Dooly, and was named for General Worth, an efficient officer in the Mexican war, under his father-in-law, General Taylor. He died in 1858, and has a monument erected to his memory in New York City.
Isabella is the county seat. Little river, Abram's and Indian creeks are the principal streams. The face of the country is level, gray, piney woods, except on the creek bottoms which is an alluvial soil and very fertile. The productions are cotton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes, rosin, turpentine and lumber. The Brunswick & Western, Albany, Florida & Northern, and Georgia Southern & Florida Railroads run through this county, which afford fine facilities for travel and transportation of the productions to market. The county is considered healthy in the pine woods. Good range for sheep and cattle.
Population in 1890, 10,018; school fund, $5,567.50 ; acres improved, land, 335,393; wild land, 136,837; average value per acre, $2.24 and 81.37; city property, $90,435; money, etc., $136,596 ; merchandise,. $60,261 ; stocks and bonds, $5,025; cotton manufactories, $200; household furniture, $82,180; horses, mules, etc., $268,072; plantation and mechanical tools, $41,538; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,292; real estate,. $1,030,649 ; personal estate, $714,239. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 6,991 ; value, $18,524 ; city property, $965; money, etc., $324; household furniture, $8,569; horses, mules, etc., $23,245 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,453 ; county tax, 5mills.
The production of lauds in this county per acre is : corn, 18 bushels; oats, 25 ; rye, 10 ; Irish potatoes, 125 ; sweet potatoes, 200 ; field peas, 20 ; ground peas, 60; upland, seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; sea-island, 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 5,000 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds ; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons.
At Willingham there is a large lumber and shingle mill; also, large planing mills, with drying capacity of 20,000 feet per day. At Poulan there is a large saw-mill, planing and shingle mills. At Ashburn capacity of mills about 50,000 feet rough lumber per day ; 50,000 shingles per day; planing mills, a capacity of 25,000 to 30,000 feet per day, with quite a number of smaller mills in the county with a capacity of 5,000to 6,000 feet per day. Eight or ten turpentine stills in operation.
Peaches, apples, pears, grapes and melons, with a great variety of

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

417

vegetables, do well. From the Piney Park Nursery at Poulan thousands of pounds of grapes are shipped in June and July.

Wiloox.--Wilcox county was formed out of Dooly, Irwin and Pulaski,

in 1857 ; bounded north by Pulaski and Dodge, east by Dodge and

Telfair, south by Irwin and west Dooly. Ocmulgee river is the eastern

boundary, Alapaha on the southwest, and Cedar creek on the northeast.

Abbeville is the county seat, on the west side of Ocmulgee river. This

county was named for General Mark Wilcox of Telfair county, for many ,

years an efficient representative in the legislature.

"

The face of the country is similar to the adjoining counties. Cotton,

corn, sugar cane, oats, potatoes, with a general variety of the vegetables of

this climate, grow well. Rosin, lumber, and turpentine give employment

to many of its citizens. The soil is mostly gray in the piney woods. The

bottoms on the rivers and creeks are dark, alluvial, and more productive.

TheOcmulgee river affords an outlet to market, and with the Abbeville and

Waycross Eailroad from the town of Abbeville, the people have no cause

to complain for want of facilities to get their produce to market. Popu-

lation in 1890, 7,980; school fund, $4,417.75; county tax, 7.40 mills;

acres improved land, 198,239; wild land, 126,126; average value per acre, $2.33 and $1.44; city property, $175,519; stock in banks, $1,000; money, etc., $112,564; merchandise $68,225; capital invested in shipping, $165; stocks and bonds, $600; iron works, $1,800; household furniture, $77,000 ; horses and mules, $185,581 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $24,436 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,797 ; real estate, $819,781; personal estate, $611,602. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres of land, 8,569; value, $14,435; city property, $5,392; money, etc.,

$845; household furniture, $7,652; horses, mules, etc., $10,200; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,414.

The lands of Wilcox county, with good culture, will produce, per acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20; wheat, 7; rye, 5; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 10; ground peas, 40; upland seed cotton, 800 pounds; crabgrass hay, 2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup 250 gal-' Ions.

Abbeville, in 1880, had 61 population, in 1890, 637, and is increasing in business and population. The Ocmulgee river affords an abundance

of fine fish. Peaches and grapes each do well in this county. This section is fast becoming and developing one of the finest peach and grape countries in the South. The possibilities for a fortune in the business by a few years' attention and labor is very great. The lands are cheap, and a small capital properly utilized will pay fine dividends.

41g

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

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MIDDLE GEORGIA.

Population.

14,608

". :

42370

10,565 9 ' n5

^,301

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11,281 22354

:

17,189

7 794

15,376
8 728

84,655

17051

17,149

16,797

;

9,557

16,220

13,879

12,709

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16,041

Newton

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Total, 40 counties

654,043

Baldwin.--Baldwin is perhaps one of the best known counties in the State. For years Milledgeville, the county seat, was the capital, and naturally became the home of many wealthy and intelligent citizens. The

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

419

county was formed out of territory purchased from the Creek Indians in 1802, and was named after Hon. Abraham Baldwin, United States Senator, and founder of Franklin College, now the University of Georgia. It is one of the best counties of Middle Georgia, and is located near the center of the State.
In 1890 it had a population of 14,608, of which 3,322 were in the town of Milledgeville. The Ocouee river flows through the county in a southwesterly direction. Near Milledgeville there are shoals which can be cheaply utilized, and which would furnish immense power. Tributaries to the river well drain and water the county. Milledgeville does a thriving business, chiefly commercial. There are several small but successful manufacturing industries in cotton and iron. The town is lighted by electricity, and building and loan associations and banking institutions furnish financial facilities and indicate progress. Of manufacturing enterprises outside of those in Millegeville and vicinity, well-established and thriving pottery works are located at Steven's Pottery.
There are no wild lands in the county, and the 149,715 acres of improved are returned at an average value of $4.00 per acre. In character the soil is the typical red land of Georgia, the greater part well timbered with oak and other hard woods There is an area of gray pine lands also in the county. The red land, as characteristic of this soil, is fertile when fresh, and easily renovated and brought to a high state of cultivation when worn and exhausted The gray lands are easy to cultivate, giving a full return for labor and fertilization.
Vahie of city property, for taxation, $502,750; bank shares, $64,320 ; iMiilding arid loan, $9,660 ; gas and electric rights, $5,000 ; stocks and bonds, $1,400 ; cotton factories, $9,639 ; iron works, $8,700 ; household furniture, $06,341 ; horses,,mules, cattle, etc , $123,122; plantation and mechanical tools, $12,074; real estate, $1,064,132; personal property, $618,16T. Total return by colored taxpayers, $1)5,000
Railroad facilities by the crossing of the Georgia and Central railI-IKHIS at Milledgeville are hard to excel, forrr>ing as they do direct connection with Atlanta, Macon, Augusta, and Savannah. The rate of county taxation is 7 mills. Farmers of the eounty rely principally on the staple crops, with cotton as their money crop.
Bibii.-- Geographically Bibb county is l<x'*ted m the center of the State, and properly Maoon, the county seat and principal city of that section of Georgia, is known as the Central Oity. The county is watered by the Ocmulgee river, a navigable stream. The soil is fertile and the

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

city furnishes a home market for fruits, vegetables, and all small products of the farm.
The population of the county in 1880 was 27,147, which had increased in 1890 to 42,370. Macon is a rapidly growing city with a population by the last census of 22,746 ; having nearly doubled during the census decade, and with a population now of 35,000. Its large mercantile establishments, to a great extent, control the trade of many of the wealthiest counties in Middle Georgia, and have extended this business far into Southern Georgia. In industrial development the advance-

BIBB COUKTY COTTON MILL.
ment of the county and city have been wonderful, exhibiting its superior advantages. It is impossible to present comparative statistics for the city but in the county in 1880 there were 51 manufacturing establishments representing an investment of $651,800; employing 1,155 hands; usiug $936,196 worth of raw material, which was converted into a product valued at $1,724,125; in 1890 there were 161 establishments with a capital of $3,608,977, employing 3,142 hands, paying $1,085,716 in, wages, and converting $2,534,144 worth of raw material into a finished

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product, with a value of $4,974,914. The chief industries of the city are brick and tile, carriage and wagon material, foundry and machine shops, furniture, liquors, lumber and planing mills, and textiles. In the latter there is over one million and a half dollars invested. In all conveniences of life, such as gas, electricity, water, and rapid transit the city is well provided A well equipped fire department furnishes protection against conflagration. A fine system of public schools, with private institutions, provides splendid educational facilities ; here also are located the Wesleyan Female College, Mercer University, and Pio Nono College, which have been dealt with elsewhere. Churches of all the leading denominations, many of them fine structures, give opportunity for worship as the conscience may dictate. The city's affairs are well administered. In 1880, with an assessed valuation of $6,222,000, the municipal debt was $743,000; in 1890, with a valuation of $12,423,840, the debt was $504,744 ; the city's debt has been since increased, but not by a large amount, for the purpose of constructing a more perfect system of sewerage, as the Central City (Macon) is also the center for the railroads of that section. The Central Railroad connects the city with Atlanta and the north and with Savannah and ocean transportation ; the Southern also connects the city with Atlanta and furnishes a through northern route, and with Brunswick and the sea; the Georgia Railroad has a line passing through Milledgeville, Sparta, and Warrenton to Augusta ; the Southwestern gives direct communication with Americus, Albany,' and all southwestern Georgia; the Macon and Birmingham supplies a line to the west and makes a direct route to Montgomery and New Orleans; the Georgia Southern and Florida passes through some of the richest counties of the State into Florida ; the Macon and Northern runs north through Athens to a connection with the Southern Railway at Lula ; the Macon and Dublin gives a local line through adjoining counties to the county of Laureus. The banking capital of the city is ample, there' being two national, five State, aud one private banking institution with an aggregate capital, surplus, and undivided profits of $1,913,500.
The Bibb Manufacturing Company has two mills, containing 22,000 spindles, and consuming 15,000 bales of cotton annually. They make carpet warps, wrapping twines, coarse hosiery yarns (white and colored).
The laud of the county, especially the alluvial bottoms of the Ocmulgee are productive. There are in the county 155,738 acres of improved land returned for taxation at an average value of $24.13. The timber area of the county is small ; it is chiefly oak with pine on the elevations of sandy soil. Farmers are principally engaged in raising staple crops,

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

with truckers near the city for the local market; fruits of all kinds grow well and mature sufficiently early for the markets. The municipal rate of taxation is 1 per cent. ; the county 6.13 mills.
Butts.--Butts county is bounded north and east by the Ocmulgee river, south by Monroe, and west by Henry county ; it was laid off in 1825 from Monroe and Henry counties. On an average it is 17 miles long and 13 wide. The Ocmulgee river has fine water-power for propelling any kind of machinery--cotton factories, flour mills, saw mills and grist mills. Some fine mills are now being operated on the river. Tussahaw, Yellow Water and Sandy creek are small streams. Post-offices : Jackson, Cork, Indian Springs, Lofton's Store and Flovilla. Jackson is the county seat, and since building the East Tennessee Railroad has grown in population, buildings, merchandise, etc.; has good church and school buildings, occupied by efficient ministers and teachers. Indian Springs has been a noted fashionable resort for many years on account of the healing and curative properties of its fine sulphur water. The Wigwam, recently built and furnished by the Collier Bros., adds much to its attractiveness on account of the superior accommodations now offered its guests. The springs are situated in the forks of Sandy creek. The schools in towns and county are good, with good church buildings and privileges throughout the county. The face of the country is generally level, with gray soil predominant, well adapted to the growth of cotton and the different grains. The residences and outbuildings through the county are above the average in the adjoining counties, having an appearance of thrift and industry on the part of a progressive, honest and hospitable population. The climate is similar to that of Spalding county, very healthy, having many inhabitants who have attained to a very advanced age. The county was named for Captain Samuel Butts, who lost his life at the battle of Chalibbee, January 27, 1814. Population in 1890, 10,565; rate of county tax, 5.63; municipal tax, f percent; school fund, $6,274.50 ; acres improved land, 114,735 ; average value per acre, 85.50 ; city property, $286,652; value shares in bank, $19,725 ; money, etc., $178,043; value of merchandise, $81,385; stocks and bonds, $700; cotton manufactories, 88,110 ; value household furniture, $83,896; horses, mules, cattle, hogs, sheep, etc., $138,197 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $40,662; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,138; real estate, $916,158; personal estate, $667,144. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 663; value, $4,873 ; city property, $8,070; money, $213; household furniture, $7,852 ; mules, horses, sheep, cattle, hogs, etc., $17,409 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,103.

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Campbell.--Campbell county was laid out in 1828 ; bounded north byDouglas and Fayette, east by Clayton, south by Fayette and west by Carroll. It was formed out of Coweta, Carroll, DeKalb and Fayette, and named in honor of Duncan G. Campbell, a distinguished lawyer, who represented Wilkes county in the legislature in 1820, 1821, 1822 and 1823. He introduced a bill for the education of females, which met with great opposition ; 1823 appointed commissioner to negotiate a treaty with the Cherokee Indians for land; was also one of the Commissioners who made the treaty with the Creek Nation at Indian Springs in 1825. Fairburn is the county seat, on the West Point Railroad, a flourishing and prosperous little town 22 miles from Atlanta. The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians predominate. Education is having more attention. The people are industrious and hospitable. The face of the country is broken. Lands on the rivers and creeks a black loamy soil, well adapted to the growth of cotton, corn, wheat and oats. The red and gray lands produce well in peas, potatoes, turnips, onions, cabbage, and a variety of other vegetables. Peaches and apples mature and grow to fine perfection. Improved land, acres, 130,273 ; average value, $5.94; city property, $170,330; money, etc., $256,829; value household furniture, $77,798 ; value horses, mules, etc., $39,360; plantation and mechanical tools, $32,840; jewelry $7,045; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc., 14,600; real estate, $1,023,134: personal estate, $609,533. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres of land, 2,021 ; value, $12,321 ; household furniture, $6,779; horses, mules, etc., $13,477; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,725; school fund, $5,264.75 ; population in 1890, 9,115 ; rate of county tax, 3 83 mills; rate of municipal tax, 5 mills.
CarrolL--Carroll county is bounded north by Haralson and Paulding, east by Douglas and Coweta, south by Coweta and Heard, and west by Alabama. It was named for Charles Carroll, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and was formed out of the territory obtained at the Indian Springs treaty in 1825. The face of the county is generally rolling; soil varies. Land red and gray; each produces good crops of wheat, corn, rye, barley, oats, peas and cotton. Apples, pears, plums, grapes and peaches all succeed well, with any variety of vegetables, turnips, cabbage, onions and potatoes. It is well watered and timbered. Lands on the Chattahoochee, Little Tallapoosa, and bottoms on the creeks are very rich and productive, and it has only been within the last few years that the lands are being appreciated and have very much enhanced in value, on account of their fertility and the salubrious climate.
Population in 1890, 22,301; acres improved land, 290,808; wild

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

lands, 13,299; average value per acre, $5.66 and $1.87 ; city property, $426,520; value shares in bank, $104,500; gas and electric lights, $3,500; money, etc., $358,005; stocks and bonds, $5,100; cotton manufactories, $102,000; iron works, $2,000; household furniture, $163,069; horses mules, etc., $329,073; plantation and mechanical tools, $75,804; jewelry, $8,577; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc , $18,474; real estate, $2,001,118; personal estate, $1,349,607. Property given in by colored taxpayers--3,019 acres ; value, $15,014 ; household furniture, $4,292; horses, mules, etc., $11,715; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,928 ; rate of county tax, 7F% mills ; municipal, 11 mills.
Carrollton is the county seat, situated on the Columbus, Rome and Chattanooga Railroad, where it and the Savannah, Georgia and North Alabama Railroad intersect each other, 60 miles from Griffin; has between 1,500 and 2,000 population ; good trade and increasing in business and population; good schools and churches, representing Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian ; fine cool freestone water and health good.
Gold in this county is said to be finer than any in Georgia. Near Villa Rica there is an extent of country six miles long and one mile wide in which are numerous mines, known as the "Carroll mines," from which large amounts of gold have been taken. The Bonner mines, five miles southeast of Carrollton, are also rich. Iron, mica, quartz and granite are found. No country has a more salubrious climate. Diseases are very few. Population industrious, hospitable and intelligent. There are many inducements in this county offered to homeseekers.
Clarice.---The county of Clarke is located in the northeastern portion of the State, sixty miles from Atlanta, and in sight of the Blue Ridge mountains. It was originally a part of the county of Franklin, from which the county of Jackson was formed, and then the county of Clarke, The general elevation of the county is 800 feet, and the climate healthful and pleasant, the average summer temperature being 74 F. and the average winter temperature 47 F. with an annual rainfall of 54 inches. The soil of the county is principally a strong, red clay, naturally fertile, retentive of fertilizers, and with intelligent cultivation yielding abundantly all staple crops and garden products. Its tree growth consists of red, black, Spanish and white oaks, chestnut, pine, hickory, dogwood and some walnut. A belt of gray sandy land, about three miles wide, passes through the center of the county. The soil is 16 inches deep with a subsoil of yellowish or reddish clay, less retentive of mois-

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ture than that of the red lands. It is more readily washed by the rains and is not so durable. In timber growth the chestnut is much more abundant than on the red lands. Cotton and oats are the crops best adapted to this soil, while the red land is better for corn, clover and wheat. Bottom lands comprise only about 5 per cent, of the land of the county and are never very wide. The soil is dark alluvial, best adapted to corn. White oak forms a considerable part of the growth of these lands.
By the Tenth Census the population of the county was 15,186. Athens, the county seat, has a population of 10,000, is the commercial center for several counties and a splendid business point. It is provided with electric lights, electric street cars, good brick sidewalks, public Fchools, a paid fire department, with electric fire alarm, free postal delivery, is now constructing a splendid system of waterworks to furnish power as well as domestic and sanitary supply, sewers have been con. structed and the streets are being paved with macadam and belgian blocks. A progressive city provided with all modern conveniences.
As indicated by its name, Athens is a seat of learning, and the educational facilities of the county are unsurpassed. In the city is located the State University, with its extensive equipment, providing higher education for young men. The Lucy Cobb Institute and the Home School are admirably conducted institution for young ladies. The city also has a thoroughly organized system of public schools, and the public schools of the county are supplemented by several excellent private schools.
Streams.--The Oconee river and the Middle Oconee river, with their tributary streams, supply the water system of the county, which is very extensive and abundant at all seasons. On the two rivers are seven large water-powers, with an aggregate of 6,000 horse-power, while on the creeks there are numerous mill sites with from three to fifty horse, power. The advantages for natural power for manufacturing industries, large and small, are exceptionally fine. At White Hall, for years the Georgia Manufacturing Co. utilized the river power to run its cotton factory, the mill being one of the oldest in the State, having been established in 1829. In 1892 it was destroyed by fire and has since been rebuilt. The mill contains ten thousand spindles for fine yarns and will put in looms for the manufacture of print cloths.
Commerce.--The business interest of the county is principally located at Athens, and the commerce amounts in the aggregate to $13,000,000 per annum. The chief items are cotton, manufactures and heavy gro ceries. Of the first, the city receives each season, about 75,000 bales

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DFPA^TMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

In manufac'rre :, in addition to the manufacture of cotton, a number of small industries furnish employment and give an impetus to business. In merchandise, of nearly every character, there are substantial business houses. The banking and loan capital of the city is $700,000.
Transportation.--Four railroad lines concentrate at Athens and there is hardly a point in the county that is not provided with depot facilities within a distance of five miles. The roads, with their connections, provide competing lines to the north and west, with a line to the south.
Taxes.--In value, the property returned for taxation, amounts in round numbers to $7,500,000, of which $6,500,000 is in the City of Athens, an increase in the city in the last ten years of over $3,000,000. The State and county rate is .00775 and the city .0110 on the hundred.
Churches.--There are eighteen church buildings in the county, of which nine are in the City of Athens. They represent th Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Christian and Roman Catholic denominations.
Clayton.--Clayton county was formed in 1858 out of Fayette and Henry counties. Bounded north by Fulton, east by Henry, south by Spalding, west by Fayette.
Jonesboro is the county seat, 23 miles south of Atlanta on the Central railroad. Is a flourishing little town, well supplied with churches and schools of a high grade A thrifty and energetic population, and since local option has been enforced, the citizens have become noted for their sobriety and law-abiding deportment. Pure, freestone water; health good.
Land on creeks and in valleys is very productive and yields bountiful crops of cotton, corn, wheat, oats, peas and potatoes, with an abundance of vegetables of all kinds grown in this climate.
Lovejoy and Morrow are each thriving little villages on the Central railroad.
The county was named for Augustine S. Clayton, of Clarke, judge of the Superior Court and Member of Congress in 1833.
Average value of improved land, per acre, $9 to $10 ; acres of improved land, 93,938 ; city property, $105,992 ; money, etc , $113,258 ; merchandise, $39,370; invested in mining, $100 ; household furniture, $67,225 ; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc , $112,647 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,007; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,204: real estate, $883,057; personal estate, $403,787. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres of land, 736; value, $6,714; city property,

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$1,355 ; money, etc., $220 ; household furniture, $4,171; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $77,445 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,780.
Peaches and apples mature well, with the other smaller fruits grown in this climate A desirable country for home-seekers to visit.
Columbia.--Columbia county was laid out from Richmond in 1790. It has Lincoln north, McDuffie east, Richmond south, and Savannah river west. Was named for Christopher Columbus who discovered America in 1492. Appling is the county seat, 23 miles from Augusta. Carmcl Academy was located 2^ miles from Appling where Dr. Moses Waddell in 1794 assisted by W. H. Crawford taught J. C. Calhoun and Thomas W. Cobb, two of the greatest intellects of the South.
Population in 1890, 11,281; school fund, $5,880.75; improved land, $174,155 ; average value, $3.42 ; city property, $65,914 ; shares in bank, 100; money, etc., $27,789; value merchandise, $13,244; stocks and bonds, $50,075 ; cotton manufactories, $22,351; household furniture, $39,123; horses, mules, etc, $107,570; plantation and mechanical, $24,386; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,048; cotton, corn, annual crop?, $11,651; real estate, $661,690 ; personal estate, $439,953. Property given in by colored taxpayers--number of acres, 5,649; value, $34,366.
The face of the country is broken. On the river the lands are very fertile for cotton, corn, sugar cane, potatoes, melons, and peas Lands, red clay and much worn from bad tillage. Prior to the civil war there was a great deal of wealth and intelligence in this county. Comparatively healthy. Population intelligent and hospitable. The Georgia Railroad and Savannah river afford transportation for produce and travel. The river abounds with fish for the market in Augusta. Peaches grow well, with an endless variety of vegetables.
Coweta.--Coweta county is located in Middle Western Georgia, and is one of the richest and most productive sections of the State. The population is intelligent and progressive, and finds remunerative occupation in various lines of industry--farming, fruit growing, and manufacturing. There are forty or fifty churches in the county, representing all the leading Protestant denominations. The school facilities are not excelled by those of any interior county in Georgia, there being no less than one hundred schools, public and private. City public schools are maintained at Newnan and Senoia.
At Newnan, the county seat, fully half a million dollars is invested in manufacturing. The different enterprises located at this place may be briefly enumerated as follows: Iron foundry and machine works, ice factory, cotton oil mills, guano factory, sulphuric acid plant, cigar factory,

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

harness and collar factory, cotton factory, cotton compress, electric light plant, waterworks, corn mills, planing mills, and a variety of other smaller industries. A crate and basket factory is located at Moreland, a cotton factory at Sargent's, and a cotton factor)' at Senoia. These industries furnish employment to five or six hundred hands.
Coweta is also one of the pioneer fruit counties of the State, several thousand acres being devoted to grapes, peaches and strawberries. The largest fruit farms are located in the vicinity of Newnan, Moreland, Coweta, Powellville, Senoia, and Turin. The fruit-growers of the county have organized a shippers' union, and enjoy all the advantages of shipping

COWETA COUNTY VINEYARD.
that are allowed to the most favored localities. The fruit industry is constantly growing, and has been found to be a profitable diversification.
Everything that grows on American soil, above the tropical lines, can be successfully cultivated here--cotton, corn, sugar cane, clover, grass, and a great variety of products indigenous to Southern soil. Between forty and fifty thousand bales of cotton are produced annually, and there are eleven warehouses in the county.
The county is bisected by two railroads--the Atlanta and West Point and the Savannah and Western. The former is the main line from Atlanta to New Orleans, and the latter is a connecting link in the through

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line from Savannah to Chattanooga. Newnan is the junction point, being thirty-nine miles southwest of Atlanta and thirty-six miles west of Griffin.
Lands range in value from $8 to $50 per acre, according to location and improvements. Excellent fruit lands can be had for $15 to $25 per acre. The character of the laud varies from light loam to heavy clay, and is susceptible of high cultivation.
Immense beds of granite are located near Newnan, specimens of which have been pronounced by the State Geologist as being of a superior quality. The supply is practically inexhaustible.

COTTON OIL MILL.
A magnificent water power is located on the Chattahoochee, eight miles west of Newnan. Professor Mayhew, of the State Geological Department, says it is the finest water-power that he has ever surveyed, in Georgia or elsewhere, and sufficient power can be developed to run every cotton factory in Georgia.
In the volume and value of her agricultural products, Coweta ranks with the best counties in the State, being the fourth in the list.
The county tax rate is thirty cents on the hundred, and has not been above this figure in fifteen years.
DeKalb.--In addition to many natural advantages and great natural resources, DeKalb county enjoys the advantage of extending to within a few miles of the city of Atlanta. This insures a profitable diversified agriculture and offers superior opportunities for trucking and fruit growing. Transportation facilities by virtue of the county's situation are also

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

excellent, and long stretches of country on the roads which traverse the county are in almost hourly communication. For this reason a large number of progressive town6 and villages are to be found in the county.
Decatur, the county seat, is only six miles from the Union Depot in Atlanta, and from the city to the town the country is densely settled; magnificent residences and a number of manufacturing establishments have been erected. Decatur is connected with the city by two lines of electric railway and by the Georgia Railroad, so that its inhabi-

A DEKALB COUNTY SCENE.
tants can get in and out of Atlanta almost at any time. A large number of its citizens therefore do business in Atlanta, and as a suburban home its advantages are unequalled.
The Agnes Scott Institute, a roost excellent college for the education of girls, is situated in the town. The buildings are handsome and modern, and the school has a thoroughly equipped faculty.
Other towns doing a thriving business and progressing in industrial enterprises are Lithonia and Stone Mountain. The greater part of the oranite work of the State is located at and near these towns, and with the remunerative wages paid, is a souroe of prosperity. If without all other

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resources, the county would have immense wealth in wonderful Stone Mountain and her great deposits of granite.
The lands and timber of the county are those of the Crystalline formation and the former are well known for their fertility. The county is watered principally by Yellow river and its tributaries.
A number of fertilizer factories are located in the county. Among others the mammoth establishment of Geo. W. Scott & Co. In 1890 the population of the county was 17,189, which has since been increased by fully 4,000 people.
Growing in wealth aud people, many excellent opportunities are presented to the home-seeker in DeKalb.
DeKalb county was organized in 1823. The court-house in Decatur was built in 1823; burned down in 1844; the present court-house built on the old walls.
Douglas.--Douglas county is bounded north by Cobb, east by Fulton aud Campbell, south by Campbell, and west by Carroll. Was named for Stephen A. Douglas, Senator in Congress from the State of Illinois, on account of his position on the slavery question. Population in 1890 7,794; public school fund, $4,335.50; county tax, 5.20 mills; city tax, 4^ mills; acres improved land, 116,820; wild land, 3,999; average value per acre $5.56,and $1.03 ; city property, $195,115 ; shares in bank, $9,000; mooey, etc., $88,157; merchandise, $30,575; household furniture, $45,663; horses, mules, etc., $107,383; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,078; watches, jewelery, etc., $3,149 ; real estate, $850,415; personal estate, $317,818. Property returned by colored tax-payers 4,117 acres; value, $17,512; city property, $1,975; money, $875; household furniture, $2,500; horses, mules, etc., $9,574; plantation and mechanical tools, $369.
Chattahoochee river runs through this oounty and forms the eastern boundary. Douglasville is the oounty seat. It is a thriving little town with a State bank of $25,000 paid in capital. Surrounded by a thrifty country. Salt Springs, on the Georgia Pacific Kailroad, is a health and pleasure resort numerously visited in sammer and winter on account of the wonderful curative properties of the water and the extensive preparations for the comfort and convenience of the guests. Austell is near by on the same railroad. The river, Chattahoochee, affords fine fishing sport and an abundance of fish. The land will produce with good tillage per acre: corn, 12 bushels ; oats, 20 ; wheat, 10 ; rye, 10 ; Irish potatoes, 100 ; sweet potatoes, 75 ; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 15 ; seed cotton, 600 pounds ; crab grass, 2,000 pounds ; corn fodder, 300 pounds ; sorghum

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

syrup, 150 gallons. The county is healthy and the population is industrious, moral and hospitable.
Elbert.--Elbert county is bounded north by Hart, east by Savannah river, south by Wilkes, west by Oglethorpe and Madison. Was laid out from Wilkes in 1790, and named for Samuel Elbert, who was elected Governor of Georgia in 1785, having taken a very conspicuous part in the defence of the Americans against the British in the Revolutionary war. He died in Savannah 2d day of November, 1788. Population in 1890,15,376; school fund, $9,142.75 ; acres of improved land, 220,483 average value per acre, $4.23; city property, 372,124; shares in bank $20,000 ; building and loan associations, $6,000 ; money, etc., $234,557 value merchandise, $76,168; stocks and bonds, $1,300; value household furniture, $101,847 ; horses and mules, $175,578; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,000 ; watches, jewelery, etc., $4,503; cotton, corn annual crops, etc., $34,589; real estate, $1,315,226; personal estate $765,479. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 5,411 ; value, $22,878 ; city property, $12,600; money, $450 household furniture, $6,149; horses, mules, etc., $23,101; plantation and mechanical tools, $163; rate of county tax, 5.36 mills; city tax Elberton, 3 mills Postoffices: Bowman, Cold Water, Concordia, Critic Dewyrose, Dove's Creek, Flatwoods Academy, Goss, Heardmont, Hulmeville, Middleton, Nickville, Overton, Rockfield, Ruckersville Stansell, Webster Place, Wych. The Savannah and Broad rivers are the most important; on each the lands are rich and very productive, adapted to the production of cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley and potatoes. Remote from the rivers the lands are not so fertile as the river bottoms, but with proper system of cultivation yield remunerative crops. The inhabitants are patriotic and intelligent, simple in their manners. In kindness and hospitality no people in Georgia can excel them. The climate is pleasant and generally healthy. About three miles above Petersburg on the Rembert plantation is a conical-shaped mound 40 or 50 feet high, circumference at the base two or three hundred yards, composed of the loamy rich earth of the low grounds; the apex is flat, a spiral path leading from the ground up to the top. There are four niches excavated out of the side of this mound at different heights from the base fronting the four cardinal points, which are entered by winding paths, as for resting places or lookouts. With a rotation of crops and proper cultivation the lands can produce per acre: corn, 20 bushels ; oats, 25 ; wheat, 15 ; rye, 15 ; barley, 25 ; Irish and sweet potatoes, each 100 ; field peas, 20; ground peas, 50; Bermuda grass hay, 3 tons; sorghum syrup,

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15 gallons; seed cotton, 800-1,000 pounds. In this county is a large and successful cotton factory, cotton-seed oil mill and 3 guano factories, 2 carriage factories, all in successful operation, quarries of the finest granite for building purposes, a large creamery and cheese factory, with an ample supply of water to increase the number and capacity of all these industries. A great variety of vegetables grow and mature within this county, with apples and peaches of exquisite flavor. Transportation and travel over Elberton Air Line and Georgia, Carolina and Northern Railroads, and Savannah river.
Fayette.--Fayette, county is bounded north by Fulton, east by Clayton, south by Pike and Spalding, west by Coweta and Campbell. Fayetteville, the county seat, is a small town on the Atlanta and Florida Railroad, about twenty-five miles from Atlanta; has Methodist and Baptist churches, good schools, and a prosperous and thrifty population. The face of the country is generally level, with gray soil, pure, cool,, freestone water; produces cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, peas, and. potatoes well; peaches and apples mature well in this county ; the Yates and Shockley apples have proven a remunerative crop. Several grist and saw-mills are in the county; abundant water-power, a fine supply of timber for building and mechanical purposes. A desirable county for immigration on account of health, cheapness, and productiveness of the lauds. Fayetteville, Brooks' Station, Brogden, Flat Creek, Inman, Lowry, Milner's Store, and Woolsey are the post-offices. Population in 1890, 8,728; school fund, 84,998,75; rate of county tax, 5.63 mills; municipal tax, 4.37 mills; improved land, 120,074; average value per acre, 5.33; city property, 39,225; money, etc., 46,546; merchandise, 22,475 ; household furniture, 50,093 ; horses, mules, etc., 111,827; plantation and mechanical tools, 28,530; watches, jewelry, etc., 1,595; real estate, 679,584; personal estate, 290,142. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 1,713; value, 8,963; city property, $795; money, etc., $50; merchandise, $585; household furniture, $5,380; horses, mules, etc. $9,031; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,443. Lands in this county, well cultivated, will yield per acre: Corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 8; barley, 10 ; Irish potatoes, 250 ; sweet potatoes, 200 ; field peas, 25 ; ground peas, 50 ; seed cotton, 1,200 pounds ; crab grass hay, 2,000 ; corn fodder, 350 ; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons ; sugar cane syrup, 250.
Since making the foregoing report, there has been received the following note in regard to the production of lands in Fayette, from a prominent citizen of that county : "Some lands in this county, those in

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

a high state of cultivation, will make 60 bushels of corn per acre; oats, 75; wheat, 30 ; cotton, 1,500 pounds ; 400 gallons of cane syrup pe; acre have been made." This county was named for General Lafayette, on account of the active part he took in aiding the Americans to achieve their independence from the British government.
Fulton --Fulton county, after severing her connection with DeKalb, of which she was a component part, and seeking a name whereby she might make herself known to the outside world, first casting side-glances at her own county seat as a great railroad center, and with a prophetic vision realizing the future possibilities and potential powers of steam as a builder of cities, concluded to honor the name of Robert Fulton.
Fulton county is bounded on the north by Cobb, on the south by Campbell and Clayton, on the east by DeKalb, and on the west by Campbell and Cobb counties, the Chattahoochee river being the dividing line between Fulton and Cobb. Her population from census of 1890 is 84,655, including Atlanta.
The lands are broken and rolling, with a preponderating red clay soil characteristic of this section of the State, fairly fertile, and with a retentive and responsive subsoil, making them susceptible of highest improvement. They are interspersed with the more fertile bottom lands along the larger and smaller water courses, in greater or less area, those of the Chattahoochee being noted for their width and acreage, as compared with other rivers. Since the introduction of commercial manures, the culture of cotton has been carried many miles north of the " Cotton Belt" proper, hence the lands may be said to be well adapted to cotton, the cereal*, grasses, and fruits (not semi-tropical), and to stock-raising and dairying, with an almost unlimited and ever-increasing market demand for all food products at their own door in Atlanta, offering sufficient inducements and advantage both to the agriculturist and horticulturist of Fulton county.
Atlanta, the capital city of Georgia, elsewise called the Chicago of the South, has been rich in its nomenclature. When as yet it had scarcely a local habitation, it was named Terminus because it was the end of the Georgia Railroad track. Not long thereafter, when it was still a " babe in the woods," its name was changed to Marthasville, in honor of Miss Martha Lumpkin, a daughter of ex-Governor Wilson Lumpkin. At a still later date its founder baptized it with the classical name Ata. lauta, subsequently dropping the second "a" for the sake of brevity or euphony. The growth of this great city is truly phenomenal.

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435

la 1850, Atlanta's population was 5,000 ; in 1860, 10,000; in 1870, "22,000 ; in 1880, 37,000, and in 1890, 65,533 ; now it is said to approximate 110,000.
This growth has hardly a parallel outside of the Northwestern States; and at the present juncture its outlook for expansion is more promising than at any former period.
The sanitary arrangements of the city, with the abundant supply of water for drinking, cleansing and manufacturing purposes, its well-paved streets, its unexcelled system of drainage and sewerage, and its crematory for consuming the garbage of the city, are well-nigh perfect, and leave no door open for the admission of such fatal maladies as smallpox, diphtheria, cholera, etc.
The pure mountain water of that splendid stream, the Chattahoochee, which the Georgia poet, Sidney Lanier, says, " Comes leaping from the hills of Habersham, and rushing through the valleys of Hall," is with the present system of waterworks, brought to a majority of the best homes in the city.
With a superabundant supply of water, and a fire department unexcelled in efficiency, fire risks are reduced to a minimum and insurance against fire is exceedingly low.
The public school system of Atlanta is already large and steadily progressing. There are fifteen grammar schools for the white and five for the colored people. There are also two high schools for the whites. There is also a large night school, and, in addition, there are a number of private schools, some of them rated as colleges and seminaries.
There are also several business and medical colleges, a law college and two dental colleges. The colored people have several fine institutions of learning, chiefly under denominational patronage; and one of the best institutions in the city is the Atlanta Technological School.
The churches of the city reach one hundred in number, and are served largely by an educated and efficient ministry.
The Piedmont Air Line, the Georgia, the Central, and Seaboard Air Line connect her with the Middle, Northern and New England States. The Western and Atlantic, the Marietta and North Georgia, and the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia (north) connect her with the entire country between the Alleghany and the Rocky Mountains and the Great Lake region. The Central, the Atlanta and West Point, the Atlanta and Florida, and the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia .(south) connect her with the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

the Georgia Pacific aud the Atlanta and West Point connect her with the great Southern transcontinental lines to the Pacific and to Mexico.
In 1870 the taxable property of Atlanta was returned at nine and a half millions. In 1892 property was returned at forty-nine million, six hundred and twenty-eight thousand, six hundred and thirty-seven dollars. And in 1895 the assessed taxable property reaches a value of fifty-seven millions. The real value is much greater, and she eDJoys a steady aud rapid increase without a parallel in the South.
The bonded debt of Atlanta, January 1, 1895, was two million, nine hundred and sixty-five thousand, and the city owns choice aud welllocated property worth, at a low valuation, five million, six hundred thousand
The Methodists and Baptists are most numerous. The best church buildings are exceedingly creditable to the taste and liberality of the community. The Young Men's Christian Association, nou-sectarian, boasts of a handsome edifice and a large number of members-. Art and literature are well represented in this great city, three dailies and a large number of weeklies claim a very large circulation ; and a number of the most distinguished literary men of the South have their residence in this city. But before concluding with this phase of her development, to which wewill again recur, we will now turn our attention to her railway, financial,, manufacturing, and other industrial interests that have each in their turn contributed so much to the upbuilding and marvellously rapid growth of this great city.
To enlarge her manufacturing interest Atlanta not only offers to manufacturing enterprises exemption from municipal taxes for a period of years,. but she opens wide her gates, extends her arms to receive and welcomeall comers from without as a means of adding to and increasing her population and wealth. Any one coming to Atlanta from thesmaller towns of the State must be impressed with the stability and permanency of everything around him. The stately structures, and the sixty miles of streets paved with granite blocks, intended to last for centuries, create the impression on his mind that they must represent the labor and growth of a century ; and perhaps no one thing has contributed more to her rapid expansion and development than her railway facilities and connections. Few cities in the Union have superior transportation facilities to Atlanta, whether the electric system of street car lines within her corporate limits, or the extensively ramifying connections beyond, be considered. Ten great thoroughly equipped railways, with their numerous branches,, put Atlanta in close and quick communication with every nook and

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

437

corner of Georgia, and by their outside connections and combinations with all parts of the United States.
There are in Atlanta twenty banking institutions, with a capital of $3,315,000, and whose surplus and undivided profits amount to $1,074,822. On January 1, 1895, total amount on deposit was $6,100,000, and the cash actually on hand amounted to $1,473,855.35. The aggregate of loans and discounts was $6,000,000. The amount due from other banks and uncollected checks amounted to $1,252,690. While the amount due to other banks was only $464,247.87. Besides the banking institutions there are about twenty-five loan and building as.
sociations, representing nearly $2,000,000 capital, largely the actual savings of wage-earners invested in homes.
One of the most conclusive evidences of Atlanta's growth is supplied by the post-office statistics In 1878 the gross receipts were $29,492.28, which were $2,623 less than the expenses. In 1894 they were $236,-86 1.36, an increase in fourteen years of $178,033.46 and a net revenue of $139,933.06 The bank and post-office statements being taken from returns made under oath to the national and State governments are presumably unimpeachable, and conclusively establish the phenomenal growth of Atlanta, independently of any or all other proof.
A conservative estimate of the total wholesale and retail annual sales of Atlanta places them at $150,000,000, and the value of her manufactured products at nearly one-third of this amount, while the various manufacturing interests of the city employ a capital of nearly twenty millions. There are 630 manufacturing industries, large and small, in the city.
The favorable declination of all the important thoroughfares from the center of the city to and beyond the corporate limits in all directions, afford unsurpassed natural drainage, whose action is accelerated by substantially constructed side drains, underdrains and sewers. The latter range from eight inches to four by six feet in diameter. During 1894 about four miles were built, making a total length of fifty-eight and onehalf miles in the city. The mean annual temperature of Atlanta according to United States statistics is 60 degrees, the maximum above zero being 94 degrees, and the minimum 13 degrees. The average annual rainfall is about 50 inches, and elevation above sea level 1,100 feet.
Whitehall street is the great retail dry goods center, and some of the larger retail dry goods establishments would make a respectable figure on Bro dway, New York, or Chestnut street, Philadelphia.
Possibly next to the State capitol, the Grand, the Kimball, the Ara-

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

gon, and the Equitable, the latter of huge proportions and packed from: cellar to dome with splendid business offices, are amongst the most magnificient architectual triumphs of the city. The great street of Berlin-- Unter der Linden--has in some measure its analogue in Peachtree street,. Atlanta, with this difference, that the great street of the Prussian capital is exclusively a business street, except the Royal Palace, the Prussian Legation and a few similar structures. The better portion of Peachtree, however, is crowded for more than two miles with handsome residences, not a few of them palatial in their structure. On a balmy summer evening this great thoroughfare is thronged with beautiful equipages occupied by handsome matrons and maidens, who speed over the asphalt without a jar or jostle, with no clatter of vehicles and only the sound of the horses' hoofs. Peachtree is the great drive of the city, but Capitol avenue and Washington street are now coming into notice on the south side.
There are also parks and other fashionable resorts. Among these are Grant Park, Spring Dale Park, Piedmont Park and Ponce de Leon, with its pure and refreshing water gurgling from behind its subterranean rockbound recesses. The first comprises 144 acres,and with the exception of 12 acres, was donated to the city by the owner, Col. L. P. Grant, in honor of whom it is named. Nature has been opulent in the adornment of its. beautifully shaded and undulating surface, while art has been striving to rival Nature's gifts with miles of wide graded driveways and delightfully shaded walks, interspersed with pavilions, drinking fountains for man and beast, native and exotic trees, fragrant flowers and lovely lakes, with a laro-e collection of rare birds and animals. Col. Grant's memory deserves to be cherished by all Atlantians for his liberal and magnificent donation to the city.
Spring Dale Park is also an attractive resort and recent improvements by the city are making it still more attractive. As Piedmont Park has been adopted as the site for the coming Exposition, reference to it will be made in that connection.
The electric street car system is an excellent one and permeates every portion of the city and suburban towns. The total length of the lines is ] 00 miles, a large proportion double-tracked--all radiating from the great hotels and the Union Passenger Depot, which is the exact center of the city.
The gentle touch of Time's erasing finger is fast obliterating the line* of defence around Atlanta, which were made necessary by General Sherman's visit, before "grim-visaged war had smoothed her wrinkled

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439

front." Now that the sword has been beaten into plowshares, a larger patriotism demands that the deep lines of sectional contention and strife shall be similarly obliterated.
Half of man's allotted life is time enough in which to serve these; the other half ought to be allowed fairest opportunity to build up the places made waste by them; not that the past shall be either dishonored or forgotten, but rather that it shall be treasured in the heart's memory where all that is most sacred is enshrined; or, like the veteran's badge of honor and distinction, laid away among the sacred relics of the past, to be looked at only on proper occasions and always with the proud self-consciousness of a time when duty, recognized and acknowledged, was discharged with courage and fidelity and with eyes always to the front.
The Cotton States and International Exposition, which will be held in Atlanta, from September 18 to December 31, 1895, promises to be a turning point in the history of the Southern States. It is uot by any means a local or provincial affair, and the term Cotton States would be entirely too narrow a designation, if not accompanied by the broader word International, which truly describes the ambitious enterprise. It was first proposed to call it the Pan-American Exposition, but even the western hemisphere would not measure its scope.
The Exposition has received the endorsement of the United States Government, Congress having appropriated $200,000 for a government buildinff and exhibit. An eligible site has been assigned for this building, the plans for which have already been prepared by the United States supervising architect. It will be one of the finest structures on the grounds. The practical experience of the board having this exhibit in charge will make it the most comprehensive and interesting ever made by the United States Government.
The Exposition has also received the endorsement of the legislatures and principal commercial bodies of all the Southern States, and reasonable assurance has been given that many of them will be represented by State buildings and exhibits.
Object of the Exposition. The fact that the South and its wonderful agricultural, mineral and manufacturing resources were not adequately represented at the World's Columbian Exposition, led to the inception of this enterprise, which has the further object of fostering the trade relations already existing between the Southern States and the republics of Mexico and Central and South America. Cordial invitations, however, have been extended to all foreign countries.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

In addition to the Government Building, plans have been accepted

and work commenced on the following:

Manufactures and Liberal Arts

216x370 ft.

Machinery

100x500 ft.

Minerals and Forestry

80x220 ft.

Agriculture

150x300 ft.

Electricity

91x250 ft.

Transportation

126x413 ft.

Woman's Building

110x220 ft.

Fine Arts Building

100x245 ft.

Negro Building

100x300 ft.

Exposition Finances. The following is an estimate of the financial re-

sources of the Exposition :

Local subscriptions

225,000

City appropriation

75,000

Space (estimated)

100,000

Bonds

300,000

Gate receipts over bonds (estimated)

1,000,000

Light, Power, etc.,

25,000

Concessionaries

200 000

Grounds and Improvements

1,945,000 262 000

$ 2,207,000 This provides for an expenditure of two million in round numbers to make the Exposition complete. Piedmont Park contains one hundred and ninety acres, and its undulating surface is being rapidly transformed into an elysiau landscape born of some poet's dream. Some adequate conception of the magnitude of the undertaking, and at the same time of the resourceful energy and capacity of the South may be gathered from the foregoing tabulated statistics of the various structures themselves, as well as the extent of its financial resources and expenditures at this time of writing. Several important structures have already been finished, including the Art and Electric buildings, and by July 1st the following structures will be completed: Agriculture, Transportation, Manufactures, Fire, Negro, Mineral and Forestry and Government Building, and more than two thousand work-

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

441

men have been employed per month pushing forward to completion the various other buildings in time for opening day, September 18, 1895.
Greene.--Greene county was laid out from Washington in 1786 ; is bounded north by Oconee and Oglethorpe, east by Taliaferro, south by Hancock and Putnam, west by Putnam and Morgan. Was named for Gen. Nathaniel Greene who, next to Gen. Washington, was the equal of any of the distinguished officers in the Revolutionary war; was appointed by Washington to the command of the department in the South. Greenesboro is the county seat, situated on the Georgia Railroad, between the waters of Richland and Beaverdam creeks. The Oconee and Appalachee rivers are the principal streams; on them the lands are very productive. The lands have been very fertile, and by judicious management can be made so again. Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, peas and potatoes all grow well and yield remunerative crops. The population is an intelligent and thrifty one. This county has furnished many distinguished men--Peter Early, Governor of Georgia; W. C. Dawson, Lovic and Geo. F. Pierce, Jesse Mercer, Thomas Stocks, Thomas W. Cobb, A. B. Longstreet, with others. The post-offices are Greenesboro, Greshamville, Liberty, Penfield, Penn, Ruth, Siloam, Union Point, Veazy, White Plains and Woodville. Population in 1890, 17,051 ; school fund, $10,374.75; acres improved land, 240,601; average value per acre, $3.80; city property, $272,621; money, etc., $236,295; merchandise, $111,063; stocks and bonds, $115,750; manufactories, $500; household furniture, $97,887; horses, mules, etc., $178,189; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,696 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,811; real estate, $1,187,360 ; personal, $711,879 Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 7,412; value, $26,566; city property, $16,380; household furniture, $24,596; horses, mules, etc., $37,870 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,499. Rate of county tax, 8.13 mills.
Hancock--Hancock county was formed in 1793 from Washington and Greene; is bounded north by Greene and Taliaferro, east by Warren, south by Washington and Baldwin, west by Putnam. The Ogeechec river separates the county from Warren, and the Oconee from Putnam. The northern portion of the county is hilly, with red soil, and southern portion flat pine woods. Shoulderbone creek is said to have the best lands in the county. Cotton, corn, oats, wheat, rye, peas, barley, potatoes and melons all produce finely. Sparta is the county seat The postoffices are Carr's Station, Cawthon, Culverton, Devereaux Station, Jewell's, Linton, Mayfield, Powelton and Shoulder. For many years the people have given a great deal of attention to education, which has given

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

the county a reputation for having a population not excelled by those of any county in the State for intelligence and refinement. There was in Sparta some time since quite a list of rocks and minerals of rare specimens. Fine specimens of shells of the mussel were obtained from Buffalo and Shoulderbone creeks ; pearls of considerable size and beautiful lustre are obtained from these shells. Several Indian mounds are in this county. Population in 1890, 17,149; school fund, $9,741.25; rate of county tax, 4 mills ; city, Sparta, 2\ mills; acres improved land, 284,459 ; average value, $4.08; city property, $228,185; money, etc., $245,836; merchandise, $77,727; stocks and bonds, $61,000 ; cotton factories, $1,100; household furniture, $106,049 ; horses, mules, etc., $240,019; plantation aud mechanical tools, $44,936; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,189; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc, $25,195; real estate, $1,390,175; personal, $875,854. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 22,805; value, $117,196 ; city property, $8,335; money, $9,947; merchandise, 575; household furniture, 20,914; horses, mules, etc., 855,422; plantation and mechanical tools, 810,718. The lands, under a proper system of cultivation, will yield per acre : Corn, 15 bushels; oats, 40 ; wheat, 10; rye, 10; barley, 15; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 200; field peas, 25; ground-peas, 60 bushels; seed cottou, 1,200 pounds; crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 5,000 pounds ; clover, 4,000 pounds ; corn fodder, 3,000 pounds ; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. Peaches, apples and pears do well. There are several farmers in the county who have peach orchards containing from 2,000 to 12,000 trees, from which immense quantities of fruit are gathered and shipped to market, besides the large quantities that are used for home consumption--drying, preserving and fattening hogs. There is no more desirable county in the State for home-seekers to investigate before locating.
Harris.--Harris county was laid out from Troup and Muscogee in 1827. Length twenty miles, breadth eighteen. Bouuded by Troup and Meriwether north, Talbot east, Muscogee south, and (Jhattahoochee river west. Creeks that empty into Chattahoochee river are West End, Standing Boy, Sowhatchee, Mulberry, Flat Shoals, Old House and Mountain Creek. The Chattahoochee river abounds in water-power for factories and all kinds of machinery. Some of the citizens of West Point have' availed themselves of its benefits and have established cotton factories on the river below the town.
Hamilton, the county seat, is located between the Oak and Pine mountains, surrounded by beautiful scenery. The Methodists and Baptists

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

443

have churches. Male and female schools. The railroad from Columbus. to Greenville passes through the town. It is equidistant twenty-two and one-half miles from Columbus, LaGrange, West Point, Talbotton and Greenville.
Chipley, Crossroads, Ellerslie, Mulberry Grove, King's Gap, Hamilton, Waverly Hall, Whitesville and Shiloh are the towns in the county. The lands produce cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, apples, peaches and vegetables in great variety.
In point of industry, morality and benevolence the population are upon an equality with those of adjoining counties.
Pine and Oak mountains afford large quantities of the finest timber for the saw-mills to put in shape for the people to utilize in their various wants for building or the manufacture of furniture.
The county was named for Charles Harris, a distinguished lawyer who died in Savaunah, March 17th, 1827. Population in 1890, 16,220; school fund, $9,128.75; improved lands, 276,877; wild lands,. 2,369; average value per acre, $3.73 and 43c ; city property, $103,620; money, $152,534; merchandise, $59,560; stocks and bonds, $91,000; cotton manufactures, $125,000; value household furniture, $88,389; horses, mules, etc., $219,029 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $44,525 : watches, jewelry, etc., $6,156; real estate, $1,137,104 ; personal estate, $729,594. Property returned by colored taxpayers-- number acres of land, 14,813 ; value, $45,837 ; city property, $3,915; money, etc., $429 ; merchandise, $598; household furniture, $16,477; horses, mules, etc., $41,946 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $9,706.
The lands in Harris county, with proper cultivation, will yield per acre, corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 25 ; wheat, 10; rye, 8; barley, 20 ; Irish potatoes, 50 ; sweet potatoes, 15 ; field peas, 10; ground peas, 20 ; cotton in seed 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 2,500 ; corn fodder, 450 ; sorghum syrup 50 gallons; sugar cane syrup, 75 gallons.
The Chattahoochee river is well supplied with fish. The county is healthy and desirable to live in. Heard.--Heard county is bounded north by Carroll, east by Cowcta, south by Troup, west by Alabama; laid out in 1830. Chattahoochee river runs through the southern part of the county. Franklin, the county seat is located on the east side of the Chattahoochee river. It was named for Stephen Heard, who was Governor of Georgia in 1781. The county is very hilly; one-third of it oak and hickory and is very rich and productive. The pine lands mixed with oak and hickory, are

444

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

also rich and productive in cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, Irish and sweet potatoes. Apples and peaches grow and mature well.
Improved land, 173,666 acres; wild land, 7,545; average value, $4.01 and $1.96; cotton factories, 81,800; horses, mules, etc., $154,725; plantation and mechanical tools, $32,406; household furniture, $50,991; value cotton, corn, annual crops, $12,500; real estate, 8749, 930; personal, $383,649 ; public school fund, $5,504.50; population in 1890, 9,557.
One of the early settlers of this county wrote : "I have never heard of a case of fever and ague here, and only a few cases of bilious fever. There is not a quart of stagnant water on the west side of the river in the county. It is the most hilly and the most healthy county in the 'State, and holds more valuable water-power than any other territory that I ever saw of the same area."
The forest trees are very large, and valuable for building and manufacturing purposes. The people are hospitable, with a genuine republican simplicity of manner. Land well tilled and cared for will yield per acre: Corn, 15 bushels; oats, 10; wheat, 10; Irish and sweet potatoes, 75, each; ground peas, 20; seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab and Bermuda grass, 1 ton each; sorghum syrup, 40 gallons; sugarcane, 50. Cabbage, beets, onions, turnips, and a variety of vegetables grown in this climate succeed well.
Henry.--Henry county is bounded on the north by DeKalb, east by "Butts, south by Spalding, west by Clayton; laid out in 1821. Rivers and creeks--South river, head branches of Ocmulgee and Cotton river; creeks, Troublesome, Sandy, Towaliga, Indian, Tussahaw, Little Wal>nut, Line, and Beeves.
Post-offices: McDonough, Locust Grove, Stockbridge, Sandy Ridge, Babb, Beersheba, Fay, Flippen, Greenwood, Hampton, Island Shoals, Knob, Luella, Ola, Peachtree, Peeksville, Tunis, White House, Wynn's Mill. McDonough is the county seat, with two railroads; good schools ; Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian churches predominate; a thrifty, intelligent population. The lands on the rivers and creeks are rich and productive. The mulatto lands in the country bring fine crops in cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, peas, potatoes, and a variety of vegetables. The climate is healthy; pure, cool, freestone water. The county is increan'nj with an industrious and thrifty population. The water courses have many fine shoals as inducements to erect factories and mills hy those desirous to do so. Lands are cheap, averaging in value from $6 to $10 per acre.

GEORGIA BY COUNTIES.

445

The county was named for Patrick Henry of "Virginia, whom Mr. Jefferson said was the greatest orator that ever lived.
Population in 1890, 16,220; school fund, $9,141; acres improved land, 202,783; average value improved land, $6.86; city property, $129,943; money, etc. $271,609; value of merchandise, $58,926; household furniture, $96,619; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $219,370; plantation and mechanical tools, $57,323 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,709; real estate, $1,357,240; personal estate, $767,806. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 3,392; value, $20,800; city property, $3,388; money, $542; household furniture, $9,589 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $21,817; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,732. The lands in Henry county will yield per acre: Corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20 ; wheat, 10 ; rye, 8 ; barley, 10 ; Irish potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 75; field peas, 10; ground peas, 20; seed cotton, 600 pounds; crab grass hay, 3,000; Bermuda grass hay, 2,500; clover, 3,000 ; corn fodder, 450 ; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar cane, 150.
The East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad and the Georgia Midland offer fine facilities for travel and transportation of produce to. market. The population of Henry in 1880 was 14,193; in 1890, 16,220; McDonough, the county seat, in 1880, 1,808; in 1890, 2,414, which shows a healthy growth and increase in each.
Jasper.--Jasper county was laid off in 1807 as Randolph county,, changed to Jasper in 1812; it is bounded north by Morgan and Newton, east by Putnam, south by Jones and Monroe; west by Monroe and. Butts. It was named for Sergeant Jasper for his gallant deeds in the Revolutionary war. At the attack on Fort Moultrie, when the flag-staff was shot down, Jasper took it up and, fastening it to a staff, planted it amidst a galling fire from the enemy's ships, for which Governor Rutledge presented him with a sword. He and his comrade (Newton) liberated certain prisoners at Spa Springs, near Savannah, under guard of a sergeant, corporal, and eight soldiers. At the siege of Savannah he was shot down, the colors in his hands waving over his head to encourage the American troops. Monticello, named for Jefferson's residence, is the county seat. The Ocmulgee, which divides this county from Monroe and Butts, is the chief stream ; the creeks are Rocky, Falling, Cedar, Murder, Shoal, White, Oak, Wolf, and Panther. The lands are generally rolling, particularly in the eastern half; that portion near the river is a rich, productive land. The southern part of the county is a gray soil, and altogether is one of the most productive counties in, the State iu cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, and potatoes^ peaches and.

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apples mature well in this' section. The Macon and Northern Railroad gives the citizens an opportunity to get their products to market. Hillsborough and Shady Dale are growing towns since the railroad was built through the county. The population in 1890 was 13,879 ; school fund, $7,774,25; county tax, 5.63 mills; acres of improved land, 226,534: average value per acre, $3.58; city property, $171,370; .shares in bank, $16,800; money, etc., 8161,982; merchandise, $64,598 ; invested in shipping, $20 ; stocks and bonds, $6,040; cotton manufactories, $lr735 ; household furniture, $78,105; horses, mules, $175,682 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $39,598; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,015; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc., $16,466 ; real estate, $981,914; personal estate, $607,890. Property returned by colored taxpayers-- number acres of land, 7,069; value, $26,156 ; city property, $6,146 ; money, etc., $1,241; household furniture, $12,874; horses, mules, etc., $37,874 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,441. In 1812 the name of this county was changed to Jasper from Randolph, and after sixteen years, in 1828, the legislature laid off a county from Lee and named it Randolph, in honor of John Randolph of Roanoke, Va.
The county is well watered, and the Ocmulgee river has fine shoals for factories and mills of any capacity. The lands, well cultivated and enriched, will yield per acre : Corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 20; wheat, 10 ; rye, 20 ; barley, 25 ; Irish potatoes, 125 ; sweet potatoes, 200 ; field peas, 20; ground peas, 50; seed cotton, 750 pounds ; crab grass, 2 tons ; Bermuda, 2 to 3 tons ; cane syrup, from 200 to 300 gallons ; sorghum, 150. The county is remarkably healthy, and very accessible by the Macon and Northern Railroad, which passes through its center.
Jones.--Jones county was laid out in 1807 and named for James Jones, of Chatham county; is bounded north by Jasper, east by Baldwin, south by Bibb, and west by Monroe. Clinton is the county seat, with other post-offices: Blountville, Bradley, Cardville, Cornucopia, Glovers, Gray, Griswoldville, Haddock Station, James, Morton, Pippin, Plenitude, Round Oak, Robertsville, Slocum, Wayside--none of importance. The fine dark mulatto lands were once considered among the best in the State and could, by a proper system of cultivation, be restored. Even before the building of railroads no county in the State had a better or more intelligent and thrifty population, lands being worked by slave labor owned by wealthy planters.
Population in 1890, 12,709; school fund, $5,005.75; county tax, 5h mills; acres of improved land, 235,419; average value per acre, $3.34;

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city property, $24,659; gas and electric lights, $157; money, etc., $72,172; merchandise, 821,920 ; stocks and bonds, $2,100 ; household, furniture, $50,828; horses, mules, etc., $163,025; plantation and rncchauieal tools, $32,657 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,906 ; real estate, $813,965 ; personal estate, $363,664. Returns of colored taxpayers-- number acres of land, 9,715; value, $29,560; city property, $2,119; merchandise, $300 ; household furniture, $9,102; horses, mules, etc., $35,012 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,823. The land, with proper culture, will produce per acre: corn, 15 to 20 bushels ; oats, 25 to 30; wheat, 12 to 15 ; rye, 6 to 8 ; barley, 40 to 50 ; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 10 to 20; ground peas, 50; cotton, 600 pounds; crab grass, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds ; Bermuda, 4,000 pounds; clover, 4,000 to 5,000 pounds; corn fodder, 4,000 to (1,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar cane syrup, 150 gallons.
A fine vein of kaolin is being developed. The county has an abundance of oak, hickory, poplar, ash, gum, with other timbers for manufacturing implements of husbandry and furniture. The soil, with its clay foundation, is well adapted to the grasses for hay and grazing purposes.
Lincoln.--Lincoln county was laid out from Wilkes in 1796. Is bounded north by Elbert, east by Savannah river, south by Columbia, and west by Wilkes. Named for General Benjamin Lincoln of Massachusetts; born January 25, 1733. He was in several engagements with the enemy. At the siege of Yorktown he distinguished himself. In 1781 was chosen Secretary of War; in 1789 was appointed by Washington collector of the port of Boston. Died May 10, 1810.
Lincolnton is the county seat. Post-offices : Agnes, Amity, Clay Hill, Double Branches, Gosheu, Kenna, Leathersville, Leverett, Lisbon, Lockhart. The Savannah river separates the county from South Carolina and Broad river from Elbert, Little river from Columbia. The county is hilly and much worn and washed into gullies. On the rivers the lands are rich and productive of cotton, corn, wheat, peas, tobacco and potatoes. Gold, with other minerals, are found in this county, among them novaculite of superior quality. Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians are the predominant religious sects.
Population in 1890, 6,146; school fund, $3,401; acres of improved land, 144,330 ; average value per acre, $2.81 ; city property, $19,100 ; money, etc., $56,220; merchandise, $11,705; household furniture, $30,058 ; horses, mules, etc., $92,519 ; plantation and mechauical tools, $18,868; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,421 ; real estate, $425,094; personal

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estate, $229,270. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land 2,020; value, $7,384; household furniture, $3,218; horses, mules, etc., $16,134 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,669.
The production of land in this county per acre is : corn, 15 bushels ;. oats, 15 ; wheat, 10 ; rye, 10 ; barley, 25 ; Irish potatoes, 100 ; sweet potatoes, 100 ; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 35 ; seed cotton, 700 pounds; crab grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda, 5,000 pounds; clover, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder with stalk, 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons ; sugar cane syrup, 125 gallons.
There are a number of corn and flour mills, also steam lumber mills. One gold mine in operation and paying good dividends; also a silver mine and manganese in combination. The county abounds in minerals and needs only to be developed to show its immense richness in hidden treasures of gold and silver, with other valuable deposits. Fruits and vegetables grow well in this county.
The county is subdivided into lots of 200 acres and has a total area of 115,400 acres, about fifteen per cent, of which is original wood, including the many varieties of oak, hickory, poplar, maple, dogwood, etc., about forty per cent, in cultivation, and the other forty-five in second growth--mostly pine.
The county is well watered, and under a recent system of terracinand green-soiling the lands are improving rapidly in fertility and value. Much of the land near Atlanta is devoted to truck-farming--that city furnishing a home market for vegetables and fruits at remunerative prices. The farms in this county are small, more frequently coming under 100 acres than exceeding it, and very rarely exceeding 300 to 400 acres.
Land can be bought at from $10 to $100 per acre, according to location, quality, and improvements.
McDuffie.--McDuffie county is bounded north by Walker and Lincoln, east by Columbia, south by Warren, west by Taliaferro; was named for Senator McDuffie of South Carolina. Was laid out from the adjoining counties. The lands are on a par with those of Columbia and Taliaferro, are productive in cotton, corn, potatoes, ground peas, sugar cane, wheat, rye, oats, barley, melons, and a general variety of vegetables, all of which succeed well. The face of the country is undulating. The southeru part is gray sandy soil and not so productive as the northern part where the lands have clay foundations. The land from long and bad usage needs restoring, which could be done by a proper system of cultivation and rotation in crops

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Thomson is the county seat located on the Georgia Railroad and is a growing and prosperous town of near 2,000 population, with good schools and churches. There are in operation three gold mines in the county, the Talahau, the Partee, and Williams, all doing a prosperous business and making money. The citizens are kind and hospitable.
Population in 1890, 8,789; school fund, $5,105; improved land, $150,014 acres ; average value per acre, $3.34 ; city property, $138,810 ; shares in bank, $18,300 ; money, etc., $84,512 ; merchandise, $33,395 ; in tonnage, $250 ; stocks and bonds, $750; cotton factories, $1,430 ; iron works, $700 ; household furniture, $59,368 ; horses, mules, sheep, cattle, etc., $118,332; plantation and mechanical tools, $25,801; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,926; real estate, $635,341; personal estate, $376,347. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres land, 6,216; value, $18,519; city property, $2,300; money, etc., $1,710 ; household furniture, $7,618; horses, mules, etc, $21,052; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,383. Production per acre: corn, 8 bushels; oats, 10; wheat, 9; rye, 12 ; barley, 10; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 150 ; field peas, 6; ground peas, 75; seed cotton, 750 pounds; crab grass hay, 3,000 ; corn fodder, 400 ; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar cane syrup. 150 gallons
Meriwether.--Meriwether county is bounded north by Coweta, east by Pike and Upson, south by Talbot, west by Troup ; length, 26 miles; breadth, 17 ; laid out in 1827. Flint river is the principal stream. The creeks are Red Oak, White Oak, Pigeon, Cane, Walnut, and Bear. Postoffices, Greenville, Warnerville, Shoals, Gold Hill, Rocky Mount, Lutherville,Warm Springs, White Sulphur Springs, Woodbury, and Jones Mill. The county was named for General David Meriwether, who came from Virginia and settled in Wilkes county in 1785. Greenville is the county seat and named in honor of General Nathanial Green, located on a high ridge near the center of the county. Has Methodist and Baptist churches, academies--male and female. A well-shaded town. The railroad from Columbus, Ga., terminates there, and the Macon and Brunswick Railroad passes through it, which afford facilities for travel and transportation. The population is moral and intelligent. Woodbury, on the Georgia Midland Railroad, ten miles south of Greenville, where the Macon and Brunswick Railroad crosses the Georgia Midland, is a thriving and growing town of several hundred population. Flat Shoals, twelve miles from Greenville on the Flint river, possesses some of the finest water power in the State. A few miles farther down the river, where the Macon and Brunswick Railroad

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Crosses it, there is a continuation of shoals for some two miles, with 2,000 acres of land adjoining for sale on reasonable terms. This has for years been considered one of the best counties in the State for cotton, corn, and all the products of this climate. The face of the country though undulating produces fine crops. Lands on the Flint river, Red Oak and White Oak creeks are very fine and productive, and with proper culture will yield per acre : corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20; wheat, 6 ; rye, 10 ; Irish potatoes, 75 ; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 25 ; seed cotton, 750pounds ; crab grass hay, 5,000 ; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons.
Population in 1890, 20,740; school fund, $14,592.25; improved lands, 300,087 ; wild lands, 7,805 ; average value, $4.73 and 41 cents ; city property, $163,285 ; money, etc., $157,697; value of merchandise, $7,600; bank stock, $53,740; iron works, $1,000; household furniture, $96,312; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $258,617; plantation and mechanical tools, $55,824; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,360; real estate, $1,588,055; personal estate, $756,819; property returned by colosed taxpayers--number acres of land, 7,698 ; value, $34,364 ; city property, $2,890; household furniture, $14,422; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $38,477 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,412. Greenville has one bank with $25,000 paid up capital.
Monroe.--Monroe county is bounded north by Butts, east by Ocmulgee, south by Bibb and Crawford, west by Upson and Pike ; was laid off in 1821; length, 21 miles; breadth, 16 miles; named for James Monroe, President of the United States.
The Ocmulgee river forms the eastern boundary, Towaliga runs through the northern part and empties into the Ocmulgee. Each have water falls with fine locations for factory and mills. The creeks are Tobesofokee, Shoal, Crooked, Phillips, Beaverdam, Deer, Rum, Cooks Walker, Eight-mile and Beach.
The soil is of the beet ou the water courses, a dark chocolate color, admirable fbr fehe production of cotton, corn, wheat and oats. The mulatto and gray lands produce finely and are well adapted to the production of grain* ; peas, potatoes, onions, cabbage, tomatoes and vegetables generally grow well. Peaches and apples mature well on these lands, especially the former. Monroe has ranked as one of the best cotton producing counties in the State.
The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the prevailing religious denominations. The people have shown much interest in the subject ot

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education. Forsyth, Culloden and other points have established institutions of learning of high order.
There is an oil grill and guano factory in Forsyth, with other industries of value to the citizens.
Post-offices in the county : Gulletsville, Russellville, Smarrs, Goggins, High Falls and Bolingbroke. The population of Forsyth is more than ordinarily intelligent, hospitable and temperate, with neat and tastily built residences; two banks of $100,000 and 30,000 paid up capital ; each prospering.
The climate is mild, warm, cool and pure; county generally very healthy; the people are intelligent and thrifty; lands cheap, which makes the county a desirable one for immigrants to locate in with a prospect of success and remuneration in cultivating the lands.
Population in 1890, 19,137; school fund $11,195,50 ; improved lands, 286,118; average value $4.67 per acre; city property, $283,629; money, etc., $160,196 ; merchandise, $77,896 ; stocks and bonds, $30,925; cotton factories, $115,375; iron works, $800; household furniture, $139,643 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $356,461; plantation and mechanical tools $70,148; watches, jewelry, etc., $11,466; real estate, $1,613,916; personal estate, $930,239. Property returned by colored tax payers--number acres of land 14,553; value $68,1-88; city property $6,647; money etc., $1,000; merchandise, $225 ; household furniture, $21,684; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $50,789; plantation and mechanical tools, $11,148 ; rate of county tax 5 mills ; municipal tax 4.75 mills.
The lands in Monroe county with proper system of culture, will yield per acre : corn, 20 bushels ; wheat, 10; rye and barley, 20; oats, 25; Irish potatoes, 50 ; sweet potatoes, 100 ; field peas, 15 ; ground peas, 30 ; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 3,000; Bermuda grass hay 3,000; corn fodder, 600; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar cane syrup, 150 gallons. The population, lands and surrouuding environments offer many inducements to home-seekers who wish good lands, good schools, good churches, with good society and a healthy country.
Morgan.--Morgan county was laid out from Baldwin in 1807 ; is bounded north by Walton and Oconee, east by Greene, south by PutBam and Jasper, west by Walton ; was named for General Daniel Morgan, who was an ardent supporter of the cause of American independence ; was taken prisoner at the siege of Quebec, and when exchanged was appointed by Washington to the command of a regiment; was with Gates at the surrender of Burgoyne and contributed to the glory of the memo-

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rable events of Saratoga ; his bravery and skill at the Cowpens, where he defeated Tarlton, crowned him with unfading laurels.
The county seat is Madison, one of the most beautiful towns in Georgia; noted for the taste of ladies in the cultivation of flowers in their beautiful flower yards The citizens are intelligent and known far and wide for refinement and taste in all that makes for the good of society.
Appalachee and Little rivers are the chief streams. Madison is situated on the ridge which divides the waters of Sugar and Hard Labor creeks, surrounded by a beautiful and fertile country. The Methodists, Baptists aad Presbyterians have each good church buildings ; good schools, Masonic Lodge, Sunday schools, Sons of Temperance and Bibie Society. The post-offices are Appalachee, Austin, Bostwick, Buckhead, Cowan, Fair Play, Godfrey, Mallory, Maple, Nolan, Pennington, Keese, Rehoboth and Rutledge, which are generally small places.
The face of the country is undulating ; that part of the county containing mulatto soil is not excelled by any lands in the State. Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley and potatoes are the chief products and grow to very great perfection, yielding remunerative crops to the tillers
of the soil. Rate of county tax, 5.38 mills; municipal tax, 5 mills. Population
in 1890, 16,041. Besides the Georgia Railroad there is the Macon and Northern, which passes through Madison to Athens and is giving renewed life to the town, now rapidly increasing in wealth and population.
School fund, $9,517.25; improved land, 220,644; average value per acre, $5.45; city property, $627,267; value shares in bank, $75,000 ; money, etc , $322,365 ; merchandise, $122,006; stocks and bonds,. $90,289; iron works, $24,920; household furniture, $101,715; horses, mules, etc., $209,108; plantation and mechanical tools, $47,716; watches, jewelry, etc., $13,058; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc., $46,468; real estate, $1,831,637; personal estate, $1,068,282. Properly returned by colored tax payers--number acres of land, 7,118; value,. $42,217; city property, $44,605; money, etc., $1,218; merchandise, $411; household furniture,.' $9,399; horses, mules, etc., $39,482; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,564.
The lands in this county are much above an average in point of their productive qualities. By proper cultivation, they will produce per acre : corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 25 ; wheat, 10 ; rye, 7 ; barley, 20; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes, 150; field peas, 10; ground peas, 50; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; crab grass hay, 3,000 ; Bsrmuda grass hay, 4,000; com

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fodder, with stocks, 6.000; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar cane syrup, 105 gallons.
Madison is located on the Georgia railroad where the Macon and Northern crosses it, 70 miles from Atlanta. The county is well watered and offers many inducements to those who wish to build factories or mills. It has a healthy and pleasant climate.
Neivton.--Newton county is bounded north by Walton, west by Morgan, south by Jasper and Henry, and west by Rockdale. Indian title extinguished in 1817. The rivers are Yellow, Alcovy and South Ocmulgee.
Covington is the county seat and was named for General Covjngton. It is located on a ridge three and one-half miles east of Yellow river and three miles west of the Alcovy. The county was named for Sergeant John Newton, a friend of Jasper, who assisted in capturing a British detachment at Spa Springs, near Savannah, Ga., during the Revolutionary war. The population in 1890 was 14,310; school fund, $8,486.50. Post-offices: Almaud, Cora, King, Sequin, Newborn, Newton Factory, Oxford, Snapping Shoals, Starrsville, Stewart and Winston. The land is generally undulating. The eastern part of the county is level. The productions are corn, cotton, wheat, rye,oats, barley and potatoes; peaches mature well; vegetables grow finely in this county with attention.
The society is good and the people well informed. First-class college at Oxford. Good churches well supplied ; able and efficient ministers. Methodist is the prevailing denomination. Improved lands, 167,901 acres; average value per acre, $6.55 ; city property, $469,227 ; shares in bank, $75,600; money, etc., $1,446,340; merchandise, $110,237; stocks and bonds, $8,300 ; cotton manufactories, $187,546 ; household furniture, $133,488 ; horses, mules, etc., $194,985; plantation and mechanical tools, $49,664; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,042; real estate, $1,523,985; personal estate, $1,247,098. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 3,995; value, $24,118; city property, $28,687; money, $1,012; merchandise, $100; household furniture, $14,177; horses, mules, etc., 825,898; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,472.
The lands in Newton county, under a proper system of cultivation, will yield per acre : corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 30 ; wheat, 10 ; rye 8 ; barley, 20; Irish potatoes, 125; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 10; ground peas, 30 ; upland cotton in seed, 700 pounds ; crab grass hay, 2,500; Bermuda grass hay, 2,000 ; corn fodder, with stalk, 4,000; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons ; sugar cane, 100 gallons.

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Oconee.--Oconee county is bounded north by Clarke and Jackson, east by Clarke and Oglethorpe, south by Morgan and west by Walton. Named from Oconee river. It embraces a long and narrow area between Barber creek and the Oconee river on one side and the Appalachee river on the west. The surface is hilly. The southern portion of the county is covered with a gray, sandy land, which extends within three miles of Watkinsville. The rocks are micaceous in character with garnet and feldspar. The red lands form a belt across the county from the upper portion of Clarke, southward into Morgan county. Watkinsville lies within this belt. The lands extending one and one-half miles west aqd three miles south. Hornblendic gneiss forms the prominent rock on the eastern part and biotite gneiss on the western half of the belt. Gray lands cover the northwestern section. The rivers have an abundance of water-power with natural shoals for any kind of mill or factory.
The lands, with proper culture, will yield per acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20; wheat, 12 ; rye, 7; barley, 30 ; Irish potatoes, 175 ; sweet potatoes, 150 ; field peas, 15 ; ground peas, 40; seed cotton, 600 pounds ; crab grass hay, 4,000 ; Bermuda, 6,000 ; clover, 5,000 ; corn fodder, 250 ; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar cane syrup, 100 gallons.
Melons, peaches, apples, plums and pears do well in this county, with, a great variety of vegetables.
The population is kind and hospitable. Watkinsville has a population of 500. Population of the county in 1890, 7,713; school fund, $4,605; acres improved land, 115,213; average value, $5.73; city property, $46,972 money, $90,899; merchandise, $17,920; stocks and bonds, $99,000 value household furniture, $67,672; horses, mules, etc., $135,944 plantation and mechanical tools, $30,182; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,383 real estate, $707,108; personal estate, $481,509. Returns of property by colored taxpayers--acres land, 1,605; value, $11,790; money, $630; household furniture, $11,612; horses, mules, etc., $21,140; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,148.
The Macon and Northern and the Georgia, Carolina and Northern railroads pass through the county.
Oglethorpe.--Oglethorpe county is bounded north by Madison, northeast by Elbert, east by Wilkes, southeast by Taliaferro, south by Greene, west by Clarke and Oconee. Laid out in 1793, and was named for General James Oglethorpe, Georgia's first Governor. Lexington is the county seat; has been noted among the villages of Georgia for its highly cultivated state

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of society, having had many of the most distinguished men in the State as its residents--W. H. Crawford, Thos. W. Cobb, Stephen Upson, Geo. R. Gilmer, Lumpkins, etc. Education is appreciated by this county. Religious denominations: Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and a few Swedenborgians. The face of the country is hilly ; western part red land, central gray, and the eastern partakes of each. The lands upon the Goose Pond creek are noted for their fertility. Productions : Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, melons, apples, peaches, vegetables, oats, potatoes and peas. The citizens are sociable, well-informed and hospitable. Early settlers : Governor Matthews, the Gilmers, Meriwethers, Lumpkins, Colliers, Thomases and McGees. There is an abundance of fine granite in this county ; also the amethystine quartz, feldspar, jasper, agate, auriferous copper, barytes and iron ore. Population in 1890, 16,951; school fund, $9,433.25; improved land, 271,435 acres; average value per acre, $3.25 ; city property, $101,810 ; money, etc., $189,661; merchandise, $52,545 ; stocks and bonds, $9,500 ; mining, $500 ; household furniture, $74,130; horses, mules, etc., $182,412; plantation and mechanical tools, $29,750; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,669 ; cotton, corn, annual crops, etc., $15,725; real estate, $983,932; personal estate, $602,393. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres land, 6,957; value, $21,395; city property, $3,550; money, etc, $800; merchandise, $25 ; household furniture, $4,245 ; horses, mules, etc., $26,750; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,495. The lands, with proper culture, will produce per acre : Corn, 15 bushels; oats, 15; wheat, 8; rye, 15; barley, 25; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 15 ; ground-peas, 50 ; seed cotton, 700 pounds ; crab grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda, 4,000 pounds ; clover, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 500 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. Colonel James M. Smith has in successful operation a large guano and cotton-seed oil manufacturing establishment. He is also e ngaged largely in dairy products, and with them the raising of beef cattle, all of which is profitable and monevpaying, demonstrating what a man of push and practical sense can do. There is some gold found in this county. Apples, peaches, plums, tomatoes and a general variety of fruits and vegetables succeed in this county.
Pike--Pike county was laid off in 1822. Has Butts and Spalding on the north and west, Monroe and Upson on the east, Flint river on the south and west. Population in 1890, 16,300. Zebulon, on the Atlanta & Florida Railroad, 12 miles south of Griffin, is the county seat, a town with a few hundred population, courthouse and jail, hotel, two church

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buildings well sustained and supported by good congregations, Methodist and Baptist; high school well supported by the population ; five or six stores. Barnesville is a growing little city of about 2,500 population, located on the Central Railroad about 60 miles south of Atlanta and 43 north of Macon. Has a good hotel, bank, Gordon Institute, equipped with a corps of competent teachers, well and liberally patronized, and considered the equal of any high school in the country; a prosperous cotton factory, 2 carriage and wagon factories, 2 underwear knitting mills, cotton seed oil mill at Williamson, with other lesser industries to give employment to its population. The Baptists and Methodists have good church edifices, with acceptable ministers to fill them. Public buildings and private residences are built in modern style, neatly painted, giving the city an attractive and pleasing appearance to the visiting stranger. Post-offices, aside from Zebulon and Barnesville, are Milner, Liberty Hill, Concord, Molena, Jordan's Store, Lifsey, Williamson and Hollonville. The Flint river and creek bottom lands are rich and productive. The county abounds in creeks, Big Potato, Elkins, Birch, Flat Gap, Honey Bee, Sunday, Wasp, Fly and Rose creek. The face of the country is rolling, with valley of gray and mulatto land predominant. With proper cultivation, yields good crops of corn, cotton, cowpeas, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes (Irish and sweet ), turnips, tomatoes, cabbage, small fruits, etc. Peaches and grapes grow well in this county and yield good crops. Water is abundant, pure freestone, moves rapidly, with no stagnant pools to induce malarial fevers. The climate is delightful and county healthy. The population is intelligent, hospitable, sober, and industrious. The range of Pine mountains in the southern portion of the county are so named on account of the number and height of the trees; immense quantities of lumber and shingles have come from these mountains.
Tax returns show--acres improved land, 186,507 ; average value per acre, $6.52; city property, $408,400; shares in bank, $68,170; money, etc., $283,559; merchandise, $92,285; stocks and bonds, $5,000; cotton manufacturing, $134,400 ; household furniture, $155,157 ; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., $228,802; plantation and mechanical tools, $74,914; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,872; real estate, .$1,612,759; personal estate, $1,134,877. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres laud, 5,714; value, $32,911; city property, $18,491; money, $503; household furniture, $16,332 ; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., $29,699; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,490 ; school fund, $9,753.50. With a proper system of cultivation,

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the lands can be made to produce per acre : Corn, 15 to 20 bushels ; oats, 25 to 30; wheat, 8 to 10 ; rye, 10; barley, 25; Irish and sweet potatoes, each, 125 ; field peas, 10 to 15 ; ground peas, 40 ; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab grass .hay, 2 tons; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; cane syrup, 350 gallons.
Putnam.--Putman county is bounded north by Morgan, east by Greene and Hancock counties, south by Baldwin and Jones counties, west by Jasper. The county was created from Baldwin in 1807 ; was named for Israel Putnam, who commanded at the battle of Bunker Hill iu 1775. The Oconee and Little rivers are the chief streams. Eatonton is the county seat, named for General Eaton and made the county seat in 1808. Post-offices : Cloptou, Nona, Note, Spivey, Stanfordville, Willard. The soil is mulatto, and under a proper system of cultivation produces fine crops of cotton, corn, wheat, rye, barley, peas, potatoes, and almost all the vegetables grown in that climate ; peaches, plums, and figs mature well.
Population in 1890, 14,842; school fund, $8,568.95; rate of county tax, 6.50 mills; municipal tax, Eatonton, 5i mills; acres of improved land, 185,504 ; average value of improved lands, $5.33 ;.city property, $297,893; shares in bank, $60,000; money, etc., $310,130; value of merchandise, $83,545; stocks and bonds, $1,800; household furniture, $84,927; horses, mules, etc., $203,212; plantation and mechanical tools, $49,387 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,591; real estate, $1,286,729; persoonal estate, $809,383. Returns of property by colored taxpayers-- number acres of land, 6,801; value, $28,957; city property, $27,485; money, etc., $800: merchandise, $400; household furniture, $12,372; horses, mules, etc., $44,051; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,690.
Religious denominations, Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. Granite is abundant for all building purposes ; some Indian mounds in the county ; also evidences of an old fortification on the Covington road.
The lands of Putnam county are a rich mulatto soil and will produce per acre : corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 6; barley, 20; Irish potatoes, 75 ; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 25; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda, 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 60; sugar cane syrup, 100 gallons.
The county is well watered, having the Oconee and Little rivers, with fine water-power to propel machinery or mills. Eatonton has two State banks with a paid up capital of $60,000, and $54,750 cash, with a good reserve fund. The town is well shaded with beautiful groves, and is possessed of a moral and cultivated population of about 2,000, with good

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schools and churches, with efficient ministers and educated professors to occupy and fill them.
Rochdale.--Rockdale county is bounded north by Gwinnett and Walton, east by Walton and Newton, south by Newton and Henry, and west by Henry and DeKalb; was named Rockdale, meaning rocky valley, on account of the immense ledge of rock running through its boundary. Conyers is the county seat, named for a prominent planter who lived in that vicinity. It is a small town of 1,500 population, gradually improving. Yellow river is the most important stream running through the county. Has natural falls sufficient for operating mills or factories. The county is well supplied with water in small streams. The lands on the ridges are gray; those on the river are dark and very productive when properly cultivated. The land will produce per acre: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 20 ; wheat, 8 ; rye, 5; barley, 20; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet potatoes, 60 ; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 20 ; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab grass hay, 1,000 pounds; corn fodder hay, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons ; sugar cane syrup, 75 gallons.
Population 1890, 6,813 ; school fund, $3,864.75 ; acres of improved land, 81,906; average value, $8.67; city property, $203,610; money, etc., $203,980; merchandise, $44,305; stocks and bonds, $2,000; cotton manufactories, $6,000 ; household furniture, $74,357 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $98,905; plantation and mechanical tools, $28,734.; watches, jewelry, $4,802; real estate, $813,009; personal estate, $490,702. Property returned by colored taxpayers--acres land, 2,306; value, $14,470; city property, $7,347; money, etc., $601; household furniture, $8,267; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $10,911 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,266.
There is an immense supply of granite lying on the Georgia Railroad, which is being worked into forms suitable for building and paving purposes.
Spalding.--Spalding county was laid off in 1851 from the counties of Pike and Henry. Is 22 miles long and 11 miles wide. Was named for Hon. Thomas Spalding of St. Simon's Island, Glynn county. He was a member of the Georgia Legislature and Representative in Congress.
The county seat is the city of Griffin, on the Central Railroad, 43 miles south of Atlanta and 60 miles from Macon, situated on a high dry ridge, the most elevated point between Savannah and Atlanta, containing a population of about 6,000; it has a system of waterworks, which affords an abundant supply both for public and private nse, from a large freestone spring one mile south of the city. The city is well lighted by electric lights, also private residences, stores, etc., well supplied at a

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reasonable cost. Has two large, fine school buildings, well furnished and a corps of competent teachers, male and female, who prepare their pupils to enter college in the junior class. Each pupil is charged only a nominal sum for tuition. Hence many families are attracted to the city to enable them to educate their children at a small outlay of money. The Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Christians each have good church buildings, supplied with competent, intelligent ministers. Also a handsome building erected by the Y. M. C. A., with a library of select books Ils influence on the young is perceptible for good. There are two cotton factories in successful operation, with $100,000 and $200,000 respectively paid up capital. As an evidence of a good investment there is none of its stock on the market for sale. They pay good wages to their employees, which enables them to give a good support to many dependent families of men, women and children. An abundant supply of ice of a good pure quality is made in the ice factory located in the city. Two machine shops, two carriage and wagon factories, chair factory, cotton compress, oil and guano factory, broom factory, a wine press to utilize the excess of grapes grown in the vicinity, where hundreds of barrels of wine of the finest flavor are made. The News and Swi and the Morning Call, two daily papers well conducted and each well sustained and supported, with many other smaller industries in the city. There are three banks representing a paid up capital of $200,000, with a large reserve fund, also a savings bank for the accommodation of daydaborers and parties of small earnings, where they can deposit their money with safety and receive interest on the same; are all in good shape and doing a prosperous business.
The Masons and Odd Felows each have handsome buildings just completed in fine style ; the latter with a large hall well finished and handsomely furnished for theatrical exhibitions, etc.
The public roads through the county are worked by convict labor, under the supervision of a competent overseer, and no county in the State can boast of better public roads.
Flint river, Line, Potato, Cabbins, Head and Grape creeks, are the principal water courses. The lands on and adjoining them are generally rich. In the country the lands are a mulatto and gray soil, somewhat rolling and hilly, but under a proper system of culture yield fine crops of cotton, corn, wheat, rye and oats. From one acre near Griffin, some years ago, Solomon W. Bloodworth gathered 137 bushels of corn and took the first premium at the State Agricultural Fair. The soil and climate seem to be especially adapted to the production of peaches and

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grapes. They grow to rare perfection and command in the markets the highest prices. Also the smaller fruits and vegetables, potatoes ( yam and Irish), cabbage, turnips, onions, watermelons and tomatoes all grow to great perfection and yield abundant crops.
The county is remarkably healthy and with its invigorating atmosphere and pure freestone water, there is very little cause for climatic diseases Jn the county.
The population in city and county will average with that of the best counties in the State in point of intelligence, hospitality, sobriety and industry.
Post-offices aside from Griffin, Sunnyside, Pomona, Vineyard, Orchard Hill and Drewryville, all located on the railroad except the latter.
Population in 1890, 13,117 ; county tax, 1 and 37| per cent, $1,000; improved land, number acres, 117,875; average value per acre, $8.73; city property, $1,043,130 ; value shares in bank, $236,900 ; sinking fund, $49,000; gas and electric lights, $20,000; money etc , $225,025; value of merchandise, $140,653 ; stocks and bonds, $8,350 ; cotton manufactories, $255,301 ; iron works, $6,000; in mining, $300 ; household furniture, $152,876 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $44,911 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,563; real estate, $2,072,157 ; personal estate, $1,369,518. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 3,551; value, $34,369; city property, $80,115 ; money, etc., S178 ; household furniture, $15,678; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, etc., $26,617; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,946.
Talbot.--Talbot county is bounded north by Meriwether, north and east by Upson, south by Taylor, Marion and Muscogee, west by Harris.
Talbotton, the county seat, is situated on the waters of Lazer creek. It is a neat town, with Hollingworth Institute, a flourishing school; Methodists, Baptists and Episcopalians have good church buildings; courthouse, jail and Masonic hall. The situation is high, with invigorating air and trood cool water. Flint river is the main stream.
The face of the country is broken. The brown and mulatto lands prevail, some red and gray ; the most of it is productive and grows valuable crops of cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, peas and potatoes, and well adapted to a great variety of vegetables. The people are an industrious class and intelligent, with enough public spirit to keep abreast with the times in improvement.
There is a branch railroad from Talbotton to connect with the Southwestern railroad.
The people are generally healthy.

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The county was named for Matthew Talbot, who represented Oglcthorpe in the legislature for many years, and on the death of Governor Rabun became Governor, ad interim, as he was then President of the Senate. Population in 1890, 13,258; school fund, $7,574.75; improved lands, 221,293 ; wild land, 7,552; average value, $3.20 and .58; city property, $115,280; merchandise, $42,585; value household furniture, $65,376 ; horses, mules, cattle, etc., $138,088; plantation and mechanical tools, $32,983; watches, jewelry, $5,456; real estate, $847,802 ; personal estate, $420,907. Property returned by colored taxpayers-- number acres land, 8,149 ; value, $27,011; city property, $6,560 ; household furniture, $12,376; horses, mules, etc., $29,595 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,449. Product of the land per acre : corn, 20 bushels ; oats, 20 ; wheat, 6 ; rye, 7 ; barley, 10 ; Irish potatoes, 75 ; sweet potatoes, 100 ; field peas, 15 ; ground peas, 25 ; seed cotton, 500 pounds ; corn fodder, 250 ; sorghum syrup, 50 gallons ; sugar cane syrup,
200 gallons. Taliaferro.--Taliaferro county was laid out in 1825. Is bounded north
by Wilkes, east by Warren, south by Hancock, and west by Greene. Was named for Benjamin Taliaferro, who was born and raised in Virginia. Joined the Continental army when a mere youth and very soon obtained a captaincy. In the severe service the army performed in the Jerseys he participated with undaunted firmness. At the battle of Princeton the corps he commanded forced a British company to surrender, when the captain stepped forward in his elegant uniform and inquired for the American commander that he might deliver up his sword. Captain Taliaferro, without shirt or shoes, and coat the worse for wear, received the sword of the dashing English captain. At the close of the war he settled in Georgia in 1785. He was trustee of Franklin College, president of the Georgia Senate, and though not a lawyer was elected by the Legislature one of the Judges of the Superior Court, the only instance of the kind in the history of the State.
Crawfordville is the county seat, noted as the residence of the Hon. A. H. Stephens. Other post-offices: Hillman, Lyneville, Robinson and Sharon. Little river and the north and south forks of Ogeechee are in the county. The lands on Little river are excellent and grow cotton, corn, wheat, oats, sugar cane, potatoes and ground peas, with any variety of vegetables. Peaches mature well, also grapes. Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians are the religious sects. The people are well informed and hospitable. Considerable attention is paid to the education of the

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people, much of it from the influence of the Hon. Alex H. Stephens, who was a native of the county and made Crawfordville his home.
Population in 1890, 7,291; school fund, $4,171 ; acres improved land, 116,857 ; average value per acre, $2.98 ; city property, $57,995; money, etc., $64,573; value merchandise, $23,773/cotton manufactories, 50; household furniture, $35,759; horses, mules, etc., $80,811; plantation and mechanical tools, $16,232; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,111; real estate, $406,590; personal estate, $239,762. Returns made by colored taxpayers--acres land, 6,635 ; value, $20,157 ; city property, $3,210; money, $290 ; merchandise, $543 ; household furniture, $6,989 ; horses, mules, etc., $17,935 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,642.
The lands under a proper system of cultivation in Taliaferro county will produce per acre : corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 20; wheat, 10 ; rye, 5 ; barley, 20 ; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet potatoes, 80 ; field peas, 10; ground peas, 25; seed cotton, 750 pounds; crab grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 60 gallons; sugar-oane syrup, 75 gallons.
Troup--Troup county was laid out in 1826, and named for George M. Troup, who had occupied many offices, in the Legislature, in Congress, Representative and Senator and Governor of the State.
LaGrange is the county seat, containing a population of over 3,000. Good churches--Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian--with colleges and high schools of best grade, well equipped with good professors and liber. ally patronized by the citizens who are above an average of those of the best towns in the State, on account of culture, hospitality, and thrift.
Antioch, Long Cane, Mountville, Asbury, Troup Factory, Hogansville, Vernon and West Point are towns in the county, all growing and prosperous, showing an appreciation of the churches and schools of high grade established in them.
The laud is rolling, most of it capable of cultivation; well watered and very fertile and productive, and especially the river and creek bottoms. The Chattahoochee river runs through the county within six miles of LaGrange. Much of the lands are red and very productive in cotton, corn, wheat, eats, rye, peas and potatoes ( yam and Irish), with all the vegetables usually grown in that latitude. The Chattahoochee river affords fine water-power for factories and machinery of every character. The county has fine timber to be utilized for mechanical purposes. Lands are cheap and offer inducements to immigrants, who wish to engage in fruit growing Peaches and grapes grow to great perfection in this county.

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Population in 1890, 20,723 ; school fund, $12,084.50; acres improved laud, 265,299 ; average value per acre, $4.69 ; city property, $759,271; shares in bank, $217,844; money, etc., $439,148 ; merchandise, $259,693; iron works, $10,000; household and kitchen furniture, $168,339; horses, mules, etc., $254,137; cotton factories, $199,400; plantation and mechanical ..tools, $54,945; watches, jewelry, etc., $14,009; real estate, $1,944,996; personal estate, $1,773,404. Property returned by olcred taxpayers--acres improved land, 7,884; average value per acre, $3.15; city property, $33,158; money, etc., $1,170; merchandise, $753; household and kitchen furniture, $14,318; horses, mules, etc., $39,802; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,360.

COTTON MILLS, WEST POINT, GA.
The land in this county will, with proper tillage, yield per acre : corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 20 ; wheat, 12; rye, 15 ; barley, 20; Irish potatoes, 100 ; sweet potatoes, 125; field peas, 20 ; ground peas, 25 ; cotton in seed, 1,000 pounds ; crab grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 3,000 pounds; clover, 3,000 pounds; eorn fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons. LaGrange has two cotton factories, two colleges and two banks with $50,000 and $150,000 respectively paid up capital. The Troup Cotton Factory is in the county ; and the people are in every way a prosperous people in a good section.
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Upton.--Upson county was laid off in 1824 from Crawford and Pike; bounded north by Pike, east by Monroe, south by Monroe and Crawford, and west by Talbot and Meriwether; was named for Stephen Upson, an eminent lawyer of Oglethorpe county. Thomaston is the county seat, a place of 1,200 or 1,500 inhabitants. Good church buildings for Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians, supplied with efficient ministers ; good schools, well sustained and supported by the town, which is at the terminus of the Upson County Railroad and on the line of the Macon and Birmingham Railroad. The Rock, Swifton, Waynmanville, and Double Bridge are post-offices
The face of the country is undulating and broken. The best lands are in the southeastern part of the county on the Flint river, Potato and Tobler's creeks. These streams have fine shoals, with any amount of water-power to propel machinery. There is one cotton factory with quite a number of grist-mills and several saw-mills, all in successful operation, with any amount of water-power idle. There is an abundance of timber, consisting of pine, oak, hickory, ash, poplar, and gum. Pine , Mountain received its name from the number and height of the pine trees on it. The climate and soil are well adapted to the growth of peaches, apples, pears, plums, and grapes, with melons, and a great variety of vegetables.
The land will, with good culture, produce per acre : corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 12; rye, 10; barley, 40; Irish potitoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 150 ; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 20 ; seed cotton, 700 pounds; crab grass, 3,000 ; Bermuda grass hay, 4,000; corn fodder, with stalk?, 4,000 ; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons ; sugar cane syrup, 100 gallons.
Population in 1890, 12,188; school fund, $7,408.50; improved land, 182,957 acres; wild land, 5,953; average value per acre, $3.76 and 59 cents; city property, $199,316; shares in banks, 812,287; money, etc., $172,608; value of merchandise, $87,685; stocks and bonds, $42,000; cotton factories, $9,650; iron works, $500; household furniture, $64,343; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., $140,642; plantation and mechanical tools, $34,483; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,801; real estate, $890,711; personal estate, $604,516. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 8,264; value, $26,957 ; city property, $8,710; money, $370; household furniture, $7,771; horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., $21,007 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,497.
Walton --Walton county is bounded north by Jackson, east by Oconee and Morgan, south by Morgan and Newton, west by Gwinnett. Monroe

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Is the county seat, on an elevated location, from which a fine view of Stone Mountain is obtained. The county was named for George Walton, who was Governor of the State, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; died in 1804.
The face of the country is undulating ; the larger portion of the soil is gray, which is moderately productive ; the red lands are superior in fertility. The productions are cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, and potatoes. The citizens are intelligent and hospitable. The lands on the Appalachee, Alcovey, and Yellow rivers are fertile and productive. Granite of excellent quality is abundant ; quartz and buhrstone are also found. Some fish are caught in the streams of this county. The county is well adapted to stock raising, truck farming, dairying and fruit culture. The soil will, with proper cultivation, grow to advantage all the vegetables usual in this section. The Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians are the dominant religious sects. The railroad facilities through this county are good, at the usual prices of fare.
Population in 1890, 17,467 ; rate county tax, 4.13 mills ; school fund, $9,898.75; improved land, 226,596 acres; average value, $5.21; city property, $248,880 ; money, $586,789; merchandise, $88,202; stocks and bonds, $48,000; cotton manufactories, $119,000; value household iurniture, $111,626; horses, mules, etc., $237,555; plantation and mechanical tools, $56,531; watches, jewelry, $6,257 ; real estate, 81,447,202 ; personal estate, $1,354,158. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 3,714; value, $19,213; city property, $2,960; money, etc., $382; household furniture, $9,670 ; horses, mules, etc., $17,733; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,177. The yield of this county per acre is: Corn, 20 bushels; oats, 20; wheat, 10; rye, -5 ; Irish potatoes, 208 ; sweet potatoes, 200 ; field peas, 10 ; ground peas, 100 ; seed cotton, 900 pounds ; crab grass hay, 4,000 ; corn fodder, 450; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar cane syrup, 150 gallons. Two cotton-seed oil mills with guano factories attached, one cotton factory, several merchant mills, three banks, in the county. Apples, peaches, melons, and vegetables do well. There are some fine vineyards in this
county. Warren.--Warren county is bounded north by McDuffie and Taliaferro,
cast by McDuffie, south by Glascock, west by Hancock and Taliaferro. It was named for General Joseph Warren, the first distinguished martyr to the cause of liberty; he fell on the 17th of June, 1775, at the battle of Bunker Hill; a monument has been erected on the spot to his

an

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memory. Warrenton, the county seat, is a thriving business town or* the railroad, between Macon and Augusta, forty-two miles from Augusta. The Ogeechee river forms the western boundary, and is noted for its fine fish. The county is well watered by streams running through and rising in it. The religious sects are Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, and some Catholics. The oak and hickory lands are the most fertile ; they are adapted to cotton and corn ; while other lands of oak and hickory,, with pine growth predominating, are well adapted to grains, potatoes, melons, and a variety of vegetables. In the upper part of the county gold has been found The people are well-informed, religious and moral.
Population in 1890, 10,907; school fund, $6,554.50; county tax, 3.75mills; improved land, 163,817 acres; average value per acre, $3.76 ; city property, 125,185 ; shares in bank, $3,680 ; money, etc., $136,793 ; merchandise, $62,447 ; capital invested in shipping, $3,000 ; stocks and bonds, $3,300; cotton manufactories, $44,887; ironworks, $2,000; mining, $1,070; household furniture, $60,660; horses, mules, etc., $127,155; plantation and mechanical tools, $28,245 ; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,628 ; real estate, $741,657 ; personal estate, $512,128. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 1,266 ; value, $3,748 ; city property, $4,155 ; money, etc., $837 ; merchandise, $870 ; household furniture, $3,503 ; horses, mules, etc., $8,700; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,299. The lands in this county produce per acre : corn, 20 bushels ; oats, 12 ; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 75 ; field peas,. 8; ground peas, 50 ; seed cotton, 600 pounds; corn fodder, 200; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar cane, 100 gallons.
Wilkes.--Wilkes county is bounded north by Elbert, east by Lincoln, south by McDuffie and Taliaferro, west by Oglethorpe. It was acquired by treaty with the Cherokees and Creeks at Augusta, June, 1773. Wae 'aid out in 1777 and was named for John Wilkes, member of Parliament, who opposed the measures which produced the war with America, and showed himself the friend of justice and liberty, and advocated the cause of injured America. Washington is the county seat, named for General George Washington. Broad and Little rivers are the principal streams, with several creeks which discharge themselves into Little river.
The surface of the country is undulating. The soil is various. The best lands are on Broad and Little rivers, the creeks having a soil adapted to cotton and grains. The light sandy lands produce well for a. few years. The soil of Wilkes generally has been considered inferior to none in that section of the State. A bad system of tillage has permitted some of the lands to become worn-out, which proves that economy in the-

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management of laud is necessary as in any other business. The productions are cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, and melons, with a variety of vegetables. The minerals are granite, quartz, iron,
soapstone, and gold. The religious sects are Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian, and a few^
Roman Catholics. Washington has had the reputation of being one of the most beautiful towns in the State, its citizens being intelligent, refined, and hospitable. Have good churches and schools. The people of the county are well informed, industrious, and temperate. She has pro-

PICKIXG COTTON.
duced many of the most distinguished men of the State--Elijah Clarke, Matthew Talbot, Rev. Jesse Mercer, Benj. Taliaferro, David Meriwether, Peter Early, John Dooly, Duncan G. Campbell, Judge Campbell, late United States Supreme Court Judge, Robert Toombs, and many others.
Kettle creek is famous as the battle-ground where Clarke, Dooly and Pickens distinguished themselves in the War of the Revolution. In Washington, Mrs. Hillhouse, widow of David Hillhouse, took charge of and conducted the Monitor and Observer, a newspaper, did the State printing, set type, wrote editorials, raised and educated her three children, and left them a legacy of ten thousand dollars each at her death.
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GF.ORGIA.

John Milledge was Governor and contributed as far as he could the patronage of the State to this noble widow.
Population in 1890, 18,081 ; school fund, $9,849.75 ; county tax, 7.43 mills ; improved land, 288,394 ; average value per acre, $4.00 ; cityproperty, $510,250 ; gas and electric lights, $3,000 ; building and loan association, $67,580; money, etc., $509,595; merchandise, $146,065; stocks and bonds, $78,225 ; cotton manufactories, $32,000 ; household furniture, $122,550; horses, mules, etc., $246,680; plantation and mechanical tools, $55,985; watches, jewelry, etc., $15,505; real estate, $1,664,350; personal estate, $1,375,520. Property returned by colored taxpayers--number acres of land, 8,386; value, $32,715; city property, $57,150; money, etc., $1,675; merchandise, $675; household furniture, $13,720; horses, mules, etc., $36,940; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,525.
The productions of the lands in this county per acre are corn, 15-25 bushels; oats, 20-30; wheat, 10-15; rye, 10-12; Irish potatoes, 50 ; sweet potatoes, 80 ; field peas, 12; ground peas, 50 ; seed cotton, 800 pounds; corn-fodder, 400; crab grass hay, 3,000; Bermuda grass hay, 3,000 ; sorghum syrup, 80 gallons ; sugar cane syrup, 90 gallons.
The factories are the Excelsior Manufacturing Company, Cotton-Seed Oil and Guano Company, Washington Foundry and Manufacturing Company, Hackney & Co., wagon factory ; W. T. Fluker & Son, gin manufactory, jug and earthenware factory ; Mr. Belknap Smith, gold mining ; Garrett & Son, gold mining. Fruit and vegetable culture is carried on extensively in this county.

East Georgia Northeast Georgia Southeast Georgia Northwest Georgia Southwest Georgia Middle Georgia
Totals

RECAPITULATION.

Counties.
17 19 15 14 32 40
137

Population
254,841 196,180 162,704 194,671 378,147 654,043
1,840,586

MMI

FOR DUE DATE INFORMATION CHECK "MY ACCOUNT" IN GIL
(https://gil.uga.edu)
Returned HAY 1 2 2009 Returned
JUL 3 o m

Locations